Decolonization - Knowledge

529: 1868:(October 1973) was triggered by the OPEC which decided an embargo against the US and Western countries, causing a fourfold increase in the price of oil, which lasted five months, starting on 17 October 1973, and ending on 18 March 1974. OPEC nations then agreed, on 7 January 1975, to raise crude oil prices by 10%. At that time, OPEC nations – including many who had recently nationalized their oil industries – joined the call for a New International Economic Order to be initiated by coalitions of primary producers. Concluding the First OPEC Summit in Algiers they called for stable and just commodity prices, an international food and agriculture program, technology transfer from North to South, and the democratization of the economic system. But industrialized countries quickly began to look for substitutes to OPEC petroleum, with the oil companies investing the majority of their research capital in the US and European countries or others, politically sure countries. The OPEC lost more and more influence on the world prices of oil. 1602: 256:; yet another argument sees decolonisation as a diffusion process wherein earlier revolutionary movements inspired later ones. Other explanations emphasize how the lower profitability of colonization and the costs associated with empire prompted decolonization. Some explanations emphasize how colonial powers struggled militarily against insurgents in the colonies due to a shift from 19th century conditions of "strong political will, a permissive international environment, access to local collaborators, and flexibility to pick their battles" to 20th century conditions of "apathetic publics, hostile superpowers, vanishing collaborators, and constrained options". In other words, colonial powers had more support from their own region in pursuing colonies in the 19th century than they did in the 20th century, where holding on to such colonies was often understood to be a burden. 486:, which seemed less ruthless than, for example, Belgium, in controlling political dissent. Driven by pragmatic demands of budgets and manpower the British made deals with the local politicians. Across the empire, the general protocol was to convene a constitutional conference in London to discuss the transition to greater self-government and then independence, submit a report of the constitutional conference to parliament, if approved submit a bill to Parliament at Westminster to terminate the responsibility of the United Kingdom (with a copy of the new constitution annexed), and finally, if approved, issuance of an Order of Council fixing the exact date of independence. 575:, New Zealand, and the Union of South Africa; Ireland had been brought into a union with Great Britain in 1801 creating the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until the formation of the Irish Free State in 1922. However, some of the Dominions were already independent de facto, and even de jure and recognized as such by the international community. Thus, Canada was a founding member of the League of Nations in 1919 and served on the council from 1927 to 1930. That country also negotiated on its own and signed bilateral and multilateral treaties and conventions from the early 1900s onward. Newfoundland ceded self-rule back to London in 1934. 1788: 4263: 3307:...as kids, we tried to act out the things we had seen in the movies. We used to play cowboys and Indians in the mountains around Gondar...We acted out the roles of these heroes, identifying with the cowboys conquering the Indians. We didn't identify with the Indians at all and we never wanted the Indians to win. Even in Tarzan movies, we would become totally galvanized by the activities of the hero and follow the story from his point of view, completely caught up in the structure of the story. Whenever Africans sneaked up behind Tarzan, we would scream our heads off, trying to warn him that 'they' were coming". 1943: 4147: 3418: 4002: 3162: 29: 1104: 1306: 3023: 957: 4205: 4060: 3434: 1917: 2796: 610: 4031: 2460: 2307: 4401: 4193: 4164: 4135: 4106: 4077: 4048: 4019: 3990: 3961: 3932: 712: 4280: 4251: 4222: 1479: 4234: 366: 4372: 2989: 2953: 2601: 2348: 2071: 2773: 2432: 3067: 2753: 4118: 441: 4309: 4089: 3047: 4176: 3944: 839: 4321: 3973: 2725: 2271: 2501: 8189: 8177: 8165: 8153: 2493: 1654:—over 300,000—as well as several hundred thousand ethnic Indonesians who supported the Dutch cause. In the aftermath, the Netherlands prospered greatly in the 1950s and 1960s but nevertheless public opinion was bitterly hostile to the United States for betrayal. The Dutch government eventually gave up on claims to Indonesian sovereignty in 1949, after American pressure. The Netherlands also had one other major colony, Dutch Guiana in 8141: 4292: 4389: 4360: 774:" or union with Greece) and the minority Turks. London for decades assumed it needed the island to defend the Suez Canal; but after the Suez crisis of 1956, that became a minor factor, and Greek violence became a more serious issue. Cyprus became an independent country in 1960, but ethnic violence escalated until 1974 when Turkey invaded and partitioned the island. Each side rewrote its own history, blaming the other. 3003: 2689: 2155: 4338: 2251: 4440:

inalienable nature of their sovereignty, many people do not realize that these non-self-governing structures still exist". Some activists have claimed that the attention of the United Nations was "further diverted from the social and economic agenda towards "firefighting and extinguishing" armed conflicts". Advocates have stressed that the United Nations " the last refuge of hope for peoples under the yolk

8129: 4541: 2927:") have renewed awareness of Russian colonialism and interest in decolonizing scholarship in their field, with academic conferences organized on the theme by the Centre for Baltic and East European Studies (CBEES) in Stockholm in December 2022, the British Association for Slavonic and Eastern European Studies (BASEES) in April 2023, the Aleksanteri Institute in October, and the 1450:, a Democrat in office from 1913 to 1921, ignored the Philippines, and focused his attention on Mexico and Caribbean nations. By the 1920s, the peaceful efforts by the Filipino leadership to pursue independence proved convincing. When the Democrats returned to power in 1933, they worked with the Filipinos to plan a smooth transition to independence. It was scheduled for 1946 by 2895:. Historian Robert Daniels says, "A special dimension that the anti-Communist revolutions shared with some of their predecessors was decolonization." Moscow's policy had long been to settle ethnic Russians in the non-Russian republics. After independence, minority rights have been an issue for Russian-speakers in some republics and for 3901:. After the conclusion of World War II with the surrender of the Axis Powers in 1945, and two decades into the latter half of the 20th century, over three dozen "states in Asia and Africa achieved autonomy or outright independence" from European administering powers. As of 2020, 17 territories remain under Chapter XI distinction: 1441:

In the United States, the two major parties were divided on the acquisition of the Philippines, which became a major campaign issue in 1900. The Republicans, who favored permanent acquisition, won the election, but after a decade or so, Republicans turned their attention to the Caribbean, focusing on

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in 1904, providing that the United States had a right and obligation to intervene "in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence" that a nation in the Western Hemisphere became vulnerable to European control. In practice, this meant that the United States was led to act as a collections agent for

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was a revolt of a portion of the Indian Army. It was characterized by massacres of civilians on both sides. It was not a movement for independence, however, and only a small part of India was involved. In the aftermath, the British pulled back from modernizing reforms of Indian society, and the level

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it was not recognized by the local government who followed the authority of the Junta of Cadiz. The rivalry between the two cities was the main reason for the distrust between them. During the next 15 years, the Spanish and Royalist on one side, and the rebels on the other fought in South America and

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wherein the United Nations declared its "renewal of the call to States Members of the United Nations to speed up the process of decolonization towards the complete elimination of colonialism". According to an article by scholar John Quintero, "given the modern emphasis on the equality of states and

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emerged at a time Japan wanted to reach Asian populations in other countries by way of its cultural influence. The surge in popularity of kung fu movies began in the late 1960s through the 1970s. Local populations were depicted as protagonists opposing "imperialists" (foreigners) and their "Chinese

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was especially rich, and many Belgian businessmen lobbied hard to maintain control. Local revolts grew in power and finally, the Belgian king suddenly announced in 1959 that independence was on the agenda – and it was hurriedly arranged in 1960, for country bitterly and deeply divided on social and

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remained a beacon of hope to pro-independence activists. However, with the anti-colonial wars of the 1900s (decade) barely over, new modernizing forms of Africa nationalism began to gain strength in the early 20th century with the emergence of Pan-Africanism, as advocated by the Jamaican journalist

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in 1806, the American colonies declared autonomy and loyalty to King Ferdinand VII. The contract was broken and each of the regions of the Spanish Empire had to decide whether to show allegiance to the Junta of Cadiz (the only territory in Spain free from Napoleon) or have a junta (assembly) of its

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The decolonization agenda championed by the United Nations is not based exclusively on independence. There are three other ways in which an NSGT can exercise self-determination and reach a full measure of self-government (all of them equally legitimate): integration within the administering power,

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After independence, the new states needed to establish or strengthen the institutions of a sovereign state – governments, laws, a military, schools, administrative systems, and so on. The amount of self-rule granted prior to independence, and assistance from the colonial power and/or international

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According to political theorist Kevin Duong, decolonization "may have been the century's greatest act of disenfranchisement", as numerous anti-colonial activists primarily pursued universal suffrage within empires rather than independence: "As dependent territories became nation-states, they lost

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economists calculated that the economic effect from the loss of the great Dutch empire in Indonesia was compensated for by a couple of years or so of domestic post-war economic growth. The end of the colonial era is celebrated in the history books as a triumph of national aspiration in the former

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that as of that date it had terminated its presence in the Territory of the Sahara and deemed it necessary to place on record that Spain considered itself thenceforth exempt from any responsibility of any international nature in connection with the administration of the Territory, in view of the

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in 1783, 165 colonies have gained independence from Western imperial powers. Several analyses point to different reasons for the spread of anti-colonial political movements. Institutional arguments suggest that increasing levels of education in the colonies led to calls for popular sovereignty;

4513:, settlers have not left, even as independence from the metropole was gained... The systemic oppression and domination of the colonized by the colonizer is not historical — firmly in the past — but ongoing and supported by radically unequal political, social, economic, and legal institutions." 3400:

In general, the release of the colonized caused little economic loss to the colonizers. Part of the reason for this was that major costs were eliminated while major benefits were obtained by alternate means. Decolonization allowed the colonizer to disclaim responsibility for the colonized. The

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Nation-building is the process of creating a sense of identification with, and loyalty to, the state. Nation-building projects seek to replace loyalty to the old colonial power, and/or tribal or regional loyalties, with loyalty to the new state. Elements of nation-building include creating and

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a large-scale communist revolt, the United States realized that it needed the nationalist government as an ally in the Cold War. Dutch possession was an obstacle to American Cold War goals, so Washington forced the Dutch to grant full independence. A few years later, Sukarno nationalized all

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Some authors contend that even in countries that have become politically independent from a former colonial power, indigenous peoples may still in effect be living under the impacts of colonization. In a 2023 paper on the political theory of settler colonialism, Canadian academics Yann

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The decolonization of North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa took place in the mid-to-late 1950s, very suddenly, with little preparation. There was widespread unrest and organized revolts, especially in French Algeria, Portuguese Angola, the Belgian Congo and British Kenya.

7229:), Éditions La Découverte, 2007, p. 88. (Another account claims, without supporting citation, that Nyobe "was killed in a plane crash on September 13, 1958. No clear cause has ever been ascertained for the mysterious crash. Assassination has been alleged with the French 1587:

as League of Nations mandates from the former German Empire in 1919. The colonies remained independent during the war, while Belgium was occupied by the Germans. There was no serious planning for independence, and exceedingly little training or education provided. The

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cessation of its participation in the temporary administration established for the Territory. In 1990, the General Assembly reaffirmed that the question of Western Sahara was a question of decolonization which remained to be completed by the people of Western Sahara."

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A 2019 study found that "democracy levels increased sharply as colonies gained internal autonomy in the period immediately before their independence. However, conflict, revenue growth, and economic growth did not systematically differ before and after independence."

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Strengthening of bilateral and multilateral international assistance to promote industrialization in the developing countries through, in particular, the provisioning of sufficient financial resources and opportunities for transfer of appropriate techniques and

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to the U.S. Navy. The attempt of the first governor to void the island's constitution and remain in power past the end of his term provoked a rebellion that provoked a reoccupation between 1906 and 1909, but this was again followed by devolution. Similarly, the

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A union of former colonies itself, the United States approached imperialism differently from the other Powers. Much of its energy and rapidly expanding population was directed westward across the North American continent against English and French claims, the

602:, India's independence movement leader, led a peaceful resistance to British rule. By becoming a symbol of both peace and opposition to British imperialism, many Indians began to view the British as the cause of India's problems leading to a newfound sense of 4477:

debated and adopted a resolution that affirmed that the Chagos Archipelago "forms an integral part of the territory of Mauritius". The UK does not recognize Mauritius' sovereignty claim over the Chagos Archipelago. In October 2020, Mauritian Prime Minister

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Allard-Tremblay and Elaine Coburn posit that: "In Africa, the Middle East, South America, and much of the rest of the world, decolonization often meant the expulsion or departure of most colonial settlers. In contrast, in settler colonial states like

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free association with the administering power, or some other mutually agreed upon option for self-rule. It is the exercise of the human right of self-determination, rather than independence per se, that the United Nations has continued to push for.

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Decolonization is not an easy matter in colonies with large settler populations, particularly if they have been there for several generations. When settlers remain in former colonies after independence, colonialism is ongoing and takes the form of

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and Puerto Ricans became full U.S. citizens that same year. The US government declared Puerto Rico the territory was no longer a colony and stopped transmitting information about it to the United Nations Decolonization Committee. As a result, the

8169: 1326:. Pursuing a colonial policy comparable to those of European powers, Japan settled significant populations of ethnic Japanese in its colonies while simultaneously suppressing Indigenous ethnic populations by enforcing the learning and use of the 3387:– as now measured and much discussed – came to be seen as far more important than the erstwhile colonial trade.... The economic effect in the United States from the granting of independence to the Philippines was unnoticeable, partly due to the 77:

Critical scholars extend the meaning beyond independence or equal rights for colonized peoples to include broader economic, cultural and psychological aspects of the colonial experience. Extending the meaning of decolonization beyond political

5147:. Self determination should be understood as power of peoples to control their own destiny. Therefore for indigenous peoples, right to self determination is instrumental in the protection of their human rights and struggle for self-governance. 206:, which established many aspects of decolonisation that would be considered in later works. Subsequent studies of decolonisation addressed economic disparities as a legacy of colonialism as well as the annihilation of people's cultures. 929:

Although France was ultimately a victor of World War II, Nazi Germany's occupation of France and its North African colonies during the war had disrupted colonial rule. On 27 October 1946, France adopted a new constitution creating the

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Many colonies were serving as resource colonies which produced raw materials and agricultural products, and as a captive market for goods manufactured in the colonizing country. Many decolonized countries created programs to promote

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escalated its effort in the war: for instance, it increased the number of natives in the colonial army and built strategic hamlets. Portugal sent another 300,000 European settlers into Angola and Mozambique before 1974. That year,

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Significant violence was involved in several prominent cases of decolonization of the British Empire; partition was a frequent solution. In 1783, the North American colonies were divided between the independent United States, and

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that did forbid to have toponymy with names associated with Russian ("the occupying state"). This law in particular has been described by Ukrainian media as providing "a legitimate framework and effective mechanisms" for the

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post–World War II economic growth period. In the 1960s, due to economic needs for post-war reconstruction and rapid economic growth, French employers actively sought to recruit manpower from the colonies, explaining today's

3405:) from the former colonies. Financial, political and military pressure could still be used to achieve goals desired by the colonizer. Thus decolonization allowed the goals of colonization to be largely achieved, but 1466:, who took leave from his U.S. Army position to take command of the new army reporting to Quezon. The Japanese occupation 1942 to 1945 disrupted but did not delay the transition. It took place on schedule in 1946 as 6781: 2826:

Soviet control of its non-Russian member republics weakened as movements for democratization and self-government gained strength during the late 1980s, and four republics declared independence in 1990 and 1991. The

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The UNCTAD however was not very effective in implementing the NIEO, and social and economic inequalities between industrialized countries and the Third World grew throughout the 1960s until the 21st century. The

1617:, corresponding to what is now Indonesia. Its massive oil reserves provided about 14 percent of the Dutch national product and supported a large population of ethnic Dutch government officials and businessmen in 1769:, which had benefited the leading states which had created it, and remained in force until 1971 after the United States' suspension of convertibility from dollars to gold. The main principles of the NIEO are: 463:

in Portugal, which led to the return of the Portuguese court to Lisbon. This led to distrust between the Portuguese and the Brazilian colonists, and finally, in 1822, to the colony becoming independent as the

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The following list shows the colonial powers following the end of hostilities in 1945, and their colonial or administrative possessions. The year of decolonization is given chronologically in parentheses.

