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billion) of gold not declared was exported from Africa, and the UAE accounted for 93% of the undeclared exports. Following the
Emirates, next two prime importers were Switzerland and India. Majority of the artisanal gold extracted in the 18 African countries ends up in the Emirates. As per Swiss regulations, gold’s place of origin is usually where it is last refined, because of which smuggled gold linked to conflicts and human rights violations legally enters Switzerland.
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The definitions and methodological concepts applied for the various statistical collections on international trade often differ in terms of definition (e.g. special trade vs. general trade) and coverage (reporting thresholds, inclusion of trade in services, estimates for smuggled goods and cross-border provision of illegal services). Metadata providing information on definitions and methods are often published along with the data.
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2018:
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2344:. Regional differences may cause specific regions to be more suitable for a specific production, thereby increasing the advantages of specific trade over specific local production. Forms of local products that are highly localized may not be able to meet the efficiency of more large-scale, highly consolidated production in terms of efficiency, including environmental impact.
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acquired Zambia’s Mopani copper-cobalt complex in exchange of a commitment to put in over $ 1 billion into the mine. It was also aggressively looking for mining deals, particularly in Africa, to turn into a key player in metals. There were already concerns that the UAE was a main recipient of majority of the smuggled gold from DRC.
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Data on the value of exports and imports and their quantities often broken down by detailed lists of products are available in statistical collections on international trade published by the statistical services of intergovernmental and supranational organisations and national statistical institutes.
2501:
In May 2024, a report released by
Swissaid revealed that the prime recipient of tens of billions of dollars of smuggled African gold each year had been the UAE. Between the 2012 and 2022, 2596 tonnes of gold undeclared was exported out of Africa to the UAE. In 2022 alone, 435 tonnes (worth about $ 31
2497:
and its trade with Dubai, UAE. The third largest gold exporter in Africa, Mali imposed taxes only on first 50kg gold exports per month, which allowed several small-scale miners to enjoy tax exemptions and smuggle gold worth millions. In 2014, Mali's gold production was of 45.8 tonnes, while the UAE's
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production and distant food production are controversial with limited studies comparing environmental impact and scientists cautioning that regionally specific environmental impacts should be considered. A 2020 study indicated that local food crop production alone cannot meet the demand for most food
1109:
However, in practical terms, carrying out trade at an international level is typically a more complex process than domestic trade. The main difference is that international trade is typically more costly than domestic trade. This is due to the fact that cross-border trade typically incurs additional
3605:
Higher wages
Advanced economies have higher wages because total factor productivity is higher. These higher wages induce firms in advanced economies to use robots more intensively, to begin with, especially when robots easily substitute for workers. Then, when robot productivity rises, the advanced
2505:
A United
Nations report revealed that the chief global strategist of International Resources Holding (IRH), Sibtein Alibhai, from the UAE approached a number of gold traffickers in Democratic Republic of Congo. The firm is a unit of IHC, which is controlled by Sheikh Tahnoun bin Zayed. In 2023, IRH
2312:
Local production has been reported to increase local employment in many cases. A 2018 study claimed that international trade can increase local employment. A 2016 study found that local employment and total labor income in both manufacturing and nonmanufacturing were negatively affected by rising
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are a relatively minor factor of carbon emissions, albeit increased food localization may also enable additional, more significant, environmental benefits such as recycling of energy, water, and nutrients. For specific foods regional differences in harvest seasons may make it more environmentally
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are often more mobile within a country than across countries. Thus, international trade is mostly restricted to trade in goods and services, and only to a lesser extent to trade in capital, labour, or other factors of production. Trade in goods and services can serve as a substitute for trade in
1134:. Instead of importing Chinese labor, the United States imports goods that were produced with Chinese labor. One report in 2010, suggested that international trade was increased when a country hosted a network of immigrants, but the trade effect was weakened when the
1130:
factors of production. Instead of importing a factor of production, a country can import goods that make intensive use of that factor of production and thus embody it. An example of this is the import of labor-intensive goods by the United States from
2453:
In July 2020, a report by
Swissaid highlighted that the Dubai-based precious metal refining firms, including Kaloti Jewellery International Group and Trust One Financial Services (T1FS), received most of their gold from poor African states like
2446:. Sometimes the procedure involved criminal operations and even human and environmental cost. Investigative reports based on Africa's export data revealed that gold in large quantities is smuggled out of the country through the
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Qualitative differences between substitutive products of different production regions may exist due to different legal requirements and quality standards or different levels of controllability by local production- and
963:. These organizations work towards the facilitation and growth of international trade. Statistical services of intergovernmental and supranational organizations and governmental statistical agencies publish
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in 189 countries that links total and sectorial consumption to sources showed that countries and sectors are highly exposed to over-exploited, insecure, and degraded such resources with
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To ease and justify the process of trade between countries of different economic standing in the modern era, some international economic organizations were formed, such as the
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proclaimed May 21 through May 27, 2017, World Trade Week, 2017. World Trade Week is the third week of May. Every year the
President declares that week to be World Trade Week.
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2450:, without any taxes being paid to the producing states. Analysis also reflected discrepancies in the amount exported from Africa and the total gold imported into the UAE.
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The McGill
Faculty of Law runs a Regional Trade Agreements Database that contains the text of almost all preferential and regional trade agreements in the world.
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Kusum Mundra (October 18, 2010). "Immigrant
Networks and U.S. Bilateral Trade: The Role of Immigrant Income". Department of Economics, Rutgers University.
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Kinnunen, Pekka; Guillaume, Joseph H. A.; Taka, Maija; D’Odorico, Paolo; Siebert, Stefan; Puma, Michael J.; Jalava, Mika; Kummu, Matti (April 2020).
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as the motivation and the behavior of parties involved in a trade do not change fundamentally regardless of whether trade is across a border or not.
