1052:
of the military situation in Russia. This resulted in a change in exchange rates and the appreciation of the
Armenian dram. At first, it may seem that Armenia’s economy is growing. In fact, the GDP growth is expected to hit 7% by the IMF. However, exporters, who export products and get paid mostly in dollars, suffer because of the depreciation of the dollar against the Armenian dram. Moreover, Armenia’s other exporting bright spot is the IT industry, since a lot of companies and individuals work for US-based companies and get paid in US dollars. Because of the drastic change in the exchange rates, these people and companies who export their service to the US or other countries and get paid in US dollars, make around 25% less revenue.
940:
899:
Product (GDP) to generate financial resources. The market shifted to more efficient exporters, which is the effect of trade liberalization on aggregate productivity. Due to the increase of the number of international business activities through a multilateral trading system, RA Government
Program, which was approved in February 2019, the government policy became the objective of economic growth. The period established for the program was 2019-2024. Export quality is developed by developing the export volumes and services.
1125:
116:
1139:
1111:
910:, a tax on a specific good or category of goods exported from or imported to a country, is an economic barrier to trade. A tariff increases the cost of imported or exported goods, and may be used when domestic producers are having difficulty competing with imports. Tariffs may also be used to protect an industry viewed as being of national security concern. Some industries receive protection that has a similar effect to
41:
844:, or practices that protect domestically made products from foreign competition. While restrictive business practices sometimes have a similar effect, they are not usually regarded as trade barriers. The most common foreign trade barriers are government-imposed measures and policies that restrict, prevent, or impede the international exchange of goods and services.
1006:, companies with meager ownership advantages do not enter foreign markets. If the company and its products are equipped with ownership advantage and internalization advantage, they enter through low-risk modes such as exporting. Exporting requires significantly less investment than other modes, such as
1051:
Another disadvantage is the dependency on almost unpredictable exchange rates. The depreciation of foreign currency badly affects exporters. For example, Armenia exports different things - from foodstuff to software. In 2022, the country had an enormous number of
Russian visitors and tourists because
898:
sufficiently changed the world economy, people started doing business, so international trade is a key for economic growth. Armenia's economy is dependent on international flows, tourism, and inner production. Competitive export
Industries were established which helped the growth of Gross Domestic
1019:. Exports also has effect on the Economy. Businesses export goods and services where they have a competitive advantage. This means they are better than any other country at providing that product or have a natural ability to produce either due to their climate or geographical location etc.
925:. Another case is when the exporter prices a good lower in the export market than in its domestic market. The purpose and expected outcome of a tariff is to encourage spending on domestic goods and services rather than their imported equivalents.
1091:. Foreign demand for a country's exports depends positively on income in foreign countries and negatively on the strength of the producing country's currency (i.e., on how expensive it is for foreign customers to buy the producing country's
858:
International agreements limit trade-in and the transfer of certain types of goods and information, e.g., goods associated with weapons of mass destruction, advanced telecommunications, arms and torture and also some art and
1014:
on sales versus other modes. Exporting allows managers to exercise production control, but does not provide them the option to exercise as much marketing control. An exporter enlists various intermediaries to manage
1063:
The variety of export motivators can lead to selection bias. Size, knowledge of foreign markets, and unsolicited orders motivate firms to along specific dimensions (research, external, reactive).
936:(WTO) which sets rules and attempts to resolve trade disputes. If that is unsatisfactory, the exporting country may choose to put a tariff of its own on imports from the other country.
1649:
768:. Services that figure in international trade include financial, accounting and other professional services, tourism, education as well as intellectual property rights.
1163:
1419:
1343:
51:
1048:
situations, as well as the strain of resources and staff, complicate the process. Two-thirds of SME exporters pursue only one foreign market.
1016:
568:
1519:
1040:(SMEs) with fewer than 250 employees, export is generally more difficult than serving the domestic market. The lack of knowledge of
914:; tariffs reduce the industry's incentives to produce goods quicker, cheaper, and more efficiently, becoming ever less competitive.
1495:
1055:
Exports could also devalue a local currency to lower export prices. It could also lead to imposition of tariffs on imported goods.
676:
972:
968:
758:
provided in one country for a national or resident of another country. The seller of such goods or the service provider is an
1468:
1327:
729:
541:
179:
1552:
1037:
598:
516:
830:
There are four main types of export barriers: motivational, informational, operational/resource-based, and knowledge.
