Diplomacy - Knowledge

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geopolitical and cultural subcontinent of India. This work comprehensively studies state governance; it urges non-injury to living creatures, or malice, as well as compassion, forbearance, truthfulness, and uprightness. It presents a rajmandala (grouping of states), a model that places the home state surrounded by twelve competing entities which can either be potential adversaries or latent allies, depending on how relations with them are managed. This is the essence of realpolitik. It also offers four upaya (policy approaches): conciliation, gifts, rupture or dissent, and force. It counsels that war is the last resort, as its outcome is always uncertain. This is the first expression of the raison d'etat doctrine, as also of humanitarian law; that conquered people must be treated fairly, and assimilated.

2436:, is the cultivation of relationships, respect, or even admiration from others in order to gain influence, as opposed to more coercive approaches. Often and incorrectly confused with the practice of official diplomacy, soft power refers to non-state, culturally attractive factors that may predispose people to sympathize with a foreign culture based on affinity for its products, such as the American entertainment industry, schools and music. A country's soft power can come from three resources: its culture (in places where it is attractive to others), its political values (when it lives up to them at home and abroad), and its foreign policies (when they are seen as legitimate and having moral authority). A particular example of soft power is the use of 416: 1922: 2106: 2453:

transnationally relevant questions and issues ranging from the climate crisis to migration and the promotion of smart technology. As such, cities and city networks may seek to address and re-shape national and sub-national conflicts, support their peers in the achievement of sustainable development, and achieve certain levels of regional integration and solidarity among each other. Whereas diplomacy pursued by nation-states is often said to be disconnected from the citizenry, city diplomacy fundamentally rests on its proximity to the latter and seeks to leverage these ties "to build international strategies integrating both their values and interests."

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which may be brought to bear to prevent violent conflict (or to prevent its recurrence) is "quiet diplomacy". When one speaks of the practice of quiet diplomacy, definitional clarity is largely absent. In part this is due to a lack of any comprehensive assessment of exactly what types of engagement qualify, and how such engagements are pursued. On the one hand, a survey of the literature reveals no precise understanding or terminology on the subject. On the other hand, concepts are neither clear nor discrete in practice. Multiple definitions are often invoked simultaneously by theorists, and the activities themselves often mix and overlap in practice.

2468: 2045: 1554: 535:, which roughly means "an object folded in two". This reflected the practice of sovereigns providing a folded document to confer some official privilege; prior to the invention of the envelope, folding a document served to protect the privacy of its content. The term was later applied to all official documents, such as those containing agreements between governments, and thus became identified with international relations. This established history has in recent years been criticized by scholars pointing out how the term originates in the political context of the 1316:, that embodied and so maintained its imperial status. All these neighbors lacked a key resource that Byzantium had taken over from Rome, namely a formalized legal structure. When they set about forging formal political institutions, they were dependent on the empire. Whereas classical writers are fond of making a sharp distinction between peace and war, for the Byzantines diplomacy was a form of war by other means. With a regular army of 120,000–140,000 men after the losses of the 7th century, the empire's security depended on activist diplomacy. 1522: 1212: 1824:. There are also deep-cover spies operating in many embassies. These individuals are given fake positions at the embassy, but their main task is to illegally gather intelligence, usually by coordinating spy rings of locals or other spies. For the most part, spies operating out of embassies gather little intelligence themselves and their identities tend to be known by the opposition. If discovered, these diplomats can be expelled from an embassy, but for the most part 2492: 656: 7894: 5032: 1466: 1987: 1853: 1754: 1650: 1413: 559: 1019: 7905: 5044: 1490:

Strict standards developed for ambassadors, requiring they have large residences, host lavish parties, and play an important role in the court life of their host nation. In Rome, the most prized posting for a Catholic ambassador, the French and Spanish representatives would have a retinue of up to a hundred. Even in smaller posts, ambassadors were very expensive. Smaller states would send and receive

1345:" was the first foreign intelligence agency, gathering information on the empire's rivals from every imaginable source. While on the surface a protocol office—its main duty was to ensure foreign envoys were properly cared for and received sufficient state funds for their maintenance, and it kept all the official translators—it clearly had a security function as well. 1736:" (or, in some countries, the "diplomatic pouch"). While radio and digital communication have become more standard for embassies, diplomatic pouches are still quite common and some countries, including the United States, declare entire shipping containers as diplomatic pouches to bring sensitive material (often building supplies) into a country. 2129:. Diplomacy is the main vehicle by which small states are able to ensure that their goals are addressed in the global arena. These factors mean that small states have strong incentives to support international cooperation. But with limited resources at their disposal, conducting effective diplomacy poses unique challenges for small states. 2383:

that seek to avoid certain outcomes. For example, South Africa is described as engaging in quiet diplomacy with neighboring Zimbabwe to avoid appearing as "bullying" and subsequently engendering a hostile response. This approach can also be employed by more powerful states: U.S. President George W. Bush's nonattendance at the 2002

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Institute, humanitarian diplomacy "ranges from negotiating the presence of humanitarian organizations to negotiating access to civilian populations in need of protection. It involves monitoring assistance programs, promoting respect for international law, and engaging in advocacy in support of broader humanitarian goals".

1349:, from the 6th century, offers advice about foreign embassies: " who are sent to us should be received honorably and generously, for everyone holds envoys in high esteem. Their attendants, however, should be kept under surveillance to keep them from obtaining any information by asking questions of our people." 2382:

Also known as the "softly softly" approach, quiet diplomacy is the attempt to influence the behaviour of another state through secret negotiations or by refraining from taking a specific action. This method is often employed by states that lack alternative means to influence the target government, or

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Counterinsurgency diplomacy, or expeditionary diplomacy, developed by diplomats deployed to civil-military stabilization efforts in Iraq and Afghanistan, employs diplomats at tactical and operational levels, outside traditional embassy environments and often alongside military or peacekeeping forces.

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Sometimes nations convene official negotiation processes to settle a specific dispute or specific issue between several nations which are parties to a dispute. These are similar to the conferences mentioned above, as there are technically no established rules or procedures. However, there are general

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In times of hostility, diplomats are often withdrawn for reasons of personal safety, as well as in some cases when the host country is friendly but there is a perceived threat from internal dissidents. Ambassadors and other diplomats are sometimes recalled temporarily by their home countries as a way

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At the same time, permanent foreign ministries began to be established in almost all European states to coordinate embassies and their staffs. These ministries were still far from their modern form, and many of them had extraneous internal responsibilities. Britain had two departments with frequently

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From Italy, the practice was spread across Europe. Milan was the first to send a representative to the court of France in 1455. However, Milan refused to host French representatives, fearing they would conduct espionage and intervene in its internal affairs. As foreign powers such as France and Spain

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Humanitarian diplomacy is the set of activities undertaken by various actors with governments, (para)military organizations, or personalities in order to intervene or push intervention in a context where humanity is in danger. According to Antonio De Lauri, a research professor at the Chr. Michelsen

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Gunboat diplomacy is the use of conspicuous displays of military power as a means of intimidation to influence others. Since it is inherently coercive, it typically lies near the edge between peace and war, and is usually exercised in the context of imperialism or hegemony. An emblematic example is

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Ambassadors were often nobles with little foreign experience and no expectation of a career in diplomacy. They were supported by their embassy staff. These professionals would be sent on longer assignments and would be far more knowledgeable than the higher-ranking officials about the host country.

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Between 1500 and 1700, rules of modern diplomacy were further developed. French replaced Latin from about 1715. The top rank of representatives was an ambassador. At that time an ambassador was a nobleman, the rank of the noble assigned varying with the prestige of the country he was delegated to.

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who ruled in the 3rd century BC. It incorporates a theory of diplomacy, of how in a situation of mutually contesting kingdoms, the wise king builds alliances and tries to checkmate his adversaries. The envoys sent at the time to the courts of other kingdoms tended to reside for extended periods of

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depended less and less upon their nautical capabilities, and more and more upon the perpetuation of good relations with the Ottomans. Interactions between various merchants, diplomats and clergymen hailing from the Italian and Ottoman empires helped inaugurate and create new forms of diplomacy and

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City diplomacy refers to cities using institutions and processes to engage relations with other actors on an international stage, with the aim of representing themselves and their interests to one another. Especially today, city administrations and networks are increasingly active in the realm of

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Science diplomacy is the use of scientific collaborations among nations to address common problems and to build constructive international partnerships. Many experts and groups use a variety of definitions for science diplomacy. However, science diplomacy has become an umbrella term to describe a

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deployment) might be welcomed by parties to a conflict with a view to achieving the stabilization necessary for diplomacy and related political processes to proceed. This is to be distinguished from the use of "persuasion", "suasion", "influence", and other non-coercive approaches explored below.

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Other times, resolutions were sought through the convening of international conferences. In such cases, there are fewer ground rules, and fewer formal applications of international law. However, participants are expected to guide themselves through principles of international fairness, logic, and

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As European power spread around the world in the 18th and 19th centuries so too did its diplomatic model, and Asian countries adopted syncretic or European diplomatic systems. For example, as part of diplomatic negotiations with the West over control of land and trade in China in the 19th century

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felt the need to accommodate themselves diplomatically, due to the emergence of the powerful political environment of the Ottoman Empire. One could come to the conclusion that the atmosphere of diplomacy within the early modern period revolved around a foundation of conformity to Ottoman culture.

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Preventive diplomacy, in the view of one expert, is "the range of peaceful dispute resolution approaches mentioned in Article 33 of the UN Charter when applied before a dispute crosses the threshold to armed conflict." It may take many forms, with different means employed. One form of diplomacy

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Preventive diplomacy is carried out through quiet means (as opposed to "gun-boat diplomacy", which is backed by the threat of force, or "public diplomacy", which makes use of publicity). It is also understood that circumstances may exist in which the consensual use of force (notably preventive

2074:– Convened in 1978 by President Jimmy Carter of the United States, at Camp David to reach an agreement between Prime Minister Mechaem Begin of Israel and President Anwar Sadat of Egypt. After weeks of negotiation, agreement was reached and the accords were signed, later leading directly to the 758:

on some occasions dispatched envoys to negotiate specific issues, such as war and peace or commercial relations, but did not have diplomatic representatives regularly posted in each other's territory. However, some of the functions given to modern diplomatic representatives were fulfilled by a

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New analysis of Arthashastra brings out that hidden inside the 6,000 aphorisms of prose (sutras) are pioneering political and philosophic concepts. It covers the internal and external spheres of statecraft, politics and administration. The normative element is the political unification of the

744: 1518:. Representatives from republics were ranked the lowest (which often angered the leaders of the numerous German, Scandinavian, and Italian republics). Determining precedence between two kingdoms depended on a number of factors that often fluctuated, leading to near-constant squabbling. 942:(c. 1050–256 BC) figurehead monarchs while each vied for power and total conquest. However, a great deal of diplomacy in establishing allies, bartering land, and signing peace treaties was necessary for each warring state, and the idealized role of the "persuader/diplomat" developed. 1168:. The paiza were in three different types (golden, silver, and copper) depending on the envoy's level of importance. With the paiza, there came authority that the envoy can ask for food, transport, place to stay from any city, village, or clan within the empire with no difficulties. 1157:, East Africa, and Egypt. Chinese maritime activity was increased dramatically during the commercialized period of the Song dynasty, with new nautical technologies, many more private ship owners, and an increasing amount of economic investors in overseas ventures. 1059:

as the hub of civilization and emulated its central bureaucracy as the model of governance. The Japanese sent frequent embassies to China in this period, although they halted these trips in 894 when the Tang seemed on the brink of collapse. After the devastating

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Public diplomacy is the exercise of influence through communication with the general public in another nation, rather than attempting to influence the nation's government directly. This communication may take the form of propaganda, or more benign forms such as

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Diplomacy was a complex affair, even more so than now. The ambassadors from each state were ranked by complex levels of precedence that were much disputed. States were normally ranked by the title of the sovereign; for Catholic nations the emissary from the

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when faced with a specific question or point of contention in need of resolution. For most of history, there were no official or formal procedures for such proceedings. They were generally accepted to abide by general principles and protocols related to

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Most countries provide professional training for their diplomats and maintain institutions specifically for that purpose. Private institutions also exist as do establishments associated with organizations like the European Union and the United Nations.