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Another report in March 2022 revealed the contradiction between the lucrative gold trade of West
African countries and the illicit dealings. Like
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There are several models that seek to explain the factors behind international trade, the welfare consequences of trade and the pattern of trade.
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which could allow for automated workers' time to be reallocated by society and its economic mechanisms or be converted into leisure-like time.
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have held observances to promote big and small companies to be more involved with the export and import of goods and services. President
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sources – and that diversifying trading partners is unlikely to help countries and sectors to reduce these or to improve their resource
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Local production in high-income countries, rather than distant regions may require higher wages for workers. Higher wages incentivize
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1006:, for example: food, clothes, spare parts, oil, jewellery, wine, stocks, currencies, and water. Services are also traded, such as in
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such as time costs (due to border delays), language and cultural differences, product safety, the legal system, and so on.
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to the country receiving that product. Imports and exports are accounted for in a country's current account in the
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friendly to import from distant regions than more local production and storage or local production in greenhouses.
712:
3361:"Improving attributional life cycle assessment for decision support: The case of local food in sustainable design"
4077:
Samuelson, Paul (2001). "A Ricardo-Sraffa
Paradigm Comparing the Gains from Trade in Inputs and Finished Goods".
3216:"Environmental performance of local food: trade-offs and implications for climate resilience in a developed city"
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economy will benefit more in the long run. This divergence grows larger, the more robots substitute for workers.
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3527:"The Impact of Chinese Import Competition on the Local Structure of Employment and Wages: Evidence from France"
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3412:"Does eating local food reduce the environmental impact of food production and enhance consumer health?"
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A video explaining findings of the study "Water, energy and land insecurity in global supply chains"
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3824:"GOLDEN DETOUR: The hidden face of the gold trade between the United Arab Emirates and Switzerland"
3461:"Re-examining the Effects of Trading with China on Local Labor Markets: A Supply Chain Perspective"
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2692: – Possibility that a debtor country might gain by making payments to its creditor countries
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2614: – Trade of goods, services, technology, capital's and/or knowledge at a transnational scale
2224:
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185:
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2626: – In economics, process of increasing involvement of enterprises in international markets
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2340:, established industries and businesses, or in consumer demand without policy measures such as
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crops with "current production and consumption patterns" and the locations of food production
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for 72–89% of the global population and 100–km radiuses as of early 2020. Studies found that
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that is transferred or sold from a party in one country to a party in another country is an
941:), its economic, social, and political importance has been on the rise in recent centuries.
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proclaimed May 15 through May 21, 2016, World Trade Week, 2016. On May 19, 2017, President
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8:
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2644: – Imperfect competition of differentiated products that are not perfect substitutes
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2430:. While millions were making a livelihood through the small-scale mining, governments of
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988:
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3328:"Local food crop production can fulfil demand for less than one-third of the population"
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observed World Trade Week on May 18, 2001, and May 17, 2002. On May 13, 2016, President
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3125:"President Donald J. Trump Proclaims May 21 through May 27, 2017, as World Trade Week"
3085:"President Donald J. Trump Proclaims May 21 through May 27, 2017, as World Trade Week"
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Rothwell, Alison; Ridoutt, Brad; Page, Girija; Bellotti, William (15 February 2016).
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Carrying out trade at an international level is a complex process when compared to
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McKenzie, Lionel W. (1954). "Specialization and Efficiency in World Production".
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707:
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2393:. The 2020 study finds that most countries exhibit greater exposure to resource
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The following table is a list of the 25 largest trading states according to the
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3922:. The Financial Times. 30 May 2024. Archived from the original on 4 August 2024
3585:"How Artificial Intelligence Could Widen the Gap Between Rich and Poor Nations"
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from Africa is imported in large quantities by the world's largest refinery in
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chronicles notable events that have affected trading among various economies.
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925:(GDP). While international trade has existed throughout history (for example
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642:
632:
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478:
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373:
333:
4019:
Jones, Ronald W. (1961). "Comparative Advantage and the Theory of Tariffs".
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3650:"Is globalisation compatible with sustainable and resilient supply chains?"
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or territories because there is a need or want of goods or services. (see:
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388:
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3680:"Globalized economy making water, energy and land insecurity worse: study"
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2466:. The Swissaid report also highlighted that the illicit gold coming into
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A systematic, and possibly first large-scale, cross-sectoral analysis of
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Taherzadeh, Oliver; Bithell, Mike; Richards, Keith (28 October 2020).
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and other states, differences were recorded in the gold production in
4378:
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4130:
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Wang, Zhi; Wei, Shang-Jin; Yu, Xinding; Zhu, Kunfu (13 August 2018).
2458:. The gold mines in Sudan were seldom under the militias involved in
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1965:
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1644:
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953:
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930:
670:
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3890:"Mali to Dubai: artery for West Africa's booming illegal gold trade"
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Another difference between domestic and international trade is that
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94:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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Trade Map, trade statistics for international business development
3297:"Relying on 'local food' is a distant dream for most of the world"
4459:
4174:
3970:"IRH Mining Dealmaker Has Met With Congo Gold Smugglers, UN Says"
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1994:
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1007:
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3920:"Bulk of gold smuggled from Africa exported to UAE, says report"
2581: – Absence of government restriction on international trade
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play an important role in facilitating international trade. The
1002:
and products. Almost every kind of product can be found in the
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Specialization, production efficiency and regional differences
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The Problem with Trade Measurement in International Relations
3267:"Majority of the world's population depends on imported food"
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complaint about the increase in illegal production and gold
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and may not be able to compete in efficiency initially with
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3860:"Mali: West Africa's hub for illegal gold trade with Dubai"
3711:"Water, energy and land insecurity in global supply chains"
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2575: – Legislation regulating the export of harmful items
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Largest countries or regions by total international trade
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International trade is, in principle, not different from
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3995:
Linsi, Lukas; Burgoon, Brian; MĂĽgge, Daniel K (2023). "
2589:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
952:, factors like currency, government policies, economy,
3041:"Presidential Proclamation -- World Trade Week, 2016"
3987:
Oceans of Grain: How American Wheat Remade the World
2909:"List of exporters for the selected product in 2022"
2513:
4579:
Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf
2048:
List of top exporting countries by product category
998:and countries the opportunity to be exposed to new
152:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2696:United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
2172:Optical, photo, technical, medical, etc. apparatus
1066:
970:
4600:Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa
4832:
4548:Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Russia
4532:South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
4147:European Union International Trade in Goods Data
3940:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2784:"International Trade and Finance by ICC Academy"
2305:. The process of transforming supply as well as
3794:"Dubai's dubious gold is prized in Switzerland"
3359:Yang, Yi; Campbell, J. Elliott (1 March 2017).
