Indigenous peoples

1788:, definition of "Indigenous peoples" is contested largely referring to a number of population (less than 50,000 people), and neglecting self-identification, origin from indigenous populations who inhabited the country or region upon invasion, colonization or establishment of state frontiers, distinctive social, economic and cultural institutions. Thus, indigenous peoples of Russia such as Sakha, Komi, Karelian and others are not considered as such due to the size of the population (more than 50,000 people), and consequently they "are not the subjects of the specific legal protections." The Russian government recognizes only 40 ethnic groups as indigenous peoples, even though there are 30 other groups to be counted as such. The reason of nonrecognition is the size of the population and relatively late advent to their current regions, thus indigenous peoples in Russia should be numbered less than 50,000 people. 3480: 3113: 927:, three categories of misrepresentation are noticeable: The Molong concept is purely a stewardship notion of resource management. Communities or individuals take ownership of specific trees, maintaining and harvesting from them sustainably over a long period of time. Some feel this practice has been romanticized in environmentalist writings. Landscape features and particularly their names in local languages provided geographical and historical information for Penan people; whereas in environmentalist accounts, it has turned into a spiritual practice where trees and rivers represent forest spirits that are sacred to the Penan people. A typical stereotype of some environmentalists' approach to ecological 3421: 1590: 2917: 12005: 11975: 701:, which they trace back to papal decrees authorizing Spain and Portugal to conquer newly discovered non-Christian lands and convert their populations to Christianity. Kent McNeil, however, states, "While Spain and Portugal favoured discovery and papal grants because it was generally in their interests to do so, France and Britain relied more on symbolic acts, colonial charters, and occupation." Benton and Strauman argue that European powers often adopted multiple, sometimes contradictory, legal rationales for their acquisition of territory as a deliberate strategy in defending their claims against European rivals. 11990: 11960: 5775:"Persons who speak an indigenous language but who do not live in such a household (Por lo antes mencionado, la Comisión Nacional Para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas de México (CDI) considera población indígena (PI) a todas las personas que forman parte de un hogar indígena, donde el jefe(a) del hogar, su cónyuge y/o alguno de los ascendientes (madre o padre, madrastra o padrastro, abuelo(a), bisabuelo(a), tatarabuelo(a), suegro(a)) declaro ser hablante de lengua indígena. Además, también incluye a personas que declararon hablar alguna lengua indígena y que no forman parte de estos hogares" 1209:" have fallen into disuse in Canada. More currently, the term "Aboriginal" is being replaced with "Indigenous". Several national organizations in Canada changed their names from "Aboriginal" to "Indigenous". Most notable was the change of Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada (AANDC) to Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada (INAC) in 2015, which then split into Indigenous Services Canada and Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Development Canada in 2017. According to the 2016 Census, there are around 1,670,000 Indigenous people in Canada. There are currently over 600 recognized 11945: 3038: 563: 6437:

for the indigenous peoples of Iraq and Turkey, the victims for centuries of massacres, assaults on their religious and cultural sites, theft and deterioration of their lands and cultural objects, and forced assimilation. These peoples, among them the Armenians, Assyrians, Greeks, and Yezidis of Turkey and Turkish-occupied Cyprus, and the Armenians, Assyrians, Yezidis, and Mandaeans of Iraq, have lost more than two-thirds of their peak populations, most of their cultural and religious sites, and thousands of priceless artifacts and specimens of visual art.

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of environmental change and stewardship". They argue that a view of "wilderness" as uninhabited nature has resulted in removal of Indigenous inhabitants to preserve "the wild", and that depriving the land of traditional Indigenous practices such as controlled burns, harvesting, and seed scattering has yielded dense understory shrubbery or tickets of young trees which are inhospitable to life. Recent studies indicate that Indigenous peoples used land sustainably, without causing substantial losses of biodiversity, for thousands of years.

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including HIV/AIDS, cancer, malaria, cardiovascular disease, malnutrition, parasitic infections, and respiratory diseases, affecting indigenous peoples at much higher rates. Many causes of Indigenous children's mortality could be prevented. Poorer health conditions amongst indigenous peoples result from longstanding societal issues, such as extreme poverty and racism, but also the intentional marginalization and dispossession of Indigenous peoples by dominant, non-Indigenous populations and societal structures.

3109:, deprivation of lands from the Indigenous people, and settlement of Indigenous lands by an overwhelming number of Vietnamese settlers led to massive protests and demonstrations by the Central Highland's indigenous ethnic minorities against the Vietnamese in January–February 2001. This event gave a tremendous blow to the claim often published by the Vietnamese government that in Vietnam "There has been no ethnic confrontation, no religious war, no ethnic conflict. And no elimination of one culture by another." 3494: 594:

Atlantic coast from modern Massachusetts to Georgia. Native peoples formed alliances with the Europeans in order to promote trade, preserve their autonomy, and gain allies in conflicts with other native peoples. However, horses and new weapons made inter-tribal conflicts more deadly and the native population was devastated by introduced diseases. Native peoples also experienced losses from violent conflict with the colonists and the progressive dispossession of their traditional lands.

3455:. The Eastern Penan are famous for their resistance to loggers threatening their natural resources, specifically Sago palms and various fruit bearing trees. Because of the Penan's international fame, environmentalists often visited the area to document such happenings and learn more about and from the people there, including their perspective on the land's invasion. While Indigenous people comprise less than 5% of the population, they caretake for over 80% of global biodiversity. 2065: 1097: 5745:"In the 2010 census "Indigenous" people were defined as persons who live in a household where an Indigenous language is spoken by one of the adult family members or people who self identified as Indigenous ("Criteria del hogar: De esta manera, se establece, que los hogares indígenas son aquellos en donde el jefe y/o el cónyuge y/o padre o madre del jefe y/o suegro o suegra del jefe hablan una lengua indígena y también aquellos que declararon pertenecer a un grupo indígena" 1797: 598: 985: 456: 3069:

tourist sites against the wishes of the Cham Hindus. In 2010 and 2013 several incidents occurred in Thành Tín and Phươc Nhơn villages where Cham were murdered by Vietnamese. In 2012, Vietnamese police in Chau Giang village stormed into a Cham Mosque, stole the electric generator, and also raped Cham girls. Cham in the Mekong Delta have also been economically marginalized, with ethnic Vietnamese settling on land previously owned by Cham people with state support.

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knowledge might have been helpful for Penan's people in their struggle to protect their environment, but it might also have disastrous consequences. What happens if another case did not fit in this romantic narrative, or another Indigenous knowledge did not seem beneficial to the outside world. These people were being uprooted in the first place because their communities did not fit well with the state's system of values.

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received strong Chinese influence in their culture and civilization and were Sinicized, and the Cambodians and Laotians were Indianized, the Montagnards in the Central Highlands maintained their own Indigenous culture without adopting external culture and were the true Indigenous of the region. To hinder encroachment on the Central Highlands by Vietnamese nationalists, the term

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generally concerned that the cultures and lands of Indigenous peoples are being lost and that Indigenous peoples suffer both discrimination and pressure to assimilate into the surrounding or colonizing societies. This is borne out by the fact that the lands and cultures of nearly all of the peoples listed at the end of this article are under threat. Notable exceptions are the

3132:(UNPFII) affirmed that Indigenous peoples are distinctive groups protected in international or national legislation as having a set of specific rights based on their linguistic and historical ties to a particular territory, prior to later settlement, development or occupation of a region. The session affirms that, since Indigenous peoples are vulnerable to exploitation, 3065:, Bangladesh, collectively known as the Jumma. Experts have protested against this move of the Bangladesh government and have questioned the government's definition of the term "indigenous peoples". This move by the Bangladesh government is seen by the Indigenous peoples of Bangladesh as another step by the Government to further erode their already limited rights. 3468:

within the knowledge base of Indigenous peoples. Not only do these fictionalized accounts of some Indigenous knowledge and traditions skew the beliefs of onlookers, but they also contribute to cultural genocide as the actual spiritual and religious beliefs of the Indigenous people are disappeared and replaced with the westernized fiction.

3691:"Irish Travellers are a minority community indigenous to Ireland who have existed on the margins of Irish society for centuries. They share common cultural practices, such as nomadism, early marriage, and a tradition of self-employment. They have distinct rituals of death and cleansing, and their own language, Gammon or Cant." (Keane 43) 751:

conquest; and gave also a right to such a degree of sovereignty, as the circumstances of the people would allow them to exercise. ... the character and religion of its inhabitants ... the superior genius of Europe ... ample compensation to the by bestowing on them civilization and Christianity, in exchange for unlimited independence.

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denied that Indigenous peoples exist in their territory, and have classified minorities who identify as Indigenous in other ways, such as 'hill tribes' in Thailand, 'scheduled tribes' in India, 'national minorities' in China, 'cultural minorities' in the Philippines, 'isolated and alien peoples' in Indonesia, and various other terms.

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form at present non-dominant sectors of society and are determined to preserve, develop, and transmit to future generations their ancestral territories, and their ethnic identity, as the basis of their continued existence as peoples, in accordance with their own cultural patterns, social institutions and legal systems.

3105:(PMSI) emerged for the Central Highlands along with the indigenous being addressed by the name Montagnard. The tremendous scale of Vietnamese Kinh colonists flooding into the Central Highlands has significantly altered the demographics of the region. The anti-ethnic minority discriminatory policies by the Vietnamese, 452:

remained nomadic pastoralists who also engaged in trade as far as sub-Saharan Africa. Coptic Egyptians remained in possession of their lands and many preserved their language and Christian religion. By the 10th century, however, the majority of the population of north Africa spoke Arabic and practiced Islam.

3285:, and they also argued that colonialism itself was savagely destructive. In the mid-20th century, European attitudes began to shift to the view that Indigenous and tribal peoples are the only peoples who should have the right to decide what should happen to their ancient cultures and their ancestral lands. 10153:

Racial and ethnic groups are designated by proper nouns and are capitalized. ... capitalize terms such as "Native American," "Hispanic," and so on. Capitalize "Indigenous" and "Aboriginal" whenever they are used. Capitalize "Indigenous People" or "Aboriginal People" when referring to a specific group

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Many young people looked to American Indian traditions for alternative lifestyles, and this was to shape New Agers' and Neopagans' subsequent turn to and incorporation of indigenous peoples' practices into their own rituals and belief systems. The desire to share in native peoples' perceived harmony

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Rodriguez-Flores, Juan L.; Fakhro, Khalid; Agosto-Perez, Francisco; Ramstetter, Monica D.; Arbiza, Leonardo; Vincent, Thomas L.; Robay, Amal; Malek, Joel A.; Suhre, Karsten; Chouchane, Lotfi; Badii, Ramin; Al-Nabet Al-Marri, Ajayeb; Abi Khalil, Charbel; Zirie, Mahmoud; Jayyousi, Amin (February 2016).

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Another common occurrence is to extend Indigenous knowledge beyond its limits and into unrelated meanings that western consumers find spiritually profound. This tendency of journalists extends beyond Davis and Henley. It serves non-Natives to add a narrative and value beyond that which already exists

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The WHO noted in 2003 that "Statistical data on the health status of indigenous peoples is scarce. This is especially notable for indigenous peoples in Africa, Asia and eastern Europe", but snapshots from various countries (where such statistics are available) show that indigenous people are in worse

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of Japan, the Japanese courts recognized their claim in law, stating that "If one minority group lived in an area prior to being ruled over by a majority group and preserved its distinct ethnic culture even after being ruled over by the majority group, while another came to live in an area ruled over

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spread across Canada, such as the Cree, Mohawk, Mikmaq, Blackfoot, Coast Salish, Innu, Dene and more, with distinctive Indigenous cultures, languages, art, and music. First Nations peoples signed 11 numbered treaties across much of what is now known as Canada between 1871 and 1921, except in parts of

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per the modern definition is more restrictive, and certainly not every African ethnic group claims identification under these terms. Groups and communities who do claim this recognition are those who, by a variety of historical and environmental circumstances, have been placed outside of the dominant

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Contemporary distinct Indigenous groups survive in populations ranging from only a few dozen to hundreds of thousands and more. Many Indigenous populations have undergone a dramatic decline and even extinction, and remain threatened in many parts of the world. Some have also been assimilated by other

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As there is no universally accepted definition of Indigenous Peoples, their classification as such varies between countries and organizations. In the Americas, Australia and New Zealand, Indigenous status is often applied unproblematically to groups descended from the peoples who lived there prior to

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Estimates of the population of Indigenous peoples range from 250 million to 600 million. The United Nations estimates that there are over 370 million Indigenous people living in over 90 countries worldwide. This would equate to just fewer than 6% of the total world population. This includes

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Native populations also encountered new animals and plants introduced by Europeans. These included pigs, horses, mules, sheep and cattle; wheat, barley, rye, oats, grasses and grapevines. These exotic animals and plants radically transformed the local environment and disrupted traditional agriculture

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In the 21st century, the concept of Indigenous peoples is understood in a wider context than only the colonial experience. The focus has been on self-identification as indigenous peoples, cultural difference from other groups in a state, a special relationship with their traditional territory, and an

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Indigenous peoples continue to face threats to their sovereignty, economic well-being, languages, cultural heritage, and access to the resources on which their cultures depend. In the 21st century, Indigenous groups and advocates for Indigenous peoples have highlighted numerous apparent violations of

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Environmentalists such as Davis and Henley, who Brosius writes lumped all native groups of Malaysia into one homogeneous group with the same ideas and traditions, and lacked dialectical connections needed to deeply understand the Penan, lacked full knowledge of the situation's specific weight to the

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Hindu Chams and Muslim Chams have both experienced religious and ethnic persecution and restrictions on their faith under the current Vietnamese government, with the Vietnamese state confiscating Cham property and forbidding Cham from observing their religious beliefs. Hindu temples were turned into

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The 1989 ILO Convention on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples mainly concerns non-discrimination but also covers indigenous peoples’ rights to development, customary laws, lands, territories and resources, employment, education and health. By 2013, the convention had been ratified by 22 countries, mainly

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in the west of South America. The Inca, weakened by a smallpox epidemic and civil war, were defeated by the Spanish at Cajamarca in 1532, and the emperor Atahualpa was captured and executed. The Spanish appointed a puppet emperor and captured the Inca capital of Cuzco with the support of a number of

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There is no generally accepted definition of Indigenous peoples in the United Nations or international law. Various national and international organizations, non-government organizations, governments, Indigenous groups and scholars have developed definitions or have declined to provide a definition.

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The U.N. Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples requires states to provide an effective remedy to indigenous peoples deprived of their cultural, religious, or intellectual property (IP) without their free, prior and informed consent. The Declaration could prove to be an important safeguard

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Ellis, Erle C.; Gauthier, Nicolas; Goldewijk, Kees Klein; Bird, Rebecca Bliege; Boivin, Nicole; Díaz, Sandra; Fuller, Dorian Q.; Gill, Jacquelyn L.; Kaplan, Jed O.; Kingston, Naomi; Locke, Harvey; McMichael, Crystal N. H.; Ranco, Darren; Rick, Torben C.; Shaw, M. Rebecca; Stephens, Lucas; Svenning,

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view of California's "wild Eden", which may influence policy decisions about the "wilderness". Some academics assumed that the only pre-Colonial human interactions with nature were as "hunter-gatherers". Others say that the relationship was one of "calculated tempered use of nature as active agents

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The United States ... its civilized inhabitants now hold this country. They hold, and assert in themselves, the title by which it was acquired. They maintain, as all others have maintained, that discovery gave an exclusive right to extinguish the Indian title of occupancy, either by purchase or by

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In the 17th century, French, English and Dutch trading posts multiplied in northern America to exploit whaling, fishing and fur trading. French settlements progressed up the St Lawrence river to the Great Lakes and down the Mississippi to Louisiana. English and Dutch settlements multiplied down the

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In 1532, the first African slaves were transported directly to the Americas. The trade in slaves expanded sharply in the 17th century, with the involvement of the French, Dutch and English, before declining in the 19th century. At least 12 million slaves were transported from Africa. The slave

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are 600 times more likely to acquire tuberculosis and 62% more likely to commit suicide than the non-Indian population. Tuberculosis, obesity, and type 2 diabetes are major health concerns for the indigenous in developed countries. Globally, health disparities touch upon nearly every health issue,

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was reportedly being set up for the royals of the United Arab Emirates also linked to OBC or the Otterlo Business Corporation. According to lawyers and human rights groups and activists, approximately 30 Maasai people were injured by security forces in the process of eviction and delimiting a land

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Indigenous communities, peoples, and nations are those that, having a historical continuity with pre-invasion and pre-colonial societies that developed on their territories, consider themselves distinct from other sectors of the societies now prevailing in those territories, or parts of them. They

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does not provide a definition of Indigenous peoples stating that, "such a definition is not necessary for purposes of protecting their human rights." In determining coverage of Indigenous peoples, the commission uses the criteria developed in documents such as ILO Convention No. 169 and the United

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No definition of Indigenous peoples has been adopted by a United Nations agency. The Secretariat of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues states, "in the case of the concept of 'indigenous peoples', the prevailing view today is that no formal universal definition of the term is necessary, given

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as "savages", which caused a Montagnard uprising against the Vietnamese. The Vietnamese were originally centered around the Red River Delta but engaged in conquest and seized new lands such as Champa, the Mekong Delta (from Cambodia) and the Central Highlands during Nam Tien. While the Vietnamese

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Wherever Indigenous cultural identity is asserted, common societal issues and concerns arise. These concerns are often not unique to Indigenous groups. Despite the diversity of Indigenous peoples, they share common problems and issues in dealing with the prevailing, or invading, society. They are

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population is Indigenous, with more than 700 different nationalities recognized in a total population of 8 million. The country's constitution and key statutes identify traditional or custom-based practices and land tenure, and explicitly set out to promote the viability of these traditional

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In the United States, the combined populations of Native Americans, Inuit and other Indigenous designations totaled 2,786,652 (constituting about 1.5% of 2003 U.S. census figures). Some 563 scheduled tribes are recognized at the federal level, and a number of others recognized at the state level.