1605:
1320:
International business : competing in the global. Most developing economies now focus on exportation.marketplace
1299:
1183:
880:
581:
382:
174:
80:
822:
firms begin their global expansion as exporters and only later switch to another mode for serving a foreign market.
1596:
Daniels, J., Radebaugh, L., Sullivan, D. (2007). International
Business: environment and operations, 11th edition.
1572:
1389:
563:
1668:
1654:
929:
312:
1369:
1390:"Entrepreneurial perceptions and bias of SME exporting opportunities for manufacturing exporters: A UK study"
1116:
284:
1693:
1273:
1248:
932:, and when China placed a 14% tariff on imported auto parts. Such tariffs may lead to a complaint with the
681:
553:
548:
234:
1527:
1423:
1084:
440:
362:
264:
1688:
603:
435:
377:
367:
299:
1007:
722:
651:
608:
400:
274:
1445:
1238:
956:
933:
918:
618:
613:
372:
294:
1617:
1096:
1080:
1045:
867:
860:
696:
149:
20:
1294:
Joshi, Rakesh Mohan, International
Marketing, Oxford University Press, New Delhi and New York.
1076:
671:
623:
473:
1153:
960:
887:
646:
641:
528:
458:
289:
1388:
Stouraitis, Vassilios; Boonchoo, Pattana; Mior Harris, Mior Harun; Kyritsis, Markos (2017).
976:
1223:
984:
715:
666:
344:
339:
1516:
952:
Exporting avoids the cost of establishing manufacturing operations in the target country.
8:
1243:
1213:
1088:
747:
107:
27:
1491:
939:
1337:
1193:
1158:
755:
661:
503:
279:
189:
1030:
High transport costs can make exporting uneconomical, particularly for bulk products.
1601:
1548:
1365:
1323:
1295:
1003:
686:
498:
244:
217:
127:
877:
limits trade in chemical and biological weapons and associated goods (39 countries).
1401:
1198:
1041:
1033:
Another drawback is that trade barriers can make exporting uneconomical and risky.
883:
limits trade in the means of delivering weapons of mass destruction (35 countries).
691:
656:
254:
144:
1683:
1644:
1523:
1460:
1228:
1203:
1144:
1130:
988:
874:
558:
468:
405:
169:
154:
890:
limits trade in conventional arms and technological developments (40 countries).
870:
limits trade in nuclear weapons and associated goods (45 countries participate).
58:
1405:
1208:
1188:
1072:
1011:
980:
975:. The locational advantages of a particular market are a combination of costs,
853:
701:
593:
425:
410:
259:
249:
199:
164:
98:
1027:
Exporting may not be viable unless appropriate locations can be found abroad.
1677:
1639:
1597:
1263:
1253:
1168:
833:
819:
588:
493:
483:
420:
415:
329:
324:
224:
184:
511:
430:
319:
239:
991:
within the company and threading it though the value chain rather than to
478:
194:
62:
1124:
1218:
1173:
837:
488:
334:
159:
115:
1387:
996:
911:
818:
Exporting is mostly a strategy used by product based companies. Many
521:
463:
1092:
921:. When a producer exports at a loss, its competitors may term this
895:
841:
764:
1178:
992:
790:
772:
269:
1658:
1268:
1233:
1138:
1110:
963:
in their home country. Ownership advantages include the firm's
907:
754:
produced in one country that is sold into another country or a
229:
134:
967:, international experience, and the ability to develop either
16:
Goods produced in one country that are sold to another country
1618:"Armenia's economic boom hurts tech sector | Eurasianet"
1258:
964:
751:
1663:
1545:
International
Business: competing in the global marketplace
928:
Tariffs may create tension between countries, such as the
1075:, net exports (exports minus imports) are a component of
204:
26:"Exportation" redirects here. For the logical rule, see
783:
For any firm, Global expansion strategies may include:
771:
Exportation of goods often requires the involvement of
1322:(Tenth ed.). McGraw-Hill Education. p. 454.
1318:
Washington, Charles W. L. Hill, University of (2015).
1547:(15th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. p. 454.