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own. The economic monopoly of the metropolis was the main reason why many countries decided to become independent from Spain. In 1809, the independence wars of Latin America began with a revolt in La Paz,

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The sovereign equality of all States, with non-interference in their internal affairs, their effective participation in solving world problems and the right to adopt their own economic and social systems;

1265:, and other grants and loans to Europe and Asia to rebuild the world economy. At the same time American military bases were established around the world and direct and indirect interventions continued in 6072:

The United States had used its exempt status from the transmission of information under Article 73 e of the United Nations Charter as a loophole to commit human rights violations in Puerto Rico and its

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was transferred from Japanese to US administration. By 1990 all but one of the trust territories had achieved independence, either as independent states or by merger with another independent state; the

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Before World War I, Japan had gained several substantial colonial possessions in East Asia such as Taiwan (1895) and Korea (1910). Japan joined the allies in World War I, and after the war acquired the

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colonizer no longer had the burden of obligation, financial or otherwise, to their colony. However, the colonizer continued to be able to obtain cheap goods and labor as well as economic benefits (see

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Just and equitable relationship between the price of raw materials and other goods exported by developing countries, and the prices of raw materials and other goods exported by the developed countries;

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Heuman, J. (2023). The silent disappearance of Jews from Algeria: French anti-racism in the face of antisemitism in Algeria during the decolonization. Journal of Modern Jewish Studies, 22(2), 149-168.

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regained control of Japanese-occupied territories in Manchuria and eastern China, as well as Taiwan. Only Hong Kong and Macau remained in outside control until both places were transferred to the

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for the colonial empire. However power over the colonies remained concentrated in France, and the power of local assemblies outside France was extremely limited. On the night of 29 March 1947, a

1641:. The Dutch both abroad and at home generally agreed that Dutch power depended on an expensive war to regain the islands. Compromises were negotiated, but were trusted by neither side. When the 1281:), Africa, and the Middle East to oppose Communist movements and insurgencies. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the United States has been far less active in the Americas, but invaded 1088:. However, France, taking advantage of the American government's distraction during the Civil War, intervened militarily in Mexico and set up a French-protected monarchy. Spain took the step to 850:

After World War I, the colonized people were frustrated at France's failure to recognize the effort provided by the French colonies (resources, but more importantly colonial troops – the famous

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Clement, Vincent (2019). "Beyond the sham of the emancipatory Enlightenment: Rethinking the relationship of Indigenous epistemologies, knowledges, and geography through decolonizing paths".

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inside Portugal overthrew the existing regime and encouraged pro-Soviet elements to attempt to seize control in the colonies. The result was a very long and extremely difficult multi-party

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was invaded by the British. After their 2nd defeat, a Frenchman called Santiague de Liniers was proclaimed a new Viceroy by the local population and later accepted by Spain. In May 1810 in

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V. A free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims, based upon a strict observance of the principle that in determining all such questions of sovereignty

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among its population. With this new wave of Indian nationalism, Gandhi was eventually able to garner the support needed to push back the British and create an independent India in 1947.

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colonies and of benign good sense on the part of the colonial powers. Lurking beneath, as so often happens, was a strong current of economic interest – or in this case, disinterest."

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addressed the attendants of the Caribbean Regional Seminar on Decolonization, urging international political leaders to "build on towards fully eradicating colonialism by 2020".

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raged from 1954 to 1962. To this day, the Algerian war – officially called a "public order operation" until the 1990s – remains a trauma for both France and Algeria. Philosopher

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nations establish and dominate foreign territories, often overseas. The meanings and applications of the term are disputed. Some scholars of decolonization focus especially on

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Sharma, Nandita. "Migrants and indigeneity: Nationalism, nativism and the politics of place." Routledge International Handbook of Migration Studies. Routledge, 2019. 246-257.

3192:, and replacing colonial place-names with local ones. Nation-building after independence often continues the work began by independence movements during the colonial period. 8557: 7447:"United Nations Should Eradicate Colonialism by 2020, Urges Secretary-General in Message to Caribbean Regional Decolonization Seminar | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases" 2945:

The decolonization of Oceania occurred after World War II when nations in Oceania achieved independence by transitioning from European colonial rule to full independence.

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Strayer, Robert. "Decolonisation, Democratisation, and Communist Reform: The Soviet Collapse in Comparative Perspective," Journal of World History 12#2 (2001), 375–406.

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of India and Pakistan. Much later, in 1970, further communal violence broke out within Pakistan in the detached eastern part of East Bengal, which became independent as

1092:. The Union victory in the Civil War in 1865 forced both France and Spain to accede to American demands to evacuate those two countries. America's only African colony, 3743: 1776:

Full sovereignty of each State over its natural resources and other economic activities necessary for development, as well as regulation of transnational corporations;

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After 1898 direct intervention expanded in Latin America. The United States purchased Alaska from the Russian Empire in 1867 and annexed Hawaii in 1898. Following the

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exploded in Mexico first, then Argentina and Brazil, which proved unable to pay back their debts, jeopardizing the existence of the international economic system.

7413: 7291:"The man who ran Francafrique – French politician Jacques Foccart's role in France's colonization of Africa under the leadership of Charles de Gaulle – Obituary" 4947: 4435: 3188:

promoting symbols of the state like a flag, a coat of arms and an anthem, monuments, official histories, national sports teams, codifying one or more Indigenous

8193: 8181: 3208:), "linguistic decolonization" entails the replacement of a colonizing (imperial) power's language with a given colony's indigenous language in the function of 5023: 3441: 3391:, which allowed American monopoly in the economy of the Philippines. The departure of India and Pakistan made small economic difference in the United Kingdom. 3352:

After independence, many countries created regional economic associations to promote trade and economic development among neighboring countries, including the

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is the imposition and enforcement of one dominant language over other languages, and one response to this form of imperialism is linguistic decolonization.

1530:). The regime was fiercely determined to maintain the country's colonial possessions at all costs and to aggressively suppress any insurgencies. In 1961, 752:

of 1930. Large-scale communal violence broke out between Muslims and Hindus and Muslims and Sikhs after the British left in 1947 in the newly independent

6388:[The Conflict Between Tito’s Concept of Universalism and Sukarno’s Concept of Regionalism in the 1964 Summit of Non-Aligned Countries in Cairo]. 6043:

U.S. citizenship was extended to residents of Puerto Rico by virtue of the Jones Act, chap. 190, 39 Stat. 951 (1971) (codified at 48 U.S.C. § 731 (1987))

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Newly independent states also had to develop independent economic institutions – a national currency, banks, companies, regulation, tax systems, etc.

1242:. In allowing allies France and Britain the former colonial possessions of the German and Ottoman Empires, the US demanded of them submission to the 4473:

ruled that the United Kingdom must transfer the islands to Mauritius as they were not legally separated from the latter in 1965. On 22 May 2019, the

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of 1934. In 1935, the Philippines transitioned out of territorial status, controlled by an appointed governor, to the semi-independent status of the

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is a currency shared by 14 countries in West and Central Africa, mostly former French colonies. The CFA franc is guaranteed by the French treasury.

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reserved the Americas as its sphere of interest, prohibiting other states (particularly Spain) from recolonizing the newly independent polities of

8051: 5037: 4624: 3216:, linguistic decolonization did not take place in the former colonies-turned-independent states on the other continents ("Rest of the World"). 2904: 2532:

was dissolved, and national independence movements resisted the re-imposition of colonial control by European countries and the United States.

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seized property from white African farmers, killing several of them, and forcing the survivors to emigrate. A large Indian community lived in

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during the war, and Japan sank the Dutch fleet in seizing the East Indies. In 1945 the Netherlands could not regain these islands on its own;

9308: 8572: 1062: 801: 33: 7490: 7053: 1089: 7290: 1458:. Its constitutional convention wrote a new constitution, which was approved by Washington and went into effect, with an elected governor 2903:. Meanwhile, the Russian Federation continues to apply political, economic, and military pressure on former Soviet colonies. In 2014, it 2615: 617:

Africa was only fully drawn into the colonial system at the end of the 19th century. In the north-east the continued independence of the

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from the colonizers' ideas that made the colonized feel inferior. Issues of decolonization persist and are raised contemporarily. In the

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By 1977, European colonial rule in mainland Africa had ended. Most of Africa's island countries had also become independent, although

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was merged with Ethiopia in 1952. Italian Somaliland was governed by the UK, and by Italy after 1954, until its independence in 1960.

1195:. Four referendums showed little support for independence, but much interest in statehood such as Hawaii and Alaska received in 1959. 8759: 8674: 8232: 7097: 3357: 2815:

islands in 1912, but Italian occupation ended after World War II, and the islands were integrated into Greece. British rule ended in

2060: 877: 626:(1887–1940) whose widely distributed newspapers demanded swift abolition of European imperialism, as well as republicanism in Egypt. 302: 5255:

Strayer, Robert W. (2001). "Decolonization, Democratization, and Communist Reform: The Soviet Collapse in Comparative Perspective".

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in 1945, Japan was deprived of all its colonies with a number of them being returned to the original colonizing Western powers. The

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Some of the British colonies in Asia were directly administered by British officials, while others were ruled by local monarchs as

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described the British and American governments as "hypocrites" and "champions of double talk" over their response to the dispute.

74:. Major waves of decolonization occurred in the aftermath of the First World War and most prominently after the Second World War. 8968: 8515: 6676: 4686: 4444: 4418: 3445: 8866: 5541:

Boswell, Terry (1989). "Colonial Empires and the Capitalist World-Economy: A Time Series Analysis of Colonization, 1640–1960".

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Newly independent states organised themselves in order to oppose continued economic colonialism by former imperial powers. The

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Belgium's empire began with the annexation of the Congo in 1908 in response to international pressure to bring an end to the

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in Europe cut the direct links between Spain and its American colonies, allowing for the process of decolonization to begin.

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Bousquet, Nicole (1988). "The Decolonization of Spanish America in the Early Nineteenth Century: A World-Systems Approach".

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MacDonald, Paul K. (April 2013). "'Retribution Must Succeed Rebellion': The Colonial Origins of Counterinsurgency Failure".

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is the core requirement for decolonization, and that this right can be exercised with or without political independence. A

8145: 8956: 370: 9439: 8380: 7122: 6831: 5992: 4744: 1572: 1282: 1188: 797: 688: 493:, several former German and Ottoman territories in the Middle East, Africa, and the Pacific were governed by the UK as 7421: 4955: 9374: 9199: 9094: 6487: 6278: 4691: 3897:

as "territories whose people have not yet attained a full measure of self-government"—the contemporary definition of

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and legislature. Foreign Affairs remained under American control. The Philippines built up a new army, under general

1167: 766:, which came under full British control in 1914 from the Ottoman Empire, was culturally divided between the majority 7551:"The Flying Heads of Settler Colonialism; or the Ideological Erasures of Indigenous Peoples in Political Theorizing" 6730:"Moscow's Invasion Of Ukraine Triggers 'Soul-Searching' At Western Universities As Scholars Rethink Russian Studies" 5161:"The Flying Heads of Settler Colonialism; or the Ideological Erasures of Indigenous Peoples in Political Theorizing" 9194: 8567: 8547: 4656: 3737: 3664: 3643: 3630: 3549: 2317: 2044:

gained independence as monarchies, but all four countries' monarchs were later deposed, and they became republics.

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Baylis, J. & Smith S. (2001). The Globalisation of World Politics: An introduction to international relations.

6202:

American Visions of the Netherlands East Indies/Indonesia: US Foreign Policy and Indonesian Nationalism, 1920–1949

3406: 9424: 8385: 8280: 8270: 8133: 8098: 4474: 3284: 1455: 1111: 1027:

during the Algerian war, and the decisive role of African and especially North African immigrant manpower in the

451:

The Napoleonic Wars also led to the severing of the direct links between Portugal and its only American colony,

9399: 8996: 8909: 8769: 8562: 7756:

Cooper, Frederick (2014). "French Africa, 1947–48: Reform, Violence, and Uncertainty in a Colonial Situation".

6085:

Torres, Kelly M. (2017). "Puerto Rico, the 51st state: The implications of statehood on culture and language".

5471:

Strang, David (1990). "From Dependency to Sovereignty: An Event History Analysis of Decolonization 1870–1987".

4646: 4590: 4585: 4466: 3081: 2816: 2574: 2402: 2338: 1947: 1622: 1606: 1412: 684: 394: 7827:

The Imperialism of French Decolonisation: French Policy and the Anglo-American Response in Tunisia and Morocco

6332:

Mukherjee, Mithi (2010). "'A World of Illusion': The Legacy of Empire in India's Foreign Relations, 1947-62".

5689:

Kelly, John D.; Kaplan, Martha (2001). "Nation and decolonization: Toward a new anthropology of nationalism".

5052: 1527: 9229: 8785: 8253: 8225: 3890: 2900: 2832: 2540: 1676:

When the United Nations was formed in 1945, it established trust territories. These territories included the

1211:(1915–1934), and elsewhere. The intrusiveness and bad relations this engendered were somewhat checked by the 7930:

O'Sullivan, Christopher. FDR and the End of Empire: The Origins of American Power in the Middle East (2012).

6729: 6671: 6386:"Sukob Titovog koncepta univerzalizma i Sukarnovog koncepta regionalizma na Samitu nesvrstanih u Kairu 1964" 5054:

Sovereignty and Decolonization: Realizing Indigenous Self-Determinationn at the United Nations and in Canada

2293: 9394: 8739: 8470: 8301: 7920: 5577: 4267: 4262: 3124:

organizations after independence, varied greatly between colonial powers, and between individual colonies.

1016: 763: 603: 591: 583: 125:, there have been several particularly active periods of decolonization in modern times. These include the 8117: 3383:"The engine of economic well-being was now within and between the advanced industrial countries. Domestic 1347: 106:

characterised colonial foreign rule as a violation of human rights. In states that have won independence,

9362: 9285: 8963: 8904: 8806: 8774: 8505: 8241: 7882: 6120: 4681: 3520: 3460: 1492: 1163: 560: 552: 406:

Mexico. Numerous countries declared their independence. In 1824, the Spanish forces were defeated in the

276: 272: 259:

A great deal of scholarship attributes the ideological origins of national independence movements to the

220: 7652:

Strang, David (1994). "British and French political institutions and the patterning of decolonization".

6636:

Kirch, Aksel; Kirch, Marika; Tuisk, Tarmo (1993). "Russians in the Baltic States: To be or Not to Be?".

6056:"Decolonization Committee Calls on United States to Expedite Process for Puerto Rich Self-determination" 4529:

David Strang writes that the loss of their empires turned France and Britain into "second-rate powers".

196:

Early studies of decolonisation appeared in the 1960s and 1970s. An important book from this period was

9084: 9046: 8980: 8859: 8744: 8689: 8500: 8048: 3708: 3608: 2450: 2361:(formerly an independent dominion but under direct British rule since 1934) (1949, union with Canada); 2097: 1880: 1792: 1618: 1576: 1351: 922:

In some instances, decolonization efforts ran counter to other concerns, such as the rapid increase of

821: 599: 460: 310: 267:

were central to the debates about national constitutions for newly independent countries. Contemporary

244: 5825: 2907:, the first such action in Europe since the end of the Second World War. In March 2023, following the 9234: 9011: 8924: 8639: 8275: 7501:

Britain's behaviour towards its former colony has been shameful. The UN resolution changes everything

7010:"Linguistic imperialism and language decolonisation in Africa through documentation and preservation" 5105:""Indigenous sovereignty" and right to self-determination in international law: a critical appraisal" 4912:

Naicker, Veeran (2023). "The problem of epistemological critique in contemporary Decolonial theory".

4819:"Re-envisioning resurgence: Indigenous pathways to decolonization and sustainable self-determination" 3514: 3296: 3244: 2940: 2917: 1899: 1677: 1323: 1310: 1243: 494: 207: 198: 107: 20: 5857:

Masselos, Jim (1985). "Audiences, actors and congress dramas: Crowd events in Bombay city in 1930".

3299:

has written about colonization and decolonization in the film universe. Born in Ethiopia, filmmaker

9219: 9204: 9001: 8844: 8816: 8754: 8395: 8218: 7976:

Ending empire in the Middle East: Britain, the United States and post-war decolonisation, 1945–1973

6832:"Aleksanteri Conference takes a stand for Ukraine | Aleksanteri Institute | University of Helsinki" 5990:

Wong, Kwok Chu (1982). "The Jones Bills 1912–16: A Reappraisal of Filipino Views on Independence".