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is to present Indigenous "knowledge" of nature as "valuable" to the outside world because of its hidden medicinal benefits. In reality, eastern Penan populations do not identify a medicinal stream of "knowledge". These misrepresentations in the "narrative" of Indigeneity and "value" of Indigenous

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and Africa, Indigenous status has sometimes been rejected by certain peoples, denied by governments or applied to peoples who may not be considered "Indigenous" in other contexts. The concept of indigenous peoples is rarely used in Europe, where very few indigenous groups are recognized, with the

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The convention also covers "tribal peoples" who are distinguished from Indigenous peoples and described as "tribal peoples in independent countries whose social, cultural and economic conditions distinguish them from other sections of the national community and whose status is regulated wholly or

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and national park development. Indigenous women are especially affected by land dispossession because they must walk longer distances for water and fuel wood. These women also become economically dependent on men when they lose their livelihoods. Indigenous groups asserting their rights has most

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technologies such as fertilizers, pesticides, and large plantation schemes have destroyed ecosystems that Indigenous communities formerly depended on, forcing resettlement. Development projects such as dam construction, pipelines and resource extraction have displaced large numbers of Indigenous

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colonial expansion in the Pacific brought many of these areas under non-Indigenous administration, mainly during the 19th century. During the 20th century, several of these former colonies gained independence and nation-states formed under local control. However, various peoples have put forward

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of north Africa converted to various forms of Christianity under Roman rule, although elements of traditional religious beliefs were retained. Following the Arab invasions of North Africa in the 7th century, many Berbers were enslaved or recruited into the army. The majority of Berbers, however,

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It is sometimes argued that all Africans are Indigenous to Africa, all Asians are Indigenous to parts of Asia, or that there can be no Indigenous peoples in countries which did not experience large-scale Western settler colonialism. Many countries have avoided the term Indigenous peoples or have

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Martínez Cobo states that the following factors are relevant to historical continuity: occupation of ancestral lands, or at least of part of them; common ancestry with the original occupants of these lands; cultural factors such as religion, tribalism, dress, etc.; language; residence in certain

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Estimates of the population of Indigenous peoples range from 250 million to 600 million. There are some 5,000 distinct Indigenous peoples spread across every inhabited climate zone and continent of the world except Antarctica. Most Indigenous peoples are in a minority in the state or traditional

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Indigenous peoples confront a diverse range of concerns associated with their status and interaction with other cultural groups, as well as changes in their inhabited environment. Some challenges are specific to particular groups; however, other challenges are commonly experienced. These issues

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period, the concept of specific Indigenous peoples within the African continent has gained wider acceptance, although not without controversy. The highly diverse and numerous ethnic groups that comprise most modern, independent African states contain within them various peoples whose situation,

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of Australia, after brief encounters with European explorers in the 17th and 18th centuries, had extensive contact with Europeans when the continent was progressively colonized by the British from 1788. During colonization, the Aboriginal people experienced depopulation from disease and settler

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of New Zealand also had sporadic encounters with Europeans in the 17th and 18th centuries. Following encounters with Cook's exploration parties in 1769–70, New Zealand was visited by numerous European and North American whaling, sealing, and trading ships. From the early 19th century, Christian

2971:, the study of what occurs when two cultures first encounter one another. The situation can be further confused when there is a complicated or contested history of migration and population of a given region, which can give rise to disputes about primacy and ownership of the land and resources. 1530:

were officially recognized as Indigenous peoples of Israel by the United Nations. This has been criticized both by scholars associated with the Israeli state, who dispute the Bedouin's claim to indigeneity, and those who argue that recognizing just one group of Palestinians as indigenous risks

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In some countries (particularly in Latin America), Indigenous peoples form a sizable component of the overall national population – in Bolivia, they account for an estimated 56–70% of the total nation, and at least half of the population in Guatemala and the Andean and Amazonian

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A goal is to ascertain an unbiased view of Indigenous practices of resource management. Historical literature, archaeological findings, ecological field studies, and Native Peoples' cultures show indications that Indigenous land management practices were largely successful in promoting habitat

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In 1492, the population of the Americas as a whole was about 50 to 100 million. By 1700, introduced diseases had reduced the native population by 90%. European migration and transfer of slaves from Africa reduced the native population to a minority. By 1800 the population of North America

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goldfields. The Portuguese engaged in extensive trade of goods for gold and, in later years, slaves for their sugar plantations in the islands off West Africa and in the New World. In 1488, Portuguese ships rounded the Cape of Good Hope and by the 17th century, Portugal had established seaborn

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peoples in independent countries who are regarded as indigenous on account of their descent from the populations which inhabited the country, or a geographical region to which the country belongs, at the time of conquest or colonisation or the establishment of present state boundaries and who,

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The cases of the aboriginal populations of British-colonized Australia and German-colonized Namibia further illuminate the fate of indigenous peoples worldwide. In both instances, decades of denial gave way, at the twentieth century's close, to a greater readiness to acknowledge the genocidal

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The Indonesian government has outright denied the existence of Indigenous peoples within the countries' borders. In 2012, Indonesia stated that 'The Government of Indonesia supports the promotion and protection of indigenous people worldwide ... Indonesia, however, does not recognize the

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The convention states that self-identification as indigenous or tribal is a fundamental criterion for determining the groups to which the convention applies. The UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples does not define Indigenous peoples but affirms their right to self-determination

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In the 1970s, the term was used as a way of linking the experiences, issues, and struggles of groups of colonized people across international borders. At this time 'indigenous people(s)' also began to be used to describe a legal category in Indigenous law created in international and national

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into something that fit a Western narrative and agenda, and that Davis and Henley romanticized and misconstrued the traditional Penan concept of molong (meaning: "to preserve" – the Penan marked trees for personal use and to preserve them for future harvesting of fruits or for

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lifestyles are generally marginalized and set apart from the dominant political and economic structures of the nation. Since the late 20th century these peoples have increasingly sought recognition of their rights as distinct Indigenous peoples, in both national and international contexts.

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propose a criterion based on accounts of origin: "Indigenous peoples are those who have creation stories, not colonization stories, about how we/they came to be in a particular place – indeed how we/they came to be a place. Our/their relationships to land comprise our/their epistemologies,

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Although the establishment of colonies throughout the world by various European powers aimed to expand those powers' wealth and influence, settler populations in some localities became anxious to assert their own autonomy. For example, settler independence movements in thirteen of the

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proclaimed the International Decade of the World's Indigenous People, and requested UN specialized agencies to consider with governments and indigenous people how they can contribute to the success of the Decade of Indigenous People, commencing in December 1994. As a consequence, the

3281:(1914–1918), many Europeans came to doubt the morality of the means which were used to "civilize" peoples. At the same time, the anti-colonial movement, and advocates for the rights of Indigenous peoples, argued that words such as "civilized" and "savage" were products and tools of 3187:(WHO), at its Forty-seventh World Health Assembly, established a core advisory group of Indigenous representatives with special knowledge of the health needs and resources of their communities, thus beginning a long-term commitment to the issue of the health of Indigenous peoples. 658:

missionaries began to settle New Zealand, eventually converting most of the Māori population. The Māori population declined to around 40% of its pre-contact level during the 19th century; introduced diseases were the major factor. New Zealand became a British Crown colony in 1841.

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Indigenous peoples make up 0.4% of all Brazilian population, or about 700,000 people. Indigenous peoples are found in the entire territory of Brazil, although the majority of them live in Indian reservations in the North and Center-Western part of the country. On 18 January 2007,

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According to Samuel Totten, some governments do not respect the rights of Indigenous peoples. In the latter part of the twentieth century the genocide of Indigenous peoples in Australia and Namibia attracted more attention from the international community including scholars and

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Indigenous populations are distributed in regions throughout the globe. The numbers, condition and experience of Indigenous groups may vary widely within a given region. A comprehensive survey is further complicated by sometimes contentious membership and identification.

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territory they inhabit and have experienced domination by other groups, especially non-Indigenous peoples. Although many Indigenous peoples have experienced colonization by settlers from European nations, Indigenous identity is not determined by Western colonization.

73:, although in the 21st century the focus has been on self-identification, cultural difference from other groups in a state, a special relationship with their traditional territory, and an experience of subjugation and discrimination under a dominant cultural model. 3206:

The first UN publication on the State of the World's Indigenous Peoples revealed alarming statistics about indigenous peoples' health. Health disparities between indigenous and non-indigenous populations are evident in both developed and developing countries.

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and natural resources. The declaration is not a formally binding treaty but some provisions might be considered customary international law. The declaration has been endorsed by at least 148 states but its provisions have not been consistently implemented.

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Although indigenous peoples are often portrayed as a hindrance to development, their cultures and traditional knowledge are also increasingly seen as assets. It is argued that it is important for the human species as a whole to preserve as wide a range of

884:, reduced pollution, clean water and more. It says that tenure-secure Indigenous lands have low deforestation rates, they help to reduce GHG emissions, control erosion and flooding by anchoring soil, and provide a suite of other local, regional and global 649:

first encountered Europeans in 1778 when Cook explored the region. Following increasing contact with European missionaries, traders and scientific expeditions, the indigenous population fell before their lands were annexed by the United States in 1893.

2087:. However, the concept of Indigenous peoples is rarely used in the European context and the UN recognizes very few Indigenous populations within Europe; those which are recognized as such are confined to the far north and far east of the continent. 2960:

The interactions between Indigenous and non-Indigenous societies throughout history and contemporarily have been complex, ranging from outright conflict and subjugation to some degree of mutual benefit and cultural transfer. A particular aspect of

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report has described OBC as a 'UAE-based' luxury-game hunting company, granted a license to hunt by the Tanzanian government in 1992 for "the UAE royal family to organize private hunting trips", denying the Maasai people access to their own land.

351:, defined Indigenous peoples as "living descendants of pre-invasion inhabitants of lands now dominated by others. They are culturally distinct groups that find themselves engulfed by other settler societies born of forces of empire and conquest". 3335:, stating rights to manage natural resources, and cultural and intellectual property. In countries where these rights are recognized, land titling and demarcation procedures are often put on delay, or leased out by the state as concessions for 425:

society flourished between 330 BCE and 640 CE and undertook successive campaigns of conquest that subsumed more than half of the known world of the time. But because preexisting populations within other parts of Europe at the time of

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Certain Indigenous societies survive even though they may no longer inhabit their "traditional" lands, owing to migration, relocation, forced resettlement or having been supplanted by other cultural groups. In many other respects, the

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of the population on 30 June 2021 was estimated to be 17%. Māori developed from Polynesian people who settled in New Zealand after migrations from other Pacific islands, probably in the 13th century. Many leaders of Māori nations

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of Indigenous groups is ongoing, and includes permanent loss of language, loss of lands, encroachment on traditional territories, and disruption in traditional ways of life due to contamination and pollution of waters and lands.

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The indigenous populations of the Pacific had increasing contact with Europeans in the 18th century as British, French and Spanish expeditions explored the region. The natives of Tahiti had encounters with the expeditions of

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had more in common – culturally speaking – with the Greco-Roman world, the intricacies involved in expansion across the European frontier were not so contentious relative to Indigenous issues.

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Most Indigenous populations are already subject to the deleterious effects of climate change. Climate change has not only environmental, but also human rights and socioeconomic implications for Indigenous communities. The

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by nation states formed from colonizing populations or by different, politically dominant ethnic groups, individuals and communities maintaining ways of life indigenous to their regions are entitled to special protection.

4450:, 2nd ed., Oxford University press, 2004, p. 3; Professor Anaya teaches Native American Law, and is the third Commission on Human Rights Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of Indigenous People 1154:

In Mexico, about 11 million people, or 9% of Mexico's total population, self-reported as Indigenous in 2015, making it the country with the highest Indigenous population in North America. In the southern states of

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Lehtola, M. (2012). HoWhy theory and the cultural transition in the Sakha Republic. In T.Aikas, S.Lipkin, A.K.Salmi (Eds.), Archaeology of social relations: ten case studies by Finnish archaeologists (pp. 51–76). Oulu

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protects Indigenous peoples from discrimination and specifies their rights to development, customary laws, lands, territories and resources, employment, education and health. In 2007, the United Nations (UN) adopted a

10154:(e.g., the Indigenous Peoples of Canada), but use lowercase for "people" when describing persons who are Indigenous or Aboriginal (e.g., "the authors were all Indigenous people but belonged to different nations") 540:. Spanish settlements spread from Hispaniola to Puerto Rico, the Bahamas and Cuba, leading to a severe decline in the Indigenous populations from disease, malnutrition, settler violence and cultural disruption. 2940:(UNDRIP) specifying the collective rights of Indigenous peoples, including their rights to self-determination and to protect their cultures, identities, languages, ceremonies, and access to employment, health, 10630: 5436: 283:

states, "Indigenous Peoples are distinct social and cultural groups that share collective ancestral ties to the lands and natural resources where they live, occupy or from which they have been displaced."

4405: 10251:

The term "indigenous" is a common synonym for the term "American Indian and Alaska Native" and "Native American." But "indigenous" doesn't need to be capitalized unless it's used in context as a proper

523:. The Europeans were motivated by a range of factors including trade, the exploitation of natural resources, spreading Christianity, and establishing strategic military bases, colonies and settlements. 6068: 1135:

primarily due to disease, land theft and violence. Several peoples have become extinct, or very nearly so. But there are and have been many thriving and resilient Indigenous nations and communities.

6450: 680:

From the 15th to the 19th centuries, European powers used a number of rationales for the colonization of newly encountered lands populated by indigenous peoples. These included a duty to spread the

3427:

dancer of the Save Our Ancestors Remains and Resources Indigenous Network Group (SOARRING) Foundation, a not-for-profit organization whose mission is to educate people about Indigenous ways of life

920:

as understood before; rather, it seemed that ordinary local people dependent on these forests for their livelihoods are in fact "joining distant corporations in creating uninhabitable landscapes."

8321: 6878: 1017:

state systems, and whose traditional practices and land claims often come into conflict with the objectives and policies implemented by governments, companies and surrounding dominant societies.

8205:

The rights of indigenous peoples in Asia: Human rights-based overview of national legal and policy frameworks against the backdrop of country strategies for development and poverty reduction

1116:

Indigenous peoples of the Americas are broadly recognized as being those groups and their descendants who inhabited the region before the arrival of European colonizers and settlers (i.e.,

492:

Early 15th-century Portuguese exploration of the west coast of Africa was motivated by a quest for gold and crusading against Islam. Portugal's first attempt at colonization in what is now

242:

However, a number of UN agencies have provided statements of coverage for particular international agreements concerning Indigenous peoples or "working definitions" for particular reports.

5890: 3459:

Indigenous peoples. The two embarked on a mission, stating they wished to help with conservation of the Penan's land resources, but Brosious states they were among the many who repackaged

7635: 7612: 10046: 1277:, with most preferring to use the specific name of their tribe or Nation instead of generalities. In Spanish or Portuguese speaking countries, one finds the use of terms such as índios, 9894: 6519: 5241: 3788: 1654:

by a majority after consenting to the majority rule, it must be recognized that it is only natural that the distinct ethnic culture of the former group requires greater consideration."

559:

and other allies of the Spanish were given some autonomy, but the Spanish were de facto rulers of Mexico. Smallpox devastated the indigenous population and aided the Spanish conquest.

5920: 2318:

societies within the modern state. However, conflicts and disputes concerning land use and resource rights continue between indigenous groups, the government, and corporate entities.

4487: 12199: 9863: 4548:

Hall, Gillette, and Harry Anthony Patrinos. Indigenous Peoples, Poverty and Human Development in Latin America. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, n.d. Google Scholar. Web. 11 March 2013

3931: 2595: 7203: 3327:

At an international level, Indigenous peoples have received increased recognition of their environmental rights since 2002, but few countries respect these rights in reality. The

5379: 3881:

Acharya, Deepak and Shrivastava Anshu (2008): Indigenous Herbal Medicines: Tribal Formulations and Traditional Herbal Practices, Aavishkar Publishers Distributor, Jaipur, India.

12490: 9001: 8689: 6971: 9924: 8924: 8048: 3944:...several thousand nations have been arbitrarly (and generally involuntarily) incorporated into approximately two hundred political constructs we call independent states... 1430:; however, some remain in Turkey. There has been a Greek presence in Anatolia since at least the 1000s BCE, and Greek traders visited western Anatolia beginning in 1900 BCE. 8286: 1985:. The country has one of the largest Indigenous peoples population in the world. The recognition of the rights of Indigenous peoples was legally enshrined in 1997 with the 10140: 4221: 5774: 5744: 5310: 323:

Academics and other scholars have developed various definitions of Indigenous peoples. In 1986–87, José Martínez Cobo, developed the following "working definition" :

7062: 6650:

Zografou, Magda; Pipyrou, Stavroula (2016). "Dance and Difference: Toward an Individualization of the Pontian Self". In Meglin, Joellen A.; Matluck Brooks, Lynn (eds.).

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is a pioneer in the field of bringing indigenous knowledge to mainstream academics and media through digital documentation of unique contributions by aboriginal people.

6666:

The Pontians are a population that originate from the historical area of Pontus in Anatolia, originally located around the southern and eastern coasts of the Black Sea.

6051: 8804: 8178: 8119:

Fondahl, G., Filippova, V., Mack, L. (2015). Indigenous peoples in the new Arctic. In B.Evengard, O.Nymand Larsen, O.Paasche (Eds), The New Arctic (pp. 7–22). Springer

7992: 6260: 5105:

Slattery, Brian (2005). "Paper Empires: The legal dimensions of French and English Ventures in North America". In McLaren, John; Buck, A. R.; Wright, Nancy E. (eds.).

