27:
220:
512:, or when an existing government stays in power by fixing an election. States once formally recognized both the government of a state and the state itself, but many no longer follow that practice, even though, if diplomatic relations are to be maintained, it is necessary that there be a government with which to engage in diplomatic relations. Countries such as the
1036:
Special Report of
William E. Fuller, Assistant Attorney-General: Being a Condensed Statement of the Work Done, the Questions Considered, the Principles Laid Down, and the Most Important Decisions Made by the Spanish Treaty Claims Commission from the Organization of the Commission, April 8, 1901, to
121:
of another country is an implicit recognition of that country by the country so voting, as only states may be members of the UN. On the other hand, a negative vote for UN membership does not necessarily mean non-recognition of the applicant as a state, as other criteria, requirements or special
211:
or other egregious violations of norms of general international law, in particular, those of a peremptory character (jus cogens). In the context of Kosovo, the
Security Council has never taken this position. The exceptional character of the resolutions enumerated above appears to the Court to
206:
ruled that "general international law contains no applicable prohibition of declarations of independence." The Court carefully noted "that in all of those instances the
Security Council was making a determination as regards the concrete situation existing at the time that those declarations of
149:
Diplomatic recognition must be distinguished from formal recognition of states or their governments. The fact that states do not maintain bilateral diplomatic relations does not mean that they do not recognize or treat one another as states. A state is not required to accord formal bilateral
215:
States can exercise their recognition powers either explicitly or implicitly. The recognition of a government implies recognition of the state it governs, but even countries which have a policy of formally recognising states may not have a policy of doing the same regarding governments.
738:" The declaration, made over the strong U.S. opposition, stated that the Sandinistas were eligible for "treatment and prerogatives" accorded to belligerents under international law. This declaration allowed the Andean countries to provide arms to the FSLN.
97:
basis. Partial recognition can occur if many sovereign states refuse to recognize an entity as a peer. Recognition can be a declaration to that effect by the recognizing government or may be implied from an act of recognition, such as entering into a
207:
independence were made; the illegality attached to the declarations of independence thus stemmed not from the unilateral character of these declarations as such, but from the fact that they were, or would have been, connected with the unlawful
430:, or the signing of a bilateral treaty. If implicit recognition is possible, a state may feel the need to explicitly proclaim that its acts do not constitute diplomatic recognition, like when the United States commenced its dialogue with the
199:
648:
noted that "A parent state never formally recognizes the insurgents as belligerents, although it may in fact treat them as such by carrying on war against them in accordance with the rules and usages of international warfare.")
465:) or simply refuse to deal with that other country, after withdrawing from all diplomatic relations with that country, such as embassies and consulates, and requiring the other country to do the same. The state will appoint a
695:. The British extension of belligerent recognition to the Confederacy greatly angered and concerned the United States, which strenuously and successfully worked to prevent full diplomatic recognition.
640:
to support the position of such rights and duties." Extension of the rights of belligerency is usually done by other states, rather than by the government fighting the rebel group. (A 1907 report by
603:
governments have little or no influence in the areas they claim to rule, whereas in the latter they have varying degrees of control, and may provide essential services to people living in the areas.
106:. Recognition may, but need not, have domestic and international legal consequences. If sufficient countries recognise a particular entity as a state, that state may have a right to membership in
636:, which is rare today, signifies that the parties to the civil war or other internal conflict "are entitled to excise belligerent rights, thus accepting that the rebel group possesses sufficient
150:
recognition to any other state, and some have a general policy of not doing so, considering that a vote for its membership of an international organisation restricted to states, such as the
508:
Besides recognizing other states, states also can recognize the governments of states. This can be problematic particularly when a new government comes to power by illegal means, such as a
676:
162:
Some consider that a state has a responsibility not to recognize as a state any entity that has attained the qualifications for statehood by a violation of basic principles of the
516:
answer queries over the recognition of governments with the statement: "The question of recognition does not arise: we are conducting our relations with the new government."
