Trade route - Knowledge

2248: 2074: 398: 22: 1077:"Along this road marched not only the mighty armies of conquerors, but also the caravans of traders, scholars, artists, and common folk. Together with people, moved ideas, languages, customs, and cultures, not just in one, but in both directions. At different meeting places – permanent as well as temporary – people of different origins and from different cultural backgrounds, professing different faiths and creeds, eating different foods, wearing different clothes, and speaking different languages and dialects would meet one another peacefully. They would understand one another's food, dress, manner, and etiquette, and even borrow words, phrases, idioms and, at times, whole languages from others." 1313: 1867: 2647: 2268:

trade in mutually agreed goods as per the prevailing free trade agreement. Some old trading route were reopened during the modern times, although in different political and logistical scenarios. The entry of harmful foreign pollutants by the way of trade routes has been a cause of alarm during the modern times. A conservative estimate stresses that future damages from harmful animal and plant diseases may be as high as 134 billion US dollars in the absence of effective measures to prevent the introduction of unwanted pests through various trade routes.

1209: 908: 1515: 2424: 2333: 1720: 46: 1600: 1141: 51: 2570: 41: 2500: 1979: 992: 2782: 2732: 581: 418: 373:. Caravans were useful in long-distance trade largely for carrying luxury goods, the transportation of cheaper goods across large distances was not profitable for caravan operators. With productive developments in iron and bronze technologies, newer trade routes – dispensing innovations of civilizations – began to rise. 1701:

and up the Lovat River. From there, ships had to be portaged to the Dnieper River near Gnezdovo. A second route from the Baltic to the Dnieper was along the Western Dvina (Daugava) between the Lovat and the Dnieper in the Smolensk region, and along the Kasplya River to Gnezdovo. Along the Dnieper, the route crossed several major

1937:. Indian exports of spices find mention in the works of Ibn Khurdadhbeh (850 CE), al-Ghafiqi (1150), Ishak bin Imaran (907) and Al Kalkashandi (14th century). After reaching either the Indian or the Sri Lankan ports, spices were sometimes shipped to East Africa, where they were used for many purposes, including burial rites. 931:"Along the Silk Roads, technology traveled, ideas were exchanged, and friendship and understanding between East and West were experienced for the first time on a large scale. Easterners were exposed to Western ideas and life-styles, and Westerners, too, learned about Eastern culture and its spirituality-oriented cosmology. 1700:

The route began in Scandinavian trading centres such as Birka, Hedeby, and Gotland, crossed the Baltic Sea entered the Gulf of Finland, followed the Neva River into the Lake Ladoga. Then it followed the Volkhov River, upstream past the towns of Staraya Ladoga and Velikiy Novgorod, crossed Lake Ilmen,

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played an important role in the histories of many nations. Inland water transportation remained significantly important even as the advent of railroads and automobiles resulted in a steady decline of canals. Inland water transport is still used for the transportation of bulk commodities e.g. grains,

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of the world. By the mid-20th century, however, they had lost their preeminent position. The private automobile had replaced the railroad for short passenger trips, while the airplane had usurped it for long-distance travel, especially in the United States. Railroads remained effective, however, for

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river become the principal artery of trade, eclipsing the Amber Road and other commercial routes. The redirection of investment to the Danubian forts saw the towns along the Amber Road growing slowly, though yet retaining their prosperity. The prolonged struggle between the Romans and the barbarians

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A consistent shift from land based trade to sea-based trade has been recorded since the last three millennia. The strategic advantages of port cities as trading centers are many: they are both less dependent on vital connections and less vulnerable to blockages. Oceanic ports can help forge trading

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The modern times saw development of newer means of transport and often controversial free trade agreements, which altered the political and logistical approach prevalent during the Middle Ages. Newer means of transport led to the establishment of new routes, and countries opened up borders to allow

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also participated in the massive animist-led trading network. Participants in the network at the time had a majority animist population. The maritime road is one of the most extensive sea-based trade networks of a single geological material in the prehistoric world. It was in existence for at least

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a mile. Trade benefited as the workers and the lower classes had the ability to travel to other towns frequently. Suburban communities began to develop and towns began to spread outwards. The British constructed a vast railway network in India, but it was considered to serve a strategic purpose in

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and hostilities with Denmark. These events led to the formation of an organized association of Hanseatic towns, which replaced the earlier union of German merchants. This new Hansa of the towns, aimed at protecting interests of the merchants and trade, was prominent for the next hundred and fifty

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as the administrator of the Mediterranean basin led to the resumption of direct trade with the East and the elimination of the taxes extracted previously by the middlemen of the south. According to Milo Kearney (2003) "The South Arabs in protest took to pirate attacks over the Roman ships in the

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cultures suggest that the two regions became a part of a wider world system, as a result of trade, by the 1st millennium BCE. The current academic view is that the flow of goods across the Andean slopes was controlled by institutions distributing locations to local groups, who were then free to

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has made the railroads more effective in handling finished merchandise at relatively high speeds. In addition, the introduction of piggyback flatcars, in which truck trailers are transported long distances on specially-designed cars, has allowed railroads to regain some of the business lost to

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The economic importance of pipeline transport – responsible for a high percentage of oil and natural gas transportation – is often unrecognized by the general public due to the lack of visibility of this mode. Generally held to be safer and more economical and reliable than the other modes of

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Air transport has become an indispensable part of modern society. People have come to use air transport both for long and middle distances, with the average route length of long distances being 720 kilometers in Europe and 1220 kilometers in the US. This industry annually carries 1.6 billion

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operated a sophisticated network of trade, usually under the authority of a monarch who levied taxes and provided bureaucratic and military support to his kingdom. Sophisticated mechanisms for the economic and political development of the involved African areas were in place before

1697:) was a trade route that connected Scandinavia, Kievan Rus' and the Byzantine Empire. The route allowed traders along the route to establish a direct prosperous trade with Byzantium, and prompted some of them to settle in the territories of present-day Belarus, Russia and Ukraine. 868:

dominance, specialized long-distance merchants provided the highlanders with goods such as gold nuggets, copper hatchets, cocoa, salt etc. for redistribution among the locals, and were key players in the politics of the region. Hatchet shaped copper currency was produced by the

1623:, German forces attacked and sacked Denmark, bringing with them artisans and merchants under the new administration which controlled the Hansa regions. During the third quarter of the 14th century the Hanseatic trade faced two major difficulties: economic conflict with the 713:, trade and technology – have historically been vital to the growth of urban civilization. The extent of development of cities, and the level of their integration into a larger world system, has often been attributed to their position in various active transport networks. 3983:, and I learned that as many as one hundred and twenty vessels were sailing from Myos Hormos to India, whereas formerly, under the Ptolemies, only a very few ventured to undertake the voyage and to carry on traffic in Indian merchandise. – Strabo (II.5.12.); 737:

The Incense Route served as a channel for trading of Indian, Arabian and East Asian goods. The incense trade flourished from South Arabia to the Mediterranean between roughly the 3rd century BCE to the 2nd century CE. This trade was crucial to the economy of

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Although railroads have lost much of the general-freight-carrying business to semi-trailer trucks, they remain the best means of transporting large volumes of such bulk commodities as coal, grain, chemicals, and ore over long distances. The development of

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increased spices became the main import from India to the Western world, bypassing silk and other commodities. The Indian commercial connection with South East Asia proved vital to the merchants of Arabia and Persia during the 7th and 8th centuries.

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allowed transport of goods and services across great distances. Automobiles continue to play a crucial role in the economies of the Industrialized countries, resulting in rise of businesses such as motor freight operation and truck transportation.

705:. This was truly a world system, even though it occupied only a restricted portion of the western Old World. Whilst each civilization emphasized its ideological autonomy, all were identifiably part of a common world of interacting components." 1816:, made these Mediterranean city-states phenomenally rich. Spices were among the most expensive and demanded products of the Middle Ages. They were all imported from Asia and Africa. Muslim traders – mainly descendants of Arab sailors from 1055:, the latter became synonymous with this route due to his role in ensuring the safety of the travelers and the upkeep of the road. Emperor Sher Shah widened and realigned the road to other routes, and provided approximately 1700 roadside 1256:

over the control of the trans Saharan trade, resulting in damage on both sides and a weak Moroccan victory, further strengthening the uninvolved Saharan tribes. Struggles and disturbances continued till the 14th century, by which the

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are recorded both in case of maritime routes and pipeline routes to the main refineries. Oil spills, amounting to as much as 7.56 billion liters of oil entering the oceans every year, occur due to damaged equipment or human error.

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artifacts, were made by artisans around 500 BCE. The network began to wane during its final centuries from 500 CE until 1000 CE. The entire period of the network was a golden age for the diverse animist societies of the region.

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In some select cases, pipelines can even transport solids, such as coal and other minerals, over long distances; short-distance transportation of goods such as grain, cement, concrete, solid wastes, pulp etc. is also feasible.

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access them for trading. This trade across the Andean slopes – described sometimes as "vertical trade" – may have overshadowed the long-distance trade between the people of the Andes and the neighboring forests. The

556:, thereby making the control of one route resulting in maritime monopoly difficult. Indian connections to various Southeast Asian states buffered it from blockages on other routes. By making use of the maritime trade routes, 4084:

Turton, M. (2021). Notes from central Taiwan: Our brother to the south. Taiwan’s relations with the Philippines date back millenia, so it’s a mystery that it’s not the jewel in the crown of the New Southbound Policy. Taiwan

2677:"After World War II, strong sentiment developed throughout the world against protection and high tariffs and in favor of freer trade. The results were new organizations and agreements on international trade such as the 2310:. Preparations were also made according to the weather and protection of trade and travelers was ensured by a few guards on horseback. Wagon freighting was also essential to American growth until it was replaced by the 1096:. Amber satisfied the criteria for long-distance trade as it was light in weight and was in high demand for ornamental purposes around the Mediterranean. Before the establishment of Roman control over areas such as 826:. In response, the Romans destroyed Aden and favored the Western Abyssinian coast of the Red Sea." Indian ships sailed to Egypt as the maritime routes of Southern Asia were not under the control of a single power. 1643:, which outshadowed the older institution. He further sets the date of dissolution of the Hansa at 1630 and concludes that the Hansa was almost entirely forgotten by the end of the 18th century. Scholar 2399:

transporting people in high-volume situations, such as commuting between the centres of large cities and their suburbs, and medium-distance travel of less than about 300 miles between urban centres.

