2213:
1871:
2270:
1896:, drums, and bird cages, and the women peddled these as well as other items of household and personal use; they also worked as moneylenders to rural women. Peddling and the sale of various goods was also practiced by men and women of various groups, such as the Jalali, the Pikraj, the Shadibaz, the Noristani, and the Vangawala. The latter and the Pikraj also worked as animal dealers. Some men among the Shadibaz and the Vangawala entertained as monkey or bear handlers and snake charmers; men and women among the Baluch were musicians and dancers. The Baluch men were warriors that were feared by neighboring tribes and often were used as mercenaries. Jogi men and women had diverse subsistence activities, such as dealing in horses, harvesting,
874:
animals and are not used by other families while they are out. In the summer they move to a more open area in which the animals can graze. Most nomads usually move within the same region and do not travel very far. Since they usually circle around a large area, communities form and families generally know where the other ones are. Often, families do not have the resources to move from one province to another unless they are moving out of the area permanently. A family can move on its own or with others; if it moves alone, they are usually no more than a couple of kilometres from each other. The geographical closeness of families is usually for mutual support. Pastoral nomad societies usually do not have large populations.
711:
2302:
1795:
2088:
2179:
1701:
38:
2286:
2247:
722:
2104:
2155:
2116:
931:
so far as to drive all its inhabitants out of a province, because the conqueror is satisfied with the submission of the people... The other kind of war is when an entire people, constrained by famine or war, leave their country with their families for the purpose of seeking a new home in a new country, not for the purpose of subjecting it to their dominion as in the first case, but with the intention of taking absolute possession of it themselves and driving out or killing its original inhabitants.
1559:
1096:
737:
2228:
2198:
1131:
1066:
2140:
1451:
1742:
986:
2317:
1111:
749:
2001:
that encapsulates all the tribes in the region. These natives are historically self-sufficient but were also known to trade various goods. This is especially true for the clans who lived on the periphery of the territory. The products of their trade were varied and fascinating, including: "...resins
1911:
In Iran, the Asheq of
Azerbaijan, the Challi of Baluchistan, the Luti of Kurdistan, KermÄnshÄh, ÄȘlÄm, and LorestÄn, the Mehtar in the Mamasani district, the Sazandeh of Band-i Amir and Marv-dasht, and the Toshmal among the Bakhtyari pastoral groups worked as professional musicians. The men among the
1923:
Little is known for certain about the past of these communities; the history of each is almost entirely contained in their oral traditions. Although some groupsâsuch as the
Vangawalaâare of Indian origin, someâlike the Noristaniâare most probably of local origin; still others probably migrated from
1423:
registered the population of Iran at 21 million in 1963, of whom two million (9.5%) were nomads. Although the nomadic population of Iran has dramatically decreased in the 20th century, Iran still has one of the largest nomadic populations in the world, an estimated 1.5 million in a country of about
930:
There are two different kinds of war. The one springs from the ambition of princes or republics that seek to extend their empire; such were the wars of
Alexander the Great, and those of the Romans, and those which two hostile powers carry on against each other. These wars are dangerous but never go
1919:
The nomadic groups in Turkey make and sell cradles, deal in animals, and play music. The men of the sedentary groups work in towns as scavengers and hangmen; elsewhere they are fishermen, smiths, basket makers, and singers; their women dance at feasts and tell fortunes. Abdal men played music and
1915:
The
Ghorbat among the Basseri were smiths and tinkers, traded in pack animals, and made sieves, reed mats, and small wooden implements. In the FÄrs region, the Qarbalband, the Kuli, and Luli were reported to work as smiths and to make baskets and sieves; they also dealt in pack animals, and their
1817:
Each existing community is primarily endogamous, and subsists traditionally on a variety of commercial or service activities. Formerly, all or a majority of their members were itinerant, and this largely holds true today. Migration generally takes place within the political boundaries of a single
762:
Nomads are communities who move from place to place as a way of obtaining food, finding pasture for livestock, or otherwise making a living. Most nomadic groups follow a fixed annual or seasonal pattern of movements and settlements. Nomadic people traditionally travel by animal, canoe or on foot.
1723:
and Sara
Randall observe that western authors have looked for "romance and mystery, as well as the repository of laudable characteristics believed lost in the West, such as independence, stoicism in the face of physical adversity, and a strong sense of loyalty to family and to tribe" in nomadic
873:
In the case of
Mongolian nomads, a family moves twice a year. These two movements generally occur during the summer and winter. The winter destination is usually located near the mountains in a valley and most families already have fixed winter locations. Their winter locations have shelter for
774:
of Africa, for example, traditionally move from camp to camp to hunt and gather wild plants. Some tribes of the
Americas followed this way of life. Pastoral nomads, on the other hand, make their living raising livestock such as camels, cattle, goats, horses, sheep, or yaks; these nomads usually
598:
Nomadic hunting and gatheringâfollowing seasonally available wild plants and gameâis by far the oldest human subsistence method. Pastoralists raise herds of domesticated livestock, driving or accompanying them in patterns that normally avoid depleting pastures beyond their ability to recover.
1716:
Ann Marie Kroll Lerner states that the pastoral nomads were viewed as "invading, destructive, and altogether antithetical to civilizing, sedentary societies" during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. According to Lerner, they are rarely accredited as "a civilizing force".
1009:. Hunting and gathering describes early peoples' subsistence living style. Following the development of agriculture, most hunter-gatherers were eventually either displaced or converted to farming or pastoralist groups. Only a few contemporary societies, such as the
3041:
recognised the roving tendency among the colonists and tried to arrest it. A proclamation of 1692 illustrated his fears: it stated that colonists were making a living by grazing cattle and bartering in the interior . This seems clear proof that the
1821:
Each of the peripatetic communities is multilingual, it speaks one or more of the languages spoken by the local sedentary populations, and, additionally, within each group, a separate dialect or language is spoken. They are speaking languages of
1392:
Since the 1990s, as the cash economy shrank, unemployed relatives were reabsorbed into family farms, and the importance of this form of nomadism has increased. The symbols of nomadism, specifically the crown of the grey felt tent known as the
1490:, as well as a desire for improved standards of living, effectively led most Bedouin to become settled citizens of various nations, rather than stateless nomadic herders. A century ago, nomadic Bedouin still made up some 10% of the total
1376:
as a representative example, nomadism was the centre of their economy before
Russian colonization at the turn of the 20th century, when they were settled into agricultural villages. The population became increasingly
3046:, as a distinct type, was coming into existence during the time of van der Stel. Generation after generation of these hardy and self-reliant nomads pushed the frontiers of civilisation further into the wilderness.
1473:
throughout the Middle East started to leave the traditional, nomadic life to settle in the cities of the Middle East, especially as home ranges have shrunk and population levels have grown. Government policies in
783:
in western Africa. Some nomadic peoples, especially herders, may also move to raid settled communities or to avoid enemies. Nomadic craftworkers and merchants travel to find and serve customers. They include the
1912:
Kowli worked as tinkers, smiths, musicians, and monkey and bear handlers; they also made baskets, sieves, and brooms and dealt in donkeys. Their women made a living from peddling, begging, and fortune-telling.
2178:
2269:
763:
Animals include camels, horses and alpaca. Today, some nomads travel by motor vehicle. Some nomads may live in homes or homeless shelters, though this would necessarily be on a temporary or itinerant basis.
1439:'s rule met with massive resistance and major losses and confiscation of livestock. Livestock in Kazakhstan fell from 7 million cattle to 1.6 million and from 22 million sheep to 1.7 million. The resulting
3580:
2212:
2965:
1916:
women peddled various goods among pastoral nomads. In the same region, the Changi and Luti were musicians and balladeers, and their children learned these professions from the age of 7 or 8 years.