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The writings that preserve information about the political history of the period define a set of idealized roles that constitute the Warring States polity: the monarch, the reforming minister, the military commander, the persuader/diplomat, and the

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became increasingly involved in Italian politics the need to accept emissaries was recognized. Soon the major European powers were exchanging representatives. Spain was the first to send a permanent representative; it appointed an ambassador to the

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Embassy staff would include a wide range of employees, including some dedicated to espionage. The need for skilled individuals to staff embassies was met by the graduates of universities, and this led to a great increase in the study of

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Goffman, Daniel. "Negotiating with the Renaissance State: The Ottoman Empire and the New Diplomacy." In The Early Modern Ottomans: Remapping the Empire. Eds. Virginia Aksan and Daniel Goffman. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.

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by a state or quasi-state actor to fulfill diplomatic goals. It is a type of asymmetric diplomacy often used by weaker states to pressure stronger ones. Hostage diplomacy has been practiced from prehistory to the present day.

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includes learning as much as possible about the military of the nation to which they are assigned. They do not try to hide this role and, as such, are only invited to events allowed by their hosts, such as military parades or

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Sometimes these took the form of formal arbitrations and mediations. In such cases a commission of diplomats might be convened to hear all sides of an issue, and to come some sort of ruling based on international law.

867:. Eventually the primary purpose of a diplomat, which was originally a negotiator, evolved into a persona that represented an autonomous state in all aspects of political affairs. It became evident that all other 2151:

Appeasement is a policy of making concessions to an aggressor in order to avoid confrontation; because of its failure to prevent World War 2, appeasement is not considered a legitimate tool of modern diplomacy.

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Diplomacy is closely linked to espionage or gathering of intelligence. Embassies are bases for both diplomats and spies, and some diplomats are essentially openly acknowledged spies. For instance, the job of

1486:, however, did not regularly send permanent legates, as they could not represent the interests of all the German princes (who were in theory all subordinate to the Emperor, but in practice each independent). 3632: 515:, most commonly consulates and embassies, and rely on a number of support staff; the term diplomat is thus sometimes applied broadly to diplomatic and consular personnel and foreign ministry officials. 1572:

and the subsequent years of warfare. The revolution would see commoners take over the diplomacy of the French state, and of those conquered by revolutionary armies. Ranks of precedence were abolished.

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Counterinsurgency diplomacy may provide political environment advice to local commanders, interact with local leaders, and facilitate the governance efforts, functions and reach of a host government.

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overlapping powers until 1782. They were also far smaller than they are currently. France, which boasted the largest foreign affairs department, had only some 70 full-time employees in the 1780s.

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Diplomatic communications are also viewed as sacrosanct, and diplomats have long been allowed to carry documents across borders without being searched. The mechanism for this is the so-called "

765:, a citizen of the host city who had friendly relations with another city, often through familial ties. In times of peace, diplomacy was even conducted with non-Hellenistic rivals such as the 495:

Modern diplomatic methods, practices, and principles originated largely from 17th-century European customs. Beginning in the early 20th century, diplomacy became professionalized; the 1961

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Debt-trap diplomacy is carried out in bilateral relations, with a powerful lending country seeking to saddle a borrowing nation with enormous debt so as to increase its leverage over it.

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There are a variety of diplomatic categories and diplomatic strategies employed by organizations and governments to achieve their aims, each with its own advantages and disadvantages.

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Leira, Halvard. “A Conceptual History of Diplomacy,” in The SAGE Handbook of Diplomacy, ed. Costas M. Constantinou, Pauline Kerr, and Paul Sharp (London: SAGE Publications Ltd, 2016).

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contains advice on the deportment of the envoy, including the trenchant suggestion that "he should sleep alone". The highest morality for the king is that his kingdom should prosper.

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in a state's foreign policy. American political scientist Myron Weiner argued that international migration is intricately linked to states' international relations. More recently,

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by Longmans, Green & Co. London & New York, 1917. A standard reference work used in many embassies across the world (though not British ones). In its fifth edition (1998)

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and agents to monitor compliance. Information gleaned from espionage is useful in almost all forms of diplomacy, everything from trade agreements to border disputes.

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The elements of modern diplomacy slowly spread to Eastern Europe and Russia, arriving by the early 18th century. The entire edifice would be greatly disrupted by the

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was defeated, there were many diplomatic questions waiting to be resolved. This included the shape of the political map of Europe, the disposition of political and

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were well known for strongly insisting on the rights of diplomats, and they would often wreak horrific vengeance against any state that violated these rights.

1319: 499:, ratified by most of the world's sovereign states, provides a framework for diplomatic procedures, methods, and conduct. Most diplomacy is now conducted by 402: 3451:

Greenhill, Kelly M. (September 2002). "Engineered Migration and the Use of Refugees as Political Weapons: A Case Study of the 1994 Cuban Balseros Crisis".

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claims of various ethnic groups and nationalities wishing to have some political autonomy, and the resolution of various claims by various European powers.

3643: 1119: 2031:(13 June – 13 July 1878) was a meeting of the European Great Powers' and the Ottoman Empire's leading statesmen in Berlin in 1878. In the wake of the 5082: 2978:

Historical discontinuity between diplomatic practice of the ancient and medieval worlds and modern diplomacy has been questioned; see, for instance,

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The information gathered by spies plays an increasingly important role in diplomacy. Arms-control treaties would be impossible without the power of

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Diplomatic rights were established in the mid-17th century in Europe and have spread throughout the world. These rights were formalized by the 1961

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to express displeasure with the host country. In both cases, lower-level employees still remain to actually do the business of diplomacy.

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of Macedon. Alexander was also adept at diplomacy, realizing that the conquest of foreign cultures would be better achieved by having his

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The ministers of foreign affairs of the United States, the United Kingdom, Russia, Germany, France, China, the European Union and Iran

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The key challenge to the Byzantine Empire was to maintain a set of relations between itself and its sundry neighbors, including the

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Jackson, Peter "Tradition and adaptation: the social universe of the French Foreign Ministry in the era of the First World War",

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Rowlands, K. (2012). "Decided Preponderance at Sea": Naval Diplomacy in Strategic Thought. Naval War College Review, 65(4), 5–5.

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while on a diplomatic mission. If a diplomat does commit a serious crime while in a host country he or she may be declared as

938:. He lived during a time in which rival states were starting to pay less attention to traditional respects of tutelage to the 468:

which represents the broader goals and strategies that guide a state's interactions with the rest of the world. International

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number of formal or informal technical, research-based, academic or engineering exchanges, with notable examples including

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also refused to acknowledge diplomatic immunity, imprisoning several British diplomats accused of scheming against France.

1027:, a 6th-century Chinese painting portraying various emissaries; ambassadors depicted in the painting ranging from those of 423: 388: 7847: 6342: 6293: 5455: 5308: 5298: 4338: 2216:

in retaliation for the harming of a British subject and the failure of Greek government to provide him with restitution.

1587:. Disputes on precedence among nations (and therefore the appropriate diplomatic ranks used) were first addressed at the 881: 3228: 623: 7659: 6273: 6268: 6017: 5673: 5225: 5215: 3810:

City diplomacy : the role of local government in conflict prevention, peace-building, post-conflict reconstruction

2855: 1222:, with its kingdoms and dynasties, had a long tradition of diplomacy. The oldest treatise on statecraft and diplomacy, 1149:. Since the Tang dynasty (618–907 AD), the Chinese also became heavily invested in sending diplomatic envoys abroad on 961:

and pay an exorbitant amount of tribute (in silk, cloth, grain, and other foodstuffs) to the powerful northern nomadic

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that many of the traditions of modern diplomacy began, such as the presentation of an ambassador's credentials to the

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and dredging up old court archives. There was also a triad of warfare and diplomacy between these two states and the

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Economic diplomacy is the use of aid or other types of economic policy as a means to achieve a diplomatic agenda.

1965:, or other formal commissions, agencies and tribunals, working under the United Nations. Below are some examples. 777:

and Greek subjects intermingle and intermarry with native populations. For instance, Alexander took as his wife a

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during the re-establishment of diplomatic relations between Brazil and Portugal after talks mediated by Queen

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spanning several different decades, the Tang finally made a truce and signed a peace treaty with them in 841.

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gifted intimate portraits of himself to representatives from Italy, England, the United States, and France.

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neighbor to the north. Both diplomats secured the rightful borders of the Song dynasty through knowledge of

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Norman, Kelsey P. (6 January 2020). "Migration Diplomacy and Policy Liberalization in Morocco and Turkey".

2321: 2117:. Small states are particularly affected by developments which are determined beyond their borders such as 2105: 1595:, when the rank of ambassador became the norm. In between that time, figures such as the German Chancellor 609: 3790: 415: 7691: 7596: 7369: 7271: 6738: 6588: 6158: 6027: 5875: 5318: 4576: 4257: 3254: 2411: 1973:

was enacted after the United States and Britain submitted a dispute to international mediation about the

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Mark, Chi-Kwan (2009). "Hostage Diplomacy: Britain, China, and the Politics of Negotiation, 1967–1969".

7802: 7777: 6230: 6141: 6112: 5526: 5335: 5112: 5047: 5005: 1874: 1775: 1667: 1626:(Saint Petersburg) until 1917, while "Consulta" referred to the Italian foreign ministry, based in the 1538: 1430: 1327: 576: 454: 346: 253: 27: 591: 7442: 6950: 6827: 6288: 6278: 6256: 6124: 6070: 5928: 5885: 5550: 3295:"Migration diplomacy in the Global South: cooperation, coercion and issue linkage in Gaddafi's Libya" 3115: 2261: 1942: 1913:

Various processes and procedures have evolved over time for handling diplomatic issues and disputes.

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in the 2nd century BC. Another notable event in Chinese diplomacy was the Chinese embassy mission of

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constituted a form of quiet diplomacy, in response to the lack of UN support for the U.S.' proposed

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Long before the Tang and Song dynasties, the Chinese had sent envoys into Central Asia, India, and

899: 341: 299: 103: 96: 4178:. A study of alternative forms of diplomacy and essays on cultural diplomacy by Lucien Bély et al. 4045:

Diplomatic Conferences and Congresses. A Bibliographical Compendium of State Practice 1642 to 1919

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The Political Testament of Cardinal Richeleiu: The Significant Chapters and Supporting Selections

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were particularly important to Italian states, to which the Ottoman government was known as the

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oasis city-states, a treaty was drafted in 162 BC proclaiming that everything north of the

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François Modoux, "La Suisse engagera 300 millions pour rénover le Palais des Nations",

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were also flourishing centers of diplomacy from the 14th century onward. It was in the

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from 755 to 763, the Tang dynasty was in no position to reconquer Central Asia and the

999:(r. 141–87 BC) which shattered the unity of the Xiongnu and allowed Han to conquer the 970: 859: 851: 794: 616: 548: 512: 376: 294: 289: 74: 4539: 3157:

Counterinsurgency Diplomacy: Political Advisors at the Operational and Tactical levels

7842: 7752: 7432: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7379: 7311: 7281: 7261: 6910: 6852: 6675: 6536: 6428: 6404: 6394: 6349: 6065: 6022: 5965: 5890: 5656: 5511: 5380: 5345: 5288: 5256: 5173: 4967: 4935: 4869: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4773: 4763: 4758: 4723: 4713: 4667: 4652: 4475: 4265: 4238: 4221: 4189: 4171: 4157: 4143: 4072: 4064: 4048: 4033: 4017: 3979: 3954: 3936: 3935:. Washington, District of Columbia: Dumbarton Oaks, Research Library and Collection. 3919: 3898: 3884: 3859: 3849: 3824: 3814: 3677: 3548: 3536: 3468: 3425: 3417: 3382: 3372: 3318: 3210: 3090: 3055: 2920: 2890: 2851: 2811: 2762: 2679: 2631: 2536: 2531: 2511: 2506: 2400: 2384: 2371: 2363: 2359: 2225: 2205: 2198: 2093: 1998: 1947: 1726: 1702:

The sanctity of diplomats has long been observed, underpinning the modern concept of

1596: 1569: 1547: 1392: 1331: 1200: 1154: 996: 946: 919: 855: 806: 798: 766: 536: 419: 284: 248: 222: 152: 84: 7561: 3294: 2807:

The Cambridge History of Ancient China: from the origins of civilization to 221 B.C.