2444: 9345: 8834: 6207: 4532: 3195:

in some regions of Australia; higher prevalence of poor sanitation and lack of safe water among Twa households in Rwanda; a greater prevalence of childbirths without

11911: 9384: 10661: 10274: 9789: 10414: 9683: 8721: 1132: 7952: 5432: 3160:

community were reportedly subjected to eviction from their ancestral land to make way for a luxury game reserve by Otterlo Business Corporation in June 2022. The

1237:

is also home to a recognized Indigenous and majority population of Inuit (about 85%) who settled the area in the 13th century, displacing the Indigenous European

12480: 9208: 3563: 2469: 6909: 4413: 8894: 8086: 6327: 5409: 3578: 2508: 218: 1868:. The Cham in Vietnam are only recognized as a minority, and not as an Indigenous people by the Vietnamese government despite being indigenous to the region. 582:

In the 1560s, the Spanish established colonies in Florida and in 1598 founded a colony in New Mexico. However, the heartland of the Spanish colonies remained

3713: 1273:. While still in use in-group, and in many names of organizations, "Indian" is less popular among younger people, who tend to prefer "Indigenous" or simply " 10787:

Merlan, Francesca (2007). "Indigeneity as Relational Identity: The Construction of Australian Land Rights". In Marisol de la Cadena & Orin Starn (ed.).

9191: 8864: 12642: 12189: 10287:

We would capitalize "Indigenous" in both contexts: that of Indigenous people and groups, on the one hand, and Indigenous culture and society, on the other.

7031: 6173: 2625: 2605: 5620:

Natcher, David C. (5 December 2006). "M. Kat Anderson: Tending the Wild: Native American Knowledge and the Management of California's Natural Resources".

12590: 3624: 3129: 2513: 2489: 1733: 1269:

nations of Peru. In English, Indigenous peoples are collectively referred to by different names that vary by region, age and ethnicity of speakers, with

245:

The International Labour Organization's (ILO) Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 (ILO Convention No. 169), states that the convention covers:

9994: 8313: 697:

Robert J. Miller, Jacinta Ruru, Larissa Behrendt and Tracey Lindberg argue that European powers rationalized their colonization of the New World by the

80:

The rights of Indigenous peoples are outlined in national legislation, treaties and international law. The 1989 International Labour Organization (ILO)

12548: 12057: 6026: 3328: 3257:. These terms were commonly used during the heyday of European colonial expansion, and they are still being used by certain societies in modern times. 2544: 2419: 2134:. Some sources describe the Sámi as the only recognized Indigenous peoples in Europe, with others describing them as the only Indigenous people in the 789:

Indigenous societies range from those who have been significantly exposed to the colonizing or expansionary activities of other societies (such as the

292:

Amnesty International does not provide a definition of Indigenous peoples but states that they can be identified according to certain characteristics:

10461:

Baviskar, Amita (2007). "Indian Indigeneitites: Adivasi Engagements with Hindu Nationalism in India". In Marisol de la Cadena & Orin Starn (ed.).

1120:). Indigenous peoples who maintain, or seek to maintain, traditional ways of life are found from the high Arctic north to the southern extremities of 666:

violence, dispossession of their land, and severe disruption of their traditional cultures. By 1850, indigenous peoples were a minority in Australia.

9583:

Ohenjo, Nyang'ori; Willis, Ruth; Jackson, Dorothy; Nettleton, Clive; Good, Kenneth; Mugarura, Benon (2006). "Health of Indigenous people in Africa".

6116: 5868: 547:

encountered the Spanish who entered their lands in search of gold and other resources. Some indigenous peoples chose to ally with the Spanish to end

9235: 5195: 880:

A WRI report mentions that "tenure-secure" Indigenous lands generates billions and sometimes trillions of dollars' worth of benefits in the form of

175:

As a reference to a group of people, the term "indigenous" was first used by Europeans to differentiate the Indigenous peoples of the Americas from

10499:

Clifford, James (2007). "Varieties of Indigenous Experience: Diasporas, Homelands, Sovereignties". In Marisol de la Cadena & Orin Starn (ed.).

7432: 6142: 732:. The United States continued and expanded European colonial doctrine through adopting a version of the discovery doctrine as law in 1823 with the 10851: 5960: 271:

Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. The commission states that self-identification as indigenous is a fundamental criterion.

12626: 12219: 5898: 3061:

The Bangladeshi government has stated that there are "no indigenous peoples in Bangladesh". This statement has angered the Indigenous peoples of

2937: 2925: 2635: 2554: 2141:

Other groups, particularly in Central, Western and Southern Europe, that might be considered to fit the description of Indigenous peoples in the

888:. However, many of these communities find themselves on the front lines of the deforestation crisis, and their lives and livelihoods threatened. 688:

right to explore and trade freely with other peoples, and a right to settle and cultivate uninhabited or uncultivated land which they considered

89:

including their rights to self-determination and to protect their cultures, identities, languages, ceremonies, and access to employment, health,

86: 9079:

See table 1 for some examples of indigenous groups that have been labeled negatively by governments in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.

7605:"'Invented' Palestinians, 'Indigenous' Jews: The Roots of Israel's Annexation Plan, and Why the World Must Stop Netanyahu, Before It's Too Late" 7604: 12614: 12239: 10054: 7858: 3629: 3264:(1588–1679), considered Indigenous people mere "savages". Others (especially literary figures in the 18th century) popularized the concept of " 2665: 2549: 2142: 1012:

Though the vast majority of African peoples are "indigenous" in the sense that they originate from that continent, in practice, identity as an

579:

native peoples. The Spanish established a new capital in 1535 and defeated an Inca rebellion in 1537, thus consolidating the conquest of Peru.

81: 10562:

Farah, Paolo D.; Tremolada Riccardo (2014). "Desirability of Commodification of Intangible Cultural Heritage: The Unsatisfying Role of IPRs".

9886: 9652: 8601:"The Holistic Effects of Climate Change on the Culture, Well-Being, and Health of the Saami, the Only Indigenous People in the European Union" 7085: 6511: 5986: 5233: 3780: 1919:

ethnic group as "indigenous" despite the clear cultural distinctions of certain groups. This problem is shared by many other countries in the

1163:(65.40%), the majority of the population is Indigenous, as reported in 2015. Other states with high populations of Indigenous peoples include 11904: 9781: 8648:

Valkonen, Sanna; Valkonen, Jarno (2017). "The Non-State Sámi". In Wiesner, Claudia; Björk, Anna; Kivistö, Hanna-Mari; Mäkinen, Katja (eds.).

5030: 1721: 1427: 9495: 7799: 5935: 4621:

Adhikari, Mohamed (7 September 2017). "Europe's First Settler Colonial Incursion into Africa: The Genocide of Aboriginal Canary Islanders".

2454: 809:

populations or have undergone many other changes. In other cases, Indigenous populations are undergoing a recovery or expansion in numbers.

12224: 12214: 10341:

Sabbagh-Khoury, Areej (2022). "Tracing Settler Colonialism: A Genealogy of a Paradigm in the Sociology of Knowledge Production in Israel".

10166: 5349: 3750: 2650: 2630: 9859: 7936:(1999), "Subgrouping, circularity and extinction: some issues in Austronesian comparative linguistics" in E. Zeitoun & P.J.K Li, ed., 9046: 9019: 2903: 1068: 9423: 8555: 7530: 7211: 6370: 6238: 10885: 5593:

Milberg, Per; Tyrberg, Tommy (1993). "Naïve birds and noble savages – a review of man-caused prehistoric extinctions of island birds".

5371: 4771:

Benton, Lauren; Straumann, Benjamin (February 2010). "Acquiring empire by law: From Roman doctrine to early modern European practice".

3589: 2479: 421:, gives a synoptic interpretation of the Pelasgians based on the sources available to him then, concluding that Pelasgians were Greek. 3366:

peoples, often without providing compensation. Governments have forced Indigenous peoples off of their ancestral lands in the name of

299:

A historical link with those who inhabited a country or region at the time when people of different cultures or ethnic origins arrived

12737: 11979: 11389: 9172: 8775: 8751: 8681: 7980:. Paper prepared for Symposium Austronesia Pascasarjana Linguististik dan Kajian Budaya. Universitas Udayana, Bali 19–20 August 2004. 6423: 4156: 1986: 1927: 267: 9916: 9528:"Resolutions and Decisions. WHA47.27 International Decade of the World's Indigenous People. The Forty-seventh World Health Assembly" 1849:, each with its own dialect, customs, laws, territory, and culture, although common distinguishing traits are readily identifiable. 793:

of Mexico and Central America) through to those who as yet remain in comparative isolation from any external influence (such as the

12470: 12115: 11897: 8916: 7242: 3268:". Those who were close to the Hobbesian view tended to believe that they had a duty to "civilize" and "modernize" the Indigenous. 2459: 2293:

In most parts of Oceania, Indigenous peoples outnumber the descendants of colonists. Exceptions include Australia, New Zealand and

534:. The Spanish enslaved some of the native population and forced others to work on farms and gold mines in a system of labor called 7145: 5254:

the word itself now has little meaning outside of the struggle for rights and dignity on the part of minorities and the oppressed.

12250: 11321: 10204: 10024: 9153: 9122: 8954: 7908: 7123: 5332:

Ding, Helen; Veit, Peter; Gray, Erin; Reytar, Katie; Altamirano, Juan-Carlos; Blackman, Allen; Hodgdon, Benjamin (10 June 2016).

3199:

among ethnic minorities in Vietnam; suicide rates among Inuit youth in Canada are eleven times higher than the national average;

2675: 2424: 1861: 501:

trading routes and fortified coastal trading posts from West Africa to India and Southern China, and a settler colony in Brazil.

214: 12764: 10132: 4219: 2286:

The remains of at least 25 miniature humans, who lived between 1,000 and 3,000 years ago, were recently found on the islands of

1905:, there are 50 to 70 million people who are classified as Indigenous peoples by the local Indigenous rights advocacy group 239:

that a single definition will inevitably be either over- or under-inclusive, making sense in some societies but not in others."

12460: 12050: 9538: 5782: 5752: 5302: 3678:. Since 2020, most style guides have recommend capitalization of "Indigenous" when referring to specific Indigenous peoples as 2474: 2168: 7054: 6488: 842: 496:

ended in failure. In the 1470s, the Portuguese established a fortified trading post on the West coast of Africa, south of the

12345: 12244: 10834: 10815: 10796: 10777: 10745: 10722: 10691: 10619: 10600: 10527: 10508: 10489: 10470: 10312: 9831: 9695: 9458: 9417: 9378: 9339: 9100: 9072: 7418: 6351: 6298: 6065: 6049: 5527: 5343: 5172: 5089: 5006: 4977: 4567: 4497: 4187: 4128: 3965: 3925: 3886: 3841: 3614: 3424: 3208: 2833: 2752: 2740: 2710: 2615: 2059: 1128: 962: 875: 10697: 10081:

Brosius, J. Peter (1997). "Endangered Forest, Endangered People: Environmentalist Representations of Indigenous Knowledge".

9306: 8796: 8174: 7999: 6948: 6778: 6751: 6268: 12636: 12159: 12120: 11847: 10537:

Farah, Paolo D.; Tremolada Riccardo (2014). "Intellectual Property Rights, Human Rights and Intangible Cultural Heritage".

9329: 8826: 6195: 5834: 5064: 3112: 2848: 2464: 1633:, and much of Sakhalin. As Japanese settlement expanded, the Ainu were pushed northward and fought against the Japanese in 552: 9368: 5812: 505:

trade increased inter-tribal warfare and stunted population growth and economic development in the west African interior.

250:

irrespective of their legal status, retain some or all of their own social, economic, cultural and political institutions.

12009: 11326: 10913: 10264: 7375: 4529: 3073:

application of the indigenous peoples concept ... in the country'. Along with the brutal treatment of the country's

2396: 2297:. In New Zealand, based on various factors including census data and self-identification, the proportion of full or part 1523: 1357: 481:

of the Canary Islands resisted Spanish attempts at colonization. The islands finally came under Spanish control in 1496.

10421: 9566: 9447:"7 Becoming Socialist or Becoming Kinh? Government Policies for Ethnic Minorities in the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam" 8711: 7273: 5022: 4246: 4041: 2995:(created in 1999). Despite the control of their territories, many Sakha people have lost their lands as a result of the 12620: 12308: 12125: 11306: 11301: 11282: 11277: 11264: 10269: 10238: 9764: 7959: 5577: 3528: 1274: 1062: 733: 620:

comprised about 5 million Europeans and their descendants, one million Africans and 600,000 indigenous Americans.

12450: 9212: 8138:

Slezkine, Y. (1994). Arctic mirrors: Russia and the small peoples of the North. New York, NY: Cornell University Press

8026: 4119:

Mathewson, Kent (2004). "Drugs, Moral Geographies, and Indigenous Peoples: Some Initial Mappings and Central Issues".

1337: 12043: 9720: 9188: 8665: 7516: 7180: 6917: 6861: 6836: 6659: 6303: 5716: 5672: 5552: 5129: 4692: 2725: 2449: 1907: 1677: 896:

Misconceptions about the historical relationship between Indigenous populations and their landbase has informed some

207:

legislation. The use of the plural 'peoples' recognizes the cultural differences between various Indigenous peoples.

17: 8886: 8343: 8078: 6319: 5401: 2245:

claims for Indigenous recognition where their islands are still under external administration; examples include the

1926:

In the Philippines, there are 135 ethno-linguistic groups, 110 of which are considered as Indigenous peoples by the

1131:

on Indigenous communities have been in general quite severe, with many authorities estimating ranges of significant

12752: 12500: 12209: 12154: 12137: 12095: 12090: 11375: 11331: 11311: 10756: 10331: 9209:"Mission to Vietnam Advocacy Day (Vietnamese-American Meet up 2013) in the U.S. Capitol. A UPR report By IOC-Campa" 8226: 3558: 2828: 2371: 1931: 1507: 1270: 916:

rate of Indonesian rainforests has been far greater than estimated. Such a rate could not have been the product of

3387: 3016:. This rejection ended up recognizing that there was a pre-existing system of law practiced by the Meriam people. 44:"Indigenous studies" redirects here. For the academic field studying the Indigenous peoples of North America, see 12774: 12320: 11370: 11290: 8856: 7732: 6086: 3583: 3343: 3260:

During the 17th century, Europeans commonly labeled Indigenous peoples "uncivilized". Some philosophers, such as

3179: 2896: 2194: 1814:

are the Indigenous people of Singapore, inhabiting it since the Austronesian migration. They had established the

8472:

Baer, Lars-Anders (2005). "The Rights of Indigenous Peoples – A Brief Introduction in the Context of the Sámi".

8152: 7881: 7023: 6165: 3857: 12684: 12407: 12194: 12004: 11974: 11964: 11500: 11336: 9846:

with nature became a common theme of the 1960s counterculture and in 1970s Neopaganism and New Age communities.

8716: 6451:"A Year After Unleashing War Crimes Against Indigenous Armenians, Azerbaijan's Threats And Violations Continue" 3533: 3420: 3358:, from another Indigenous community in the region, favor oil drilling because they could benefit economically. 2941: 2868: 2793: 2788: 2735: 2590: 1725: 1526:

to the land as their ancient homeland; some have disputed the authenticity of Palestinian claims. In 2007, the

90: 31: 9138: 6805: 6699: 12747: 12515: 11994: 11413: 11360: 11350: 11316: 10432:

Alfred, Taiaiake; Corntassel, Jeff (2005). "Being Indigenous: Resurgences against Contemporary Colonialism".

9986: 9464: 3121: 2858: 2853: 2838: 2813: 2439: 2162: 1606: 1444:, their original homeland, and still speak dialects of Aramaic, the official language of the Assyrian Empire. 1210: 1148: 638: 401:

before the Greeks. The disposition and precise identity of this former group is elusive, and sources such as

12564:

Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge, and Folklore

6018: 3354:. Oil drilling could destroy thousands of years of culture for the Gwich'in. On the other hand, some of the 1217:

The Inuit have achieved a degree of administrative autonomy with the creation in 1999 of the territories of

12699: 12674: 11949: 10806:

Pratt, Mary Louise (2007). "Afterword: Indigeneity Today". In Marisol de la Cadena & Orin Starn (ed.).

6076:, 2016 Census of Population, Catalogue № 98‑500‑X2016009 (Ottawa: 2017‑10‑25), ISBN‑13:978‑0‑660‑05518‑3, . 4216:

Working Paper by the Chairperson-Rapporteur, Mrs. Erica-Irene A. Daes, on the concept of indigenous people.

3573: 3403: 3399: 2984: 2966: 2823: 2818: 2808: 2803: 1781:, but their fisher culture has been endangered due to the development of oil field of Sakhalin from 1990s. 1589: 1190: 956: 140: 7636:"Indigeneity as Cultural Resistance: Notes on the Palestinian Struggle within Twenty-First-Century Israel" 6112: 5860: 3300:

adherents often look to the cultures of Indigenous peoples seeking to find ancient traditional truths and

12821: 12495: 12355: 12229: 11465: 11365: 11160: 11040: 10234: 9274: 5188: 3332: 3097: 2863: 2798: 2645: 1876: 1764: 1540: 9782:"United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples | United Nations For Indigenous Peoples" 8533: 7398: 6138: 1756:

majority, although some like the Tanka have been shown to have genetic and anthropological roots in the

1422:

millennia before Turkic conquest. They are indigenous to Asiatic Turkey. Most were either killed in the

459: 12792: 12025: 11383: 11355: 7697:"Contested Indigeneity: The Development of an Indigenous Discourse on the Bedouin of the Negev, Israel" 3609: 3225: 3055: 2889: 2877: 1638: 941: 909:, and maintaining certain vegetation types, sustaining human lives while conserving natural resources. 721: 414: 9044:

State of the World's Indigenous Peoples, Secretariat of Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, UN, 2009

4428: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3378:

can hurt Indigenous peoples by hurting the ecosystems that provide them water, food. For example, the

12184: 11431: 11145: 7924:

Judgment of the Sapporo District Court, Civil Division No. 3, 27 March 1997, in (1999) 38 ILM, p. 419

4998: 3184: 3106: 2954: 2843: 2747: 2575: 2084: 2055: 1552: 1510:

in the 1990s, with Palestinians claiming Indigenous status as a pre-existing population displaced by

814: 798: 7822: 5213: 4322: 3191:

health than the general population, in advanced and developing countries alike: higher incidence of

2620: 12798: 12525: 11989: 11959: 11520: 10415:"Report of the African Commission's Working Group of Experts on Indigenous Populations/Communities" 9644: 8365: 7093: 5993: 5165:

Native America, Discovered and Conquered: Thomas Jefferson, Lewis & Clark, and Manifest Destiny

3803: 2580: 2434: 2237: 9504: 3274:

runs a campaign to stamp out media portrayals of Indigenous peoples as "primitives" or "savages".