4818: 4600: 4151: 4146: 3601: 3578: 3532: 3361: 3144: 2529: 2358: 2217: 1911: 1690: 1451: 1370: 1134: 1012: 985: 736: 649:'s unilateral declaration of independence in 1965 was not recognized by the UK or internationally. 423: 419: 178: 126: 7875: 7309: 7242:"Power of the dead and language of the living: The Wanderings of Nationalist Memory in Cameroon", 2831:

in August 1991 accelerated the breakup of the USSR, which formally ended on 26 December 1991. The

1023:

has spoken of the necessity of a "decolonisation of memory", starting with the recognition of the

792:. During that war, the British gained support from Jews and Arabs by making promises to both (see 9434: 9303: 9209: 8975: 8801: 8552: 7957:

Compares the impact on Great Britain, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Portugal, Italy and Japan

7335: 7101: 6975: 3132: 2051:

includes all 55 African states. There are several regional associations of states, including the

1942: 1535: 1534:

and by the same year nationalist forces had begun organizing in Portugal. Revolts (preceding the

1159: 961: 744:

was relatively small. Most of that was initiated by repressive British administrators, as in the

502: 170: 7883:"The Impossible Republic: The Reconquest of Algeria and the Decolonization of France, 1945–1962" 7388: 5324: 9214: 9171: 9166: 9099: 9006: 8951: 8749: 8679: 8485: 7738: 7074: 4006: 4001: 3372: 3217: 2611: 2578: 2487: 2052: 1796: 1613:

The Netherlands had spent centuries building up its empire. By 1940 it consisted mostly of the

1523: 1516: 1500: 1405: 1373:

started in 1937, and Japan occupied much of eastern China, including the Republic's capital at

1035: 931: 919:, as League of Nations mandates. Lebanon declared its independence in 1943, and Syria in 1945. 833: 789: 435: 158: 7915:

The Decolonisation of Portuguese Africa: Metropolitan Revolution and the Dissolution of Empire

6610: 6477: 6175:

The Decolonisation of Portuguese Africa: Metropolitan Revolution and the Dissolution of Empire

1931:

After Italy's defeat in World War II, France and the UK occupied the former Italian colonies.

1787: 1621:(now Jakarta) and other major cities. The Netherlands was overrun and almost starved to death 252:

analyses view decolonisation as a result of economic shifts toward wage labor and an enlarged

121:

and power, central to the concept of decolonization, can be found as early as the writings of

9070: 8852: 8833: 8629: 8542: 8526: 8210: 7295: 6200: 5939: 4526:

their voice in metropolitan assemblies whose affairs affected them long after independence."

3417: 3345:

Some decolonized countries maintain strong economic ties with the former colonial power. The

2908: 2414: 2221: 2109: 1928:

In 1945, Africa had four independent countries – Egypt, Ethiopia, Liberia, and South Africa.

1895: 1547: 1420: 1343: 1216: 861: 781: 745: 729: 645:

in 1957. All of the British colonies on mainland Africa became independent by 1966, although

514: 348: 212: 7143: 7066: 3572: 3375:

argues that the post–World War II decolonization was brought about for economic reasons. In

864:

was constructed as recognition of these efforts, the French state had no intention to allow

9429: 9331: 9247: 9224: 8919: 8828: 8704: 8510: 8475: 6505:"Introductory Note, Declaration of the Establishment of a New International Economic Order" 4701: 4636: 4565: 3325: 3106: 2671: 2442: 1887: 1766: 1710: 1556: 1507:

had a large and particularly long-lasting colonial empire which had begun in 1415 with the

1330:

in schools. Other methods such as public interaction, and attempts to eradicate the use of

1290: 1220: 1058: 893: 548: 543:

became independent in 1922, although the UK retained security prerogatives, control of the

260: 8170:

United Nations Trusteeship Agreements listed by the General Assembly as Non-Self-Governing

7872:

Imperial Rule and the Politics of Nationalism: Anti-Colonial Protest in the French Empire

6406: 6385: 5842:

Hunt, Lynn, Thomas R. Martin, Barbara H. Rosenwein, R. Po-chia Hsia, and Bonnie G. Smith.

5760:

The age of the Democratic Revolution: a political history of Europe and America, 1760–1800

2496:

Western European colonial empires in Asia and Africa all collapsed in the years after 1945

812:. The British eventually pulled out, and the former Mandate territory was divided between 8: 9389: 9132: 9114: 8537: 8450: 7136:"Origins: History of immigration from Zimbabwe – Immigration Museum, Melbourne Australia" 6806: 5909: 4641: 4491: 3683: 3236: 3229: 2896: 2623: 2406: 2386: 2366: 1746: 1278: 1199: 1024: 1007:

gained their independence from France. In 1960, eight independent countries emerged from

973: 793: 777: 657: 292: 111: 71: 7982:

Smith, Tony (January 1978). "A Comparative Study of French and British Decolonization".

6302: 4875:"Calcified identities: Persisting essentialism in academic collections of human remains" 1384:

by invading the European and U.S. colonies in Southeast Asia and the Pacific, including

1107: 66:

As a movement to establish independence for colonized territories from their respective

28: 9384: 8719: 8490: 8306: 8262: 8204: 8036: 8028: 7999: 7902: 7781: 7773: 7693: 7634: 7572: 6952: 6653: 6411: 6353: 6345: 6251: 6243: 6102: 6009: 5978: 5913: 5905: 5884:

Papadakis, Yiannis (2008). "Narrative, Memory and History Education in Divided Cyprus:

5794: 5741: 5706: 5671: 5608: 5600: 5558: 5523: 5488: 5453: 5382: 5272: 5237: 5190: 5144: 5134: 5004: 4929: 4894: 4799: 4575: 4570: 4454: 3734: 2923:

After the 2022 Russian invasion, scholars of Eastern Europe and Central Asia Studies ("

2800: 2799:

A protest sign from the second half of the 20th century calling on the U.N. to abolish

2643: 2513: 2474: 2002: 1998: 1876: 1872: 1734: 1730: 1681: 1626: 1319: 1305: 1204: 1175: 1077: 1008: 1004: 1000: 885: 809: 687:

and Pakistan. India and Pakistan fought several wars over the former princely state of

668: 533: 407: 328: 322: 280: 99: 7969:

Human Rights and the End of Empire: Britain and the Genesis of the European Convention

5941:

The Israel-Arab Reader: A Documentary History of the Middle East Conflict: 8th edition

4803: 3303:

describes the "colonization of the unconscious" he describes experiencing as a child:

2554:

The Allied powers divided Korea into two occupation zones, which became the states of

956: 9267: 9181: 9079: 8928: 8495: 8316: 8112: 8073: 8040: 8003: 7946: 7906: 7812: 7785: 7718: 7665: 7638: 7590:

Lee, Alexander; Paine, Jack (2019). "What Were the Consequences of Decolonization?".

7576: 7446: 7259: 7202: 7118: 7078: 7067: 6989: 6979: 6956: 6899: 6895: 6616: 6483: 6415: 6357: 6284: 6274: 6255: 6206: 6149: 6106: 6055: 6032: 6013: 5945: 5917: 5745: 5710: 5675: 5631: 5612: 5364: 5354: 5305: 5295: 5276: 5229: 5194: 5182: 5138: 5126: 5083: 5031: 4994: 4933: 4898: 4853: 4830: 4789: 4740: 4595: 4560: 3402: 3335: 3209: 3205: 3189: 2852: 2659: 2261: 1971: 1647: 1614: 1560: 1543: 1539: 1531: 1508: 1463: 1327: 1179: 1029: 942: 900:

in 1925. However, these movements would gain full potential only after World War II.

805: 785: 720: 700: 510: 444: 298: 210:

explored the cultural and linguistic legacies of colonialism in the influential book

166: 6707:"Що таке деколонізація, чому вона важлива і як буде здійснюватися згідно з законом?" 5077: 3848: 3639: 3559: 3543: 3433: 3161: 1154: 271:

has critiqued the emancipatory potential of enlightenment thought, highlighting its

9052: 9042: 8412: 8020: 7991: 7894: 7765: 7657: 7626: 7599: 7562: 7263: 7115:

Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture

7017: 6942: 6932: 6891: 6645: 6401: 6337: 6235: 6094: 6001: 5935: 5897: 5866: 5733: 5698: 5663: 5592: 5550: 5515: 5480: 5445: 5331: 5264: 5221: 5172: 5116: 4986: 4921: 4886: 4781: 4555: 4479: 4405: 4400: 4209: 4204: 4064: 4059: 3787: 3702: 3528: 3449: 3140: 3077: 3037: 2735: 2582: 1916: 1714: 1580: 1512: 1459: 1401: 1385: 1212: 1103: 1097: 969: 953:) to violent repression: one year of bitter fighting, 11,000–40,000 Malagasy died. 916: 843: 696: 618: 572: 482:

The emergence of Indigenous political parties was especially characteristic of the

465: 331:

was a revolt in 1789 and subsequent slave uprising in 1791 in the French colony of

6504: 6098: 4925: 3889:, under "Chapter XI: Declaration Regarding Non-Self Governing Territories" of the 2524:

Japan expanded its occupation of Chinese territory during the 1930s, and occupied

609: 563:

established full legislative independence for them. The equal dominions were six–

9336: 9318: 9252: 9142: 9109: 9104: 8694: 8617: 8434: 8296: 8055: 7661: 7531: 7363: 7255: 6341: 4651: 3818: 3728: 3653: 3624: 3562: 3504: 3491: 3437: 3384: 3258:

by France was particularly uneasy due to the large European population (see also

3201: 3156: 3102: 2971: 2924: 1990: 1861: 1816: 1804: 1722: 1638: 1482: 1365:, the last Manchu emperor of China. In 1933 Japan seized the Chinese province of 1331: 1227: 1081: 1047: 912: 716: 683:, states ruled by monarchs in a treaty of subsidiary alliance with Britain, were 378: 138: 60: 19:

This article is about the undoing of colonialism. For medical interventions, see

5021: 1981:

Most independent African countries exist within prior colonial borders. However

1978:, Africa's last UN Trust Territory, became independent of South Africa in 1990. 1705:

Czechoslovak anti-colonialist propaganda poster: "Africa – in fight for freedom"

9341: 9262: 9186: 9176: 9156: 8883: 8375: 8245: 8024: 8011:

Smith, Tony (1974). "The French Colonial Consensus and People's War, 1946-58".

7837: 7267: 7227:

A Black War: Investigation into the origins of the Rwandan genocide (1959-1994)

7171: 6239: 5931: 5436:

Strang, David (December 1991). "Global Patterns of Decolonization, 1500-1987".

5024:"Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples" 4617: 4546: 4426: 4347: 4238: 4233: 4197: 4192: 4168: 4163: 4139: 4134: 4110: 4105: 4081: 4076: 4052: 4047: 4035: 4030: 4023: 4018: 3994: 3989: 3965: 3960: 3936: 3931: 3886: 3838: 3829: 3500: 3388: 3118: 3098: 2994: 2958: 2635: 2606: 2525: 2517: 2353: 2076: 1986: 1865: 1840: 1680:

territories which had not achieved independence by 1945, along with the former

1447: 1393: 1231: 1069: 881: 767: 711: 680: 497:. Some were administered directly by the UK, and others by British dominions – 483: 477: 332: 174: 154: 146: 142: 91: 7995: 7792:

Darwin, John. "Decolonisation and the End of Empire" in Robin W. Winks, ed.,

7777: 7630: 7567: 7550: 6649: 6005: 5901: 5870: 5702: 5667: 5596: 5225: 5177: 5160: 4890: 4874: 4785: 1020: 594:. These reforms included creating elected legislative councils in some of the 9418: 9368: 8796: 8714: 8659: 8597: 8407: 7282: 7272: 6461:

Laszlo, Ervin; Baker, Robert Jr.; Eisenberg, Elliott; Raman, Venkata (1978).

6288: 5737: 5368: 5309: 5233: 5186: 5130: 5121: 5104: 4834: 4580: 4510: 4376: 4371: 4284: 4279: 4255: 4250: 4226: 4221: 3804: 3673: 3273: 3179: 3072: 2804: 2758: 2281: 2048: 1891: 1824: 1820: 1808: 1751:

Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples

1655: 1642: 1630: 1589: 1584: 1416: 1366: 1339: 1262: 1085: 993: 989: 946: 664: 627: 623: 518: 336: 306: 268: 232: 134: 7962:

The Invention of Decolonisation: The Algerian War and the Remaking of France

7860: 6993: 6937: 6920: 4725:

Note however discussion of (for example) the Russian and Nazi empires below.

1795:(HDI) is a quantitative index of development, an alternative to the classic 1478: 1377:. An estimated 20 million Chinese died during the 1931–1945 war with Japan. 455:. Days before Napoleon invaded Portugal, in 1807 the Portuguese royal court 9326: 9161: 9119: 9062: 8938: 8875: 8729: 8605: 8339: 8329: 7733:

The end of empire in French West Africa: France's successful decolonisation

7495: 7223:

Une guerre noire: Enquête sur les origines du génocide rwandais (1959-1994)

7021: 5008: 4122: 4117: 3762: 3590: 3312: 3300: 3251: 3136: 3127:

Except for a few absolute monarchies, most post-colonial states are either

2884: 2699: 2647: 2465: 2422: 2390: 2205: 2093: 1467: 1443: 1409: 1381: 1294: 1258: 1150: 935: 923: 889: 869: 692: 653: 568: 440: 398: 228: 203: 186: 182: 162: 95: 79: 5268: 5082:. Internet Archive. New York : Praeger Publishers, Inc. p. 278. 2795: 1487: 1342:

among the Indigenous peoples, were seen to be used. Japan also set up the

9089: 9074: 9034: 8684: 8669: 8664: 8353: 8334: 8324: 7603: 4610: 4498: 4447: 4313: 4308: 3898: 3554: 3392: 3339: 3264:), which largely evacuated to France when Algeria became independent. In 3240: 3052: 2778: 2763: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2437: 2398: 2209: 2009:

merged with Ethiopia in 1952, but became an independent country in 1993.

1844: 1800: 1651: 1270: 1239: 1142: 1138: 903:

After World War I, France administered the former Ottoman territories of

873: 852: 741: 587: 522: 490: 415: 253: 150: 48: 44: 7364:"Non-Self-Governing Territories | The United Nations and Decolonization" 7036: 6657: 6569:

Decolonisation: the Administration and Future of the Colonies, 1919–1960

6349: 5798: 5604: 5351:

The Darker Side of Western Modernity: Global Futures, Decolonial Options

5241: 5209: 4990: 4776:

Betts, Raymond F. (2012). "Decolonization a brief history of the word".

263:. Enlightenment social and political theories such as individualism and 9147: 8823: 8811: 8610: 8400: 7842:

Jones, Max, et al. "Decolonising imperial heroes: Britain and France."

7513: 7471: 7199:

From Kung Fu to Hip Hop: Globalization, Revolution, and Popular Culture

6947: 6672:"Geographical names associated with Russia have been banned in Ukraine" 6187:

Decolonisation: The British, French, Dutch and Belgian Empires, 1919–63

5562: 5527: 5492: 5457: 5335: 5325:"Exploring the intellectual foundations of Egyptian national education" 5292:

Crafting Qualitative Research: Working in the Postpositivist Traditions

4676: 4666: 4605: 4093: 4088: 3486: 3342:

to redistribute land to individual farmers or create collective farms.

3338:. Some nationalized industries and infrastructure, and some engaged in 2892: 2880: 2860: 2856: 2840: 2812: 2739: 2586: 2289: 2285: 2229: 2193: 2145: 2121: 1852: 1753:. The next year, the first Non-Aligned Movement conference was held in 1742: 1633:. By the time Dutch soldiers returned, an independent government under 1266: 1126: 939: 757: 749: 637:

Independence for the colonies in Africa began with the independence of

544: 402: 340: 264: 122: 52: 8032: 6247: 5578:"The Political Economy of Imperialism, Decolonization and Development" 5506:

Strang, David (1991). "Global Patterns of Decolonization, 1500–1987".

5143:

For them, indigenous sovereignty is linked with identity and right to

2911:

and subsequent Russian occupation of parts of Ukraine, Ukraine passed

1955: 838: 447:

proclaims himself Emperor of an independent Brazil on 7 September 1822

7743:

Longman Companion to European Decolonisation in the Twentieth Century

7009: 6756:"How the Field was Colonized: Russian History's Ukrainian Blind Spot" 5022:

Adopted by General Assembly resolution 1514 (XV) (14 December 1960).

4671: 4502: 4470: 4462: 4180: 4175: 3688: 3346: 3260: 3028: 2868: 2783: 2703: 2679: 2651: 2631: 2570: 2500: 2470: 2141: 2137: 2047:

African countries cooperate in various multi-state associations. The

1848: 1832: 1397: 1389: 1358: 1174:

was eventually granted independence. In 1917, the U.S. purchased the

865: 506: 67: 8874: 5554: 5519: 5484: 5449: 5409:"Africa's student movements: history sheds light on modern activism" 2492: 1149:. Deciding not to annex Cuba outright, the U.S. established it as a 926:

in Algeria in the course of the nation's resistance to French rule.

876:

in the colonies became stronger in between the two wars, leading to

365: 114:

continue to make demands for decolonization and self-determination.