283:
122:
circumstances may be considered relevant for UN membership. Similarly, a country may choose not to apply for UN membership for its own reasons, as is the case with
572:
that enjoy military protection and informal diplomatic representation abroad through another state to prevent forced reincorporation into their original states.
137:
The non-recognition of particular acts of a state does not normally affect the recognition of the state itself. For example, the international rejection of the
864:
See Stefan Talmon, Recognition of
Governments in International Law: With Particular Reference to Governments in Exile (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998) pages 1–4
909:, § 202 (Recognition or Acceptance of States), § 203 (Recognition or Acceptance of Governments); and § 204 (Recognition and Maintaining Diplomatic Relations).
141:
of particular territory by a recognised state does not imply non-recognition of the state itself, nor a rejection of a change of government by illegal means.
278:
recognition is more tentative and recognizes only that a government exercises control over a territory. An example of the difference is when the
212:
confirm that no general prohibition against unilateral declarations of independence may be inferred from the practice of the
Security Council."
792:
191:
183:
175:
171:
947:
See for example, the oral arguments in the
International Court of Justice case on Kosovo's declaration of independence. CR 2009/32, page 39
39:
20:
754:
919:
Caplan, Richard (2002). "Conditional recognition as an instrument of ethnic conflict regulation: the
European Community and Yugoslavia".
661:
1076:
980:
691:." Another right of significance accorded to belligerents that was seen as potentially significant at the time was the right to issue
198:) issued Chapter VII resolutions (binding in international law) that denied their statehood and precluded recognition. In the 2010
687:
belligerent status, the right to contract loans and purchase supplies in neutral nations and to exercise belligerent rights on the
1223:
The
Recognition of States: A Study on the Historical Development in Doctrine and Practice with a Special Focus on the Requirements
1181:
The Baltic
Dilemma, The case of the de jure recognition of incorporation of the Baltic States into the Soviet Unions by Australia
808:
525:
1169:
1266:
949:
876:
1230:
731:
118:
997:
has moved away from the practice of recognizing governments. See: Digest of U.S. Practice in
International Law 19–21.
874:
Accordance with International Law of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence in Respect of Kosovo, Advisory Opinion
1295:
1249:
1211:
1188:
994:
921:
906:
849:
431:
208:
901:
See, e.g., Restatement (Third) Foreign Relations Law of the United States, American Law Institute Publishers, 1990,
1041:
772:
645:
359:
Renewing recognition of a government is not necessary when it changes in a normal, constitutional way (such as an
110:, while treaties may require all existing member countries unanimously agreeing to the admission of a new member.
1314:
777:
375:. Recognition of a new government by other states can be important for its long-term survival. For instance, the
461:
A state may withdraw diplomatic recognition of another state (despite doing so being specifically banned by the
565:. Such states are commonly referred to as "break-away" states. Some of these entities are in effect internally
203:
684:
416:
353:
496:
in 1965. Withdrawal of recognition of a government is a more severe act of disapproval than the breaking of
380:
51:
1006:
Digest of U.S. Practice in International Law at 13; Digest of U.S. Practice in International Law at 34.
1319:
1045:
349:
107:
669:
472:
The doctrine of non-recognition of illegal or immoral situations, like territorial gains achieved by
404:
1151:
1088:
437:
Formal diplomatic recognition can be used as a tool of political influence with examples including
70:
1260:
Recognition of Governments in International Law: With Particular Reference to Governments in Exile
629:
rights of a party in a conflict. Recognition of the latter does not imply recognition of a state.