3133:. United States: World News Inc. May 20, 2017.
2642:Monopolistic competition in international trade
2632: – Measure of the degree of monopoly power
2563: – Leveraging the rules in trade agreement
3289:
2662: – Artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt
2422:, including children, were using informal or "
1173:
1060:have major impacts on the international trade
4207:
3409:
2656: – Shipping route across Central America
2397:via international trade – mainly from remote
948:. When trade takes place between two or more
872:
3764:"Gold worth billions smuggled out of Africa"
3619:"Global trade linked to resource insecurity"
3458:
3358:
2836:
2711:List of countries by current account balance
2680: – Intergovernmental open trading group
2668: – Goods and services import/export tax
2276:Qualitative differences and economic aspects
2144:Pearls, precious stones, metals, coins, etc.
2053:
1216:
1177:
4527:Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership
4186:Historical documents on international trade
2638: – Economic policy emphasizing exports
2243:International trade versus local production
2074:Mineral fuels, oils, distillation products,
1138:became assimilated into their new country.
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
4214:
4200:
4175:The MIT Observatory of Economic Complexity
3524:
2608: – Interdisciplinary study of systems
2102:Machinery, nuclear reactors, boilers, etc.
1029:The ancient Silk Road trade routes across
879:
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4116:Statistics from intergovernmental sources
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3427:
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2620: – Rules for trade between countries
2042:Top traded commodities by value (exports)
230:Learn how and when to remove this message
212:Learn how and when to remove this message
110:Learn how and when to remove this message
4610:West African Economic and Monetary Union
4047:
3463:. National Bureau of Economic Research.
2875:
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2755:"Trade – Define Trade at Dictionary.com"
2726:List of countries by merchandise exports
2650: – Sea route north of North America
2602: – Good brought into a jurisdiction
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4126:United Nations Commodity Trade Database
3005:Federal Government of the United States
2951:Federal Government of the United States
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4522:Association of Southeast Asian Nations
4342:UN Conference on Trade and Development
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3264:
2686: – Strategies to facilitate trade
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4287:Import substitution industrialization
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4018:
3485:from the original on 22 December 2020
3137:from the original on October 20, 2017
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2413:
1217:
983:from the originating country, and an
956:, laws, and markets influence trade.
16:Exchange across international borders
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4541:Europe, Central Asia, and North Asia
3690:from the original on 4 December 2020
3660:from the original on 2 December 2020
3648:Dunphy, Siobhán (20 November 2020).
3629:from the original on 3 December 2020
3595:from the original on 3 December 2020
3565:from the original on 21 January 2022
3416:Proceedings of the Nutrition Society
3391:from the original on 8 November 2021
2863:from the original on 9 November 2022
2731:List of countries by service exports
2674: – US internal economic program
2569: – International trade strategy
2347:
150:adding citations to reliable sources
121:
59:
18:
4501:Central American Integration System
3900:from the original on 2 January 2020
3870:from the original on 2 January 2020
3774:from the original on 2 January 2020
3057:from the original on April 11, 2017
2285:-systems which may have aspects of
1194:Volume of world merchandise exports
13:
4188:available on FRASER (St Louis Fed)
3979:
3307:from the original on 29 April 2020
3246:from the original on 13 March 2023
2889:from the original on 15 April 2023
2736:List of international trade topics
2596: – Bilateral trade flow model
2498:gold import were at 59.9 tonnes.
921:represents a significant share of
263:
14:
4857:
4364:International Chamber of Commerce
4267:Export-oriented industrialization
4099:
3840:from the original on 18 July 2020
3804:from the original on 17 July 2020
3265:Dunphy, Siobhán (28 April 2020).
532:International Chamber of Commerce
34:This article has multiple issues.
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4152:Food and Agricultural Trade Data
2587: – Regional trade agreement
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2088:Electrical, electronic equipment
2016:
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4001:International Studies Quarterly
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3727:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102158
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3319:
3277:from the original on 4 May 2020
3258:
3207:
3196:from the original on 2005-02-19
3178:
3167:from the original on 2017-10-28
3149:
3117:
3073:
3033:
2819:from the original on 2017-05-12
2790:from the original on 2022-03-12
2765:from the original on 2010-07-27
1148:Timeline of international trade
1080:Port of New York and New Jersey
1067:Differences from domestic trade
971:Characteristics of global trade
137:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
4605:Southern African Customs Union
4079:Journal of Economic Literature
4050:The Review of Economic Studies
4021:The Review of Economic Studies
3956:"On the trail of African gold"
3410:Edwards-Jones, Gareth (2010).
