Sovereignty - Knowledge

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and has the popular legitimacy. Internal sovereignty examines the internal affairs of a state and how it operates. It is important to have strong internal sovereignty to keeping order and peace. When you have weak internal sovereignty, organisations such as rebel groups will undermine the authority and disrupt the peace. The presence of a strong authority allows you to keep the agreement and enforce sanctions for the violation of laws. The ability for leadership to prevent these violations is a key variable in determining internal sovereignty. The lack of internal sovereignty can cause war in one of two ways: first, undermining the value of agreement by allowing costly violations; and second, requiring such large subsidies for implementation that they render war cheaper than peace. Leadership needs to be able to promise members, especially those like armies, police forces, or paramilitaries will abide by agreements. The presence of strong internal sovereignty allows a state to deter opposition groups in exchange for bargaining. While the operations and affairs within a state are relative to the level of sovereignty within that state, there is still an argument over who should hold the authority in a sovereign state.

808:, a constitution by Catalonia recognized that right which demonstrates empirical sovereignty. As David Samuel points out, this is an important aspect of a state because there has to be a designated individual or group of individuals that are acting on behalf of the people of the state. Juridical sovereignty emphasizes the importance of other states recognizing the rights of a state to exercise their control freely with little interference. For example, Jackson,Rosberg and Jones,explain how the sovereignty and survival of African states were more largely influenced by legal recognition rather than material aid. Douglass North identifies that institutions want structure and these two forms of sovereignty can be a method for developing structure. 1092:, is inalienable, for the will cannot be transmitted; it is indivisible since it is essentially general; it is infallible and always right, determined and limited in its power by the common interest; it acts through laws. Law is the decision of the general will regarding some object of common interest, but though the general will is always right and desires only good, its judgment is not always enlightened, and consequently does not always see wherein the common good lies; hence the necessity of the legislator. But the legislator has, of himself, no authority; he is only a guide who drafts and proposes laws, but the people alone (that is, the sovereign or general will) has authority to make and impose them. 964:, that is, laws made by humans. He emphasized that a sovereign is bound to observe certain basic rules derived from the divine law, the law of nature or reason, and the law that is common to all nations (jus gentium), as well as the fundamental laws of the state that determine who is the sovereign, who succeeds to sovereignty, and what limits the sovereign power. Thus, Bodin's sovereign was restricted by the constitutional law of the state and by the higher law that was considered as binding upon every human being. The fact that the sovereign must obey divine and natural law imposes ethical constraints on him. Bodin also held that the 1244:; policies and actions of neighboring states; cooperation and respect of the populace; means of enforcement; and resources to enact policy are factors that might limit sovereignty. For example, parents are not guaranteed the right to decide some matters in the upbringing of their children independent of societal regulation, and municipalities do not have unlimited jurisdiction in local matters, thus neither parents nor municipalities have absolute sovereignty. Theorists have diverged over the desirability of increased absoluteness. 29: 812:

era because the United Nations believed that to have peaceful relations states should establish peace within their territory. As a matter of fact, theorists found that during the post Cold War era many people focused on how stronger internal structures promote inter-state peace. For instance, Zaum argues that many weak and impoverished countries that were affected by the Cold War were given assistance to develop their lacking sovereignty through this sub-concept of "empirical statehood".

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independent authority; one whose decisions are binding upon all citizens, groups and institutions in society. Early thinkers believed sovereignty should be vested in the hands of a single person, a monarch. They believed the overriding merit of vesting sovereignty in a single individual was that sovereignty would therefore be indivisible; it would be expressed in a single voice that could claim final authority. An example of an internal sovereign is

2504: 1324: 4839: 1822:. It was a full economic union, meaning the Scottish and English systems of currency, taxation and laws regulating trade were aligned. Nonetheless, Scotland and England never fully surrendered or pooled all of their governance sovereignty; they retained many of their previous national institutional features and characteristics, particularly relating to their legal, religious and educational systems. In 2012, the 1031:] Power" that can compel them to act in the common good. Hobbes was thus the first to write that relations between the people and the sovereign were based on negotiation rather than natural submission. His expediency argument attracted many of the early proponents of sovereignty. Hobbes strengthened the definition of sovereignty beyond either Westphalian or Bodin's, by saying that it must be: 2427: 1100:

collective being of wonder" (Book II, Chapter I) resulting from "the general will" of the people, and that "what any man, whoever he may be, orders on his own, is not a law" (Book II, Chapter VI) – and predicated on the assumption that the people have an unbiased means by which to ascertain the general will. Thus the legal maxim, "there is no law without a sovereign."

1025:", but for different reasons. He created the first modern version of the social contract (or contractarian) theory, arguing that to overcome the "nasty, brutish and short" quality of life without the cooperation of other human beings, people must join in a "commonwealth" and submit to a "Soveraigne [ 1265:; and thus any group claiming the right to violence must either be brought under the yoke of the sovereign, proven illegitimate or otherwise contested and defeated for sovereignty to be genuine. International law, competing branches of government, and authorities reserved for subordinate entities (such as 2405:

hold a view of sovereignty where power rightfully exists with those states that hold the greatest ability to impose the will of said state, by force or threat of force, over the populace of other states with weaker military or political will. They effectively deny the sovereignty of the individual in

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believe that sovereignty is outdated and an unnecessary obstacle to achieving peace, in line with their belief in a global community. In the light of the abuse of power by sovereign states such as Hitler's Germany or Stalin's Soviet Union, they argue that human beings are not necessarily protected by

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stated with regard to the Hague Convention on Land Warfare of 1907: "The rules of land warfare expressed in the Convention undoubtedly represented an advance over existing International Law at the time of their adoption ... but by 1939 these rules ... were recognized by all civilized nations and were

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For a while, the United Nations highly valued juridical sovereignty and attempted to reinforce its principle often. More recently, the United Nations is shifting away and focusing on establishing empirical sovereignty. Michael Barnett notes that this is largely due to the effects of the post Cold War

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With "sovereignty" meaning holding supreme, independent authority over a region or state, "internal sovereignty" refers to the internal affairs of the state and the location of supreme power within it. A state that has internal sovereignty is one with a government that has been elected by the people

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and is usually seen as the fundamental principle of the British constitution. With these principles of parliamentary sovereignty, majority control can gain access to unlimited constitutional authority, creating what has been called "elective dictatorship" or "modern autocracy". Public sovereignty

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This argument between who should hold the authority within a sovereign state is called the traditional doctrine of public sovereignty. This discussion is between an internal sovereign or an authority of public sovereignty. An internal sovereign is a political body that possesses ultimate, final and

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argued, "the growth of the State giving the trustees of public authority more and means to abuse their power, the more the Government has to have force to contain the people, the more force the Sovereign should have in turn to contain the Government," with the understanding that the Sovereign is "a

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There are two additional components of sovereignty that should be discussed, empirical sovereignty and juridical sovereignty. Empirical sovereignty deals with the legitimacy of who is in control of a state and the legitimacy of how they exercise their power. Tilly references an example where nobles

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of France during the seventeenth century; Louis XIV claimed that he was the state. Jean-Jacques Rousseau rejected monarchical rule in favor of the other type of authority within a sovereign state, public sovereignty. Public Sovereignty is the belief that ultimate authority is vested in the people

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which legally required nations to punish genocide. Based on these and similar human rights agreements, beginning in 1990 there was a practical expression of this circumscription when the Westphalian principle of non-intervention was no longer observed for cases where the United Nations or another

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which developed a global system of sovereign states came to an end when the excesses of World War II made it clear to nations that some curtailment of the rights of sovereign states was necessary if future cruelties and injustices were to be prevented. In the years immediately prior to the war,

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Today, no state is sovereign in the sense they were prior to the Second World War. Transnational governance agreements and institutions, the globalized economy, and pooled sovereignty unions such as the European union have eroded the sovereignty of traditional states. The centuries long movement

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agreement endorsed by all member states of the United Nations. If a state fails this responsibility either by perpetrating massive injustice or being incapable of protecting its citizens, then outsiders may assume that responsibility despite prior norms forbidding such interference in a nation's

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There exists perhaps no conception the meaning of which is more controversial than that of sovereignty. It is an indisputable fact that this conception, from the moment when it was introduced into political science until the present day, has never had a meaning which was universally agreed upon.

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There exist vastly differing views on the moral basis of sovereignty. A fundamental polarity is between theories which assert that sovereignty is vested directly in the sovereigns by divine or natural right, and theories which assert it originates from the people. In the latter case there is a

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By formal agreement between the Swiss government and the ICRC, Switzerland grants full sanctity of all ICRC property in Switzerland including its headquarters and archive, grants members and staff legal immunity, exempts the ICRC from all taxes and fees, guarantees the protected and duty-free

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In regard to military occupation, international law prescribes the limits of the occupant's power. Occupation does not displace the sovereignty of the occupied state, though for the time being the occupant may exercise supreme governing authority. Nor does occupation effect any annexation or

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Often, these four aspects all appear together, but this is not necessarily the case – they are not affected by one another, and there are historical examples of states that were non-sovereign in one aspect while at the same time being sovereign in another of these aspects. According to

1643:, sovereignty means that a government possesses full control over affairs within a territorial or geographical area or limit. Determining whether a specific entity is sovereign is not an exact science, but often a matter of diplomatic dispute. There is usually an expectation that both 1714:, at the time the closest permanent equivalent to an UN-type general assembly; confirmed 1620. These sovereign rights were never deposed, only the territories were lost. Over 100 modern states maintain full diplomatic relations with the order, and the UN awarded it observer status. 1107:, the sovereign state emerged as a response to changes in international trade (forming coalitions that wanted sovereign states) so that the sovereign state's emergence was not inevitable; "it arose because of a particular conjuncture of social and political interests in Europe." 937:

Absolute: On this point, he said that the sovereign must be hedged in with obligations and conditions, must be able to legislate without his (or its) subjects' consent, must not be bound by the laws of his predecessors, and could not, because it is illogical, be bound by his own

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themselves, expressed in the idea of the general will. This means that the power is elected and supported by its members, the authority has a central goal of the good of the people in mind. The idea of public sovereignty has often been the basis for modern democratic theory.