1092:
798:
85:
in control of a state (may be also a recognized state). Recognition can be accorded either on a
35:
591:. Unrecognized countries may have either full control over their occupied territory (such as
1073:
787:
699:
462:
742:
497:
388:
55:
8:
618:
450:
396:
167:
138:
26:
1200:
1148:
Bullets Vs. Ballots: Political Violence and Revolutionary War in El Salvador, 1979–1991
680:
438:
420:
400:
232:
200:
International Court of Justice advisory opinion on Kosovo's declaration of independence
43:
1280:
1291:
1245:
1226:
1207:
1184:
1166:
974:
902:
845:
692:
641:
637:
566:
554:
489:
333:
47:
19:"State recognition" redirects here. For state-recognized Native American tribes, see
16:
Political act where a state acknowledges an act or status of another state/government
1275:
Gregory Weeks; "Almost Jeffersonian: U.S. Recognition Policy toward Latin America",
1263:
956:
873:
509:
930:
535:
481:
477:
466:
195:
131:
31:
1270:
1173:
1080:
1035:
880:
818:
592:
562:
187:
78:
803:
665:
596:
485:
442:
368:
279:
151:
114:
534:
entities lack general international recognition, but wish to be recognized as
1308:
1018:
513:
427:
302:
219:
934:
703:
569:
446:
392:
310:
813:
758:
653:
633:
626:
612:
531:
352:
related to the United Nations' withdrawal of recognition in favor of the
325:
127:
103:
622:
558:
372:
364:
163:
82:
74:
1106:
Act of Justice: Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation and the Law of War
782:
727:
723:
688:
546:
542:
control these entities exert over the territories they claim varies.
317:
130:
was not a member until 2002 because of its concerns to maintain its
841:
As barbas do imperador : D. Pedro II, um monarca nos trópicos
711:
493:
473:
445:
in early 1990s dependent on new states commitment to protection of
412:
395:, while far more had recognized the government of ousted President
384:
360:
314:
179:
123:
87:
441:'s conditional recognition of independence of former republics of
58:), and other dignitaries. At right, a winged figure, representing
715:
707:
426:
Recognition can be implied by other acts, such as a visit of the
376:
93:
59:
1023:
The Law of Armed Conflict: International Humanitarian Law in War
344:
independent and sovereign, but is not universally recognized as
1074:
Preventing Diplomatic Recognition of the Confederacy, 1861–1865
750:
746:
550:
337:
294:
228:
99:
1202:
Law Among Nations: An Introduction to Public International Law
1122:
Law Among Nations: An Introduction to Public International Law
408:
258: Recognition of Palestine, with some relations to Israel
246: Recognition of Israel, with some relations to Palestine
1288:
As barbas do imperador: D. Pedro II, um monarca nos trópicos
1135:
A Twilight Struggle: American Power and Nicaragua, 1977–1990
719:
383:, which lasted from 1996 to 2001, was recognized only by
144:
81:
that acknowledges an act or status of another state or
726:) "declared that 'a state of belligerency' existed in
297:
in 1948, whose government was immediately recognized
1161:
Tozun Bahcheli, Barry Bartmann, and Henry Srebrnik;
1025:(2d ed.: Cambridge University Press, 2016), p. 163.
1290:(in Portuguese). São Paulo: Companhia das Letras.
1199:
1069:
1067:
332:by the international community in 1949. Also, the
1197:
664:recognized the Greek revolutionaries against the
488:where it is a method of ensuring compliance with
1306:
1178:
1124:, 11th ed. (Taylor & Francis, 2017), p. 167.
844:. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras. p. 181.
1239:
1064:
1059:Internal War and the Search for Normative Order
892:ICJ Advisory Opinion of 22 July 2010, para. 81.
469:to represent its interests in the other state.
793:International Organization for Standardization
617:Other elements that may be recognized include
293:only in 1924. Another example is the state of
62:, carving the "great event" on a stone tablet.
54:, their daughter Maria da Glória (later Queen
1220:
1120:Gerhard von Glahn & James Larry Taulbee,
606:
503:
1163:De Facto States: The Quest for Sovereignty ,
456:
21:State-recognized tribes in the United States
1116:
1114:
1108:(University Press of Kentucky 2007), p. 50.