2092:. Roosevelt's personal intervention settled the conflict, and caused him to win the 1145:

in the 13th century. Chinese diplomacy was a necessity in the distinctive period of

989:. The treaty was renewed no less than nine times, but did not restrain some Xiongnu 7682: 7650: 7586: 7566: 7412: 7364: 7266: 7251: 7206: 7162: 7157: 7130: 6992: 6962: 6930: 6900: 6890: 6648: 6583: 6435: 6377: 6251: 6205: 6195: 6075: 6007: 5987: 5680: 5601: 5596: 5531: 5400: 5323: 5000: 4884: 4818: 4738: 4728: 4683: 4662: 4635: 4627: 3669: 3610: 3571: 3528: 3499: 3460: 3437: 3409: 3341: 3306: 3198: 2998:

Gaston Zeller, "French diplomacy and foreign policy in their European setting." in

2669: 2581: 2576: 2521: 2352: 2277: 2269: 1990: 1623: 1380: 1281: 1219: 1122:

to exchange the respective lands they had captured from each other during the war.

1061: 755: 728: 439: 3369:

Weapons of mass migration : forced displacement, coercion, and foreign policy

3310: 2284:

were used in the context of Jordanian, Lebanese, and Turkish migration diplomacy.

2113:

Small state diplomacy is receiving increasing attention in diplomatic studies and

1494:, who were a rung below ambassador. Somewhere between the two was the position of 7857: 7852: 7523: 7518: 7437: 7417: 7246: 7167: 7152: 7098: 7057: 6925: 6663: 6595: 6389: 5905: 5843: 5833: 5806: 5771: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5268: 4983: 4914: 4788: 4592: 4438: 4307: 4228: 4083:

Adenauer's Foreign Office: West German Diplomacy in the Shadow of the Third Reich

4000: 3930: 3724:

Kuseni Dlamini, "Is Quiet Diplomacy an Effective Conflict Resolution Strategy?",

3647: 3636: 3168: 3084: 2979: 2914: 2884: 2805: 2601: 2566: 2551: 2546: 2497: 2441: 2257: 2253: 1607: 1584: 1196: 1069: 1000: 802: 500: 336: 243: 227: 167: 3791:"City Diplomacy: the expanding role of City diplomacy in International Politics" 3332:

Weiner, Myron (1985). "On International Migration and International Relations".

1383:

who established permanent embassies to the other city states of Northern Italy.

7832: 7807: 7673: 7601: 7498: 7457: 7447: 7422: 7359: 7316: 7184: 7125: 7120: 7093: 7022: 6997: 6940: 6796: 6696: 6455: 6263: 5997: 5816: 5766: 5157: 4909: 4879: 4768: 4617: 2556: 2473:

Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation

2126: 2122: 2118: 2057: 2049: 1733: 1611: 1602:

Diplomats and historians often refer to a foreign ministry by its address: the

1368: 1241: 950: 934: 843: 828: 743:

created one of the first known international peace treaties, which survives in

740: 708: 700: 684: 465: 450: 309: 16:

Practice of conducting negotiations between representatives of groups or states

3995:

A World Restored: Metternich, Castlereagh, and the Problem of Peace: 1812–1822

3863: 3828: 3413: 3202: 1521: 1367:

In Europe, early modern diplomacy's origins are often traced to the states of

1211: 7923: 7812: 7581: 7291: 7256: 7142: 7135: 7103: 7052: 7027: 7002: 6784: 6750: 6656: 6519: 6492: 6473: 6185: 5992: 5828: 5668: 5641: 4793: 4783: 4492: 4487: 3704: 3681: 3540: 3532: 3472: 3421: 3386: 2871: 2848:

Narratives of Free Trade: The Commercial Cultures of Early US-China Relations

2797: 2723: 2683: 2606: 1603: 1491: 1396: 1161: 1100: 1092: 868: 864: 847: 736: 680: 504: 431: 361: 351: 162: 3464: 3400:

Teitelbaum, Michael S. (1984). "Immigration, refugees, and foreign policy".

1111: 985:

belong to nomads' lands, while everything south of it would be reserved for

488:

and processes. Diplomats may also help shape a state by advising government

7898: 7641: 7513: 7488: 7191: 7110: 6685: 6553: 6543: 6504: 6480: 6225: 5950: 5848: 5420: 5340: 5293: 4181: 3965:

The French Foreign Office and the Origins of the First World War, 1898–1914

3615: 3429: 2611: 2366:

now allow instant communication with foreign citizens, and methods such as

2276:

in states' pursuit of international diplomacy goals. In the context of the

2064:

principles and precedents which help define a course for such proceedings.

2053: 1707: 1619: 1592: 1515: 1224: 1184: 1172: 1138: 1088: 1076: 1052: 1028: 939: 907: 790: 356: 207: 64: 5060: 4316: 7817: 7493: 7276: 7082: 7012: 6713: 6460: 6180: 5975: 5918: 5853: 5838: 5761: 5506: 5385: 5365: 5278: 5263: 5178: 5012: 4859: 4693: 4032:

DiploProjects, Mediterranean Academy of Diplomatic Studies, Malta, 2001,

3504: 3487: 2910: 2616: 2437: 2432:

Soft power, sometimes called "hearts and minds diplomacy", as defined by

2317: 2146: 2035:, 1877–78, the meeting's aim was to reorganize conditions in the Balkans. 2021: 1534: 1372: 1134: 1096: 1065: 1056: 1012: 986: 978: 966: 954: 832: 716: 485: 371: 366: 319: 197: 177: 113: 79: 54: 45: 20: 4111:

The Foreign Office Mind: The Making of British Foreign Policy, 1865–1914

3086:

Diplomacy, The Only Legitimate Way of Conducting International Relations

2491: 655: 7533: 7349: 6774: 6215: 6090: 6085: 5390: 4941: 4414: 3980:

Face-to-Face Diplomacy: Social Neuroscience and International Relations

3953:

by American Foreign Service Association, Second edition February 2003,

3689: 3661: 3583: 3353: 2433: 2427: 1674: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1437: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1362: 1334: 1130: 1036: 583: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 461:

institutions intended to influence events in the international system.

7827: 4503: 4202:(2000), history of the British ministry and its headquarters building. 3916:

Journey to Become a Diplomat: With a Guide to Careers in World Affairs

3843: 3808: 3641:

Mutually Assured Destruction Revisited, Strategic Doctrine in Question

3135:

E-Diplomacy Capacities within the EU-27: Small States and Social Media

2844:"The Face of Diplomacy in 19th-Century China: Qiying's Portrait Gifts" 1465: 715:

during the 14th century BC. Peace treaties were concluded between the

7503: 6967: 6622: 6411: 6325: 6310: 6148: 5982: 5940: 5751: 5251: 4957: 4622: 4139:

Foreign Ministries: Managing Diplomatic Networks and Optimizing Value

2759:

Diplomacy and Ideology: From the French Revolution to the Digital Age

1962: 1722: 1293: 1273: 974: 304: 212: 202: 91: 3673: 3575: 3345: 2088:

brought together the delegates from Russia and Japan, to settle the

1986: 1852: 1753: 1649: 1412: 995:

from raiding Han borders. That was until the far-flung campaigns of

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The Cambridge History of the First World War: Volume II: The State

3031:

The Cambridge History of the First World War: Volume II: The State

2889:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 281. 2711:

The Cambridge History of the First World War: Volume II: The State

1375:, with the first embassies being established in the 13th century. 7234: 7224: 7042: 6987: 6680: 6643: 6566: 6548: 6531: 6514: 6165: 6119: 5960: 5933: 5786: 5781: 5756: 5626: 3562:

Shain, Yossi (1994). "Ethnic Diasporas and U.S. Foreign Policy".

2312:

Nuclear diplomacy is the area of diplomacy related to preventing

2265: 2213: 1957:

In the modern era, much of this work is often carried out by the

1711: 1622:(Washington, D.C.). For the Russian foreign ministry, it was the 1384: 1323: 1285: 1176: 1150: 1115: 1107: 1084: 1018: 1004: 962: 929: 782: 59: 4300:

Frontline Diplomacy: The Foreign Affairs Oral History Collection

4121: 3951:

Inside a U.S. Embassy: How the Foreign Service Works for America

449:

comprises spoken or written communication by representatives of

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Diplomacy: Communication and the Origins of International Order

4154:

The 21st Century Ambassador: Plenipotentiary to Chief Executive

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is considered one of the most skilled diplomats of all time.

6283: 5746: 5741: 5147: 2916:

Warfare, State and Society in the Byzantine World, 565–1204

2415: 2407: 1297: 991: 724: 4097:

The Congress of Vienna: A Study in Allied Unity: 1812–1822

1337:(Madrid Skylitzes, Biblioteca Nacional de España, Madrid). 531:("diplomat" or "diplomatist"), based on the ancient Greek 6875: 6867: 5577: 5427: 4281: 2440:

bears by China as a diplomatic gift, a practice known as

1550:, French, and history at universities throughout Europe. 172: 69: 4262:

The Ambassadors: From Ancient Greece to the Nation State

4013:

Multistakeholder Diplomacy: Challenges and Opportunities

3029:

David Std Stevenson, "The Diplomats" in Jay Winter, ed.

2782: 2780: 2778: 2306:

Comprehensive agreement on the Iranian nuclear programme

973:(r. 180–157) that they controlled areas stretching from 2986:(Continuum International Publishing Group, 2003), p. 1 1106:

to the northwest of Song China (centered in modern-day

2724:"diplomacy | Nature, Purpose, History, & Practice" 2374:

are increasingly used by world leaders and diplomats.

1591:

in 1818, but persisted for over a century until after

699:

Some of the earliest known diplomatic records are the

4212:

Stevenson, David. "The Diplomats" in Jay Winter, ed.