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Within the modern governmental system, internal sovereignty is usually found in states that have public sovereignty and is rarely found within a state controlled by an internal sovereign. A form of government that is a little different from both is the UK parliament system.

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Hobbes' hypothesis—that the ruler's sovereignty is contracted to him by the people in return for his maintaining their physical safety—led him to conclude that if and when the ruler fails, the people recover their ability to protect themselves by forming a new contract.

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also refers to powers which a constituent state or republic possesses independently of the national government. In a confederation, constituent entities retain the right to withdraw from the national body and the union is often more temporary than a federation.

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A republic is a form of government in which the people, or some significant portion of them, retain sovereignty over the government and where offices of state are not granted through heritage. A common modern definition of a republic is a government having a

1636:(Whose realm, his religion), leaving the Roman Catholic Church with little ability to interfere with the internal affairs of many European states. It is a myth, however, that the Treaties of Westphalia created a new European order of equal sovereign states. 1651:

sovereignty rest in the same organisation at the place and time of concern. Foreign governments use varied criteria and political considerations when deciding whether or not to recognise the sovereignty of a state over a territory. Membership in the

1063:'s theory of the origin of power), provides that the people are the legitimate sovereign. Rousseau considered sovereignty to be inalienable; he condemned the distinction between the origin and the exercise of sovereignty, a distinction upon which 1038:

Indivisible: The sovereign is the only final authority in his territory; he does not share final authority with any other entity. Hobbes held this to be true because otherwise there would be no way of resolving a disagreement between the multiple

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Sovereignty reemerged as a concept in the late 16th century, a time when civil wars had created a craving for a stronger central authority when monarchs had begun to gather power onto their own hands at the expense of the nobility, and the modern

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Despite his commitment to absolutism, Bodin held some moderate opinions on how government should in practice be carried out. He held that although the sovereign is not obliged to, it is advisable for him, as a practical expedient, to convene a

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in 1929, a 59-year period during which it was recognised as sovereign by many (mostly Roman Catholic) states despite possessing no territory – a situation resolved when the Lateran Treaties granted the Holy See sovereignty over the

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also described as the ultimate arbiter in all disputes on the territory. Specifically, the degree to which decisions made by a sovereign entity might be contradicted by another authority. Along these lines, the German sociologist

1487:) since their governments neither answer to a bigger state nor is their governance subjected to supervision. The sovereignty (i.e. legal right to govern) however, is disputed in both cases as the first entity is claimed by 1384:

independence long after acquiring sovereignty, such as in the case of Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam. Additionally, independence can also be suspended when an entire region becomes subject to an occupation. For example, when

1461: 945:. He held that sovereignty must be perpetual because anyone with the power to enforce a time limit on the governing power must be above the governing power, which would be impossible if the governing power is absolute. 3523: 1905:. Depending on the particular issue, sometimes both northern and southern states justified their political positions by appealing to state sovereignty. Fearing that slavery would be threatened by results of the 1172:

European integration is the second form of post-world war change in the norms of sovereignty, representing a significant shift since member nations are no longer absolutely sovereign. Some theorists, such as

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According to Matteo Laruffa "sovereignty resides in every public action and policy as the exercise of executive powers by institutions open to the participation of citizens to the decision-making processes"

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and governed locally by their pro-Soviet functionaries. When in 1991 Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia re-enacted independence, it was done so on the basis of continuity directly from the pre-Soviet republics.

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Absolute: because conditions could only be imposed on a sovereign if there were some outside arbitrator to determine when he had violated them, in which case the sovereign would not be the final authority.

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as a means of communicating with the people. Bodin believed that "the most divine, most excellent, and the state form most proper to royalty is governed partly aristocratically and partly democratically".

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incorporation of the occupied territory into the territory or political structure of the occupant, and the occupant's constitution and laws do not extend of their own force to the occupied territory.

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in many countries, including Belgium, France, Switzerland, Australia, Russia, South Korea, South Africa and the US, and soon in Ireland. The Committee is a private organisation governed by Swiss law.

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further division into those which assert that the people effectively transfer their sovereignty to the sovereign (Hobbes), and those which assert that the people retain their sovereignty (Rousseau).

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can be vested jointly in several persons within a state, the sovereign jurisdiction over a single political territory can be shared jointly by two or more consenting powers, notably in the form of a

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as well as external autonomy for states. In any state, sovereignty is assigned to the person, body or institution that has the ultimate authority over other people and to change existing laws. In

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A number of modes for acquisition of sovereignty are presently or have historically been recognized in international law as lawful methods by which a state may acquire sovereignty over external

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transfer of goods, services, and money, provides the ICRC with secure communication privileges at the same level as foreign embassies, and simplifies Committee travel in and out of Switzerland.

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In situations related to war, or which have arisen as the result of war, most modern scholars still commonly fail to distinguish between holding sovereignty and exercising military occupation.

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Sovereignty is a hypothetical trade, in which two potentially (or really) conflicting sides, respecting de facto realities of power, exchange such recognitions as their least costly strategy.

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Matteo Laruffa, "The European Integration and National Interests: from an intergovernmental model to a Constitutional Agreement" (Hungarian Academy of Social Sciences, Budapest, 3 July 2014)

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In any state sovereignty is vested in the institution, person, or body having the ultimate authority to impose law on everyone else in the state and the power to alter any pre-existing law.

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requires that "he admission of any such state to membership in the United Nations will be affected by a decision of the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council."

4054: 1593:"Sovereignty." A government which exercises de facto administrative control over a country and is not subordinate to any other government in that country or a foreign sovereign state. 2238:

had similar implications in China for the justification of the Emperor's rule, though it was largely replaced with discussions of Western-style sovereignty by the late 19th century.

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which governed Poland from 1945 to 1989 is now seen to have been an illegal entity by the modern Polish administration. The post-1989 Polish state claims direct continuity from the

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see sovereignty similarly to realists. However, rationalism states that the sovereignty of a nation-state may be violated in extreme circumstances, such as human rights abuses.

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rights, in this way becoming the only "sovereign" territorial possessions of the modern Order), which is the last existing heir to one of several once militarily significant,

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The concept of sovereignty has had multiple conflicting components, varying definitions, and diverse and inconsistent applications throughout history. The current notion of

1986:. The classification of these modes originally derived from Roman property law and from the 15th and 16th century with the development of international law. The modes are: 1630:, even though the treaty itself reaffirmed the multiple levels of the sovereignty of the Holy Roman Empire. This resulted as a natural extension of the older principle of 869:

Ulpian was expressing the idea that the emperor exercised a rather absolute form of sovereignty that originated in the people, although he did not use the term expressly.

786:– there is no other authority in the state aside from the domestic sovereign (such other authorities might be e.g. a political organization or any other external agent). 739:– "over") meaning "chief", "ruler". Its spelling, which has varied since the word's first appearance in English in the 14th century, was influenced by the English word " 1269:

or republics) represent legal infringements on exclusivity. Social institutions such as religious bodies, corporations, and competing political parties might represent

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argued that sovereignty had supremacy over constitutional and international constraints arguing that states as sovereigns could not be judged and punished. After the

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were regarded as sovereign despite their territories being under foreign occupation; their governance resumed as soon as the occupation had ended. The government of

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which ended in 1939. For other reasons, however, Poland maintains its communist-era outline as opposed to its pre-World War II shape which included areas now in

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Sovereignty may be recognized even when the sovereign body possesses no territory or its territory is under partial or total occupation by another power. The

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The secessionists claimed that according to the Constitution every state had the right to leave the Union. Lincoln claimed that they did not have that right.

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talked of a kind of "antisovereignty". Therefore, anarchists join a classical conception of the individual as sovereign of himself, which forms the basis of

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would have been regarded as illegitimate interference in internal affairs. In 2005, the revision of the concept of sovereignty was made explicit with the

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in modern governments is a lot more common with examples like the US, Canada, Australia and India where the government is divided into different levels.

1131:, the vast majority of states rejected the prior Westphalian permissiveness towards such supremacist power based sovereignty formulations and signed the 4455: 1084: 1831: 1588:

uses the following criterion when deciding under what conditions other states recognise a political entity as having sovereignty over some territory;

1401:). Alternatively, independence can be lost completely when sovereignty itself becomes the subject of dispute. The pre-World War II administrations of 6764: 6717: 1157: 1079:

are also key figures in the unfolding of the concept of sovereignty; their views differ with Rousseau and with Hobbes on this issue of alienability.

