454:
937:
3304:
872:. In the world economy facilitated by multinational corporations, capital will increasingly be able to play workers, communities, and nations off against one another as they demand tax, regulation and wage concessions while threatening to move. In other words, increased mobility of multinational corporations benefits capital while workers and communities lose. Some negative outcomes generated by multinational corporations include increased
2515:
445:
being the largest recipients. However, 70% of foreign direct investment went into developed countries in the form of stocks and cash flows. The rise of the number of multinational companies could be due to a stable political environment that encourages cooperation, advances in technology that enables management of faraway regions, and favorable organizational development that encourages business expansion into other countries.
395:
boycott from Kuwait and Iran, oil prices rose and quickly recovered. Saudi Arabia once again led OPEC, and thanks to assistance in defending Kuwait, new relations emerged between the USA and OPEC. Operation "Desert Storm" brought mutual dependence among the main oil producers. OPEC continued to influence global oil prices but recognized the United States as the largest consumer and guarantor of the existing oil security order.
3315:
923:
541:, and it describes the importance of rapidly increasing global mobility of resources. In a long history of analysis of multinational corporations, we are some quarter-century into an era of stateless corporations - corporations that meet the realities of the needs of source materials on a worldwide basis and to produce and customize products for individual countries.
857:
for occasional mistakes of the marketplace such as externalities). Moving to the left side of the line are nationalists, who prioritize national interests over corporate profits, then the "dependencia" school in Latin
America that focuses on the evils of imperialism, and on the far left the Marxists. The range is so broad that scholarly consensus is hard to discern.
114:. The first multinational corporations were founded to set up colonial "factories" or port cities. In addition to carrying on trade between the mother country and the colonies, the British East India Company became a quasi-government in its own right, with local government officials and its own army in India. The two main examples were the
436:, a leading maker of bearings for machinery. In order to expand its international business, it decided in 1966 it needed to use the English language. Senior officials, although mostly still Swedish, all learned English and all major internal documents were in English, the lingua franca of multinational corporations.
827:"Multinational enterprise" (MNE) is the term used by international economist and similarly defined with the multinational corporation (MNC) as an enterprise that controls and manages production establishments, known as plants located in at least two countries. The multinational enterprise (MNE) will engage in
603:
When a corporation invests in a country in which it is not domiciled, it is called foreign direct investment (FDI). Countries may place restrictions on direct investment; for example, China has historically required partnerships with local firms or special approval for certain types of investments by
394:
Iraqi
President Saddam Hussein decided to attack Kuwait. The invasion sparked a crisis in the Middle East, prompting Saudi Arabia to request assistance from the United States. The United States sent a million troops to help, and by February 1991, Iraqi forces were expelled from Kuwait. Due to the oil
2000:
See also, Richard Barnet and Ronald Muller, Global Reach: The Power of
Multinational Corporations, New York, Simon and Schuster, 1975, p. 30. On page 21 Barnet and Muller quote the Chairman of the Unilever Corporation as saying: "The Nation-State will not wither away. A positive role will have to be
856:
in 1974 proposed a spectrum of scholarly analysis of multinational corporations, from the political right to the left. He put the business school how-to-do-it writers at the extreme right, followed by the liberal laissez-faire economists, and the neoliberals (they remain right of center but do allow
407:
The United States still maintains close relations with Saudi Arabia. In 2003, U.S. forces invaded Iraq with the aim of removing the dictatorship and gaining access to Iraqi oil reserves, giving the United States greater strategic importance from 2000 to 2008. During this period, there was a constant
374:
The rise in oil prices burdened developing countries with balance of payments deficits, leading to an energy crisis. OPEC members had to abandon their plan of redistributing wealth from the West to the post-colonial South and invest either in foreign expenditures or ostentatious economic development
817:
will be an important tool for competitive marketing". However, the projected outcome of this was not the assimilation of international firms into national cultures, but the creation of a "world customer". The idea of a global corporate village entailed the management and reconstitution of parochial
803:
The other theoretical dimension of the role of multinational corporations concerns the relationship between the globalization of economic engagement and the culture of national and local responses. This has a history of self-conscious cultural management going back at least to the 60s. For example:
444:
After the war, the number of businesses having at least one foreign country operation rose drastically from a few thousand to 78,411 in 2007. Meanwhile, 74% of parent companies are located in economically advanced countries. Developing and former communist countries such as China, India, and Brazil
411:
From 2005 to 2012, there were advances in oil and gas extraction, leading to increased production in the United States from 2010. The USA became the leading oil producer, creating tension with OPEC. In 2014, Saudi Arabia increased production to push new
American producers out of the market, leading
223:
In 1945, the United States was the world's largest oil producer. However, their reserves were declining due to high demand; therefore, the United States turned to foreign oil sources, which had a significant impact on the recovery of the West after World War II. Most of the world's oil was found in
645:
Raymond Vernon reported in 1977 that of the largest multinationals focused on manufacturing, 250 were headquartered in the United States, 115 in
Western Europe, 70 in Japan, and 20 in the rest of the world. The multinationals in banking numbered 20 headquartered in the United States, 13 in Europe,
701:
Multinational corporations may be subject to the laws and regulations of both their domicile and the additional jurisdictions where they are engaged in business. In some cases, the jurisdiction can help to avoid burdensome laws, but regulatory statutes often target the "enterprise" with statutory
370:
Unilateral increase in oil prices was labeled as "the largest nonviolent transfer of wealth in human history." The OPEC sought immediate discussions regarding participation in national oil industries. Companies were not inclined to object as the price hike benefited both them and OPEC members. In
309:
Worldwide oil consumption increased rapidly between 1949 and 1970, a period known as the "golden age of oil". This increase in consumption was caused not only by the growth of production by multinational oil companies but also by the strong influence of the United States on the global oil market.