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played a relatively modest role in the north European trade. However, this was to change with the development of Hanseatic trade, as a result of which German traders became prominent in the

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Olivera, Baldomero; Hall, Zach; Granberg, Bertrand (31 March 2024). "Reconstructing Philippine history before 1521: the Kalaga Putuan Crescent and the Austronesian maritime trade network".

2588:. This is leading to major investments in ports, traffic routes and other infrastructure in Europe and Africa as well. The maritime silk road essentially runs from the Chinese coast to 2120:. It flourished between 2nd-century BCE and 15th-century CE. Despite its association with China in recent centuries, the Maritime Silk Road was primarily established and operated by 639:. A transportation network consisting of hard-surfaced highways, using concrete made from volcanic ash and lime, was built by the Romans as early as 312 BCE, during the times of the 1166:. The states controlling the Via Maris were in a position to grant access for trade to their own citizens and collect tolls from the outsiders to maintain the trade route. The name 2302:

routes were highly organized with planned rendezvous locations and essential supplies. The settlers in the United States used these wagon trains – sometimes made up of 100 of more

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came into widespread use in the Western World during World War I, and quickly gained reputation as a means of long-distance transportation of goods. Modern highways, such as the

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Tsang, Cheng-hwa (2000), "Recent advances in the Iron Age archaeology of Taiwan", Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, 20: 153–158, doi:10.7152/bippa.v20i0.11751

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touched US$ 20 billion in 1998 and, according to the World Trade Organization, is expected to triple in 2015. In 1998, 50 pure cargo-service companies operated internationally.

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in origin and later adapting to Muslim and Arab cultures, controlled the channels to western Africa by making efficient use of horse-drawn vehicles and pack animals. The

1115:, the Amber Road was straightened and paved according to the prevailing urban standards. Roman towns began to appear along the road, initially founded near the site of 238:

identified as a series of pathways and stoppages used for the commercial transport of cargo. The term can also be used to refer to trade over bodies of water. Allowing

2247: 2306:– for westward emigration during the 18th and the 19th centuries. Among the challenges faced by the wagon route operators were crossing rivers, mountains and hostile 955:. The Silk Roads led to the creation of a merchant class urban centers and the growth of trade-based economies. Among the frequented routes of the Silk Route was the 346:. Organized caravans, visible by the 2nd millennium BCE, could carry goods across a large distance as fodder was mostly available along the way. The domestication of 3029: 1538:

mentions a vast increase in trade following the Roman annexation of Egypt, indicating that monsoon was known and manipulated for trade in his time. By the time of

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and eastern Mediterranean, created a complex molecular structure of regional foci so that as well as the zonation of core and periphery (originally created around

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Air transport particularly favors light, expensive and small products: electronic media rather than books, for example, and refined drugs rather than bulk food.

2539:(2002): "Russia has been a significant beneficiary. Not only have inland waterways opened vast areas of its interior to development, but Moscow – linked to the 1741:

around the year 1000, together with the lack of safety on the mainland trading routes, eased the development of major commercial routes along the coast of the

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Maritime trade began with safer coastal trade and evolved with the manipulation of the monsoon winds, soon resulting in trade crossing boundaries such as the

2519:– had visible impact on the economic and political standing of nations. The opening of the Suez Canal altered British interactions with the colonies of the 947:

thrived along the Silk Roads, partly due to the conducive intermixing of trade and cultural values, which created a series of safe stoppages for both the

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became visible in 1860 with the Anglo-French commercial treaty, and the trend gained further momentum during the period after World War II. According to

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saw societies in Southeast Asia, Western Asia, the Mediterranean, China, and the Indian subcontinent develop major transportation networks for trade.

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further strengthened trade, towns and government in western Africa. The capital, court and trade of the region find mention in the works of scholar

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Bellwood, P., H. Hung, H., Lizuka, Y. (2011). Taiwan Jade in the Philippines: 3,000 Years of Trade and Long-distance Interaction. Semantic Scholar.

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in India. Bridges, pathways and newer inns were constructed by the British for the first thirty-seven years of their reign since the occupation of

1844:. From there, overland routes led to the Mediterranean coasts. Venetian merchants distributed then the goods through Europe until the rise of the 1070:

in 1849. The British followed roughly the same alignment as the old routes, and at some places the newer routes ran parallel to the older routes.

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Guido Santevecchi: Di Maio e la Via della Seta: «Faremo i conti nel 2020», siglato accordo su Trieste in Corriere della Sera: 5. November 2019.

4113: 888:. Spondylus was used in elite rituals, and the effective redistribution of it had political effect in the Andes during the pre-Hispanic times. 250:, which may further be connected to smaller networks of commercial and noncommercial transportation routes. Among notable trade routes was the 2481:. This trend is especially notable since there has been a growth in vehicles and vehicle miles traveled by automobiles using these highways. 1660: 217: 2757:, led to greater openness in many international markets, but some international restrictions have survived even during the present times. 2749:

This mode of transportation links national, international and global economies, making it vital to many other industries. Newer trends of

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agreements, which allowed commercial goods to cross borders with relaxed restrictions. Innovative transportation of modern times includes

3843:"Ancient History Sourcebook: The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: Travel and Trade in the Indian Ocean by a Merchant of the First Century" 1993:

was an extensive trading network connecting multiple areas in Southeast and East Asia. Its primary products were made of jade mined from

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since approximately 500 BCE. It facilitated the spread of Southeast Asian spices and Chinese goods to the west, as well as the spread of

1389:); as well as connecting the material cultures of India and China.. They constituted the majority of the Indian Ocean component of the 2790:

transport, this mode has many advantages over rival modes, such as trucks and railways. Examples of modern pipeline transport include

2073: 525:, although that is a misnomer, since spices, rather than silk, were traded along this route. Many Austronesian technologies like the 2394:

Railroads reached their maturity in the early 20th century, as trains carried the bulk of land freight and passenger traffic in the

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G. Benvenuti - Le Repubbliche Marinare. Amalfi, Pisa, Genova, Venezia - Newton & Compton editori, Roma 1989; Armando Lodolini,

266:, when nations resorted to military means for control of this influential route. During the Middle Ages, organizations such as the 4447:"Global shipping and logistic chain reshaped as China’s Belt and Road dreams take off" in Hellenic Shipping News, 4 December 2018. 3617: 1788:

From the 8th until the 15th century, Venetian and genoese merchants held the monopoly of European trade with the Middle East. The

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Mahdi, Waruno (1999). "The Dispersal of Austronesian boat forms in the Indian Ocean". In Blench, Roger; Spriggs, Matthew (eds.).

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The emission rate for cars using highways has been on a decline between 1975 and 1995 due to regulations and the introduction of

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herbalists traded in tropical plants between 6th and the 10th centuries, while copper was dealt by specialized merchants in the

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settlers from Rome continued to live in India long after the fall of the Roman empire, which resulted in Rome's loss of the

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and Myos Hormos were the principal Roman ports involved in this maritime trading network, while the Indian ports included

4055: 2883: 2705:(NAFTA) was approved by the governments of Canada, Mexico, and the United States. In the early 1990s, the nations of the 2702: 1303: 5344:

Ancient Trade Routes between Europe and Asia. Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art

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In May 2004 the United States of America signed the American Free trade Agreement with five Central American nations.

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to control the northern end of the Incense route, which ran up from Southern Arabia and could be tapped by commanding

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Harry de Wilt: Is One Belt, One Road a China crisis for North Sea main ports? in World Cargo News, 17. December 2019.

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Bernhard Simon: Can The New Silk Road Compete with the Maritime Silk Road? in The Maritime Executive, 1 January 2020.

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For centuries, the Grand Trunk Road has served as the main artery for travel across Northern India. A scene from the

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Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology, Part 3, Agro-Industries and Forestry

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ports, previously used to secure trade with India by the Greco-Roman world since the time of the Ptolemaic dynasty.

3684: 802:– controlled the Incense trade routes across Arabia to the Mediterranean and exercised control over the trading of 210: 1909:

as entry ports to India and China. Merchants arriving from India in the port city of Aden paid tribute in form of

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Sen, Tansen (3 February 2014). "Maritime Southeast Asia Between South Asia and China to the Sixteenth Century".

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passengers worldwide, covers a 15 million kilometer network, and has an annual turnover of 260 billion dollars.

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exercised control over the routes along the Incense Route, and their hold was challenged – without success – by

4536: 3606:"The origin and diffusion of betel chewing: a synthesis of evidence from South Asia, Southeast Asia and beyond" 2208:

of these regions. Prior to the 10th century, the route was primarily used by Southeast Asian traders, although

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Towns along the Amber Road began to rise steadily during the 1st century CE, despite the troop movements under

119: 105: 2713:) undertook to remove all barriers to the free movement of trade and employment across their mutual borders." 884:, which represented rain and fertility and was considered the principal food of the gods by the people of the 861:. Long-distance trade may have seen local elites resorting to struggle in order for manipulation and control. 4672: 3550:

Sen, Tansen (January 2014). "Maritime Southeast Asia Between South Asia and China to the Sixteenth Century".

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during the modern times. Existing roads were developed and highways were designed according to intended use.

880:. A maritime exchange system stretched from the west coast of Mexico to southernmost Peru, trading mostly in 607:

lay on the commercial land routes to Europe from Asia as well as the sea route from the Mediterranean to the

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through his empire. These inns provided free food and lodgings to the travelers regardless of their status.

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Route of the first American transcontinental railroad from Sacramento, California, to Council Bluffs, Iowa.

1998: 1291: 1312: 285:. This activity was sometimes carried out without traditional protection of trade and under international 5441: 5406: 3092: 2686: 1145: 557: 203: 133: 4094:

Everington, K. (2017). Birthplace of Austronesians is Taiwan, capital was Taitung: Scholar. Taiwan News.

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Trade Routes: The Growth of Global Trade. ArchAtlas, Institute of Archaeology, University of Oxford.

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Wolf D. Hartmann, Wolfgang Maennig, Run Wang: Chinas neue Seidenstraße. Frankfurt am Main 2017, pp 59.

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addition to the commercial purpose. The efficient use of rail routes helped in the unification of the

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gaining popularity as a mode of long-distance overland transportation for both people and goods. The

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and passed through Kiev, and after entering the Black Sea followed its west coast to Constantinople.

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significance of this ancient route, many attempts to find its present-day location have been made by

814:, emperor of Syria. The Nabatean control over trade further increased and spread in many directions. 670: 1429:

by the first half of the first millennium AD. It continued up to historic times, later becoming the

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products shipped across the ports of Arabia to the Near East passed through the ports of India and

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river system and North Africa fell under the reach of this network at some point of their history.