2979:
2925:
2901:
2801:
2776:
2747:
2218:
1154:history of international trade
1:
3377:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.01.020
3365:Journal of Cleaner Production
3232:10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.04.096
3220:Journal of Cleaner Production
3081:Office of the Press Secretary
2987:Office of the Press Secretary
2933:Office of the Press Secretary
2741:
2524:Business and economics portal
2389:having decreased security of
2328:Local production may require
2158:Plastics and articles thereof
4762:Telecommunications equipment
4567:Middle East and North Africa
4558:European Union Customs Union
3525:Malgouyres, Clément (2017).
2885:. World Trade Organization.
2859:. World Trade Organization.
2721:List of countries by exports
2716:List of countries by imports
2487:Democratic Republic of Congo
2205:
2196:
2191:
2182:
2177:
2168:
2163:
2154:
2149:
2140:
2135:
2126:
2121:
2116:Vehicles (excluding railway)
2112:
2107:
2098:
2093:
2084:
2079:
2070:
1204:List of countries by imports
1200:List of countries by exports
608:Intellectual property rights
7:
4491:Andean Community of Nations
4369:Bilateral investment treaty
4337:International Monetary Fund
3715:Global Environmental Change
3531:Journal of Regional Science
3186:"World Trade Week New York"
2809:"Balance Of Payments (BOP)"
2672:Trade Adjustment Assistance
2509:
2202:
2188:
2174:
2160:
2146:
2132:
2118:
2104:
2090:
2076:
1174:Most traded export products
590:Economic and monetary union
512:International Monetary Fund
449:Voluntary export restraints
90:the claims made and adding
10:
4862:
4357:International Trade Centre
4108:
4011:
2289:beyond resource security,
2251:
2214:International Trade Centre
2045:
2013:
1984:
1955:
1926:
1897:
1868:
1839:
1810:
1781:
1750:
1721:
1692:
1663:
1634:
1605:
1576:
1547:
1518:
1489:
1460:
1431:
1402:
1373:
1344:
1315:
1284:
1197:
1166:International trade theory
1163:
1145:
1141:
1086:at the convergence of the
1058:multinational corporations
994:Trading globally may give
585:Customs and monetary union
527:World Customs Organization
517:International Trade Centre
4800:
4632:Aircraft & Spacecraft
4622:
4587:
4566:
4540:
4514:
4483:
4474:
4417:
4325:
4277:Foreign exchange reserves
4229:
3429:10.1017/S0029665110002004
3345:10.1038/s43016-020-0060-7
3190:World Trade Week New York
2630:Market segmentation index
1246:Total international trade
550:Preferential trading area
4352:World Trade Organization
3985:Nelson, Scott Reynolds.
2991:"World Trade Week, 2002"
2937:"World Trade Week, 2001"
2291:environmental protection
2265:at the time of the study
2061:Value in US$ (millions)
1210:World Trade Organization
967:on international trade.
961:World Trade Organization
917:In most countries, such
831:Balassa–Samuelson effect
826:Ricardian trade theories
713:Largest consumer markets
522:World Trade Organization
4553:Eurasian Economic Union
4441:Repeal of the Corn Laws
4104:
2618:International trade law
2258:The trade-offs between
2223:In the US, the various
2130:Pharmaceutical products
1110:costs such as explicit
1082:grew from the original
846:Lerner symmetry theorem
4595:East African Community
4476:Regional organizations
3506:Cite journal requires
2612:International business
2594:Gravity model of trade
2418:A number of people in
2387:economic globalization
2366:
1237:services (billions of
1235:International trade of
1224:International trade of
1195:
1182:
1099:
1033:
923:gross domestic product
821:Gravity model of trade
718:Leading trade partners
623:Government procurement
424:Exchange rate controls
268:
4436:The Wealth of Nations
4394:Special economic zone
4257:Comparative advantage
4136:WTO Statistics Portal
4091:10.1257/jel.39.4.1204
2426:" methods to produce
2364:
2313:exposure to imports.
1248:of goods and services
1193:
1181:
1123:factors of production
1074:
1028:
908:international borders
801:Heckscher–Ohlin model
796:Competitive advantage
791:Comparative advantage
678:Trade and development
439:Countervailing duties
267:
161:"International trade"
4456:Economic nationalism
4374:Economic integration
4169:Other external links
3157:"Import Export Data"
2957:on November 24, 2016
2624:Internationalization
2448:United Arab Emirates
2391:global supply chains
2309:may differ as well.
1762:United Arab Emirates
1125:such as capital and
1004:international market
816:Intra-industry trade
544:Economic integration
494:Economic integration
489:Economic nationalism
146:improve this article
4846:Official statistics
4841:International trade
4712:Integrated circuits
4496:Caribbean Community
4292:Net capital outflow
4242:Balance of payments
4223:International trade
3625:. 26 October 2020.
2561:Aggressive legalism
2464:human rights abuses
2334:technology transfer
1226:goods (billions of
1160:Theories and models
1116:non-tariff barriers
989:balance of payments
965:official statistics
894:is the exchange of
892:International trade
444:Anti-dumping duties
384:Non-tariff barriers
329:Import substitution
4624:Exports by product
4574:Arab Customs Union
4237:Absolute advantage
4157:2010-07-10 at the
4141:Statistical Portal
3654:European Scientist
3543:10.1111/jors.12303
3271:European Scientist
3161:Import Export data
3130:World News Network
3027:2017-10-20 at the
2973:2017-10-20 at the
2414:Illegal gold trade
2367:
2330:knowledge transfer
1212:in 2021 and 2022.
1196:
1183:
1100:
1096:Upper New York Bay
1034:
811:Economic geography
618:Competition policy
414:Technical barriers
394:Tariff-rate quotas
339:Trade facilitation
324:Export orientation
269:
75:possibly contains
4828:
4827:
4618:
4617:
4588:Subsaharan Africa
4419:Political economy
3896:. 3 August 2022.
3866:. 11 March 2022.