1394:
Journal of Small
Business and Enterprise Development
1106:
1164:Commodity Classification Automated Tracking System
943:Vessel at Altenwerder Container Terminal (Hamburg)
1362:Government export promotion: A global perspective
1675:
1044:, cultural differences, different languages and
1412:
1017:marketing management and marketing activities
723:
48:The examples and perspective in this article
1342:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1010:. Export's lower risk typically reduces the
1538:
1536:
987:advantages are the benefits of retaining a
1359:
1317:
730:
716:
1304:
81:Learn how and when to remove this message
1648:) is being considered for deletion. See
1533:
1489:
1459:Staff, Investopedia (24 November 2003).
1446:"Armenia's Export of Goods and Services"
938:
1676:
917:The third basis for a tariff involves
1566:
1564:
1498:from the original on 6 September 2015
1483:
1458:
955:Exporting may help a company achieve
1542:
1471:from the original on 6 December 2017
1383:
1381:
1355:
1353:
34:
1573:"3 Ways Countries Increase Exports"
13:
1570:
1561:
1510:
1038:small and medium-sized enterprises
930:United States steel tariff in 2002
114:
52:include all significant viewpoints
14:
1705:
1652:to help reach a consensus. ›
1631:
1378:
1350:
1184:Export-oriented industrialization
1066:
881:Missile Technology Control Regime
383:International Chamber of Commerce
1492:"The Economic Effect of Tariffs"
1137:
1123:
1109:
1022:
39:
1610:
1590:
1452:
1438:
1288:
1058:
1:
1637:
1282:
1117:Business and economics portal
947:
808:Creating an owned subsidiary,
1422:. cftech.com. Archived from
1274:Non-tariff barriers to trade
1249:List of countries by exports
847:
459:Intellectual property rights
7:
1543:Hill, Charles W.L. (2015).
1102:
825:
762:; the foreign buyers is an
441:Economic and monetary union
363:International Monetary Fund
300:Voluntary export restraints
10:
1710:
1406:10.1108/JSBED-03-2017-0095
902:
851:
436:Customs and monetary union
378:World Customs Organization
368:International Trade Centre
25:
18:
1420:"Targeted Trade Barriers"
1360:Seringhaus, F. R (1990).
894:Although the outbreak of
401:Preferential trading area
1669:World Bank Top exporters
1650:templates for discussion
1530:. Retrieved 21 May 2006.
1364:. Routledge. p. 1.
1239:Infant industry argument
957:experience curve effects
934:World Trade Organization
861:archaeological artifacts
778:
682:Balassa–Samuelson effect
677:Ricardian trade theories
564:Largest consumer markets
373:World Trade Organization
1517:US/China Trade Tensions
1097:foreign exchange market
973:differentiated products
868:Nuclear Suppliers Group
697:Lerner symmetry theorem
21:Export (disambiguation)
1664:UK Institute Of Export
1079:, along with domestic
1077:gross domestic product
944:
672:Gravity model of trade
569:Leading trade partners
474:Government procurement
275:Exchange rate controls
119:
1154:Comparative advantage
942:
888:Wassenaar Arrangement
852:Further information:
652:Heckscher–Ohlin model
647:Competitive advantage
642:Comparative advantage
529:Trade and development
290:Countervailing duties
118:
1224:Free trade agreement
985:Internationalization
667:Intra-industry trade
395:Economic integration
345:Economic integration
340:Economic nationalism
19:For other uses, see
1694:International trade
1522:16 May 2011 at the
1244:International trade
1214:Export Yellow Pages
1089:government spending
1085:physical investment
1002:In relation to the
748:international trade
295:Anti-dumping duties
235:Non-tariff barriers
180:Import substitution
59:improve the article
28:Exportation (logic)
1571:Amadeo, Kimberly.