533:, as well as Austronesian ship terminologies, still persist in many of the coastal cultures in the 95: 4757: 2535:

Waterway commerce was historically important to Europe, particularly to Russia. According to the

2432: 753: 172: 979:. This route – often under the presence of hostile tribes – also finds mention in the works of 2682: 2369: 2361: 1866: 1849: 1547: 1509: 1295: 980: 643: 128: 3737: 2523:

as the dynamics of transportation, trade and communication had now changed drastically. Other

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is a current project of the Chinese government to expand and intensify trade on the maritime

2466: 1745:. The growing independence of some coastal cities gave them a leading role in this commerce: 1551: 1434: 1338: 1299: 1028:. One of the important trade routes of the world, this road has been a strategic artery with 110: 4900: 4862:

Between East and West: The Moluccas and the Traffic in Spices Up to the Arrival of Europeans

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Intercourse Between India and the Western World: From the Earliest Times to the Fall of Rome

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and other facilities. Part of this road through Pakistan also coincided with the Silk Road.

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The Encyclopedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern, Chronologically Arranged

768:, thereby rerouting the incense trade from Dedan to the coast along the Red Sea to Egypt. 565: 564:

in the 2nd century BCE. A Roman trading vessel could span the Mediterranean in a month at

270:, aimed at protecting interests of the merchants and trade became increasingly prominent. 8: 5541: 5431: 2646: 2444: 2101: 1203: 1048: 773: 682: 191: 143: 1824:– controlled maritime routes throughout the Indian Ocean, tapping source regions in the 32: 5461: 5456: 5436: 5275: 5253: 4625: 4202: 3842: 3780: 3605: 2776: 2753:

have fostered routes among nations bound by agreements. One such example, the American

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Historically, many governments followed a policy of protection of trade. International

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in the 10th century, participating directly in the trade route up until the end of the

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in order to influence the Near East; and the Austrian government planned a route from

1208: 5561: 5300: 5281: 5260: 5237: 5218: 5127: 5106: 5087: 5068: 5049: 5030: 5011: 4992: 4973: 4945: 4926: 4907: 4884: 4865: 4846: 4824: 4805: 4786: 4767: 4761: 4743: 4724: 4705: 4684: 4654: 4632: 4595: 4567: 4206: 3784: 3743: 3716: 3663: 3638: 3530: 3067: 2993: 2985: 2807: 2260: 2252: 2204:; although Chinese records misidentified these kingdoms as being "Indian" due to the 2105: 1961: 1945: 1886: 1758: 1742: 1731: 1723: 1527: 1422: 1092:

The Amber Road was a European trade route associated with the trade and transport of

907: 811: 636: 370: 85: 4219: 2596:, via the Sri Lankan Colombo towards the southern tip of India, to the East African 405:, a large Javanese vessel from the 11th−17th century. Shown with the characteristic 5551: 5471: 5426: 5421: 5411: 4668: 4563: 4194: 4160: 3980: 3968: 3772: 3586: 3559: 2404: 2085: 2046:

3,000 years, where its peak production was from 2000 BCE to 500 CE, older than the

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Series of roads, pathways and stoppages for commercial trade on land; excludes rail

4699: 3523:"Austronesian Shipping in the Indian Ocean: From Outrigger Boats to Trading Ships" 2990:

Lost Kingdoms of Early Southeast Asia: Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture 5th to 8th century

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Philippe Dollinger associates the downfall of the Hansa to a new alliance between

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Life and Land Use on the Bahrain Islands: The Geoarcheology of an Ancient Society

4059: 2641: 2478: 2303: 2197: 2177: 1762: 1719: 1481: 1100:, the Amber Road was virtually the only route available for long-distance trade. 943:, led to development of art due to introduction of a rich variety of influences. 935:

as an Eastern religion received international attention through the Silk Roads."

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Map of Central Asia with its trade routes and movements between 128 BC to 150 AD

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created a demand for better use of highways. Roads evolved into two way roads,

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maritime trade contact with India using the Red Sea ports. The Roman historian

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Rome's Eastern Trade: International Commerce and Imperial Policy, 31 BC–AD 305

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Long-distance maritime trade network in the Indian Ocean also had run by the

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for "the way of the sea", was an ancient highway used by the Romans and the

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traders also sailed them. The route was influential in the early spread of

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Krech III, Shepard; Merchant, Carolyn; McNeill, John Robert, eds. (2003).

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Trade Liberalization in Aviation Services: Can the Doha Round Free Flight?

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The modern times saw nations struggle for the control of rail routes: The

1599: 5526: 3776: 2552: 2291: 2173: 2143: 2133: 2129: 2002: 1861: 1793: 1543: 1531: 1493: 1449: 1406: 1402: 1390: 1319: 1225: 1063: 1037: 1003: 885: 841: 666: 541: 510: 493:. It also included the long-distance routes of Austronesian traders from 478: 454: 298: 263: 259: 5416: 4198: 3631:

Daniels, Christian; Menzies, Nicholas K. (1996). Needham, Joseph (ed.).

3563: 1944:, four vessels under the command of navigator Vasco da Gama rounded the 1140: 1062:

The British occupation of this road was of special significance for the

584:

Evolution of Indian trade networks. The main map shows the routes since

5546: 5491: 5391: 5215:

Wings Across Europe: Towards An Efficient European Air Transport System

4617: 2803: 2754: 2666: 2605: 2562: 2544: 2516: 2299: 2164: 2055: 1982: 1612: 1574: 1555: 1489: 1477: 1442: 1438: 1426: 1414: 1370: 1287: 1187: 1183: 1087: 1033: 1017: 999: 964: 777: 765: 690: 620: 549: 506: 470: 406: 338:

One of the vital instruments which facilitated long-distance trade was

332: 328: 286: 251: 50: 3197: 1190:

refers to the Via Maris route as a way leading along the shore of the

5556: 5516: 5496: 5446: 3063: 2781: 2589: 2585: 2574: 2548: 2540: 2524: 2365: 2151: 2089: 2047: 2038: 2030: 1934: 1922: 1918: 1789: 1648: 1616: 1567: 1497: 1469: 1410: 1378: 1350: 1349:

as early as 1500 BCE, ushering an exchange of material culture (like

1346: 1266: 1163: 1153: 1104: 1041: 1025: 972: 939:

Cultural interactions patronized often by powerful emperors, such as

912: 902: 881: 850: 807: 803: 781: 694: 661:"The spread of urban trading networks, and their extension along the 608: 530: 526: 494: 461: 422: 278: 235: 4902:

Victorian England: Aspects of English and Imperial History 1837-1901

2569: 1852:

in 1453, barring Europeans from important combined-land-sea routes.

1632: 1417:

in the Indian Ocean. This trade network expanded to reach as far as

5501: 5123:

Prize Possession: The United States and the Panama Canal, 1903–1979

2726: 2694: 2613: 2601: 2556: 2511:

Modern maritime trade routes – sometimes in the form of artificial

2377: 2311: 2277: 2221: 2217: 2181: 2042: 2034: 2022: 1898: 1894: 1825: 1624: 1539: 1398: 1362: 1179: 1112: 1108: 1097: 1029: 1021: 940: 932: 710: 678: 604: 518: 514: 498: 490: 366: 294: 2499: 611:. Records from the 19th century BCE attest to the existence of an 588:, Inset A shows the major prehistorical cultural currents, B: pre- 40: 5103:

Archives of Empire: From the East India Company to the Suez Canal

2621: 2597: 2452: 2448: 2381: 2364:

was intended to be used by the Russian government for control of

2327: 2185: 2109: 2018: 2014: 2006: 1949: 1930: 1914: 1841: 1801: 1636: 1608: 1582: 1563: 1559: 1366: 1253: 956: 952: 948: 877: 799: 795: 686: 612: 486: 446: 351: 339: 277:, commercial activity shifted from the major trade routes of the 1978: 1964:

was one of the early European empires to grow from spice trade.

1651:

regarding the community in the early years of the 19th century.

991: 254:, which served as a dependable network for long-distance trade. 5349: 5231: 3712:

Genes, Language, & Culture History in the Southwest Pacific

2884:"free trade; The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001–05" 2617: 2512: 2373: 2295: 2169: 2117: 2026: 1994: 1957: 1926: 1837: 1738: 1640: 1578: 1535: 1433:. This trade network also included smaller trade routes within 1418: 1386: 1382: 1374: 1175: 1171: 1128: 1120: 996: 968: 845: 791: 761: 698: 624: 616: 589: 482: 354: 4740:

Asia in the Making of Europe: The Century of Discovery. Book 1

3527:

Early Exchange between Africa and the Wider Indian Ocean World

2802:, presently connect modern nation states – in this case, 2344:

to a station every day with the third class fares priced at a

2180:

controlled the flow of the Maritime Silk Road, especially the

1212:

Saharan trade routes circa 1400, with the modern territory of

429:

trade would have depended on coastal cargo-ships such as this

5234:

International Environmental Economics: A Survey of the Issues

4821:

Prophets and Markets: The Political Economy of Ancient Israel

4187:

TRaNS: Trans-Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia

3976: 3552:

TRaNS: Trans-Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia

2738: 2735: 2731: 2660: Former member states, now European Union member states. 2624:

with its international free port and its rail connections to

2609: 2559:

seas by canals and rivers – has become a major inland port."

2458: 2345: 2341: 2315: 2113: 2093: 2010: 1906: 1829: 1817: 1813: 1797: 1273:. Newer trade routes developed following extension of trade. 1270: 1230: 1213: 1159: 1148:(red), and other ancient Levantine trade routes, c. 1300 BCE. 1116: 1093: 960: 911:

Trading routes used around the 1st century CE centred on the

747: 739: 674: 502: 438: 358: 347: 4592:

World System History: The Social Science of Long-Term Change

3093:"Ancient Trade and Civilization | World | Aurlaea" 3060:

Archaeology and Language III: Artefacts languages, and texts

2620:

to the Upper Adriatic region to the northern Italian hub of

919:

The Silk Road was one of the first trade routes to join the

4408:

canals and inland waterways (Encyclopædia Britannica 2002).

3972: 2418: 1910: 1902: 1821: 1809: 1805: 1358: 865: 854: 580: 474: 430: 362: 5314: 3182:. Message of the Republic of Yemen, Berlin. Archived from 1708: 1073:

Vadime Elisseeff (2000) comments on the Grand Trunk Road:

5232:

G. Schulze, Gunther; Ursprung, Heinrich W., eds. (2003).

3971:

was prefect of Egypt, I accompanied him and ascended the

3506:

western Africa, history of (Encyclopædia Britannica 2002)

1828:

and shipping for trading emporiums in India, westward to

1132:

further left its mark on the towns along the Amber Road.