3067:National Archives
3011:on March 13, 2017
2648:Northwest Passage
2362:
2348:Resource security
2210:
2209:
2200:Organic chemicals
2039:
2038:
1050:industrialization
889:
888:
836:Linder hypothesis
648:Emissions trading
240:
239:
232:
222:
221:
214:
196:
120:
119:
112:
77:original research
57:
4853:
4818:
4817:
4808:
4807:
4481:
4480:
4347:World Bank Group
4247:Balance of trade
4216:
4209:
4202:
4193:
4192:
4094:
4085:(4): 1204–1214.
4073:
4044:
3974:
3973:
3966:
3960:
3959:
3952:
3946:
3945:
3939:
3931:
3929:
3927:
3916:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3886:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3875:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3839:
3828:
3820:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3800:. 16 July 2020.
3790:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3760:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3706:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3695:
3676:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3645:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3634:
3615:
3609:
3608:
3602:
3600:
3581:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3509:
3504:
3502:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3472:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3431:
3407:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3323:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3101:. Archived from
3095:Washington, D.C.
3083:(May 19, 2017).
3077:
3071:
3070:
3064:
3062:
3051:Washington, D.C.
3037:
3031:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3007:. Archived from
3001:Washington, D.C.
2996:Federal Register
2989:(May 22, 2002).
2983:
2977:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2953:. Archived from
2947:Washington, D.C.
2942:Federal Register
2935:(May 22, 2001).
2929:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2751:
2690:Transfer problem
2590:
2567:Concertina model
2554:
2549:
2548:
2540:
2535:
2534:
2526:
2521:
2520:
2403:self-sufficiency
2363:
2052:
2051:
2022:
2020:
2019:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1764:
1760:
1758:
1757:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1643:
1641:
1640:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1382:
1380:
1379:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1294:
1292:
1291:
1215:
1214:
881:
874:
867:
841:Leontief paradox
806:New trade theory
409:Export subsidies
294:Balance of trade
242:
241:
235:
228:
217:
210:
206:
203:
197:
195:
154:
130:
122:
115:
108:
104:
101:
95:
92:inline citations
68:
67:
60:
49:
27:
26:
19:
4861:
4860:
4856:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4851:
4850:
4831:
4830:
4829:
4824:
4796:
4742:Pharmaceuticals
4614:
4583:
4562:
4536:
4510:
4470:
4466:Dedollarisation
4413:
4399:Trade agreement
4389:Free-trade zone
4330:
4328:
4321:
4262:Current account
4252:Capital account
4225:
4220:
4171:
4159:Wayback Machine
4118:
4113:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4062:10.2307/2295770
4033:10.2307/2295945
4014:
3982:
3980:Further reading
3977:
3968:
3967:
3963:
3954:
3953:
3949:
3933:
3932:
3925:
3923:
3918:
3917:
3913:
3903:
3901:
3888:
3887:
3883:
3873:
3871:
3858:
3857:
3853:
3843:
3841:
3837:
3826:
3822:
3821:
3817:
3807:
3805:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3777:
3775:
3762:
3761:
3757:
3747:
3745:
3707:
3703:
3693:
3691:
3678:
3677:
3673:
3663:
3661:
3646:
3642:
3632:
3630:
3623:Cosmos Magazine
3617:
3616:
3612:
3598:
3596:
3583:
3582:
3578:
3568:
3566:
3523:
3519:
3507:
3505:
3496:
3495:
3488:
3486:
3457:
3453:
3408:
3404:
3394:
3392:
3357:
3353:
3324:
3320:
3310:
3308:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3280:
3278:
3263:
3259:
3249:
3247:
3212:
3208:
3199:
3197:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3170:
3168:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3140:
3138:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3108:
3106:
3105:on May 20, 2017
3078:
3074:
3060:
3058:
3039:
3038:
3034:
3029:Wayback Machine
3014:
3012:
2984:
2980:
2975:Wayback Machine
2960:
2958:
2930:
2926:
2917:
2915:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2892:
2890:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2866:
2864:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2835:
2831:
2822:
2820:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2793:
2791:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2768:
2766:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2706:
2701:
2606:Interdependence
2588:
2585:Free-trade area
2550:
2543:
2538:Politics portal
2536:
2529:
2522:
2515:
2512:
2416:
2411:
2352:
2350:
2326:
2295:product quality
2278:
2256:
2250:
2245:
2225:U.S. Presidents
2221:
2065:
2050:
2044:
2017:
2015:
1988:
1986:
1959:
1957:
1930:
1928:
1901:
1899:
1872:
1870:
1843:
1841:
1814:
1812:
1785:
1783:
1755:
1753:
1752:
1725:
1723:
1696:
1694:
1667:
1665:
1638:
1636:
1609:
1607:
1580:
1578:
1551:
1549:
1522:
1520:
1493:
1491:
1464:
1462:
1435:
1433:
1406:
1404:
1377:
1375:
1348:
1346:
1319:
1317:
1289:
1287:
1249:
1247:
1242:
1236:
1231:
1225:
1206:
1198:Main articles:
1188:
1176:
1168:
1162:
1150:
1144:
1069:
973:
954:judicial system
885:
856:
855:
786:
778:
777:
733:
723:
722:
693:
683:
682:
653:Trade sanctions
603:
595:
594:
555:Free-trade area
545:
537:
536:
507:
499:
498:
464:
454:
453:
399:Import licenses
369:
359:
358:
319:Trade diversion
279:
236:
225:
224:
223:
218:
207:
201:
198:
155:
153:
143:
131:
116:
105:
99:
96:
81:
69:
65:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4859:
4849:
4848:
4843:
4826:
4825:
4823:
4822:
4812:
4801:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4637:Aircraft parts
4634:
4628:
4626:
4620:
4619:
4616:
4615:
4613:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4591:
4589:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4581:
4576:
4570:
4568:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4544:
4542:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4518:
4516:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4487:
4485:
4478:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4468:
4463:
4449:
4444:
4423:
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4415:
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4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4360:
4359:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4333:
4331:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4319:
4317:Trading nation
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4233:
4231:
4227:
4226:
4219:
4218:
4211:
4204:
4196:
4190:
4189:
4183:
4181:ptas.mcgill.ca
4177:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4165:
4149:
4144:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4117:
4114:
4109:Main article:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4100:External links
4098:
4096:
4095:
4074:
4056:(3): 165–180.