788:
To many economic liberals, multinational corporations are the vanguard of the liberal order. They are the embodiment par excellence of the liberal ideal of an interdependent world economy. They have taken the integration of national economies beyond trade and money to the internationalization of
403:
Since the Iraq War, OPEC has had only a minor influence on oil prices, but it has expanded to 11 members, accounting for about 40 percent of total global oil production, although this is a decline from nearly 50 percent in 1974. Oil has practically become a common commodity, leading to much more
682:
Corporations that are broadly active across the world without a concentration in one area have been called stateless or "transnational" (although "transnational corporation" is also used synonymously with "multinational corporation"), but as of 1992, a corporation must be legally domiciled in a
305:
and the subsequent boycott of
Iranian oil by all companies had dramatic consequences for Iran and the international oil market. Iran was unable to sell any of its oil. In August 1953, the then prime minister was overthrown by a pro-American dictatorship led by the Shah, and in October 1954, the
784:
international society. According to the economic realist view, individuals act in rational ways to maximize their self-interest and therefore, when individuals act rationally, markets are created and they function best in a free market system where there is little government interference. As a
512:
expenditures and advertising costs over their global sales, pooling global purchasing power over suppliers, and utilizing their technological and managerial experience globally with minimal additional costs. Furthermore, MNCs can use their global presence to take advantage of underpriced labor
390:
Saudi Arabia significantly reduced oil production, losing most of its revenues. In 1986, Riyadh changed course, and oil production in Saudi Arabia sharply increased, flooding the market with cheap oil. This caused a worldwide drop in oil prices, hence the "third oil shock" or "counter-shock."
386:
In 1979, the "second oil shock" came from the collapse of the Shah's regime in Iran. Iran became a regional power due to oil money and
American weapons. The Shah eventually abdicated and fled the country. This prompted a strike by thousands of Iranian oil workers, significantly reducing oil
429:, coffee, cocoa, and tropical fruits). Most went to the Third World colonies. That changed dramatically after 1945 as investors turned to industrialized countries and invested in manufacturing (especially high-tech electronics, chemicals, drugs and vehicles) as well as trade.
656:
suggests that the
Netherlands has become a popular choice, as its company laws have fewer requirements for meetings, compensation, and audit committees, and Great Britain had advantages due to laws on withholding dividends and a double-taxation treaty with the United States.
415:
By 2012, only 7% of the world's known oil reserves were in countries that allowed private international companies free rein; 65% were in the hands of state-owned companies that operated in one country and sold oil to multinationals such as BP, Shell, ExxonMobil and
Chevron.
683:
particular country and engage in other countries through foreign direct investment and the creation of foreign subsidiaries. Geographic diversification can be measured across various domains, including ownership and control, workforce, sales, and regulation and taxation.
378:
In
February 1974, the first Washington Energy Conference was convened. The most significant contribution of this conference was the establishment of the International Energy Agency (IEA), enabling states to coordinate policy, gather data, and monitor global oil reserves.
472:
A multinational corporation (MNC) is usually a large corporation incorporated in one country which produces or sells goods or services in various countries. Two common characteristics shared by MNCs are their large size and centrally controlled worldwide activities.
812:
in 1963, was fully aware that the means to overcoming cultural resistance depended on an "understanding" of the countries in which a corporation operated. He observed that companies with "foresight to capitalize on international opportunities" must recognize that
382:
In the 1970s, OPEC gradually nationalized the Seven Sisters. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, as the only largest world oil producer, could leverage this. However, Saudi Arabia opted for the correct approach and maintained consistent oil prices throughout the 1970s.
705:
As of 1992, the United States and most OECD countries have the legal authority to tax a domiciled parent corporation on its worldwide revenue, including subsidiaries. As of 2019, the U.S. applies its corporate taxation "extraterritorially", which has motivated
570:
system and the highest decision-making center, each subsidiary or branch has its own decision-making body, according to its different features and operations to make decisions, but its decision must be subordinated to the highest decision-making
2346:
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and Venezuela’s Juan Perez Alfonso entered into a secret agreement (the Mahdi Pact), promising that if the price of oil was lowered a second time, they would take collective action against the companies. This occurred in 1960. Prior to the
710:
to change the home state. By 2019, most OECD nations, with the notable exception of the U.S., had moved to territorial tax in which only revenue inside the border was taxed; however, these nations typically scrutinize foreign income with
1089:
63:
that owns and controls the production of goods or services in at least one country other than its home country. Control is considered an important aspect of an MNC to distinguish it from international portfolio investment
424:
Down through the 1930s, about 80% of the international investments by the multinational corporations were concentrated in the primary sector, especially mining (especially oil) and agriculture (rubber, tobacco, sugar,
1453:
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Latin America and the Middle East (particularly in the Arab states of the Persian Gulf). This increase in non-American production was enabled by multinational corporations known as the "Seven Sisters".
404:
volatile prices. Most OPEC members are wealthy, and most remain dependent on oil revenues, which has serious consequences, such as when OPEC members were pressured by the price collapse in 1998–1999.
141:
The Dutch government took over the VOC in 1799, and during the 19th century, other governments increasingly took over the private companies, most notable in British India. During the process of
161:
Mining of gold, silver, copper, and oil was a major activity early on and remains so today. International mining companies became prominent in Britain in the 19th century, such as the
523:
Potentially, the best concept for analyzing society's governance limitations over modern corporations is the concept of "stateless corporations". Coined at least as early as 1991 in
2196:
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nine in Japan and three in Canada. Today multinationals can select from a variety of jurisdictions for various subsidiaries, but the ultimate parent company can select a single
619:. Countries can impose extraterritorial sanctions on foreign corporations even for doing business with other foreign corporations, which occurred in 2019 with the United States
516:
The problem of moral and legal constraints upon the behavior of multinational corporations, given that they are effectively "stateless" actors, is one of several urgent global
864:, being ultimate without a specific nationhood, and that this lack of an ethos appears in their ways of operating as they enter into contracts with countries that have low
789:
production. For the first time in history, production, marketing, and investment are being organized on a global scale rather than in terms of isolated national economies.