552:

had multiple maritime trade routes which connected it to

460:

In Asia, the earliest evidence of maritime trade was the

327:

period. The period from the middle of the 2nd millennium

5396: 5250: 4552: 2054:. A notable artifact that the trading network made, the 1186:

pilgrims. 13th-century traveler and pilgrim Burchard of

521:

to the east. This route would later become known as the

2368:

and later China; the German forces wanted to establish

2340:

The 1844 Railway act of England compelled at least one

1220:, who exercised influence over the Trans Saharan Trade. 417: 3481:"Art of Being Tuareg: Sahara Nomads in a modern world" 2798:. International pipeline transport projects, like the 2158:(established 1000 to 600 BCE), as well as the earlier 1281: 5100: 4474:

Harry G. Broadman "Afrika´s Silk Road" (2007), pp 59.

3685:"Fruits and arboriculture in the Indo-Pacific region" 1413:

and outrigger boats and sailing with the help of the

750:

trees were seen as a source of wealth by its rulers.

5273: 2654: European Free Trade Association member states. 2508:

relationships with other parts of the world easily.

721: 693:). Beyond this was a margin which included not only 4537:

BP Caspian: Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline (Overview)

3689:

Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association

3576: 2227:China later built its own fleets starting from the 1665:

The trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks (

1654: 1308:

Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network

1252:engaged in a struggle against the Sa'di dynasty of 5252: 4899: 4624: 4318:roads and highways (Encyclopædia Britannica 2002). 4309:automotive industry (Encyclopædia Britannica 2002) 3825:Vol. I of the Loeb Classical Library edition, 1917 3624: 2139:The Maritime Silk Road developed from the earlier 1542:up to 120 ships were setting sail every year from 1024:in Pakistan – has existed for over two and a half 627:). Trading networks of the Old World included the 4989:History of Merchant Shipping and Ancient Commerce 4843:Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire 2986:"Southeast Asia and the Early Maritime Silk Road" 2697:(the Southern Cone Common Market, 1991), and the 1546:to India, trading in a diverse variety of goods. 1224:Early Muslim writings confirm that the people of 323:Long-distance trade routes were developed in the 5586: 4783:The Silk Roads: Highways of Culture and Commerce 3637:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 177–185. 1425:, resulting in the Austronesian colonization of 1276: 891: 599:, and E: the Z-shaped region of developed roads. 441:between the 4th and the 3rd millennium BCE. The 4356: 4354: 3704: 3702: 2005:by animist indigenous Filipinos, especially in 1960:was now open for the Europeans to explore; the 1948:, continuing to the eastern coast of Africa to 1496:); and the vast inter-island trade networks of 1397:, in particular were trading in spices (mainly 1047:This highway has been associated with emperors 4589: 4523: 4521: 4519: 3765:"Stone tool reveals lengthy Polynesian voyage" 3630: 3603: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3245: 3243: 313: 293:and the relatively well-known trade involving 246:, a single trade route contains long-distance 5365: 4305: 4303: 4301: 3941: 3939: 3929: 3927: 3597: 3483:. Smithsonian National Museum of African art. 3384: 3382: 3380: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3342: 3340: 3321: 3319: 3317: 2810:and Turkey – through pipeline networks. 2290:, became prominent in the United States with 1661:Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks 211: 5065:The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Rome 5024: 4970:The Straits of Malacca: Gateway Or Gauntlet? 4391: 4389: 4387: 4351: 4342: 4150:"The Maritime Silk Road: History of an Idea" 4048: 4046: 3836: 3834: 3708: 3699: 3676: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3198:"Incense Route – Desert Cities in the Negev" 3087: 3085: 3083: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3011: 3009: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2854: 1603:Main trading routes of the Hanseatic League. 5255:Encyclopedia of World Environmental History 4516: 4509: 4507: 4497: 4495: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4368: 4366: 4335: 4333: 4229: 4227: 4066:, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press. 3854: 3852: 3509: 3240: 3122: 3120: 2931: 2929: 2919: 2917: 2907: 2905: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2870: 657:According to Robert Allen Denemark (2000): 5372: 5358: 5008:Ethnoarchaeology of Shuwa-Arab Settlements 4881:Rome and the Barbarians, 100 B.C.–A.D. 400 4718: 4298: 4291: 4289: 4270: 4268: 4253:wagon train (Encyclopædia Britannica 2002) 4249: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4239: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4022: 4020: 3958:, Biblioteca di storia patria, 1967, Roma. 3936: 3924: 3915: 3735: 3729: 3377: 3363: 3349: 3337: 3328: 3314: 2979: 2977: 2785:Route of the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline. 218: 204: 5274:Schwela, Dietrich; Zali, Olivier (1998). 4939: 4780: 4580: 4416: 4414: 4402: 4384: 4043: 3831: 3651: 3448: 3414: 3412: 3298: 3282: 3134: 3132: 3080: 3044: 3006: 2992:. Yale University Press. pp. 22–25. 2956: 2851: 2484: 5025:Curtin, Philip DeArmond; el al. (1984). 4799: 4504: 4486: 4363: 4330: 4224: 3861: 3849: 3257: 3255: 3117: 3099: 2947: 2926: 2914: 2902: 2867: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2780: 2730: 2645: 2568: 2498: 2422: 2331: 2246: 2176:. For most of its history, Austronesian 2072: 1977: 1881:trade routes (white) established in 1568 1865: 1781:), developed their own "empires" in the 1718: 1598: 1518:Roman trade with India according to the 1513: 1311: 1207: 1139: 990: 927:. According to Vadime Elisseeff (2000): 906: 764:in order to secure the incense route at 716: 579: 416: 396: 20: 5294: 5081: 4986: 4967: 4920: 4645: 4590:Denemark, Robert Allen; el al. (2000). 4527:pipeline (Encyclopædia Britannica 2002) 4312: 4286: 4265: 4236: 4143: 4141: 4139: 4029: 4017: 3879: 3809: 3762: 3715:. Oxford University Press. p. 28. 3570: 3520: 3464: 3190: 3062:. One World Archaeology. Vol. 34. 2983: 2974: 2760:Express delivery through international 2412: 2168:artifacts, in Southeast Asia, based in 1709:Maritime republics' Mediterranean trade 806:to Babylon in the 1st century BCE. The 760:, may have forged an alliance with the 575: 5587: 5212: 5084:The Economic Life of the Ancient World 5062: 4898:Seaman, Lewis Charles Bernard (1973). 4897: 4859: 4818: 4697: 4622: 4608:Forbes, Andrew; Henley, David (2011). 4411: 3763:Borrell, Brendan (27 September 2007). 3695:(The Taipei Papers (Volume 2)): 31–50. 3682: 3529:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 51–76. 3502: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3409: 3180:"Traders of the Gold and Incense Road" 3172: 3129: 2792:Alashankou-Dushanzi Crude Oil Pipeline 2679:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1197: 829: 357:to control the long-distance trade in 5353: 5119: 5101:Carter, Mia; Harlow, Barbara (2004). 5043: 5027:Cross-Cultural Trade in World History 4878: 4327:truck (Encyclopædia Britannica 2002). 4321: 4220:Historic India–China link opens (BBC) 3888: 3870: 3791: 3657: 3252: 3057: 3022:The Journal of the Polynesian Society 3015: 2824: 2251:Map of the Arctic region showing the 2084:The Maritime Silk Road refers to the 2062: 1967: 1730:(green) maritime trade routes in the 1503: 1341:. They established trade routes with 592:routes, C: Mauryan routes, D: routes 5005: 4837: 4756: 4737: 4530: 4213: 4147: 4136: 2770: 1607:Shortly before the 12th century the 873:, in order to obtain valuables from 646:. Parts of the Mediterranean world, 318: 5397:Austronesian maritime trade network 4763:The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt 4184: 3948: 3840: 3620:from the original on 23 March 2019. 3549: 3543: 3487: 2709:(the successor organization to the 2703:North American Free Trade Agreement 2635: 1952:to sail across the Indian Ocean to 1683:Vägen från varjagerna till grekerna 1304:Sa Huynh-Kalanay Interaction Sphere 1282:Austronesian maritime trade network 986: 13: 4883:. Johns Hopkins University Press. 3709:Friedlaender, Jonathan S. (2007). 3662:. Texas A&M University Press. 3660:Wangka: Austronesian Canoe Origins 3604:Zumbroich, Thomas J. (2007–2008). 2271: 2124:sailors in Southeast Asia, and by 1588: 1016:The Grand Trunk Road – connecting 697:areas such as Europe, but the dry 14: 5611: 5324: 5297:The Indian Ocean in World History 4925:. American Enterprise Institute. 4802:Israel Exploration Journal Reader 4612:. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. 2796:Iran-Armenia Natural Gas Pipeline 2321: 2050:in mainland Eurasia or the later 1476:; the ancient trading voyages in 817:The replacement of Greece by the 722:Combined land and waterway routes 376: 5379: 5313:Traderroute, Turkey (2023). The 4963:. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2002. 4651:Documentation for Ancient Arabia 4477: 4468: 4459: 4450: 4441: 4432: 4423: 4375: 4233:Schulze & Ursprung 2003: 104 3736:Cunningham, Lawrence J. (1992). 2608:to the Mediterranean, there via 2242: 1877:'s 1498 journey and the Spanish 1691:Εμπορική Οδός Βαράγγων – Ελλήνων 1655:From the Varangians to the Greek 1619:regions. Following the death of 1261:merchants were trading with the 971:and Indian Buddhist missions to 726: 49: 44: 39: 5236:. US: Oxford University Press. 5195:"canals and inland waterways". 4742:. University of Chicago Press. 4738:Lach, Donald Frederick (1994). 4704:. University of Chicago Press. 4581:Rawlinson, Hugh George (1916). 4277: 4256: 4178: 4106: 4097: 4088: 4078: 4069: 4008: 3999: 3990: 3961: 3906: 3897: 3800: 3756: 3473: 3439: 3430: 3421: 3400: 3391: 3273: 3264: 3231: 3222: 3213: 3204: 3163: 3154: 3145: 3108: 2965: 2691:European Free Trade Association 2582:21st Century Maritime Silk Road 2355:first transcontinental railroad 1885:As trade between India and the 281:to newer routes between modern 5126:. Cambridge University Press. 5029:. Cambridge University Press. 4959:"western Africa, history of". 4800:Orlinsky, Harry Meyer (1981). 4683:. Cambridge University Press. 4653:. Liverpool University Press. 4610:China's Ancient Tea Horse Road 2938: 2842: 2017:. Some were also processed in 1873:and trade routes (blue) since 1855: 1695:Emporikḗ Odós Varángōn-Ellḗnōn 1326:maritime trade network in the 1235:Abū 'Ubayd 'Abd Allāh al-Bakrī 840:Some similarities between the 106:Distribution resource planning 1: 5280:. Taylor & Francis, Inc. 5213:Button, Kenneth John (2004). 5006:Holl, Augustin F. C. (2003). 4991:. Adamant Media Corporation. 4879:Burns, Thomas Samuel (2003). 4804:. KTAV Publishing House Inc. 4723:. Adamant Media Corporation. 4681:The Cambridge Ancient History 4627:The New Encyclopedia of Islam 4585:. Cambridge University Press. 4546: 3521:Manguin, Pierre-Yves (2016). 2720: 1985:designs from the Philippines. 1848:, that eventually led to the 1530:(305 to 30 BC) had initiated 1277:Predominantly maritime routes 1244:The powerful Saharan tribes, 1081: 963:, which served as a path for 892:Predominantly overland routes 593: 449:, importing spices from the " 445:had trade routes through the 4940:Dollinger, Philippe (1999). 