993:, the idea of sovereignty gained both legal and moral force as the main Western description of the meaning and power of a State. In particular, the " 968:, the fundamental laws of the French monarchy which regulated matters such as succession, are natural laws and are binding on the French sovereign. 7132: 956:); natural law and divine law confer upon the sovereign the right to rule. And the sovereign is not above divine law or natural law. He is above ( 3933: 3844: 2514: 1773: 4871: 1799:

Likewise the member states of international organizations may voluntarily bind themselves by treaty to a supranational organization, such as a

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have attacked the legitimacy of the earlier concepts of sovereignty, with Maritain advocating that the concept be discarded entirely since it:

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sovereignty refers to the factual ability to do so. This can become an issue of special concern upon the failure of the usual expectation that

4058: 1153: 1465: 1149: 4715:. Columbia Studies in Political Thought / Political History. Translated by Cooper, Belinda (e-book ed.). Columbia University Press. 4157: 1529:

offered a first categorization of political authority and legitimacy with the categories of traditional, charismatic and legal-rational.

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refers to a representative democracy where the parliament is ultimately sovereign, rather than the executive power or the judiciary.

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Newton, Kenneth. Foundations of comparative politics: democracies of the modern world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.

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deny the sovereignty of states and governments. Anarchists often argue for a specific individual kind of sovereignty, such as the

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which resulted in the people of Scotland deciding to continue the pooling of its sovereignty with the rest of the United Kingdom.

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At the opposite end of the scale, there is no dispute regarding the self-governance of certain self-proclaimed states such as the

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from whom he can obtain advice, to delegate some power to magistrates for the practical administration of the law, and to use the

6892: 6887: 6882: 6814: 6454: 5756: 1480: 1236:. A sovereign power has absolute sovereignty when it is not restricted by a constitution, by the laws of its predecessors, or by 7147: 5875: 4663:

Beatrice Heuser: "Sovereignty, self-determination and security: new world orders in the 20th century", in Sohail Hashmi (ed.):

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Chen, Dean P. (2024). "Xi Jinping and the Derailment of the KMT-CCP "1992 Consensus"". In Fang, Qiang; Li, Xiaobing (eds.).

1999: 7152: 7142: 2884: 1292:, or legal, sovereignty concerns the expressed and institutionally recognised right to exercise control over a territory. 1203:" from such transnational governance groups and agreements, restoring the world to pre World War II norms of sovereignty. 7137: 6990: 6980: 6564: 6474: 2169: 2150: 2011: 795:, another fundamental feature of sovereignty is that it is a claim that must be recognized if it is to have any meaning: 6589: 3226: 1413:

maintained an exile existence (and considerable international recognition) whilst their territories were annexed by the

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based on a common ethnicity, history and culture might seek to establish sovereignty over a region, thus creating a

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Internal sovereignty is the relationship between sovereign power and the political community. A central concern is

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in 1948. It was the first step towards circumscription of the powers of sovereign nations, soon followed by the

997:" as a mechanism for establishing sovereignty was suggested and, by 1800, widely accepted, especially in the new 4192:

Condominium Arrangements in International Practice: Reviving an Abandoned Concept of Boundary Dispute Resolution

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Another complicated sovereignty scenario can arise when regime itself is the subject of dispute. In the case of

1021:(1651) put forward a conception of sovereignty similar to Bodin's, which had just achieved legal status in the " 7119: 6874: 6691: 6544: 5430: 4364: 2455: 2175: 2158: 1914: 1510: 1345: 892:. Furthermore, both were strongly constrained by custom. Sovereignty existed during the Medieval period as the 641: 511: 289: 137: 6731: 6604: 5826: 4857: 4447: 2391: 2336: 2325: 1910: 1711: 849:

Cum lege regia, quae de imperio eius lata est, populus ei et in eum omne suum imperium et potestatem conferat

526: 1694:) and the second inside the Italian capital (since in 1869 the Palazzo di Malta and the Villa Malta receive 1380:, however, sovereignty can be transferred as a legal right whereas independence cannot. A state can achieve 6819: 6629: 6624: 6318: 5356: 4989: 4433: 1894: 1758: 1341: 275: 107: 78: 20: 1776:

is commonly mistaken to be sovereign. It has been granted various degrees of special privileges and legal

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External sovereignty concerns the relationship between sovereign power and other states. For example, the

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Mercenaries, pirates, and sovereigns: state-building and extraterritorial violence in early modern Europe

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Perpetual: Not temporarily delegated as to a strong leader in an emergency or a state employee such as a

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To a large extent, the original academic foundation for the concept of "military occupation" arose from

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Illegal Annexation and State Continuity: The Case of the Incorporation of the Baltic States by the USSR

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sovereignty. When control is practiced predominantly by the military or police force it is considered

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sovereign, at least not strongly so, because they were constrained by, and shared power with, their

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Minakov, Mikhail (2022). "Sovereignty as a Contested Concept: The Cases of Trumpism and Putinism".

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External sovereignty is connected with questions of international law – such as when, if ever, is

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Bodin rejected the notion of transference of sovereignty from people to the ruler (also known as

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argued that sovereignty in the UK was vested neither in the Crown nor in the people but in the "

5821: 5801: 5651: 5321: 4949: 4600: 4099: 3418: 3031:"The New United Nations Politics of Peace: From Juridical Sovereignty to Empirical Sovereignty" 2994: 2752: 2314: 1430: 681: 521: 463: 409: 5688: 4378: 4270: 3972: 1513:: by what right does a government exercise authority? Claims of legitimacy might refer to the 1397:

by any country, so sovereignty over it had not been claimed by any foreign state (despite the

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sovereignty exist at the place and time of concern, and reside within the same organization.

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The Right to Dominate: How Old Ideas About Sovereignty Pose New Challenges for World Order."

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is the acquisition of territory through natural processes like river accretion or volcanism;

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international organization endorsed a political or military action. Previously, actions in

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Once states are recognized as sovereign, they are rarely recolonized, merged, or dissolved.

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The treatise is frequently viewed as the first European text theorizing state sovereignty.

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Understanding British and European political issues : a guide for A2 politics studies

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the state whose citizens they are and that the respect for state sovereignty on which the

1909:, eleven slave states declared their independence from the federal Union and formed a new 1299: 919:, presented theories of sovereignty calling for a strong central authority in the form of 8: 7097: 7092: 6955: 6674: 6554: 6524: 6444: 5970: 5910: 5231: 5151: 4207:

Peterson, John (1997). "The European Union: Pooled Sovereignty, Divided Accountability".

4032: 3904: 3875: 3451:"A society of states: Or, Sovereignty, independence, and equality in a league of nations" 2360: 2251: 2041: 1898: 1823: 1718: 1710:(princes of the Holy Roman Empire) by the Holy Roman Emperor, granting them seats in the 1619: 1562: 1522: 1504: 1398: 1136: 1056: 1022: 889: 563: 473: 327: 229: 179: 117: 5718: 3653:"Populism, Sovereigntism, and the Unlikely Re-Emergence of the Territorial Nation-State" 3450: 2029:

is the process by which new land is (re)claimed from the sea such as in the Netherlands.

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contains four aspects: territory, population, authority and recognition. According to

601: 194: 6118: 3795:. Oxford Monographs in International Law Series. Oxford University Press. p. 50. 3278: 7193: 7062: 7027: 6970: 6938: 6855: 6649: 6594: 6434: 6223: 5885: 5811: 5786: 5588: 5390: 4803: 4782: 4760: 4716: 4697: 4639: 4565: 4543: 4517: 4384: 4360: 4336: 4303: 4276: 4249: 4228: 4195: 4134: 4105: 4008: 3823: 3796: 3761: 3726: 3679: 3619: 3567: 3531: 3508: 3486: 3350: 3312: 3258: 3199: 3166: 3147: 3127: 3050: 3046: 2998: 2948: 2924: 2904: 2863: 2713: 2692: 2670: 2622: 2585: 2552: 2470: 2460: 2432: 2381: 2308: 2235: 2227: 2144: 1886: 1800: 1750: 1742: 1640: 1241: 1233: 1200: 920: 881:, but sovereignty was an important concept in medieval times. Medieval monarchs were 692: 596: 270: 132: 127: 88: 61: 5703: 3985:

Andreas Osiander, "Sovereignty, International Relations, and the Westphalian Myth",

3564:

An Analysis of Seyla Benhabib's The Rights of Others: Aliens, Residents and Citizens

2343:, for instance, talked of "anarcho-monarchist" (as usual for him, tongue in cheek); 2311:

view sovereignty as being untouchable and as guaranteed to legitimate nation-states.

1462:

Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic

1047:

Hobbes's theories decisively shape the concept of sovereignty through the medium of

929:("Six Books of the Republic") Bodin argued that it is inherent in the nature of the 7213: 7082: 7005: 6654: 6584: 6354: 6273: 6268: 6193: 6168: 6113: 6103: 6093: 6063: 6043: 6033: 5900: 5895: 5853: 5796: 5593: 5276: 5271: 5246: 5191: 5166: 4216: 3749: 3714: 3667: 3478: 3403: 3119: 3042: 2896: 2662: 2640:

Claims to supreme authority have long been encoded in Sovereignty as symbolic form.