1194:Export performance
1159:Commodity currency
961:location economies
945:
662:Economic geography
469:Competition policy
265:Technical barriers
245:Tariff-rate quotas
190:Trade facilitation
175:Export orientation
120:
1689:Freight transport
1655:Import and Export
1329:978-0-07-811277-5
1042:trade regulations
1008:direct investment
1004:eclectic paradigm
740:
739:
687:Linder hypothesis
499:Emissions trading
91:
90:
83:
63:discuss the issue
1701:
1626:
1625:
1614:
1608:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1568:
1559:
1558:
1540:
1531:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1426:on 29 April 2013
1416:
1410:
1409:
1385:
1376:
1375:
1357:
1348:
1347:
1341:
1333:
1315:
1302:
1292:
1199:Export promotion
1147:
1142:
1141:
1133:
1128:
1127:
1119:
1114:
1113:
1046:foreign-exchange
977:market potential
791:Turn Key Project
732:
725:
718:
692:Leontief paradox
657:New trade theory
260:Export subsidies
145:Balance of trade
93:
92:
86:
79:
75:
72:
66:
43:
42:
35:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1674:
1673:
1653:
1634:
1629:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1595:
1591:
1581:
1579:
1569:
1562:
1555:
1541:
1534:
1524:Wayback Machine
1515:
1511:
1501:
1499:
1488:
1484:
1474:
1472:
1457:
1453:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1429:
1427:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1386:
1379:
1372:
1358:
1351:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1316:
1305:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1229:Free trade area
1204:Export strategy
1145:Business portal
1143:
1136:
1131:Politics portal
1129:
1122:
1115:
1108:
1105:
1069:
1061:
1025:
989:core competence
981:investment risk
950:
905:
875:Australia Group
863:. For example:
856:
850:
828:
781:
736:
707:
706:
637:
629:
628:
584:
574:
573:
544:
534:
533:
504:Trade sanctions
454:
446:
445:
406:Free-trade area
396:
388:
387:
358:
350:
349:
315:
305:
304:
250:Import licenses
220:
210:
209:
170:Trade diversion
130:
87:
76:
70:
67:
56:
44:
40:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1707:
1697:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1672:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1633:
1632:External links
1630:
1628:
1627:
1622:eurasianet.org
1609:
1589:
1560:
1554:978-0078112775
1553:
1532:
1509:
1490:Mike Moffatt.
1482:
1451:
1437:
1411:
1400:(4): 906–927.
1377:
1370:
1349:
1328:
1303:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1271:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1209:Export subsidy
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1189:Export control
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1134:
1120:
1104:
1101:
1073:macroeconomics
1068:
1067:Macroeconomics
1065:
1060:
1057:
1024:
1021:
1012:rate of return
999:, or sell it.
949:
946:
904:
901:
892:
891:
884:
878:
871:
854:Export control
849:
846:
834:Trade barriers
827:
824:
816:
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:
802:Joint Venture,
800:
794:
788:
780:
777:
738:
737:
735:
734:
727:
720:
712:
709:
708:
705:
704:
702:Terms of trade
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
638:
635:
634:
631:
630:
627:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
594:Trading nation
591:
585:
580:
579:
576:
575:
572:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
545:
540:
539:
536:
535:
532:
531:
526:
525:
524:
519:
514:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
455:
452:
451:
448:
447:
444:
443:
438:
433:
428:
426:Economic union
423:
418:
413:
411:Currency union
408:
403:
397:
394:
393:
390:
389:
386:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
359:
356:
355:
352:
351:
348:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
316:
311:
310:
307:
306:
303:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
255:Customs duties
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
225:Trade barriers
221:
216:
215:
212:
211:
208:
207:
202:
200:Domestic trade
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
165:Trade creation
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
131:
126:
125:
122:
121:
111:
110:
104:
103:
89:
88:
47:
45:
38:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1706:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1635:
1623:
1619:
1613:
1607:
1606:0-13-186942-6
1603:
1599:
1598:Prentice Hall
1593:
1578:
1574:
1567:
1565:
1556:
1550:
1546:
1539:
1537:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1518:
1513:
1497:
1493:
1486:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1455:
1447:
1441:
1425:
1421:
1415:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1384:
1382:
1373:
1367:
1363:
1356:
1354:
1345:
1339:
1331:
1325:
1321:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1301:
1300:0-19-567123-6
1297:
1291:
1287:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1264:Trade barrier
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1254:Protectionism
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1169:Demand vacuum
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1146:
1140:
1135:
1132:
1126:
1121:
1118:
1112:
1107:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1064:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1023:Disadvantages
1020:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
953:
941:
937:
935:
931:
926:
924:
920:
915:
913:
909:
900:
897:
889:
885:
882:
879:
876:
872:
869:
866:
865:
864:
862:
855:
845:
843:
839:
835:
831:
823:
821:
820:manufacturing
813:
810:
807:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
785:
784:
776:
775:authorities.