1202: 12719: 12505: 11944: 11402: 11394: 11239: 10906: 10854: 8251:

Grote, Rainer (2006). "On the Fringes of Europe: Europe's Largely Forgotten Indigenous Peoples".

7755: 5266:

Grote, Rainer (2006). "On the Fringes of Europe: Europe's Largely Forgotten Indigenous Peoples".

2080: 2049: 1912: 1194: 854: 45: 10174: 7823:"The culturalisation of indigeneity: the Palestinian-Bedouin of the Naqab and indigenous rights" 7204:"Who Are the Yazidis, the Ancient, Persecuted Religious Minority Struggling to Survive in Iraq?" 6541: 5333: 4459:

Tuck, Eve, and K. Wayne Yang. "Decolonization is not a metaphor." Tabula Rasa 38 (2012): 61-111.

3742: 12704: 12655:

Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge (GRATK)

12303: 12234: 12100: 12035: 11889: 11640: 11540: 10983: 9822:. Columbia Contemporary American Religion Series. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 9043: 6998:"Refworld | World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Egypt : Copts of Egypt" 6396:"The Cultural and Intellectual Property Interests of the Indigenous Peoples of Turkey and Iraq" 5931: 5697:"Endangered Forest, Endangered People Environmentalist Representations of Indigenous Knowledge" 3518: 3362: 3305: 3271: 3086: 3062: 3037: 2655: 2376: 2202: 2198: 2182: 1706: 1634: 1401: 746:

court case illuminated the United States' support for the principles of the discovery doctrine:

662: 645:(1769) and many others before being colonized by the French. The indigenous inhabitants of the 471: 27:

Peoples who identify as Indigenous and have a special attachment to their traditional territory

10583: 10554: 9012: 7581: 4135:

As Sir Thomas Browne remarked in 1646, (this seems to be the first usage in its modern sense).

3600:

List of active non-governmental organizations of national minorities, Indigenous and diasporas

2916: 12709: 12330: 12132: 11665: 11450: 11344: 10951: 9823: 9451:

Civilizing the Margins: Southeast Asian Government Policies for the Development of Minorities

9407: 7506: 7483: 6367: 6230: 5964: 3604: 3460: 3415: 3336: 3141: 2996: 2987:), who now control their own autonomous republics within the Russian state, and the Canadian 2386: 2190: 1710: 1576: 1556: 4380: 3342:

Many in the United States federal government are in favor of exploiting oil reserves in the

1386:. There are currently more Armenians living outside their ancestral homeland because of the 850: 821: 12679: 12390: 12279: 12142: 11878: 11802: 11710: 11535: 11418: 11170: 11140: 11135: 10973: 10968: 10961: 10868: 9860:"Helena Gualinga is a voice for Indigenous communities in the fight against climate change" 9409:

The Ethnography of Vietnam's Central Highlanders: A Historical Contextualization, 1850-1990

9370:

The Ethnography of Vietnam's Central Highlanders: A Historical Contextualization, 1850–1990

8577: 8056: 7767: 6729: 6512:"The U.S. has finally acknowledged the genocide of Armenians. What about Native Americans?" 5472: 3634: 3553: 3543: 3485: 3093: 2233: 1815: 1702: 1560: 1451: 881: 562: 531: 176: 9169: 8772: 8743: 8442: 6569:"Indigenous Arabs are descendants of the earliest split from ancient Eurasian populations" 4148: 602: 8: 12385: 12284: 12105: 11842: 11745: 11740: 11627: 11545: 11165: 10956: 7297:"Israel-Palestine and the Settler Colonial 'Turn': From Interpretation to Decolonization" 6395: 4353: 3619: 2953:, ownership and exploitation of natural resources, political determination and autonomy, 2772: 2762: 2381: 2150: 2024:. However, there are more ethnic groups that are considered indigenous, for example, the 1437: 1344:

in Brazil, up from 40 in 2005. With this addition Brazil has now overtaken the island of

1341: 765: 738: 710: 587: 427: 340:

Guatemalan girls in their traditional clothing from the town of Santa Catarina Palopó on

10825:

Tsing, Anna (2007). "Indigenous Voice". In Marisol de la Cadena & Orin Starn (ed.).

10644: ed.). Copenhagen: International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs. pp. 6–21. 9682: 7771: 7234: 5476: 3743:"Indigenous and Tribal People's Rights Over Their Ancestral Lands and Natural Resources" 3028:

as possible, and that the protection of indigenous cultures is vital to this enterprise.

2999:, which allows any Russian citizen to own any land in the Far Eastern region of Russia. 1229:, which was until 1999 a part of the Northwest Territories. The autonomous territory of 12769: 12759: 12360: 12325: 12269: 12110: 11725: 11685: 11680: 11585: 11525: 11470: 11155: 11050: 11003: 10946: 10899: 10734: 10449: 10393: 10358: 10114: 10106: 9625:

Health and Ethnic Minorities in Viet Nam, Technical Series No. 1, June 2003, WHO, p. 10

9608: 9266: 8946: 8625: 8600: 8489: 8268: 7850: 7791: 7724: 7585: 7577: 7487: 7479: 7424: 7326: 6601: 6568: 6415: 5645: 5606: 5495: 5460: 5283: 5219: 4796: 4788: 4638: 4434: 4328: 4311: 4270: 3816: 3714:"Indigenous Peoples and the United Nations Human Rights System, Fact Sheet No. 9/Rev.2" 3042: 3025: 2720: 2705: 2307: 2280: 2258: 1959: 1845:. It is a loose term for over 200 riverine and hill-dwelling ethnic groups, located in 1823: 1811: 1544: 1499: 1415: 1383: 1046: 885: 698: 675: 611: 10196: 10016: 9596: 9150: 9119: 7905: 7149: 7115: 5402:"Protect indigenous people's land rights and the whole world will benefit | DISD" 5109:. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. pp. 51, 55, 58, 62–65, 67, 69. 2346: 1160: 314:

They maintain and develop their ancestral environments and systems as distinct peoples

12595: 12204: 12067: 11807: 11720: 11705: 11690: 11650: 11645: 11635: 11570: 11455: 11445: 11175: 10830: 10811: 10792: 10773: 10741: 10718: 10687: 10653: 10645: 10615: 10596: 10579: 10571: 10550: 10542: 10523: 10504: 10485: 10466: 10453: 10445: 10397: 10362: 10327: 10308: 10118: 10098: 9947: 9827: 9816: 9701: 9691: 9600: 9527: 9454: 9413: 9374: 9335: 9258: 9096: 9068: 8661: 8630: 8454: 8390: 7938:

Selected papers from the Eighth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics.

7854: 7842: 7795: 7783: 7728: 7716: 7665: 7589: 7569: 7522: 7512: 7491: 7471: 7428: 7414: 7367: 7330: 7318: 6941:"Refworld – World Directory of Minorities and indigenous Peoples – Turkey: Assyrians" 6857: 6832: 6712:

These people originate from the eastern half of the southern shores of the Black Sea.

6655: 6606: 6588: 6419: 6294: 5712: 5678: 5668: 5649: 5637: 5573: 5548: 5523: 5500: 5339: 5168: 5125: 5085: 5060: 5002: 4973: 4800: 4688: 4642: 4563: 4493: 4315: 4303: 4193: 4183: 4124: 4086: 3961: 3921: 3882: 3837: 3568: 3508: 3383: 2610: 2528: 2338: 2254: 2241: 2072: 1916: 1483: 1397: 1387: 1238: 1050: 1045:. The vast majority of them have been Arabized after the Islamic conquests under the 717: 422: 333:

parts of the country, or in certain regions of the world; and other relevant factors.

183:

in 1646, who wrote "and although in many parts thereof there be at present swarms of

12440: 9270: 6063:, 2016 Census of Population, Catalogue № 98-316-X2016001 (Ottawa: 2017‑11‑29); ———, 3089:

condemning Indonesia for treating its Indigenous peoples as the worst in the world.

2484: 2178: 1650: 12724: 12694: 12689: 12648: 12570: 12397: 12085: 11777: 11772: 11655: 11214: 11197: 11187: 11083: 10881:

IFAD and indigenous peoples (International Fund for Agricultural Development, IFAD)

10441: 10412: 10383: 10350: 10090: 9959: 9612: 9592: 9250: 8653: 8620: 8612: 8481: 8260: 7834: 7775: 7708: 7655: 7647: 7565: 7561: 7463: 7406: 7362: 7357: 7308: 6691: 6596: 6580: 6480: 6407: 5963:. Communications Branch of Indian and Northern Affairs Canada. 2004. Archived from 5704: 5629: 5602: 5490: 5480: 5275: 4969: 4964:

Wagstrom, Thor (2005). "Broken Tongues and Foreign Hearts". In Brock, Peggy (ed.).

4780: 4630: 4295: 4076: 3379: 3200: 3133: 2767: 2695: 2523: 2401: 2361: 2314: 2262: 2127: 1966: 1833: 1407: 1121: 646: 567: 520: 514: 482: 386: 58: 9302: 8366:"World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Ireland : Travellers" 7838: 7712: 7467: 6348: 5084:(5th ed.). Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. pp. 38–39, 71–77, 83. 4634: 4081: 4064: 3402:, notably the fight against poverty, disease, and child mortality, in addition to 1736:. There are several different groups that make up the indigenous inhabitants, the 12632: 12071: 11812: 11758: 11730: 11670: 11605: 11560: 11495: 11229: 11224: 11202: 11130: 10858: 10681: 9768: 9570: 9195: 9176: 9157: 9126: 9050: 8779: 8415: 7912: 6997: 6774: 6743: 6374: 6355: 6307: 6072: 6055: 4536: 4470: 4225: 3912: 3523: 3320: 3078: 2366: 2330: 1895: 1691: 1673: 1594: 1515: 1433: 1317: 1280: 1172: 1005: 996: 988: 802: 530:

peoples of the Caribbean islands encountered Spanish colonizers initially led by

255:

partially by their own customs or traditions or by special laws or regulations."

38: 10484:. Oxford: Berg Publishers, Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research. 8289:. Norwegian Ministry of Local Government and Regional Development. 22 March 2019 7346:"Zionism, Imperialism, and Indigeneity in Israel/Palestine: A Critical Analysis" 6940: 5838: 3493: 2921: 2298: 1832:

word for 'lion city'. The native Malay name for the main island of Singapore is

654: 341: 162:

couple in traditional clothing. Taken in pre–World War II Japanese-ruled Taiwan.

12742: 12714: 12555: 12402: 12370: 12335: 12296: 11837: 11827: 11797: 11735: 11715: 11660: 11249: 11219: 11078: 11045: 10998: 10993: 10988: 8998:

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8485: 5804: 5122:

Discovering indigenous lands, the doctrine of discovery in the English colonies

3958:

Discovering Indigenous Lands: The Doctrine of Discovery in the English Colonies

3432: 3236: 3117: 3082: 2660: 2498: 2429: 2225: 2135: 2009: 2005: 1962: 1935: 1778: 1729: 1695: 1658: 1568: 1503: 1423: 729: 211: 10388: 10371: 10094: 9254: 8616: 8346:. United Nations Regional Information Centre for Western Europe. 8 August 2023 7410: 7345: 5961:"Words First An Evolving Terminology Relating to Aboriginal Peoples in Canada" 5633: 5120:

Miller, Robert J.; Ruru, Jacinta; Behrendt, Larissa; Lindberg, Tracey (2010).

4784: 4299: 4238: 4121:

Dangerous Harvest: Drug Plants and the Transformation of Indigenous Landscapes

3956:

Miller, Robert J.; Ruru, Jacinta; Behrendt, Larissa; Lindberg, Tracey (2010).

2091: 2068: 783: 230:

experience of subjugation and discrimination under a dominant cultural model.

12815: 12365: 12149: 11817: 11782: 11575: 11515: 11490: 11485: 11254: 11209: 11103: 11030: 11010: 10880: 10649: 10575: 10546: 10354: 10102: 9811: 9705: 9563: 9262: 8657: 8458: 7846: 7787: 7779: 7720: 7669: 7651: 7573: 7526: 7508:

Memories of Revolt: the 1936-1939 Rebellion and the Palestinian National Past

7475: 7371: 7322: 7313: 7296: 7265: 6592: 6139:"Treaties with Indigenous Peoples in Canada | the Canadian Encyclopedia" 5921:"In the Kawaskimhon Aboriginal Moot Court Factum of the Federal Crown Canada" 5708: 5682: 5641: 4307: 4197: 4090: 4033: 3436: 3261: 3196: 3157: 3074: 2715: 2391: 2265:. Some islands remain under administration from Paris, Washington, London or 2115: 2017: 1955: 1947: 1939: 1819: 1630: 1548: 1527: 1519: 1411: 1366: 1321: 1261: 1117: 917: 913: 725: 690: 634: 359: 180: 10657: 10226: 9761: 8917:"Archives New Zealand || The declaration of the independence of new zealand" 6565: 5485: 3431:

Indigenous knowledge is considered as very important for issues linked with

12179: 11852: 11792: 11675: 11617: 11610: 11565: 11505: 11436: 11244: 11234: 11182: 11120: 11108: 11098: 11088: 11073: 11025: 10941: 10869:"The Indigenous World" from International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs 9604: 8634: 8022: 7933: 7754:

Yiftachel, Oren; Roded, Batya; Kedar, Alexandre (Sandy) (1 November 2016).

6610: 6087:"Assembly of First Nations - Assembly of First Nations-The Story" 5504: 3538: 3499: 3448: 3331:, adopted by the General Assembly in 2007, established Indigenous peoples' 3301: 3265: 3161: 2980: 2962: 2585: 2221: 2064: 2001: 1887: 1865: 1800: 1770: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1642: 1543:

in the Indian Ocean are also home to several Indigenous groups such as the

1491: 1168: 1096: 906: 853:

by adding information on neglected viewpoints, or discuss the issue on the

790: 548: 12375: 10863: 10852:

Awareness raising film by Rebecca Sommer for the Secretariat of the UNPFII

9964: 7172: 6695: 6584: 6301: 5433:"What role do indigenous people and forests have in a sustainable future?" 2306:) signed a written agreement with the British Crown in 1840, known as the 2201:

peoples (also with sub-groups). These two groups are often referred to as

1915:

does not recognize the existence of indigenous peoples, classifying every

1400:, having spread to the greater middle East and North Africa following the 597: 12274: 11787: 11595: 11580: 11555: 11480: 11150: 11125: 11115: 11093: 11020: 10631:"Implementation of the Right of Self-Determination of Indigenous Peoples" 10609: 8508: 8110:

IWGIA (2012). Briefing note. Indigenous peoples in the Russian Federation

6938: 6411: 5461:"People have shaped most of terrestrial nature for at least 12,000 years" 3513: 3347: 3282: 3278: 2950: 2276: 2217: 2213: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2013: 1997: 1951: 1622: 1615: 1572: 1473: 1325: 1222: 1105: 1085: 1042: 1001: 928: 822:

Environmental and economic benefits of the Indigenous stewardship of land

794: 685: 575: 544: 497: 455: 348: 159: 9987:"TRADITIONAL TECHNIQUES PROVIDE USEFUL MODELS FOR BIODIVERSITY POLICIES" 8493: 8272: 8218: 7552:

Troen, S. Ilan (2013). "Israeli Views of the Land of Israel/Palestine".

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Sanders, Douglas E. (1999). "Indigenous peoples: Issues of definition".

3220: 3077:(a conservative estimate places the violent deaths at 100,000 people in 2205:, although terms such as First Nations and First Peoples are also used. 1796: 1626: 760: 12729: 12412: 11862: 11857: 11832: 11767: 11700: 11590: 11035: 10110: 8650:

Shaping Citizenship: A Political Concept in Theory, Debate and Practice

7660: 5895:

Inuit Circumpolar Council > ICC Charter and By-laws > ICC Charter

5835:"Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas. México" 5057:

New Zealand Birth Certificates – 50 of New Zealand's Founding Documents

3834:

Indigenous Peoples of North America: A Concise Anthropological Overview

3548: 3395: 3367: 3137: 3046: 2757: 2266: 2037: 2021: 1883: 1709:, since in all likelihood Taiwan was the place of origin of the entire 1345: 1329: 1253: 1073: 977: 897: 642: 606: 556: 536: 390: 336: 280: 10612:

Indigeneity on the move: Varying manifestations of a contested concept

10047:"Indigenous peoples defend Earth's biodiversity—but they're in danger" 9722:

Centennial History of Cincinnati and Representative Citizens, Volume 1

8978: 8682:"Indigenous Australians: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People" 8599:

Jaakkola, Jouni J. K.; Juntunen, Suvi; Näkkäläjärvi, Klemetti (2018).

7696: 6879:"Reframing Indigeneity: The Case of Assyrians in Northern Mesopotamia" 6090: 3355: 3231:

Indigenous peoples have frequently been subjected to various forms of

2272: 1300:(Native Communities), particularly among Amazonian societies like the 12380: 12350: 12291: 11928: 11822: 11695: 11600: 11192: 11065: 10922: 10761:

Study of the Problem of Discrimination Against Indigenous Populations

9634:

Facts on Suicide Rates, First Nations and Inuit Health, Health Canada

8264: 8148: 6910:"Indigenous Persistence Despite Government and Religious Persecution" 5279: 5052: 3979: 3977: 3914:

Settler Colonialism, Race, and the Law: Why Structural Racism Persist

3712:

United Nations Human Rights, Office of the High Commissioner (2013).