2775: 1003:; under Wu, in 104 BC the Han armies ventured as far 3045:

Itamaraty, (in Portuguese) Retrieved 8 November 2021

2487: 1721:, which protects diplomats from being persecuted or 19:

For the textual analysis of historic documents, see

4306:– American diplomats describe their careers on the 3252: 2048:Celebrating the signing of the Camp David Accords: 1352: 4170:, Toulouse, Presses Universitaires du Midi, 2015. 4166:Rivère de Carles, Nathalie, and Duclos, Nathalie, 4043:Macalister-Smith Peter, Schwietzke, Joachim, ed., 1153:missions into the Indian Ocean, to India, Persia, 1079:(960–1279), there were shrewd ambassadors such as 769:of Persia, through it was ultimately conquered by 3127: 3125: 2109:Czech (originally Czechoslovak) Embassy in Berlin 7921: 4207:The Foreign Office and Foreign Policy, 1898–1914 4132:. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). pp. 294–300. 2850:. Hong Kong University Press. pp. 131–148. 2796: 4304:Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training 3841: 3272:"Humanitarian Diplomacy: A New Research Agenda" 2009:Some examples of these formal conferences are: 1583:of 1815 established an international system of 1537:) is the city that hosts the highest number of 797:that succeeded Alexander's empire, such as the 5133:Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) 3911:(ed. Karl W Schweizer and M.Keens-Soper), 1983 3253:Rousseau, Elise; Sommo Pende, Achille (2020). 3122: 2984:English Diplomatic Practice in the Middle Ages 1055:(618–907 AD) looked to the Chinese capital of 5558: 5076: 4332: 4059:Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World 3932:Three Byzantine Military Treatises (Volume 9) 3702: 3182: 2942:"War by Other Means: The Legacy of Byzantium" 527:is derived from the 18th-century French term 396: 3897:, 3rd edition, Palgrave, Basingstoke, 2005, 3705:"Options and Techniques for Quiet Diplomacy" 3222: 3220: 3082: 1916: 1051:The Koreans and Japanese during the Chinese 727:around approximately 2100 BC. Following the 5090: 4346: 1881:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1782:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1599:were renowned for international diplomacy. 928:was the 6th-century BC military strategist 831:dress, painted by Antoine de Favray, 1766, 5565: 5551: 5083: 5069: 4339: 4325: 4136:Rana, Kishan S. and Jovan Kurbalija, eds. 4010:Jovan Kurbalija and Valentin Katrandjiev, 3399: 3371:. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. 403: 389: 5148:North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 3614: 3596: 3503: 3485: 3450: 3366: 3292: 3217: 2939: 2810:Cambridge University Press. p. 587. 2673: 1901:Learn how and when to remove this message 1842: 1802:Learn how and when to remove this message 1719:Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 1690:Learn how and when to remove this message 1453:Learn how and when to remove this message 1087:who achieved diplomatic success with the 643:Learn how and when to remove this message 497:Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 7388:List of military strategies and concepts 4116: 2872:Cristian Violatti, "Arthashastra" (2014) 2756: 2466: 2463:List of diplomatic training institutions 2291: 2104: 2043: 1985: 1920: 1552: 1520: 1464: 1379:played a leading role, especially under 1318: 1210: 1017: 822: 666: 654: 414: 5153:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) 2967:Byzantine Military Treatise on Strategy 2882: 2643: 2385:World Summit on Sustainable Development 819:Foreign relations of the Ottoman Empire 7922: 3928: 3659: 3518: 3331: 3109: 2962: 2909: 2655: 2260:has identified how states may employ ' 1471:Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord 315:Forum (alternative dispute resolution) 5546: 5064: 4524:Conseiller chargé des investissements 4320: 3806: 3703:Collins, Craig; Packer, John (2006). 3561: 3269: 3078: 3076: 2675:10.1146/annurev-polisci-051214-100534 2208:in 1850, in which the United Kingdom 1828:agencies prefer to keep these agents 1183:in 1689. This was followed up by the 484:are usually the result of diplomatic 436:General Secretary of the Soviet Union 430:(President of the United States) and 7904: 5572: 5043: 4047:W. Neugebauer, Graz, Feldkirch 2017 3726:SA Yearbook of International Affairs 3188: 3131: 2940:Antonucci, Michael (February 1993). 2841: 2155: 1879:adding citations to reliable sources 1846: 1780:adding citations to reliable sources 1747: 1672:adding citations to reliable sources 1643: 1435:adding citations to reliable sources 1406: 1236:), who was the principal adviser to 1175:concluded a series of treaties with 703:written between the pharaohs of the 581:adding citations to reliable sources 552: 464:Diplomacy is the main instrument of 424:Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 7848:Idealism in international relations 3763: 3226: 2709:"The Diplomats" in Jay Winter, ed. 2230:Hostage diplomacy is the taking of 1506:was paramount, then those from the 1261: 1068:. After several conflicts with the 882:Foreign relations of imperial China 13: 5226:International relations since 1989 5216:Diplomatic history of World War II 5138:International Criminal Court (ICC) 4104:The Evolution of Diplomatic Method 3653: 3603:Journal of Global Security Studies 3486:Tsourapas, Gerasimos (June 2018). 3110:Corgan, Michael (12 August 2008). 3073: 2919:. London: UCL Press. p. 101. 2690: 2662:Annual Review of Political Science 2252:Migration diplomacy is the use of 14: 7941: 5522:International political sociology 4295:United States Department of State 4275: 4168:Forms of Diplomacy (16th–21st c.) 3842:Kihlgren Grandi, Lorenzo (2020). 3639:; Col. Alan J. Parrington, USAF, 3334:Population and Development Review 2475:at 53/2 Ostozhenka Street, Moscow 969:. After the Xiongnu sent word to 812: 7903: 7893: 7892: 5042: 5031: 5030: 4252:The Embassador and His Functions 4234:The Political Adviser's Handbook 4026:Kurbalija J. and Slavik H. eds. 3895:Diplomacy: Theory & Practice 3650:, Airpower Journal, Winter 1997. 3000:The New Cambridge Modern History 2658:"The Diplomacy of War and Peace" 2490: 1851: 1752: 1648: 1579:After the fall of Napoleon, the 1557:Frontispiece of the Acts of the 1411: 1353:Medieval and early modern Europe 1206: 1024:Portraits of Periodical Offering 924:One of the earliest realists in 557: 509:dedicated foreign affairs office 5517:International political economy 5018:Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy 4293:(and related handbooks) of the 3873: 3835: 3800: 3783: 3757: 3732: 3718: 3696: 3623: 3590: 3555: 3512: 3492:International Studies Quarterly 3479: 3444: 3393: 3360: 3325: 3286: 3263: 3246: 3173: 3149: 3103: 3083:Fahim Younus, Mohammad (2010). 3048: 3036: 3023: 3005: 2992: 2972: 2956: 2933: 2903: 2876: 2864: 2700:, Pearson Education, 2006, p. 1 2238: 2100: 2039: 1659:needs additional citations for 1422:needs additional citations for 1118:from 1075 to 1077, Song and Lý 1075:In the 11th century during the 568:needs additional citations for 4186:A Guide to Diplomatic Practice 3918:FPA Global Vision Books 2005, 3521:International Migration Review 3020:, Friday 28 June 2013, page 9. 2835: 2790: 2750: 2741: 2716: 2703: 2649: 2140: 1981: 1959:International Court of Justice 1935:Victoria of the United Kingdom 1120:made a peace agreement in 1082 1007:in Central Asia to battle the 965:that had been consolidated by 926:international relations theory 480:, and other manifestations of 280:Alternative dispute resolution 1: 4225:. Cambridge University Press. 4102:Nicolson, Sir Harold George. 4095:Nicolson, Sir Harold George. 4088:Nicolson, Sir Harold George. 3983:. Cambridge University Press. 3597:Tsourapas, Gerasimos (2019). 3311:10.1080/01436597.2017.1350102 3293:Tsourapas, Gerasimos (2017). 2886:The Great Armies of Antiquity 2846:. In Johnson, Kendall (ed.). 2421: 2327: 1997:(1881): final meeting at the 749:Egyptian–Hittite peace treaty 673:Egyptian–Hittite peace treaty 5485:Related fields and subfields 5013:Twin towns and sister cities 4216:(2014) vol 2 ch 3, pp 66–90. 3883:(U. of Chicago Press, 2010) 3662:"Mutual Assured Destruction" 3367:Greenhill, Kelly M. (2010). 2883:Gabriel, Richard A. (2002). 2757:Stagnell, Alexander (2020). 2322:mutually assured destruction 2247: 2164: 1941:Nations sometimes resort to 1832:and under close monitoring. 1743: 1402: 1330:, sends a delegation to the 1215:India's diplomatic personnel 1043:(part of the modern Korea), 875: 694: 518: 511:. Diplomats operate through 7: 7370:Operational manoeuvre group 3564:Political Science Quarterly 2483: 2456: 2412:International Space Station 2178: 1633: 1589:Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle 1539:international organizations 1179:Russia, beginning with the 896:Europeans in Medieval China 747:, now generally called the 705:eighteenth dynasty of Egypt 507:and ambassadors, through a 10: 7946: 7803:Peace and conflict studies 7692:Infantry fighting vehicles 6231:Front; Russian land forces 5527:Peace and conflict studies 5143:Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) 5006:Plenipotentiary Conference 3929:Dennis, George T. (1985). 3630:Mutual Assured Destruction 3402:International Organization 3270:Lauri, Antonio De (2018). 3191:Diplomacy & Statecraft 2656:Trager, Robert F. (2016). 2460: 2425: 2398: 2394: 2350: 2331: 2287: 2223: 2219: 2196: 2192: 2182: 2168: 2144: 2084:– Enacted after President 1637: 1630:(Rome) from 1874 to 1922. 1356: 1265: 1110:). After warring with the 959:uphold a marriage alliance 885: 879: 816: 546: 542: 347:Peace and conflict studies 254:Mutual assured destruction 28:Diplomacy (disambiguation) 25: 18: 7890: 7858:International cooperation 7790: 7765: 7632: 7625: 7547: 7466: 7378: 7330: 7205: 7081: 6866: 6828:Combat information center 6805: 6726: 6636: 6365: 6358: 6289:Infantry fighting vehicle 6239: 6071:Unified combatant command 6041: 5904: 5716: 5584: 5484: 5436: 5234: 5191: 5166: 5120: 5111: 5098: 5026: 4976: 4950: 4852: 4676: 4605: 4585: 4557: 4501: 4468: 4452: 4407: 4374: 4365: 4358: 3766:"Think Again: Soft Power" 3414:10.1017/S0020818300026801 3203:10.1080/09592290903293803 3145:– via www.grin.com. 3116:e-International Relations 2346: 2262:weapons of mass migration 2076:Egypt–Israel peace treaty 1943:international arbitration 1917:Arbitration and mediation 1837:reconnaissance satellites 1256: 1191:in the mid-19th century. 1171:In the 17th century, the 789:, after the siege of the 756:ancient Greek city-states 7773:Lists of wars by country 7215:List of military tactics 6333:Self-propelled artillery 6221:Special units by nation: 5664:Protocols and structure: 4996:Parliamentary delegation 4875:Diplomatic accreditation 4641:African Diplomatic Corps 4382:Permanent representative 4285:and associated Handbooks 4081:Maulucci Jr., Thomas W. 3533:10.1177/0197918319895271 3229:"Iran's hostage factory" 3132:Tutt, A. (23 May 2014). 3089:. Lulu. pp. 45–47. 2377: 2132: 1496:minister plenipotentiary 900:Jesuit missions in China 663:, 1975, Groninger Museum 342:Non-aggression principle 300:Conflict style inventory 104:Nonviolent Communication 7870:International relations 7863:Crimes against humanity 6510:Other infantry weapons: 6226:Battle Fleet; U.S. Navy 5797:Functional specialties: 5502:Foreign policy analysis 5314:International community 5092:International relations 4444:Deputy chief of mission 4399:Resident representative 4142:DiploFoundation, 2007, 4129:Encyclopædia Britannica 4118:Phillips, Walter Alison 3907:Francois de Callieres, 3660:Jervis, Robert (2002). 