8370: 8205:

1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War

7898: 7769: 6681: 6397: 5826:"Canada and the League of Nations | The Canadian Encyclopedia" 3948: 3943: 3834: 3808: 3669: 3281: 3269: 3265: 3128: 2979: 2730: 2711: 2655: 2619: 2548: 2509: 2446: 2418: 2394: 2370: 2276: 2241: 2177: 2129: 2125: 2025: 2013: 1967: 1963: 1812: 1754: 1701: 1659: 1504: 1286: 977: 753: 695:

was integrated into India between 1950 and 1954, and India annexed

676: 646: 556: 385: 224: 190: 118: 8188: 8176: 8164: 8152: 7864: 7801:

Decolonisation: The British, Dutch, and Belgian Empires, 1919–1963

6612:

Revolutions and the Revolutionary Tradition: In the West 1560–1991

6567:

for the viewpoint from London and Paris see Rudolf von Albertini,

6226:

Baudet, Henri (1969). "The Netherlands after the Loss of Empire".

5079:

Indians of the Americas : human rights and self determination

3280:

as a result of Britain colonizing both India and East Africa, and

1803:. While the GDP only calculates economic wealth, the HDI includes 1696: 1118: 9379: 8140: 7809:

Britain's Declining Empire: The Road to Decolonisation, 1918–1968

7794:

The Oxford History of the British Empire – Vol. 5: Historiography

7617:

Duong, Kevin (May 2021). "Universal Suffrage as Decolonization".

6583:"Barbados ditches Britain's Queen Elizabeth to become a republic" 4983:

Worldmaking after Empire: The Rise and Fall of Self-Determination

4325: 4320: 3977: 3972: 3865: 3825:

Movement for the Liberation of Saguia el Hamra and Wadi el Dhahab

3793: 3767: 3692: 3658: 3255: 3213: 3013: 2888: 2872: 2848: 2844: 2836: 2707: 2663: 2627: 2382: 2378: 2362: 2321: 2312: 2237: 2233: 2189: 2169: 2165: 2133: 2089: 2041: 2029: 2021: 2017: 2006: 1994: 1982: 1975: 1974:

that year and Zimbabwe the next, and until 1994 in South Africa.

1959: 1936: 1836: 1738: 1718: 1634: 1374: 1335: 1250:

the interests of the populations concerned must have equal weight

1183: 1093: 908: 390: 249: 16:

Undoing political, economic and cultural legacies of colonisation

7532:"Chagos Islands dispute: Mauritius calls US and UK 'hypocrites'" 7491:"At last, the Chagossians have a real chance of going back home" 6164:

Solihull, UK (Helion Studies in Military History, No. 12), 2012.

4761:

Latin American Revolutions, 1808–1826: Old and New World Origins

3717: 2585:

in 1975. In 2002, former Portuguese Timor became independent as

8128: 7715:

The Wind of Change: Harold Macmillan and British Decolonization

7389:"Third International Decade for the Eradication of Colonialism" 6435:. Egyptian presidency website. 6 September 1961. Archived from 4506: 4430: 4393: 4388: 4364: 4359: 3869: 3776: 3752: 3613: 3277: 3008: 2975: 2876: 2864: 2694: 2675: 2639: 2410: 2374: 2325: 2297: 2173: 2160: 2117: 2113: 2101: 1828: 1551: 1491:

advancing in the African jungle in the early 1960s, during the

813: 771: 564: 452: 56: 8240: 7514:"Chagos Islands dispute: UK misses deadline to return control" 6162:

Counterinsurgency in Africa: The Portuguese Way of War 1961–74

5628:

Ending Empire: Contested Sovereignty and Territorial Partition

2028:

remain monarchies under dynasties that predate colonial rule.

1252:

with the equitable government whose title is to be determined.

8724: 8430: 8422: 8062:

Crises of Empire: Decolonisation and Europe's imperial states

7230: 4436:

Third International Decade for the Eradication of Colonialism

4414: 4342: 4337: 3799: 3748: 3585: 3175: 3171: 3085: 3057: 3033: 2963: 2743: 2667: 2505: 2256: 2225: 2201: 2197: 2105: 2085: 2081: 2037: 2033: 1932: 1208: 904: 857: 672: 642: 638: 631: 540: 498: 344: 6855: 6853: 2332: 1839:

generally have better standards of living than countries in

1361:

from the Republic of China, setting up a puppet state under

8442: 5109:

AlterNative: An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples

4296: 4291: 3860: 2967: 2929:

Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies

2715: 2213: 2185: 2181: 1369:, and incorporated it into its Manchurian possessions. The 1362: 1146: 981: 579:, a League of Nations mandate, became independent in 1932. 576: 411: 7041:

Faculty of Law, Humanities and the Arts - Papers (Archive)

6543:

The transfer of power in Africa: decolonisation, 1940–1960

3425:, Britain's last Viceroy of India, and his wife Vicereine 1745:, Premier of the People's Republic of China. In 1960, the 1203:

European creditors by administering customs duties in the

1137:

in 1898, the US added most of Spain's remaining colonies:

8699: 8201:

Colonial Empires after the First World War/Decolonisation

7856: 6850: 6581:

Faulconbridge, Guy; Ellsworth, Brian (30 November 2021).

6460: 6303:"Non-Aligned Movement | Definition, Mission, & Facts" 706: 7472:"Chagos Islands dispute: UK obliged to end control – UN" 6087:

Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies

6029:

The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion: 1803–1898

3412: 2823:

in 1964, and both islands became independent republics.

1757:(1961), and was followed in 1964 by the creation of the 630:(1909–1972) who was inspired by the works of Garvey led 231:, such issues are increasingly discussed under the term 7937:(Routledge, 2006), comprehensive global coverage; 365pp 6031:. New York: Rowman and Littlefield. pp. 166, 178. 5210:"Thucydides and Hegemony: Athens and the United States" 4850:

Against decolonisation: taking African agency seriously

2544: 1962:

remain part of France. However the black majorities in

1733:, head of Egypt. In 1955 these leaders gathered at the 1693:

elected to become a commonwealth of the United States.

1261:, the U.S. poured tens of billions of dollars into the 1090:

occupy the Dominican Republic and restore colonial rule

7654:

The Comparative Political Economy of the Welfare State

6925:

Journal of Nationalism, Memory & Language Politics

6580: 6463:

The Objectives of the New International Economic Order

6146:

Bound to Empire: The United States and the Philippines

5886:

A Comparison of Schoolbooks on the "History of Cyprus"

5813:

International Law in Historical Perspective, Volume II

5407:

Hodgkinson, Dan; Melchiorre, Luke (18 February 2019).

1886:

The 1990s were characterized by the prevalence of the

1415:, and shortly after occupied and annexed the southern 7548: 5158: 4697:

United Nations list of non-self-governing territories

7167:"Once Outcasts, Asians Again Drive Uganda's Economy" 5406: 4823:

Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education & Society

4536: 1966:

and South Africa were disenfranchised until 1979 in

1080:, often unwillingly. With support from Britain, its 219:"Decolonization" has also been used to refer to the 8060:Thomas, Martin, Bob Moore, and Lawrence J. Butler. 6921:"Global Language Politics: Eurasia versus the Rest" 6027:Levinson, Sanford; Sparrow, Bartholomew H. (2005). 1665: 1129:

administered by the United States from 1947 to 1986

8588:United Nations Industrial Development Organization 8578:United Nations Conference on Trade and Development 5159:Allard-Tremblay, Yann; Coburn, Elaine (May 2023). 4985:. Princeton University Press. pp. 14, 73–74. 4852:. African arguments. London: Hurst & Company. 4739:. Detroit: Macmillan Reference. pp. 255–257. 2449:(1954, both becoming constituent countries of the 1950:on becoming an overseas department of France, 2009 1759:United Nations Conference on Trade and Development 1153:with obligations including the perpetual lease of 8070:Decolonisation: The British Experience since 1945 7336:"Milestones: 1945–1952 – Office of the Historian" 6268: 4872: 4737:International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences 4516: 410:. The mainland was free, and in 1898, Spain lost 9416: 8765:South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation 8735:Community of Latin American and Caribbean States 7278:Foccart parle, interviews with Philippe Gaillard 5930: 5773:The emerging nations and the American Revolution 2985: 2949: 2597: 2344: 2067: 988:ended France's occupation of Indochina, leaving 426:of the US, but Cuba became independent in 1902. 8451:India–Brazil–South Africa Dialogue Forum (IBSA) 8194:United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1541 8182:United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1514 7712: 6635: 6430:"Belgrade declaration of non-aligned countries" 6026: 3063: 2931:(ASEEES) in Philadelphia in November–December. 2749: 1799:(GDP), which some use as a proxy to define the 1697:The emergence of the Third World (1945–present) 1627:it did so by depending on British military help 1322:, the former German colony in Micronesia, as a 972:withdrew from the French Union, leading to the 8431:Brazil–Russia–India–China–South Africa (BRICS) 7925:Britain's Moment in the Middle East, 1914–1956 7549:Allard-Tremblay, Yann; Coburn, Elaine (2023). 7270:for African matters, recognized it in 1995 to 6779: 4873:Kurzwelly, Jonatan; Wilckens, Malin S (2023). 4625:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie 4443:of colonialism". Furthermore, on 19 May 2015, 3250:In a few cases, settler populations have been 1713:constituted itself around the main figures of 1431: 8860: 8573:New World Information and Communication Order 8226: 8158:United Nations General Assembly Resolution 66 6872:Karl Wolfgang Deutsch, William J. Folt, eds, 6863:2nd Edition. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 6482:. New York City: Penguin Press. p. 310. 6198: 5575: 3097:Typical challenges of decolonization include 3043: 2769: 2473:(1979, became an autonomous territory of the 2428: 2063:, some of which have overlapping membership. 2012:Most African countries became independent as 1605:Dutch soldiers in the East Indies during the 1404:, and others. Following its surrender to the 1380:In December 1941, the empire of Japan joined 1063:Timeline of United States military operations 7844:Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 7098:"Pieds-noirs": ceux qui ont choisi de rester 6608: 4622: 3367: 2934: 1511:and ended only in 1999 with the handover of 1293:in 2001, establishing army and air bases in 7690:A diplomatic history of the American people 7420:. United Nations University. Archived from 7192: 7190: 6886:Mylonas, Harris (2017). "Nation-Building". 6753: 6509:UN Audiovisual Library of International Law 6479:Governing the World: The History of an Idea 5975:A diplomatic history of the American people 5844:The Making of the West Peoples and Cultures 5688: 5036:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3904: 3019: 2790: 2573:'s independence in 1949, after a four-year 2520:) that gained independence in 1947 and 1948 2393:as head of state, transition to republic); 1905: 1643:Indonesian Republic successfully suppressed 1193:U.N. list of non-self-governing territories 703:merged with India by popular vote in 1975. 8867: 8853: 8233: 8219: 7984:Comparative Studies in Society and History 7940: 7414:"Residual Colonialism In The 21St Century" 6969: 6374:, pp. 603–604, 2007 edition, Vintage Books 6364: 5859:South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies 5208:Lebow, Richard Ned; Kelly, Robert (2001). 5207: 4948:"Residual Colonialism In The 21St Century" 4816: 4662:Repatriation and reburial of human remains 2721: 2425:as head of state, transition to republic). 2267: 1563:, and lesser insurrections in Mozambique. 1230:were preconditions addressed by President 1100:and opposed the direct division of China. 82:has been disputed and received criticism. 8760:South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone 7935:The Routledge companion to decolonisation 7880: 7832:Jansen, Jan C. & Jürgen Osterhammel. 7566: 7107: 7091: 6946: 6936: 6918: 6405: 6396:(2). Institute for Contemporary History, 6331: 5883: 5653: 5176: 5120: 5102: 3358:Economic Community of West African States 3182:to commemorate the country's independence 2481: 2456: 2333:Decolonization in the Americas after 1945 2303: 2061:Economic Community of West African States 1765:(NIEO). The NIEO was opposed to the 1944 1279:1965 occupation of the Dominican Republic 984:became independent in 1953, and the 1954 238: 7589: 7187: 7037:"Settler colonialism and decolonisation" 7034: 5856: 5784: 5026:. The United Nations and Decolonisation. 4980: 3432: 3416: 3160: 2999: 2794: 2685: 2566:became independent of the U.S. in 1946. 2528:during World War II. After the war, the 2499: 2491: 2151: 1941: 1915: 1786: 1700: 1600: 1477: 1304: 1198:The Monroe Doctrine was expanded by the 1117: 1102: 955: 837: 710: 608: 586:, the UK made successive reforms to the 532:Members of the Irish delegation for the 527: 439: 364: 347:secured independence from France as the 27: 8516:OPEC Fund for International Development 7007: 6885: 6874:Nation Building in Comparative Contexts 6754:Smith-Peter, Susan (14 December 2022). 6475: 6383: 6377: 5723: 5576:Gartzke, Erik; Rohner, Dominic (2011). 5540: 5348: 5254: 4911: 4687:Indigenous survival during colonization 3319: 2247: 1935:became an independent kingdom in 1951. 1637:was in power, originally set up by the 1436: 788:after World War I, initially including 243:In the two hundred years following the 47:, the latter being the process whereby 9417: 8725:Association of Southeast Asian Nations 7755: 7651: 7441: 7439: 7201:. State University of New York Press. 6727: 6225: 6084: 5793:(4). Fernand Braudel Center: 497–531. 5625: 5505: 5470: 5435: 5322: 5289: 3354:Association of Southeast Asian Nations 3254:. For instance, the decolonization of 3223: 2057:Southern African Development Community 1686:Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands 1123:Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands 707:Violence, civil warfare, and partition 309:in 1776, and defeating Britain in the 286: 104:UN General Assembly Resolution in 1960 32:Map of the year each country achieved 8848: 8214: 8067: 8010: 7981: 7616: 7488: 7358: 7356: 7164: 7158: 6919:Kamusella, Tomasz (1 December 2020). 6496: 6454: 6407:10.29362/IST20VEKA.2017.2.BOG.101-118 6313:from the original on 27 February 2021 6121:"Remember role in ending fascist war" 5846:. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2008. 5649: 5647: 5431: 5429: 5075: 4847: 4817:Corntassel, Jeff (8 September 2012). 4775: 4632:Organisation of Ibero-American States 3497:Portuguese colonial admiministration 3413:Assassinated anti-colonialist leaders 1717:, the first Prime Minister of India, 964:, escorted by Vietnamese troops, 1954 429: 361:Spanish American wars of independence 316: 283:with liberty, equality, and dignity. 9347:Postcolonial international relations 8710:African, Caribbean and Pacific Group 8583:United Nations Development Programme 8481:Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank 7806: 7707:France and Decolonisation, 1900–1960 7196: 7064: 7058: 5989: 5815:. Leyden: A. W. Sijthoff. Pp. 76–68. 5585:British Journal of Political Science 4771: 4769: 4734: 3448:, was murdered by Belgian-supported 3212:. With the exception of colonies in 1413:declared war on Japan in August 1945 945:led the French government headed by 911:, and the former German colonies of 634:to independence from colonial rule. 273:erasure of Indigenous epistemologies 9288:— Predecessors of sovereign states 7436: 7221:Gabriel Périès and David Servenay, 6271:Jawaharlal Nehru.: an autobiography 5050: 4974: 4485: 3880: 2905:annexed Ukraine's Crimean peninsula 1902:" for the former Communist states. 1524:Portugal was an authoritarian state 1172:Territory of the Philippine Islands 371:Chilean Declaration of Independence 13: 8558:Global System of Trade Preferences 7881:McDougall, James (December 2017). 7713:Butler, L.; Stockwell, S. (2013). 7681: 7353: 7069:Europe since 1945: an encyclopedia 7014:African Linguistics on the Prairie 6780:Administration (2 November 2012). 5993:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 5855:On the nonviolent methodology see 5644: 5534: 5426: 5316: 5015: 3895:Non-Self Governing Nations (NSGSs) 3525:Spanish colonial admiministration 3195: 3150: 2453:), 1975 (independence of Suriname) 1761:(UNCTAD) which tried to promote a 671:into the independent dominions of 354: 70:, decolonization began in 1775 in 14: 9451: 8092: 7943:Memories of Post-Imperial Nations 7750:The wars of French decolonisation 7619:American Political Science Review 5353:. Durham: Duke University Press. 5103:Shrinkhal, Rashwet (March 2021). 4766: 4728: 4692:Timeline of national independence 3290: 3135:. These new states had to devise 3112: 1875:occurred in the wake of the 1979 1815:as fundamental factors of a good 471: 468:, which later became a republic. 351:, which later became a republic. 9309:Sovereign states formation dates 8568:New International Economic Order 8548:Infrastructure-based development 8187: 8175: 8163: 8151: 8139: 8127: 7971:(Oxford University Press, 2004). 7645: 7610: 7583: 7542: 7524: 7506: 7482: 7464: 6530:Africa: The Rebirth of Self-Rule 6334:The International History Review 5057:(Thesis). University of Victoria 4657:Repatriation (cultural heritage) 4539: 4399: 4387: 4370: 4358: 4336: 4319: 4307: 4290: 4278: 4261: 4249: 4232: 4220: 4203: 4191: 4174: 4162: 4145: 4133: 4116: 4104: 4087: 4075: 4058: 4046: 4029: 4017: 4000: 3988: 3971: 3959: 3942: 3930: 3738:National Union of Popular Forces 3644:Democratic Republic of the Congo 3631:Democratic Republic of the Congo 3550:Union of the Peoples of Cameroon 3065: 3045: 3021: 3001: 2987: 2951: 2771: 2751: 2723: 2687: 2599: 2458: 2430: 2346: 2318:Democratic Republic of the Congo 2305: 2269: 2249: 2153: 2069: 1920:British decolonisation in Africa 1763:New International Economic Order 1672:United Nations trust territories 1666:United Nations trust territories 1052: 827: 748:, or the police assaults on the 740:of organised violence under the 299:Thirteen North American colonies 8690:G33 developing countries (G-33) 8386:World Conference against Racism 8281:Heavily indebted poor countries 8271:Landlocked developing countries 8013:Journal of Contemporary History 7967:Simpson, Alfred William Brian. 7834:Decolonisation: A Short History 7592:International Studies Quarterly 7489:Sands, Philippe (24 May 2019). 7406: 7381: 7328: 7302: 7249: 7236: 7215: 7128: 7047: 7028: 7001: 6963: 6912: 6879: 6866: 6824: 6807:"BASEES Annual Conference 2022" 6799: 6773: 6747: 6734:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 6728:Prince, Todd (1 January 2023). 6721: 6699: 6664: 6629: 6602: 6593: 6574: 6561: 6548: 6535: 6522: 6469: 6465:. New York, NY: Pergamon Press. 6422: 6325: 6295: 6262: 6228:Journal of Contemporary History 6219: 6192: 6179: 6167: 6154: 6138: 6113: 6078: 6048: 6020: 5983: 5967: 5958: 5924: 5877: 5849: 5836: 5818: 5805: 5778: 5765: 5752: 5717: 5682: 5619: 5569: 5508:International Studies Quarterly 5499: 5464: 5438:International Studies Quarterly 5400: 5375: 5342: 5283: 5248: 5214:Review of International Studies 5201: 5152: 5096: 5069: 5044: 4475:United Nations General Assembly 4461:between the United Kingdom and 3440:, first democratically elected 3377:A Journey Through Economic Time 2847:(formerly called Byelorussia,) 1741:, the leader of Indonesia, and 1456:Commonwealth of the Philippines 1112:Commonwealth of the Philippines 872:to the colonized people. Thus, 547:, and effective control of the 9400:Decolonization of public space 8770:Small Island Developing States 8563:Protocol on Trade Negotiations 7945:. Cambridge University Press. 7811:. Cambridge University Press. 7165:Lacey, Marc (17 August 2003). 7073:. New York: Garland. pp. 6896:10.1093/obo/9780199743292-0217 6861:Systematic Political Geography 6370:Jung Chang and John Halliday, 5830:www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca 5076:Ortiz, Roxanne Dunbar (1984). 4940: 4905: 4866: 4841: 4810: 4753: 4719: 4647:Political history of the world 4591:Decolonization of public space 4586:Decolonization of the Americas 4517:Consequences of decolonization 4467:International Court of Justice 3287:for domestic political gain. 3082:Federated States of Micronesia 2403:St. Vincent and the Grenadines 2339:Decolonization of the Americas 1658:, which became independent as 1607:Indonesian National Revolution 1596: 1499:As a result of its pioneering 1234:to the European powers at the 960:Captured French soldiers from 798:McMahon–Hussein Correspondence 592:Government of India Act (1935) 401:, a Junta was created, but in 395:Viceroyalty of the River Plate 384:With the invasion of Spain by 1: 9215:Couronian (Polish-Lithuanian) 8680:G20 developing nations (G-20) 8064:(Bloomsbury Publishing, 2015) 7887:The Journal of Modern History 7863:, retrieved: March 17, 2021 ( 7861:Institute of European History 7857:EGO – European History Online 7852:Decolonization and Revolution 7008:Agyekum, Kofi (23 May 2018). 6859:Glassner, Martin Ira (1980). 6709:(in Ukrainian). 22 March 2023 6687:(in Ukrainian). 22 March 2023 6615:. Routledge. pp. 202–3. 6099:10.1080/08263663.2017.1323615 6060:Welcome to the United Nations 4926:10.1080/02533952.2023.2226497 4713: 3891:Charter of the United Nations 3092: 2901:Russians in the Baltic states 2833:Republics of the Soviet Union 1426: 1191:removed Puerto Rico from the 1110:, the first president of the 1041: 732:, which later became Canada. 536:negotiations in December 1921 202:(1961) by Martiniquan author 131:breakup of the Spanish Empire 9395:Christianity and colonialism 8740:International Solar Alliance 8302:Newly industrialized country 8118:Resources in other libraries 7941:Rothermund, Dietmar (2015). 7662:10.1017/CBO9781139174053.012 6503:Mahiou, Ahmed (1 May 1974). 6342:10.1080/07075332.2010.489753 6205:. Amsterdam UP. p. 36. 5944:. Penguin Publishing Group. 5630:. Cornell University Press. 5543:American Sociological Review 5473:American Sociological Review 4268:United States Virgin Islands 3629:first Prime Minister of the 3461:list of assassinated leaders 3143:, and other institutions of 2624:British Mandate of Palestine 1721:, the Indonesian president, 1650:properties and expelled all 1515:to China. In 1822, Portugal 1017:Algerian War of Independence 584:Indian independence movement 555:declared the British Empire 461:Constitutionalist Revolution 133:in the 19th century; of the 7: 9363:Decolonization of knowledge 9286:Wars of national liberation 8807:International Monetary Fund 8506:Common Fund for Commodities 6970:Phillipson, Robert (1992). 6876:, New York, Atherton, 1966. 5726:Progress in Human Geography 5349:Mignolo, Walter D. (2011). 4682:Subaltern (postcolonialism) 4532: 3593:, Central African Republic 3535:, Viceroyalty of New Spain 3521:Mexican War of Independence 3505:Portuguese Colony of Brazil 2569:The Netherlands recognized 1575:that had taken place under 1528:António de Oliveira Salazar 1493:Angolan War of Independence 1473: 1432:Planning for decolonization 1352:Taihoku Imperial University 1215:and renounced by President 553:Balfour Declaration of 1926 221:intellectual decolonization 59:and the collapse of global 10: 9456: 8745:Melanesian Spearhead Group 8501:Caribbean Development Bank 8445:(BRICS minus South Africa) 8025:10.1177/002200947400900410 7829:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2015) 7035:Veracini, Lorenzo (2007). 6609:David Parker, ed. (2002). 6269:Nehru, Jawaharlal (2004). 6240:10.1177/002200946900400109 5656:International Organization 4489: 3421:Gandhi in 1947, with Lord 3323: 3227: 3154: 3116: 2938: 2829:Soviet coup d'état attempt 2541:People's Republic of China 2485: 2459: 2451:Kingdom of the Netherlands 2336: 1997:formed from the merger of 1946:Comorians protest against 1909: 1881:Latin American debt crisis 1793:UN Human Development Index 1669: 1566: 1470:took office as president. 