4864:. Diane Publishing Company. 4556:; William L. Langer (2001). 4339:Schwela & Zali 2003: 156 3028:(2): 130–140. Archived from 2800:Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline 2503:Canals in the US circa 1825. 2001:and processed mostly in the 1999:Taiwanese indigenous peoples 1573:The Indians were present in 1292:Marshall Islands stick chart 1237:; the mainstay of the trans 1170:is a Latin translation of a 1135: 896: 262:became prominent during the 7: 5315:Turkish import and exporter 4968:Freeman, Donald B. (2003). 4766:. Oxford University Press. 3742:. Bess Press. p. 195. 3610:eJournal of Indian Medicine 3525:. In Campbell, Gwyn (ed.). 2689:(Common Market, 1957), the 2687:European Economic Community 314:Development of early routes 134:Warehouse management system 10: 5616: 5044:Young, Gary Keith (2001). 4781:Elisseeff, Vadime (2000). 4698:Larsen, Curtis E. (1983). 4159:(23): 1–30. Archived from 2984:Bellina, Bérénice (2014). 2774: 2724: 2639: 2488: 2416: 2325: 2275: 2066: 1971: 1859: 1712: 1658: 1592: 1507: 1285: 1201: 1151: 1085: 1009: 900: 833: 730: 386: 380: 308: 149:Field inventory management 5387: 5105:. Duke University Press. 4860:Donkin, Robin A. (2003). 4719:Eckenstein, Lina (2005). 4647:Kitchen, Kenneth Anderson 4064:The Columbia Encyclopedia 3016:Doran, Edwin Jr. (1974). 2671:The Columbia Encyclopedia 2148:Islander Southeast Asians 1690: 1670: 1645:Georg Friedrich Sartorius 1520:Periplus Maris Erythraei, 1241:trade was gold and salt. 1105:Titus Flavius Vespasianus 709:These routes – spreading 342:and the domestication of 5567:Varangians to the Greeks 4972:. McGill-Queen's Press. 4564:Houghton Mifflin Company 4148:Guan, Kwa Chong (2016). 4058:14 February 2009 at the 3933:Dollinger 1999: page xix 3739:Ancient Chamorro Society 3658:Doran, Edwin B. (1981). 2817: 2699:World Trade Organization 2396:industrialized countries 2351:United States of America 2235:and the collapse of the 1879:Manila-Acapulco galleons 1871:Portuguese India Armadas 1357:, sewn-plank boats, and 1144:The Via Maris (purple), 1127:The 3rd century saw the 1113:Tiberius Caesar Augustus 1109:Titus Flavius Domitianus 560:became possible for the 437:Navigation was known in 331:to the beginning of the 96:Sustainable distribution 5407:Dvaravati–Kamboja route 5277:Urban Traffic Pollution 5206:Encyclopædia Britannica 5197:Encyclopædia Britannica 5188:Encyclopædia Britannica 5179:Encyclopædia Britannica 5177:"automotive industry". 5170:Encyclopædia Britannica 5161:Encyclopædia Britannica 5152:Encyclopædia Britannica 5143:Encyclopædia Britannica 5082:Toutain, Jules (1979). 4961:Encyclopædia Britannica 4921:Hindley, Brian (2004). 4819:Silver, Morris (1983). 4397:Encyclopædia Britannica 3956:Le repubbliche del mare 3921:Dollinger 1999: page 54 3819:The Geography of Strabo 3140:Encyclopædia Britannica 2751:liberalization of trade 2537:Encyclopædia Britannica 2433:Los Angeles, California 2387:Encyclopædia Britannica 2357:was completed in 1869. 2021:, while the peoples of 1737:The economic growth of 1671:Путь "из варяг в греки" 1002:during the days of the 754:Ptolemy II Philadelphus 173:Industry classification 5600:Management cybernetics 5295:Kearney, Milo (2003). 5217:. Ashgate Publishing. 5168:"roads and highways". 5063:Scarre, Chris (1995). 4623:Glasse, Cyril (2001). 4420:Krech et al. 2003: 966 3683:Blench, Roger (2004). 3591:10.54645/2024171ZAK-61 2988:. In Guy, John (ed.). 2971:Rawlinson 2001: 11–12. 2786: 2742: 2715: 2683:Benelux Economic Union 2662: 2577: 2504: 2485:Modern maritime routes 2436: 2427:High-capacity freeway 2410: 2370:Berlin-Baghdad Railway 2362:Trans-Siberian Railway 2337: 2264: 2081: 1986: 1882: 1850:fall of Constantinople 1734: 1682: 1675:Put' iz varyag v greki 1604: 1577:and the Christian and 1523: 1510:Roman trade with India 1441:jade network, and the 1330: 1296:Micronesian navigation 1221: 1149: 1079: 1007: 981:Rashid-al-Din Hamadani 975:in order to establish 937: 916: 707: 644:Appius Claudius Caecus 600: 464:trade networks of the 434: 414: 129:Packaging and labeling 26: 5572:Way of the Patriarchs 5482:Polynesian navigation 5402:Canadian canoe routes 5337:22 April 2008 at the 5141:"Roman road system". 4987:Lindsay, W S (2006). 4679:; Cook, S.A. (1969). 3979:and the frontiers of 3845:. Fordham University. 2784: 2734: 2701:(1995). In 1993, the 2675: 2649: 2572: 2502: 2489:Further information: 2467:Highway 1 (Australia) 2426: 2392: 2335: 2250: 2076: 1981: 1869: 1722: 1713:Further information: 1602: 1552:Berenice Troglodytica 1517: 1435:Island Southeast Asia 1339:Island Southeast Asia 1315: 1300:Polynesian navigation 1211: 1158:Via Maris, literally 1143: 1111:. Under the reign of 1075: 994: 959:route extending from 929: 910: 834:Further information: 776:to the desire of the 717:Historic trade routes 659: 597: 1st century CE 583: 566:one-sixtieth the cost 420: 400: 111:Third-party logistics 24: 5507:Sepik Coast exchange 5120:Major, John (1993). 4114:"Maritime Silk Road" 3777:10.1038/news070924-9 3445:Orlinsky 1981: 1064. 3397:Elisseeff 2000: 178. 3374:Elisseeff 2000: 161. 3360:Elisseeff 2000: 158. 3325:Elisseeff 2000: 326. 3249:Eckenstein 2005: 49. 3186:on 8 September 2007. 3066:. pp. 144–179. 2471:Pan-American Highway 2463:Trans-Canada Highway 2413:Modern road networks 2088:section of historic 1956:. The wealth of the 1942:Manuel I of Portugal 1751:Repubbliche Marinare 1647:published the first 1466:Sepik Coast exchange 1454:Lapita trade network 1335:Austronesian peoples 977:Buddhist monasteries 677:, central Anatolia ( 576:Visible trade routes 558:bulk commodity trade 466:Austronesian peoples 71:Digital distribution 66:Distribution centers 58:Distribution methods 5542:Trans-Saharan trade 5432:Incense trade route 5086:. Ayer Publishing. 5010:. Lexington Books. 4631:. Rowman Altamira. 4360:Denemark 2000: 283. 4262:Seaman 1973: 29–30. 4199:10.1017/trn.2013.15 4026:Donkin 2003: 91–92. 3945:Dollinger 1999: xx. 3912:Dollinger 1999: 42. 3564:10.1017/trn.2013.15 3461:Orlinsky 1981: 1065 3388:Elisseeff 2000: 163 3295:Denemark 2000: 239. 3279:Denemark 2000: 252. 3169:Denemark 2000: 273. 3151:Denemark 2000: 124. 3138:Roman road system ( 2962:Denemark1 2000: 39. 2953:Denemark 2000: 213. 2864:Dollinger 1999: 62. 2632:and the North Sea. 2384:. According to the 2380:for control of the 2282:Networks, like the 2259:within it, and the 2112:and all the way to 2102:Indian subcontinent 1488:(and possibly also 1204:Trans-Saharan trade 1198:Trans Saharan trade 1049:Chandragupta Maurya 830:Pre-Columbian trade 774:Syro-Ephraimite War 615:merchant colony at 468:among which is the 457:) and from Arabia. 409:of Southeast Asian 192:Commercial aviation 144:Delivery (commerce) 5462:Maritime Silk Road 5457:Maritime republics 5437:Indian Ocean trade 4785:. Berghahn Books. 4721:A History of Sinai 4348:Denemark 2000: 282 3967:At any rate, when 3903:Dollinger 1999: 9. 3346:Elisseeff 2000: 14 3334:Elisseeff 2000: 5. 3311:Denemark 2000: 241 3228:Edwards 1969: 329. 3160:Denemark 2000: 126 3105:Toutain 1979: 243. 3032:on 18 January 2020 2935:Denemark 2000: 208 2923:Denemark 2000: 207 2911:Denemark 2000: 274 2787: 2777:Pipeline transport 2743: 2663: 2578: 2505: 2437: 2338: 2265: 2257:Northern Sea Route 2160:Maritime Jade Road 2082: 2079:Maritime Silk Road 2069:Maritime Silk Road 2063:Maritime Silk Road 2052:Maritime Silk Road 1991:Maritime Jade Road 1987: 1974:Maritime Jade Road 1968:Maritime Jade Road 1921:and sandalwood to 1883: 1747:Maritime Republics 1735: 1715:Maritime Republics 1621:Eric VI of Denmark 1605: 1524: 1504:Roman-India routes 1431:Maritime Silk Road 1331: 1222: 1174:phrase related to 1150: 1008: 917: 601: 523:Maritime Silk Road 435: 415: 393:Maritime Silk Road 389:Maritime Jade Road 383:Maritime transport 291:pipeline transport 236:logistical network 187:Maritime transport 159:Stock keeping unit 154:Inventory turnover 120:Management systems 101:Commercial vehicle 33:Business logistics 27: 5580: 5579: 5562:Volga trade route 5487:Rome-India routes 5287:978-0-419-23720-4 5266:978-0-415-93735-1 5259:. US: Routledge. 5067:. Penguin Books. 4669:Edwards, I. E. S. 4554:Stearns, Peter N. 4513:Hindley 2004: 41. 4295:Seaman 1973: 379. 4157:NSC Working Paper 4124:on 5 January 2014 3885:Curtin 1984: 100. 3858:Lindsay 2006: 101 3270:Kearney 2003: 42. 3219:Kitchen 1994: 46. 3126:Stearns 2001: 37. 2944:Stearns 2001: 41. 2848:Donkin 2003: 169. 2771:Pipeline networks 2755:Open Skies policy 2673:, Sixth Edition: 2261:Northwest Passage 2253:Northeast Passage 2106:Arabian Peninsula 1962:Portuguese Empire 1946:Cape of Good Hope 1940:On the orders of 1897:used Alexandria, 1887:Greco-Roman world 1528:Ptolemaic dynasty 1423:Arabian Peninsula 1032:, halting posts, 1020:in Bangladesh to 945:Buddhist missions 812:Antigonus Cyclops 631:of India and the 603:The peninsula of 371:Arabian Peninsula 319:Early development 242:to reach distant 228: 227: 86:Order fulfillment 5607: 5552:Triangular trade 5427:Hiri trade cycle 5422:Hanseatic League 5412:Grand Trunk Road 5374: 5367: 5360: 5351: 5350: 5310: 5291: 5270: 5258: 5247: 5228: 5209: 5200: 5191: 5182: 5173: 5164: 5155: 5146: 5137: 5116: 5097: 5078: 5059: 5040: 5021: 5002: 4983: 4964: 4955: 4942:The German Hansa 4936: 4917: 4905: 4894: 4875: 4856: 4834: 4815: 4796: 4777: 4753: 4734: 4715: 4694: 4664: 4642: 4630: 4605: 4586: 4577: 4540: 4534: 4528: 4525: 4514: 4511: 4502: 4499: 4484: 4481: 4475: 4472: 4466: 4463: 4457: 4454: 4448: 4445: 4439: 4436: 4430: 4427: 4421: 4418: 4409: 4406: 4400: 4393: 4382: 4379: 4373: 4370: 4361: 4358: 4349: 4346: 4340: 4337: 4328: 4325: 4319: 4316: 4310: 4307: 4296: 4293: 4284: 4283:Seaman 1973: 348 4281: 4275: 4274:Seaman 1973: 30. 4272: 4263: 4260: 4254: 4251: 4234: 4231: 4222: 4217: 4211: 4210: 4182: 4176: 4175: 4173: 4171: 4165: 4154: 4145: 4134: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4120:. Archived from 4110: 4104: 4101: 4095: 4092: 4086: 4082: 4076: 4073: 4067: 4050: 4041: 4038: 4027: 4024: 4015: 4014:Donkin 2003: 59. 