3465:10.1111/1468-2435.00205 3453:International Migration 3112:"Small State Diplomacy" 2728:Encyclopedia Britannica 2597:List of peace activists 2592:Foreign policy doctrine 2587:Foreign policy analysis 2447: 2115:international relations 1929:shakes hands with King 1527:First Geneva Convention 1199:, the Chinese diplomat 1013:Hellenistic Greek areas 932:(d. 496 BC), author of 827:A French ambassador in 482:international relations 189:International relations 119:Speaking truth to power 7838:Conscientious objector 5946:Special reconnaissance 5686:Awards and decorations 4890:Diplomatic credentials 4290:Foreign Affairs Manual 4283:Foreign Affairs Manual 4254:(1716) English edition 4248:Wicquefort, Abraham de 4156:DiploFoundation,2004, 4029:Language and Diplomacy 3977:Holmes, Marcus. 2018. 3881:A History of Diplomacy 3728:, 2002/03, pp. 171–72. 3635:3 January 2018 at the 3256:Humanitarian diplomacy 2802:Shaughnessy, Edward L. 2696:Ronald Peter Barston, 2572:Diplomatic recognition 2476: 2309: 2110: 2060: 2002: 1938: 1843:Resolution of problems 1628:Palazzo della Consulta 1561: 1542: 1474: 1338: 1216: 1048: 904:Luso-Chinese agreement 839: 745:stone tablet fragments 731:in 1274 BC during the 691: 664: 443: 6858:Torpedo Data Computer 6848:Ship gun fire-control 4481:Resident commissioner 4453:Bilateral-subnational 4069:Renaissance Diplomacy 4057:MacMillan, Margaret. 3970:Hill, Henry Bertram. 3813:. VNG International. 3299:Third World Quarterly 3259:. Palgrave Macmillan. 2842:Koon, Yeewan (2012). 2761:. London: Routledge. 2470: 2314:nuclear proliferation 2295: 2206:Don Pacifico Incident 2108: 2047: 1989: 1924: 1556: 1524: 1468: 1357:Further information: 1322: 1240:, the founder of the 1214: 1021: 886:Further information: 826: 817:Further information: 739:and the ruler of the 670: 661:Symmetry of Diplomacy 658: 428:Franklin D. Roosevelt 418: 264:Nuclear proliferation 7719:Specific modern wars 7667:Vehicles and weapons 7592:Military occupations 6191:Carrier strike group 5492:Comparative politics 4613:Apostolic nunciature 4513:Agricultural attaché 4071:Dover Publications, 4040:; papers by experts. 3990:, 24 (2010), 164–96; 3914:Cunningham, George. 3909:The Art of Diplomacy 3764:Nye, Joseph (2006). 3616:10.1093/jogss/ogz016 3167:14 July 2014 at the 3056:"Diplomatic Pouches" 2644:Notes and references 2627:Protocol (diplomacy) 2622:Preventive diplomacy 2517:Commercial diplomacy 2334:Preventive diplomacy 2082:Treaty of Portsmouth 1931:Carlos I of Portugal 1925:Brazilian President 1875:improve this section 1826:counter-intelligence 1776:improve this section 1668:improve this article 1480:Court of St. James's 1431:improve this article 1343:Bureau of Barbarians 1189:Convention of Peking 1091:, the often hostile 892:Sino-Roman relations 577:improve this article 501:accredited officials 330:Paradox of tolerance 26:For other uses, see 7882:Peace organizations 7345:Operations research 6823:Director (military) 6813:Fire-control system 5724:Command and control 5274:Collective security 5158:United Nations (UN) 4905:Diplomatic immunity 4865:Consular assistance 4394:Ambassador-at-large 4312:Library of Congress 4219:Trager, R. (2017). 3949:Dorman, Shawn, ed. 3233:The Washington Post 2562:Diplomatic passport 2171:Debt-trap diplomacy 2067:Some examples are: 1704:diplomatic immunity 1640:Diplomatic immunity 1359:Niccolò Machiavelli 1268:Byzantine diplomacy 1238:Chandragupta Maurya 1228:, is attributed to 1181:Treaty of Nerchinsk 1147:Chinese exploration 1104:Western Xia dynasty 842:Relations with the 771:Alexander the Great 513:diplomatic missions 259:Nuclear disarmament 158:Conflict escalation 135:Conflict management 39:Conflict resolution 7340:Military operation 7307:Tactical objective 6818:Fire-control radar 6734:Military equipment 6676:Anti-ship missiles 6028:Electronic-warfare 5891:Military maneuvers 5876:Combat occupations 5652:Commanding officer 5612:Occupational roles 4963:Letter of credence 4925:Diplomatic uniform 4920:Diplomatic service 4900:Diplomatic illness 4895:Diplomatic history 4648:Diplomatic mission 4565:Diplomatic courier 4545:Trade commissioner 4408:Bilateral-national 4209:(1969) on Britain. 3993:Kissinger, Henry. 3807:Musch, A. (2008). 3646:2015-06-20 at the 3505:10.1093/isq/sqx088 3033:(2014) vol 2 p 68. 2969:, para. 43, p. 125 2713:(2014) vol 2 p 68. 2637:Track II diplomacy 2542:Diplomatic capital 2527:Cultural diplomacy 2477: 2368:Facebook diplomacy 2310: 2212:the Greek port of 2185:Economic diplomacy 2125:and shifts in the 2111: 2090:Russo-Japanese War 2086:Theodore Roosevelt 2072:Camp David Accords 2061: 2029:Congress of Berlin 2014:Congress of Vienna 2003: 1995:Congress of Berlin 1975:Canada–U.S. border 1971:Hay–Herbert Treaty 1939: 1927:Prudente de Morais 1624:Choristers' Bridge 1581:Congress of Vienna 1562: 1559:Congress of Vienna 1543: 1510:, then those from 1484:Holy Roman Emperor 1475: 1339: 1217: 1049: 1011:who had conquered 971:Emperor Wen of Han 852:maritime republics 840: 807:marriage alliances 795:Hellenistic states 733:nineteenth dynasty 692: 665: 549:Diplomatic history 444: 377:Track II diplomacy 325:Prisoner's dilemma 295:Conflict continuum 290:Conflict avoidance 75:Dispute resolution 7917: 7916: 7843:Anti-war movement 7786: 7785: 7778:Conflicts by time 7403:Counter-offensive 7393:Military campaign 7312:Target saturation 7262:Counterinsurgency 6911:International law 6853:Gun data computer 6722: 6721: 6059:Armies by country 6023:Close air support 5988:Aircraft carriers 5657:Executive officer 5540: 5539: 5512:International law 5381:Right of conquest 5346:National interest 5289:Deterrence theory 5187: 5186: 5174:League of Nations 5058: 5057: 4968:Letter of protest 4936:Persona non grata 4870:Consular immunity 4668:Exclusive mandate 4601: 4600: 4553: 4552: 4518:Chargé de mission 4469:Bilateral-insular 4433:Chargé d'affaires 4420:High commissioner 4270:978-00-071734-3-3 4243:978-91-979688-7-4 4205:Steiner, Zara S. 4198:Seldon, Anthony. 4176:978-2-8107-0424-8 4148:978-99932-53-16-7 4123:"Diplomacy" 4077:978-0-486-25570-5 4065:Garrett Mattingly 4053:978-3-85376-325-4 4022:978-99932-53-16-7 3889:978-1-86189-696-4 3855:978-3-030-60717-3 3820:978-90-804757-4-8 3744:www.diplomacy.edu 3305:(10): 2367–2385. 3163:, May–June 2007. 2896:978-0-275-97809-9 2817:978-0-521-47030-8 2632:Shuttle diplomacy 2537:Diplomacy Monitor 2532:Digital diplomacy 2512:Cricket diplomacy 2507:Citizen diplomacy 2401:Science diplomacy 2372:Twitter diplomacy 2364:digital diplomacy 2360:citizen diplomacy 2226:Hostage diplomacy 2199:Gunboat diplomacy 2156:Counterinsurgency 2094:Nobel Peace Prize 2033:Russo-Turkish War 1999:Reich Chancellery 1948:international law 1911: 1910: 1903: 1817:military attachés 1812: 1811: 1804: 1727:persona non grata 1700: 1699: 1692: 1597:Otto von Bismarck 1570:French Revolution 1548:international law 1463: 1462: 1455: 1393:Italian Peninsula 1332:Byzantine emperor 1328:ruler of Bulgaria 997:Emperor Wu of Han 947:Battle of Baideng 920:Macartney Embassy 799:Ptolemaic Kingdom 767:Achaemenid Empire 735:, the pharaoh of 653: 652: 645: 627: 537:French Revolution 455:intergovernmental 420:Winston Churchill 413: 412: 285:Anti-war movement 249:Nuclear blackmail 153:Communal violence 7937: 7907: 7906: 7896: 7895: 7873: 7756: 7747: 7738: 7729: 7713: 7704: 7695: 7686: 7677: 7663: 7654: 7645: 7630: 7629: 7572:Military tactics 7413:Defence in depth 7267:Defeat in detail 6963:Armoured warfare 6901:Military science 6691:Close-in weapons 6363: 6362: 6274:Wheeled vehicles 6269:Tracked vehicles 6066:Chain of command 5729:Defense ministry 5567: 5560: 5553: 5544: 5543: 5532:Security studies 5324:Internationality 5319:Internationalism 5118: 5117: 5085: 5078: 5071: 5062: 5061: 5046: 5045: 5034: 5033: 4885:Diplomatic cable 4663:Protecting power 4636:Diplomatic corps 4577:Foreign minister 4570:King's Messenger 4535:Military attaché 4530:Cultural attaché 4372: 4371: 4363: 4362: 4341: 4334: 4327: 4318: 4317: 4258:Wright, Jonathan 4152:Rana, Kishan S. 4133: 4125: 4109:Otte, Thomas G. 3946: 3893:Berridge, G. R. 3868: 3867: 3839: 3833: 3832: 3804: 3798: 3797: 3795: 3787: 3781: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3761: 3755: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3736: 3730: 3722: 3716: 3715: 3709: 3700: 3694: 3693: 3657: 3651: 3627: 3621: 3620: 3618: 3594: 3588: 3587: 3559: 3553: 3552: 3527:(4): 1158–1183. 3516: 3510: 3509: 3507: 3483: 3477: 3476: 3448: 3442: 3441: 3397: 3391: 3390: 3364: 3358: 3357: 3329: 3323: 3322: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3267: 3261: 3260: 3250: 3244: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3227:Rezaian, Jason. 3224: 3215: 3214: 3186: 3180: 3177: 3171: 3153: 3147: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3129: 3120: 3119: 3107: 3101: 3100: 3080: 3071: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3052: 3046: 3040: 3034: 3027: 3021: 3013: 3009: 3003: 3002:(1961) 5:198–221 2996: 2990: 2976: 2970: 2960: 2954: 2953: 2937: 2931: 2930: 2907: 2901: 2900: 2880: 2874: 2868: 2862: 2861: 2839: 2833: 2832: 2826: 2824: 2794: 2788: 2784: 2773: 2772: 2754: 2748: 2745: 2739: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2720: 2714: 2707: 2701: 2698:Modern Diplomacy 2694: 2688: 2687: 2677: 2653: 2582:Foreign minister 2577:Energy diplomacy 2522:Cowboy diplomacy 2500: 2495: 2494: 2389:invasion of Iraq 2353:Public diplomacy 2278:Syrian Civil War 1991:Anton von Werner 1937:, 16 March 1895. 1906: 1899: 1895: 1892: 1886: 1855: 1847: 1807: 1800: 1796: 1793: 1787: 1756: 1748: 1695: 1688: 1684: 1681: 1675: 1652: 1644: 1618:(Brasília), and 1469:French diplomat 1458: 1451: 1447: 1444: 1438: 1415: 1407: 1381:Francesco Sforza 1282:Germanic peoples 1262:Byzantine Empire 1129:, starting with 1062:An Shi Rebellion 1047:, and Wo (Japan) 949:(200 BC) to the 729:Battle of Kadesh 648: 641: 637: 634: 628: 626: 585: 561: 553: 459:non-governmental 440:Yalta Conference 405: 398: 391: 35: 34: 7945: 7944: 7940: 7939: 7938: 7936: 7935: 7934: 7920: 7919: 7918: 7913: 7886: 7867: 7853:Humanitarianism 7782: 7761: 7750: 7741: 7732: 7726:Napoleonic Wars 7723: 7707: 7701:Modern warships 7698: 7689: 7680: 7671: 7657: 7648: 7639: 7626:Other namespace 7621: 7543: 7462: 7374: 7326: 7292:Rapid dominance 7201: 7077: 6862: 6801: 6718: 6664:Naval artillery 6644:Guided missiles 6632: 6354: 6235: 6037: 5900: 5896:Combat training 5844:Security forces 5834:Military police 5772:Airborne forces 5712: 5580: 5571: 5541: 5536: 5480: 5471:Postcolonialism 5432: 5361:Non-state actor 5356:Non-belligerent 5351:Neutral country 5336:Interventionism 5269:Co-belligerence 5230: 5183: 5162: 5107: 5094: 5089: 5059: 5054: 5022: 4984:Development aid 4972: 4946: 4915:Diplomatic rank 4848: 4672: 4653:High commission 4597: 4593:Diplomatic rank 4581: 4549: 4540:Science attaché 4497: 4464: 4448: 4439:Head of mission 4403: 4367: 4354: 4345: 4310:website at the 4308:American Memory 4278: 4229:Fredrik Wesslau 4001:Henry Kissinger 3943: 3879:Black, Jeremy. 3876: 3871: 3856: 3840: 3836: 3821: 3805: 3801: 3793: 3789: 3788: 3784: 3774: 3772: 3762: 3758: 3748: 3746: 3738: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3723: 3719: 3712:Edita Stockholm 3707: 3701: 3697: 3674:10.2307/3183553 3658: 3654: 3648:Wayback Machine 3637:Wayback Machine 3628: 3624: 3595: 3591: 3576:10.2307/2152533 3560: 3556: 3517: 3513: 3484: 3480: 3449: 3445: 3398: 3394: 3379: 3365: 3361: 3346:10.2307/1973247 3330: 3326: 3291: 3287: 3268: 3264: 3251: 3247: 3237: 3235: 3225: 3218: 3187: 3183: 3178: 3174: 3169:Wayback Machine 3161:Military Review 3154: 3150: 3140: 3138: 3130: 3123: 3108: 3104: 3097: 3081: 3074: 3064: 3062: 3054: 3053: 3049: 3041: 3037: 3028: 3024: 3011: 3010: 3006: 2997: 2993: 2980:Pierre Chaplais 2977: 2973: 2961: 2957: 2938: 2934: 2927: 2908: 2904: 2897: 2881: 2877: 2869: 2865: 2858: 2840: 2836: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2804:, eds. (1999). 