3679: 3241: 2700: 2640: 2246: 2123: 1902: 1753: 1717: 1662: 1646: 1379: 1230: 1144: 984: 583: 410: 123: 62: 7756:"Between rights and denials: Bedouin indigeneity in the Negev/Naqab" 6196:"The World Is Changing for Greenland's Native Inuit People [ 5992:. Aboriginal Infant Development Programs of BC. 2009. Archived from 4995:

May the people live: a history of Māori health development 1900–1920

4334: 1305: 53: 37:"First peoples" redirects here. For the study of human origins, see 12340: 11510: 11475: 8641: 8317: 8314:"Who are Europe's indigenous peoples and what are their struggles?" 8219:"Myanmar - IWGIA - International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs" 6801: 6679: 3452: 3297: 3192: 3153: 3145: 2600: 1943: 1829: 1774: 1684: 1666: 1436:

are indigenous to Mesopotamia. They claim descent from the ancient

1419: 1257: 1184: 1164: 1109: 486: 478: 467: 463: 393:". Ancient writers saw these people either as the ancestors of the 355: 217:(WGIP) was on 9 August 1982 and this date is now celebrated as the 9917:"Brazil's indigenous Munduruku occupy dam site, halt construction" 9446: 5853: 4001: 3974: 3316: 2111: 1025:

The indigenous peoples of North Africa predominantly comprise the

704: 574:

In 1530, the Spanish sailed south from Panama to the lands of the

12313: 12200:

Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin

11530: 11460: 10561: 10536: 6649: 4180:

Decolonizing methodologies : research and indigenous peoples

4023:. Oxford University Press, September 2016. Web. 22 November 2016. 3892: 3529:

Ecotourism § Impact on Indigenous people and Indigenous land

3351: 3293: 2992: 2730: 2229: 2131: 2103: 1993: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1479: 1441: 1348:

as the country having the largest number of uncontacted peoples.

1313: 1309: 1301: 1234: 1226: 1218: 1176: 1089: 1038: 1030: 1026: 684:

to non-Christians, to bring civilization to barbarian peoples, a

493: 448: 440: 12065: 11919: 10715:

Indigenous Peoples and the State: The struggle for Native Rights

8416:"Irish Travellers granted formal recognition as ethnic minority" 7086:"Today, the Kurds are spread across four nations. Who are they?" 4271:

Secretariat of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (2009).

4239:"International Day of the World's Indigenous Peoples - 9 August" 2965:

involves investigation into the ramifications of what is termed

1362: 1143:

North America is sometimes referred to by Indigenous peoples as

154: 12491:

Ministry for the Development of the Russian Far East and Arctic

11015: 10479: 9065:

Genocide of Indigenous Peoples: A Critical Bibliographic Review

5107:

Despotic Dominion, property Rights in British Settler Societies

4687:(4th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 33. 3858:"Indigenous Peoples and the United Nations Human Rights System" 3232: 2976: 2670: 2294: 2107: 2099: 2095: 1891: 1857: 1846: 1842: 1804: 1785: 1757: 1531:

undermining others' claims and "fetishizing" nomadic cultures.

1511: 1308:. In Chile, there the most populous indigenous peoples are the 1206: 1180: 1156: 1101: 681: 527: 406: 398: 394: 389:

period acknowledge Indigenous people whom they referred to as "

8686:

Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders

4182:(2nd ed.). Dunedin, New Zealand: Otago University Press. 1649:

in Hokkaidō. In a ground-breaking 1997 decision involving the

1579:. They are registered and protected by the Indian government. 302:

A strong link to territories and surrounding natural resources

11924: 11550: 11055: 10520:

A Global History of Indigenous Peoples: Struggle and Survival

9331:

MACV: The Joint Command in the Years of Escalation, 1962–1967

9297: 9295: 8447:

Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice

8344:"Greenlanders should take pride in their indigenous identity" 6877:

Sargon George Donabed; Daniel Joseph Tower (1 January 2018).

5372:"Defending the defenders: tropical forests in the front line" 5303:"Protecting Indigenous Land Rights Makes Good Economic Sense" 4149:"Pseudodoxia Epidemica, Chap. X. Of the Blackness of Negroes" 3594: 2988: 2287: 2146: 2119: 1982: 1920: 1872: 1853: 1737: 1583: 1469: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1447: 1393: 1198: 1077: 1034: 972: 924: 444: 402: 10891: 10736:

Indigenous Peoples and Environmental Issues: An Encyclopedia

10610:

Gerharz, Eva; Nasir Uddin; Pradeep Chakkarath, eds. (2017).

9582: 9236:"Economy in Motion: Cham Muslim Traders in the Mekong Delta" 9129:. bdnews24.com (18 June 2011). Retrieved on 11 October 2011. 8598: 8534:"Europe's only recognized indigenous peoples live in Sweden" 6291:

Urarina Society, Cosmology, and History in Peruvian Amazonia

6115:. Canadian Museum of Civilization Corporation. 12 May 2006. 5987:"Terminology of First Nations, Native, Aboriginal and Métis" 5220:

Secretariat of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues 2009

4435:

Secretariat of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues 2009

4329:

Secretariat of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues 2009

3817:

Secretariat of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues 2009

1586:

people constitute a small minority of the population today.

1340:

reported that it had confirmed the presence of 67 different

262: 12627:

UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP)

10936: 9179:. bdnews24.com (27 May 2011). Retrieved on 11 October 2011. 9160:. bdnews24.com (28 May 2011). Retrieved on 11 October 2011. 8175:"Indonesia and the Denial of Indigenous Peoples' Existence" 6261:"Reverse Colonialism - How the Inuit Conquered the Vikings" 3010:(No 2), saw the High Court of Australia reject the idea of 2250: 1760:

people, the pre-Han Chinese inhabitants of Southern China.

1645:

they were confined by the government to a reservation near

1611: 1564: 1495: 778: 669: 10137:

Section 5.7 of the APA Publication Manual, Seventh Edition

9948:"Indigenous knowledge as a key to sustainable development" 9292: 7953:"Current Developments in Comparative Austronesian Studies" 7695:

Frantzman, Seth J.; Yahel, Havatzelet; Kark, Ruth (2012).

6726:

Soundscapes of Trabzon: Music, Memory, and Power in Turkey

5861:"Civilization.ca – Gateway to Aboriginal Heritage–Culture" 5701:

Indigenous Environmental Knowledge and its Transformations

5457: 5119: 4773:

Law and History Review. American Society for Legal History

4562:(4th ed.). London: Red Globe Press. pp. 188–91. 3955: 519:

Indigenous encounters with Europeans increased during the

10641: 9755: 8443:"INTERNATIONAL LAW AND THE ETHNICITY OF IRISH TRAVELLERS" 8049:"Natives in Russia's far east worry about vanishing fish" 6972:"What Is Coptic and Who Were the Copts in Ancient Egypt?" 6680:"The Pontic dialect: a corrupt version of Ancient Greek?" 6358:. BBC News (30 March 2005). Retrieved on 11 October 2011. 3375: 3224:"Savages of Mokka and Their House in Formosa", pre-1945, 2303: 891: 10757:"United Nations Working Group on Indigenous Populations" 10717:. DeKalb, Illinois: Northern Illinois University Press. 10413:

African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights (2003).

9771:. Survivalinternational.org. Retrieved on 28 March 2012. 9684:

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

8797:"Māori population estimates: At 30 June 2021 | Stats NZ" 2232:

region over the course of thousands of years. European,

10372:"Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native" 6625:"Arab | Description, History, & Facts | Britannica" 6113:"Civilization.ca-Gateway to Aboriginal Heritage-object" 4410:

IWGIA - International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs

3682:, nations, and the citizens or members of these groups. 3564:

Indigenous Peoples Climate Change Assessment Initiative

3323:, an indigenous environmental and human rights activist 3166: 1466:, one of the oldest Christian communities in the world. 9887:"1.5 Environmental Justice & Indigenous Struggles" 9718: 9496:"Tanzanian Maasai battle eviction from ancestral land" 7055:"Who are the Kurds, and why is Turkey attacking them?" 6827:

Crouch, Dora P. (2003). "Eastern Greco-Roman Cities".

4063:

Peters, Michael A.; Mika, Carl T. (10 November 2017).

2090:

Indigenous minority populations in Europe include the

1969:. There are also others sets of Indigenous peoples in 1879:

and were conquered by the Vietnamese in the Nam tiến.

1593:

Marina A. Temina, a native speaker and teacher of the

10772:. Needham Heights, Massachusetts: Allyn & Bacon. 8984: 7873: 5459:

Jens-Christian; Watson, James E. M. (27 April 2021).

4378: 4340: 4106: 4007: 3983: 3911:

Taylor Saito, Natsu (2020). "Unsettling Narratives".

3898: 3711: 2321: 2224:

peoples originally populated many of the present-day

1818:

back in the 13th century. The name "Singapore" is an

1518:. Israeli Jews have also claimed indigeneity, citing 12190:

Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador

10767: 10712: 10307:(5th. ed.). Plymouth, England: AltaMira Press. 9151:

INDIGENOUS PEOPLEChakma Raja decries non-recognition

7053:

O'Grady, Siobhán; Berger, Miriam (14 October 2019).

6510:

Morris, Glenn T.; Maghakyan, Simon (29 April 2021).

5124:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 9–12. 4610:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 15–16. 3774: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3475: 3203:

rates are higher for Indigenous peoples everywhere.

3165:

area of 1,500 km (580 sq mi). A 2019

3092:

The Vietnamese viewed and dealt with the Indigenous

2957:

and incursion, poverty, health, and discrimination.

1418:, are the Greek-speaking minorities that existed in 114:, meaning "sprung from the land, native". The Latin 30:"First nations" redirects here. For other uses, see 12615:

Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention (ILO C169)

8556:"The Sámi: The People, Their Culture and Languages" 7753: 6802:"Graeco-Anatolian Contacts in the Mycenaean Period" 6231:"DNA Offers Clues to Greenland's First Inhabitants" 3989: 3625:

United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues

3579:

International Day of the World's Indigenous Peoples

3371:often resulted in torture, imprisonment, or death. 3130:

United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues

1894:which were acquired by Vietnam from Cambodian King 1765:

invaded Siberia and conquered the indigenous people

1734:

Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory

586:(including Mexico and most of Central America) and 311:

Marginalized and discriminated against by the state

219:

International Day of the World's Indigenous Peoples

10805: 10733: 10731: 9815: 9503: 9211:. Chamtoday.com. 14 September 2013. Archived from 8827:"A Brief History of New Zealand | New Zealand Now" 8474:International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 7694: 7024:"Who are the Kurds and why are they under attack?" 6856:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 183. 6775:"Greek community in Turkey fears for its survival" 5891:"Inuit Circumpolar Council (Canada) – ICC Charter" 5331: 3451:are two major groups of Indigenous populations in 3329:UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples 12643:UN Declaration on the Rights of Peasants (UNDROP) 10786: 9749:, 435 U.S. 191 (1978); also see Robert Williams, 7454:Troen, Ilan; Troen, Carol (2019). "Indigeneity". 7399:"Invoking the Indigenous, for and against Israel" 7052: 6368:Brazil sees traces of more isolated Amazon tribes 6019:"Why we say "Indigenous" instead of "Aboriginal"" 5703:. Routledge. 16 December 2003. pp. 302–327. 4682: 4065:"Aborigine, Indian, indigenous or first nations?" 3765: 2189:In Australia, the Indigenous populations are the 1856:are the Indigenous people of the former state of 1841:Dayak People are one of the Indigenous groups of 397:, or as an earlier group of people who inhabited 12813: 10888:News on indigenous peoples from around the world 10754: 10480:de la Cadena, Marisol; Orin Starn, eds. (2007). 10431: 10189: 10076: 10074: 10072: 9678: 9676: 9674: 9672: 9670: 9327: 9303:"Indonesia denies it has any indigenous peoples" 8647: 7511:. University of Arkansas Press. pp. 81–82. 7498: 6996:Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. 5797: 5662: 3239:. Indigenous peoples have been denoted as being 12549:African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights 12220:International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs 10770:Indigenous Peoples, Ethnic Groups and the State 10590: 10498: 10460: 10159: 9399: 9360: 9062: 8012:. Nature, Volume 403, February 2000, pp. 709–10 7170: 6939:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 6542:"Arabia - Bedouin, Nomads, Tribes | Britannica" 6509: 6320:"Los 10 principales pueblos indígenas de Chile" 5572:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 2, 5–6. 5465:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 4914: 4912: 4866: 4864: 4770: 4683:Burkholder, Mark A.; Johnson, Lyman L. 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The descriptors "Indian" and " 1138: 830: 782:exception of groups such as the 12775:Persecution of Uyghurs in China 12637:Fair Access and Benefit-Sharing 12321:Dakota Access Pipeline protests 10874: 10829:. Oxford, UK: Berg Publishers. 10810:. Oxford, UK: Berg Publishers. 10791:. Oxford, UK: Berg Publishers. 10503:. Oxford, UK: Berg Publishers. 10465:. Oxford, UK: Berg Publishers. 9719:Charles Theodore Greve (1904). 8652:. 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(2004). 10370:Wolfe, Patrick (2006). 10095:10.1023/A:1021983819369 9406:Oscar Salemink (2003). 9367:Oscar Salemink (2003). 8391:"Travellers in Ireland" 7940:Taipei: Academia Sinica 7911:8 November 2017 at the 6883:Perspectives on History 6744:"Rediscovering Romeyka" 6485:Encyclopedia Britannica 6289:Dean, Bartholomew 2009 5486:10.1073/pnas.2023483118 4993:Lange, Raeburn (1999). 4906:Taylor (2013). p. 17-18 3437:Professor Martin Nakata 3363:industrial agricultural 3312:Environmental injustice 3033:Human rights violations 2050:Ethnic groups in Europe 1351: 1260:woman and child in the 976:Starting fire by hand, 624:and hunting practices. 93:and natural resources. 46:Native American studies 12705:High Arctic relocation 12607:Declarations of Rights 12304:Cultural appropriation 12235:Survival International 11641:Cultural appropriation 11541:Lineage-bonded society 10680:Hughes, Lotte (2003). 10595:. New York: Springer. 10343:Politics & Society 9189:Disregarding the Jumma 6710:– via Academia. 5932:University of Manitoba 5897:. 2007. Archived from 4972:. pp. 71 and 73. 4685:Colonial Latin America 3519:Cultural appropriation 3428: 3324: 3289:Cultural appropriation 3272:Survival International 3228: 3178:In December 1993, the 3125: 3122:indigenous territories 3087:Survival International 3063:Chittagong Hill Tracts 3050: 3030: 3012: 2929: 2656:Survival International 2537:International Treaties 2283: 2203:Indigenous Australians 2199:Torres Strait Islander 2186: 2076: 1807: 1707:historical linguistics 1694:are indigenous to the 1661:are indigenous to the 1619: 1597: 1524:historical connections 1396:are indigenous to the 1370: 1265: 1221:(in Northern Quebec), 1113: 1093: 992: 981: 769: 753: 663:Aboriginal inhabitants 616: 571: 474: 472:Ferdinand and Isabella 344: 330: 252: 163: 127: 117: 110: 66: 12710:Human rights in Tibet 12437:Aotearoa-New Zealand 12331:Fortress conservation 12133:Traditional knowledge 12096:Intellectual property 11666:Ethnic interest group 11501:Ethnicity in censuses 11451:Cultural assimilation 10952:Ethnolinguistic group 10427:on 26 September 2007. 10197:"NAJA AP Style Guide" 9965:10.4038/jas.v2i1.8117 9891:Environmental Biology 9569:10 March 2012 at the 9156:19 March 2012 at the 9125:19 March 2012 at the 8513:Le Monde Diplomatique 8395:Minority Rights Group 7171:atlasofhumanity.com. 6585:10.1101/gr.191478.115 6023:Indigenous Innovation 5144:McNeil (2016). p. 707 4606:Taylor, Alan (2013). 4385:Amnesty International 4153:University of Chicago 3676:Autochthonous peoples 3605:List of ethnic groups 3461:traditional knowledge 3423: 3416:Traditional knowledge 3337:extractive industries 3319: 3223: 3120:, one of the largest 3115: 3040: 3021: 2997:Russian Homestead Act 2963:anthropological study 2919: 2387:Traditional knowledge 2372:Intellectual property 2275: 2191:Aboriginal Australian 2183:Aboriginal Australian 2181: 2067: 1913:Indonesian government 1799: 1711:Austronesian language 1705:have significance in 1614: 1605:Further information: 1592: 1577:North Sentinel Island 1561:South Andaman Islands 1454:group, indigenous to 1365: 1256: 1099: 1076: 987: 975: 763: 748: 600: 565: 458: 385:Greek sources of the 339: 325: 288:Amnesty International 247: 157: 135:"to beget, produce". 56: 12734:Residential schools 12680:Sri Lankan Civil War 12422:Legal representation 12391:Urban Indian reserve 12280:Internal colonialism 12171:Non-governmental and 12126:in the United States 11879:Minzu (anthropology) 11848:Separatist movements 11711:Ethnographic village 11536:Legendary progenitor 11171:Transidioethnography 10974:Hyphenated ethnicity 10969:Ethnographic realism 10962:Ethnoreligious group 10857:27 July 2013 at the 10640:. Vol. 3/2001 ( 10541:(2, part I): 21–47. 9751:Like a Loaded Weapon 9649:Health Topics A to Z 9280:on 23 September 2015 9194:19 June 2011 at the 9091:Jones, Adam (2010). 8921:www.archives.govt.nz 8320:. 8 September 2019. 8057:Agence France-Presse 7116:"Who Are the Kurds?" 6730:Princeton University 6412:10.2139/ssrn.1549804 6306:17 July 2011 at the 4918:Taylor (2013). p. 20 4858:Taylor (2013). p. 33 4822:Taylor (2013). p. 17 4664:Pagden (2001). p. 93 4381:"Indigenous Peoples" 4354:"Indigenous Peoples" 3635:Virgin soil epidemic 3554:Indigenous Futurisms 3544:The Image Expedition 3486:Civilizations portal 3361:The introduction of 2397:Water and sanitation 2094:peoples of northern 1862:Cham–Vietnamese wars 1816:Kingdom of Singapura 1703:Taiwanese aborigines 882:carbon sequestration 742:. Statements at the 532:Christopher Columbus 12285:Settler colonialism 11746:Multinational state 11741:Model minority myth 11628:Multiethnic society 11546:Linguistic homeland 10957:Ethnonational group 10324:Peoples and Empires 10305:Victims of Progress 10177:on 16 November 2018 10057:on 21 February 2021 9767:19 May 2017 at the 9562:Hanley, Anthony J. 9508:on 10 December 2022 9215:on 22 February 2014 9013:"Mabo v Queensland" 7772:2016EnPlA..48.2129Y 7208:National Geographic 7152:on 25 February 2021 7122:. 31 October 2017. 7090:National Geographic 7059:The Washington Post 6696:10.1093/jrs/4.4.335 6516:The Washington Post 6481:"Armenian (people)" 6271:on 29 December 2019 6265:Canadian Geographic 6047:Statistics Canada, 5967:on 14 December 2007 5841:on 15 November 2004 5755:on 25 December 2019 5477:2021PNAS..11823483E 4954:King (2003). p. 122 4034:"indigenous (adj.)" 3620:Uncontacted peoples 3302:spiritual practices 2773:Uncontacted peoples 2763:Settler colonialism 2151:national minorities 1724:are defined in the 1635:Shakushain's Revolt 1438:Neo-Assyrian Empire 1428:population exchange 1342:uncontacted peoples 1298:Comunidades Nativas 851:improve the article 766:uncontacted peoples 739:Johnson v. McIntosh 711:Settler colonialism 694:("no one's land"). 428:classical antiquity 381:Classical antiquity 141:Proto-Indo-European 12822:Indigenous peoples 12770:Stolen Generations 12571:BBNJ ABS Committee 12326:Discovery doctrine 12270:Civilizing mission 12111:Self-determination 11921:Indigenous peoples 11726:Middleman minority 11686:Ethnic pornography 11681:Ethnic nationalism 11586:Pantribal sodality 11526:Imagined community 11051:Symbolic ethnicity 10979:Indigenous peoples 10947:Ethnographic group 10638:Indigenous Affairs 9993:. United Nations. 8177:. 17 August 2013. 8059:. 25 February 2009 8053:The Economic Times 7989:Diamond, Jared M. 7965:on 12 October 2006 6629:www.britannica.com 6546:www.britannica.com 6235:The New York Times 4416:on 26 October 2019 3672:Indigenous Natives 3664:Aboriginal peoples 3429: 3325: 3229: 3126: 3051: 3043:self-determination 3026:cultural diversity 2933:in Latin America. 2930: 2721:Discovery doctrine 2706:Civilizing mission 2524:BBNJ ABS Committee 2313:A majority of the 2308:Treaty of Waitangi 2284: 2281:western New Guinea 2187: 2077: 1822:of the Malay name 1812:Malay Singaporeans 1808: 1676:are indigenous to 1620: 1598: 1500:historic Palestine 1498:are indigenous to 1482:are indigenous to 1416:Cappadocian Greeks 1384:Armenian Highlands 1371: 1266: 1235:Kingdom of Denmark 1214:British Columbia. 1133:population decline 1114: 1094: 993: 982: 968:Sub-Saharan Africa 886:ecosystem services 770: 699:discovery doctrine 676:Discovery doctrine 617: 612:Lienzo de Tlaxcala 572: 475: 345: 187:serving under the 164: 71:Indigenous peoples 67: 12809: 12808: 12794:Indigenous rights 12663: 12662: 12596:Indigenous Caucus 12537:Intergovernmental 12386:Russian republics 12356:Autonomous okrugs 12205:Cultural Survival 12033: 12032: 12017: 12016: 11887: 11886: 11808:Ethnic stereotype 11721:Indigenous rights 11706:Ethnographic film 11691:Ethnic theme park 11651:Dominant minority 11646:Diaspora politics 11636:Consociationalism 11571:National language 11456:Cultural identity 11446:Cross-race effect 11390:Aboriginal groups 10836:978-1-84520-519-5 10817:978-1-84520-519-5 10798:978-1-84520-519-5 10779:978-0-205-19816-0 10747:978-0-313-32398-0 10724:978-0-87580-290-9 10693:978-1-85984-438-0 10621:978-1-78533-723-9 10602:978-3-319-72774-5 10529:978-0-333-92150-0 10510:978-1-84520-519-5 10491:978-1-84520-519-5 10472:978-1-84520-519-5 10314:978-0-7591-1148-6 10227:"Editorial Guide" 9833:978-0-231-50838-4 9697:978-92-1-130283-7 9591:(9526): 1937–46. 9460:978-9971-69-418-0 9419:978-0-8248-2579-9 9380:978-0-8248-2579-9 9341:978-0-16-072367-4 9102:978-1-136-93797-2 9074:978-1-4128-4455-0 8891:nzhistory.govt.nz 8801:www.stats.govt.nz 7833:(10): 1569–1593. 7766:(11): 2129–2161. 7420:978-1-64469-308-7 7214:on 10 August 2022 7177:Atlas Of Humanity 6920:on 24 August 2022 6908:Kelley, Katelyn. 6631:. 27 October 2023 6299:978-0-8130-3378-5 5529:978-0-09-174268-3 5345:978-1-56973-894-8 5174:978-0-275-99011-4 5091:978-1-108-72848-5 5008:978-1-86940-214-3 4979:978-90-04-13899-5 4569:978-1-137-50403-6 4560:History of Africa 4526:Roman Antiquities 4499:978-1-118-61072-5 4189:978-1-877578-28-1 4130:978-0-19-514319-5 4075:(13): 1229–1234. 3967:978-0-19-957981-5 3927:978-0-8147-0802-6 3887:978-81-7910-252-7 3843:978-1-4426-0416-2 3569:Indigenous rights 3509:Collective rights 3384:Amazon rainforest 2914: 2913: 2768:Truth commissions 2696:Aboriginal titles 2611:Cultural Survival 2529:Indigenous Caucus 2339:Indigenous rights 2255:Northern Marianas 2228:countries in the 2106:and northwestern 1917:Native Indonesian 1701:The languages of 1512:Jewish settlement 1492:Palestinian Arabs 1484:Upper Mesopotamia 1458:and parts of the 1398:Arabian Peninsula 1388:Armenian genocide 1369:girls in Pakistan 1239:Greenlandic Norse 1080:on a traditional 1014:Indigenous people 872: 871: 419:Roman Antiquities 181:Sir Thomas Browne 18:Indigenous people 16:(Redirected from 12829: 12791: 12790: 12725:Mapuche conflict 12695:Chiapas conflict 12690:Alta controversy 12668:Historical cases 12426: 12425: 12408:Rainbow Warriors 12398:Manifest destiny 12086:Ancestral domain 12060: 12053: 12046: 12037: 12036: 12007: 11992: 11977: 11962: 11947: 11938: 11937: 11914: 11907: 11900: 11891: 11890: 11778:Ethnic cleansing 11773:Ethnic bioweapon 11656:Ethnic democracy 11265:Groups by region 11215:Ethnomethodology 11198:Ethnomathematics 11188:Ethnolinguistics 11084:Ethnoarchaeology 10916: 10909: 10902: 10893: 10892: 10840: 10821: 10802: 10783: 10764: 10751: 10739: 10728: 10709: 10707: 10705: 10676: 10674: 10672: 10666: 10660:. 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Schmal" 5801: 5795: 5794: 5792: 5790: 5781:. Archived from 5771: 5765: 5764: 5762: 5760: 5751:. 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James Anaya, 4444: 4438: 4432: 4426: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4402: 4396: 4395: 4393: 4391: 4376: 4370: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4350: 4344: 4338: 4332: 4326: 4320: 4319: 4283: 4277: 4276: 4268: 4259: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4235: 4229: 4208: 4202: 4201: 4175: 4169: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4144: 4138: 4137: 4116: 4110: 4104: 4095: 4094: 4084: 4060: 4054: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4030: 4024: 4017: 4011: 4005: 3999: 3993: 3987: 3981: 3972: 3971: 3953: 3947: 3946: 3941: 3939: 3919: 3908: 3902: 3896: 3890: 3879: 3873: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3862: 3854: 3848: 3847: 3829: 3820: 3814: 3801: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3776: 3763: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3739: 3730: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3709: 3692: 3689: 3683: 3652: 3502: 3497: 3496: 3488: 3483: 3482: 3481: 3380:Munduruku people 3374:The building of 3201:infant mortality 3015: 2906: 2899: 2892: 2880: 2834:Papua New Guinea 2362:Ancestral domain 2349: 2326: 2325: 2315:Papua New Guinea 2263:Marshall Islands 2040:, among others. 1967:Sulu archipelago 1674:Sarikoli Pamiris 1410:, including the 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11161:Person-centered 11131:Autoethnography 11060: 10925: 10920: 10877: 10859:Wayback Machine 10848: 10843: 10837: 10818: 10799: 10780: 10748: 10725: 10703: 10701: 10694: 10670: 10668: 10664: 10633: 10622: 10603: 10530: 10511: 10492: 10473: 10424: 10417: 10408: 10406:Further reading 10334: 10315: 10299: 10294: 10293: 10280: 10278: 10263: 10262: 10258: 10244: 10242: 10225: 10224: 10220: 10210: 10208: 10195: 10194: 10190: 10180: 10178: 10165: 10164: 10160: 10146: 10144: 10131: 10130: 10126: 10079: 10070: 10060: 10058: 10045: 10044: 10040: 10030: 10028: 10015: 10014: 10010: 10000: 9998: 9985: 9984: 9980: 9970: 9968: 9944: 9940: 9930: 9928: 9913: 9909: 9900: 9898: 9883: 9879: 9869: 9867: 9856: 9852: 9838: 9836: 9834: 9809: 9805: 9795: 9793: 9788:. 5 June 2015. 