529:, the conception was theoretically clarified in 1993: that an empirical strategy for defining a stateless corporation is with analytical tools at the intersection between
615:
or domestic laws. For example, Chinese domestic corporations or citizens have limitations on their ability to make foreign investments outside China, in part to reduce
581:
Due to strong economic and technical strength, with fast information transmission, as well as funding for rapid cross-border transfers, the multinational has stronger
1875:
1464:
313:
In 1959, companies lowered the price of oil due to a surplus in the market. This reduction dealt a significant blow to the finances of producers. Saudi oil minister
1411:
559:
In general, there is a national strength of large companies as the main body, in the way of foreign direct investment or acquiring local enterprises, established
74:
suggests that a company or group should be considered a multinational corporation "if it derives 25% or more of its revenue from out-of-home-country operations".
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attachments to one's nation. It involved not a denial of the naturalness of national attachments, but an internationalization of the way a nation defines itself.
2303:
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production in Iran. Saudi Arabia tried to cope with the crisis by increasing production, but oil prices still soared, leading to the "second oil shock."
193:
began opening in the late 19th century, producing gold and other minerals for the world market, jobs for locals, and business and profits for companies.
574:
MNCs seek markets in worldwide and rational production layout, professional fixed-point production, and fixed-point sales products, in order to achieve
1226:
1262:
588:
Many large multinational companies have varying degrees of monopoly in some area, due to economic and technical strength or production advantages.
197:(1853–1902) was one of the few businessmen in the era who became Prime Minister (of South Africa 1890–1896). His mining enterprises included the
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Nick Robins, Nick. The Corporation That Changed the World How the East India Company Shaped the Modern Multinational. London: Pluto, 2006. 145.
746:(PEO) is sometimes advertised as a cheaper and simpler alternative, but not all jurisdictions have laws accepting these types of arrangements.
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services available in certain developing countries, and gain access to special R&D capabilities residing in advanced foreign countries.
165:
founded in 1873, which started with the purchase of sulfur and copper mines from the Spanish government. Rio Tinto, now based in London and
1522:"GlobalInc. An Atlas of The Multinational Corporation" Medard Gabel & Henry Bruner, New York: The New Press, 2004. ISBN 1-56584-727-X"
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projects. After 1974, most of the money from OPEC members ceased as payments for goods and services or investments in Western industry.
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International business is also a specialist field of academic research. Economic theories of the multinational corporation include
323:
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For small corporations, registering a foreign subsidiary can be expensive and complex, involving fees, signatures, and forms; a
2508:
970:
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Scheiber, Harry N. "World War I as Entrepreneurial Opportunity: Willard Straight and the American International Corporation".
2411:
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2020:
1959:
1934:
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1507:(May 14, 1991), p. 98. Roy D. Voorhees, Emerson L. Seim, and John I. Coppett, "Global Logistics and Stateless Corporations",
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to lower prices. OPEC then reduced production in 2016 to raise prices, further worsening relations with the United States.
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shortage of oil, but its consumption continued to rise, maintaining high prices and leading to concerns about "peak oil".
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This Imperious Company: The Corporation That Changed the World How the East India Company Shaped the Modern Multinational
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as the firm makes direct investments in host country plants for equity ownership and managerial control to avoid some
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However, this shock represented something much bigger—the end of OPEC's dominance and its control over oil prices.
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68:, such as some international mutual funds that invest in corporations abroad simply to diversify financial risks.
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3340:
2943:
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1000:
Roy D. Voorhees; Emerson L. Seim; John I. Coppett (Winter 1992). "Global Logistics and Stateless Corporations".
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Hunt, Michael H. "Americans in the China Market: Economic Opportunities and Economic Nationalism, 1890s–1931".
730:. Countries generally cannot tax the worldwide revenue of a foreign subsidiary, and taxation is complicated by
712:
2221:
Habib-Mintz, Nazia. "Multinational corporations' role in improving labour standards in developing countries".
1751:
Hu, Yao-Su (1992-01-01). "Global or Stateless Corporations are National Firms with International Operations".
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In practice, even under an extraterritorial system, taxes may be deferred until remittance, with possible
623:; European companies faced with the possibility of losing access to the U.S. market by trading with Iran.
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205:. The latter company practically controlled the global diamond market from its base in southern Africa.
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552:, founded on March 20, 1603, which would become the largest company in the world for nearly 200 years.
504:
MNCs may gain from their global presence in a variety of ways. First of all, MNCs can benefit from the
115:
2256:
Merchants to multinationals : British trading companies in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries
2134:
860:
Anti-corporate advocates criticize multinational corporations for being without a basis in a national
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The "Seven Sisters" was a common term for the seven multinational companies that dominated the global
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criticize governments for allowing multinational organizations to escape tax, particularly by using
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The Emergence of Multinational Enterprise: American Business Abroad from the Colonial Era to 1914
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foreigners, although some of these restrictions were eased in 2019. Similarly, the United States
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162:
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1839:
1713:. Palgrave Macmillan Transnational History Series. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 1047.
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The Rio Tinto Company: an economic history of a leading international mining concern, 1873-1954.
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1980, the Seven Sisters were entirely displaced and replaced by national oil companies (NOCs).
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Company, Crown and Colony: The Hudson's Bay Company and Territorial Endeavor in Western Canada
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that had been owned by major oil companies. Since then, industry dominance has shifted to the
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1090:"The Formative Years of the Modern Corporation: The Dutch East India Company VOC, 1602–1623"
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Stopford, John M. "The origins of British-based multinational manufacturing enterprises".
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Francis Wilson, "Minerals and migrants: how the mining industry has shaped South Africa."
8:
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1680:"Here, there and everywhere: Why some businesses choose multiple corporate citizenships"
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Marc 'Globalization, Power, and Survival: an Anthropological Perspective', pg 484–486.
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Maturing of Multinational Enterprise : American Business Abroad from 1914 to 1970
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Third world multinationals: The rise of foreign investments from developing countries
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Multinationals and Global Capitalism: From the Nineteenth to the Twenty-first Century
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result, international wealth is maximized with free exchange of goods and services.
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is one of the world's largest multinational corporations, with its headquarters in
2285:
Lumby, Anthony. "Economic history and theories of the multinational corporation".