2795: 2791: 2785: 2776: 2769: 2755: 2751: 2746: 2742: 2732: 2730: 2722: 2721: 2717: 2708: 2704: 2695: 2691: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2641: 2602:Panda diplomacy 2567:Diplomatic rank 2552:Diplomatic gift 2547:Diplomatic flag 2498:Politics portal 2496: 2489: 2486: 2465: 2459: 2450: 2442:panda diplomacy 2430: 2424: 2403: 2397: 2380: 2355: 2349: 2336: 2330: 2308:(30 March 2015) 2290: 2282:Syrian refugees 2258:Kelly Greenhill 2254:human migration 2250: 2241: 2228: 2222: 2201: 2195: 2187: 2181: 2173: 2167: 2158: 2149: 2143: 2135: 2103: 2042: 2016:(1815) – After 2001:on 13 July 1878 1984: 1919: 1907: 1896: 1890: 1887: 1872: 1856: 1845: 1808: 1797: 1791: 1788: 1773: 1757: 1746: 1696: 1685: 1679: 1676: 1665: 1653: 1642: 1636: 1585:diplomatic rank 1459: 1448: 1442: 1439: 1428: 1416: 1405: 1365: 1355: 1270: 1264: 1259: 1232:(also known as 1209: 1197:First Opium War 1001:Western Regions 922: 884: 878: 821: 815: 803:Seleucid Empire 719:city-states of 697: 649: 638: 632: 629: 586: 584: 574: 562: 551: 545: 521: 409: 337:Liaison officer 244:Nuclear warfare 228:Multilateralism 168:Just war theory 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7943: 7933: 7932: 7915: 7914: 7891: 7888: 7887: 7885: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7865: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7833:Global studies 7830: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7808:Peace movement 7805: 7800: 7794: 7792: 7788: 7787: 7784: 7783: 7781: 7780: 7775: 7769: 7767: 7763: 7762: 7760: 7759: 7758: 7757: 7748: 7739: 7730: 7716: 7715: 7714: 7705: 7696: 7687: 7678: 7664: 7655: 7646: 7636: 7634: 7627: 7623: 7622: 7620: 7619: 7614: 7609: 7607:Related lists: 7604: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7577:History lists: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7557:Military lists 7553: 7551: 7545: 7544: 7542: 7541: 7536: 7531: 7526: 7524:Defense policy 7521: 7519:Defense budget 7516: 7511: 7509:Public policy: 7506: 7501: 7499:United Nations 7496: 7491: 7486: 7481: 7472: 7470: 7464: 7463: 7461: 7460: 7458:Scorched earth 7455: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7384: 7382: 7376: 7375: 7373: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7360:Deep operation 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7336: 7334: 7328: 7327: 7325: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7238: 7237: 7232: 7222: 7217: 7211: 7209: 7203: 7202: 7200: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7188: 7187: 7177: 7176: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7140: 7139: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7108: 7107: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7087: 7085: 7079: 7078: 7076: 7075: 7073:Unconventional 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7023:Disinformation 7020: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6954: 6953: 6948: 6938: 6933: 6931:Post-classical 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6872: 6870: 6864: 6863: 6861: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6809: 6807: 6806:Combat systems 6803: 6802: 6800: 6799: 6797:Field hospital 6794: 6793: 6792: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6771: 6770: 6760: 6759: 6758: 6748: 6747: 6746: 6741: 6730: 6728: 6724: 6723: 6720: 6719: 6717: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6672: 6671: 6661: 6653: 6652: 6651: 6640: 6638: 6634: 6633: 6631: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6614: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6593: 6592: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6574:Shoulder-fired 6563: 6562: 6561: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6540: 6539: 6529: 6528: 6527: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6501: 6500: 6490: 6489: 6488: 6478: 6474:Service rifles 6470: 6469: 6468: 6458: 6453: 6445: 6444: 6443: 6433: 6432: 6431: 6421: 6420: 6419: 6409: 6408: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6387: 6382: 6381: 6380: 6369: 6367: 6360: 6356: 6355: 6353: 6352: 6347: 6346: 6345: 6340: 6330: 6329: 6328: 6323: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6302: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6260: 6259: 6249: 6243: 6241: 6237: 6236: 6234: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6162: 6161: 6156: 6146: 6145: 6144: 6139: 6129: 6128: 6127: 6117: 6116: 6115: 6105: 6104: 6103: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6062: 6061: 6056: 6045: 6043: 6039: 6038: 6036: 6035: 6033:Reconnaissance 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5998:Auxiliary ship 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5979: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5937: 5936: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5910: 5908: 5902: 5901: 5899: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5886:Basic training 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5867: 5866: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5825: 5824: 5817:Reconnaissance 5814: 5809: 5804: 5802:Communications 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5767:Special forces 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5731: 5726: 5720: 5718: 5714: 5713: 5711: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5699: 5698: 5693: 5683: 5678: 5677: 5676: 5666: 5660: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5588: 5586: 5582: 5581: 5570: 5569: 5562: 5555: 5547: 5538: 5537: 5535: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5488: 5486: 5482: 5481: 5479: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5451:English school 5448: 5446:Constructivism 5442: 5440: 5434: 5433: 5431: 5430: 5425: 5424: 5423: 5418: 5416:Non-aggression 5413: 5408: 5403: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5332: 5331: 5326: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5260: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5238: 5236: 5232: 5231: 5229: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5197: 5195: 5189: 5188: 5185: 5184: 5182: 5181: 5176: 5170: 5168: 5164: 5163: 5161: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5124: 5122: 5115: 5109: 5108: 5106: 5105: 5099: 5096: 5095: 5088: 5087: 5080: 5073: 5065: 5056: 5055: 5053: 5052: 5040: 5027: 5024: 5023: 5021: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5009: 5008: 4998: 4993: 4992: 4991: 4980: 4978: 4974: 4973: 4971: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4954: 4952: 4948: 4947: 4945: 4944: 4939: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4910:Diplomatic law 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4880:Diplomatic bag 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4856: 4854: 4850: 4849: 4847: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4680: 4678: 4674: 4673: 4671: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4644: 4643: 4633: 4625: 4620: 4618:Consular corps 4615: 4609: 4607: 4603: 4602: 4599: 4598: 4596: 4595: 4589: 4587: 4586:Classification 4583: 4582: 4580: 4579: 4574: 4573: 4572: 4561: 4559: 4555: 4554: 4551: 4550: 4548: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4520: 4515: 4509: 4507: 4502:By portfolio ( 4499: 4498: 4496: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4484: 4483: 4472: 4470: 4466: 4465: 4463: 4462: 4456: 4454: 4450: 4449: 4447: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4429: 4428: 4427: 4422: 4411: 4409: 4405: 4404: 4402: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4390: 4389: 4387:United Nations 4378: 4376: 4369: 4360: 4356: 4355: 4344: 4343: 4336: 4329: 4321: 4315: 4314: 4297: 4277: 4276:External links 4274: 4273: 4272: 4255: 4245: 4226: 4217: 4210: 4203: 4200:Foreign Office 4196: 4179: 4164: 4150: 4134: 4114: 4107: 4100: 4093: 4086: 4079: 4062: 4055: 4041: 4024: 4008: 3998: 3991: 3988:French History 3984: 3975: 3968: 3961: 3947: 3941: 3926: 3912: 3905: 3891: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3869: 3854: 3845:City Diplomacy 3834: 3819: 3799: 3782: 3770:Foreign Policy 3756: 3731: 3717: 3695: 3668:(133): 40–42. 3666:Foreign Policy 3652: 3622: 3609:(4): 464–481. 3589: 3570:(5): 811–841. 3554: 3511: 3498:(2): 383–395. 3478: 3443: 3408:(3): 429–450. 3392: 3377: 3359: 3340:(3): 441–455. 3324: 3285: 3262: 3245: 3216: 3197:(3): 473–493. 3181: 3172: 3148: 3121: 3102: 3095: 3072: 3047: 3035: 3022: 3004: 2991: 2971: 2955: 2932: 2925: 2902: 2895: 2875: 2863: 2857:978-9888083541 2856: 2834: 2816: 2798:Loewe, Michael 2789: 2774: 2767: 2749: 2740: 2715: 2702: 2689: 2668:(1): 205–228. 2647: 2645: 2642: 2640: 2639: 2634: 2629: 2624: 2619: 2614: 2609: 2604: 2599: 2594: 2589: 2584: 2579: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2557:Diplomatic law 2554: 2549: 2544: 2539: 2534: 2529: 2524: 2519: 2514: 2509: 2503: 2502: 2501: 2485: 2482: 2461:Main article: 2458: 2455: 2449: 2446: 2426:Main article: 2423: 2420: 2399:Main article: 2396: 2393: 2379: 2376: 2351:Main article: 2348: 2345: 2332:Main article: 2329: 2326: 2289: 2286: 2270:labor migrants 2249: 2246: 2240: 2237: 2224:Main article: 2221: 2218: 2197:Main article: 2194: 2191: 2183:Main article: 2180: 2177: 2169:Main article: 2166: 2163: 2157: 2154: 2145:Main article: 2142: 2139: 2134: 2131: 2127:global economy 2123:water security 2119:climate change 2102: 2099: 2098: 2097: 2079: 2058:Anwar El Sadat 2050:Menachem Begin 2041: 2038: 2037: 2036: 2025: 1983: 1980: 1979: 1978: 1918: 1915: 1909: 1908: 1859: 1857: 1850: 1844: 1841: 1810: 1809: 1760: 1758: 1751: 1745: 1742: 1734:diplomatic bag 1698: 1697: 1656: 1654: 1647: 1638:Main article: 1635: 1632: 1612:Wilhelmstrasse 1606:(Vienna), the 1516:principalities 1461: 1460: 1419: 1417: 1410: 1404: 1401: 1369:Northern Italy 1354: 1351: 1266:Main article: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1242:Maurya dynasty 1208: 1205: 1070:Tibetan Empire 957:was forced to 953:(133 BC), the 951:Battle of Mayi 935:The Art of War 880:Main article: 877: 874: 844:Ottoman Empire 814: 813:Ottoman Empire 811: 741:Hittite Empire 701:Amarna letters 696: 693: 685:Hittite Empire 675:, between the 651: 650: 633:September 2024 565: 563: 556: 544: 541: 520: 517: 466:foreign policy 411: 410: 408: 407: 400: 393: 385: 382: 381: 380: 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 333: 332: 327: 317: 312: 310:Family therapy 307: 302: 297: 292: 287: 282: 274: 273: 269: 268: 267: 266: 261: 256: 251: 246: 238: 237: 233: 232: 231: 230: 225: 220: 215: 210: 205: 200: 192: 191: 185: 184: 183: 182: 181: 180: 170: 165: 160: 155: 147: 146: 140: 139: 138: 137: 129: 128: 124: 123: 122: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 100: 99: 97:Party-directed 89: 88: 87: 82: 77: 67: 62: 57: 49: 48: 42: 41: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7942: 7931: 7928: 7927: 7925: 7912: 7911: 7901: 7900: 7889: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7871: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7813:Peace process 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7795: 7793: 7789: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7770: 7768: 7764: 7754: 7749: 7745: 7740: 7736: 7731: 7727: 7722: 7721: 7720: 7717: 7711: 7706: 7702: 7697: 7693: 7688: 7684: 7679: 7675: 7670: 7669: 7668: 7665: 7661: 7656: 7652: 7647: 7643: 7638: 7637: 7635: 7631: 7628: 7624: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7554: 7552: 7550: 7546: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7478: 7474: 