1920:
made sieves, brooms, and wooden spoons for a living. The Tahtacı traditionally worked as lumberers; with increased sedentarization, however, they have taken to agriculture and horticulture.
3228:
2246:
881:, gave rise to the largest land empire in history. The Mongols originally consisted of loosely organized nomadic tribes in Mongolia, Manchuria, and Siberia. In the late 12th century,
870:. These groups are based on kinship and marriage ties or on formal agreements of cooperation. A council of adult males makes most of the decisions, though some tribes have chiefs.
2988:
559:
936:
2785:
1546:, who make up about 20% of Niger's 12.9 million population, had been so badly hit by the Niger food crisis that their already fragile way of life is at risk. Nomads in
2622:
3740:
1208:
The pastoralists are sedentary to a certain area, as they move between the permanent spring, summer, autumn and winter (or dry and wet season) pastures for their
892:
The nomadic way of life has become increasingly rare. Many countries have converted pastures into cropland and forced nomadic peoples into permanent settlements.
595:
nomads. In the twentieth century, the population of nomadic pastoral tribes slowly decreased, reaching an estimated 30â40 million nomads in the world as of 1995.
3655:
2634:
peripatetics, endogamous nomads who are largely non-primary producers or extractors, and whose principal resources are constituted by other human populations .
1924:
adjoining areas. The
Ghorbat and the Shadibaz claim to have originally come from Iran and Multan, respectively, and Tahtacı traditional accounts mention either
3572:
1636:
will eat before leaving the camp and most do not eat again until they return to camp for the evening meal. The typical evening meal may include thin stew with
2050:; and various hides (clouded leopards, bears, and other animals)." These nomadic tribes also commonly hunted boar with poison blow darts for their own needs.
1728:
as "aimless wanderers, immoral, promiscuous and disease-ridden" peoples. According to Hill and
Randall, both of these perceptions "misrepresent the reality".
2957:
2115:
1962:
1025:, are classified as hunter-gatherers; some of these societies supplement, sometimes extensively, their foraging activity with farming or animal husbandry.
552:
2584:
2877:
Ning, Shi; Dupont, Lydie M. (June 1997). "Vegetation and climatic history of southwest Africa: A marine palynological record of the last 300,000 years".
2645:
English dictionaries agree that the word came from French in the 16th century but incorrectly claim that the French word referred to pasturing. (See the
1870:
2034:
rhinoceros horn (see Tillema 1939:142); pharmacologically valuable bezoar stones (concretions formed in the intestines and gallbladder of the gibbon,
1752:
3189:
Moussavi-Nejad, Ebrahim (December 2003). "Censuses of Pastoral Nomads and Some General Remarks about the Census of Nomadic Tribes of Iran in 1998".
1596:. Pala will eat heartier foods in the winter months to help keep warm. Some of the customary restrictions they explain as cultural saying only that
3698:
926:'s classification of war into two types, which Chaliand interprets as describing a difference between warfare in sedentary and nomadic societies:
3602:
939:
are found in many languages: Chinese, Persian, Polish, Russian, Classical Greek, Armenian, Latin and Arabic. These sources concern both the true
545:
3795:
2285:
1830:
or secret language, with vocabularies drawn from various languages. There are indications that in northern Iran at least one community speaks
3232:
1659:
have not changed much over centuries. The Kazakh nomad cuisine is simple and includes meat, salads, marinated vegetables and fried and baked
1620:
due to their cloven hooves. Some families do not eat until after the morning milking, while others may have a light meal with butter tea and
3868:
3284:
2667:(in French). The meanings of the Latin and Greek predecessors are irrelevant and in fact misleading for the meaning of the English word.)
2154:
1724:
pastoralist societies. Hill and Randall observe that nomadic pastoralists are stereotypically seen by the settled populace in Africa and
1505:
of the early 1970s caused massive problems in a country where 85% of its inhabitants were nomadic herders. Today only 15% remain nomads.
2996:
1280:
were replaced by a nomadic, pastoral pottery-using culture, which seems to have been a cultural fusion between them and a newly-arrived
3163:
1990:
3476:
766:
Nomads keep moving for different reasons. Nomadic foragers move in search of game, edible plants, and water. Aboriginal Australians,
3403:
2301:
615:, where mobility is the most efficient strategy for exploiting scarce resources. For example, many groups living in the tundra are
2777:
2087:
3694:
Cowan, Gregory (2002). "Nomadology in Architecture: Ephemerality, Movement and Collaboration" University of Adelaide (available:
3258:
2810:
1237:
cultures that had used animals as live meat ("on the hoof") also began using animals for their secondary products, for example:
3787:: Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; reprinted in: The Early State, its Alternatives and Analogues. Ed. by
3745:
2649:
2440:
1697:
is a popular sport, but the nomadic people do not have much time for leisure. Horse riding is a valued skill in their culture.
120:
3308:
2860:
2103:
3821:
2931:
2688:
338:
3075:
2616:
3383:
3364:
1432:
2500:
3908:
3114:
115:
3537:
Gmelch, S B (October 1986). "Groups That Don't Want In: Gypsies and Other Artisan, Trader, and Entertainer Minorities".
3327:
3612:
3521:
3459:
3432:
3148:
2568:
2469:
385:
2837:
1397:, appears on the national flag, emphasizing the central importance of nomadism in the genesis of the modern nation of
3069:
1848:
1781:
407:
125:
3029:. Vol. VIII: South Africa, Rhodesia and the Protectorates. Cambridge: CUP Archive (published 1963). p. 136
1582:
have a diet that is unusual in that they consume very few vegetables and no fruit. The main staple of their diet is
1204:
This is when symbiosis is at the regional level, generally between specialised nomadic and agricultural populations.
3861:
2741:
2660:
3839:
Vigo, Julian (2005). "Nomadic Sexualities and Nationalities: Postcolonial Performative Words and Visual Texts".
3215:
1365:
391:
3475:
Lerner, Ann Marie Kroll (2006). "History of Nomad Studies in Anthropology: Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries".
2530:
2227:
3981:
3689:
3675:
2591:
1440:
1268:
The first nomadic pastoral society developed in the period from 8,500 to 6,500 BCE in the area of the southern
57:
17:
1531:
1226:
639:
375:
3833:
2351:
2010:
spp.); wild honey and beeswax (important in trade but often unreported); aromatic resin from insence wood (
744:, 2012. While nomadic life is less common in modern times, the horse remains a national symbol in Mongolia.
3343:
3854:
3814:
3510:
Population, Health and Nutrition in the Sahel: Issues in the Welfare of Selected West African Communities
480:
427:
150:
74:
2551:
Homewood, Katherine; Rodgers, W.A. (1988), "Pastoralism, conservation and the overgrazing controversy",
3022:
2059:
3482:
2336:
1624:. In the afternoon, after the morning milking, the families gather and share a communal meal of tea,
1600:
do not eat certain foods, even some that may be naturally abundant. Though they live near sources of
1520:, and most experts agreed that by 2000 the number had fallen dramatically, perhaps by half. A severe
1415:
From 1920 to 2008, the population of nomadic pastoral tribes slowly decreased from over a quarter of
1331:
380:
325:
105:
3796:"Nomadism, Evolution, and World-Systems: Pastoral Societies in Theories of Historical Development+.