575:The word "control" in this list refers to
480:, and has become more important since the
320:which was whose government was recognized
755:Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front
367:), but may be necessary in the case of a
1285:
1111:
1014:
1012:
883:, I.C.J. Reports 2010, p. 403, para. 84.
837:
218:
38:. The painting depicts British diplomat
25:
1183:. Robert Speller & Sons, New York.
809:List of states with limited recognition
1307:
979:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
918:
734:(FSLN) represented a 'legitimate army.
1009:
912:
519:
145:Recognition of states and governments
732:Sandinista National Liberation Front
595:), or only partial control (such as
266:recognition of states, rather than
252: Recognition of Palestine only
30:Allegory of the recognition of the
13:
14:
1331:
995:United States Department of State
432:Palestine Liberation Organization
102:with the other state or making a
1061:(Martinus Nijhoff, 1971), p. 21.
1042:Spanish Treaty Claims Commission
773:Constitutive theory of statehood
761:as a belligerent in August 1981.
646:Spanish Treaty Claims Commission
240: Recognition of Israel only
1286:Schwarcz, Lilia Moritz (1998).
1277:Presidential Studies Quarterly,
1140:
1127:
1098:
1051:
1028:
838:Schwarcz, Lilia Moritz (1998).
778:Declarative theory of statehood
679:soon after the outbreak of the
492:– for instance, in the case of
348:independent due to the complex
274:recognition is stronger, while
77:declarative political act of a
1244:. Cambridge University Press.
1137:(The Free Press, 1996), p. 93.
1000:
987:
941:
895:
886:
867:
858:
831:
340:", is generally recognized as
1:
825:
683:, which "tacitly granted the
50:, who is flanked by his wife
675:The United Kingdom issued a
411:is not recognized by either
381:Islamic State of Afghanistan
154:, is an act of recognition.
7:
765:
730:and that the forces of the
668:as belligerents during the
652:Examples of recognition of
113:A vote by a country in the
108:international organizations
10:
1336:
1198:Gerhard von Glahn (1992).
1046:Government Printing Office
677:proclamation of neutrality
610:
607:Other types of recognition
523:
504:Recognition of governments
463:1933 Montevideo Convention
417:People's Republic of China
354:People's Republic of China
350:political status of Taiwan
227: Recognition of both
170:has in several instances (
157:
18:
1179:Edgars Dunsdorfs (1975).
670:Greek War of Independence
638:international personality
561:from the original parent
457:Withdrawal of recognition
313:. Another example is the
1262:Clarendon Press, (1998)
1240:Malcolm N. Shaw (2003).
1152:Lynne Rienner Publishers
1089:U.S. Department of State
1093:Office of the Historian
935:10.1111/1469-8219.00044
922:Nations and Nationalism
799:International relations
599:). In the former, the
557:of their own that have
530:Several of the world's
194:(1992), concerning the
1315:Diplomatic recognition
1221:Daniel Högger (2015).
1057:Roscoe Ralph Oglesby,
632:Formal recognition of
260:
67:Diplomatic recognition
63:
1085:Milestones: 1861–1865
788:Montevideo Convention
611:Further information:
545:Most are subnational
407:under the control of
336:, commonly known as "
305:and three days later
222:
29:
1104:Burrus M. Carnahan,
993:Since the 1970s the
743:Salvadoran Civil War
700:Nicaraguan Civil War
498:diplomatic relations
484:, especially in the
389:United Arab Emirates
56:Maria II of Portugal
526:Unrecognized states
451:national minorities
397:Burhanuddin Rabbani
186:(1983), concerning
178:(1965), concerning
168:UN Security Council
1269:2011-06-04 at the
1172:2011-06-04 at the
1165:Routledge, (2004)
1146:Sewall H. Menzel,
1079:2013-08-28 at the
879:2010-08-21 at the
681:American Civil War
520:Unrecognized state
439:European Community
421:Republic of Turkey
401:disputed territory
379:government of the
261:
64:
44:letter of credence
40:Sir Charles Stuart
1320:International law
1242:International Law
1232:978-3-643-80196-8
693:letters of marque
642:William E. Fuller
625:of territory, or
555:national identity
490:international law
405:Jammu and Kashmir
334:Republic of China
132:neutrality policy
117:in favour of the
71:international law
48:Pedro I of Brazil
1327:
1301:
1255:
1236:
1217:
1205:
1194:
1155:
1144:
1138:
1131:
1125:
1118:
1109:
1102:
1096:
1071:
1062:
1055:
1049:
1048:, 1907), p. 262.