1392:, the Philippines, Burma, 1162:, despite prosecuting the 1056: 1045: 831: 804:reached a climax with the 600:Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi 596:provinces of British India 495:League of Nations mandates 475: 433: 358: 320: 290: 245:American Revolutionary War 18: 9440:Aftermath of World War II 9355: 9317: 9276: 9141: 9061: 9033: 9024: 8989: 8937: 8897: 8890: 8783: 8648: 8640:World Health Organization 8596: 8524: 8463: 8421: 8361: 8352: 8315: 8289: 8276:Least developed countries 8261: 8252: 8113:Resources in your library 7996:10.1017/S0010417500008835 7631:10.1017/S0003055420000994 7568:10.1177/00323217211018127 7113:Cybriwsky, Roman Adrian. 7065:Cook, Bernard A. (2001). 6650:10.1080/01629779300000051 6638:Journal of Baltic Studies 6502: 6006:10.1017/S0022463400008687 5910:10.2979/his.2008.20.2.128 5902:10.2979/his.2008.20.2.128 5871:10.1080/00856408508723067 5703:10.1177/14634990122228818 5668:10.1017/S0020818313000027 5597:10.1017/S0007123410000232 5323:Sabrin, Mohammed (2013). 5290:Prasad, Pushkala (2005). 5226:10.1017/S0260210501005939 5178:10.1177/00323217211018127 5051:Roy, Audrey Jane (2001). 4952:United Nations University 4891:10.1177/14634996221133872 4786:10.1163/9789004260443_004 4780:. Brill. pp. 23–37. 4623: 4425:On 10 December 2010, the 3859:Portuguese secret police 3663: 3657: 3583: 3515:Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla 3368:Effects on the colonizers 3245:opposition to immigration 3133:constitutional monarchies 2941:Decolonisation of Oceania 2935:Decolonization of Oceania 2918:decolonization of Ukraine 1678:League of Nations mandate 1631:American financial grants 1348:Keijō Imperial University 1324:League of Nations Mandate 1244:League of Nations mandate 996:independence recognized. 842:French poster about the " 746:Amritsar massacre of 1919 582:In response to a growing 199:The Wretched of the Earth 21:Decolonization (medicine) 8817:World Trade Organization 8755:Polynesian Leaders Group 8068:White, Nicholas (2013). 6556:Decolonisation in Africa 6384:Bogetić, Dragan (2017). 5811:J. H. W. Verzijl. 1969. 5738:10.1177/0309132517747315 5626:Spruyt, Hendrik (2018). 5257:Journal of World History 5122:10.1177/1177180121994681 4848:Táíwò, Olúfẹ́mi (2022). 4778:Beyond Empire and Nation 4708: 4601:Exploitation colonialism 4465:. In February 2019, the 4152:Turks and Caicos Islands 3905:United Nations NSGS list 3579:Central African Republic 3577:leader of a nationalist 3362:Gulf Cooperation Council 3200:From the perspective of 3145:representative democracy 2835:became sovereign states— 2791:Decolonization in Europe 2530:Japanese colonial empire 2421:(2021, removal of Queen 2389:(1976, removal of Queen 2218:Central African Republic 1912:Decolonisation of Africa 1906:Decolonization of Africa 1725:the Communist leader of 1691:Northern Mariana Islands 1371:Second Sino-Japanese War 1300: 1013:French Equatorial Africa 802:ethno—religious violence 737:Indian Rebellion of 1857 559:as equals, and the 1931 424:unincorporated territory 422:. Puerto Rico became an 393:. In 1807 and 1808, the 307:United States of America 127:decolonization of Africa 117:Although discussions of 85: 9304:Independence referendum 8802:Global financial system 8553:Sustainable development 8242:South–South cooperation 6976:Oxford University Press 6938:10.2478/jnmlp-2020-0008 6888:International Relations 6307:Encyclopedia Britannica 4981:Getachew, Adom (2019). 4457:in the Indian Ocean is 4453:The sovereignty of the 4429:published its official 3744:Moroccan secret service 3609:Cameroon's People Union 2811:Italy had occupied the 1536:Portuguese Colonial War 1354:) to compel education. 1164:Philippine–American War 1160:McKinley administration 968:In 1946, the states of 888:and to the creation of 503:Territory of New Guinea 275:and failure to provide 9425:History of colonialism 8618:Pharmaceutical patents 8486:Asian Development Bank 8144:Quotations related to 7849:Klose, Fabian (2014), 7836:(Princeton UP, 2017). 7739:Chamberlain, Muriel E. 7246:(June 1986), pp. 37-72 7117:. ABC-CLIO, LLC 2013. 7022:10.5281/zenodo.1251718 6972:Linguistic Imperialism 6476:Mazower, Mark (2012). 6372:Mao: The Unknown Story 6336:. 32: 2 (2): 253–271. 6199:Frances Gouda (2002). 5691:Anthropological Theory 5387:Global Security Theory 4879:Anthropological Theory 4804:10.1163/j.ctt1w8h2zm.5 4413:"On 26 February 1976, 4007:British Virgin Islands 3665:Belgian secret service 3453: 3430: 3398: 3373:John Kenneth Galbraith 3309: 3218:Linguistic imperialism 3184: 2808: 2579:Netherlands New Guinea 2521: 2497: 2488:Decolonisation of Asia 2482:Decolonization of Asia 2053:East African Community 1951: 1921: 1856: 1797:Gross Domestic Product 1706: 1610: 1557:a left-wing revolution 1519:, its largest colony. 1517:lost control of Brazil 1496: 1357:In 1931, Japan seized 1314: 1236:Paris Peace Conference 1130: 1115: 1036:multiethnic population 965: 934:, and substituted the 847: 834:French colonial empire 724: 614: 613:British Empire in 1952 561:Statute of Westminster 537: 459:. In 1820 there was a 448: 436:Independence of Brazil 374: 269:decolonial scholarship 239:Independence movements 53:independence movements 37: 8834:Global digital divide 8720:Afro–Asian Conference 8630:Test data exclusivity 8543:Flying geese paradigm 7933:Rothermund, Dietmar. 7874:(Cambridge UP, 2013) 7846:42#5 (2014): 787–825. 7807:Hyam, Ronald (2007). 7296:The National Interest 7140:Museumvictoria.com.au 6541:William Roger Louis, 5294:. London: Routledge. 5269:10.1353/jwh.2001.0042 3798:French secret police 3584:French secret police 3436: 3420: 3381: 3305: 3164: 2909:2022 Russian invasion 2798: 2575:independence struggle 2503: 2495: 2415:Saint Kitts and Nevis 2294:São Tomé and Príncipe 2222:Republic of the Congo 2110:Sultanate of Zanzibar 1945: 1919: 1896:structural adjustment 1790: 1704: 1604: 1481: 1344:Imperial Universities 1308: 1217:Franklin D. Roosevelt 1121: 1106: 1046:Further information: 959: 862:Great Mosque of Paris 841: 832:Further information: 730:British North America 714: 685:integrated into India 612: 590:, culminating in the 531: 515:Union of South Africa 443: 368: 213:Decolonising the Mind 94:(UN) states that the 31: 9332:Internal colonialism 8829:Financial regulation 8705:Non-Aligned Movement 8511:New Development Bank 8476:Asian Clearing Union 8437:(BRICS minus Russia) 8136:at Wikimedia Commons 7656:. pp. 278–296. 7197:Kato, M. T. (2012). 6554:John D. Hargreaves, 4702:Wars of independence 4637:Partition (politics) 4566:Coloniality of power 4445:UN Secretary-General 3918:Administering Power 3450:Katangan separatists 3326:Economic development 3320:Economic development 3107:economic development 2897:non-Russian-speakers 2672:United Arab Emirates 2577:. Indonesia annexed 2443:Netherlands Antilles 1888:Washington consensus 1767:Bretton Woods system 1711:Non-Aligned Movement 1452:Tydings–McDuffie Act 1437:U.S. and Philippines 1291:September 11 attacks 1254:See also point XII. 1221:Good Neighbor Policy 1135:Spanish–American War 1059:American imperialism 943:nationalist uprising 894:Star of North Africa 549:Anglo-Egyptian Sudan 420:Spanish–American War 303:declare independence 261:Age of Enlightenment 9390:Uncontacted peoples 9241:Mostly contiguous: 9115:settler colonialism 9080:Chartered companies 8538:Developmental state 7870:Lawrence, Adria K. 7735:(Bloomsbury, 2002). 7520:. 22 November 2019. 7478:. 25 February 2019. 6148:(1992) pp. 138–60. 5771:Richard B. Morris, 4991:10.2307/j.ctv3znwvg 4735:Hack, Karl (2008). 4642:Periphery countries 4492:Settler colonialism 3684:Pierre Ngendandumwe 3602:Félix-Roland Moumié 3407:without its burdens 3237:settler colonialism 3230:Settler colonialism 3224:Settled populations 3178:'s first president 3168:Black Star Monument 2407:Antigua and Barbuda 2387:Trinidad and Tobago 2367:Trinidad and Tobago 1864:which followed the 1747:UN General Assembly 1573:terrible atrocities 1561:Civil War in Angola 1522:From 1933 to 1974, 1200:Roosevelt Corollary 1189:UN General Assembly 1178:(later renamed the 1170:, set out that the 1114:(from 1935 to 1944) 1025:1961 Paris massacre 794:Balfour Declaration 658:subsidiary alliance 373:on 18 February 1818 293:American Revolution 287:American Revolution 112:settler colonialism 9385:Indigenous peoples 9128:Non-self-governing 8750:North–South Summit 8491:Arab Monetary Fund 8307:Transition economy 8199:James E. Kitchen: 8054:2015-02-24 at the 7913:MacQueen, Norrie. 7796:(1999) 5: 541–557. 7752:(Routledge, 2014). 7748:Clayton, Anthony. 7705:Betts, Raymond F. 7698:Betts, Raymond F. 7688:Bailey, Thomas A. 7604:10.1093/isq/sqy064 7538:. 19 October 2020. 7146:on 2 February 2013 7102:La Dépêche du Midi 6811:www.myeventflo.com 6571:(Doubleday, 1971). 6173:Norrie MacQueen, 5973:Thomas A, Bailey, 5890:History and Memory 5758:Robert R. Palmer, 5145:self determination 4576:Creole nationalism 4571:Colonial mentality 4455:Chagos Archipelago 3733:the leader of the 3573:Barthélemy Boganda 3567:13 September 1958 3492:colonial Brazilian 3454: 3446:Congo-Léopoldville 3431: 3427:Edwina Mountbatten 3360:(ECOWAS), and the 3190:official languages 3185: 2809: 2801:Soviet colonialism 2644:Kingdom of Sarawak 2551:in 1997 and 1999. 2522: 2514:Dominion of Ceylon 2498: 2475:Kingdom of Denmark 2003:Italian Somaliland 1999:British Somaliland 1952: 1948:Mayotte referendum 1922: 1877:Iranian Revolution 1857: 1735:Bandung Conference 1731:Gamal Abdel Nasser 1707: 1682:Italian Somaliland 1611: 1593:economic grounds. 1585:Rwanda and Burundi 1497: 1320:South Seas Mandate 1315: 1205:Dominican Republic 1176:Danish West Indies 1131: 1116: 1009:French West Africa 966: 868:, let alone grant 848: 725: 615: 538: 534:Anglo-Irish Treaty 449: 430:Portuguese America 408:Battle of Ayacucho 375: 329:Haitian Revolution 323:Haitian Revolution 317:Haitian Revolution 301:were the first to 189:at the end of the 100:self-determination 43:is the undoing of 38: 9412: 9411: 9408: 9407: 9193:Overseas, minor: 9155:Overseas, major: 9020: 9019: 8957:European colonies 8842: 8841: 8459: 8458: 8348: 8347: 8192:Works related to 8180:Works related to 8168:Works related to 8156:Works related to 8132:Media related to 8099:Library resources 8079:978-1-317-88789-8 7978:(Routledge, 2013) 7952:978-1-107-10229-3 7921:Monroe, Elizabeth 7818:978-1-316-02565-9 7745:(Routledge, 2014) 7724:978-1-137-31800-8 7671:978-0-521-43473-7 7555:Political Studies 7340:history.state.gov 7276:review. See also 7260:Charles de Gaulle 7208:978-0-7914-8063-2 7084:978-0-8153-4057-7 6985:978-0-19-437146-9 6905:978-0-19-974329-2 6622:978-1-134-69058-9 6442:on 8 October 2011 6390:Istorija 20. Veka 6273:. Penguin Books. 6212:978-90-5356-479-0 6125:chinadaily.com.cn 6038:978-0-7425-4983-8 5951:978-1-101-99241-8 5637:978-1-5017-1787-1 5360:978-0-8223-5060-6 5301:978-1-317-47369-5 5165:Political Studies 5089:978-0-03-000917-4 5000:978-0-691-17915-5 4859:978-1-78738-692-1 4795:978-90-04-26044-3 4596:Dependency theory 4561:Blue water thesis 4433:, announcing the 4419:Secretary-General 4411: 4410: 3878: 3877: 3709:president of Togo 3423:Louis Mountbatten 3403:Suez Canal Crisis 3336:industrialization 3297:Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o 3210:official language 3206:language politics 3141:electoral systems 2537:Republic of China 2262:Equatorial Guinea 1972:Zimbabwe-Rhodesia 1879:. Then, the 1982 1873:second oil crisis 1648:Dutch East Indies 1615:Dutch East Indies 1579:'s privately run 1532:India annexed Goa 1509:conquest of Ceuta 1464:Douglas MacArthur 1328:Japanese language 1273:, Latin America ( 1246:, in calling for 1180:US Virgin Islands 1030:Trente Glorieuses 806:UN Partition Plan 786:League of Nations 770:(which demanded " 701:Kingdom of Sikkim 699:in 1961, and the 689:Jammu and Kashmir 571:, Australia, the 511:South West Africa 377:The chaos of the 311:Revolutionary War 281:Indigenous people 208:Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o 108:Indigenous people 96:fundamental right 9447: 9356:Related concepts 9297:in South America 9205:Austro-Hungarian 9143:Colonial empires 9053:Age of Discovery 9043:Maritime history 9031: 9030: 8895: 8894: 8869: 8862: 8855: 8846: 8845: 8635:Doha Declaration 8446: 8438: 8413:Post-Western era 8359: 8358: 8297:Emerging markets 8259: 8258: 8235: 8228: 8221: 8212: 8211: 8191: 8179: 8167: 8155: 8143: 8131: 8083: 8044: 8007: 7974:Smith, Simon C. 7956: 7910: 7822: 7789: 7758:Critical Inquiry 7728: 7676: 7675: 7649: 7643: 7642: 7614: 7608: 7607: 7587: 7581: 7580: 7570: 7546: 7540: 7539: 7528: 7522: 7521: 7510: 7504: 7503: 7486: 7480: 7479: 7468: 7462: 7461: 7459: 7457: 7443: 7434: 7433: 7431: 7429: 7410: 7404: 7403: 7401: 7399: 7385: 7379: 7378: 7376: 7374: 7360: 7351: 7350: 7348: 7346: 7332: 7326: 7325: 7323: 7321: 7306: 7300: 7288: 7264:Georges Pompidou 7258:, counsellor to 7253: 7247: 7240: 7234: 7219: 7213: 7212: 7194: 7185: 7184: 7182: 7180: 7162: 7156: 7155: 7153: 7151: 7142:. Archived from 7132: 7126: 7111: 7105: 7095: 7089: 7088: 7072: 7062: 7056: 7051: 7045: 7044: 7032: 7026: 7025: 7005: 6999: 6997: 6967: 6961: 6960: 6950: 6940: 6916: 6910: 6909: 6883: 6877: 6870: 6864: 6857: 6848: 6847: 6845: 6843: 6838:. 6 October 2022 6828: 6822: 6821: 6819: 6817: 6803: 6797: 6796: 6794: 6792: 6777: 6771: 6770: 6768: 6766: 6751: 6745: 6744: 6742: 6740: 6725: 6719: 6718: 6716: 6714: 6703: 6697: 6696: 6694: 6692: 6685: 6668: 6662: 6661: 6633: 6627: 6626: 6606: 6600: 6597: 6591: 6590: 6578: 6572: 6565: 6559: 6552: 6546: 6545:(Yale UP, 1982). 6539: 6533: 6526: 6520: 6519: 6517: 6515: 6500: 6494: 6493: 6473: 6467: 6466: 6458: 6452: 6451: 6449: 6447: 6441: 6434: 6426: 6420: 6419: 6409: 6381: 6375: 6368: 6362: 6361: 6329: 6323: 6322: 6320: 6318: 6299: 6293: 6292: 6266: 6260: 6259: 6223: 6217: 6216: 6196: 6190: 6183: 6177: 6171: 6165: 6158: 6152: 6142: 6136: 6135: 6133: 6131: 6117: 6111: 6110: 6082: 6076: 6075: 6069: 6067: 6052: 6046: 6045: 6024: 6018: 6017: 5987: 5981: 5971: 5965: 5962: 5956: 5955: 5928: 5922: 5921: 5881: 5875: 5874: 5853: 5847: 5840: 5834: 5833: 5822: 5816: 5809: 5803: 5802: 5782: 5776: 5769: 5763: 5756: 5750: 5749: 5721: 5715: 5714: 5686: 5680: 5679: 5651: 5642: 5641: 5623: 5617: 5616: 5582: 5573: 5567: 5566: 5538: 5532: 5531: 5503: 5497: 5496: 5468: 5462: 5461: 5433: 5424: 5423: 5421: 5419: 5413:The Conversation 5404: 5398: 5397: 5395: 5393: 5379: 5373: 5372: 5346: 5340: 5339: 5329: 5320: 5314: 5313: 5287: 5281: 5280: 5252: 5246: 5245: 5205: 5199: 5198: 5180: 5156: 5150: 5149: 5124: 5100: 5094: 5093: 5073: 5067: 5066: 5064: 5062: 5048: 5042: 5041: 5035: 5027: 5019: 5013: 5012: 4978: 4972: 4971: 4965: 4963: 4954:. Archived from 4944: 4938: 4937: 4909: 4903: 4902: 4870: 4864: 4863: 4845: 4839: 4838: 4814: 4808: 4807: 4773: 4764: 4759:John Lynch, ed. 4757: 4751: 4750: 4732: 4726: 4723: 4628: 4627: 4556:Anti-imperialism 4549: 4544: 4543: 4542: 4486:Settler colonies 4480:Pravind Jugnauth 4406:French Polynesia 4404: 4403: 4392: 4391: 4375: 4374: 4363: 4362: 4341: 4340: 4324: 4323: 4312: 4311: 4295: 4294: 4283: 4282: 4266: 4265: 4254: 4253: 4237: 4236: 4225: 4224: 4208: 4207: 4196: 4195: 4179: 4178: 4167: 4166: 4150: 4149: 4138: 4137: 4121: 4120: 4109: 4108: 4092: 4091: 4080: 4079: 4065:Falkland Islands 4063: 4062: 4051: 4050: 4034: 4033: 4022: 4021: 4005: 4004: 3993: 3992: 3976: 3975: 3964: 3963: 3947: 3946: 3935: 3934: 3909: 3908: 3881:Current colonies 3874:20 January 1973 3813:3 February 1969 3788:Eduardo Mondlane 3782:15 January 1966 3757:29 October 1965 3723:13 January 1963 3703:Sylvanus Olympio 3697:15 January 1965 3678:13 October 1961 3648:17 January 1961 3619:3 November 1960 3466: 3465: 3316:collaborators". 3078:Marshall Islands 3075: 3071: 3069: 3068: 3055: 3051: 3049: 3048: 3038:Papua New Guinea 3031: 3027: 3025: 3024: 3011: 3007: 3005: 3004: 2997: 2993: 2991: 2990: 2961: 2957: 2955: 2954: 2781: 2777: 2775: 2774: 2761: 2757: 2755: 2754: 2736:Portuguese India 2733: 2729: 2727: 2726: 2697: 2693: 2691: 2690: 2609: 2605: 2603: 2602: 2583:Portuguese Timor 2468: 2464: 2462: 2461: 2440: 2436: 2434: 2433: 2356: 2352: 2350: 2349: 2315: 2311: 2309: 2308: 2279: 2275: 2273: 2272: 2259: 2255: 2253: 2252: 2163: 2159: 2157: 2156: 2079: 2075: 2073: 2072: 1715:Jawaharlal Nehru 1581:Congo Free State 1513:Portuguese Macau 1460:Manuel L. Quezon 1402:Portuguese Timor 1386:French Indochina 1313:, September 1945 1213:Clark Memorandum 1108:Manuel L. Quezón 1098:Open Door Policy 1074:Native Americans 1072:and Mexico. The 1011:, and five from 992:independent and 970:French Indochina 697:Portuguese India 619:Ethiopian Empire 573:Irish Free State 466:Empire of Brazil 297:Great Britain's 179:Japanese Empires 139:Austro-Hungarian 61:colonial empires 9455: 9454: 9450: 9449: 9448: 9446: 9445: 9444: 9415: 9414: 9413: 9404: 9351: 9337:Nation-building 9319:Postcolonialism 9313: 9272: 9145: 9137: 9110:detribalization 9085:Interventionism 9057: 9026: 9016: 8985: 8933: 8886: 8873: 8843: 8838: 8790: 8787: 8779: 8653: 8651: 8644: 8592: 8531: 8528: 8520: 8455: 8444: 8436: 8433: 8417: 8344: 8311: 8285: 8248: 8239: 8124: 8123: 8122: 8107: 8106: 8102: 8095: 8086: 8080: 8056:Wayback Machine 7960:Shepard, Todd. 7953: 7819: 7799:Grimal, Henri. 