2365: 2256: 2067: 1964: 1918: 1871: 1726: 1695: 1668: 1623: 1390: 1174: 930: 766:– actual control over a state exercised by an authority organized within this state 673: 546: 302: 156: 6258: 4614: 4380:

The UK Regional–National Economic Problem: Geography, globalisation and governance

2340: 1995:

is the transfer of territory from one state to another usually by means of treaty;

7042: 7037: 7032: 6950: 6711: 6384: 6303: 6263: 6233: 6218: 6183: 6178: 6148: 6123: 6108: 6083: 6068: 6003: 5980: 5965: 5950: 5935: 5806: 5761: 5746: 5736: 5558: 5553: 5410: 5405: 5385: 5373: 4797: 4774: 4752: 4740: 4691: 4559: 4537: 4299:

Sovereignty and the law : domestic, European, and international perspectives

4164: 4085:

Observer status for the Sovereign Military Order of Malta in the General Assembly

4002: 3817: 3692: 3566:(e-book ed.). London: Routledge- Taylor & Francis Group. p. 11,21. 2942: 2616: 2445: 2440: 2369: 2280: 2116: 1922: 1917:

as rebellion, declaring that secession from the Union by an individual state was

1859: 1518: 1266: 1219: 1048: 994: 878: 752: 624: 606: 431: 416: 1195:

Efforts to curtail absolute sovereignty have met with substantial resistance by

6839: 6701: 6609: 6599: 6328: 6203: 6188: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6098: 6073: 6028: 6008: 5870: 5841: 5816: 5771: 5751: 5713: 5668: 5548: 5538: 5395: 5226: 5039: 4481: 2802: 2475: 2395: 2344: 2332: 1819: 1722: 1699: 1653: 1585: 1460:

Additionally sovereignty can be achieved without independence, such as how the

1438: 1104: 696: 669: 502: 421: 375: 317: 3753: 3740:

Núñez, Jorge Emilio (2015). "of Absolute State Sovereignty: The Middle Ages".

3718: 3671: 3123: 2797: 2234:

was an important competing justification for the exercise of sovereignty. The

1761:

until 1971, when the People's Republic of China obtained the UN seat. The ROC

1707: 7228: 6634: 6464: 6374: 6323: 6293: 6283: 6213: 6208: 6198: 6058: 6048: 6038: 6013: 5880: 5858: 5776: 5683: 5656: 5641: 5583: 5266: 3203: 3131: 3108:"Sovereignty and Underdevelopment: Juridical Statehood in the African Crisis" 3054: 2908: 2556: 2508: 2243: 2004: 1890: 1815: 1789: 1746: 1252:

A key element of sovereignty in a legalistic sense is that of exclusivity of

1196: 1012: 998: 844: 426: 404: 379: 209: 33: 28: 4220: 2271:). Many representative democracies provide limited direct democracy through 7102: 7022: 6975: 6614: 6298: 6288: 6278: 6143: 6138: 6078: 6053: 6023: 6018: 5925: 5920: 5766: 5646: 5380: 5316: 5186: 5176: 5171: 5090: 5080: 5024: 4914: 3500: 3472: 2684: 2656: 2485: 2196: 2033: 1945: 1855: 1673: 1664: 1484: 1414: 1377: 1253: 1240:, and no areas of law or policy are reserved as being outside its control. 1237: 1124: 1089: 961: 908: 826: 728: 189: 6742: 4693:

A Search for Sovereignty: Law and Geography in European Empires, 1400–1900

4272:

British government and politics balancing Europeanization and independence

2267:

or an executive (or to some combination of the legislature, executive and

1618:, a European religious conflict that embroiled much of the continent, the 7188: 7047: 6960: 6945: 6860: 6313: 6308: 6243: 6238: 6088: 5960: 5915: 5905: 5698: 5693: 5631: 5568: 5351: 5326: 5251: 5211: 5181: 5156: 5136: 5115: 5095: 5075: 5065: 4899: 4595: 4055:"Bilateral diplomatic relations of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta" 2402: 2355: 2264: 2054: 1678: 1076: 458: 361: 349: 214: 4824: 4759:. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire New York, N.Y: Palgrave Macmillan. 4561:

Recentering the World: China and the Transformation of International Law

3524:"Contested sovereignty: the social construction of colonial imperialism" 3482: 3211: 3187: 3062: 3030: 2968:

Biersteker, Thomas J., ed. (2013). "State, sovereignty, and territory".

2666: 2564: 2539: 619: 7072: 6696: 6504: 6404: 6253: 6173: 5945: 5836: 5678: 5621: 5598: 5563: 5512: 5502: 5470: 5415: 5241: 5221: 5146: 5110: 5014: 4999: 4924: 4849: 4512:. International politics/Public international law. Routledge. pp. 3188:"Explaining the Post-Cold War Order: An International Society Approach" 2916: 2621:. Critical Issues in Global Politics. New York: Routledge. p. 16. 2490: 2349: 2272: 2263:

permits a transfer of the exercise of sovereignty from the people to a

1687: 1622:

in 1648 established the notion of territorial sovereignty as a norm of

1476: 1348: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1141: 1072: 942: 912: 583: 573: 568: 307: 169: 51: 3474:

The Sovereign State and Its Competitors: An Analysis of Systems Change

3139: 3107: 2658:

The Sovereign State and Its Competitors: An Analysis of Systems Change

7178: 6933: 6394: 6333: 5890: 5533: 5460: 5445: 5366: 5286: 5281: 5206: 5161: 5141: 5120: 5105: 5085: 5070: 4934: 4894: 3616:

Inventing Majorities: Ideological Creativity in Post-Soviet Societies

2377: 2268: 1983: 1765:

as a state became increasingly disputed; it became commonly known as

1538: 1526: 1442: 1406: 1258: 1128: 886: 684: 665: 468: 366: 249: 204: 184: 4665:

State Sovereignty: Change and Persistence in International Relations

3705:

Núñez, Jorge Emilio (2014). "About the Absolute State Sovereignty".

3522:

Strang, David (1996), Weber, Cynthia; Biersteker, Thomas J. (eds.),

2900: 2859:

Problematic Sovereignty: Contested Rules and Political Possibilities

1749:

from 1911 to 1971 despite the 1949 victory of the Communists in the

1323: 6985: 6923: 6902: 6669: 6248: 5985: 5578: 5543: 5517: 5497: 5450: 5261: 5216: 5100: 5004: 4994: 4959: 4929: 4713:

Sovereignty: The Origin and Future of a Political and Legal Concept

2507: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the 2450: 2376:. The unified consciousness is sovereignty over one's own body, as 2077: 2015:

is the effective control of territory of another acquiescing state;

1660: 1446: 1294: 839: 707: 677: 591: 551: 234: 219: 199: 68: 4327:

Identity and institutions: conflict reduction in divided societies

1803:. In the case of the European Union member-states, this is called 1453:

but did not include some of its western regions that were then in

1088:(1762) deals with sovereignty and its rights. Sovereignty, or the 6706: 6619: 5507: 5475: 5465: 5236: 5196: 5029: 4954: 4939: 4919: 4838: 1991: 1492: 1454: 1450: 1434: 1410: 1394: 1288: 1222:(30-03-1858 – 07-10-1919), an authority on international law 894: 701: 506: 164: 47: 2259:

the public plays an active role in shaping and deciding policy.

804:

in parts of Europe were allowed to engage in private rights and

7077: 6965: 5455: 5256: 5044: 5019: 5009: 4979: 4964: 3695:, International Law 66 (Sir Arnold D. McNair ed., 4th ed. 1928) 1968:

regarded as being declaratory of the laws and customs of war."

1766: 1730: 1488: 1422: 1402: 1002: 973: 830: 688: 556: 498: 396: 4004:

Empires in World History: Power and the Politics of Difference

1741:

occupation of its country during 1990–1991. The government of

1721:

of many European states (for instance, Norway, Netherlands or

7052: 6809: 5485: 4974: 4909: 4479: 3477:. Vol. 176. Princeton University Press. pp. 18–19. 2139: 2059: 2003:

is the acquisition of territory that belongs to no state (or

1686:, the third sovereign entity inside Italian territory (after 1468:

a sovereign entity within but not independent from the USSR.

740: 43: 42:(1651), depicting the Sovereign as a massive body wielding a 759:, the term could also be understood in four different ways: 6829: 5480: 4904: 4296:

Rawlings, Richard; Leyland, Peter; Young, Alison L (2013).

3163:

Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance

2661:. Vol. 176. Princeton University Press. pp. 3–7. 2205: restrictions on national jurisdiction and sovereignty 2063: 1921:, as the states were part of an indissoluble federation in 1738: 1663:

was in this position between the annexation in 1870 of the

1386: 7109: 5049: 4944: 4539:

The Sleeping Sovereign: The Invention of Modern Democracy

4104:. Vol. 4. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 1559. 1928: 1185:

stands in the way of international law and a world state,

1027: 1810:

Another example of shared and pooled sovereignty is the

1376:

State sovereignty is sometimes viewed synonymously with

3585: 3583: 2328:

is founded is an obstacle to humanitarian intervention.

772:– actual control of movement across the state's borders 3632: 4101:

The Greenwood Encyclopedia of International Relations

3024: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3014: 2816: 1611:

by one country into another's territory permissible?

4781:. Exeter, UK Charlottesville, VA: Imprint Academic. 4667:(Philadelphia: Pennsylvania University Press, 1997). 4295: 4275:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 134. 4178:"About the International Committee of the Red Cross" 3580: 3426:. Jonathan Bennett – via earlymoderntexts.com. 2422: 1862:

rather than as fully sovereign, independent states.