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In addition, corporations may be prohibited from various business transactions by
301:
The nationalization of the Iranian oil industry in 1951 by Iranian Prime Minister
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1483:"In Praise of Cheap Labor: Bad Jobs at Bad Wages Are Better than No Jobs at All"
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142:
105:
78:
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497:— permitting a local manufacturer in a foreign country to produce its products
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Ernest Dichter, architect, of Exxon's international campaign, writing in the
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Disputes between corporations in different nations is often handled through
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Opening manufacturing facilities or assembly operations in foreign countries
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The History of the British Bank of the Middle East: Vol. 2, Banking and Oil
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through their choice of jurisdiction, but must be careful to avoid illegal
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335:
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190:
60:
1614:"Chinese Restrictions on Foreign Investments – How Will It Impact The US?"
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899:, allows multinational corporations to gain competitive advantages over
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884:. Raymond Vernon presents the debate from a neo-liberal perspective in
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1114:
169:, Australia, has made many acquisitions and expanded globally to mine
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2712:
2611:
2304:
A perspective on multinational enterprise's national identity dilemma
1764:
1371:
Fagan, GH; Munck, R (2009). "Chapter 22: Transnational Corporation".
1144:
Alex Jeffrey, and Joe Painter, "Imperialism and Post colonialism" in
911:(BEPS) tax tools, since less money can be spent for public services.
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also facilitate direct investment between two countries, such as the
538:
355:
290:
170:
166:
1991:
1304:
The Seven Sisters: The Great Oil Companies and the World They Shaped
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The actions of multinational corporations are strongly supported by
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The Oxford Handbook of the Political Economy of International Trade
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359:
260:
202:
174:
2175:
Leviathans: Multinational Corporations and the New Global History
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548:, was established in 1601. After the East India Company came the
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186:
182:
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922:
509:
481:
477:
457:
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Most of the current largest and most influential companies are
1897:"Outsourcing Options for FDI into China - China Briefing News"
1840:"Designing a Territorial Tax System: A Review of OECD Systems"
1807:"The Corporate Entity in an Era of Multinational Corporations"
2441:
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861:
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problems that has emerged during the late twentieth century.
465:
351:
294:
280:
1590:"China's Foreign Investment Law and US-China Trade Friction"
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One of the first multinational business organizations, the
331:
276:
1503:
Holstein, William J. et al., "The Stateless Corporation",
1061:"MULTINATIONAL CORPORATION (MNC) Definition & Meaning"
1398:
Social Inequality and Social Stratification in US Society
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1180:
555:
The main characteristics of multinational companies are:
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149:
were disbanded, with the final colonial corporation, the
110:
The history of multinational corporations began with the
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1146:
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founded in 1670. These early corporations engaged in
59:, with subtle but contrasting senses) is a corporate
2201:
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The company: A short history of a revolutionary idea
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Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States
322:, the Seven Sisters controlled around 85 percent of
2342:(MIT Press, 1983) on companies based in Third World
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Making significant investments in a foreign country
326:. In the 1970s, most countries with large reserves
1240:The Founder: Cecil Rhodes and the Pursuit of Power
951:Financial risk management § Corporate finance
2462:UNCTAD publications on multinational corporations
1703:Iriye, Akira; Saunier, Pierre-Yves, eds. (2009).
800:. The latter is also known as the OLI framework.
3332:
2376:American business abroad: Ford on six continents
2213:Multinational Enterprises and the Global Economy
1710:The Palgrave Dictionary of Transnational History
1346:Multinational Enterprises and the Global Economy
1267:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History
1263:"OPEC, International Oil, and the United States"
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2332:Storm over the Multinationals: The Real Issues
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2046:Multinational enterprise and economic analysis
2013:Multinational enterprise and economic analysis
1439:International Financial Management,6th Edition
490:Buying and selling licenses in foreign markets
2482:
2349:The Oxford handbook of international business
2347:The history of multinational enterprise". in
2223:Journal of International Business and Economy
671:
398:
2262:Jones, Geoffrey, and Jonathan Zeitlin, eds.
2172:Chandler, Alfred D. and Bruce Mazlish, eds.
1702:
1451:
592:
2399:(U of California Press, 2019) on Coca-Cola.
2165:Cameron, Rondo, V. I. Bovykin, et al. eds.
1954:. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 311.
1929:. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 310.
1373:Globalization and Security: An Encyclopedia
1321:"Why Should Bahamas Be In 7% Oil Minority?"
1186:Micklethwait, John, and Adrian Wooldridge,
822:
432:Sweden's leading manufacturing concern was
122:(VOC) founded in 1602. Others included the
16:Corporation operating in multiple countries
2489:
2475:
2048:. Cambridge University Press. p. 69.
1594:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
1436:
1370:
686:
2287:South African journal of economic history
2211:Dunning. John H. and Sarianna M. Lundan.
2105:Multinational corps in neo-liberal regime
2015:. Cambridge University Press. p. 1.
1979:. International Organization. p. 39.
1437:Eun, Cheol S.; Resnick, Bruce G. (2014).
1113:
767:
1804:
1344:John H. Dunning and Sarianna M. Lundan,
1019:Pitelis, Christos; Roger Sugden (2000).
537:research. This intersection is known as
452:
2279:The Evolution of International Business
2264:The Oxford Handbook of Business History
1480:
734:arrangements with parent corporations.
3333:
2383:
2183:Big Business and the Wealth of Nations
2102:
2096:
1974:
1968:
1949:
1924:
1441:. Beijing Chengxin Weiye Printing Inc.
1275:10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.013.719
1012:
971:Transnational Corporations Observatory
81:multinational corporations, including
2470:
2043:
2010:
1989:
1952:Essentials of international relations
1927:Essentials of international relations
1862:
1860:
1834:
1832:
1800:
1798:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1674:
1672:
1318:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
439:
306:Iranian industry was denationalized.
231:from the mid-1940s to the mid-1970s.
2852:New international division of labour
2402:Fritz, Martin and Karlsson, Birgit.
2103:Crotty, Epstein & Kelly (1998).
2076:Charles P. Kindleberger, "Reviews".