2341:
1339:
1103:
575:
are communities without fixed habitation who regularly move to and from areas. Such groups include
422:
417:
2139:
3955:
3945:
2063:
1343:
1273:
1048:
145:
3280:
2958:"Thousands of horsemen may have swept into Bronze Age Europe, transforming the local population"
2197:
1794:
1381:
after World War II, but some people still take their herds of horses and cows to high pastures (
1303:. The rapid spread of such nomadic pastoralism was typical of such later developments as of the
710:
490:
3888:
2188:
1327:
31:
3422:
1419:'s population. Tribal pastures were nationalized during the 1960s. The National Commission of
911:, depending on their individual circumstances. These terms may be used in a derogatory sense.
3831:
Beall, Cynthia and Goldstein, Melvyn (May 1993). "Past becoming future for Mongolian nomads"
3505:
3449:
1517:
900:
600:
535:
66:
3167:
2886:
2495:
2187:
nomads in the steppes of the Russian Empire, now Uzbekistan, by pioneer color photographer
1823:
201:
70:
2834:"The Development of Nomadism in Ancient Northeast Africa Karim Sadr [Book Review]"
1806:
Peripatetic minorities are mobile populations moving among settled populations offering a
8:
3903:
3730:
2396:
1892:
In Afghanistan, the Nausar worked as tinkers and animal dealers. Ghorbat men mainly made
1700:
1166:
1042:
1018:
580:
531:
515:
270:
196:
158:
3550:
2890:
2646:
1932:
as their original home. The Baluch say they were attached as a service community to the
3637:
Nomads of the Borneo Rainforest: The Economics, Politics, and Ideology of Settling Down
3038:
2910:
2733:
2725:
2401:
2276:
2252:
1978:
1799:
1119:
450:
402:
3506:"Issues in the Study of the Demography of Sahelian Pastoralists and AgroâPastoralists"
915:
37:
3810:
3780:
3685:
3671:
3608:
3554:
3517:
3486:
3455:
3428:
3348:
3254:
3144:
3065:
2914:
2902:
2806:
2737:
2684:
2564:
2411:
2386:
2316:
1865:
1550:
were also affected. The Fulani of West Africa are the world's largest nomadic group.
1300:
1296:
1162:
1022:
792:
623:
397:
211:
130:
3725:
3705:
2436:
997:
Hunter-gatherers (also known as foragers) move from campsite to campsite, following
3928:
3918:
3776:
3736:
3546:
3305:
3198:
3136:
2894:
2857:
2717:
2556:
2490:
2356:
2346:
1970:
1929:
1567:
848:
800:
756:
616:
510:
465:
357:
168:
42:
3750:
2935:
1295:
nomadic pastoral techno-complex and is possibly associated with the appearance of
788:
blacksmiths of India, the Roma traders, Scottish travellers and Irish travellers.
721:
626:
populations who move among densely populated areas to offer specialized services (
3976:
3938:
3893:
3387:
3368:
3331:
3312:
3118:
3059:
3018:
2864:
2678:
2664:
2653:
2560:
2308:
1897:
1859:
1831:
1589:
1454:
1308:
1277:
1230:
1154:
1056:
1052:
980:
576:
455:
412:
186:
90:
3478:
Iron Age Nomads of the Urals: Interpreting SauroâSarmatian and Sargat Identities
3380:
3361:
3950:
3813:, and T. Barfield (pp. 73â87). Moscow: Center for Civilizational Studies,
3768:
3721:
3202:
2145:
1974:
1759:
1616:
or the wild asses that are abundant in the environs, classifying the latter as
1242:
1060:
964:
960:
812:
804:
796:
163:
3490:
3111:
1291:
This lifestyle quickly developed into what Jaris Yurins has called the circum-
302:
3970:
3788:
3715:
3710:
3558:
3324:
2906:
2391:
2381:
2237:
2218:
2184:
2094:
2074:
1966:
1579:
1558:
1539:
1535:
1502:
1436:
1373:
1369:
1335:
1181:
1147:
1095:
940:
908:
896:
886:
852:
714:
688:
673:
655:
485:
475:
470:
460:
445:
281:
243:
206:
46:
2461:
1352:
in southern Africa adopted nomadism from the 17th century. Some elements of
1288:
culture), adopting their nomadic hunting lifestyle to the raising of stock.
3923:
3140:
2406:
2376:
2366:
2130:
1989:
The Bukat people of Borneo in Malaysia live within the region of the river
1945:
1901:
1690:
1601:
1487:
1443:
caused some 1.5 million deaths: this represents more than 40% of the total
1386:
1378:
1195:
1099:
1038:
1014:
904:
895:
Modern forms of nomadic peoples are variously referred to as "shiftless", "
882:
856:
840:
816:
808:
505:
500:
495:
308:
140:
135:
110:
2833:
736:
3898:
3805:
Kradin, Nikolay N. (2003). "Nomadic Empires: Origins, Rise, Declin"e. In
3784:
2416:
2361:
1875:
1725:
1609:
1571:
1513:
1462:
1320:
1158:
1143:
1034:
998:
923:
828:
785:
776:
752:
687:, âroaming, wandering, esp. to find pastureâ), which is derived from the
286:
191:
3064:(reprint ed.). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 189.
2729:
2705:
2657:
1608:
these do not play a significant role in their diet, and they do not eat
3877:
3573:"Peripatetics of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey | Encyclopedia.com"
2898:
2721:
1956:
1887:
1763:
1720:
1656:
1632:. During winter months the meal is more substantial and includes meat.
1593:
1498:
1428:
1398:
1368:
and the subsequent political independence and economic collapse of its
1356:
culture in colonial South America also re-invented nomadic lifestyles.
1281:
1262:
1170:
1075:
990:
971:, who retained or, in some cases, adopted the nomadic form of warfare.
771:
635:
3933:
3846:
3763:
3696:
Nomadology in architecture: ephemerality, movement and collaboration.
3513:
2522:
2126:
1694:
1410:
1234:
1209:
1185:
1006:
956:
919:
726:
584:
520:
238:
1130:
3695:
3390:
2165:
2122:
1998:
1933:
1649:
1563:
1372:
republics has been the resurgence of pastoral nomadism. Taking the
1349:
1285:
1225:
Nomadic pastoralism seems to have developed first as a part of the
1142:
for centuries by several Arctic and Subarctic people including the
1135:
1123:
1065:
968:
836:
741:
658:
592:
254:
3741:
The Impact of China's Reform Policy on the Nomads of Western Tibet
1450:
2323:
2292:
2256:
2161:
1925:
1905:
1731:
1521:
1470:
1444:
1304:
1250:
1139:
1087:
1010:
952:
944:
878:
860:
844:
827:. Pastoral nomads who are residents of arid climates include the
820:
767:
791:
Many nomadic and pastorally nomadic peoples are associated with
2203:
2169:
2030:: see Nieuwenhuis 1900a:137); the antlers of deer (the sambar,
1685:
1680:
1676:
1641:
1633:
1629:
1613:
1584:
1543:
1509:
1479:
1420:
1353:
1316:
1269:
1254:
1212:. The nomads moved depending on the availability of resources.
1083:
867:
824:
730:
612:
608:
604:
588:
95:
3229:"National Geographic: Images of Animals, Nature, and Cultures"
1194:
This is when symbiosis is between segments or clans within an
1161:
is thought to have developed in three stages that accompanied
3404:"West Africa's Fulani nomads fight climate change to survive"
2022:
and other species); poison for blowpipe darts (one source is
1893:
1827:
1811:
1807:
1672:
1660:
1617:
1574:. They migrate from region to region depending on the season.