1232:

An important factor of sovereignty is its degree of

4508:

Akehurst's Modern Introduction to International Law

3660:

Fudan Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences

3595: 3543: 4795: 4505: 4324: 4196:https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjil/vol29/iss4/3 3011: 2986: 2817: 2578:Law, Jonathan, ed. (21 June 2018). "Sovereignty". 2538: 1085:Du Contrat Social, ou Principes du droit politique 4349: 4194:, 29 Mich. J. Int'l L. 727 (2008). Available at: 4007:. Princeton University Press. pp. 182, 219. 3698: 1745:(ROC) was generally recognized as sovereign over 1191:obstructs the democratic notion of accountability 7226: 4747:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2540:"Sovereignty: An Introduction and Brief History" 2406:deference to either the good of the whole or to 2049:Limits of national jurisdiction and sovereignty 1113: 861:A decision by the emperor has the force of law. 705:sovereignty refers to the legal right to do so; 4757:Sovereignties: contemporary theory and practice 4480:United States Court of Berlin (14 March 1979), 3792:Recognition of Governments in International Law 2940: 1602:, A.C. 256), Stroud's Judicial Dictionary 1313: 1188:internally results in centralism, not pluralism 6815:Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) 4689: 4564:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 32, 52, 63. 3396:Cole, G.D.H.; Rousseau, Jean-Jacques (2018) . 3105: 1545: 778:– formal recognition by other sovereign states 6758: 4865: 4323:Jesse, Neal G.; Williams, Kristen P. (2005). 4322: 4000: 3561: 3343:One and All: The Logic of Chinese Sovereignty 3305:One and All: The Logic of Chinese Sovereignty 3165:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 3–10. 3106:Jackson, Robert H.; Rosberg, Carl G. (1986). 1850:A community of people who claim the right of 1199:movements in multiple countries who seek to " 642: 5371: 4248:. Manchester University Press. p. 207. 4065: 3453:. G. Routledge & sons, Limited. p. 3395: 2862:. Columbia University Press. pp. 6–12. 2747: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2739: 1913:. The United States government rejected the 1466:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic 695:, sovereignty is the exercise of power by a 6772: 5307: 4574: 3459:there is no law without a sovereign Seydel. 3448: 2984: 2941:Biersteker, Thomas; Weber, Cynthia (1996). 1858:. Such nations are sometimes recognised as 1706:. In 1607 its Grand masters were also made 1261:proposed that sovereignty is a community's 1082:The second book of Jean-Jacques Rousseau's 6765: 6751: 4872: 4858: 4773: 4751: 4711:Grimm, Dieter (2015). Howard, Dick (ed.). 4241: 3733: 3530:, Cambridge University Press, p. 25, 3442: 2967: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2603:sovereignty Supreme authority in a state. 2512: 1626:in the affairs of other states, so-called 863:Quod principi placuit legis habet vigorem. 649: 635: 6830:North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 4503: 4331:. State Univ. of New York Press. p. 4001:Burbank, Jane; Cooper, Frederick (2010). 3991:Vol. 55 No. 2 (Spring 2001), pp. 251–287. 3784: 3782: 3780: 3618:. Stuttgart: ibidem-Verlag. p. 286. 3449:Stallybrass, William Teulon Swan (1918). 3334: 2736: 2712:. Oxford University Press. 21 June 2018. 2614: 1965:Nuremberg International Military Tribunal 1565:". This is the origin of the doctrine of 1364:Learn how and when to remove this message 915:, partly in reaction to the chaos of the 668:. Sovereignty entails hierarchy within a 4879: 4738: 4206: 4158:does not recognize ICRC issued passports 4127:China under Xi Jinping: A New Assessment 3902: 3873: 3589: 3416: 3369: 3296: 3227:"1 Sovereignty in International Society" 3185: 2536: 1774:International Committee of the Red Cross 27: 6835:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) 6455:Reflections on the Revolution in France 4607: 4302:. Oxford University Press. p. 28. 3815: 3613: 3340: 3302: 3250: 3028: 2855: 2844: 2305:consider every individual as sovereign. 1481:List of states with limited recognition 1276: 1263:monopoly on the legitimate use of force 1206: 984: 7227: 4542:. Cambridge University Press. p. 100. 4458:from the original on 16 September 2020 4376: 4268: 3905:"War, Peace, and Internal Sovereignty" 3876:"War, Peace, and Internal Sovereignty" 3822:. M. Nijhoff Publishers. p. 193. 3788: 3777: 3650: 3601: 3562:Ozcelik, Burcu; Xidias, Jason (2017). 3521: 3470: 2856:Krasner, Professor Stephen D. (2001). 2654: 1960:(and accompanying Hague Regulations). 1929:Sovereignty versus military occupation 6746: 4853: 4710: 4359:(London: Routledge, 3rd edn., 2002), 4118: 4097: 4091: 3739: 3704: 3638: 3549: 3528:State Sovereignty as Social Construct 3160: 3112:The Journal of Modern African Studies 3078:Coercion, Capital and European States 2944:State Sovereignty as Social Construct 2936: 2934: 2882: 2249:Democracy is based on the concept of 2211: international jurisdiction per 2137: 1840:2014 Scottish independence referendum 1389:was overrun by foreign forces in the 1133:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 4124: 3971:. Palgrave Macmillan. Archived from 3940:. Palgrave Macmillan. Archived from 3851:. Palgrave Macmillan. Archived from 3224: 3192:International Journal on World Peace 2838:participating institution membership 2650: 2648: 2523:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1893:, as it related to the expansion of 1783: 1346:adding citations to reliable sources 1317: 727:The term arises from the unattested 664:can generally be defined as supreme 16:Supreme authority within a territory 6565:The End of History and the Last Man 6475:Elements of the Philosophy of Right 4745:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4632: 3962: 3931: 3842: 3376:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 3251:Hinsley, F. H. (20 November 1986). 3090: 2971:Handbook of international relations 2577: 13: 6908:International relations since 1989 6898:Diplomatic history of World War II 6820:International Criminal Court (ICC) 4683: 3399:The Social Contract and Discourses 2931: 2513:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). " 1580:Sovereign state § Recognition 877:Ulpian's statements were known in 854:The laws do not bind the emperor. 14: 7251: 7204:International political sociology 4817: 3742:International Journal for the Law 3331:Bodin, Six livres, 6:254 (VI:vi). 3075: 2993:. Duke University Press. p. 2889:American Political Science Review 2699: 2645: 2217: 1684:Sovereign Military Order of Malta 837:The people transferred all their 517:Biology and political orientation 6535:The Open Society and Its Enemies 4837: 4823: 4558:Mitchell, Ryan Martínez (2022). 3417:Rousseau, Jean-Jacques (2017) . 3402:. Project Gutenberg – via 3047:10.1163/19426720-001-01-90000007 2545:Journal of International Affairs 2502: 2425: 2386:Nietzsche and the Vicious Circle 2337:Anarch as a sovereign individual 2047: 1845: 1836:Government of the United Kingdom 1828:devolution in the United Kingdom 1667:by Italy and the signing of the 1322: 898:rights of nobility and royalty. 735:(itself a derived form of Latin 618: 7199:International political economy 5342:Family as a model for the state 4779:Sovereignty: history and theory 4670: 4657: 4589: 4552: 4530: 4497: 4473: 4440: 4422: 4397: 4370: 4316: 4289: 4262: 4235: 4200: 4184: 4170: 4147: 4072:United Nations General Assembly 4047: 4021: 3994: 3979: 3956: 3925: 3896: 3867: 3836: 3809: 3768: 3686: 3644: 3607: 3555: 3515: 3464: 3430: 3410: 3389: 3363: 3325: 3271: 3244: 3225:Zaum, Dominik (February 2007). 3218: 3179: 3154: 3099: 3084: 3069: 2978: 2961: 2876: 2108:Exclusive Economic Zone surface 1333:needs additional citations for 1227: 926:Les Six Livres de la République 776:International legal sovereignty 6692:Separation of church and state 6590:Collectivism and individualism 6545:The Origins of Totalitarianism 4802:. Princeton University Press. 4696:. Cambridge University Press. 4437:, (1988) pp. 40, 195, 214, 241 4156:On the other hand Switzerland 3370:Philpott, Daniel (Fall 2020). 2985:Wallerstein, Immanuel (2004). 2947:. Cambridge University Press. 2810: 2790: 2772: 2615:Bartelson, Jens (9 May 2014). 2608: 2571: 2530: 2456:Islamic concept of sovereignty 1971: 1865: 1298:sovereignty means sovereignty 1273:infringements on exclusivity. 1247: 901: 512:Theories of political behavior 138:Political history of the world 1: 6732:Category:Political philosophy 6605:Critique of political economy 4828:The dictionary definition of 4486:, United Settlement (Canada). 