7725: 7684: 7682:Further reading 7679: 7672: 7650: 7646: 7615: 7611: 7588: 7584: 7547: 7543: 7530: 7529: 7525: 7512: 7511: 7507: 7487: 7483: 7470: 7469: 7465: 7455: 7453: 7445: 7444: 7437: 7427: 7425: 7424:on 17 July 2021 7412: 7411: 7407: 7397: 7395: 7387: 7386: 7382: 7372: 7370: 7362: 7361: 7354: 7344: 7342: 7334: 7333: 7329: 7319: 7317: 7308: 7307: 7303: 7286: 7256:Jacques Foccart 7254: 7250: 7241: 7237: 7233:being blamed.") 7220: 7216: 7209: 7195: 7188: 7178: 7176: 7175:. New York City 7163: 7159: 7149: 7147: 7134: 7133: 7129: 7112: 7108: 7096: 7092: 7085: 7063: 7059: 7052: 7048: 7033: 7029: 7006: 7002: 6986: 6968: 6964: 6917: 6913: 6906: 6884: 6880: 6871: 6867: 6858: 6851: 6841: 6839: 6836:www.helsinki.fi 6830: 6829: 6825: 6815: 6813: 6805: 6804: 6800: 6790: 6788: 6778: 6774: 6764: 6762: 6752: 6748: 6738: 6736: 6726: 6722: 6712: 6710: 6705: 6704: 6700: 6690: 6688: 6679: 6670: 6669: 6665: 6634: 6630: 6623: 6607: 6603: 6598: 6594: 6579: 6575: 6566: 6562: 6553: 6549: 6540: 6536: 6527: 6523: 6513: 6511: 6501: 6497: 6490: 6474: 6470: 6459: 6455: 6445: 6443: 6439: 6432: 6428: 6427: 6423: 6382: 6378: 6369: 6365: 6330: 6326: 6316: 6314: 6301: 6300: 6296: 6281: 6267: 6263: 6224: 6220: 6213: 6197: 6193: 6184: 6180: 6172: 6168: 6159: 6155: 6143: 6139: 6129: 6127: 6119: 6118: 6114: 6083: 6079: 6065: 6063: 6054: 6053: 6049: 6039: 6025: 6021: 5988: 5984: 5972: 5968: 5963: 5959: 5952: 5932:Laqueur, Walter 5929: 5925: 5882: 5878: 5854: 5850: 5841: 5837: 5824: 5823: 5819: 5810: 5806: 5783: 5779: 5770: 5766: 5757: 5753: 5722: 5718: 5687: 5683: 5652: 5645: 5638: 5624: 5620: 5580: 5574: 5570: 5555:10.2307/2095789 5539: 5535: 5520:10.2307/2600949 5504: 5500: 5485:10.2307/2095750 5469: 5465: 5450:10.2307/2600949 5434: 5427: 5417: 5415: 5405: 5401: 5391: 5389: 5383:"Decoloniality" 5381: 5380: 5376: 5361: 5347: 5343: 5327: 5321: 5317: 5302: 5288: 5284: 5253: 5249: 5206: 5202: 5157: 5153: 5101: 5097: 5090: 5074: 5070: 5060: 5058: 5049: 5045: 5029: 5028: 5020: 5016: 5001: 4979: 4975: 4961: 4959: 4958:on 17 July 2021 4946: 4945: 4941: 4914:Social Dynamics 4910: 4906: 4871: 4867: 4860: 4846: 4842: 4815: 4811: 4796: 4774: 4767: 4758: 4754: 4747: 4733: 4729: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4652:Postcolonialism 4545: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4519: 4494: 4488: 4398: 4386: 4369: 4357: 4335: 4318: 4306: 4289: 4277: 4260: 4248: 4231: 4219: 4202: 4190: 4173: 4161: 4144: 4132: 4115: 4103: 4086: 4074: 4057: 4045: 4028: 4016: 3999: 3987: 3970: 3958: 3941: 3929: 3912:Year Listed as 3907: 3883: 3819:Mohamed Bassiri 3729:Mehdi Ben Barka 3654:Louis Rwagasore 3625:Patrice Lumumba 3563:French Cameroon 3478:Place of death 3463:would include: 3438:Patrice Lumumba 3415: 3385:economic growth 3370: 3328: 3322: 3293: 3243:can be seen as 3232: 3226: 3202:language policy 3198: 3196:Language policy 3183: 3159: 3157:Nation-building 3153: 3151:Nation-building 3121: 3115: 3103:nation-building 3095: 3066: 3064: 3046: 3044: 3022: 3020: 3002: 3000: 2988: 2986: 2972:Solomon Islands 2952: 2950: 2943: 2937: 2925:Russian studies 2899:in Russia; see 2793: 2772: 2770: 2752: 2750: 2724: 2722: 2688: 2686: 2600: 2598: 2490: 2484: 2457: 2431: 2429: 2347: 2345: 2341: 2335: 2306: 2304: 2270: 2268: 2250: 2248: 2154: 2152: 2070: 2068: 1991:Spanish Morocco 1970:, which became 1914: 1908: 1900:shock therapies 1862:1973 oil crisis 1847:, parts of the 1819:. Countries in 1817:quality of life 1805:life expectancy 1723:Josip Broz Tito 1699: 1674: 1668: 1639:Empire of Japan 1599: 1569: 1483:Portuguese Army 1476: 1439: 1434: 1429: 1309:U.S. troops in 1303: 1228:Fourteen Points 1168:native republic 1082:Monroe Doctrine 1065: 1057:Main articles: 1055: 1050: 1048:New Imperialism 1044: 932:Fourth Republic 884:(1921–1925) in 856:). Although in 836: 830: 782:British mandate 717:Lord Cornwallis 709: 681:princely states 480: 474: 438: 432: 379:Napoleonic Wars 363: 357: 355:Spanish America 349:Empire of Haiti 325: 319: 295: 289: 254:bourgeois class 241: 147:Russian Empires 88: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9453: 9443: 9442: 9437: 9435:Decolonization 9432: 9427: 9410: 9409: 9406: 9405: 9403: 9402: 9397: 9392: 9387: 9382: 9377: 9372: 9365: 9359: 9357: 9353: 9352: 9350: 9349: 9344: 9342:Neocolonialism 9339: 9334: 9329: 9323: 9321: 9315: 9314: 9312: 9311: 9306: 9301: 9300: 9299: 9294: 9282: 9280: 9278:Decolonization 9274: 9273: 9271: 9270: 9265: 9260: 9255: 9250: 9245: 9238: 9237: 9232: 9227: 9222: 9217: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9190: 9189: 9184: 9179: 9174: 9169: 9164: 9159: 9152: 9150: 9139: 9138: 9136: 9135: 9130: 9124: 9123: 9122: 9117: 9112: 9107: 9102: 9097: 9087: 9082: 9077: 9067: 9065: 9059: 9058: 9056: 9055: 9050: 9039: 9037: 9028: 9022: 9021: 9018: 9017: 9015: 9014: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8993: 8991: 8990:Decolonization 8987: 8986: 8984: 8983: 8978: 8973: 8972: 8971: 8969:Southeast Asia 8961: 8960: 8959: 8949: 8943: 8941: 8935: 8934: 8932: 8931: 8922: 8917: 8912: 8907: 8901: 8899: 8892: 8888: 8887: 8884:neocolonialism 8880:decolonization 8872: 8871: 8864: 8857: 8849: 8840: 8839: 8837: 8836: 8831: 8826: 8821: 8820: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8799: 8793: 8791: 8784: 8781: 8780: 8778: 8777: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8757: 8752: 8747: 8742: 8737: 8732: 8727: 8722: 8717: 8712: 8707: 8702: 8697: 8692: 8687: 8682: 8677: 8672: 8667: 8662: 8656: 8654: 8649: 8646: 8645: 8643: 8642: 8637: 8632: 8627: 8626: 8625: 8615: 8614: 8613: 8602: 8600: 8594: 8593: 8591: 8590: 8585: 8580: 8575: 8570: 8565: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8545: 8540: 8534: 8532: 8525: 8522: 8521: 8519: 8518: 8513: 8508: 8503: 8498: 8493: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8467: 8465: 8461: 8460: 8457: 8456: 8454: 8453: 8448: 8440: 8427: 8425: 8419: 8418: 8416: 8415: 8410: 8405: 8404: 8403: 8398: 8393: 8383: 8378: 8376:Neocolonialism 8373: 8368: 8366:Decolonization 8362: 8356: 8350: 8349: 8346: 8345: 8343: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8321: 8319: 8313: 8312: 8310: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8293: 8291: 8287: 8286: 8284: 8283: 8278: 8273: 8267: 8265: 8256: 8250: 8249: 8246:Third Worldism 8238: 8237: 8230: 8223: 8215: 8209: 8208: 8197: 8185: 8173: 8161: 8149: 8146:Decolonization 8137: 8134:Decolonization 8121: 8120: 8115: 8109: 8108: 8104:Decolonization 8097: 8096: 8094: 8093:External links 8091: 8090: 8089: 8085: 8084: 8078: 8065: 8058: 8045: 8019:(4): 217–247. 8008: 7979: 7972: 7965: 7958: 7951: 7938: 7931: 7928: 7918: 7911: 7899:10.1086/694427 7893:(4): 772–811. 7878: 7876:online reviews 7868: 7847: 7840: 7830: 7823: 7817: 7804: 7797: 7790: 7778:10.1086/676416 7770:10.1086/676416 7764:(4): 466–478. 7753: 7746: 7736: 7731:Chafer, Tony. 7729: 7723: 7710: 7703: 7702:(2nd ed. 2004) 7700:Decolonisation 7696: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7677: 7670: 7644: 7625:(2): 412–428. 7609: 7598:(2): 406–416. 7582: 7561:(2): 359–378. 7541: 7523: 7505: 7481: 7463: 7435: 7405: 7380: 7352: 7327: 7316:. 17 June 2015 7301: 7268:Jacques Chirac 7248: 7244:African Policy 7235: 7214: 7207: 7186: 7172:New York Times 7157: 7127: 7123:978-1610692472 7106: 7090: 7083: 7057: 7046: 7027: 7000: 6984: 6962: 6931:(2): 117–151. 6911: 6904: 6878: 6865: 6849: 6823: 6798: 6772: 6746: 6720: 6698: 6663: 6644:(2): 173–188. 6628: 6621: 6601: 6592: 6573: 6560: 6547: 6534: 6521: 6495: 6488: 6468: 6453: 6421: 6376: 6363: 6324: 6294: 6279: 6261: 6234:(1): 127–139. 6218: 6211: 6191: 6185:Henri Grimal, 6178: 6166: 6160:John P. Cann, 6153: 6144:H. W. Brands, 6137: 6112: 6093:(2): 165–180. 6077: 6047: 6037: 6019: 6000:(2): 252–269. 5982: 5966: 5957: 5950: 5936:Schueftan, Dan 5923: 5896:(2): 128–148. 5876: 5865:(1–2): 71–86. 5848: 5835: 5817: 5804: 5777: 5764: 5751: 5732:(2): 276–294. 5716: 5697:(4): 419–437. 5681: 5662:(2): 253–286. 5643: 5636: 5618: 5591:(3): 525–556. 5568: 5549:(2): 180–196. 5533: 5514:(4): 429–454. 5498: 5479:(6): 846–860. 5463: 5444:(4): 429–454. 5425: 5399: 5374: 5359: 5341: 5315: 5300: 5282: 5263:(2): 375–406. 5247: 5220:(4): 593–609. 5200: 5171:(2): 359–378. 5151: 5095: 5088: 5068: 5043: 5014: 4999: 4973: 4939: 4920:(2): 220–241. 4904: 4885:(1): 100–122. 4865: 4858: 4840: 4809: 4794: 4765: 4752: 4746:978-0028659657 4745: 4727: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4620: 4618:Neocolonialism 4615: 4614: 4613: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4552: 4551: 4550: 4547:History portal 4534: 4531: 4518: 4515: 4490:Main article: 4487: 4484: 4427:United Nations 4409: 4408: 4396: 4384: 4383:1946–47, 2013 4380: 4379: 4367: 4355: 4354:1946–47, 1986 4351: 4350: 4348:Western Sahara 4345: 4333: 4329: 4328: 4316: 4304: 4300: 4299: 4287: 4275: 4271: 4270: 4258: 4246: 4242: 4241: 4239:American Samoa 4229: 4217: 4213: 4212: 4200: 4198:United Kingdom 4188: 4184: 4183: 4171: 4169:United Kingdom 4159: 4155: 4154: 4142: 4140:United Kingdom 4130: 4126: 4125: 4113: 4111:United Kingdom 4101: 4097: 4096: 4084: 4082:United Kingdom 4072: 4068: 4067: 4055: 4053:United Kingdom 4043: 4039: 4038: 4036:Cayman Islands 4026: 4024:United Kingdom 4014: 4010: 4009: 3997: 3995:United Kingdom 3985: 3981: 3980: 3968: 3966:United Kingdom 3956: 3952: 3951: 3939: 3937:United Kingdom 3927: 3923: 3922: 3919: 3916: 3906: 3903: 3887:United Nations 3882: 3879: 3876: 3875: 3872: 3863: 3857: 3851: 3849:Amílcar Cabral 3845: 3844: 3841: 3839:Spanish Sahara 3832: 3830:Spanish Legion 3827: 3823:leader of the 3821: 3815: 3814: 3811: 3802: 3796: 3790: 3784: 3783: 3780: 3774: 3771: 3765: 3759: 3758: 3755: 3746: 3741: 3731: 3725: 3724: 3721: 3715: 3712: 3705: 3699: 3698: 3695: 3686: 3680: 3679: 3676: 3667: 3662: 3656: 3650: 3649: 3646: 3640:Élisabethville 3637: 3634: 3627: 3621: 3620: 3617: 3616:, Switzerland 3611: 3607:leader of the 3605: 3598: 3597: 3596:29 March 1959 3594: 3588: 3582: 3575: 3569: 3568: 3565: 3560:Nyong-et-Kellé 3557: 3552: 3548:Leader of the 3546: 3544:Ruben Um Nyobé 3540: 3539: 3536: 3526: 3523: 3519:leader of the 3517: 3511: 3510: 3509:21 April 1792 3507: 3501:Rio de Janeiro 3498: 3495: 3494:revolutionary 3489: 3483: 3482: 3481:Date of death 3479: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3458:non-exhaustive 3442:Prime Minister 3414: 3411: 3389:Bell Trade Act 3369: 3366: 3324:Main article: 3321: 3318: 3313:kung fu cinema 3295:Kenyan writer 3292: 3291:Cinematography 3289: 3225: 3222: 3197: 3194: 3165: 3155:Main article: 3152: 3149: 3119:State-building 3117:Main article: 3114: 3113:State-building 3111: 3099:state-building 3094: 3091: 3090: 3089: 3061: 3041: 3017: 2995:United Kingdom 2983: 2959:United Kingdom 2939:Main article: 2936: 2933: 2792: 2789: 2788: 2787: 2767: 2747: 2719: 2683: 2636:British Malaya 2607:United Kingdom 2526:Southeast Asia 2518:Union of Burma 2504:Four nations ( 2486:Main article: 2483: 2480: 2479: 2478: 2454: 2426: 2354:United Kingdom 2337:Main article: 2334: 2331: 2330: 2329: 2301: 2265: 2245: 2149: 2077:United Kingdom 1987:French Morocco 1910:Main article: 1907: 1904: 1866:Yom Kippur War 1841:Central Africa 1785: 1784: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1698: 1695: 1670:Main article: 1667: 1664: 1598: 1595: 1568: 1565: 1475: 1472: 1448:Woodrow Wilson 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1419:, which Japan 1350:) and Taiwan ( 1302: 1299: 1289:following the 1232:Woodrow Wilson 1155:Guantánamo Bay 1070:Spanish Empire 1054: 1051: 1043: 1040: 986:Geneva Accords 844:Madagascar War 829: 826: 800:). Decades of 708: 705: 679:. Hundreds of 484:British Empire 478:British Empire 476:Main article: 473: 472:British Empire 470: 457:fled to Brazil 434:Main article: 431: 428: 359:Main article: 356: 353: 333:Saint-Domingue 321:Main article: 318: 315: 305:, forming the 291:Main article: 288: 285: 240: 237: 92:United Nations 87: 84: 41:Decolonization 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9452: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9428: 9426: 9423: 9422: 9420: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9370: 9369:Terra nullius 9366: 9364: 9361: 9360: 9358: 9354: 9348: 9345: 9343: 9340: 9338: 9335: 9333: 9330: 9328: 9325: 9324: 9322: 9320: 9316: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9289: 9287: 9284: 9283: 9281: 9279: 9275: 9269: 9268:South African 9266: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9256: 9254: 9251: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9240: 9239: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9228: 9226: 9223: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9192: 9191: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9175: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9154: 9153: 9151: 9149: 9144: 9140: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9125: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9093: 9092: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9078: 9076: 9072: 9069: 9068: 9066: 9064: 9060: 9054: 9051: 9048: 9044: 9041: 9040: 9038: 9036: 9032: 9029: 9023: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8994: 8992: 8988: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8970: 8967: 8966: 8965: 8962: 8958: 8955: 8954: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8944: 8942: 8940: 8936: 8930: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8902: 8900: 8896: 8893: 8889: 8885: 8881: 8877: 8870: 8865: 8863: 8858: 8856: 8851: 8850: 8847: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8804: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8797:Brandt Report 8795: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8782: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8718: 8716: 8715:African Union 8713: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8703: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8686: 8683: 8681: 8678: 8676: 8673: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8657: 8655: 8650:Organizations 8647: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8628: 8624: 8621: 8620: 8619: 8616: 8612: 8609: 8608: 8607: 8606:Generic drugs 8604: 8603: 8601: 8599: 8598:Public health 8595: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8523: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8468: 8466: 8462: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8441: 8439: 8432: 8429: 8428: 8426: 8424: 8420: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8408:Globalization 8406: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8388: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8381:Multipolarity 8379: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8363: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8351: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8322: 8320: 8318: 8317:Worlds theory 8314: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8294: 8292: 8288: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8268: 8266: 8264: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8251: 8247: 8243: 8236: 8231: 8229: 8224: 8222: 8217: 8216: 8213: 8206: 8202: 8198: 8196:at Wikisource 8195: 8190: 8186: 8184:at Wikisource 8183: 8178: 8174: 8172:at Wikisource 8171: 8166: 8162: 8160:at Wikisource 8159: 8154: 8150: 8147: 8142: 8138: 8135: 8130: 8126: 8125: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8088: 8087: 8081: 8075: 8072:. Routledge. 8071: 8066: 8063: 8059: 8057: 8053: 8050: 8046: 8042: 8038: 8034: 8030: 8026: 8022: 8018: 8014: 8009: 8005: 8001: 7997: 7993: 7990:(1): 70–102. 