1527:
1483:
1475:
1292:
1002:
985:
832:
780:
697:
691:
682:
676:
664:
631:
627:
2706:"Nomadism and Desertification in Africa and the Middle East"
2260:
2046:
spp.); the heads and feathers of two species of hornbills (
1705:
1668:
1605:
1547:
1491:
1458:
1431:
where the major agricultural activity was nomadic herding,
1416:
1394:
1258:
1246:
1238:
1115:
1079:
948:
100:
3771:(2004). "Nomadic Empires in Evolutionary Perspective". In
3135:, University of Pittsburgh Press, pp. 140â146, 2012,
1494:
population. Today, they account for some 1% of the total.
1110:
748:
619:
and are semi-nomadic, following forage for their animals.
1664:
3682:
The Development of Nomadism in Ancient Northeast Africa
1359:
3656:"A different way of living: the last surviving nomads"
3424:
Nomads of Western Tibet: The Survival of a Way of Life
3164:"Persian & Iranian Nomads at Best Iran Travel.com"
1644:. Winter stew would include a lot of meat with either
3764:
Remarks on modernity, mobility, nomadism and the arts
3306:
The Middle East People Groups and Their Distribution
2764:
The History of Terrorism: From Antiquity to Al Qaeda
1469:
In the 1950s as well as the 1960s, large numbers of
866:
Most nomads travel in groups of families, bands, or
1973:even though most of them were settled by both late
922:originated in nomad-warrior cultures. He points to
775:travel in search of pastures for their flocks. The
3843:Famagusta: Eastern Mediterranean University Press.
3783:, V. de Munck, and P.K. Wason (pp. 274â288).
3088:the early nineteenth century witnessed 'the nomad
2585:"ROMBASE: Didactically edited information on Roma"
1965:continues nomadic lifestyle between coastal towns
1524:had destroyed 80% of the livestock in some areas.
885:united them and other nomadic tribes to found the
779:and their cattle travel through the grasslands of
622:Sometimes also described as "nomadic" are various
3255:"Kazahstan Student Society in the United Kingdom"
2989:"The first Europeans weren't who you might think"
2926:
2924:
2766:. University of California Press. pp. 85â86.
2109:Snake charmer from Telugu community of Sri Lanka.
2004:Agathis dammara; jelutong bukit, Dyera costulata,
889:, which eventually stretched the length of Asia.
3968:
3092:of the colonial period converted into the loyal
2555:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 111â128,
1936:, after they fled Baluchistan because of feuds.
1826:origin and many are structured somewhat like an
1272:. There, during a period of increasing aridity,
1126:'s 3 million people are nomadic or semi-nomadic.
3427:. University of California Press. p. 114.
2680:Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World
2550:
1834:, and some groups in Turkey also speak Romani.
1249:and other animal hair, hides (and consequently
3188:
3112:Pastoral Livestock Development in Central Asia
2921:
1732:Contemporary peripatetic minorities in Eurasia
1309:horse and cattle nomads of the Eurasian steppe
3862:
3325:Mauritania â Political Power in the Mid-1980s
3019:"V: Foundation of the Cape Colony, 1652â1708"
1501:was essentially a nomadic society. The great
553:
2618:The concept of peripatetics: An introduction
2255:(Atsina) American Indians moving camps with
1157:are nomads moving between pastures. Nomadic
3653:
3503:
3344:"Severe Drought Driving Nomads From Desert"
3027:The Cambridge History of the British Empire
2676:
2462:"nomadism | society | Britannica"
1667:is served in bowls, possibly with sugar or
1465:are the largest nomadic group in the world.
667:
3869:
3855:
3822:"Cultural Complexity of Pastoral Nomads".
3791:et al. (pŃ. 501â524). Volgograd: Uchitel'.
3600:
3334:, U.S. Library of Congress Country Studies
2876:
2042:birds' nests, the edible nests of swifts (
638:, for example. These groups are known as "
560:
546:
3639:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 56.
3420:
3414:
2658:Digitized Treasury of the French Language
2621:. Cologne: Bohlau Verlag. pp. 1â32.
1984:
1782:Learn how and when to remove this message
705:
3601:Berland, Joseph C.; Rao, Aparna (2004).
3447:
2761:
1869:
1793:
1699:
1557:
1449:
1385:) every summer, continuing a pattern of
1129:
1109:
1094:
1064:
984:
959:) and also the semi-settled people like
903:", hunter-gatherers, refugees and urban
747:
735:
720:
709:
36:
3634:
2955:
2703:
2491:"Nomads: At the Crossroads â The Facts"
1753:not related to the topic of the article
14:
3969:
3876:
3536:
3504:Hill, Allan G.; Randall, Sara (2012).
3474:
3218:, Los Angeles Times, February 18, 2008
3057:
3016:
2968:from the original on 25 September 2022
2932:"Patterns of Subsistence: Pastoralism"
2809:. BBC News â In Pictures. 2008-09-23.
2125:horseman from the general area of the
3850:
3481:(Ph.D.). Department of Anthropology,
3058:Slatta, Richard W. (1 January 1992).
2986:
2582:
1461:. Spread throughout West Africa, the
1334:, who were among the first to master
1165:and an increase in the complexity of
1134:A SĂĄmi family in Norway around 1900.
1069:Overview map of the world in 200 BC:
603:adapted to infertile regions such as
3807:Nomadic Pathways in Social Evolution
3684:, University of Pennsylvania Press.
2879:Vegetation History and Archaeobotany
2048:Buceros rhinoceros, Rhinoplax vigil)
1735:
1360:Increase in post-Soviet Central Asia
3551:10.1146/annurev.an.15.100186.001515
3454:. Infobase Publishing. p. 57.
2831:
2614:
2503:from the original on April 28, 2021
1173:has proposed the following stages:
974:
24:
3746:The Remote World of Tibet's Nomads
3647:
3261:from the original on 8 August 2007
3078:from the original on 23 April 2023
3061:Gauchos and the Vanishing Frontier
2295:(wandering Arabs) of Tunisia, 1899
2014:camphor (found in the fissures of
1404:
25:
3993:
3287:from the original on 4 March 2016
2956:Gibbons, Ann (21 February 2017).
2038:and in the wounds of porcupines,
1849:Peripatetic groups of Afghanistan
3798:Journal of World-System Research
3773:Alternatives of Social Evolution
3362:Niger way of life 'under threat'
3121:, FAO Rural Development Division
2677:Weatherford, Jack (2005-03-22).
2450:– via The Free Dictionary.
2315:
2300:
2284:
2268:
2245:
2226:
2211:
2196:
2177:
2153:
2138:
2114:
2102:
2086:
2079:
2018:several types of rotan of cane (
1740:
3699:Adelaide University Public View
3628:
3594:
3583:from the original on 2022-12-10
3565:
3530:
3497:
3468:
3441:
3396:
3374:
3355:
3337:
3318:
3299:
3273:
3247:
3221:
3209:
3182:
3156:
3124:
3105:
3051:
3010:
2980:
2949:
2870:
2851:
2840:from the original on 2021-03-12
2825:
2813:from the original on 2021-03-12
2799:
2788:from the original on 2021-09-13
2770:
2755:
2744:from the original on 2022-03-13
2697:
2625:from the original on 2016-06-29
2533:from the original on 2021-04-26
2472:from the original on 2021-05-05
2443:from the original on 2022-12-10
1939:
1534:following erratic rainfall and
935:Primary historical sources for
45:depicting a caravan of nomadic
3133:Speaking Soviet with an Accent
2670:
2639:
2608:
2576:
2544:
2515:
2483:
2454:
2429:
2012:gaharu, Aquilaria microcarpa);
1842:
1538:invasions. Nomads such as the
1090:and other nomadic pastoralists
1028:
634:) to their residentsâexternal
386:Formalistâsubstantivist debate
13:
1:
3666:Oberfalzerova, Alena (2006):
3539:Annual Review of Anthropology
3315:, Zeidan, David, OM-IRC, 1995
2987:Curry, Andrew (August 2019).