4045:
4027:(3): 161–175.
4015:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4008:
3993:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3975:
3961:
3947:
3911:
3881:
3851:
3815:
3785:
3755:
3701:
3671:
3640:
3610:
3576:
3537:(3): 411–441.
3517:
3508:|journal=
3470:10.3386/w24886
3451:
3422:(4): 582–591.
3402:
3351:
3338:(4): 229–237.
3318:
3288:
3257:
3206:
3177:
3148:
3116:
3090:whitehouse.gov
3072:
3053:May 13, 2016.
3046:whitehouse.gov
3032:
2978:
2924:
2900:
2874:
2848:
2829:
2815:. 2003-11-25.
2800:
2775:
2759:Dictionary.com
2745:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2700:
2699:
2693:
2687:
2681:
2675:
2669:
2663:
2657:
2651:
2645:
2639:
2633:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2609:
2603:
2597:
2591:
2582:
2576:
2573:Export control
2570:
2564:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2541:
2527:
2511:
2508:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2349:
2346:
2325:
2322:
2299:product design
2277:
2274:
2252:Main article:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2229:George W. Bush
2220:
2217:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2186:Iron and steel
2184:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2012:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1954:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1867:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1838:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1749:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1720:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1691:
1687:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1662:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1633:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1604:
1600:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1575:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1517:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:United Kingdom
1459:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1343:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1314:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1296:European Union
1283:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1244:
1233:
1222:
1219:
1187:
1184:
1175:
1172:
1164:Main article:
1161:
1158:
1146:Main article:
1143:
1140:
1104:domestic trade
1068:
1065:
1042:transportation
1020:transportation
972:
969:
946:domestic trade
887:
886:
884:
883:
876:
869:
861:
858:
857:
854:
853:
851:Terms of trade
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
787:
784:
783:
780:
779:
776:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
743:Trading nation
740:
734:
729:
728:
725:
724:
721:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
694:
689:
688:
685:
684:
681:
680:
675:
674:
673:
668:
663:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
604:
601:
600:
597:
596:
593:
592:
587:
582:
577:
575:Economic union
572:
567:
562:
560:Currency union
557:
552:
546:
543:
542:
539:
538:
535:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
508:
505:
504:
501:
500:
497:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
465:
460:
459:
456:
455:
452:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
404:Customs duties
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
374:Trade barriers
370:
365:
364:
361:
360:
357:
356:
351:
349:Domestic trade
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
314:Trade creation
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
280:
275:
274:
271:
270:
260:
259:
253:
252:
238:
237:
220:
219:
134:
132:
125:
118:
117:
72:
70:
63:
58:
32:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4858:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4821:
4813:
4811:
4803:
4802:
4799:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4747:Photovoltaics
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4625:
4621:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4590:
4586:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4565:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4543:
4539:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4513:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4473:
4467:
4464:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4452:Protectionism
4450:
4448:
4445:
4442:
4438:
4437:
4432:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4420:
4416:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4404:Trade barrier
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4327:Organizations
4324:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4307:Trade justice
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4282:Globalization
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4217:
4212:
4210:
4205:
4203:
4198:
4197:
4194:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4122:
4112:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4017:
4016:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3983:
3971:
3965:
3957:
3951:
3943:
3937:
3921:
3915:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3885:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3855:
3836:
3832:
3825:
3819:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3789:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3759:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3705:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3675:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3644:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3614:
3607:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3580:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3521:
3513:
3500:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3462:
3455:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3406:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3355:
3346:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3322:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3292:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3261:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3210:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3181:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3152:
3136:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3120:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3082:
3076:
3068:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3036:
3030:
3026:
3023:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2988:
2982:
2976:
2972:
2969:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2934:
2928:
2914:
2910:
2904:
2888:
2884:
2878:
2862:
2858:
2852:
2844:
2840:
2833:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2804:
2789:
2785:
2779:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2750:
2746:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2684:Trade finance
2682:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2547:
2542:
2539:
2533:
2528:
2525:
2519:
2514:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2409:Illicit trade
2406:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2321:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2273:
2270:
2266:
2261:
2255:
2254:Food security
2248:Food security
2240:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2216:
2215:
2199:
2195:
2185:
2181:
2171:
2167:
2157:
2153:
2143:
2139:
2129:
2125:
2115:
2111:
2101:
2097:
2087:
2083:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2049:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2010:
2009:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1822:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1675:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1414:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1356:
1355:United States
1341:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1327:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1250:(billions of
1245:
1240:
1234:
1229:
1223:
1220:
1213:
1211:
1205:
1201:
1192:
1180:
1171:
1167:
1157:
1155:
1149:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1107:
1105:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1046:globalization
1043:
1039:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
992:
990:
986:
982:
978:
968:
966:
962:
957:
955:
951:
947:
942:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
915:
913:
912:World economy
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
882:
877:
875:
870:
868:
863:
862:
860:
859:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
788:
782:
781:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
748:United States
746:
744:
741:
739:
738:Trade mission
736:
735:
732:
727:
726:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
695:
692:
687:
686:
679:
676:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
658:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
643:Trade justice
641:
639:
636:
634:
633:Globalization
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
605:
599:
598:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
570:Single market
568:
566:
565:Customs union
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
547:
541:
540:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
509:
506:Organizations
503:
502:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
479:Laissez-faire
477:
475:
474:Protectionism
472:
470:
467:
466:
463:
458:
457:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
389:Import quotas
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
371:
368:
363:
362:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
334:Trade finance
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
281:
278:
273:
272:
266:
262:
261:
258:
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254:
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244:
243:
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216:
213:
205:
194:
191:
187:
184:
180:
177:
173:
170:
166:
163: –
162:
158:
157:Find sources:
151:
147:
141:
140:
135:This article
133:
129:
124:
123:
114:
111:
103:
93:
89:
85:
79:
78:
73:This article
71:
62:
61:
56:
54:
47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
4722:Live animals
4702:Gas turbines
4515:Asia-Pacific
4447:Mercantilism
4434:
4329:and policies
4222:
4119:
4082:
4078:
4053:
4049:
4024:
4020:
4004:
4000:
3986:
3964:
3950:
3924:. Retrieved
3914:
3902:. Retrieved
3893:
3884:
3872:. Retrieved
3864:Enact Africa
3863:
3854:
3842:. Retrieved
3830:
3818:
3806:. Retrieved
3797:
3788:
3776:. Retrieved
3767:
3758:
3746:. Retrieved
3718:
3714:
3704:
3692:. Retrieved
3683:
3674:
3662:. Retrieved
3653:
3643:
3631:. Retrieved
3622:
3613:
3604:
3597:. Retrieved
3588:
3579:
3567:. Retrieved
3534:
3530:
3520:
3499:cite journal
3487:. Retrieved
3454:
3419:
3415:
3405:
3393:. Retrieved
3368:
3364:
3354:
3335:
3331:
3321:
3309:. Retrieved
3300:
3291:
3279:. Retrieved
3270:
3260:
3248:. Retrieved
3223:
3219:
3209:
3198:. Retrieved
3189:
3180:
3169:. Retrieved
3160:
3151:
3139:. Retrieved
3128:
3119:
3107:. Retrieved
3103:the original
3088:
3075:
3065:– via
3059:. Retrieved
3044:
3035:
3013:. Retrieved
3009:the original
2994:
2981:
2959:. Retrieved
2955:the original
2940:
2927:
2916:. Retrieved
2912:
2903:
2891:. Retrieved
2877:
2865:. Retrieved
2851:
2832:
2821:. Retrieved
2813:Investopedia
2812:
2803:
2792:. Retrieved
2778:
2767:. Retrieved
2758:
2749:
2703:
2702:
2654:Panama Canal
2636:Mercantilism
2552:World portal
2504:
2500:
2480:
2452:
2417:
2368:
2327:
2315:
2311:
2307:labor rights
2279:
2264:
2257:
2237:Donald Trump
2233:Barack Obama
2222:
2211:
2066:information
2014:
1985:
1956:
1927:
1898:
1869:
1847:
1840:
1811:
1782:
1751:
1722:
1693:
1664:
1635:
1606:
1577:
1548:
1519:
1490:
1461:
1432:
1403:
1374:
1345:
1316:
1286:
1285:
1263:
1262:
1207:
1169:
1151:
1120:
1108:
1101:
1088:Hudson River
1035:
993:
974:
958:
943:
916:
891:
890:
661:Currency war
580:Fiscal union
469:Mercantilism
367:Restrictions
256:
245:
226:
208:
199:
189:
182:
175:
168:
156:
144:Please help
139:verification
136:
106:
97:
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
4727:Natural gas
4692:Electronics
4687:Electricity
4297:Outsourcing
4230:Terminology
3371:: 361–366.
3332:Nature Food
3226:: 420–430.
3099:White House
2883:"WTO Stats"
2857:"WTO Stats"
2472:Switzerland
2342:eco-tariffs
2338:specialized
2219:Observances
2119:$ 1,621,658
2105:$ 2,573,572
2091:$ 3,493,553
2077:$ 3,988,389
1850:Switzerland
1529:South Korea
1413:Netherlands
1054:outsourcing
1040:(including
927:Uttarapatha
666:Trade costs
628:Outsourcing
344:Trade route
257:World trade
202:August 2023
100:August 2023
4835:Categories
4767:Telephones
4431:Adam Smith
4427:Free trade
4409:Trade bloc
4384:ATA Carnet
4272:Fair trade
4111:Trade data
3894:ISS Africa
3748:3 December
3721:: 102158.