9780: 9779: 9775: 9769:Wayback Machine 9760: 9756: 9742: 9738: 9728: 9726: 9717: 9713: 9698: 9681: 9668: 9658: 9656: 9643: 9642: 9638: 9633: 9629: 9624: 9620: 9581: 9577: 9571:Wayback Machine 9561: 9557: 9547: 9545: 9541: 9530: 9526: 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8527: 8517: 8515: 8505: 8501: 8470: 8466: 8439: 8435: 8425: 8423: 8414: 8413: 8409: 8399: 8397: 8389: 8388: 8384: 8374: 8372: 8364: 8363: 8359: 8349: 8347: 8342: 8341: 8337: 8327: 8325: 8312: 8311: 8302: 8292: 8290: 8285: 8284: 8280: 8249: 8242: 8232: 8230: 8217: 8216: 8212: 8201: 8194: 8184: 8182: 8173: 8172: 8168: 8158: 8156: 8147: 8146: 8142: 8137: 8133: 8127: 8123: 8118: 8114: 8109: 8102: 8092: 8090: 8077: 8076: 8072: 8062: 8060: 8047: 8046: 8042: 8032: 8030: 8021: 8020: 8016: 8008: 8002: 7995: 7991: 7988: 7984: 7976: 7968: 7966: 7962: 7955: 7951: 7948: 7944: 7932: 7928: 7923: 7919: 7913:Wayback Machine 7904: 7900: 7890: 7888: 7878: 7874: 7864: 7862: 7819: 7815: 7805: 7803: 7752: 7748: 7738: 7736: 7693: 7689: 7679: 7677: 7632: 7628: 7618: 7616: 7601: 7597: 7550: 7546: 7536: 7534: 7519: 7503: 7499: 7452: 7448: 7438: 7436: 7421: 7395: 7391: 7381: 7379: 7342: 7338: 7293: 7289: 7279: 7277: 7262: 7258: 7248: 7246: 7231: 7227: 7217: 7215: 7200: 7196: 7186: 7184: 7173:"Iraq, Yazidis" 7169: 7165: 7155: 7153: 7144: 7143: 7139: 7129: 7127: 7114: 7113: 7109: 7099: 7097: 7082: 7078: 7068: 7066: 7051: 7047: 7037: 7035: 7020: 7016: 7006: 7004: 6994: 6990: 6980: 6978: 6968: 6964: 6954: 6952: 6937: 6933: 6923: 6921: 6906: 6902: 6892: 6890: 6875: 6871: 6864: 6850: 6846: 6839: 6825: 6821: 6811: 6809: 6798: 6794: 6784: 6782: 6771: 6767: 6757: 6755: 6748:Romeyka Project 6742: 6741: 6737: 6722: 6718: 6705: 6703: 6676: 6672: 6662: 6648: 6644: 6634: 6632: 6623: 6622: 6618: 6573:Genome Research 6564: 6560: 6550: 6548: 6540: 6539: 6535: 6525: 6523: 6508: 6504: 6494: 6492: 6479: 6478: 6474: 6464: 6462: 6447: 6443: 6429: 6427: 6392: 6381: 6375:Wayback Machine 6366: 6362: 6356:Wayback Machine 6347: 6343: 6333: 6331: 6318: 6317: 6313: 6308:Wayback Machine 6288: 6284: 6274: 6272: 6259: 6258: 6254: 6244: 6242: 6227: 6223: 6213: 6211: 6194: 6193: 6189: 6179: 6177: 6162: 6158: 6148: 6146: 6137: 6136: 6132: 6122: 6120: 6111: 6110: 6106: 6096: 6094: 6085: 6084: 6080: 6073:Wayback Machine 6056:Wayback Machine 6046: 6042: 6032: 6030: 6017: 6016: 6012: 6002: 6000: 5999:on 14 July 2010 5996: 5989: 5985: 5984: 5980: 5970: 5968: 5959: 5958: 5954: 5944: 5942: 5938: 5923: 5919: 5918: 5914: 5904: 5902: 5901:on 5 March 2010 5889: 5888: 5884: 5874: 5872: 5859: 5858: 5854: 5844: 5842: 5833: 5832: 5828: 5818: 5816: 5809:Somosprimos.com 5803: 5802: 5798: 5788: 5786: 5773: 5772: 5768: 5758: 5756: 5743: 5742: 5738: 5728: 5726: 5719: 5695: 5694: 5690: 5675: 5661: 5657: 5618: 5614: 5591: 5587: 5580: 5566: 5562: 5555: 5541: 5537: 5530: 5516: 5512: 5456: 5452: 5442: 5440: 5429: 5425: 5415: 5413: 5400: 5399: 5395: 5385: 5383: 5378:. 13 May 2019. 5370: 5369: 5365: 5355: 5353: 5346: 5330: 5326: 5316: 5314: 5299: 5295: 5264: 5260: 5247: 5245: 5230: 5226: 5218: 5214: 5204: 5202: 5198: 5191: 5187: 5186: 5182: 5175: 5161: 5157: 5152: 5148: 5143: 5139: 5132: 5118: 5114: 5103: 5099: 5092: 5078: 5074: 5067: 5050: 5046: 5036: 5034: 5021: 5020: 5016: 5009: 4991: 4987: 4980: 4962: 4958: 4953: 4949: 4944: 4940: 4935: 4931: 4926: 4922: 4917: 4910: 4905: 4901: 4896: 4892: 4887: 4883: 4878: 4874: 4869: 4862: 4857: 4853: 4848: 4844: 4839: 4835: 4830: 4826: 4821: 4817: 4812: 4808: 4769: 4765: 4760: 4756: 4751: 4747: 4742: 4738: 4733: 4729: 4724: 4720: 4715: 4711: 4706: 4702: 4695: 4681: 4677: 4672: 4668: 4663: 4659: 4654: 4650: 4619: 4615: 4604: 4595: 4590: 4586: 4581: 4577: 4570: 4556: 4552: 4547: 4543: 4537:Wayback Machine 4523: 4519: 4509: 4507: 4500: 4484: 4480: 4467: 4463: 4458: 4454: 4445: 4441: 4437:, pp. 4–5. 4433: 4429: 4419: 4417: 4404: 4403: 4399: 4389: 4387: 4377: 4373: 4363: 4361: 4352: 4351: 4347: 4343:, pp. 4–5. 4339: 4335: 4327: 4323: 4284: 4280: 4269: 4262: 4252: 4250: 4237: 4236: 4232: 4226:Wayback Machine 4209: 4205: 4190: 4176: 4172: 4162: 4160: 4145: 4141: 4131: 4117: 4113: 4105: 4098: 4061: 4057: 4047: 4045: 4032: 4031: 4027: 4018: 4014: 4006: 4002: 3994: 3990: 3982: 3975: 3968: 3954: 3950: 3937: 3935: 3928: 3917: 3909: 3905: 3897: 3893: 3880: 3876: 3866: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3855: 3851: 3844: 3830: 3823: 3815: 3804: 3794: 3792: 3777: 3766: 3756: 3754: 3741: 3740: 3733: 3723: 3721: 3710: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3695: 3690: 3686: 3653: 3649: 3644: 3639: 3524:Ethnic minority 3498: 3491: 3484: 3479: 3477: 3474: 3445: 3425:Native American 3418: 3412: 3321:Helena Gualinga 3314: 3291: 3218: 3176: 3134:marginalization 3079:West New Guinea 3035: 2910: 2878: 2753:Inhabited lands 2367:Cultural rights 2324: 2290:in Micronesia. 2211: 2209:Pacific Islands 2195:language groups 2176: 2171: 2165: 2159: 2128:Irish travelers 2062: 2052: 2046: 1911:. However, the 1896:Chey Chettha II 1794: 1692:Ryukyuan people 1641:, until by the 1609: 1603: 1537: 1516:State of Israel 1376: 1360: 1354: 1294:povos indígenas 1251: 1141: 1071: 1065: 1059: 1023: 1006:hunter-gatherer 989:African Pygmies 970: 965: 959: 953: 944: 938: 894: 878: 868: 862: 859: 848: 835: 831: 824: 803:Andaman Islands 758: 713: 707: 678: 672: 630: 526:From 1492, the 517: 511: 477:From 1402, the 437: 383: 378: 321: 290: 277: 265: 236: 227: 173: 152: 131:"in, within" + 103: 49: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12835: 12825: 12824: 12807: 12806: 12804: 12803: 12784: 12781: 12780: 12778: 12777: 12772: 12767: 12762: 12757: 12756: 12755: 12750: 12745: 12740: 12732: 12727: 12722: 12717: 12715:Indian removal 12712: 12707: 12702: 12697: 12692: 12687: 12682: 12677: 12671: 12669: 12665: 12664: 12661: 12660: 12658: 12657: 12651: 12645: 12639: 12629: 12623: 12617: 12610: 12608: 12602: 12601: 12599: 12598: 12593: 12587: 12585: 12580:Indigenous-led 12577: 12576: 12574: 12573: 12568: 12567: 12566: 12558: 12556:Arctic Council 12553: 12552: 12551: 12545:African Union 12542: 12540: 12534: 12533: 12531: 12530: 12529: 12528: 12520: 12519: 12518: 12510: 12509: 12508: 12503: 12498: 12493: 12485: 12484: 12483: 12475: 12474: 12473: 12465: 12464: 12463: 12455: 12454: 12453: 12445: 12444: 12443: 12441:Te Puni Kōkiri 12434: 12432: 12423: 12419: 12418: 12416: 12415: 12410: 12405: 12403:Plastic shaman 12400: 12395: 12394: 12393: 12388: 12383: 12378: 12373: 12371:Indian reserve 12368: 12363: 12358: 12353: 12343: 12338: 12336:Green grabbing 12333: 12328: 12323: 12318: 12317: 12316: 12311: 12309:Sports mascots 12301: 12300: 12299: 12297:Bioprospecting 12289: 12288: 12287: 12282: 12272: 12266: 12264: 12260: 12259: 12257: 12256: 12247: 12242: 12237: 12232: 12227: 12222: 12217: 12212: 12207: 12202: 12197: 12192: 12187: 12182: 12176: 12174: 12168: 12167: 12165: 12164: 12163: 12162: 12160:in New Zealand 12157: 12147: 12146: 12145: 12140: 12130: 12129: 12128: 12123: 12118: 12108: 12103: 12098: 12093: 12088: 12082: 12080: 12076: 12075: 12066:International 12063: 12062: 12055: 12048: 12040: 12031: 12030: 12023: 12020: 12019: 12015: 12014: 12001: 11999: 11986: 11984: 11971: 11969: 11956: 11954: 11941: 11936: 11933: 11932: 11917: 11916: 11909: 11902: 11894: 11885: 11884: 11882: 11881: 11875: 11873: 11869: 11868: 11866: 11865: 11860: 11855: 11850: 11845: 11840: 11838:Indigenization 11835: 11830: 11828:Ethnosymbolism 11825: 11820: 11815: 11810: 11805: 11800: 11798:Ethnic penalty 11795: 11790: 11785: 11780: 11775: 11770: 11764: 11762: 11755: 11752: 11751: 11749: 11748: 11743: 11738: 11736:Model minority 11733: 11728: 11723: 11718: 11716:Ethnopluralism 11713: 11708: 11703: 11698: 11693: 11688: 11683: 11678: 11673: 11668: 11663: 11661:Ethnic enclave 11658: 11653: 11648: 11643: 11638: 11632: 11630: 11624: 11623: 11621: 11620: 11615: 11614: 11613: 11608: 11598: 11593: 11588: 11583: 11578: 11573: 11568: 11563: 11558: 11553: 11548: 11543: 11538: 11533: 11528: 11523: 11518: 11513: 11508: 11503: 11498: 11493: 11488: 11483: 11478: 11473: 11468: 11463: 11458: 11453: 11448: 11442: 11440: 11430: 11427: 11426: 11424: 11423: 11422: 11421: 11416: 11406: 11399: 11398: 11397: 11392: 11380: 11379: 11378: 11373: 11371:Southeast Asia 11368: 11363: 11358: 11353: 11341: 11340: 11339: 11334: 11329: 11324: 11319: 11314: 11309: 11304: 11294: 11287: 11286: 11285: 11280: 11269: 11267: 11261: 11260: 11258: 11257: 11252: 11250:Ethnosemiotics 11247: 11242: 11237: 11232: 11227: 11222: 11220:Ethnomuseology 11217: 11212: 11207: 11206: 11205: 11195: 11190: 11185: 11180: 11179: 11178: 11173: 11168: 11163: 11158: 11153: 11148: 11143: 11138: 11133: 11123: 11118: 11113: 11112: 11111: 11106: 11101: 11096: 11086: 11081: 11079:Ethnic studies 11076: 11070: 11068: 11062: 11061: 11059: 11058: 11053: 11048: 11046:Supraethnicity 11043: 11038: 11033: 11028: 11023: 11018: 11013: 11008: 11007: 11006: 10999:Minority group 10996: 10994:Metroethnicity 10991: 10989:Meta-ethnicity 10986: 10981: 10976: 10971: 10966: 10965: 10964: 10959: 10954: 10949: 10939: 10933: 10931: 10927: 10926: 10919: 10918: 10911: 10904: 10896: 10890: 10889: 10883: 10876: 10873: 10872: 10871: 10866: 10861: 10847: 10846:External links 10844: 10842: 10841: 10835: 10822: 10816: 10803: 10797: 10784: 10778: 10765: 10752: 10746: 10729: 10723: 10710: 10692: 10677: 10667:on 2 June 2010 10626: 10620: 10607: 10601: 10588: 10559: 10534: 10528: 10515: 10509: 10496: 10490: 10477: 10471: 10458: 10440:(4): 597–614. 10429: 10409: 10407: 10404: 10403: 10402: 10382:(4): 387–409. 10367: 10338: 10332: 10319: 10313: 10298: 10295: 10292: 10291: 10256: 10231:Indian Affairs 10218: 10188: 10158: 10124: 10068: 10038: 10008: 9978: 9938: 9907: 9877: 9850: 9832: 9812:Pike, Sarah M. 9803: 9773: 9754: 9736: 9711: 9696: 9666: 9636: 9627: 9618: 9575: 9555: 9519: 9487: 9485:Coates 2004:12 9478: 9459: 9437: 9418: 9398: 9379: 9359: 9340: 9320: 9291: 9226: 9200: 9181: 9162: 9143: 9131: 9112: 9101: 9083: 9073: 9055: 9036: 9004: 8989: 8977: 8968: 8938: 8908: 8878: 8848: 8818: 8788: 8765: 8735: 8703: 8673: 8666: 8640: 8611:(4): 401–417. 8591: 8569: 8547: 8525: 8499: 8464: 8433: 8422:. 1 March 2017 8407: 8382: 8357: 8335: 8300: 8278: 8259:(2): 425–443. 8240: 8210: 8192: 8166: 8140: 8131: 8121: 8112: 8100: 8070: 8040: 8014: 7982: 7942: 7926: 7917: 7898: 7872: 7813: 7746: 7701:Israel Studies 7687: 7646:(1): 157–178. 7626: 7595: 7560:(2): 100–114. 7554:Israel Studies 7544: 7517: 7497: 7456:Israel Studies 7446: 7419: 7389: 7336: 7287: 7256: 7225: 7194: 7163: 7137: 7107: 7076: 7045: 7014: 6988: 6962: 6931: 6900: 6869: 6862: 6844: 6837: 6819: 6792: 6765: 6735: 6716: 6690:(4): 335–339. 6670: 6660: 6642: 6616: 6579:(2): 151–162. 6558: 6533: 6502: 6472: 6441: 6379: 6360: 6341: 6311: 6282: 6252: 6221: 6187: 6170:Science | AAAS 6156: 6130: 6104: 6078: 6061:Census Profile 6040: 6010: 5978: 5952: 5928:Faculty of Law 5912: 5882: 5852: 5826: 5796: 5766: 5736: 5717: 5688: 5673: 5655: 5628:(3): 381–382. 5612: 5601:(3): 229–250. 5585: 5579:978-1107402171 5578: 5560: 5553: 5535: 5528: 5510: 5450: 5423: 5393: 5363: 5344: 5324: 5293: 5274:(2): 425–443. 5258: 5224: 5212: 5180: 5173: 5155: 5146: 5137: 5130: 5112: 5097: 5090: 5072: 5065: 5044: 5014: 5007: 5001:. p. 18. 4985: 4978: 4956: 4947: 4938: 4929: 4920: 4908: 4899: 4890: 4881: 4872: 4860: 4851: 4842: 4833: 4824: 4815: 4806: 4763: 4754: 4745: 4736: 4727: 4718: 4709: 4700: 4693: 4675: 4666: 4657: 4648: 4613: 4593: 4584: 4575: 4568: 4550: 4541: 4517: 4498: 4478: 4461: 4452: 4439: 4427: 4397: 4371: 4360:. 6 April 2023 4358:The World Bank 4345: 4333: 4321: 4278: 4260: 4230: 4203: 4188: 4170: 4139: 4129: 4111: 4096: 4055: 4025: 4012: 4000: 3988: 3973: 3966: 3948: 3926: 3903: 3891: 3874: 3849: 3842: 3821: 3802: 3764: 3731: 3718:United Nations 3703: 3702: 3700: 3697: 3694: 3693: 3684: 3668:Native peoples 3654:Also known as 3646: 3645: 3643: 3640: 3638: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3581: 3576: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3505: 3504: 3503: 3489: 3473: 3470: 3444: 3441: 3433:sustainability 3414:Main article: 3411: 3408: 3356:Inupiat people 3313: 3310: 3290: 3287: 3237:discrimination 3217: 3214: 3175: 3172: 3118:Vale do Javari 3083:Papua conflict 3034: 3031: 2983:(two northern 2912: 2911: 2909: 2908: 2901: 2894: 2886: 2883: 2882: 2874: 2873: 2872: 2871: 2866: 2861: 2856: 2851: 2846: 2841: 2836: 2831: 2826: 2821: 2816: 2811: 2806: 2801: 2796: 2791: 2783: 2782: 2778: 2777: 2776: 2775: 2770: 2765: 2760: 2755: 2750: 2745: 2744: 2743: 2733: 2728: 2726:Discrimination 2723: 2718: 2713: 2711:Climate change 2708: 2703: 2698: 2690: 2689: 2685: 2684: 2683: 2682: 2681: 2680: 2668: 2663: 2661:The Red Nation 2658: 2653: 2648: 2643: 2638: 2633: 2628: 2623: 2618: 2613: 2608: 2603: 2598: 2593: 2588: 2583: 2578: 2570: 2569: 2565: 2564: 2563: 2562: 2557: 2552: 2547: 2539: 2538: 2534: 2533: 2532: 2531: 2526: 2521: 2516: 2511: 2503: 2502: 2499:United Nations 2495: 2494: 2493: 2492: 2487: 2482: 2477: 2472: 2467: 2462: 2457: 2452: 2447: 2442: 2437: 2432: 2430:Arctic Council 2427: 2422: 2414: 2413: 2409: 2408: 2407: 2406: 2405: 2404: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2379: 2374: 2369: 2364: 2356: 2355: 2351: 2350: 2342: 2341: 2335: 2334: 2323: 2320: 2226:Pacific Island 2210: 2207: 2175: 2172: 2161:Main article: 2158: 2155: 2145:, such as the 2136:European Union 2048:Main article: 2045: 2042: 1936:Cagayan Valley 1793: 1792:Southeast Asia 1790: 1779:Nivkh language 1696:Ryukyu Islands 1659:Dzungar Oirats 1602: 1601:Northeast Asia 1599: 1595:Nivkh language 1569:Little Andaman 1557:Middle Andaman 1536: 1533: 1504:Land of Israel 1488: 1487: 1477: 1467: 1452:ethnoreligious 1445: 1431: 1424:Greek genocide 1405: 1391: 1375: 1372: 1353: 1350: 1316:in the North. 1250: 1247: 1183:(35.28%), and 1140: 1137: 1084:(dog sled) in 1061:Main article: 1058: 1055: 1022: 1019: 969: 966: 955:Main article: 952: 949: 937: 934: 893: 890: 870: 869: 838: 836: 829: 823: 820: 757: 754: 730:British Empire 706: 703: 671: 668: 629: 626: 510: 507: 436: 433: 382: 379: 377: 374: 320: 317: 316: 315: 312: 309: 306: 303: 300: 297: 289: 286: 276: 273: 264: 261: 235: 234:United Nations 232: 226: 223: 212:United Nations 172: 169: 151: 148: 102: 99: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12834: 12823: 12820: 12819: 12817: 12802: 12801: 12796: 12795: 12786: 12785: 12782: 12776: 12773: 12771: 12768: 12766: 12763: 12761: 12758: 12754: 12753:United States 12751: 12749: 12746: 12744: 12741: 12739: 12736: 12735: 12733: 12731: 12728: 12726: 12723: 12721: 12718: 12716: 12713: 12711: 12708: 12706: 12703: 12701: 12698: 12696: 12693: 12691: 12688: 12686: 12683: 12681: 12678: 12676: 12673: 12672: 12670: 12666: 12656: 12652: 12650: 12646: 12644: 12640: 12638: 12634: 12630: 12628: 12624: 12622: 12618: 12616: 12612: 12611: 12609: 12603: 12597: 12594: 12592: 12589: 12588: 12586: 12582:international 12578: 12572: 12569: 12565: 12562: 12561: 12559: 12557: 12554: 12550: 12547: 12546: 12544: 12543: 12541: 12535: 12527: 12524: 12523: 12521: 12517: 12514: 12513: 12511: 12507: 12504: 12502: 12499: 12497: 12494: 12492: 12489: 12488: 12486: 12482: 12479: 12478: 12476: 12472: 12469: 12468: 12466: 12462: 12459: 12458: 12456: 12452: 12449: 12448: 12446: 12442: 12439: 12438: 12436: 12435: 12433: 12427: 12424: 12420: 12414: 12411: 12409: 12406: 12404: 12401: 12399: 12396: 12392: 12389: 12387: 12384: 12382: 12379: 12377: 12374: 12372: 12369: 12367: 12366:Indian colony 12364: 12362: 12359: 12357: 12354: 12352: 12349: 12348: 12347: 12344: 12342: 12339: 12337: 12334: 12332: 12329: 12327: 12324: 12322: 12319: 12315: 12312: 12310: 12307: 12306: 12305: 12302: 12298: 12295: 12294: 12293: 12290: 12286: 12283: 12281: 12278: 12277: 12276: 12273: 12271: 12268: 12267: 12265: 12261: 12254: 12253: 12248: 12246: 12243: 12241: 12238: 12236: 12233: 12231: 12228: 12226: 12223: 12221: 12218: 12216: 12213: 12211: 12208: 12206: 12203: 12201: 12198: 12196: 12193: 12191: 12188: 12186: 12183: 12181: 12178: 12177: 12175: 12169: 12161: 12158: 12156: 12153: 12152: 12151: 12150:Treaty rights 12148: 12144: 12141: 12139: 12136: 12135: 12134: 12131: 12127: 12124: 12122: 12119: 12117: 12114: 12113: 12112: 12109: 12107: 12104: 12102: 12099: 12097: 12094: 12092: 12089: 12087: 12084: 12083: 12081: 12077: 12073: 12069: 12061: 12056: 12054: 12049: 12047: 12042: 12041: 12038: 12028: 12027: 12021: 12012: 12011: 12010:South America 12006: 12000: 11997: 11996: 11991: 11985: 11982: 11981: 11980:North America 11976: 11970: 11967: 11966: 11961: 11955: 11952: 11951: 11946: 11940: 11939: 11934: 11930: 11926: 11922: 11915: 11910: 11908: 11903: 11901: 11896: 11895: 11892: 11880: 11877: 11876: 11874: 11870: 11864: 11861: 11859: 11856: 11854: 11851: 11849: 11846: 11844: 11841: 11839: 11836: 11834: 11831: 11829: 11826: 11824: 11821: 11819: 11818:Ethnocentrism 11816: 11814: 11811: 11809: 11806: 11804: 11801: 11799: 11796: 11794: 11791: 11789: 11786: 11784: 11783:Ethnic hatred 11781: 11779: 11776: 11774: 11771: 11769: 11766: 11765: 11763: 11760: 11753: 11747: 11744: 11742: 11739: 11737: 11734: 11732: 11729: 