3903:Wolford, Scott; Rider, Toby. 3874:Wolford, Scott; Rider, Toby. 3707:International Journal for Law 2496: 2392:sovereignty of the individual 2166:Continental shelf underground 2111:international waters surface 1901:, led to the outbreak of the 1885:Different interpretations of 1114:Post World War II world order 1055:'s (1712–1778) definition of 527:Critique of political economy 7167:Related fields and subfields 6630:Institutional discrimination 6625:History of political thought 5357:Negative and positive rights 2885:"The Problem of Sovereignty" 2618:Sovereignty as Symbolic Form 1755:retreat of the ROC to Taiwan 1314:Sovereignty and independence 856:Princeps legibus solutus est 820: 722: 108:Outline of political science 21:Sovereignty (disambiguation) 7: 6640:Justification for the state 6425:Two Treatises of Government 4796:Thomson, Janice E. (1996). 4269:Mannin, Michael L. (2010). 2883:Korff, Baron S. A. (1923). 2584:. Oxford University Press. 2418: 2352:: Or, The Crowned Anarchist 2226:During the brief period of 2082:territorial waters airspace 1942:On the Law of War and Peace 1759:China at the United Nations 1733:was in a similar situation 1573: 1546:Modern internal sovereignty 1498: 1427:People's Republic of Poland 1059:(with early antecedents in 872: 770:Interdependence sovereignty 746: 10: 7256: 7209:Peace and conflict studies 6825:Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) 5310:Bellum omnium contra omnes 4734:International Organization 4383:. Routledge. p. 372. 3988:International Organization 3651:Kallis, Aristotle (2018). 3186:Pietrzyk, Mark E. (2001). 2213:common heritage of mankind 2170:extended continental shelf 2151:extended continental shelf 2102:territorial waters surface 1978:Acquisition of sovereignty 1975: 1907:1860 presidential election 1826:, created in 1998 through 1577: 1549: 1502: 1142:Yugoslavia, Bosnia, Kosovo 933:that sovereignty must be: 815: 113:Index of politics articles 18: 7166: 7118: 6916: 6873: 6848: 6802: 6793: 6780: 6727: 6577: 6346: 5994: 5727: 5607: 5526: 5438: 5429: 5295: 5129: 5058: 4887: 4504:Malanczuk, Peter (1997). 4242:McNaughton, Neil (2003). 4098:Nolan, Cathal J. (2002). 3754:10.1007/s11196-014-9379-4 3719:10.1007/s11196-013-9333-x 3672:10.1007/s40647-018-0233-z 3347:Stanford University Press 3309:Stanford University Press 3124:10.1017/S0022278X0000673X 3029:Barnett, Michael (1995). 2974:. Sage. pp. 245–272. 2825:Oxford English Dictionary 2803:Dictionary.com Unabridged 2537:Philpott, Daniel (1995). 2287:Parliamentary sovereignty 2186: 2182: 2165: 2155: 2143: 2130: 2125: 2115: 2110: 2087: 2075: 2053: 1633:cuius regio, eius religio 1567:parliamentary sovereignty 1166:Responsibility to Protect 680:term designating supreme 6515:The Revolt of the Masses 3471:Spruyt, Hendrik (1994). 3161:North, Douglass (1990). 2753:"sovereignty (politics)" 2655:Spruyt, Hendrik (1994). 2292: 2261:Representative democracy 2085:contiguous zone airspace 1891:United States of America 1069:representative democracy 7184:Foreign policy analysis 6996:International community 6774:International relations 6495:The Communist Manifesto 5421:Tyranny of the majority 5332:Consent of the governed 4690:Benton, Lauren (2010). 4583:Encyclopædia Britannica 4409:Encyclopædia Britannica 4377:McCann, Philip (2016). 4221:10.1111/1467-9248.00096 4131:Leiden University Press 3816:Mälksoo, Lauri (2003). 3789:Talmon, Stefan (1998). 3439:, Book II, Chapter III. 2830:Oxford University Press 2758:Encyclopædia Britannica 2481:Self-sovereign identity 2380:demonstrated (see also 2374:political consciousness 2127:Exclusive economic zone 2105:contiguous zone surface 2099:internal waters surface 2088:international airspace 1628:Westphalian sovereignty 1483:, but most of them are 1065:constitutional monarchy 923:. In his 1576 treatise 917:French wars of religion 783:Westphalian sovereignty 522:Political organisations 285:International relations 123:Politics by subdivision 5372: 5322:Clash of civilizations 5308: 4842:Quotations related to 4739:Philpott, Dan (2016). 4604:(1748), Bk. II, ch. 1. 4601:The Spirit of the Laws 4536:Tuck, Richard (2016). 4448:"Lincoln on Secession" 3341:Laikwan, Pang (2024). 3303:Laikwan, Pang (2024). 3283:www.tititudorancea.com 2989:World-Systems Analysis 2246:who is not a monarch. 1788:Just as the office of 1757:. The ROC represented 1595: 1431:Second Polish Republic 1216: 801: 54: 5337:Divine right of kings 4452:National Park Service 4434:Battle Cry of Freedom 4357:A History of Scotland 4074: Session 48 4029:"UN Chart, Article 2" 2520:Catholic Encyclopedia 2232:divine right of kings 1591: 1550:Further information: 1515:divine right of kings 1503:Further information: 1211: 1053:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 797: 602:Political campaigning 342:Public administration 175:Collective leadership 50:and composed of many 31: 7174:Comparative politics 6485:Democracy in America 5864:political philosophy 5847:political philosophy 5662:political philosophy 5491:political philosophy 5401:Separation of powers 5362:Night-watchman state 5347:Monopoly on violence 4881:Political philosophy 3093:Comparative Politics 2466:National sovereignty 2331:Anarchists and some 2195: full national 2176:international seabed 2159:international seabed 2132:international waters 2020:Operations of nature 1875:system of government 1805:"pooled sovereignty" 1719:governments-in-exile 1393:, Iraq had not been 1342:improve this article 1308:coercive sovereignty 1207:Definition and types 1179:Bertrand de Jouvenel 1009:to a lesser extent. 991:Age of Enlightenment 985:Age of Enlightenment 793:Immanuel Wallerstein 764:Domestic sovereignty 452:Separation of powers 323:Political psychology 298:Comparative politics 276:political scientists 263:Academic disciplines 143:Political philosophy 32:The frontispiece of 19:For other uses, see 6956:Collective security 6840:United Nations (UN) 6675:Right-wing politics 6555:A Theory of Justice 6525:The Road to Serfdom 6445:The Social Contract 5152:Christian democracy 4729:Paris, R. (2020). " 4163:10 May 2011 at the 4061:on 3 December 2015. 3975:on 20 January 2012. 3944:on 24 December 2011 3855:on 24 December 2011 3483:10.2307/j.ctvzxx91t 3420:The Social Contract 2828:(Online ed.). 2782:Collins' Dictionary 2709:A Dictionary of Law 2667:10.2307/j.ctvzxx91t 2581:A Dictionary of Law 2361:The Ego and Its Own 2252:popular sovereignty 2228:absolute monarchies 2070:, and their orbits) 2050: 1899:fugitive slave laws 1824:Scottish Government 1620:Peace of Westphalia 1600:The Arantzazu Mendi 1563:Queen-in-Parliament 1523:popular sovereignty 1505:Free state (polity) 1399:facts on the ground 1137:Genocide Convention 1057:popular sovereignty 1023:Peace of Westphalia 960:not bound by) only 676:, sovereignty is a 625:Politics portal 474:Election commission 445:Government branches 328:Political sociology 180:Confessional system 118:Politics by country 6687:Political violence 6682:Political theology 6665:Left-wing politics 6660:Political spectrum 4180:. 29 October 2010. 4035:on 8 December 2013 3965:"Political Theory" 3934:"Political Theory" 3845:"Political Theory" 2299:Classical liberals 2122:territorial waters 2048: 1954:Emmerich de Vattel 1950:The Law of Nations 1903:American Civil War 1852:self-determination 1814:which created the 1812:Acts of Union 1707 1692:Vatican City State 1552:Tribal sovereignty 1491:and the second by 1473:Republic of Kosovo 1300:exists in practice 1121:National Socialist 757:Stephen D. Krasner 308:Political analysis 240:Semi-parliamentary 55: 7222: 7221: 7194:International law 7063:Right of conquest 7028:National interest 6971:Deterrence theory 6869: 6868: 6856:League of Nations 6740: 6739: 6650:Philosophy of law 6595:Conflict theories 6435:The Spirit of Law 6342: 6341: 5391:Original position 4809:978-0-691-02571-1 4703:978-0-521-88105-0 4454:. 10 April 2015. 4209:Political Studies 4190:Joel H. Samuels, 4087: A/RES/48/265 4014:978-0-691-12708-8 3963:Heywood, Andrew. 3932:Heywood, Andrew. 3843:Heywood, Andrew. 3641:, pp. 50–56. 3537:978-0-521-56599-8 3492:978-0-691-03356-3 3095:. pp. 33–42. 3080:. pp. 67–95. 