7989: 7985: 7980: 7977: 7973: 7970: 7966: 7963: 7959: 7954: 7948: 7944: 7939: 7936: 7932: 7929: 7926: 7922: 7919: 7916: 7912: 7908: 7904: 7900: 7896: 7892: 7888: 7884: 7879: 7877: 7873: 7869: 7866: 7862: 7858: 7854: 7853: 7848: 7845: 7841: 7839: 7835: 7831: 7828: 7824: 7820: 7814: 7810: 7805: 7802: 7798: 7795: 7791: 7787: 7783: 7779: 7775: 7771: 7767: 7763: 7759: 7754: 7751: 7747: 7744: 7740: 7737: 7734: 7730: 7726: 7720: 7716: 7711: 7708: 7704: 7701: 7697: 7695: 7691: 7687: 7686: 7673: 7667: 7663: 7659: 7655: 7648: 7640: 7636: 7632: 7628: 7624: 7620: 7613: 7605: 7601: 7597: 7593: 7586: 7578: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7560: 7556: 7552: 7545: 7537: 7533: 7527: 7519: 7515: 7509: 7502: 7498: 7497: 7492: 7485: 7477: 7473: 7467: 7452: 7448: 7442: 7440: 7423: 7419: 7415: 7409: 7394: 7390: 7384: 7369: 7365: 7359: 7357: 7341: 7337: 7331: 7315: 7311: 7305: 7298: 7297: 7292: 7285: 7284: 7283:Jeune Afrique 7279: 7275: 7274: 7273:Jeune Afrique 7269: 7265: 7261: 7257: 7252: 7245: 7239: 7232: 7228: 7224: 7218: 7210: 7204: 7200: 7193: 7191: 7174: 7173: 7168: 7161: 7145: 7141: 7137: 7131: 7124: 7120: 7116: 7110: 7103: 7099: 7094: 7086: 7080: 7076: 7071: 7070: 7061: 7055: 7050: 7042: 7038: 7031: 7023: 7019: 7015: 7011: 7004: 6995: 6991: 6987: 6981: 6977: 6973: 6966: 6958: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6930: 6926: 6922: 6915: 6907: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6889: 6882: 6875: 6869: 6862: 6856: 6854: 6837: 6833: 6827: 6812: 6808: 6802: 6787: 6783: 6776: 6761: 6757: 6750: 6735: 6731: 6724: 6708: 6702: 6686: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6667: 6659: 6655: 6651: 6647: 6643: 6639: 6632: 6624: 6618: 6614: 6613: 6605: 6596: 6588: 6584: 6577: 6570: 6564: 6557: 6551: 6544: 6538: 6531: 6525: 6510: 6506: 6499: 6491: 6489:9780143123941 6485: 6481: 6480: 6472: 6464: 6457: 6438: 6431: 6425: 6417: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6380: 6373: 6367: 6359: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6335: 6328: 6312: 6308: 6304: 6298: 6290: 6286: 6282: 6280:9780143031048 6276: 6272: 6265: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6222: 6214: 6208: 6204: 6203: 6195: 6188: 6182: 6176: 6170: 6163: 6157: 6151: 6147: 6141: 6126: 6122: 6116: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6088: 6081: 6074: 6062:. 9 June 2003 6061: 6057: 6051: 6044: 6040: 6034: 6030: 6023: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5994: 5986: 5980: 5976: 5970: 5961: 5953: 5947: 5943: 5942: 5937: 5933: 5927: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5880: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5852: 5845: 5839: 5831: 5827: 5821: 5814: 5808: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5781: 5774: 5768: 5761: 5755: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5720: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5685: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5650: 5648: 5639: 5633: 5629: 5622: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5579: 5572: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5537: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5502: 5494: 5490: 5486: 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4119: 4114: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4099: 4098: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4070: 4069: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4041: 4040: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4012: 4011: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3983: 3982: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3954: 3953: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3925: 3924: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3911: 3910: 3902: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3873: 3871: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3858: 3856: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3846: 3843:18 June 1970 3842: 3840: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3826: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3816: 3812: 3810: 3806: 3805:Dar es Salaam 3803: 3801: 3797: 3795: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3785: 3781: 3778: 3775: 3772: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3760: 3756: 3754: 3750: 3747: 3745: 3742: 3739: 3736: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3726: 3722: 3719: 3716: 3713: 3710: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3700: 3696: 3694: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3681: 3677: 3675: 3674:Ruanda-Urundi 3671: 3668: 3666: 3660: 3655: 3652: 3651: 3647: 3645: 3641: 3638: 3635: 3632: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3622: 3618: 3615: 3612: 3610: 3606: 3603: 3600: 3599: 3595: 3592: 3591:Boda District 3589: 3587: 3580: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3570: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3541: 3538:30 July 1811 3537: 3534: 3533:Nueva Vizcaya 3530: 3527: 3524: 3522: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3512: 3508: 3506: 3502: 3499: 3496: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3484: 3480: 3477: 3474: 3471: 3468: 3467: 3464: 3462: 3459: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3428: 3424: 3419: 3410: 3408: 3404: 3397: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3380: 3379:, he writes: 3378: 3374: 3365: 3363: 3359: 3356:(ASEAN), the 3355: 3350: 3348: 3343: 3341: 3337: 3331: 3327: 3317: 3314: 3308: 3304: 3302: 3298: 3288: 3286: 3285:expelled them 3283: 3279: 3275: 3274:Robert Mugabe 3271: 3267: 3263: 3262: 3257: 3253: 3248: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3231: 3221: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3193: 3191: 3181: 3180:Kwame Nkrumah 3177: 3173: 3169: 3163: 3158: 3148: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3137:constitutions 3134: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3110: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3074: 3073:United States 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2327: 2323: 2319: 2314: 2302: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2282:Guinea-Bissau 2278: 2266: 2263: 2258: 2246: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2162: 2150: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2078: 2066: 2065: 2064: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2049:African Union 2045: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2010: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1979: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1949: 1944: 1940: 1938: 1934: 1929: 1926: 1918: 1913: 1903: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1884: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1869: 1867: 1863: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1825:Southern Cone 1822: 1821:North America 1818: 1814: 1810: 1809:public health 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1789: 1783:technologies. 1781: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1771: 1770: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1749:voted on the 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1703: 1694: 1692: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1673: 1663: 1661: 1657: 1656:South America 1653: 1649: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1608: 1603: 1594: 1591: 1590:Belgian Congo 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1564: 1562: 1558: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1544:Guinea Bissau 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1520: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1494: 1490: 1489: 1484: 1480: 1471: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1442:building the 1424: 1422: 1418: 1417:Kuril Islands 1414: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1355: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1312: 1307: 1298: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1263:Marshall Plan 1260: 1255: 1253: 1251: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1224: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1207:(1905–1941), 1206: 1201: 1196: 1194: 1190: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1086:Latin America 1083: 1079: 1076:were sent to 1075: 1071: 1064: 1060: 1053:United States 1049: 1039: 1037: 1032: 1031: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 997: 995: 994:North Vietnam 991: 990:South Vietnam 987: 983: 979: 975: 974:Indochina War 971: 963: 962:Điện Biên Phủ 958: 954: 952: 948: 947:Paul Ramadier 944: 941: 937: 933: 927: 925: 920: 918: 914: 910: 906: 901: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 854: 845: 840: 835: 828:French Empire 825: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 773: 769: 768:Greek element 765: 761: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 738: 733: 731: 722: 718: 715:Surrender of 713: 704: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 665:British India 661: 660:with the UK. 659: 655: 654:protectorates 650: 648: 644: 641:in 1956, and 640: 635: 633: 629: 628:Kwame Nkrumah 625: 624:Marcus Garvey 620: 611: 607: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 580: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 535: 530: 526: 524: 520: 519:Western Samoa 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 487: 485: 479: 469: 467: 462: 458: 454: 446: 442: 437: 427: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 404: 400: 396: 392: 387: 382: 380: 372: 367: 362: 352: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 324: 314: 312: 308: 304: 300: 294: 284: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 257: 255: 251: 246: 236: 234: 233:decoloniality 230: 226: 222: 217: 215: 214: 209: 205: 201: 200: 194: 192: 188: 185:; and of the 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 115: 113: 110:living under 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 83: 81: 75: 73: 72:North America 69: 64: 62: 58: 54: 50: 46: 42: 35: 30: 26: 22: 9367: 9327:Independence 9277: 9063:Colonization 8939:Colonization 8929:World oceans 8879: 8876:Colonization 8775:South Centre 8730:Colombo Plan 8365: 8340:Fourth World 8330:Second World 8254:Global South 8148:at Wikiquote 8103: 8069: 8061: 8016: 8012: 7987: 7983: 7975: 7968: 7961: 7942: 7934: 7924: 7914: 7890: 7886: 7871: 7851: 7843: 7833: 7826: 7825:Ikeda, Ryo. 7808: 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Springer. 7714: 7706: 7699: 7689: 7653: 7647: 7622: 7618: 7612: 7595: 7591: 7585: 7558: 7554: 7544: 7535: 7526: 7517: 7508: 7500: 7496:The Guardian 7494: 7484: 7475: 7466: 7454:. Retrieved 7450: 7426:. Retrieved 7422:the original 7417: 7408: 7396:. Retrieved 7392: 7383: 7371:. Retrieved 7367: 7343:. Retrieved 7339: 7330: 7318:. Retrieved 7313: 7310:"Chapter XI" 7304: 7294: 7281: 7277: 7271: 7251: 7243: 7238: 7226: 7222: 7217: 7198: 7177:. Retrieved 7170: 7160: 7148:. Retrieved 7144:the original 7139: 7130: 7114: 7109: 7104:, March 2012 7093: 7068: 7060: 7049: 7040: 7030: 7013: 7003: 6971: 6965: 6928: 6924: 6914: 6887: 6881: 6873: 6868: 6860: 6840:. Retrieved 6835: 6826: 6814:. Retrieved 6810: 6801: 6789:. Retrieved 6785: 6775: 6763:. Retrieved 6759: 6749: 6737:. Retrieved 6733: 6723: 6711:. Retrieved 6701: 6689:. Retrieved 6675: 6666: 6641: 6637: 6631: 6611: 6604: 6595: 6586: 6576: 6568: 6563: 6555: 6550: 6542: 6537: 6529: 6528:John Hatch, 6524: 6512:. Retrieved 6508: 6498: 6478: 6471: 6462: 6456: 6444:. Retrieved 6437:the original 6424: 6393: 6389: 6379: 6371: 6366: 6333: 6327: 6315:. Retrieved 6306: 6297: 6270: 6264: 6231: 6227: 6221: 6201: 6194: 6186: 6181: 6174: 6169: 6161: 6156: 6145: 6140: 6128:. Retrieved 6124: 6115: 6090: 6086: 6080: 6073:territories. 6071: 6064:. Retrieved 6059: 6050: 6042: 6028: 6022: 5997: 5991: 5985: 5974: 5969: 5960: 5940: 5926: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5879: 5862: 5858: 5851: 5843: 5838: 5829: 5820: 5812: 5807: 5790: 5786: 5780: 5772: 5767: 5759: 5754: 5729: 5725: 5719: 5694: 5690: 5684: 5659: 5655: 5627: 5621: 5588: 5584: 5571: 5546: 5542: 5536: 5511: 5507: 5501: 5476: 5472: 5466: 5441: 5437: 5416:. Retrieved 5412: 5402: 5390:. Retrieved 5386: 5377: 5350: 5344: 5318: 5291: 5285: 5260: 5256: 5250: 5217: 5213: 5203: 5168: 5164: 5154: 5142: 5115:(1): 71–82. 5112: 5108: 5098: 5078: 5071: 5059:. Retrieved 5053: 5046: 5017: 4982: 4976: 4967: 4960:. Retrieved 4956:the original 4951: 4942: 4917: 4913: 4907: 4882: 4878: 4868: 4849: 4843: 4826: 4822: 4812: 4777: 4760: 4755: 4736: 4730: 4721: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4495: 4452: 4441: 4434: 4424: 4412: 4123:Saint Helena 3884: 3763:Ahmadu Bello 3714:coup d'état 3661:nationalist 3457: 3455: 3399: 3382: 3376: 3371: 3351: 3344: 3332: 3329: 3310: 3306: 3301:Haile Gerima 3294: 3259: 3249: 3233: 3199: 3186: 3167: 3126: 3122: 3096: 2944: 2922: 2885:Turkmenistan 2825: 2810: 2700:French India 2648:North Borneo 2591: 2568: 2553: 2534: 2523: 2423:Elizabeth II 2391:Elizabeth II 2359:Newfoundland 2206:Burkina Faso 2094:Sierra Leone 2046: 2011: 1980: 1953: 1930: 1927: 1923: 1885: 1870: 1858: 1708: 1675: 1652:ethnic Dutch 1623:by the Nazis 1612: 1577:King Leopold 1570: 1538:) spread to 1521: 1498: 1486: 1468:Manuel Roxas 1446:. President 1444:Panama Canal 1440: 1421:still claims 1410:Soviet Union 1382:World War II 1379: 1356: 1316: 1295:Central Asia 1274: 1259:World War II 1256: 1249: 1247: 1225: 1197: 1151:client state 1132: 1078:reservations 1066: 1028: 998: 967: 936:French Union 928: 924:antisemitism 921: 902: 890:Messali Hadj 870:independence 851: 849: 776: 762: 734: 726: 693:French India 662: 651: 636: 616: 581: 569:Newfoundland 539: 488: 481: 450: 445:Prince Pedro 399:Buenos Aires 383: 376: 326: 296: 258: 242: 229:South Africa 218: 211: 204:Frantz Fanon 197: 195: 187:Soviet Union 183:World War II 116: 89: 80:independence 76: 65: 40: 39: 34:independence 25: 9430:Sovereignty 9225:New Zealand 9090:Colonialism 9075:Imperialism 9035:Exploration 8898:Exploration 8786:North–South 8529:development 8354:Geopolitics 8335:Third World 8325:First World 8263:Development 7694:online free 7299:, Fall 1997 7287:(in French) 7280:, Fayard – 7125:pp. 54–275. 6948:10023/21315 6680: [ 6514:17 December 6400:: 101–118. 6150:online free 6130:25 February 5979:online free 5336:10724/28885 5009:j.ctv3znwvg 4611:Indigenismo 4499:New Zealand 4448:Ban Ki-moon 4314:New Zealand 3899:colonialism 3555:French army 3340:land reform 3252:repatriated 3174:, built by 3053:New Zealand 2779:Netherlands 2764:Philippines 2714:(1953) and 2706:comprising 2702:(1954) and 2612:Transjordan 2564:Philippines 2560:South Korea 2556:North Korea 2438:Netherlands 2399:Saint Lucia 2210:Ivory Coast 1894:policies, " 1845:East Africa 1801:Third World 1737:along with 1597:Netherlands 1583:. It added 1501:discoveries 1283:Afghanistan 1240:World War I 1143:Philippines 1139:Puerto Rico 1021:Paul Ricœur 976:(1946–54). 878:Abd el-Krim 874:nationalism 853:tirailleurs 810:ensuing war 790:Transjordan 742:British Raj 669:partitioned 604:nationalism 588:British Raj 523:New Zealand 491:World War I 416:Puerto Rico 343:. In 1804, 151:World War I 45:colonialism 9419:Categories 9375:Plantation 9200:Australian 9182:Portuguese 9148:modern era 9095:chronology 8981:Antarctica 8925:Antarctica 8824:Fair trade 8812:World Bank 8652:and groups 8611:biosimilar 8401:Durban III 7451:www.un.org 7393:www.un.org 7368:www.un.org 7314:www.un.org 6974:. Oxford: 6786:ccrs.ku.dk 6713:23 January 6066:17 January 5418:15 October 5392:15 October 5061:19 October 4962:18 October 4714:References 4677:Separatism 4667:Revanchism 4606:Indigenism 4509:, and the 4094:Montserrat 3921:Territory 3893:, defines 3853:leader of 3792:leader of 3779:, Nigeria 3487:Tiradentes 3241:colonizers 3228:See also: 3093:Challenges 2893:Uzbekistan 2881:Tajikistan 2861:Kyrgyzstan 2857:Kazakhstan 2841:Azerbaijan 2813:Dodecanese 2740:East Timor 2587:East Timor 2290:Cape Verde 2286:Mozambique 2230:Mauritania 2194:Madagascar 2146:Seychelles 2098:Tanganyika 1892:neoliberal 1853:South Asia 1743:Zhou Enlai 1727:Yugoslavia 1548:Mozambique 1526:(ruled by 1427:After 1945 1346:in Korea ( 1275:inter alia 1238:following 1166:against a 1127:Micronesia 1042:After 1918 940:Madagascar 758:Bangladesh 750:Salt March 545:Suez Canal 403:Montevideo 341:Hispaniola 339:island of 265:liberalism 181:following 167:Portuguese 149:following 123:Thucydides 68:metropoles 9292:in Europe 9230:Norwegian 9133:Dependent 9126:Current: 9071:Antiquity 8891:By region 8623:criticism 8527:Trade and 8396:Durban II 8041:159883569 8004:145080475 7907:148602270 7859:, Mainz: 7786:162291339 7639:232422414 7577:236234578 7289:and also 7016:: 87–88. 6998:p. 46-47. 6957:230283299 6416:189123378 6358:155062058 6289:909343858 6256:159531822 6107:157682270 6014:162468431 5918:159912409 5746:148760397 5711:143978771 5676:154683722 5613:231796247 5369:700406652 5310:904046323 5277:154594627 5234:0260-2105 5195:236234578 5187:0032-3217 5139:232264306 5131:1177-1801 4934:259828705 4899:254352277 4835:1929-8692 4672:Secession 4503:Australia 4471:The Hague 4463:Mauritius 4181:Gibraltar 3689:Bujumbura 3581:movement 3529:Chihuahua 3347:CFA franc 3311:In Asia, 3268:, former 3261:pied noir 3129:republics 3029:Australia 2869:Lithuania 2784:Indonesia 2704:Indochina 2680:Hong Kong 2652:Singapore 2571:Indonesia 2471:Greenland 2142:Swaziland 2138:Mauritius 2014:republics 1849:Caribbean 1833:East Asia 1662:in 1975. 1488:caçadores 1398:Indonesia 1390:Hong Kong 1359:Manchuria 1271:Indochina 999:In 1956, 951:Socialist 866:self-rule 784:from the 780:became a 778:Palestine 760:in 1971. 754:dominions 663:In 1947, 557:dominions 507:Australia 337:Caribbean 335:, on the 277:subaltern 153:; 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