1032:
1026:
1016:
1007:
1004:
998:
991:
985:
984:
978:
970:
968:
967:
961:
955:. Archived from
954:
945:
939:
938:
916:
910:
899:
893:
890:
884:
871:
865:
862:
856:
855:
835:
737:
656:status include:
538:. The degree of
536:sovereign states
482:Second World War
478:Stimson Doctrine
476:, is called the
467:protecting power
257:
251:
245:
239:
226:
196:Republika Srpska
52:Maria Leopoldina
36:its independence
32:Empire of Brazil
1335:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1305:
1304:
1298:
1279:Vol. 31, 2001
1271:Wayback Machine
1258:Stefan Talmon;
1252:
1233:
1214:
1191:
1174:Wayback Machine
1158:
1154:, 1994), p. 22.
1145:
1141:
1132:
1128:
1119:
1112:
1103:
1099:
1081:Wayback Machine
1072:
1065:
1056:
1052:
1033:
1029:
1017:
1010:
1005:
1001:
992:
988:
972:
971:
965:
963:
959:
952:
950:"Archived copy"
948:
946:
942:
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913:
900:
896:
891:
887:
881:Wayback Machine
872:
868:
863:
859:
852:
836:
832:
828:
823:
819:Non-recognition
768:
753:recognized the
735:
615:
609:
593:Northern Cyprus
528:
522:
506:
459:
282:recognized the
259:
255:
253:
249:
247:
243:
241:
237:
235:
224:
188:Northern Cyprus
160:
147:
42:presenting his
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1333:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1303:
1302:
1296:
1283:
1281:online edition
1273:
1264:online edition
1256:
1250:
1237:
1231:
1218:
1212:
1195:
1189:
1176:
1167:online edition
1157:
1156:
1139:
1133:Robert Kagan,
1126:
1110:
1097:
1063:
1050:
1037:April 10, 1907
1027:
1008:
999:
986:
940:
929:(2): 157–177.
911:
894:
885:
866:
857:
850:
829:
827:
824:
822:
821:
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811:
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804:Jus legationis
801:
796:
790:
785:
780:
775:
769:
767:
764:
763:
762:
739:
696:
673:
666:Ottoman Empire
662:United Kingdom
608:
605:
597:Western Sahara
579:over the area
567:self-governing
524:Main article:
521:
518:
505:
502:
486:United Nations
458:
455:
443:SFR Yugoslavia
280:United Kingdom
254:
248:
242:
236:
223:
192:Resolution 787
184:Resolution 541
176:Resolution 217
172:Resolution 216
159:
156:
152:United Nations
146:
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115:United Nations
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1332:
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1297:85-7164-837-9
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1019:Gary D. Solis
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982:
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962:on 2011-06-05
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907:0-314-30138-0
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660:In 1823, the
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570:protectorates
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514:United States
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289:in 1921, but
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311:Soviet Union
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741:During the
698:During the
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627:belligerent
510:coup d'état
369:coup d'etat
326:Netherlands
270:, is rare.
174:(1965) and
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104:state visit
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1309:Categories
966:2009-12-10
826:References
623:annexation
619:occupation
585:occupation
419:, and the
373:revolution
365:referendum
164:UN Charter
139:occupation
119:membership
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783:Diplomacy
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689:high seas
559:separated
434:in 1988.
356:in 1971.
233:Palestine
1267:Archived
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