7473: 7471: 7469: 7465: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7385: 7383: 7381: 7377: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7355:Expeditionary 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7337: 7335: 7333: 7329: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7257:Counterattack 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7227: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7212: 7210: 7208: 7204: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7186: 7183: 7182: 7181: 7178: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7145: 7144: 7141: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7113: 7112: 7109: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7091: 7089: 7088: 7086: 7084: 7080: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7063:Psychological 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7003:Combined arms 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6943: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6873: 6871: 6869: 6865: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6810: 6808: 6804: 6798: 6795: 6791: 6788: 6787: 6786: 6785:Military base 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6769: 6766: 6765: 6764: 6761: 6757: 6754: 6753: 6752: 6749: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6736: 6735: 6732: 6731: 6729: 6725: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6698: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6686:Depth charges 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6670: 6667: 6666: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6658: 6654: 6650: 6647: 6646: 6645: 6642: 6641: 6639: 6635: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6598: 6597: 6594: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6571: 6570: 6568: 6564: 6560: 6557: 6556: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6538: 6535: 6534: 6533: 6530: 6526: 6523: 6522: 6521: 6520:Anti-tank gun 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6499: 6496: 6495: 6494: 6493:Assault rifle 6491: 6487: 6484: 6483: 6482: 6481:Battle rifles 6479: 6477: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6464: 6463: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6450: 6449:Infantry guns 6446: 6442: 6439: 6438: 6437: 6434: 6430: 6427: 6426: 6425: 6422: 6418: 6415: 6414: 6413: 6410: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6392: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6379: 6376: 6375: 6374: 6371: 6370: 6368: 6364: 6361: 6357: 6351: 6348: 6344: 6343:Anti-aircraft 6341: 6339: 6336: 6335: 6334: 6331: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6318: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6281: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6258: 6255: 6254: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6244: 6242: 6238: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6151: 6150: 6147: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6134: 6133: 6130: 6126: 6123: 6122: 6121: 6118: 6114: 6111: 6110: 6109: 6106: 6102: 6099: 6098: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6076:General staff 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6051: 6050: 6047: 6046: 6044: 6040: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5993:Landing craft 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5963: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5935: 5932: 5931: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5911: 5909: 5907: 5903: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5865: 5862: 5861: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5823: 5820: 5819: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5736: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5721: 5719: 5715: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5688: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5675: 5672: 5671: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5661: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5642:Enlisted rank 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5589: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5568: 5563: 5561: 5556: 5554: 5549: 5548: 5545: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5489: 5487: 5483: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5443: 5441: 5439: 5435: 5429: 5426: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5398: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5321: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5244: 5243: 5240: 5239: 5237: 5233: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5198: 5196: 5194: 5190: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5171: 5169: 5165: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5125: 5123: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5113:Organizations 5110: 5104: 5101: 5100: 5097: 5093: 5086: 5081: 5079: 5074: 5072: 5067: 5066: 5063: 5051: 5050: 5041: 5039: 5038: 5029: 5028: 5025: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5007: 5004: 5003: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4990: 4987: 4986: 4985: 4982: 4981: 4979: 4975: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4955: 4953: 4949: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4937: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4857: 4855: 4851: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4794:Paradiplomacy 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4749:Full-spectrum 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4681: 4679: 4675: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4642: 4639: 4638: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4610: 4608: 4604: 4594: 4591: 4590: 4588: 4584: 4578: 4575: 4571: 4568: 4567: 4566: 4563: 4562: 4560: 4556: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4525: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4500: 4494: 4493:Agent-general 4491: 4489: 4486: 4482: 4479: 4478: 4477: 4474: 4473: 4471: 4467: 4461: 4458: 4457: 4455: 4451: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4417: 4416: 4413: 4412: 4410: 4406: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4388: 4385: 4384: 4383: 4380: 4379: 4377: 4373: 4370: 4368:leader titles 4364: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4342: 4337: 4335: 4330: 4328: 4323: 4322: 4319: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4292: 4291: 4286: 4284: 4280: 4279: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4256: 4253: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4235: 4230: 4227: 4224: 4223: 4218: 4215: 4211: 4208: 4204: 4201: 4197: 4195: 4194:0-582-50109-1 4191: 4187: 4183: 4180: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4163: 4162:99909-55-18-2 4159: 4155: 4151: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4140: 4135: 4131: 4130: 4124: 4119: 4115: 4112: 4108: 4105: 4101: 4098: 4094: 4091: 4087: 4084: 4080: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4063: 4060: 4056: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4039: 4038:99909-55-15-8 4035: 4031: 4030: 4025: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4014: 4009: 4006: 4002: 3999: 3996: 3992: 3989: 3985: 3982: 3981: 3976: 3973: 3969: 3966: 3963:Hayne, M. B. 3962: 3960: 3959:0-9649488-2-6 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3942:9780884021407 3938: 3934: 3933: 3927: 3925: 3924:0-87124-212-5 3921: 3917: 3913: 3910: 3906: 3904: 3903:9783030859305 3900: 3896: 3892: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3877: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3851: 3847: 3846: 3838: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3816: 3812: 3811: 3803: 3792: 3786: 3771: 3767: 3760: 3745: 3741: 3735: 3727: 3721: 3713: 3706: 3699: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3656: 3649: 3645: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3631: 3626: 3617: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3593: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3558: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3515: 3506: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3482: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3447: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3396: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3378:9780801458668 3374: 3370: 3363: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3328: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3289: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3266: 3258: 3257: 3249: 3234: 3230: 3223: 3221: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3185: 3176: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3155:Green, Dan. " 3152: 3137: 3136: 3128: 3126: 3117: 3113: 3106: 3098: 3096:9781446697061 3092: 3088: 3087: 3079: 3077: 3061: 3060:www.state.gov 3057: 3051: 3044: 3039: 3032: 3026: 3019: 3018: 3008: 3001: 2995: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2975: 2968: 2965:, Anonymous, 2964: 2959: 2951: 2947: 2946:History Today 2943: 2936: 2928: 2926:1-85728-495-X 2922: 2918: 2917: 2912: 2906: 2898: 2892: 2888: 2887: 2879: 2873: 2867: 2859: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2838: 2831: 2819: 2813: 2809: 2808: 2803: 2799: 2793: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2770: 2768:9780367897796 2764: 2760: 2753: 2744: 2729: 2725: 2719: 2712: 2706: 2699: 2693: 2685: 2681: 2676: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2652: 2648: 2638: 2635: 2633: 2630: 2628: 2625: 2623: 2620: 2618: 2615: 2613: 2610: 2608: 2607:Paradiplomacy 2605: 2603: 2600: 2598: 2595: 2593: 2590: 2588: 2585: 2583: 2580: 2578: 2575: 2573: 2570: 2568: 2565: 2563: 2560: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2540: 2538: 2535: 2533: 2530: 2528: 2525: 2523: 2520: 2518: 2515: 2513: 2510: 2508: 2505: 2504: 2499: 2493: 2488: 2481: 2474: 2469: 2464: 2454: 2445: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2429: 2419: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2402: 2392: 2390: 2386: 2375: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2354: 2344: 2340: 2335: 2325: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2294: 2285: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2245: 2236: 2233: 2227: 2217: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2200: 2190: 2186: 2176: 2172: 2162: 2153: 2148: 2138: 2130: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2107: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2080: 2077: 2073: 2070: 2069: 2068: 2065: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2046: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2012: 2011: 2010: 2007: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1967: 1966: 1964: 1960: 1955: 1951: 1950:and justice. 1949: 1944: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1923: 1914: 1905: 1902: 1894: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1870: 1869: 1865: 1860:This section 1858: 1854: 1849: 1848: 1840: 1838: 1833: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1818: 1806: 1803: 1795: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1771: 1770: 1766: 1761:This section 1759: 1755: 1750: 1749: 1741: 1737: 1735: 1730: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1715: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1694: 1691: 1683: 1673: 1669: 1663: 1662: 1657:This section 1655: 1651: 1646: 1645: 1641: 1631: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1610:(Paris), the 1609: 1605: 1604:Ballhausplatz 1600: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1577: 1575: 1571: 1566: 1560: 1555: 1551: 1549: 1541:in the world. 