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750:(TFA) concluded in December 2013. The WTO TFA has become the new baseline for trade facilitation, with many countries striving to implement measures going beyond those included in this Agreement in order to maintain a competitive advantage in global markets. Notably, most countries have focused their trade facilitation efforts on establishing electronic single windows and other paperless trade systems to further reduce trade costs.
705:, in an online training package, has defined trade facilitation as “the simplification and harmonisation of international trade procedures”, where trade procedures are the “activities, practices and formalities involved in collecting, presenting, communicating and processing data required for the movement of goods in international trade”.
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2) The reduction of customs tariffs has caused the situation where the amount of import duties has become commensurate or even lower than trade transaction costs (TTC) with regards to compliance with customs and border formalities, since the latter are estimated on various data ranging from 1.5% to
789:(GVC) has transformed a cross-border movement of goods. Today, up to half of the total imports and exports of developed countries are “intermediate goods”, which are components of the corresponding GVCs. Accordingly, the cost of customs borders for business has increased significantly.
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Understanding and use of the term “trade facilitation” varies in the literature and amongst practitioners. "Trade facilitation" is largely used by institutions which seek to improve the regulatory interface between government bodies and traders at national borders. The
871:. However, it is an equally prominent feature in unilateral and bilateral initiatives that seek to improve the trade environment and enhance business competitiveness. Reference to trade facilitation is sometimes also made in the context of "
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from 29,2% to 53%). This reduced the revenue functions of customs and thus, the possibility of simplifying customs procedures with a moderate level of risk for national revenue opened up for a significant number of states.
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and maximise efficiency while safeguarding legitimate regulatory objectives. Business costs may be a direct function of collecting information and submitting declarations or an indirect consequence of
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The World Trade Report 2015 provides an overview of the various trade facilitation definitions from academia as well as various international organizations, contrasting them with the scope of the WTO
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defines trade facilitation as "the simplification, standardization and harmonisation of procedures and associated information flows required to move goods from seller to buyer and to make payment".
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frameworks caused the significant reduction of tariff and non-tariff barriers, that is common for developed countries (the average rate of customs duty from 4,5% to 6,5%, the share of duty free
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15% of the transaction value. Respectively, trade transaction costs has started to be considered as the main trade barrier in the conditions of liberalized market access.
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in international trade as their main objective. Propagated ideas and concepts to reforming trade and customs procedures generally resonate around the following themes:
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Kormych, Borys (2018). "The Modern Trends of The
Foreign Trade Policy Implementation: Implications for Customs Regulations". Rochester, NY.
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958:"Compendium of Trade Facilitation Recommendations", issued by UN/ECE (TRADE/WP.4/INF.91); published by UNCTAD: TD/B/FAL/INF.91.
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851:. Trade facilitation looks at operational improvements at the interface between business and government and associated
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The trade facilitation objectives were introduced in the international agenda basically because of four main factors.
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1113:"Trade Facilitation in Asia and the Pacific: Which Policies and Measures Affect Trade Costs the Most? 2015 Update"
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Security and anti smuggling controls; dangerous goods; vehicle checks; immigration and visa formalities
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In defining the term, many trade facilitation proponents will also make reference to
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Occasionally, the term trade facilitation is extended to address a wider agenda in
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1030:"UNRC Trade Facilitation and Paperless Trade Implementation Survey 2015"
1007:"Asia Pacific Trade and Investment Report 2015 (see Chapter 4 pp.53-68)"
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1153:"Data Harmonization and Modelling Guide for Single Window Environment"
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3) The industrial development in the modern global world based on the
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Designing and
Implementing Trade Facilitation in Asia and the Pacific
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Alignment of procedures and adherence to international conventions
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Customs and Trade
Facilitation: from concepts to implementation
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Trade facilitation has its intellectual roots in the fields of
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Standardisation of documents and electronic data requirements
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1133:"Estimating the Benefits of Cross-Border Paperless Trade"
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969:"TRADE FACILITATION IMPLEMENTATION GUIDE - Introduction"
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Examples of regulatory activity in international trade
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Administration of quota restrictions; export refunds
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Policies intended to encourage trade between nations
916:Proportionality of legislation and control to risk
907:Public-service standards and performance measures
855:. Trade facilitation has become a key feature in
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863:modernisation programmes. Within the context of
754:Driving factors of the trade facilitation agenda
1173:"UNNExT Guide on Design of Aligned Trade Forms"
936:International electronic exchange of trade data
898:Transparent and operable rules and procedures
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1218:World Customs Journal, Volume 2, Number 1
927:Risk management and trader authorisations
723:and trade to include: the improvement of
761:1) The successful implementation of the
1223:Business Benefits of Trade Facilitation
1202:Trade Facilitation: A Conceptual Review
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839:Topics and issues in trade facilitation
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910:Mechanisms for corrections and appeals
867:it has also come to prominence in the
685:can be improved to reduce associated
1192:What happens after Trade Agreements?
901:Accommodation of business practices
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735:, the removal of other non-tariff
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21:Trade Facilitation and Development
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889:Memoranda of Understanding (MoUs)
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232:Voluntary export restraints
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300:International Trade Centre
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1194:ODI Project Briefing 12,
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886:Avoidance of duplication
725:transport infrastructure
614:Balassa–Samuelson effect
609:Ricardian trade theories
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305:World Trade Organization
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849:supply chain management
823:controls; ships’ waste
817:Environment and health:
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683:across national borders
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1073:Cite journal requires
869:Doha Development Round
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604:Gravity model of trade
501:Leading trade partners
406:Government procurement
207:Exchange rate controls
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919:Time-release measures
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327:Economic integration
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227:Anti-dumping duties
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112:Import substitution
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1038:2016-03-17
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978:2015-10-07
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