2422:
1881:
1762:or discuss this issue on the
1711:
1508:As many as 2 million nomadic
1312:
1227:secondary-products revolution
672:("wandering shepherd"), from
376:Critique of political economy
3834:National Geographic Magazine
2867:, David Zeidan, OM-IRC, 1995
2807:"Your pictures: Ed Vallance"
2704:Johnson, Douglas L. (1993).
2647:American Heritage Dictionary
2561:10.1017/cbo9780511565335.009
2372:Figurative use of the term:
1683:, are especially important.
1553:
1366:break-up of the Soviet Union
937:nomadic steppe-style warfare
698:
683:
645:
27:Person without fixed habitat
7:
3820:Kradin, Nikolay N. (2006).
3815:Russian Academy of Sciences
3794:Kradin, Nikolay N. (2002).
3654:Jen Grimble (10 Jul 2021).
3508:. In Hill, Allan G. (ed.).
3421:Goldstein, Mervyll (1990).
3371:, BBC News, August 16, 2005
3216:Iran's nomads going extinct
2330:
1798:A tent of Romani nomads in
1315:3300â2600 BCE), and of the
428:Anthropology of development
316:Colonialism and development
10:
3998:
3704:Chatty, Dawn (1983â2009).
3203:10.3167/082279403781826328
2072:
2060:Itinerant groups in Europe
2057:
1961:Still some groups such as
1954:
1943:
1885:
1863:
1857:
1846:
1408:
1364:One of the results of the
1220:
1215:
1046:
1032:
978:
692:
677:
29:
3884:
3635:Sellato, Barnard (1995).
3483:Michigan State University
3381:Mali's nomads face famine
2858:Nomads of the Middle East
2762:Chaliand, Gerard (2007).
2337:Nomadic peoples of Europe
2307:Indian nomads (1893), by
2053:
2016:Dryobalanops aromaticus);
1993:, which the natives call
1950:
1497:At independence in 1960,
1447:population at that time.
877:One nomadic society, the
823:and other peoples of the
381:Original affluent society
326:The Anti-Politics Machine
3841:Inscriptions in the Sand
3706:Articles on Nomadic life
3607:. Greenwood Publishing.
3448:Pavlovic, Zoran (2003).
2778:"Steppe Nomadic Warfare"
2342:Seasonal human migration
2164:lighting a camp fire in
1853:
1516:in the years before the
1340:Indo-European migrations
1120:Gurvan Saikhan Mountains
423:Heritage commodification
418:Nutritional anthropology
392:The Great Transformation
2068:
2064:Gens du voyage (France)
1837:
1640:, animal fat and dried
1433:forced collectivization
1344:Indo-European languages
1338:, played a key role in
1284:people from Egypt (the
1276:(PPNB) cultures in the
1274:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B
1122:. Approximately 30% of
1049:List of nomadic peoples
989:Starting fire by hand.
799:; examples include the
770:of Southeast Asia, and
659:
146:Inalienable possessions
3809:. Ed. by N.N. Kradin,
3775:. Ed. by N.N. Kradin,
3141:10.2307/j.ctt5vkh78.13
2553:Conservation in Africa
2499:(266). April 5, 1995.
2279:, Indonesia. 1914â1921
2189:Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky
2040:Hestrix crassispinus);
1985:Bukat People of Borneo
1878:
1803:
1708:
1704:Movement of nomads in
1578:Pala nomads living in
1575:
1530:experienced a serious
1466:
1151:
1127:
1107:
1092:
994:
933:
901:rootless cosmopolitans
759:
745:
733:
718:
706:Common characteristics
668:
341:People Without History
49:
32:Nomad (disambiguation)
3982:Cultural anthropology
3929:Agricultural/Agrarian
3281:"General information"
3023:Walker, Eric Anderson
2782:Oxford Bibliographies
1874:Camel grazers in the
1873:
1797:
1751:may contain material
1703:
1561:
1453:
1342:and in the spread of
1332:PonticâCaspian steppe
1299:in the region of the
1235:pre-pottery Neolithic
1133:
1113:
1098:
1068:
988:
928:
751:
739:
724:
713:
536:cultural anthropology
40:
3755:L'Empire des Steppes
3680:Sadr, Karim (1991).
3668:Metaphors and Nomads
3577:www.encyclopedia.com
3170:on 20 September 2016
3017:Fouché, Leo (1936).
2615:Rao, Aparna (1987).
2583:Teichmann, Michael.
2496:New Internationalist
2234:Nomads in the Desert
1760:improve this section
1482:, oil production in
1319:spread in the later
863:of the Middle East.
491:BronisĆaw Malinowski
202:Shifting cultivation
181:Provisioning systems
30:For other uses, see
3731:A Thousand Plateaus
3604:Customary Strangers
2993:National Geographic
2891:1997VegHA...6..117N
2832:Yee, Danny (1991).
2397:The Nomadic Project
2275:House barge of the
1532:food crisis in 2005
1441:famine of 1931â1934
1328:steppe pastoralists
1241:and its associated
1167:social organization
1104:RadziwiĆĆ Chronicle
1043:nomadic pastoralism
599:Nomadism is also a
516:Harold K. Schneider
271:Gifting remittances
197:Nomadic pastoralism
159:Spheres of exchange
153:(commodity pathway)
3878:Types of societies
3762:Michael Haerdter.
3670:, Triton, Prague.
3516:. pp. 21â40.
3410:. 5 December 2019.
3386:2021-02-24 at the
3367:2018-02-02 at the
3330:2011-09-21 at the
3311:2009-01-26 at the
3117:2010-01-28 at the
2899:10.1007/bf01261959
2863:2009-04-28 at the
2722:10.1007/BF00815903
2663:2018-07-23 at the
2652:2017-07-14 at the
2466:www.britannica.com
2402:Perpetual traveler
2277:Sama-Bajau peoples
2221:nomads, 1869â1870.
1879:
1818:state these days.
1804:
1709:
1576:
1467:
1188:within the family.
1152:
1128:
1108:
1093:
1019:uncontacted tribes
995:
760:
746:
734:
719:
640:peripatetic nomads
451:Alexander Chayanov
403:Culture of poverty
305:(hunter-gatherers)
50:
3964:
3963:
3811:Dmitri Bondarenko
3781:Dmitri Bondarenko
3349:Los Angeles Times
2690:978-0-307-23781-1
2412:Third culture kid
2387:Snowbird (people)
2259:for transporting
2032:Cervus unicolor);
1866:Denotified Tribes
1792:
1791:
1784:
1671:. Milk and other
1655:Nomadic diets in
1301:Ancient Near East
1297:Semitic languages
1265:), and traction.
1233:, in which early
1163:population growth
1023:Amazon rainforest
650:The English word
570:
569:
408:Political economy
398:Peasant economics
349:Political economy
212:Peasant economics
187:Hunting-gathering
16:(Redirected from
3989:
3946:Proto-Industrial
3871:
3864:
3857:
3848:
3847:
3759:
3737:Melvyn Goldstein
3663:
3641:
3640:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3621:
3598:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3569:
3563:
3562:
3534:
3528:
3527:
3501:
3495:
3494:
3472:
3466:
3465:
3445:
3439:
3438:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3400:
3394:
3393:, August 9, 2005
3378:
3372:
3359:
3353:
3341:
3335:
3322:
3316:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3231:. Archived from
3225:
3219:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3166:. Archived from
3160:
3154:
3153:
3128:
3122:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3085:
3083:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3035:
3034:
3014:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3004:
2995:. Archived from
2984:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2943:
2934:. Archived from
2928:
2919:
2918:
2874:
2868:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2674:
2668:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2630:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2596:
2590:. Archived from
2589:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2433:
2357:Pastoral society
2347:Nomadic conflict
2319:
2304:
2288:
2272:
2249:
2230:
2215:
2200:
2181:
2157:
2142:
2118:
2106:
2093:Nomad camp near
2090:
1971:Taurus Mountains
1787:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1767:
1744:
1743:
1736:
1648:or boiled flour
1568:Badghis Province
1346:across Eurasia.