1618:Lawyer Monthly | Legal News Magazine
1509:Transportation Practitioners Journal
1412:"Role of Multinational Corporations"
1395:
1260:
1022:The nature of the transnational firm
1002:Transportation Practitioners Journal
344:China National Petroleum Corporation
2203:British Business in Asia since 1860
2185:(Cambridge University Press, 1999)
2121:Library of the European Parliament
1414:. T. Romana College. Archived from
660:Corporations can legally engage in
631:North American Free Trade Agreement
627:International investment agreements
13:
2457:Data on transnational corporations
2159:
1857:
1829:
1795:
1750:
1735:
1669:
1245:
1242:. (Oxford University Press, 1988).
966:List of multinational corporations
901:small and medium-sized enterprises
750:Dispute resolution and arbitration
744:professional employer organization
273:Standard Oil Company of New Jersey
251:Standard Oil Company of California
14:
3367:
2496:
2450:
2433:
1811:Delaware Journal of Corporate Law
1587:
1541:"Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)"
1190:(New York: Modern Library, 2003).
640:
608:scrutinizes foreign investments.
448:
3313:
3303:
3302:
2513:
2181:Chandler, Alfred D. et al. eds.
2167:International banking, 1870–1914
1538:
1161:(London: Pluto, 2006) pp. 24–25.
1148:(London: SAGE, 2009) pp. 174–75.
935:
921:
909:base erosion and profit shifting
717:base erosion and profit shifting
419:
291:Standard Oil Company of New York
2514:
2215:(2nd ed. 2008), major textbook
2127:
2115:
2083:
2070:
2037:
2004:
1983:
1943:
1918:
1889:
1878:from the original on 2018-11-25
1696:
1656:
1631:
1606:
1581:
1557:
1532:
1514:
1497:
1481:Krugman, Paul (20 March 1998).
1445:
1430:
1404:
1389:
1364:
1351:
1338:
1312:
1296:
1232:
1215:
1202:
1193:
1094:The Journal of Economic History
829:foreign direct investment (FDI)
238:(originally Anglo-Persian; now
2404:SKF: A Global Story, 1907–2007
1375:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 410–428.
1319:Allen, David (26 April 2012).
1164:
1151:
1138:
1081:
1053:
1039:
993:
713:controlled foreign corporation
563:or branches in many countries;
324:the world's petroleum reserves
95:
1:
1805:Blumberg, Phillip I. (1990).
1664:Storm over the Multinationals
1396:Doob, Christopher M. (2014).
986:
886:Storm over the Multinationals
738:Alternatives and arrangements
697:Extraterritorial jurisdiction
366:Dealing with OPEC (1973–1991)
215:Seven Sisters (oil companies)
1903:. 2017-07-12. Archived from
1753:California Management Review
1511:59, 2 (Winter 1993): 144–51.
1261:Brew, Gregory (2019-05-23),
1174:(London: I.B. Tauris, 2011).
1047:"Multinational Corporations"
903:. Organizations such as the
838:
348:National Iranian Oil Company
199:British South Africa Company
134:and exploration, and set up
7:
2570:Environmental globalization
2545:Anti-globalization movement
2419:Political Science Quarterly
1565:"Investment rules in China"
1452:Koenig-Archibugi, Mathias.
914:
845:Anti-globalization movement
702:language around "control".
328:nationalized their reserves
10:
3372:
2718:Offshore financial centres
2387:
2109:Cambridge University Press
2044:Caves, Richard E. (2007).
2011:Caves, Richard E. (2007).
1977:Three models of the future
1025:. Routledge. p. H72.
842:
756:International legal system
753:
690:
675:
672:Stateless or transnational
596:
566:It usually has a complete
399:The new normal (1991–2018)
212:
116:British East India Company
99:
90:
3298:
3256:
3131:
3066:
2983:
2974:
2901:
2738:
2659:
2652:
2532:
2504:
2091:Anthropological Quarterly
1950:Mingst, Karen A. (2015).
1925:Mingst, Karen A. (2014).
1719:10.1007/978-1-349-74030-7
1106:10.1017/S0022050713000879
762:international arbitration
724:repatriation tax holidays
678:Transnational corporation
599:Foreign direct investment
593:Foreign direct investment
236:Anglo-Iranian Oil Company
219:Anglo-Persian Oil Company
156:
126:founded in 1649, and the
53:international corporation
45:transnational corporation
21:multinational corporation
2560:Democratic globalization
2320:Tugendhat, Christopher.
2269:Jones, Geoffrey, et al.
1400:. Pearson Education Inc.
1348:(2nd ed. 2008) pp 37–39.
897:multinational tax havens
823:Multinational enterprise
550:Dutch East India Company
145:, the European colonial
120:Dutch East India Company
118:founded in 1600 and the
37:transnational enterprise
29:multinational enterprise
3346:Multinational companies
2842:Investor-state disputes
2795:Illicit financial flows
2639:Political globalization
2587:Global financial system
2315:Business History Review
2233:Business History Review
2078:Business History Review
1975:Gilpin, Robert (1975).
1357:Christopher Tugendhat,
981:Multinational tax haven
870:environmental standards
849:Anti-corporate activism
810:Harvard Business Review
687:Regulation and taxation
613:international sanctions
3356:Economic globalization
3341:International business
3183:Christopher Chase-Dunn
2951:Primitive accumulation
2634:Military globalization
2565:Economic globalization
2550:Cultural globalization
2421:84.3 (1969): 486–511.
2235:51.3 (1977): 277–307.
1066:Black's Law Dictionary
891:The aggressive use of
820:
794:internalization theory
768:Theoretical background
693:International taxation
621:sanctions against Iran
495:contract manufacturing
469:
208:
153:, dissolving in 1972.
124:Swedish Africa Company
112:history of colonialism
71:Black's Law Dictionary
2388:Further information:
2317:48.3 (1974): 303–335.
2310:24.5 (2018): 548–563.
1463:: 106. Archived from
1225:130.1 (2001): 99–121
1212:(Alison Hodge, 1981).