3035:Global Governance 2836:(Subscription or 2719:978-0-19-880252-5 2676:978-0-691-03356-3 2591:978-0-19-880252-5 2471:Plenary authority 2461:Mandate of Heaven 2433:Philosophy portal 2382:Pierre Klossowski 2321:Internationalists 2236:Mandate of Heaven 2190: 2189: 2145:Continental shelf 2071: 2058:(including Earth 1887:state sovereignty 1818:now known as the 1801:continental union 1784:Shared and pooled 1751:Chinese civil war 1743:Republic of China 1641:international law 1616:Thirty Years' War 1374: 1373: 1366: 1242:International law 1201:take back control 1095:Rousseau, in the 1005:, though also in 921:absolute monarchy 843:and power to the 753:state sovereignty 693:international law 659: 658: 607:Political parties 547:Electoral systems 271:Political science 245:Semi-presidential 157:Political systems 133:Political history 128:Political economy 52:individual people 7247: 7214:Security studies 7006:Internationality 7001:Internationalism 6800: 6799: 6767: 6760: 6753: 6744: 6743: 6655:Political ethics 6645:Machiavellianism 6585:Authoritarianism 6570: 6560: 6550: 6540: 6530: 6520: 6510: 6500: 6490: 6480: 6470: 6460: 6450: 6440: 6430: 6420: 6410: 6400: 6390: 6380: 6370: 6360: 5436: 5435: 5377: 5313: 5303:Balance of power 5277:Social democracy 5272:Social Darwinism 5247:Multiculturalism 5192:Environmentalism 5167:Communitarianism 4874: 4867: 4860: 4851: 4850: 4841: 4827: 4813: 4792: 4775:Prokhovnik, Raia 4770: 4753:Prokhovnik, Raia 4748: 4726: 4707: 4677: 4674: 4668: 4661: 4655: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4636: 4630: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4611: 4605: 4593: 4587: 4586: 4578: 4572: 4556: 4550: 4534: 4528: 4527: 4511: 4501: 4495: 4494: 4493: 4491: 4477: 4471: 4470: 4465: 4463: 4444: 4438: 4429:McPherson, James 4426: 4420: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4401: 4395: 4394: 4374: 4368: 4353: 4347: 4346: 4330: 4320: 4314: 4313: 4293: 4287: 4286: 4266: 4260: 4259: 4239: 4233: 4232: 4204: 4198: 4188: 4182: 4181: 4174: 4168: 4151: 4145: 4144: 4122: 4116: 4115: 4095: 4089: 4069: 4063: 4062: 4057:. 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Another case, 1669:Lateran Treaties 1603: 1391:Iraq War of 2003 1369: 1362: 1358: 1355: 1349: 1326: 1318: 1267:federated states 1223: 1175:Jacques Maritain 1061:Francisco Suárez 674:political theory 651: 644: 637: 623: 622: 413: 358: 313:Political theory 303:Election science 293: 279: 57: 56: 7255: 7254: 7250: 7249: 7248: 7246: 7245: 7244: 7225: 7224: 7223: 7218: 7162: 7153:Postcolonialism 7114: 7043:Non-state actor 7038:Non-belligerent 7033:Neutral country 7018:Interventionism 6951:Co-belligerence 6912: 6865: 6844: 6789: 6776: 6771: 6741: 6736: 6723: 6712:Totalitarianism 6573: 6568: 6558: 6548: 6538: 6528: 6518: 6508: 6498: 6488: 6478: 6468: 6458: 6448: 6438: 6428: 6418: 6408: 6398: 6388: 6385:Treatise on Law 6378: 6368: 6358: 6338: 5996: 5990: 5729: 5723: 5609: 5603: 5522: 5425: 5411:State of nature 5406:Social contract 5386:Ordered liberty 5374:Noblesse oblige 5291: 5125: 5054: 4883: 4878: 4820: 4810: 4789: 4767: 4723: 4704: 4686: 4684:Further reading 4681: 4680: 4675: 4671: 4662: 4658: 4648: 4646: 4644:Merriam-Webster 4638: 4637: 4633: 4623: 4621: 4613: 4612: 4608: 4594: 4590: 4580: 4579: 4575: 4557: 4553: 4535: 4531: 4524: 4502: 4498: 4489: 4487: 4478: 4474: 4461: 4459: 4446: 4445: 4441: 4427: 4423: 4413: 4411: 4405:"Confederation" 4403: 4402: 4398: 4391: 4375: 4371: 4354: 4350: 4343: 4321: 4317: 4310: 4294: 4290: 4283: 4267: 4263: 4256: 4240: 4236: 4205: 4201: 4189: 4185: 4176: 4175: 4171: 4165:Wayback Machine 4155: 4152: 4148: 4141: 4123: 4119: 4112: 4096: 4092: 4070: 4066: 4053: 4052: 4048: 4038: 4036: 4027: 4026: 4022: 4015: 3999: 3995: 3984: 3980: 3961: 3957: 3947: 3945: 3930: 3926: 3916: 3914: 3907: 3901: 3897: 3887: 3885: 3878: 3872: 3868: 3858: 3856: 3841: 3837: 3830: 3814: 3810: 3803: 3787: 3778: 3773: 3769: 3738: 3734: 3703: 3699: 3693:Lassa Oppenheim 3691: 3687: 3655: 3649: 3645: 3637: 3633: 3626: 3612: 3608: 3600: 3596: 3588: 3581: 3574: 3560: 3556: 3548: 3544: 3538: 3520: 3516: 3493: 3469: 3465: 3447: 3443: 3437:Social Contract 3435: 3431: 3423: 3415: 3411: 3394: 3390: 3380: 3378: 3368: 3364: 3357: 3339: 3335: 3330: 3326: 3319: 3301: 3297: 3287: 3285: 3277: 3276: 3272: 3265: 3257:. 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6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6662: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6635:Jurisprudence 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6582: 6580: 6576: 6567: 6566: 6562: 6557: 6556: 6552: 6547: 6546: 6542: 6537: 6536: 6532: 6527: 6526: 6522: 6517: 6516: 6512: 6507: 6506: 6502: 6497: 6496: 6492: 6487: 6486: 6482: 6477: 6476: 6472: 6467: 6466: 6465:Rights of Man 6462: 6457: 6456: 6452: 6447: 6446: 6442: 6437: 6436: 6432: 6427: 6426: 6422: 6417: 6416: 6412: 6407: 6406: 6402: 6397: 6396: 6392: 6387: 6386: 6382: 6377: 6376: 6375:De re publica 6372: 6367: 6366: 6362: 6357: 6356: 6352: 6351: 6349: 6345: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6001: 5999: 5995:20th and 21st 5993: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5865: 5862: 5861: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5848: 5845: 5844: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5734: 5732: 5728:18th and 19th 5726: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5663: 5660: 5659: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5614: 5612: 5606: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5584:Nizam al-Mulk 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5531: 5529: 5525: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5492: 5489: 5488: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5443: 5441: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5428: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5376: 5375: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5312: 5311: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5300: 5298: 5294: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5267:Republicanism 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5134: 5132: 5128: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5063: 5061: 5057: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4892: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4875: 4870: 4868: 4863: 4861: 4856: 4855: 4852: 4845: 4840: 4836: 4834:at Wiktionary 4833: 4832: 4826: 4822: 4821: 4811: 4805: 4801: 4800: 4794: 4790: 4788:9781845401412 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4766:9781403913234 4762: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4741:"Sovereignty" 4737: 4735: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4722:9780231539302 4718: 4714: 4709: 4705: 4699: 4695: 4694: 4688: 4687: 4673: 4666: 4660: 4645: 4641: 4635: 4620: 4616: 4610: 4603: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4584: 4577: 4571: 4570:9781108690157 4567: 4563: 4562: 4555: 4549: 4548:9781316425503 4545: 4541: 4540: 4533: 4525: 4523:9780415111201 4519: 4515: 4510: 4509: 4500: 4485: 4484: 4483:U.S. v. Tiede 4476: 4469: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4443: 4436: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4410: 4406: 4400: 4392: 4390:9781317237174 4386: 4382: 4381: 4373: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4352: 4344: 4338: 4334: 4329: 4328: 4319: 4311: 4305: 4301: 4300: 4292: 4284: 4282:9780742567771 4278: 4274: 4273: 4265: 4257: 4251: 4247: 4246: 4238: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4203: 4197: 4193: 4187: 4179: 4173: 4166: 4162: 4159: 4150: 4142: 4140:9789087284411 4136: 4132: 4128: 4121: 4113: 4111:9780313323836 4107: 4103: 4102: 4094: 4088: 4086: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4068: 4060: 4056: 4050: 4034: 4030: 4024: 4016: 4010: 4006: 4005: 3997: 3990: 3989: 3982: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3959: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3928: 3913: 3906: 3899: 3884: 3877: 3870: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3839: 3831: 3825: 3821: 3820: 3812: 3804: 3802:9780198265733 3798: 3794: 3793: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3771: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3736: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3701: 3694: 3689: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3654: 3647: 3640: 3635: 3627: 3625:9783838216416 3621: 3617: 3610: 3603: 3598: 3591: 3590:Philpott 2016 3586: 3584: 3575: 3573:9781912284870 3569: 3565: 3558: 3552:, p. 57. 3551: 3546: 3539: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3518: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3475: 3467: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3445: 3438: 3433: 3422: 3421: 3413: 3405: 3401: 3400: 3392: 3377: 3373: 3372:"Sovereignty" 3366: 3358: 3356:9781503638815 3352: 3348: 3344: 3337: 3328: 3320: 3318:9781503638815 3314: 3311:. p. 9. 