1336:horseback riding
1314:
1192:Agropastoralism:
1118:in front of the
1073:
975:Hunter-gatherers
849:Northeast Africa
757:Northeast Africa
717:mother and child
701:
695:
694:
686:
680:
679:
671:
662:
617:reindeer herders
577:hunter-gatherers
562:
555:
548:
511:Marshall Sahlins
466:Maurice Godelier
370:Related articles
358:Jim Crow economy
169:Cultural capital
154:
151:Singularization
52:
51:
43:Vincent van Gogh
21:
3997:
3996:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3986:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3960:
3956:Post-industrial
3894:Hunter-gatherer
3880:
3875:
3769:Kradin, Nikolay
3757:
3650:
3648:Further reading
3645:
3644:
3633:
3629:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3599:
3595:
3586:
3584:
3571:
3570:
3566:
3535:
3531:
3524:
3502:
3498:
3473:
3469:
3462:
3446:
3442:
3435:
3419:
3415:
3402:
3401:
3397:
3388:Wayback Machine
3379:
3375:
3369:Wayback Machine
3360:
3356:
3352:, June 30, 2000
3342:
3338:
3332:Wayback Machine
3323:
3319:
3313:Wayback Machine
3304:
3300:
3290:
3288:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3264:
3262:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3238:
3236:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3214:
3210:
3191:Nomadic Peoples
3187:
3183:
3173:
3171:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3151:
3130:
3129:
3125:
3119:Wayback Machine
3110:
3106:
3081:
3079:
3072:
3056:
3052:
3032:
3030:
3015:
3011:
3002:
3000:
2985:
2981:
2971:
2969:
2954:
2950:
2941:
2939:
2930:
2929:
2922:
2875:
2871:
2865:Wayback Machine
2856:
2852:
2843:
2841:
2830:
2826:
2816:
2814:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2791:
2789:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2760:
2756:
2747:
2745:
2702:
2698:
2691:
2675:
2671:
2665:Wayback Machine
2654:Wayback Machine
2644:
2640:
2628:
2626:
2613:
2609:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2587:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2549:
2545:
2536:
2534:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2506:
2504:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2475:
2473:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2446:
2444:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2333:
2326:
2320:
2311:
2309:Raja Ravi Varma
2305:
2296:
2289:
2280:
2273:
2264:
2263:and belongings.
2250:
2241:
2231:
2222:
2216:
2207:
2201:
2192:
2182:
2173:
2158:
2149:
2143:
2134:
2119:
2110:
2107:
2098:
2091:
2082:
2077:
2071:
2066:
2058:Main articles:
2056:
2036:Seminopithecus,
1987:
1959:
1953:
1948:
1942:
1898:fortune-telling
1890:
1884:
1868:
1862:
1860:Nomads of India
1856:
1851:
1845:
1840:
1832:Romani language
1802:, 19th century.
1788:
1777:
1771:
1768:
1757:
1745:
1741:
1734:
1714:
1675:products, like
1588:and they drink
1556:
1518:Soviet invasion
1455:Fulani herdsman
1413:
1407:
1405:Sedentarization
1362:
1307:culture of the
1231:Andrew Sherratt
1223:
1218:
1155:Pastoral nomads
1106:, 13th century.
1091:
1071:
1063:
1057:Eurasian Steppe
1053:Eurasian nomads
1045:
1033:Main articles:
1031:
983:
981:Hunter-gatherer
977:
916:GĂ©rard Chaliand
797:desert climates
708:
654:comes from the
648:
581:pastoral nomads
566:
526:
525:
456:Stanley Diamond
441:
440:Major theorists
433:
432:
413:State formation
371:
363:
362:
340:
339:Europe and the
225:
217:
216:
182:
174:
173:
152:
91:Commodification
86:
76:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3995:
3985:
3984:
3979:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3889:Pre-industrial
3885:
3882:
3881:
3874:
3873:
3866:
3859:
3851:
3845:
3844:
3837:
3829:
3824:World Cultures
3818:
3803:
3792:
3777:A.V. Korotayev
3766:
3760:
3751:Grousset, René
3748:
3743:
3734:
3719:
3711:Chatwin, Bruce
3708:
3702:
3692:
3678:
3664:
3649:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3627:
3614:978-0897897716
3613:
3593:
3564:
3545:(1): 307â330.
3529:
3523:978-1136882845
3522:
3496:
3485:. p. 34.
3467:
3461:978-1438105192
3460:
3440:
3434:978-0520072107
3433:
3413:
3395:
3373:
3354:
3336:
3317:
3298:
3272:
3246:
3235:on 18 May 2009
3220:
3208:
3181:
3155:
3150:978-0822978091
3149:
3131:"CONCLUSION",
3123:
3104:
3070:
3050:
3009:
2979:
2948:
2920:
2885:(2): 117â131.
2869:
2850:
2824:
2798:
2769:
2754:
2696:
2689:
2669:
2638:
2607:
2575:
2570:978-0521341998
2569:
2543:
2527:explorable.com
2514:
2482:
2453:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2321:
2314:
2312:
2306:
2299:
2297:
2291:Photograph of
2290:
2283:
2281:
2274:
2267:
2265:
2251:
2244:
2242:
2232:
2225:
2223:
2217:
2210:
2208:
2206:in Mali, 1974.
2202:
2195:
2193:
2183:
2176:
2174:
2159:
2152:
2150:
2148:, 15th century
2146:Yeniche people
2144:
2137:
2135:
2120:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2101:
2099:
2092:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2073:Main article:
2070:
2067:
2055:
2052:
2006:gutta-percha,
1997:. Bukat is an
1986:
1983:
1955:Main article:
1952:
1949:
1944:Main article:
1941:
1938:
1886:Main article:
1883:
1880:
1858:Main article:
1855:
1852:
1847:Main article:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1790:
1789:
1748:
1746:
1739:
1733:
1730:
1713:
1710:
1689:is a drink of
1628:and sometimes
1555:
1552:
1512:wandered over
1503:Sahel droughts
1406:
1403:
1361:
1358:
1243:dairy products
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1206:
1205:
1202:True Nomadism:
1199:
1189:
1070:
1061:Nomadic empire
1030:
1027:
979:Main article:
976:
973:
965:Crimean Tatars
813:Plains Indians
725:Nomads on the
707:
704:
702:, âpastureâ).