815:cultural anthropology
806:
754:Further information:
715:(CFC) rules to avoid
691:Further information:
456:
297:, part of ExxonMobil)
269:(merged into Chevron)
263:(merged into Chevron)
213:Further information:
57:stateless corporation
3248:Immanuel Wallerstein
2909:Capital accumulation
2775:Endangered languages
2289:3.2 (1988): 104–124.
1990:James, Paul (1984).
539:logistics management
189:. European mines in
128:Hudson's Bay Company
3320:Business portal
2879:Transnational crime
2785:Forced displacement
2770:Economic inequality
2644:Trade globalization
2540:Alter-globalization
2384:Corporate histories
2335:(Harvard UP, 1977).
2225:10.2 (2009): 1–20.
2217:1993 edition online
2140:Tax Justice Network
1901:China Briefing News
1645:. 12 September 2018
1470:on 22 February 2016
1418:on 27 November 2016
1238:Robert I. Rotberg,
1208:Charles E. Harvey,
905:Tax Justice Network
774:economic liberalism
728:foreign tax credits
635:most favored nation
132:international trade
3093:Andre Gunder Frank
2867:Race to the bottom
2857:North–South divide
2575:Global citizenship
2390:Anglo American plc
2323:The multinationals
2292:Martin, Lisa, ed.
1359:The Multinationals
1170:Stephen A. Royle,
546:East India Company
484:goods and services
470:
440:After World War II
303:Mohammad Mosaddegh
229:petroleum industry
151:Mozambique Company
84:Forbes Global 2000
3328:
3327:
3294:
3293:
3153:K. Anthony Appiah
3148:Daniele Archibugi
2897:
2896:
2686:COVID-19 pandemic
2592:Global governance
2412:978-91-7736-576-1
2395:Ciafone, Amanda.
2329:Vernon, Raymond.
2308:Social Identities
2276:Jones, Geoffrey.
2253:Jones, Geoffrey.
2246:Jones, Geoffrey.
2055:978-0-521-67753-0
2022:978-0-521-67753-0
1961:978-0-393-92195-3
1936:978-0-393-92195-3
1728:978-1-349-74032-1
1569:Asialink Business
1382:978-0-275-99693-2
1302:Anthony Sampson,
1284:978-0-19-932917-5
1069:. 19 October 2012
833:transaction costs
798:eclectic paradigm
726:, and subject to
246:Royal Dutch Shell
163:Rio Tinto company
147:charter companies
3363:
3351:Transnationalism
3318:
3317:
3306:
3305:
3259:
3168:Jean Baudrillard
3136:
3083:Giovanni Arrighi
3071:
3028:Branko Milanović
3008:Jagdish Bhagwati
2986:
2981:
2980:
2872:pollution havens
2837:Invasive species
2741:
2662:
2657:
2656:
2607:Global workforce
2517:
2516:
2491:
2484:
2477:
2468:
2467:
2345:Wilkins, Mira. "
2338:Wells, Louis T.
2326:(Penguin, 1973).
2153:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2131:
2125:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2100:
2094:
2087:
2081:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2008:
2002:
1999:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1864:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1836:
1827:
1826:
1802:
1793:
1792:
1765:10.2307/41166696
1748:
1733:
1732:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1676:
1667:
1662:Raymond Vernon,
1660:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1650:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1625:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1551:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1524:. Archived from
1518:
1512:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1469:
1458:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1368:
1362:
1355:
1349:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1316:
1310:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1258:
1243:
1236:
1230:
1219:
1213:
1206:
1200:
1197:
1191:
1184:
1175:
1168:
1162:
1155:
1149:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1117:
1100:(4): 1050–1076.
1085:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1016:
1010:
1009:
997:
961:Global workforce
945:
940:
939:
931:
926:
925:
732:transfer pricing
506:economy of scale
27:; also called a
3371:
3370:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3312:
3290:
3271:Thomas Friedman
3257:
3252:
3203:Anthony Giddens
3178:Manuel Castells
3143:Arjun Appadurai
3134:
3132:
3127:
3069:
3067:
3062:
3058:Joseph Stiglitz
2998:Richard Baldwin
2984:
2976:
2970:
2929:Fiscal localism
2893:
2847:McDonaldization
2765:Development aid
2739:
2734:
2703:Multilingualism
2698:Labor arbitrage
2674:Climate justice
2660:
2648:
2602:Global politics
2555:Deglobalization
2528:
2500:
2495:
2453:
2439:Hernes, Helga.
2436:
2392:
2386:
2373:Wilkins, Mira.
2364:Wilkins, Mira.
2357:Wilkins, Mira.
2162:
2160:Further reading
2157:
2156:
2146:
2144:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2120:
2116:
2101:
2097:
2088:
2084:
2075:
2071:
2056:
2042:
2038:
2023:
2009:
2005:
1988:
1984:
1973:
1969:
1962:
1948:
1944:
1937:
1923:
1919:
1910:
1908:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1881:
1879:
1872:Velocity Global
1866:
1865:
1858:
1849:
1847:
1838:
1837:
1830:
1803:
1796:
1749:
1736:
1729:
1705:"Transnational"
1701:
1697:
1688:
1686:
1678:
1677:
1670:
1661:
1657:
1648:
1646:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1623:
1621:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1598:
1596:
1586:
1582:
1573:
1571:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1549:
1547:
1537:
1533:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1502:
1498:
1488:
1486:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1456:
1450:
1446:
1435:
1431:
1421:
1419:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1394:
1390:
1383:
1369:
1365:
1356:
1352:
1343:
1339:
1329:
1327:
1317:
1313:
1301:
1297:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1259:
1246:
1237:
1233:
1220:
1216:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1185:
1178:
1169:
1165:
1156:
1152:
1143:
1139:
1086:
1082:
1072:
1070:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1033:
1017:
1013:
998:
994:
989:
941:
934:
929:Business portal
927:
920:
917:
882:wage stagnation
851:
843:Main articles:
841:
825:
770:
758:
752:
740:
699:
689:
680:
674:
643:
617:capital outflow
601:
595:
583:competitiveness
568:decision-making
451:
442:
422:
401:
368:
320:1973 oil crisis
315:Abdullah Tariki
293:(Socony, later
221:
211:
159:
108:
102:Charter company
98:
93:
79:publicly traded
17:
12:
11:
5:
3369:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3310:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3262:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3173:Zygmunt Bauman
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3139:
3137:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3074:
3072:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3038:Thomas Piketty
3035:
3033:Kevin O'Rourke
3030:
3025:
3023:Michael Hudson
3020:
3015:
3013:Robert Brenner
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2989:
2987:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2884:Westernization
2881:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2744:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2723:Tax inversions
2720:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2693:Digital divide
2690:
2689:
2688:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2669:Climate change
2665:
2663:
2654:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
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2589:
2584:
2583:
2582:
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2567:
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2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2511:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2494:
2493:
2486:
2479:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2452:
2451:External links
2449:
2448:
2447:
2443:(Gale, 1977).