11727: 11724: 11722: 11719: 11717: 11714: 11712: 11709: 11707: 11704: 11702: 11699: 11697: 11694: 11692: 11689: 11687: 11684: 11682: 11679: 11677: 11674: 11672: 11669: 11667: 11664: 11662: 11659: 11657: 11654: 11652: 11649: 11647: 11644: 11642: 11639: 11637: 11634: 11633: 11631: 11629: 11625: 11619: 11616: 11612: 11609: 11607: 11604: 11603: 11602: 11599: 11597: 11594: 11592: 11589: 11587: 11584: 11582: 11579: 11577: 11576:National myth 11574: 11572: 11569: 11567: 11564: 11562: 11559: 11557: 11554: 11552: 11549: 11547: 11544: 11542: 11539: 11537: 11534: 11532: 11529: 11527: 11524: 11522: 11519: 11517: 11516:Folk religion 11514: 11512: 11509: 11507: 11504: 11502: 11499: 11497: 11494: 11492: 11491:Ethnic origin 11489: 11487: 11486:Ethnic option 11484: 11482: 11479: 11477: 11474: 11472: 11469: 11467: 11464: 11462: 11459: 11457: 11454: 11452: 11449: 11447: 11444: 11443: 11441: 11438: 11433: 11428: 11420: 11417: 11415: 11412: 11411: 11410: 11407: 11405: 11404: 11400: 11396: 11393: 11391: 11388: 11387: 11386: 11385: 11381: 11377: 11374: 11372: 11369: 11367: 11364: 11362: 11361:Northern Asia 11359: 11357: 11354: 11352: 11349: 11348: 11347: 11346: 11342: 11338: 11337:South America 11335: 11333: 11330: 11328: 11325: 11323: 11322:United States 11320: 11318: 11315: 11313: 11310: 11308: 11305: 11303: 11300: 11299: 11298: 11295: 11293: 11292: 11288: 11284: 11281: 11279: 11276: 11275: 11274: 11271: 11270: 11268: 11266: 11262: 11256: 11255:Ethnotaxonomy 11253: 11251: 11248: 11246: 11243: 11241: 11238: 11236: 11233: 11231: 11228: 11226: 11223: 11221: 11218: 11216: 11213: 11211: 11210:Ethnomedicine 11208: 11204: 11201: 11200: 11199: 11196: 11194: 11191: 11189: 11186: 11184: 11181: 11177: 11174: 11172: 11169: 11167: 11164: 11162: 11159: 11157: 11154: 11152: 11149: 11147: 11146:Institutional 11144: 11142: 11139: 11137: 11134: 11132: 11129: 11128: 11127: 11124: 11122: 11119: 11117: 11114: 11110: 11107: 11105: 11104:Ethnomycology 11102: 11100: 11097: 11095: 11092: 11091: 11090: 11087: 11085: 11082: 11080: 11077: 11075: 11072: 11071: 11069: 11067: 11063: 11057: 11054: 11052: 11049: 11047: 11044: 11042: 11039: 11037: 11034: 11032: 11031:Polyethnicity 11029: 11027: 11024: 11022: 11019: 11017: 11014: 11012: 11011:Monoethnicity 11009: 11005: 11002: 11001: 11000: 10997: 10995: 10992: 10990: 10987: 10985: 10982: 10980: 10977: 10975: 10972: 10970: 10967: 10963: 10960: 10958: 10955: 10953: 10950: 10948: 10945: 10944: 10943: 10940: 10938: 10935: 10934: 10932: 10928: 10924: 10917: 10912: 10910: 10905: 10903: 10898: 10897: 10894: 10887: 10884: 10882: 10879: 10878: 10870: 10867: 10865: 10862: 10860: 10856: 10853: 10850: 10849: 10838: 10832: 10828: 10823: 10819: 10813: 10809: 10804: 10800: 10794: 10790: 10785: 10781: 10775: 10771: 10766: 10762: 10758: 10753: 10749: 10743: 10738: 10737: 10730: 10726: 10720: 10716: 10711: 10699: 10695: 10689: 10685: 10684: 10678: 10663: 10659: 10655: 10651: 10647: 10643: 10639: 10632: 10627: 10623: 10617: 10613: 10608: 10604: 10598: 10594: 10589: 10585: 10581: 10577: 10573: 10569: 10565: 10560: 10556: 10552: 10548: 10544: 10540: 10535: 10531: 10525: 10521: 10516: 10512: 10506: 10502: 10497: 10493: 10487: 10483: 10478: 10474: 10468: 10464: 10459: 10455: 10451: 10447: 10443: 10439: 10435: 10430: 10423: 10416: 10411: 10410: 10399: 10395: 10390: 10385: 10381: 10377: 10373: 10368: 10364: 10360: 10356: 10352: 10348: 10344: 10339: 10335: 10329: 10325: 10320: 10316: 10310: 10306: 10301: 10300: 10288: 10276: 10272: 10271: 10266: 10260: 10253: 10240: 10236: 10232: 10228: 10222: 10206: 10202: 10198: 10192: 10176: 10172: 10168: 10162: 10155: 10142: 10138: 10134: 10128: 10120: 10116: 10112: 10108: 10104: 10100: 10096: 10092: 10088: 10084: 10083:Human Ecology 10077: 10075: 10073: 10056: 10052: 10048: 10042: 10026: 10022: 10018: 10012: 9996: 9992: 9988: 9982: 9966: 9961: 9957: 9953: 9949: 9942: 9926: 9922: 9918: 9911: 9896: 9892: 9888: 9881: 9865: 9861: 9854: 9847: 9835: 9829: 9825: 9820: 9819: 9813: 9807: 9791: 9787: 9783: 9777: 9770: 9766: 9763: 9758: 9752: 9748: 9745: 9740: 9724: 9723: 9715: 9707: 9703: 9699: 9693: 9689: 9685: 9679: 9677: 9675: 9673: 9671: 9654: 9650: 9646: 9640: 9631: 9622: 9614: 9610: 9606: 9602: 9598: 9594: 9590: 9586: 9579: 9572: 9568: 9565: 9559: 9540: 9536: 9529: 9523: 9506: 9501: 9497: 9491: 9482: 9466: 9462: 9456: 9452: 9448: 9441: 9425: 9421: 9415: 9411: 9410: 9402: 9386: 9382: 9376: 9372: 9371: 9363: 9347: 9343: 9337: 9333: 9332: 9324: 9308: 9304: 9298: 9296: 9276: 9272: 9268: 9264: 9260: 9256: 9252: 9248: 9244: 9237: 9230: 9214: 9210: 9204: 9197: 9193: 9190: 9185: 9178: 9174: 9171: 9166: 9159: 9155: 9152: 9147: 9140: 9135: 9128: 9124: 9121: 9116: 9109: 9104: 9098: 9094: 9087: 9080: 9076: 9070: 9066: 9059: 9052: 9048: 9045: 9040: 9021: 9014: 9008: 9002: 8999: 8993: 8986: 8981: 8975:Bodley 2008:2 8972: 8956: 8952: 8948: 8942: 8926: 8922: 8918: 8912: 8896: 8892: 8888: 8882: 8866: 8862: 8858: 8852: 8836: 8832: 8828: 8822: 8806: 8802: 8798: 8792: 8785: 8781: 8777: 8774: 8769: 8753: 8749: 8745: 8739: 8723: 8719: 8718: 8713: 8707: 8691: 8687: 8683: 8677: 8669: 8667:9781315186214 8663: 8659: 8655: 8651: 8644: 8636: 8632: 8627: 8622: 8618: 8614: 8610: 8606: 8602: 8595: 8579: 8573: 8557: 8551: 8535: 8529: 8514: 8510: 8503: 8495: 8491: 8487: 8483: 8479: 8475: 8468: 8460: 8456: 8452: 8448: 8444: 8437: 8421: 8417: 8411: 8396: 8392: 8386: 8371: 8367: 8361: 8345: 8339: 8323: 8319: 8315: 8309: 8307: 8305: 8288: 8282: 8274: 8270: 8266: 8262: 8258: 8254: 8247: 8245: 8228: 8224: 8223:www.iwgia.org 8220: 8214: 8206: 8199: 8197: 8180: 8176: 8170: 8154: 8150: 8144: 8135: 8125: 8116: 8107: 8105: 8088: 8084: 8080: 8074: 8058: 8054: 8050: 8044: 8028: 8024: 8018: 8011: 8009:(107 KB) 8001: 7994: 7986: 7979: 7977:(105 KB) 7961: 7954: 7949:Fox, James J. 7946: 7939: 7935: 7930: 7921: 7914: 7910: 7907: 7902: 7887: 7883: 7876: 7860: 7856: 7852: 7848: 7844: 7840: 7836: 7832: 7828: 7824: 7817: 7801: 7797: 7793: 7789: 7785: 7781: 7777: 7773: 7769: 7765: 7761: 7757: 7750: 7734: 7730: 7726: 7722: 7718: 7714: 7710: 7707:(1): 78–104. 7706: 7702: 7698: 7691: 7675: 7671: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7653: 7649: 7645: 7641: 7637: 7630: 7614: 7610: 7606: 7599: 7591: 7587: 7583: 7579: 7575: 7571: 7567: 7563: 7559: 7555: 7548: 7532: 7528: 7524: 7520: 7518:1-55728-763-5 7514: 7510: 7509: 7501: 7493: 7489: 7485: 7481: 7477: 7473: 7469: 7465: 7461: 7457: 7450: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7422: 7416: 7412: 7408: 7404: 7400: 7393: 7377: 7373: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7355: 7351: 7347: 7340: 7332: 7328: 7324: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7307:(1): 91–115. 7306: 7302: 7298: 7291: 7275: 7271: 7267: 7260: 7244: 7240: 7236: 7229: 7213: 7209: 7205: 7198: 7182: 7178: 7174: 7167: 7151: 7147: 7141: 7125: 7121: 7117: 7111: 7095: 7091: 7087: 7080: 7064: 7060: 7056: 7049: 7033: 7029: 7025: 7018: 7003: 6999: 6992: 6977: 6973: 6966: 6950: 6946: 6942: 6935: 6919: 6915: 6914:History Corps 6911: 6904: 6888: 6884: 6880: 6873: 6865: 6863:9780197560457 6859: 6855: 6848: 6840: 6838:9780197560457 6834: 6830: 6823: 6807: 6803: 6800:Hajnal, Ivo. 6796: 6780: 6776: 6769: 6753: 6749: 6745: 6739: 6732:. p. 62. 6731: 6727: 6720: 6713: 6701: 6697: 6693: 6689: 6685: 6681: 6674: 6667: 6663: 6661:9781134906383 6657: 6653: 6646: 6630: 6626: 6620: 6612: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6582: 6578: 6574: 6570: 6562: 6547: 6543: 6537: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6506: 6490: 6486: 6482: 6476: 6460: 6456: 6452: 6445: 6438: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6390: 6388: 6386: 6384: 6376: 6372: 6369: 6364: 6357: 6353: 6350: 6345: 6329: 6325: 6324:marcachile.cl 6321: 6315: 6309: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6286: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6256: 6240: 6236: 6232: 6225: 6209: 6205: 6201: 6199: 6191: 6175: 6171: 6167: 6160: 6144: 6140: 6134: 6118: 6114: 6108: 6092: 6088: 6082: 6075: 6074: 6070: 6067: 6062: 6058: 6057: 6053: 6050: 6044: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6014: 5995: 5988: 5982: 5966: 5962: 5956: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5922: 5916: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5886: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5856: 5840: 5836: 5830: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5800: 5785:on 1 May 2011 5784: 5780: 5776: 5770: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5740: 5724: 5720: 5718:9780203479568 5714: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5692: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5674:0-691-12065-X 5670: 5666: 5659: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5622:Human Ecology 5616: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5589: 5581: 5575: 5571: 5564: 5556: 5554:9780062316097 5550: 5546: 5539: 5531: 5525: 5521: 5514: 5506: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5454: 5438: 5434: 5427: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5397: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5367: 5351: 5347: 5341: 5337: 5336: 5328: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5297: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5262: 5255: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5228: 5221: 5216: 5197: 5190: 5184: 5176: 5170: 5166: 5159: 5150: 5141: 5133: 5131:9780199651856 5127: 5123: 5116: 5108: 5101: 5093: 5087: 5083: 5076: 5068: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5048: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5018: 5010: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4989: 4981: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4960: 4951: 4942: 4933: 4924: 4915: 4913: 4903: 4894: 4885: 4876: 4867: 4865: 4855: 4846: 4837: 4828: 4819: 4810: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4767: 4758: 4749: 4740: 4731: 4722: 4713: 4704: 4696: 4694:0-19-513702-7 4690: 4686: 4679: 4670: 4661: 4652: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4617: 4609: 4602: 4600: 4598: 4588: 4579: 4571: 4565: 4561: 4554: 4545: 4538: 4534: 4531: 4527: 4521: 4505: 4501: 4495: 4491: 4490: 4482: 4474: 4473: 4465: 4456: 4449: 4443: 4436: 4431: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4401: 4386: 4382: 4375: 4359: 4355: 4349: 4342: 4337: 4330: 4325: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4282: 4274: 4267: 4265: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4234: 4227: 4223: 4220: 4217: 4213: 4207: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4185: 4181: 4174: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4143: 4136: 4132: 4126: 4122: 4115: 4108: 4103: 4101: 4092: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4059: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4029: 4022: 4016: 4009: 4004: 3997: 3992: 3985: 3980: 3978: 3969: 3963: 3959: 3952: 3945: 3933: 3929: 3923: 3920:. NYU Press. 3916: 3915: 3907: 3900: 3895: 3888: 3884: 3878: 3859: 3853: 3845: 3839: 3835: 3828: 3826: 3818: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3738: 3736: 3719: 3715: 3708: 3704: 3688: 3681: 3680:ethnic groups 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3660:First nations 3657: 3656:First peoples 3651: 3647: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3585: 3582: 3580: 3577: 3575: 3572: 3570: 3567: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3506: 3501: 3495: 3490: 3487: 3476: 3469: 3465: 3462: 3456: 3454: 3450: 3440: 3438: 3434: 3426: 3422: 3417: 3407: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3391: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3372: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3340: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3322: 3318: 3309: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3286: 3284: 3280: 3275: 3273: 3269: 3267: 3266:noble savages 3263: 3262:Thomas Hobbes 3258: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3243: 3238: 3234: 3227: 3222: 3213: 3210: 3204: 3202: 3198: 3197:prenatal care 3194: 3188: 3186: 3181: 3174:Health issues 3171: 3168: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3150: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3123: 3119: 3114: 3110: 3108: 3104: 3099: 3095: 3090: 3088: 3085:) has led to 3084: 3080: 3076: 3075:Papuan people 3070: 3066: 3064: 3059: 3057: 3048: 3044: 3039: 3029: 3027: 3020: 3017: 3014: 3013:terra nullius 3009: 3005: 3000: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2972: 2970: 2969: 2968:first contact 2964: 2958: 2956: 2952: 2946: 2943: 2939: 2934: 2927: 2923: 2918: 2907: 2902: 2900: 2895: 2893: 2888: 2887: 2885: 2884: 2881: 2876: 2875: 2870: 2867: 2865: 2862: 2860: 2857: 2855: 2852: 2850: 2847: 2845: 2842: 2840: 2837: 2835: 2832: 2830: 2827: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2810: 2807: 2805: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2795: 2792: 2790: 2787: 2786: 2785: 2784: 2780: 2779: 2774: 2771: 2769: 2766: 2764: 2761: 2759: 2756: 2754: 2751: 2749: 2746: 2742: 2739: 2738: 2737: 2734: 2732: 2729: 2727: 2724: 2722: 2719: 2717: 2716:Co-governance 2714: 2712: 2709: 2707: 2704: 2702: 2699: 2697: 2694: 2693: 2692: 2691: 2687: 2686: 2679: 2678: 2674: 2673: 2672: 2669: 2667: 2664: 2662: 2659: 2657: 2654: 2652: 2649: 2647: 2644: 2642: 2639: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2612: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2592: 2589: 2587: 2584: 2582: 2579: 2577: 2574: 2573: 2572: 2571: 2567: 2566: 2561: 2558: 2556: 2553: 2551: 2548: 2546: 2543: 2542: 2541: 2540: 2536: 2535: 2530: 2527: 2525: 2522: 2520: 2517: 2515: 2512: 2510: 2507: 2506: 2505: 2504: 2500: 2497: 2496: 2491: 2488: 2486: 2483: 2481: 2478: 2476: 2473: 2471: 2468: 2466: 2463: 2461: 2458: 2456: 2453: 2451: 2448: 2446: 2443: 2441: 2438: 2436: 2433: 2431: 2428: 2426: 2423: 2421: 2418: 2417: 2416: 2415: 2411: 2410: 2403: 2400: 2399: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2392:Treaty rights 2390: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2378: 2375: 2373: 2370: 2368: 2365: 2363: 2360: 2359: 2358: 2357: 2353: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2327: 2319: 2316: 2311: 2309: 2305: 2300: 2296: 2291: 2289: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2206: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2184: 2180: 2170: 2164: 2154: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2139: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2088: 2086: 2082: 2081:ethnic groups 2074: 2070: 2066: 2061: 2057: 2051: 2041: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1990: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1948:Lumad peoples 1945: 1941: 1940:Igorot people 1937: 1933: 1929: 1924: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1880: 1878: 1874: 1869: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1850: 1848: 1844: 1839: 1837: 1836: 1831: 1827: 1826: 1821: 1820:anglicisation 1817: 1813: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1789: 1787: 1782: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1766: 1763:The Russians 1761: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 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465: 461: 457: 453: 450: 446: 442: 432: 429: 424: 420: 417:in his book, 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 373: 369: 368: 364: 361: 357: 352: 350: 343: 338: 334: 329: 324: 313: 310: 307: 304: 301: 298: 295: 294: 293: 285: 282: 272: 269: 260: 256: 251: 246: 243: 240: 231: 222: 220: 216: 213: 208: 204: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 168: 161: 156: 147: 145: 142: 138: 134: 129: 125: 121: 119: 112: 107: 98: 94: 92: 88: 83: 78: 74: 72: 64: 60: 55: 51: 47: 40: 33: 19: 12799: 12793: 12748:South Africa 12605:Treaties and 12477:Philippines 12429:Governmental 12251: 12180:Amazon Watch 12155:in Australia 12116:in Australia 12024: 12002: 11987: 11972: 11957: 11942: 11920: 11853:Xenocentrism 11803:Ethnic slurs 11793:Ethnic party 11756:Ideology and 11676:Ethnic media 11618:White ethnic 11611:Neotribalism 11566:Nation state 11506:Ethnofiction 11437:ethnogenesis 11408: 11401: 11382: 11351:Central Asia 11343: 11296: 11289: 11272: 11245:Ethnoscience 11235:Ethnopoetics 11183:Ethnohistory 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