647:
644:
568:
567:
565:
564:
557:
550:
542:
539:
538:
528:
527:
524:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
442:
439:
438:
435:
434:
431:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
388:
383:
378:
372:
369:
368:
365:
364:
361:
360:
354:
353:
351:
345:
344:
334:
333:
330:
329:
321:
320:
318:
312:
311:
306:
299:
298:
296:
290:
289:
284:
278:
277:
274:
273:
267:
266:
264:
258:
257:
251:
250:
247:
246:
241:
235:
234:
232:
226:
223:
222:
219:
218:
215:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
183:
180:
179:
176:
175:
172:
171:
166:
164:Social capital
161:
156:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
121:Redistribution
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
87:
85:Basic concepts
84:
83:
80:
79:
63:
62:
41:A painting by
26:
18:Nomadic people
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3994:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3924:Horticultural
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3891:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3883:
3879:
3872:
3867:
3865:
3860:
3858:
3853:
3852:
3849:
3842:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3819:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3793:
3790:
3789:Leonid Grinin
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3761:
3756:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3732:
3727:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3716:The Songlines
3712:
3709:
3707:
3703:
3700:
3697:
3693:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3652:
3651:
3638:
3631:
3616:
3610:
3606:
3605:
3597:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3568:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3533:
3525:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3500:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3479:
3471:
3463:
3457:
3453:
3452:
3444:
3436:
3430:
3426:
3425:
3417:
3409:
3405:
3399:
3392:
3389:
3385:
3382:
3377:
3370:
3366:
3363:
3358:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3333:
3329:
3326:
3321:
3314:
3310:
3307:
3302:
3286:
3282:
3276:
3260:
3256:
3250:
3234:
3230:
3224:
3217:
3212:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3185:
3169:
3165:
3159:
3152:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3127:
3120:
3116:
3113:
3108:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3077:
3073:
3071:9780803292154
3067:
3063:
3062:
3054:
3047:
3045:
3040:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3013:
2999:on 2023-03-06
2998:
2994:
2990:
2983:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2952:
2938:on 2016-02-03
2937:
2933:
2927:
2925:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2873:
2866:
2862:
2859:
2854:
2839:
2835:
2828:
2812:
2808:
2802:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2773:
2765:
2758:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2700:
2692:
2686:
2682:
2681:
2673:
2666:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2648:
2642:
2635:
2624:
2620:
2619:
2611:
2597:on 2014-04-21
2593:
2586:
2579:
2572:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2547:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2523:"Subsistence"
2518:
2502:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2486:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2457:
2442:
2438:
2432:
2428:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2392:Military brat
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2382:Digital nomad
2380:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2325:
2322:Indian nomad
2318:
2313:
2310:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2287:
2282:
2278:
2271:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2238:Giulio Rosati
2235:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2141:
2136:
2133:, c. 300 BCE.
2132:
2128:
2124:
2117:
2112:
2105:
2100:
2097:, Tibet. 1993
2096:
2089:
2084:
2083:
2080:Image gallery
2076:
2075:Romani people
2065:
2061:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2020:Calamus rotan
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1967:Mediterranean
1964:
1963:Sarıkeçililer
1958:
1947:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1889:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1861:
1850:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1819:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1801:
1796:
1786:
1783:
1775:
1765:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1749:This section
1747:
1738:
1737:
1729:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1580:Western Tibet
1573:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1536:desert locust
1533:
1529:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1437:Joseph Stalin
1434:
1430:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1412:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1374:Kyrgyz people
1371:
1370:Central Asian
1367:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1213:
1211:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1183:
1182:mixed economy
1179:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
992:
987:
982:
972:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
941:steppe nomads
938:
932:
927:
925:
921:
917:
914:According to
912:
910:
909:street-people
906:
902:
898:
893:
890:
888:
887:Mongol Empire
884:
880:
875:
871:
869:
864:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
825:Sahara Desert
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
789:
787:
782:
778:
773:
769:
764:
758:
754:
750:
743:
738:
732:
728:
723:
716:
712:
703:
700:
690:
689:Ancient Greek
685:
675:
674:Ancient Greek
670:
666:
661:
657:
656:Middle French
653:
643:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
620:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
596:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
563:
558:
556:
551:
549:
544:
543:
541:
540:
537:
533:
530:
529:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
486:Marvin Harris
484:
482:
479:
477:
476:Jane I. Guyer
474:
472:
471:David Graeber
469:
467:
464:
462:
461:Raymond Firth
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
446:Paul Bohannan
444:
443:
437:
436:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
393:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
373:
367:
366:
359:
356:
355:
352:
350:
347:
346:
343:
342:
336:
335:
332:
331:
328:
327:
323:
322:
319:
317:
314:
313:
310:
307:
304:
301:
300:
297:
295:
292:
291:
288:
285:
283:
282:Organ gifting
280:
279:
276:
275:
272:
269:
268:
265:
263:
260:
259:
256:
253:
252:
249:
248:
245:
244:Moka exchange
242:
240:
237:
236:
233:
231:
228:
227:
221:
220:
213:
210:
208:
207:Moral economy
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
184:
178:
177:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
88:
82:
81:
78:
72:
68:
65:
64:
61:
59:
54:
53:
48:
44:
39:
33:
19:
3913:
3840:
3832:
3823:
3806:
3797:
3772:
3754:
3729:
3714:
3681:
3667:
3659:
3636:
3630:
3618:. Retrieved
3603:
3596:
3585:. Retrieved
3576:
3567:
3542:
3538:
3532:
3509:
3499:
3477:
3470:
3450:
3443:
3423:
3416:
3407:
3398:
3376:
3357:
3347:
3339:
3320:
3301:
3289:. Retrieved
3275:
3263:. Retrieved
3249:
3237:. Retrieved
3233:the original
3223:
3211:
3197:(2): 24â35.
3194:
3190:
3184:
3172:. Retrieved
3168:the original
3158:
3132:
3126:
3107:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3087:
3080:. Retrieved
3060:
3053:
3043:
3039:van der Stel
3037:
3031:. Retrieved
3026:
3012:
3001:. Retrieved
2997:the original
2992:
2982:
2970:. Retrieved
2961:
2951:
2940:. Retrieved
2936:the original
2882:
2878:
2872:
2853:
2842:. Retrieved
2827:
2815:. Retrieved
2801:
2790:. Retrieved
2781:
2772:
2763:
2757:
2746:. Retrieved
2716:(1): 51â66.
2713:
2709:
2699:
2679:
2672:
2641:
2633:
2627:. Retrieved
2617:
2610:
2599:. Retrieved
2592:the original
2578:
2552:
2546:
2535:. Retrieved
2526:
2517:
2505:. Retrieved
2494:
2485:
2474:. Retrieved
2465:
2456:
2445:. Retrieved
2431:
2407:RV lifestyle
2377:Global nomad
2371:
2367:Transhumance
2233:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1994:
1988:
1960:
1946:Kochi people
1940:Kochi people
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1902:bloodletting
1891:
1820:
1816:
1805:
1778:
1769:
1758:Please help
1750:
1719:
1715:
1684:
1654:
1645:
1637:
1625:
1621:
1597:
1583:
1577:
1526:
1507:
1496:
1488:Persian Gulf
1468:
1426:
1424:70 million.
1414:
1391:
1387:transhumance
1382:
1363:
1348:
1325:
1290:
1267:
1229:proposed by
1224:
1207:
1201:
1196:ethnic group
1191:
1178:Pastoralism:
1177:
1153:
1039:Transhumance
1015:Hadza people
996:
993:in Botswana.