2435:
2434:Historiography
2432:
2431:
2430:
2415:
2400:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2355:
2343:
2336:
2327:
2318:
2311:
2300:
2290:
2283:
2274:
2267:
2260:
2251:
2244:
2229:
2219:
2209:
2199:
2191:Chernow, Ron.
2189:
2179:
2170:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2143:. 8 March 2016
2126:
2114:
2095:
2082:
2069:
2054:
2036:
2021:
2003:
2001:found for it."
1982:
1967:
1960:
1942:
1935:
1917:
1888:
1874:. 2015-07-17.
1856:
1844:Tax Foundation
1828:
1817:(2): 283–375.
1794:
1759:(2): 107–126.
1734:
1727:
1695:
1668:
1655:
1630:
1605:
1588:Huang, Yukon.
1580:
1556:
1531:
1528:on 2003-12-22.
1513:
1496:
1444:
1429:
1403:
1388:
1381:
1363:
1350:
1337:
1311:
1295:
1283:
1244:
1231:
1214:
1201:
1192:
1176:
1163:
1150:
1137:
1080:
1052:
1038:
1031:
1011:
991:
990:
988:
985:
984:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
947:
946:
932:
916:
913:
840:
837:
824:
821:
769:
766:
751:
748:
739:
736:
708:tax inversions
688:
685:
676:Main article:
673:
670:
648:legal domicile
642:
641:Legal domicile
639:
597:Main article:
594:
591:
590:
589:
586:
579:
576:maximum profit
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535:transportation
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449:Current status
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253:(SoCal, later
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106:Neocolonialism
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3238:Saskia Sassen
3236:
3234:
3233:George Ritzer
3231:
3229:
3228:Antonio Negri
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3224:
3223:L. H. M. Ling
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3209:
3208:Michael Hardt
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3188:Alfred Crosby
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3101:
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3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3088:Robert W. Cox
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3048:Jeffrey Sachs
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2966:World-systems
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2961:World history
2959:
2957:
2956:Social change
2954:
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2934:Modernization
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2598:
2597:Global health
2595:
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2498:Globalization
2492:
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2378:
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2367:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2354:
2353:vol 2 (2009).
2351:
2350:
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2337:
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2180:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2168:
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2142:
2141:
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2130:
2124:
2118:
2110:
2106:
2099:
2092:
2086:
2079:
2073:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2047:
2040:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2014:
2007:
1997:
1993:
1986:
1978:
1971:
1963:
1957:
1953:
1946:
1938:
1932:
1928:
1921:
1907:on 2018-11-25
1906:
1902:
1898:
1892:
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1720:
1716:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1699:
1685:
1684:The Economist
1681:
1675:
1673:
1666:(1977) p. 12.
1665:
1659:
1644:
1640:
1634:
1620:. 6 June 2018
1619:
1615:
1609:
1595:
1591:
1584:
1570:
1566:
1560:
1546:
1542:
1539:Chen, James.
1535:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1510:
1506:
1505:Business Week
1500:
1484:
1466:
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1440:
1433:
1417:
1413:
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1399:
1392:
1384:
1378:
1374:
1367:
1361:(1973) p 147.
1360:
1354:
1347:
1341:
1326:
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1315:
1309:
1305:
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1286:
1280:
1276:
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1224:
1218:
1211:
1205:
1196:
1189:
1183:
1181:
1173:
1167:
1160:
1157:Nick Robins,
1154:
1147:
1141:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
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1084:
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1067:
1062:
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1048:
1042:
1034:
1032:0-415-16787-6
1028:
1024:
1023:
1015:
1008:(2): 144–151.
1007:
1003:
996:
992:
982:
979:
977:
976:World economy
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
956:Globalization
954:
952:
949:
948:
944:
938:
933:
930:
924:
919:
912:
910:
906:
902:
898:
895:schemes, and
894:
893:tax avoidance
889:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
858:
855:
850:
846:
836:
834:
830:
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790:
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729:
725:
720:
718:
714:
709:
703:
698:
694:
684:
679:
669:
667:
663:
662:tax avoidance
658:
655:
654:
653:The Economist
649:
638:
636:
632:
628:
624:
622:
618:
614:
609:
607:
600:
587:
585:in the world;
584:
580:
577:
573:
569:
565:
562:
558:
557:
556:
553:
551:
547:
542:
540:
536:
533:analysis and
532:
528:
527:
526:Business Week
521:
519:
518:socioeconomic
514:
511:
508:by spreading
507:
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475:
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467:
463:
459:
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420:Manufacturing
417:
413:
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363:
361:
357:
354:(Venezuela),
353:
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144:
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137:
136:trading posts
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
107:
103:
88:
86:
85:
80:
75:
73:
72:
67:
66:organizations
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
3281:John R. Saul
3266:Noam Chomsky
3258:Non–academic
3198:Susan George
3193:Nancy Fraser
3163:Walden Bello
3108:David Harvey
3098:Stephen Gill
3018:Jayati Ghosh
2924:Earth system
2790:Human rights
2730:Water crisis
2627:early modern
2440:
2418:
2403:
2396:
2374:
2365:
2358:
2352:
2348:
2339:
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2321:
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2286:
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2263:
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2222:
2212:
2202:
2192:
2182:
2173:
2166:
2145:. Retrieved
2138:
2129:
2117:
2111:. p. 2.