774:
769:
767:
766:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
733:
728:
726:
721:
719:
714:
713:
711:
710:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
639:
633:
632:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
599:United States
597:
595:
592:
590:
589:Trade mission
587:
586:
583:
578:
577:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
546:
543:
538:
537:
530:
527:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
509:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
494:Trade justice
492:
490:
487:
485:
484:Globalization
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
456:
450:
449:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
421:Single market
419:
417:
416:Customs union
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
398:
392:
391:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
360:
357:Organizations
354:
353:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
330:Laissez-faire
328:
326:
325:Protectionism
323:
321:
318:
317:
314:
309:
308:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
240:Import quotas
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
222:
219:
214:
213:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
185:Trade finance
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
132:
129:
124:
123:
117:
113:
112:
109:
106:
105:
102:
100:
95:
94:
85:
82:
74:
71:February 2009
64:
60:
54:
53:
46:
37:
36:
33:
29:
22:
1643:
1621:
1612:
1592:
1582:21 September
1580:. Retrieved
1576:
1544:
1528:Darren Gersh
1512:
1500:. Retrieved
1485:
1473:. Retrieved
1465:Investopedia
1464:
1454:
1440:
1428:. Retrieved
1424:the original
1414:
1397:
1393:
1361:
1319:
1290:
1070:
1062:
1054:
1050:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1001:
954:
951:
927:
922:
916:
906:
893:
857:
832:
829:
817:
814:Merger, etc.
811:Acquisition,
796:
787:Franchising,
782:
770:
763:
759:
743:
741:
512:Currency war
431:Fiscal union
320:Mercantilism
218:Restrictions
139:
96:
77:
68:
49:
32:
1638:‹ The
1577:The Balance
1448:. May 2020.
1081:consumption
1059:Motivations
838:regulations
517:Trade costs
479:Outsourcing
195:Trade route
108:World trade
1678:Categories
1371:0415000645
1283:References
1219:Free trade
1174:E-commerce
948:Advantages
836:are laws,
805:Licensing,
582:By country
489:Fair trade
335:Free trade
285:Safeguards
160:Trade bloc
155:Trade pact
1338:cite book
997:outsource
912:subsidies
848:Strategic
604:Argentina
522:Trade war
464:Smuggling
150:Trade law
1640:template
1520:Archived
1496:Archived
1469:Archived
1461:"Tariff"
1103:See also
1093:currency
969:low-cost
896:COVID-19
826:Barriers
765:importer
760:exporter
609:Pakistan
99:a series
97:Part of
50:may not
1642:below (
1502:27 July
1430:27 July
1179:Embargo
1095:in the
993:license
923:dumping
919:dumping
908:Tariffs
903:Tariffs
773:customs
756:service
619:Vietnam
614:Romania
559:Tariffs
554:Exports
549:Imports
313:History
280:Embargo
270:Bribery
230:Tariffs
57:Please
1684:Export
1659:Curlie
1645:Curlie
1604:
1551:
1368:
1326:
1298:
1269:Tariff
1234:Import
1087:, and
965:assets
842:policy
797:Export
744:export
636:Theory
453:Issues
140:Export
135:Import
128:Policy
1475:7 May
1259:Sales
779:Firms
750:is a
624:India
542:Lists
1602:ISBN
1584:2020
1549:ISBN
1504:2015
1477:2017
1432:2015
1366:ISBN
1344:link
1324:ISBN
1296:ISBN
1036:For
979:and
959:and
886:The
873:The
752:good
508:War
1657:at
1402:doi
1099:).
1071:In
971:or
746:in
742:An
205:Tax
61:or
1680::
1620:.
1600:.
1575:.
1563:^
1535:^
1526:,
1494:.
1467:.
1463:.
1398:24
1396:.
1392:.
1380:^
1352:^
1340:}}
1336:{{
1306:^
1083:,
995:,
983:.
840:,
101:on
1624:.
1586:.
1557:.
1506:.
1479:.
1434:.
1408:.
1404::
1374:.
1346:)
1332:.
799:,
793:,
731:e
724:t
717:v
84:)
78:(
73:)
69:(
65:.
55:.
30:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