934:
929:
913:
894:
891:
883:Genghis Khan
876:
872:
865:
847:, groups of
841:South Africa
817:Great Plains
809:Central Asia
790:
765:
761:
755:nomads from
651:
649:
621:
613:ice and sand
597:
572:
571:
506:Karl Polanyi
501:Sidney Mintz
496:Marcel Mauss
390:
348:
337:
324:
315:
309:Batek people
294:Provisioning
293:
261:
229:
224:Case studies
141:Limited good
136:Gift economy
111:Embeddedness
77:anthropology
75:development
55:
3904:Circumpolar
3826:15: 171â189
3785:Vladivostok
3758:(in French)
2507:January 10,
2417:Overlanding
2362:Pastoralism
2352:Sea Gypsies
2261:skin lodges
2253:Gros Ventre
1876:Thar Desert
1843:Afghanistan
1726:Middle East
1610:carnivorous
1572:Afghanistan
1514:Afghanistan
1321:Middle Ages
1159:pastoralism
1035:Pastoralism
1029:Pastoralism
1017:, and some
924:Machiavelli
807:peoples of
786:Gadia Lohar
636:consultants
303:Aché people
287:Shell money
230:Prestations
192:Pastoralism
116:Reciprocity
3971:Categories
3951:Industrial
3800:8: 368â388
3690:0812230663
3676:8072548492
3587:2022-12-10
3491:1084037447
3451:Kazakhstan
3033:2016-11-16
3003:2022-10-29
2972:29 October
2942:2008-09-10
2844:2018-02-01
2792:2021-09-13
2748:2021-02-17
2710:GeoJournal
2629:2017-09-10
2601:2014-04-20
2537:2019-02-24
2476:2018-07-09
2447:2022-12-10
2423:References
2191:, c. 1910.
2044:Collocalia
1981:republic.
1888:Dom people
1882:Dom people
1864:See also:
1721:Allan Hill
1712:Perception
1657:Kazakhstan
1594:butter tea
1566:nomads in
1499:Mauritania
1429:Kazakhstan
1409:See also:
1399:Kyrgyzstan
1282:Mesolithic
1263:fertilizer
1180:This is a
1171:Karim Sadr
1138:have been
1076:Sarmatians
1047:See also:
1007:vegetables
991:San people
859:, and the
819:, and the
481:Keith Hart
3909:Subarctic
3559:0084-6570
3514:Routledge
3408:France 24
2915:129710387
2907:0939-6314
2738:153445920
2683:. Crown.
2127:Ili river
2008:Palaquium
1772:July 2013
1764:talk page
1695:Wrestling
1691:fermented
1650:dumplings
1612:animals,
1562:Tents of
1554:Lifestyle
1411:Sedentism
1379:urbanized
1350:Trekboers
1330:from the
1210:livestock
1186:symbiosis
1001:and wild
957:Scythians
920:terrorism
793:semi-arid
740:Rider in
727:Changtang
646:Etymology
624:itinerant
601:lifestyle
585:livestock
521:Eric Wolf
239:Kula ring
3919:Pastoral
3753:(1939).
3728:(1980).
3726:Guattari
3713:(1987).
3620:29 April
3581:Archived
3391:BBC News
3384:Archived
3365:Archived
3328:Archived
3309:Archived
3291:29 April
3285:Archived
3265:29 April
3259:Archived
3239:29 April
3174:29 April
3115:Archived
3098:estancia
3082:23 April
3076:Archived
3044:trekboer
2966:Archived
2861:Archived
2838:Archived
2817:29 April
2811:Archived
2786:Archived
2742:Archived
2730:41145912
2661:Archived
2656:and the
2650:Archived
2623:Archived
2531:Archived
2501:Archived
2470:Archived
2441:Archived
2331:See also
2293:Bedouins
2166:Wadi Rum
2160:A young
2123:Scythian
2002:(damar,
1999:ethnonym
1991:Mendalam
1934:Jamshedi
1930:KhorÄsÄn
1486:and the
1326:Yamnaya
1286:Harifian
1146:and the
1136:Reindeer
1124:Mongolia
1102:nomads,
969:Russians
905:homeless
851:such as
837:Khoikhoi
801:Mongolic
768:Negritos
742:Mongolia
583:(owning
255:Potlatch
67:Economic
58:a series
56:Part of
3939:Complex
3914:Nomadic
3899:Montane
3722:Deleuze
3096:of the
3025:(ed.).
2962:Science
2887:Bibcode
2437:"NOMAD"
2324:Banjara
2257:travois
2162:Bedouin
2131:Pazyryk
1979:Turkish
1975:Ottoman
1926:Baghdad
1906:begging
1800:Hungary
1634:Herders
1614:rabbits
1590:Tibetan
1564:Pashtun
1522:drought
1471:Bedouin
1305:Yamnaya
1293:Arabian
1251:leather
1221:Origins
1216:History
1184:with a
1088:Xiongnu
1021:in the
1011:Pygmies
953:Magyars
945:Mongols
897:gypsies
879:Mongols
861:Bedouin
853:Somalis
845:Namibia
831:of the
821:Amazigh
815:of the
663:, from
589:tinkers
262:Gifting
106:Finance
71:applied
3977:Nomads
3934:Feudal
3688:
3674:
3611:
3557:
3520:
3489:
3458:
3431:
3147:
3094:gaucho
3090:gaucho
3068:
2913:
2905:
2736:
2728:
2687:
2567:
2219:Kyrgyz
2204:Tuareg
2185:Kyrgyz
2170:Jordan
2095:Tingri
2054:Europe
1951:YörĂŒks
1904:, and
1894:sieves
1693:milk.
1686:Kumiss
1681:yogurt
1677:cheese
1661:breads
1646:tsampa
1642:radish
1638:tsampa
1630:yogurt
1626:tsampa
1622:tsampa
1598:drokha
1592:style
1585:tsampa
1544:Fulani
1540:Tuareg
1510:Kuchis
1480:Israel
1463:Fulani
1445:Kazakh
1435:under
1421:UNESCO
1383:jailoo
1354:gaucho
1317:Mongol
1270:Levant
1255:manure
1148:Nenets
1140:herded
1084:Yuezhi
1074:
1072:
1059:, and
1041:, and
1013:, the
1003:fruits
868:tribes
835:, the
829:Fulani
811:, the
805:Turkic
777:Fulani
731:Ladakh
678:ÎœÎżÎŒáŸ°ÌÏ
660:nomade
632:trades
628:crafts
609:tundra
605:steppe
593:trader
573:Nomads
532:Social
131:Wealth
96:Barter
73:, and
3021:. In
2911:S2CID
2734:S2CID
2726:JSTOR
2595:(PDF)
2588:(PDF)
1995:Buköt
1957:YörĂŒk
1854:India
1828:argot
1824:Indic
1812:trade
1808:craft
1673:dairy
1618:horse
1528:Niger
1484:Libya
1476:Egypt
1278:Sinai
1257:(for
1100:Cuman
961:Turks
857:Oromo
833:Sahel
781:Niger
699:nomĂłs
693:ÎœÎżÎŒÏÏ
684:nomĂĄs
669:nomas
665:Latin
652:nomad
611:, or
126:Value
3724:and
3686:ISBN
3672:ISBN
3622:2015
3609:ISBN
3555:ISSN
3518:ISBN
3487:OCLC
3456:ISBN
3429:ISBN
3293:2015
3267:2015
3241:2015
3176:2015
3145:ISBN
3084:2023
3066:ISBN
2974:2022
2903:ISSN
2819:2015
2685:ISBN
2565:ISBN
2509:2013
2069:Roma
2062:and
2024:ipoh
1977:and
1969:and
1838:Asia
1706:Chad
1679:and
1669:milk
1606:fowl
1604:and
1602:fish
1548:Mali
1542:and
1492:Arab
1478:and
1459:Togo
1417:Iran
1395:yurt
1261:and
1259:fuel
1247:wool
1239:milk
1144:SĂĄmi
1116:yurt
1080:Saka
1005:and
999:game
967:and
955:and
949:Huns
899:", "
855:and
843:and
803:and
795:and
753:Beja
715:Roma
591:and
534:and
101:Debt
47:Roma
3660:MSN
3547:doi
3199:doi
3137:doi
2895:doi
2718:doi
2557:doi
2028:ipu
2026:or
1928:or
1810:or
1665:Tea
1457:in
1427:In
1253:),
907:or
839:of
772:San
642:".
630:or
587:),
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