2104:
2098:
2090:
2085:
2080:(Dec. 1977).
2077:
2072:
2045:
2039:
2012:
2006:
1995:
1985:
1976:
1970:
1951:
1945:
1926:
1920:
1909:. Retrieved
1905:the original
1900:
1891:
1880:. Retrieved
1871:
1848:. Retrieved
1846:. 2017-08-01
1843:
1814:
1810:
1756:
1752:
1709:
1698:
1687:. Retrieved
1683:
1663:
1658:
1647:. Retrieved
1642:
1633:
1622:. Retrieved
1617:
1608:
1597:. Retrieved
1593:
1583:
1572:. Retrieved
1568:
1559:
1548:. Retrieved
1545:Investopedia
1544:
1534:
1526:the original
1516:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1487:. Retrieved
1472:. Retrieved
1465:the original
1460:
1447:
1438:
1432:
1420:. Retrieved
1416:the original
1406:
1397:
1391:
1372:
1366:
1358:
1353:
1345:
1340:
1328:. Retrieved
1324:
1314:
1303:
1298:
1288:, retrieved
1266:
1239:
1234:
1222:
1217:
1209:
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1083:
1071:. Retrieved
1064:
1055:
1041:
1021:
1014:
1005:
1001:
995:
943:World portal
890:
885:
878:unemployment
866:human rights
859:
854:Sanjaya Lall
852:
826:
807:
802:
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787:
780:system in a
771:
759:
741:
721:
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700:
681:
659:
651:
644:
625:
610:
602:
561:subsidiaries
554:
543:
524:
522:
515:
503:
493:Engaging in
471:
443:
431:
423:
414:
410:
406:
402:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
362:(Malaysia).
336:Saudi Aramco
312:
308:
300:
226:
222:
195:Cecil Rhodes
191:South Africa
160:
140:
109:
82:
76:
69:
65:
61:organization
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
28:
24:
20:
18:
3276:Naomi Klein
3158:Ulrich Beck
3133:Politics /
3123:Robert Wade
3113:Ronen Palan
3103:Peter Gowan
3053:Amartya Sen
3043:Dani Rodrik
2993:David Autor
2919:Development
2800:Imperialism
2748:Brain drain
1325:The Tribune
778:free market
666:tax evasion
531:demographic
462:Toyota City
96:Colonialism
87:companies.
3335:Categories
3218:Paul Hirst
3213:David Held
3078:Samir Amin
3068:Political
3003:Ravi Batra
2944:history of
2939:ecological
2914:Dependency
2862:Offshoring
2825:scientific
2815:linguistic
2780:Fair trade
2760:Care drain
2713:Tax havens
2708:Population
2617:History of
1911:2018-11-25
1882:2018-11-25
1850:2019-06-22
1689:2018-11-25
1649:2019-05-12
1624:2019-05-12
1599:2019-05-12
1574:2019-05-12
1550:2019-05-12
1489:2 February
1474:2 February
1290:2024-04-24
1115:1765/32952
987:References
874:inequality
782:globalized
342:(Russia),
285:ExxonMobil
283:, part of
100:See also:
3243:John Urry
3135:sociology
2985:Economics
2889:World war
2612:Globality
2580:education
2064:272997700
2031:272997700
1998:(63): 68.
1823:0364-9490
1789:155113053
1773:0008-1256
1461:Gary 2004
1422:3 January
1132:154592596
1124:0022-0507
1073:18 August
839:Criticism
482:exporting
478:Importing
356:Petrobras
167:Melbourne
3308:Category
2977:scholars
2902:Theories
2810:cultural
2805:academic
2509:Journals
2406:(2006).
1876:Archived
1781:41166696
1330:23 April
1223:Daedalus
915:See also
888:(1977).
796:and the
637:status.
427:palm oil
360:Petronas
279:, later
261:Gulf Oil
203:De Beers
187:diamonds
175:iron ore
171:aluminum
3070:economy
2975:Notable
2753:reverse
2681:Disease
2622:archaic
2533:Aspects
2524:Studies
2519:Outline
2427:2147271
2379:(1964).
2361:(1970)
2298:excerpt
2296:(2015)
2282:(1995).
2259:(2000).
2241:3113634
2207:excerpt
2205:(2003)
2197:excerpt
2195:(2010)
2187:excerpt
2178:(2005).
2147:23 June
1485:. Slate
1306:(1975)
571:centre;
510:R&D
340:Gazprom
255:Chevron
183:uranium
91:History
2830:social
2661:Global
2653:Issues
2445:online
2425:
2410:
2368:(1974)
2273:(1987)
2266:(2008)
2250:(2005)
2239:
2227:online
2169:(1991)
2062:
2052:
2029:
2019:
1958:
1933:
1821:
1787:
1779:
1771:
1725:
1379:
1308:online
1281:
1227:online
1130:
1122:
1029:
880:, and
458:Toyota
267:Texaco
185:, and
179:copper
157:Mining
2820:media
2740:Other
2423:JSTOR
2237:JSTOR
1996:Arena
1785:S2CID
1777:JSTOR
1468:(PDF)
1457:(PDF)
1128:S2CID
862:ethos
466:Japan
352:PDVSA
295:Mobil
281:Exxon
55:, or
2408:ISBN
2149:2018
2060:OCLC
2050:ISBN
2027:OCLC
2017:ISBN
1956:ISBN
1931:ISBN
1819:ISSN
1769:ISSN
1723:ISBN
1643:ECFR
1491:2016
1476:2016
1424:2019
1377:ISBN
1332:2017
1279:ISBN
1120:ISSN
1075:2018
1027:ISBN
847:and
776:and
695:and
633:and
480:and
332:OPEC
277:Esso
217:and
201:and
104:and
2306:".
1761:doi
1715:doi
1271:doi
1110:hdl
1102:doi
868:or
434:SKF
209:Oil
51:),
49:TNC
43:),
41:TNE
35:),
33:MNE
25:MNC
3337::
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2107:.
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