3694:3 December
3664:3 December
3633:3 December
3599:4 December
3569:4 December
3489:4 December
3395:4 December
3250:4 December
3200:2017-10-06
3171:2017-10-06
2918:2022-08-22
2823:2017-05-07
2794:2020-04-05
2769:2007-11-07
2742:References
2678:Trade bloc
2660:Suez Canal
2579:Free trade
2460:war crimes
2399:production
2318:automation
2283:governance
2269:food miles
2260:local food
2046:See also:
1136:immigrants
1092:East River
1038:technology
1016:consulting
939:salt roads
935:Amber Road
731:By country
638:Fair trade
484:Free trade
434:Safeguards
309:Trade bloc
304:Trade pact
172:newspapers
84:improve it
39:improve it
4662:Computers
4647:Car parts
4642:Aluminium
4379:Incoterms
4312:Trade war
3743:228952251
3735:0959-3780
3551:1467-9787
3479:158243880
3438:1475-2719
3385:0959-6526
3240:0959-6526
3061:April 11,
3015:March 12,
2961:March 13,
2444:smuggling
2424:artisanal
2203:$ 537,854
2189:$ 564,547
2175:$ 669,128
2161:$ 815,554
2147:$ 866,839
2133:$ 875,345
2058:Commodity
1966:Australia
1674:Hong Kong
1645:Singapore
1036:Advanced
996:consumers
931:Silk Road
753:Argentina
671:Trade war
613:Smuggling
299:Trade law
88:verifying
45:talk page
4810:Category
4782:Vehicles
4772:Textiles
4717:Iron ore
4682:Diamonds
4506:Mercosur
4484:Americas
4155:Archived
3936:cite web
3904:3 August
3898:Archived
3874:11 March
3868:Archived
3835:Archived
3831:Swissaid
3802:Archived
3798:Le Temps
3778:24 April
3772:Archived
3688:Archived
3684:phys.org
3658:Archived
3627:Archived
3593:Archived
3589:IMF Blog
3563:Archived
3559:56047849
3483:Archived
3446:20696093
3389:Archived
3305:Archived
3301:phys.org
3275:Archived
3244:Archived
3194:Archived
3165:Archived
3135:Archived
3055:Archived
3025:Archived
2971:Archived
2893:15 April
2887:Archived
2867:15 April
2861:Archived
2817:Archived
2788:Archived
2763:Archived
2698:(UNCTAD)
2510:See also
2476:Valcambi
2436:Tanzania
2383:security
2287:security
2212:Source:
2064:Date of
1090:and the
904:services
758:Pakistan
248:a series
246:Part of
4820:Commons
4697:Engines
4460:Autarky
4070:2295770
4041:2295945
4012:Sources
3991:excerpt
3989:(2022)
3844:16 July
3808:16 July
3768:Reuters
3141:May 20,
3109:May 20,
3022:Alt URL
2968:Alt URL
2843:1693334
2489:(DRC),
1995:Vietnam
1821:Ireland
1616:Belgium
1384:Germany
1277:62,059
1243:in 2021
1232:in 2022
1142:History
1112:tariffs
1094:at the
1062:systems
1031:Eurasia
1012:banking
1008:tourism
1000:markets
977:product
906:across
896:capital
768:Vietnam
763:Romania
708:Tariffs
703:Exports
698:Imports
462:History
429:Embargo
419:Bribery
379:Tariffs
186:scholar
82:Please
4777:Trucks
4737:Petrol
4677:Cotton
4667:Copper
4657:Coffee
4302:Tariff
4143:: OECD
4068:
4039:
3926:5 June
3741:
3733:
3557:
3549:
3477:
3444:
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3383:
3311:17 May
3281:17 May
3238:
2841:
2666:Tariff
2600:Import
2440:Zambia
2420:Africa
2375:energy
2303:health
2024:Brazil
2021:
1992:
1963:
1937:Poland
1934:
1908:Russia
1905:
1890:1,005
1879:Taiwan
1876:
1861:1,033
1832:1,039
1818:
1803:1,103
1789:
1774:1,199
1759:
1743:1,270
1732:Mexico
1729:
1714:1,385
1703:Canada
1700:
1685:1,416
1671:
1656:1,444
1642:
1627:1,522
1613:
1598:1,559
1584:
1569:1,612
1555:
1540:1,663
1526:
1511:1,996
1500:France
1497:
1482:2,007
1468:
1453:2,013
1439:
1424:2,346
1410:
1395:3,978
1381:
1366:6,786
1352:
1337:7,138
1323:
1308:8,171
1293:
1274:11,533
1271:50,526
1084:harbor
1018:, and
985:import
981:export
950:states
902:, and
785:Theory
602:Issues
289:Export
284:Import
277:Policy
188:
181:
174:
167:
159:
4787:Wheat
4757:Steel
4752:Ships
4066:JSTOR
4037:JSTOR
3838:(PDF)
3827:(PDF)
3739:S2CID
3555:S2CID
3475:S2CID
2704:Lists
2491:Ghana
2483:Sudan
2468:Dubai
2456:Sudan
2432:Ghana
2395:risks
2371:water
2206:2022
2192:2022
2178:2022
2164:2022
2150:2022
2136:2022
2122:2022
2108:2022
2094:2022
2080:2022
1792:Spain
1768:1,023
1737:1,205
1708:1,179
1679:1,277
1621:1,253
1592:1,346
1587:Italy
1563:1,177
1558:India
1534:1,415
1505:1,436
1476:1,353
1447:1,644
1442:Japan
1418:1,864
1389:3,227
1363:1,345
1360:5,441
1331:6,310
1326:China
1305:2,313
1302:5,858
1265:World
1221:State
1132:China
1127:labor
1076:Ports
919:trade
900:goods
773:India
691:Lists
193:JSTOR
179:books
4792:Wine
4707:Gold
4672:Corn
4652:Coal
4105:Data
4007:(2).
3942:link
3928:2024
3906:2022
3876:2022
3846:2020
3810:2020
3780:2019
3750:2020
3731:ISSN
3696:2020
3666:2020
3635:2020
3601:2020
3571:2020
3547:ISSN
3512:help
3491:2020
3442:PMID
3434:ISSN
3397:2020
3381:ISSN
3313:2020
3283:2020
3252:2020
3236:ISSN
3143:2017
3111:2017
3063:2017
3017:2017
2963:2017
2895:2023
2869:2023
2839:SSRN
2495:Mali
2462:and
2438:and
2428:gold
2379:land
2377:and
2301:and
2297:and
2055:Rank
2035:708
2006:753
1977:804
1948:872
1919:903
1218:Rank
1202:and
1152:The
1056:and
657:War
165:news
4732:Oil
4163:FAO
4161:by
4087:doi
4058:doi
4029:doi
3999:".
3723:doi
3539:doi
3465:doi
3424:doi
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3228:doi
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2381:in
2029:626
2000:731
1971:721
1945:130
1942:742
1916:130
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1829:679
1826:360
1800:191
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