4012: 4006: 4003: 3997: 3994: 3988: 3965: 3959: 3952: 3946: 3943: 3934: 3931: 3922: 3919: 3913: 3910: 3904: 3901: 3895: 3892: 3886: 3883: 3877: 3874: 3868: 3867:Freeman 2003: 72 3865: 3859: 3856: 3847: 3846: 3838: 3829: 3828: 3813: 3807: 3804: 3798: 3795: 3789: 3788: 3771:: news070924–9. 3760: 3754: 3753: 3733: 3727: 3726: 3706: 3697: 3696: 3680: 3674: 3673: 3655: 3649: 3648: 3628: 3622: 3621: 3601: 3595: 3594: 3574: 3568: 3567: 3547: 3541: 3540: 3518: 3507: 3504: 3485: 3484: 3477: 3471: 3470:Silver 1983: 49. 3468: 3462: 3459: 3446: 3443: 3437: 3436:Burns 2003: 231. 3434: 3428: 3427:Burns 2003: 229. 3425: 3419: 3418:Burns 2003: 211. 3416: 3407: 3406:Burns 2003: 216. 3404: 3398: 3395: 3389: 3386: 3375: 3372: 3361: 3358: 3347: 3344: 3335: 3332: 3326: 3323: 3312: 3309: 3296: 3293: 3280: 3277: 3271: 3268: 3262: 3259: 3250: 3247: 3238: 3237:Larsen 1983: 56. 3235: 3229: 3226: 3220: 3217: 3211: 3210:Glasse 2001: 59. 3208: 3202: 3201: 3194: 3188: 3187: 3176: 3170: 3167: 3161: 3158: 3152: 3149: 3143: 3136: 3127: 3124: 3115: 3112: 3106: 3103: 3097: 3096: 3089: 3078: 3077: 3055: 3042: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3018:"Outrigger Ages" 3013: 3004: 3003: 2981: 2972: 2969: 2963: 2960: 2954: 2951: 2945: 2942: 2936: 2933: 2924: 2921: 2912: 2909: 2900: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2890:on 3 August 2007 2886:. Archived from 2880: 2865: 2862: 2849: 2846: 2840: 2839:Burns 2003: 213. 2837: 2659: 2653: 2636:Free trade areas 2600:, from there to 2405:containerization 2308:Native Americans 2304:Conestoga wagons 1692: 1672: 1595:Hanseatic League 1486:Caroline Islands 1474:Papua New Guinea 1462:Hiri trade cycle 1458:Island Melanesia 1437:, including the 1012:Grand Trunk Road 987:Grand Trunk Road 836:Inca road system 770:I. E. S. Edwards 652:Tigris-Euphrates 629:Grand Trunk Road 598: 595: 570:over-land routes 477:industry of the 344:beasts of burden 268:Hanseatic League 220: 213: 206: 76:Order processing 53: 48: 43: 29: 28: 5615: 5614: 5610: 5609: 5608: 5606: 5605: 5604: 5585: 5584: 5581: 5576: 5472:Penarikan Route 5383: 5378: 5348: 5339:Wayback Machine 5327: 5319:Trader Faulkner 5307: 5288: 5267: 5244: 5225: 5203: 5194: 5185: 5176: 5167: 5158: 5150:"wagon train". 5149: 5140: 5134: 5113: 5094: 5075: 5056: 5037: 5018: 4999: 4980: 4958: 4952: 4933: 4914: 4891: 4872: 4853: 4831: 4812: 4793: 4774: 4750: 4731: 4712: 4691: 4661: 4639: 4602: 4574: 4549: 4544: 4543: 4535: 4531: 4526: 4517: 4512: 4505: 4500: 4487: 4482: 4478: 4473: 4469: 4464: 4460: 4455: 4451: 4446: 4442: 4437: 4433: 4428: 4424: 4419: 4412: 4407: 4403: 4394: 4385: 4380: 4376: 4371: 4364: 4359: 4352: 4347: 4343: 4338: 4331: 4326: 4322: 4317: 4313: 4308: 4299: 4294: 4287: 4282: 4278: 4273: 4266: 4261: 4257: 4252: 4237: 4232: 4225: 4218: 4214: 4183: 4179: 4169: 4167: 4166:on 8 March 2021 4163: 4152: 4146: 4137: 4127: 4125: 4112: 4111: 4107: 4102: 4098: 4093: 4089: 4083: 4079: 4074: 4070: 4060:Wayback Machine 4051: 4044: 4040:Donkin 2003: 92 4039: 4030: 4025: 4018: 4013: 4009: 4005:Ball 2000: 137. 4004: 4000: 3995: 3991: 3966: 3962: 3953: 3949: 3944: 3937: 3932: 3925: 3920: 3916: 3911: 3907: 3902: 3898: 3893: 3889: 3884: 3880: 3875: 3871: 3866: 3862: 3857: 3850: 3841:Halsall, Paul. 3839: 3832: 3815: 3814: 3810: 3806:Young 2001: 20. 3805: 3801: 3797:Shaw 2003: 426. 3796: 3792: 3761: 3757: 3750: 3734: 3730: 3723: 3707: 3700: 3681: 3677: 3670: 3656: 3652: 3645: 3629: 3625: 3602: 3598: 3575: 3571: 3548: 3544: 3537: 3519: 3510: 3505: 3488: 3479: 3478: 3474: 3469: 3465: 3460: 3449: 3444: 3440: 3435: 3431: 3426: 3422: 3417: 3410: 3405: 3401: 3396: 3392: 3387: 3378: 3373: 3364: 3359: 3350: 3345: 3338: 3333: 3329: 3324: 3315: 3310: 3299: 3294: 3283: 3278: 3274: 3269: 3265: 3260: 3253: 3248: 3241: 3236: 3232: 3227: 3223: 3218: 3214: 3209: 3205: 3196: 3195: 3191: 3178: 3177: 3173: 3168: 3164: 3159: 3155: 3150: 3146: 3137: 3130: 3125: 3118: 3113: 3109: 3104: 3100: 3091: 3090: 3081: 3074: 3056: 3045: 3035: 3033: 3014: 3007: 3000: 2982: 2975: 2970: 2966: 2961: 2957: 2952: 2948: 2943: 2939: 2934: 2927: 2922: 2915: 2910: 2903: 2893: 2891: 2882: 2881: 2868: 2863: 2852: 2847: 2843: 2838: 2825: 2820: 2779: 2773: 2729: 2723: 2661: 2657: 2655: 2651: 2644: 2642:Free trade area 2638: 2604:, then via the 2532:coal, and ore. 2497: 2487: 2479:unleaded petrol 2421: 2415: 2330: 2324: 2280: 2274: 2272:Wagonway routes 2245: 2198:Malay Peninsula 2178:thalassocracies 2132:traders in the 2071: 2065: 1976: 1970: 1864: 1858: 1717: 1711: 1663: 1657: 1597: 1591: 1589:Hanseatic trade 1522:1st century CE. 1512: 1506: 1482:Mariana Islands 1355:outrigger boats 1310: 1284: 1279: 1206: 1200: 1156: 1138: 1090: 1084: 1014: 989: 905: 899: 894: 871:Peruvian people 838: 832: 794:– inhabited by 758:Ptolemaic Egypt 735: 729: 724: 719: 623:(now in modern 596: 578: 489:and peninsular 395: 385: 379: 321: 316: 311: 224: 164:Decision-making 17: 12: 11: 5: 5613: 5603: 5602: 5597: 5578: 5577: 5575: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5537:Tea Horse Road 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5512:Siberian Route 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5477:Manila galleon 5474: 5469: 5467:Old Salt Route 5464: 5459: 5454: 5452:Lapita culture 5449: 5444: 5442:King's Highway 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5388: 5385: 5384: 5377: 5376: 5369: 5362: 5354: 5347: 5346: 5341: 5328: 5326: 5325:External links 5323: 5322: 5321: 5311: 5305: 5292: 5286: 5271: 5265: 5248: 5242: 5229: 5223: 5210: 5201: 5192: 5183: 5174: 5165: 5156: 5147: 5138: 5132: 5117: 5111: 5098: 5092: 5079: 5073: 5060: 5054: 5041: 5035: 5022: 5016: 5003: 4997: 4984: 4978: 4965: 4956: 4950: 4937: 4931: 4918: 4912: 4895: 4889: 4876: 4870: 4857: 4851: 4835: 4829: 4816: 4810: 4797: 4791: 4778: 4772: 4754: 4748: 4735: 4729: 4716: 4710: 4695: 4689: 4673:Boardman, John 4665: 4659: 4643: 4637: 4620: 4606: 4600: 4587: 4578: 4572: 4548: 4545: 4542: 4541: 4529: 4515: 4503: 4501:Button 2004: 9 4485: 4476: 4467: 4458: 4449: 4440: 4431: 4422: 4410: 4401: 4383: 4374: 4362: 4350: 4341: 4329: 4320: 4311: 4297: 4285: 4276: 4264: 4255: 4235: 4223: 4212: 4177: 4135: 4105: 4096: 4087: 4077: 4068: 4053:Gama, Vasco da 4042: 4028: 4016: 4007: 3998: 3996:Ball 2000: 131 3989: 3960: 3947: 3935: 3923: 3914: 3905: 3896: 3887: 3878: 3876:Lach 1994: 18. 3869: 3860: 3848: 3830: 3808: 3799: 3790: 3755: 3748: 3728: 3721: 3698: 3675: 3668: 3650: 3643: 3623: 3596: 3569: 3542: 3535: 3508: 3486: 3472: 3463: 3447: 3438: 3429: 3420: 3408: 3399: 3390: 3376: 3362: 3348: 3336: 3327: 3313: 3297: 3281: 3272: 3263: 3261:Lach 1994: 13. 3251: 3239: 3230: 3221: 3212: 3203: 3189: 3171: 3162: 3153: 3144: 3128: 3116: 3107: 3098: 3079: 3073:978-0415100540 3072: 3043: 3005: 2998: 2973: 2964: 2955: 2946: 2937: 2925: 2913: 2901: 2866: 2850: 2841: 2822: 2821: 2819: 2816: 2775:Main article: 2772: 2769: 2762:cargo airlines 2725:Main article: 2722: 2719: 2707:European Union 2656: 2650: 2640:Main article: 2637: 2634: 2630:Eastern Europe 2521:British Empire 2491:Ship transport 2486: 2483: 2441:motor vehicles 2439:The advent of 2417:Main article: 2414: 2411: 2326:Main article: 2323: 2322:Railway routes 2320: 2284:Santa Fe Trail 2276:Main article: 2273: 2270: 2244: 2241: 2156:Southern India 2098:Southeast Asia 2092:that connects 2067:Main article: 2064: 2061: 1972:Main article: 1969: 1966: 1860:Main article: 1857: 1854: 1846:Ottoman Empire 1710: 1707: 1659:Main article: 1656: 1653: 1593:Main article: 1590: 1587: 1508:Main article: 1505: 1502: 1343:Southern India 1320:proto-historic 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1202:Main article: 1199: 1196: 1192:Sea of Galilee 1152:Main article: 1146:King's Highway 1137: 1134: 1086:Main article: 1083: 1080: 1053:Sher Shah Suri 1010:Main article: 988: 985: 925:Western worlds 901:Main article: 898: 895: 893: 890: 831: 828: 731:Main article: 728: 725: 723: 720: 718: 715: 577: 574: 554:Southeast Asia 381:Main article: 378: 377:Maritime trade 375: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 303:cargo airlines 256:Maritime trade 226: 225: 223: 222: 215: 208: 200: 197: 196: 195: 194: 189: 184: 182:Road transport 176: 175: 169: 168: 167: 166: 161: 156: 151: 146: 141: 136: 131: 123: 122: 116: 115: 114: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 60: 59: 55: 54: 36: 35: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5612: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5592: 5590: 5583: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5532:Brouwer Route 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5389: 5386: 5382: 5375: 5370: 5368: 5363: 5361: 5356: 5355: 5352: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5336: 5333: 5330: 5329: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5306:0-415-31277-9 5302: 5299:. Routledge. 5298: 5293: 5289: 5283: 5279: 5278: 5272: 5268: 5262: 5257: 5256: 5249: 5245: 5243:0-19-926111-3 5239: 5235: 5230: 5226: 5224:0-7546-4321-2 5220: 5216: 5211: 5207: 5202: 5198: 5193: 5189: 5184: 5180: 5175: 5171: 5166: 5162: 5157: 5153: 5148: 5144: 5139: 5135: 5133:0-521-52126-2 5129: 5125: 5124: 5118: 5114: 5112:0-8223-3189-6 5108: 5104: 5099: 5095: 5093:0-405-11578-4 5089: 5085: 5080: 5076: 5074:0-14-051329-9 5070: 5066: 5061: 5057: 5055:0-415-24219-3 5051: 5048:. Routledge. 5047: 5042: 5038: 5036:0-521-26931-8 5032: 5028: 5023: 5019: 5017:0-7391-0407-1 5013: 5009: 5004: 5000: 4998:0-543-94253-8 4994: 4990: 4985: 4981: 4979:0-7735-2515-7 4975: 4971: 4966: 4962: 4957: 4953: 4951:0-415-19072-X 4947: 4944:. Routledge. 4943: 4938: 4934: 4932:0-8447-7171-6 4928: 4924: 4919: 4915: 4913:0-415-04576-2 4909: 4906:. Routledge. 4904: 4903: 4896: 4892: 4890:0-8018-7306-1 4886: 4882: 4877: 4873: 4871:0-87169-248-1 4867: 4863: 4858: 4854: 4852:0-415-11376-8 4848: 4845:. Routledge. 