3310: 3306: 3299: 3284: 3280: 3279:"Sovereignty" 3274: 3266: 3264:9780521339889 3260: 3256: 3255: 3247: 3232: 3228: 3221: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3182: 3174: 3172:9780521397346 3168: 3164: 3157: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3102: 3094: 3087: 3079: 3072: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3006: 3004:9780822334422 3000: 2996: 2991: 2990: 2981: 2973: 2972: 2964: 2956: 2954:9780521565998 2950: 2946: 2945: 2937: 2935: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2879: 2871: 2869:9780231121798 2865: 2861: 2860: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2839: 2831: 2827: 2826: 2820: 2819:"Sovereignty" 2813: 2805: 2804: 2799: 2793: 2785: 2783: 2775: 2760: 2759: 2754: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2732: 2721: 2715: 2711: 2710: 2702: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2659: 2651: 2649: 2641: 2630: 2628:9781317685838 2624: 2620: 2619: 2611: 2604: 2593: 2587: 2583: 2582: 2574: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2541: 2533: 2529: 2522: 2521: 2516: 2510: 2509:public domain 2501: 2500: 2492: 2489: 2487: 2484: 2482: 2479: 2477: 2474: 2472: 2469: 2467: 2464: 2462: 2459: 2457: 2454: 2452: 2449: 2447: 2444: 2442: 2439: 2438: 2434: 2423: 2416: 2409: 2404: 2401: 2398: 2397: 2393: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2362: 2357: 2353: 2351: 2346: 2342: 2341:Salvador Dalí 2338: 2334: 2330: 2327: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2313: 2310: 2307: 2304: 2300: 2297: 2296: 2290: 2288: 2284: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2253: 2247: 2245: 2244:head of state 2239: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2224: 2214: 2198: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2174: 2171: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2157: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2141: 2136: 2133: 2128: 2123: 2120: 2118: 2114: 2107: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2091: 2084: 2081: 2079: 2074: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2056: 2052: 2044: 2043: 2039: 2036: 2035: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2021: 2017: 2014: 2013: 2009: 2006: 2005:terra nullius 2002: 2001: 1997: 1994: 1993: 1989: 1988: 1987: 1985: 1979: 1969: 1966: 1963:In 1946, the 1961: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1938: 1934: 1926: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1911:confederation 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1883: 1880: 1876: 1873: 1863: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1846:Nation-states 1843: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1816:unitary state 1813: 1808: 1806: 1802: 1797: 1795: 1791: 1790:head of state 1781: 1779: 1775: 1770: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1725:) during the 1724: 1720: 1715: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1702:of sovereign 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1680: 1675: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1657: 1655: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1637: 1635: 1634: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1612: 1610: 1604: 1601: 1594: 1589: 1587: 1581: 1571: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1553: 1543: 1540: 1534: 1530: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1506: 1496: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1485:puppet states 1482: 1478: 1474: 1469: 1467: 1463: 1458: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1419: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1383: 1379: 1368: 1365: 1357: 1347: 1343: 1337: 1336: 1331:This section 1329: 1325: 1320: 1319: 1311: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1296: 1291: 1290: 1283: 1279: 1274: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1255: 1245: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1224: 1221: 1215: 1204: 1202: 1198: 1197:sovereigntist 1190: 1187: 1184: 1183: 1182: 1180: 1176: 1170: 1169:sovereignty. 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103:According to 1101: 1098: 1093: 1091: 1087: 1086: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1045: 1037: 1034: 1033: 1032: 1030: 1029: 1024: 1020: 1019: 1014: 1013:Thomas Hobbes 1010: 1008: 1007:Great Britain 1004: 1000: 999:United States 996: 992: 982: 979: 975: 969: 967: 963: 959: 955: 954:the sovereign 950: 944: 940: 936: 935: 934: 932: 928: 927: 922: 918: 914: 910: 899: 897: 896: 891: 888: 884: 880: 870: 864: 860: 857: 853: 850: 846: 842: 841: 836: 835: 834: 832: 828: 813: 809: 807: 800: 796: 794: 785: 784: 780: 777: 774: 771: 768: 765: 762: 761: 760: 758: 754: 744: 742: 738: 734: 730: 720: 718: 714: 710: 709: 704: 703: 698: 694: 690: 686: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 652: 647: 645: 640: 638: 633: 632: 630: 629: 626: 621: 616: 615: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 585: 581: 577: 576: 575: 572: 570: 567: 565: 562: 558: 555: 554: 553: 550: 548: 545: 544: 536: 535: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 504: 500: 497: 495: 492: 491: 483: 482: 475: 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 456: 453: 450: 449: 441: 440: 433: 430: 428: 427:Civil society 425: 423: 420: 418: 415: 411: 406: 405:Public policy 403: 402: 398: 392: 391: 381: 377: 373: 372: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 356: 351: 348: 347: 343: 337: 336: 329: 326: 324: 321: 319: 316: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 299: 296: 291: 286: 282: 277: 272: 268: 267: 259: 258: 251: 248: 246: 243: 241: 238: 236: 233: 231: 228: 226: 225:Parliamentary 223: 221: 218: 216: 213: 211: 210:Hybrid regime 208: 206: 203: 201: 198: 196: 193: 191: 188: 186: 183: 181: 178: 176: 173: 171: 168: 166: 163: 162: 158: 152: 151: 144: 141: 139: 136: 134: 131: 129: 126: 124: 121: 119: 116: 114: 111: 109: 106: 105: 97: 96: 90: 87: 85: 82: 80: 77: 76: 74: 73: 70: 67: 66: 63: 59: 58: 53: 49: 45: 41: 40: 35: 34:Thomas Hobbes 30: 26: 22: 7093:Multilateral 7067: 7023:Isolationism 6976:Expansionism 6716: 6615:Elite theory 6563: 6553: 6543: 6533: 6523: 6513: 6503: 6493: 6483: 6473: 6463: 6453: 6443: 6433: 6423: 6413: 6403: 6393: 6383: 6373: 6363: 6353: 5652:Guicciardini 5608:Early modern 5431:Philosophers 5381:Open society 5317:Body politic 5187:Distributism 5177:Conservatism 5172:Confucianism 5091:Gerontocracy 5081:Dictatorship 5035:Sovereignty‎ 5034: 5025:Ruling class 4915:Emancipation 4900:Citizenship‎ 4846:at Wikiquote 4830: 4798: 4778: 4756: 4744: 4733: 4712: 4692: 4672: 4664: 4659: 4647:. Retrieved 4643: 4634: 4622:. Retrieved 4618: 4609: 4599: 4591: 4582: 4581:"Republic". 4576: 4560: 4554: 4538: 4532: 4507: 4499: 4488:, retrieved 4482: 4475: 4467: 4460:. Retrieved 4451: 4442: 4432: 4424: 4412:. Retrieved 4408: 4399: 4379: 4372: 4356: 4351: 4326: 4318: 4298: 4291: 4271: 4264: 4244: 4237: 4212: 4208: 4202: 4191: 4186: 4172: 4149: 4126: 4120: 4100: 4093: 4084: 4079: 4075: 4067: 4059:the original 4049: 4037:. Retrieved 4033:the original 4023: 4003: 3996: 3986: 3981: 3973:the original 3968: 3958: 3946:. Retrieved 3942:the original 3937: 3927: 3915:. Retrieved 3911: 3898: 3886:. Retrieved 3882: 3869: 3857:. Retrieved 3853:the original 3848: 3838: 3818: 3811: 3791: 3770: 3745: 3741: 3735: 3710: 3706: 3700: 3688: 3666:(3): 10,14. 3663: 3659: 3646: 3634: 3615: 3609: 3604:, p. 6. 3597: 3563: 3557: 3545: 3527: 3517: 3473: 3466: 3458: 3444: 3436: 3432: 3419: 3412: 3398: 3391: 3379:. Retrieved 3375: 3365: 3342: 3336: 3327: 3304: 3298: 3286:. Retrieved 3282: 3273: 3253: 3246: 3234:. Retrieved 3230: 3220: 3198:(3): 31–54. 3195: 3191: 3181: 3162: 3156: 3115: 3111: 3101: 3092: 3086: 3077: 3071: 3041:(1): 79–97. 3038: 3034: 2988: 2980: 2970: 2963: 2943: 2892: 2888: 2878: 2858: 2823: 2812: 2801: 2792: 2781: 2774: 2762:. Retrieved 2756: 2730: 2723:. Retrieved 2708: 2701: 2657: 2639: 2632:. Retrieved 2617: 2610: 2602: 2595:. Retrieved 2580: 2573: 2548: 2544: 2532: 2518: 2486:Souverainism 2413: 2408:divine right 2403:Imperialists 2389: 2385: 2359: 2350:Heliogabalus 2348: 2333:libertarians 2315:Rationalists 2285: 2250: 2248: 2240: 2225: 2221: 2197:jurisdiction 2178:underground 2040: 2034:Adjudication 2032: 2026: 2018: 2012:Prescription 2010: 1998: 1990: 1981: 1962: 1946:Hugo Grotius 1939: 1935: 1932: 1884: 1878: 1869: 1856:nation-state 1849: 1809: 1798: 1787: 1771: 1734: 1716: 1677: 1674:Vatican City 1665:Papal States 1658: 1648: 1644: 1638: 1631: 1613: 1609:intervention 1606: 1599: 1596: 1592: 1583: 1555: 1535: 1531: 1508: 1470: 1459: 1420: 1415:Soviet Union 1381: 1378:independence 1375: 1360: 1351: 1340:Please help 1335:verification 1332: 1307: 1303: 1293: 1287: 1286: 1281: 1277: 1270: 1254:jurisdiction 1251: 1234:absoluteness 1231: 1228:Absoluteness 1217: 1212: 1194: 1171: 1125:Carl Schmitt 1117: 1109: 1102: 1096: 1094: 1090:general will 1083: 1081: 1071:is founded. 1046: 1042: 1039:authorities. 1026: 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