4844: 4840: 4839:Ball, Warwick 4836: 4832: 4830:0-89838-112-6 4826: 4822: 4817: 4813: 4811:0-87068-267-9 4807: 4803: 4798: 4794: 4792:1-57181-221-0 4788: 4784: 4779: 4775: 4773:0-19-280458-8 4769: 4765: 4764: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4749:0-226-46731-7 4745: 4741: 4736: 4732: 4730:0-543-95215-0 4726: 4722: 4717: 4713: 4711:0-226-46906-9 4707: 4703: 4702: 4696: 4692: 4690:0-521-22717-8 4686: 4682: 4678: 4677:Bury, John B. 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4660:0-85323-359-4 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4638:0-7591-0190-6 4634: 4629: 4628: 4621: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4601:0-415-23276-7 4597: 4594:. 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Springer. 4820: 4801: 4782: 4762: 4739: 4720: 4700: 4680: 4650: 4626: 4609: 4591: 4582: 4558: 4532: 4479: 4470: 4461: 4452: 4443: 4434: 4425: 4404: 4396: 4377: 4372:Carter 2004. 4344: 4323: 4314: 4279: 4258: 4215: 4193:(1): 31–59. 4190: 4186: 4180: 4168:. Retrieved 4161:the original 4156: 4126:. Retrieved 4122:the original 4117: 4108: 4099: 4090: 4080: 4071: 4063: 4010: 4001: 3992: 3963: 3955: 3950: 3917: 3908: 3899: 3890: 3881: 3872: 3863: 3824: 3818: 3811: 3802: 3793: 3768: 3758: 3738: 3731: 3711: 3692: 3688: 3678: 3659: 3653: 3633: 3626: 3613: 3609: 3599: 3585:(1): 71–85. 3582: 3578: 3572: 3558:(1): 31–59. 3555: 3551: 3545: 3526: 3475: 3466: 3441: 3432: 3423: 3402: 3393: 3330: 3275: 3266: 3233: 3224: 3215: 3206: 3192: 3184:the original 3174: 3165: 3156: 3147: 3139: 3114:Scarre 1995. 3110: 3101: 3059: 3034:. Retrieved 3030:the original 3025: 3021: 2989: 2967: 2958: 2949: 2940: 2892:. Retrieved 2888:the original 2844: 2812: 2788: 2766: 2759: 2748: 2744: 2716: 2685:(1948), the 2681:(1948), the 2676: 2664: 2594:Kuala Lumpur 2579: 2561: 2536: 2534: 2529:Panama Canal 2510: 2506: 2476: 2457: 2438: 2401: 2393: 2385: 2359: 2339: 2292:wagon trains 2288:Oregon Trail 2281: 2266: 2237:Qing dynasty 2233:Colonial Era 2229:Song dynasty 2226: 2202:Mekong Delta 2163: 2162:, known for 2146:networks of 2141:Austronesian 2138: 2122:Austronesian 2116:and finally 2083: 1988: 1939: 1892: 1884: 1834:Persian Gulf 1796:, involving 1787: 1750: 1736: 1699: 1694: 1674: 1664: 1630: 1606: 1572: 1525: 1519: 1480:between the 1447: 1332: 1328:Indian Ocean 1317:Austronesian 1243: 1223: 1167: 1157: 1126: 1119: 1107:and his son 1102: 1091: 1076: 1072: 1061: 1046: 1038:post offices 1015: 967:'s visit to 938: 930: 918: 863: 842:Mesoamerican 839: 824:Gulf of Aden 819:Roman empire 816: 798:exiles from 790: 752: 744:frankincense 736: 708: 703:central Asia 701:corridor of 673:; then also 671:Indus Valley 663:Persian Gulf 660: 656: 633:Incense Road 602: 586:Mughal times 539: 535:Indian Ocean 469: 459: 451:Land of Punt 436: 427:Indian Ocean 421:Much of the 337: 325:Chalcolithic 322: 275:modern times 272: 231: 229: 139:Supply chain 81:Trade routes 18: 5527:Spice Route 5317:. İstanbul 4483:Button 2004 4381:Major 1993. 2527:, like the 2445:expressways 2429:interchange 2184:around the 2174:Philippines 2144:spice trade 2134:Arabian Sea 2077:Map of the 2003:Philippines 1997:by animist 1862:Spice trade 1856:Spice Route 1794:spice trade 1749:, Italian " 1544:Myos Hormos 1532:Greco-Roman 1494:Philippines 1450:Austronesia 1448:In eastern 1407:East Africa 1395:Indonesians 1391:spice trade 1226:West Africa 1064:British Raj 1004:British Raj 886:Inca empire 786:Transjordan 667:Mesopotamia 542:Arabian Sea 511:Middle East 501:connecting 485:, southern 479:Philippines 455:East Africa 299:automobiles 295:rail routes 264:Middle Ages 260:Spice Route 232:trade route 5589:Categories 5547:Trepanging 5492:Royal Road 5392:Amber Road 4618:B005DQV7Q2 4547:References 3975:as far as 3616:: 87–140. 2894:22 October 2804:Azerbaijan 2721:Air routes 2667:free trade 2606:Suez Canal 2563:Oil spills 2517:Suez Canal 2408:trucking. 2353:, and the 2300:California 2200:, and the 2165:lingling-o 2056:Lingling-o 1983:Lingling-o 1929:of Yemen. 1726:(red) and 1575:Alexandria 1556:Barbaricum 1490:New Guinea 1478:Micronesia 1468:, and the 1443:trepanging 1439:lingling-o 1427:Madagascar 1415:Westerlies 1371:sandalwood 1351:catamarans 1288:Lingling-o 1286:See also: 1265:, between 1188:Mount Zion 1088:Amber Road 1082:Amber Road 1042:milestones 1030:fortresses 1018:Chittagong 1000:cantonment 965:Marco Polo 857:valley of 778:Israelites 762:Lihyanites 691:Mycenaeans 681:) and the 621:Cappadocia 550:South Asia 507:South Asia 471:lingling-o 423:Radhanites 407:tanja sail 387:See also: 333:Common Era 287:free-trade 258:along the 252:Amber Road 5557:Via Maris 5517:Silk Road 5497:Salt road 5447:Kula ring 5186:"truck". 5159:"canal". 4758:Shaw, Ian 4207:140665305 3785:161331467 3200:. UNESCO. 3064:Routledge 2590:Singapore 2586:Silk Road 2575:Silk Road 2525:waterways 2515:like the 2366:Manchuria 2152:Sri Lanka 2090:Silk Road 2048:Silk Road 2039:Indonesia 2031:Singapore 1935:Sri Lanka 1923:Ibn Ziyad 1919:ambergris 1649:monograph 1617:North Sea 1568:Arikamedu 1498:Polynesia 1470:Kula ring 1445:network. 1411:catamaran 1393:network. 1379:sugarcane 1363:cultigens 1347:Sri Lanka 1267:Lake Chad 1184:Christian 1168:Via Maris 1164:Crusaders 1154:Via Maris 1136:Via Maris 1026:millennia 913:Silk Road 903:Silk Road 897:Silk Road 882:Spondylus 851:Callawaya 808:Nabateans 804:aromatics 782:Aramaeans 695:temperate 609:Black Sea 531:catamaran 527:outrigger 495:Indonesia 462:Neolithic 443:Egyptians 365:from the 279:Old World 5502:Sea lane 5417:Hærvejen 5335:Archived 4841:(2000). 4760:(2003). 4649:(1994). 4056:Archived 3981:Ethiopia 3618:Archived 3579:SciEnggJ 2727:Aviation 2695:Mercosur 2693:(1959), 2614:Istanbul 2602:Djibouti 2453:tollways 2449:freeways 2390:(2002): 2378:Salonika 2314:and the 2312:railroad 2286:and the 2278:Wagonway 2222:Buddhism 2218:Hinduism 2182:polities 2172:and the 2086:maritime 2043:Cambodia 2035:Thailand 2023:Malaysia 1931:Moluccan 1899:Damietta 1895:Abbasids 1826:Far East 1785:shores. 1728:Venetian 1625:Flanders 1615:and the 1560:Barygaza 1540:Augustus 1492:and the 1484:and the 1421:and the 1399:cinnamon 1367:coconuts 1324:historic 1269:and the 1180:biblical 1098:Pannonia 1022:Peshawar 951:and the 949:pilgrims 941:Kanishka 933:Buddhism 923:and the 855:Peruvian 844:and the 796:Chaldean 780:and the 742:and the 711:religion 679:Hittites 613:Assyrian 605:Anatolia 544:and the 519:Buddhism 515:Hinduism 509:and the 499:Malaysia 491:Thailand 367:Far East 350:allowed 248:arteries 5208:. 2002. 5199:. 2002. 5190:. 2002. 5181:. 2002. 5172:. 2002. 5163:. 2002. 5154:. 2002. 5145:. 2002. 4395:canal ( 4170:20 June 4128:20 June 4118:SEAArch 3036:20 June 2808:Georgia 2626:Central 2622:Trieste 2598:Mombasa 2553:Caspian 2382:Balkans 2328:Railway 2214:Persian 2190:Malacca 2186:straits 2126:Persian 2110:Somalia 2019:Vietnam 2015:Palawan 2007:Batanes 1954:Calicut 1950:Malindi 1915:camphor 1842:Red Sea 1840:in the 1802:incense 1724:Genoese 1679:Swedish 1667:Russian 1637:Hamburg 1628:years. 1609:Germans 1583:Red Sea 1564:Muziris 1548:Arsinoe 1405:) with 1375:bananas 1254:Morocco 1250:Songhai 1239:Saharan 957:Burmese 953:traders 921:Eastern 878:Ecuador 859:Chincha 800:Babylon 687:Minoans 590:Mauryan 487:Vietnam 447:Red Sea 369:to the 352:Arabian 340:portage 309:History 244:markets 5303: 5284: 5263: 5240: 5221: 5130: 5109: 5090: 5071: 5052: 5033: 5014: 4995: 4976: 4948: 4929: 4910: 4887: 4868: 4849: 4827: 4808: 4789: 4770: 4746: 4727: 4708: 4687: 4657: 4635: 4616: 4598: 4570: 4399:2002). 4205: 4085:Times. 3985:Source 3969:Gallus 3783: 3769:Nature 3746: 3719: 3666: 3641: 3533: 3142:2002). 3070: 2996: 2658: 2652: 2618:Athens 2555:, and 2545:Baltic 2513:canals 2459:Trucks 2374:Vienna 2296:Oregon 2255:, the 2196:, the 2194:Bangka 2170:Taiwan 2118:Europe 2100:, the 2041:, and 2027:Brunei 2013:, and 1995:Taiwan 1958:Indies 1927:sultan 1925:, the 1838:Jeddah 1798:spices 1779:Ragusa 1775:Ancona 1763:Amalfi 1755:Venice 1739:Europe 1703:rapids 1641:Bremen 1633:Lübeck 1613:Baltic 1579:Jewish 1536:Strabo 1460:; the 1419:Africa 1409:using 1403:cassia 1387:nutmeg 1385:, and 1383:cloves 1365:(like 1361:) and 1306:, and 1246:Berber 1176:Isaiah 1172:Hebrew 1129:Danube 1121:oppida 1117:Celtic 1068:Punjab 997:Ambala 973:Canton 969:Yunnan 846:Andean 792:Gerrha 699:steppe 683:Aegean 641:Censor 637:Arabia 625:Turkey 617:Kanesh 562:Romans 483:Taiwan 359:spices 355:nomads 348:camels 301:, and 4203:S2CID 4164:(PDF) 4153:(PDF) 3977:Syene 3781:S2CID 2818:Notes 2739:DC-10 2736:FedEx 2610:Haifa 2549:Black 2541:White 2346:penny 2342:train 2316:truck 2210:Tamil 2150:with 2114:Egypt 2094:China 2011:Luzon 1907:Siraf 1830:Ormus 1818:Yemen 1814:opium 1810:drugs 1806:herbs 1771:Gaeta 1759:Genoa 1687:Greek 1271:Niger 1263:Hausa 1259:Mandé 1231:Islam 1214:Niger 1160:Latin 1094:amber 1034:wells 961:Bhamo 766:Dedan 748:myrrh 740:Yemen 675:Syria 505:with 503:China 439:Sumer 240:goods 234:is a 5301:ISBN 5282:ISBN 5261:ISBN 5238:ISBN 5219:ISBN 5128:ISBN 5107:ISBN 5088:ISBN 5069:ISBN 5050:ISBN 5031:ISBN 5012:ISBN 4993:ISBN 4974:ISBN 4946:ISBN 4927:ISBN 4908:ISBN 4885:ISBN 4866:ISBN 4847:ISBN 4825:ISBN 4806:ISBN 4787:ISBN 4768:ISBN 4744:ISBN 4725:ISBN 4706:ISBN 4685:ISBN 4655:ISBN 4633:ISBN 4614:ASIN 4596:ISBN 4568:ISBN 4172:2019 4130:2019 3973:Nile 3744:ISBN 3717:ISBN 3664:ISBN 3639:ISBN 3531:ISBN 3068:ISBN 3038:2019 2994:ISBN 2896:2013 2794:and 2628:and 2616:and 2592:and 2580:The 2557:Azov 2493:and 2469:and 2451:and 2419:Road 2220:and 2212:and 2192:and 2154:and 2130:Arab 2128:and 1989:The 1911:musk 1905:and 1903:Aden 1893:The 1836:and 1822:Oman 1820:and 1812:and 1792:and 1790:silk 1777:and 1767:Pisa 1639:and 1566:and 1526:The 1401:and 1359:paan 1345:and 1322:and 1057:inns 1051:and 866:Inca 746:and 689:and 529:and 517:and 497:and 475:jade 431:dhow 391:and 363:silk 361:and 4195:doi 3773:doi 3587:doi 3560:doi 2431:in 2376:to 2188:of 1832:in 1753:" ( 1472:of 1456:of 1337:of 635:of 619:in 568:of 453:" ( 329:BCE 273:In 5591:: 4675:; 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