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1523: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1499: 1497: 1493: 1487: 1485: 1481: 1472: 1467: 1457: 1454: 1446: 1443:December 2023 1436: 1432: 1426: 1425: 1420:This section 1418: 1414: 1409: 1408: 1400: 1398: 1397:head of state 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1371:in the early 1370: 1364: 1360: 1350: 1348: 1344: 1341:Byzantium's " 1336: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1269: 1254: 1250: 1248: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1226: 1221: 1220:Ancient India 1213: 1207:Ancient India 1204: 1202: 1198: 1192: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1169: 1167: 1163: 1162:Mongol Empire 1158: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1123: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1073: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1058: 1054: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1025: 1020: 1016: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 993: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 943: 941: 937: 936: 931: 927: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 883: 873: 870: 866: 861: 857: 853: 849: 848:Sublime Porte 845: 838: 834: 830: 825: 820: 810: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 763: 757: 752: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 690: 686: 682: 681:ancient Egypt 678: 674: 669: 662: 659:Ger van Elk, 657: 647: 644: 636: 625: 622: 618: 615: 611: 608: 604: 601: 597: 594: – 593: 589: 588:Find sources: 582: 578: 572: 571: 566:This section 564: 560: 555: 554: 550: 540: 538: 534: 530: 526: 516: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 493: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 462: 460: 456: 452: 448: 441: 437: 433: 432:Joseph Stalin 429: 425: 421: 417: 406: 401: 399: 394: 392: 387: 386: 384: 383: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 362:Peacebuilding 360: 358: 355: 353: 352:Peace process 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 331: 328: 326: 323: 322: 321: 318: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 281: 278: 277: 276: 275: 271: 270: 265: 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 241: 240: 239: 235: 234: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 195: 194: 193: 190: 187: 186: 179: 176: 175: 174: 171: 169: 166: 164: 163:De-escalation 161: 159: 156: 154: 151: 150: 149: 148: 145: 142: 141: 136: 133: 132: 131: 130: 126: 125: 120: 117: 115: 112: 110: 107: 105: 102: 98: 95: 94: 93: 90: 86: 85:Collaborative 83: 81: 78: 76: 73: 72: 71: 68: 66: 63: 61: 58: 56: 53: 52: 51: 50: 47: 44: 43: 40: 37: 36: 33: 29: 22: 7908: 7897: 7876: 7872:}} 7868:{{ 7755:}} 7751:{{ 7746:}} 7744:World War II 7742:{{ 7737:}} 7733:{{ 7728:}} 7724:{{ 7718: 7712:}} 7708:{{ 7703:}} 7699:{{ 7694:}} 7690:{{ 7685:}} 7681:{{ 7676:}} 7672:{{ 7666: 7662:}} 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Springer. 3844: 3837: 3809: 3802: 3785: 3773:. Retrieved 3769: 3759: 3747:. Retrieved 3743: 3734: 3725: 3720: 3711: 3698: 3665: 3655: 3625: 3606: 3602: 3592: 3567: 3563: 3557: 3524: 3520: 3514: 3495: 3491: 3481: 3459:(4): 39–74. 3456: 3452: 3446: 3405: 3401: 3395: 3368: 3362: 3337: 3333: 3327: 3302: 3298: 3288: 3279: 3275: 3265: 3255: 3248: 3236:. Retrieved 3232: 3194: 3190: 3184: 3175: 3160: 3151: 3141:17 September 3139:. Retrieved 3134: 3105: 3085: 3063:. Retrieved 3059: 3050: 3043:Apresentação 3038: 3030: 3025: 3015: 3007: 2999: 2994: 2983: 2974: 2966: 2958: 2949: 2945: 2935: 2915: 2911:Haldon, John 2905: 2885: 2878: 2866: 2847: 2837: 2828: 2821:. Retrieved 2806: 2792: 2758: 2752: 2743: 2731:. Retrieved 2727: 2718: 2710: 2705: 2697: 2692: 2665: 2661: 2651: 2612:Peace makers 2478: 2451: 2431: 2404: 2381: 2356: 2341: 2337: 2311: 2251: 2242: 2239:Humanitarian 2229: 2202: 2188: 2174: 2159: 2150: 2136: 2112: 2101:Small states 2066: 2062: 2054:Jimmy Carter 2040:Negotiations 2008: 2004: 1994: 1956: 1952: 1940: 1912: 1897: 1888: 1873:Please help 1861: 1834: 1829: 1813: 1798: 1789: 1774:Please help 1762: 1738: 1731: 1716: 1708:Genghis Khan 1701: 1686: 1677: 1666:Please help 1661:verification 1658: 1620:Foggy Bottom 1608:Quai d'Orsay 1601: 1593:World War II 1578: 1567: 1563: 1544: 1500: 1488: 1476: 1449: 1440: 1429:Please help 1424:verification 1421: 1366: 1346: 1340: 1271: 1251: 1247:Arthashastra 1246: 1225:Arthashastra 1223: 1218: 1193: 1185:Aigun Treaty 1173:Qing dynasty 1170: 1165: 1159: 1139:Khmer Empire 1124: 1089:Liao dynasty 1077:Song dynasty 1074: 1053:Tang dynasty 1050: 1029:Hephthalites 1022: 990: 944: 940:Zhou dynasty 933: 923: 908:Nanban trade 841: 791:Sogdian Rock 760: 753: 717:Mesopotamian 698: 660: 639: 630: 620: 613: 606: 599: 587: 575:Please help 570:verification 567: 532: 528: 524: 522: 494: 486:negotiations 463: 446: 445: 357:Peace treaty 217: 208:Brinkmanship 65:Conciliation 32: 7877:Categories: 7818:Disarmament 7735:World War I 7494:Cooperation 7408:Culminating 7332:Operational 7277:Envelopment 7197:Information 7116:Cold-region 7083:Battlespace 6941:Late modern 6921:Prehistoric 6843:Historical: 6780:Facilities: 6306:Armored car 6181:Naval fleet 5919:Combat arms 5914:Land units: 5871:Categories: 5854:Coast guard 5839:Gendarmerie 5762:Space force 5703:Categories: 5617:Recruitment 5507:Geopolitics 5386:Sovereignty 5366:Imperialism 5279:Colonialism 5264:Appeasement 5179:Warsaw Pact 4860:Appeasement 4558:Other roles 3740:"Diplomacy" 3238:16 December 3065:12 December 3012:(in French) 2963:Dennis 1985 2952:(2): 11–13. 2823:1 September 2617:Peacemaking 2438:giant panda 2318:nuclear war 2298:negotiating 2147:Appeasement 2141:Appeasement 2022:nationalist 1982:Conferences 1535:Switzerland 1373:Renaissance 1347:On Strategy 1160:During the 1135:Zhou Daguan 1097:cartography 1066:Tarim Basin 987:Han Chinese 979:Tarim Basin 967:Modu Shanyu 955:Han dynasty 833:Pera Museum 677:New Kingdom 592:"Diplomacy" 372:Rule of man 367:Peacemaking 320:Game theory 198:Appeasement 114:Negotiation 80:Rule of law 55:Arbitration 46:Nonviolence 21:Diplomatics 7766:Categories 7612:War crimes 7597:Operations 7534:Government 7350:Blitzkrieg 7322:Withdrawal 7173:Underwater 7148:Amphibious 7090:Aerospace 7033:Electronic 6983:Camouflage 6978:Biological 6951:fourth-gen 6946:industrial 6775:Body armor 6763:Camouflage 6744:By country 6589:By country 6400:By country 6385:Artillery: 6299:By country 6216:Combat box 6186:Task force 6154:By country 6137:By country 6091:Field army 6086:Army group 6054:By country 6003:Air units: 5983:Submarines 5864:By country 5691:By country 5607:Technology 5461:Liberalism 5406:Friendship 5391:Suzerainty 4942:Soft power 4814:Preventive 4804:Pilgrimage 4699:Commercial 4415:Ambassador 4366:Diplomatic 3864:1226702196 3829:1012533034 3749:2 February 2434:Joseph Nye 2428:Soft power 2422:Soft power 2328:Preventive 2006:protocol. 1891:April 2010 1792:April 2010 1723:prosecuted 1614:(Berlin), 1363:The Prince 1335:Michael II 1312:, and the 1245:time, and 1195:after the 1131:Zhang Qian 1112:Lý dynasty 1037:Langkasuka 983:Great Wall 869:sovereigns 865:statecraft 775:Macedonian 711:rulers of 603:newspapers 547:See also: 503:, such as 474:agreements 223:Deterrence 7930:Diplomacy 7633:Templates 7504:Mediation 7484:Alliances 7477:Diplomacy 7453:Offensive 7433:Defensive 7428:Deception 7398:Attrition 7282:Guerrilla 7230:Airbridge 7048:Loitering 6968:Artillery 6906:Diplomacy 6727:Equipment 6681:Torpedoes 6623:Land mine 6579:Anti-tank 6412:Field gun 6390:Artillery 6326:Gun truck 6311:Scout car 6149:Battalion 6042:Structure 5941:Artillery 5859:Logistics 5807:Engineers 5752:Air force 5497:Diplomacy 5401:Bilateral 5299:Grey-zone 5252:Coalition 5211:1919–1939 5206:1814–1919 5201:1648–1814 4958:Exequatur 4951:Documents 4809:Ping-pong 4779:Migration 4754:Guerrilla 4744:Freelance 4719:Debt-trap 4689:Checkbook 4623:Consulate 4352:diplomats 4348:Diplomacy 4090:Diplomacy 4005:Diplomacy 3682:0015-7228 3549:212810467 3541:0197-9183 3473:0020-7985 3422:1531-5088 3387:726824355 3319:158073635 3276:Cmi Brief 3211:154979218 2684:1094-2939 2274:diasporas 2248:Migration 2210:blockaded 2165:Debt-trap 1963:The Hague 1862:does not 1822:air shows 1763:does not 1744:Espionage 1680:July 2012 1616:Itamaraty 1403:Modernity 1294:Armenians 1274:Georgians 975:Manchuria 945:From the 876:East Asia 781:woman of 695:West Asia 529:diplomate 525:diplomacy 523:The term 519:Etymology 490:officials 478:alliances 447:Diplomacy 438:) at the 305:Democracy 218:Diplomacy 213:Ceasefire 203:Armistice 127:Workplace 92:Mediation 7924:Category 7899:Category 7823:Pacifism 7753:Cold War 7710:Aircraft 7529:Related: 7380:Strategy 7365:Maneuver 7302:Swarming 7131:Mountain 7099:Airborne 7038:Infantry 6993:Chemical 6958:By type: 6886:Strategy 6709:Missiles 6637:Sea/Air: 6606:Infantry 6567:Missiles 6424:Howitzer 6240:Vehicles 6206:Squadron 6201:Flotilla 6196:Division 6132:Regiment 6108:Division 6008:Fighters 5971:Littoral 5961:Warships 5924:Infantry 5906:Branches 5792:Reserves 5777:Commando 5681:Uniforms 5592:Military 5585:Concepts 5574:Military 5456:Feminism 5309:Idealism 5304:Hegemony 5257:Military 5242:Alliance 5235:Concepts 5221:Cold War 5103:Glossary 5037:Category 4989:Agencies 4930:Protocol 4839:Track II 4734:Economic 4709:Culinary 4704:Cultural 4694:Coercive 4658:Legation 4629:De facto 4476:Resident 4264:(2006), 4237:(2013), 4120:(1911). 3775:7 August 3644:Archived 3633:Archived 3430:12266111 3165:Archived 3017:Le Temps 2913:(1999). 2830:scholar. 2484:See also 2457:Training 2302:Lausanne 2266:refugees 2232:hostages 2179:Economic 2078:of 1979. 2018:Napoleon 1710:and the 1634:Immunity 1574:Napoleon 1529:(1864). 1508:kingdoms 1310:Lombards 1278:Iberians 1234:Chanakya 1230:Kautilya 1187:and the 1151:maritime 1143:Cambodia 1081:Shen Kuo 1057:Chang'an 837:Istanbul 762:proxenos 707:and the 689:Anatolia 683:and the 470:treaties 144:Violence 109:Pacifism 7910:Commons 7828:Détente 7791:Related 7683:Weapons 7651:Weapons 7617:Writers 7587:Battles 7567:Weapons 7272:Foxhole 7247:Cavalry 7235:Airdrop 7225:Airlift 7207:Tactics 7168:Surface 7058:Nuclear 7043:Lawfare 6988:Cavalry 6973:Barrage 6926:Ancient 6916:By era: 6891:Tactics 6868:Warfare 6549:Bayonet 6532:Grenade 6515:Bazooka 6456:Pistols 6405:Battery 6373:Weapons 6359:Weapons 6247:Ground: 6166:Platoon 6159:By type 6142:By type 6125:By type 6120:Brigade 6018:Command 6013:Bombers 5966:Surface 5934:Cavalry 5829:Medical 5787:Militia 5782:Frogman 5757:Marines 5696:Highest 5647:Officer 5627:Soldier 5602:History 5597:Service 5476:Realism 5466:Marxism 5329:Liberal 5247:Entente 5193:History 5121:Present 5049:Commons 4834:Stadium 4829:Shuttle 4824:Science 4774:Medical 4764:Hostage 4759:Gunboat 4724:Digital 4714:Defence 4631:embassy 4606:Offices 4504:Attaché 4302:of the 4113:(2011). 4085:(2012). 4061:(2003). 3967:(1993); 3690:3183553 3584:2152533 3438:2601576 3354:1973247 2988:online. 2733:25 June 2395:Science 2324:(MAD). 2288:Nuclear 2220:Hostage 2214:Piraeus 2193:Gunboat 1883:removed 1868:sources 1830:in situ 1784:removed 1769:sources 1712:Mongols 1512:duchies 1504:Vatican 1385:Tuscany 1324:Omurtag 1286:Bulgars 1177:Czarist 1137:to the 1116:Vietnam 1108:Shaanxi 1085:Su Song 1005:Fergana 977:to the 963:Xiongnu 930:Sun Tzu 829:Ottoman 783:Bactria 779:Sogdian 617:scholar 543:History 533:diplōma 236:Nuclear 178:studies 60:Auction 7902: 7602:Sieges 7539:Nation 7468:Policy 7423:Mosaic 7418:Fabian 7317:Trench 7287:Morale 7252:Charge 7242:Battle 7220:Aerial 7185:Tunnel 7126:Jungle 7121:Desert 7018:Denial 6896:Combat 6881:Battle 6751:Helmet 6697:Aerial 6628:Shells 6618:Other: 6601:Lists: 6596:Mortar 6436:Rocket 6264:Combat 6252:Ground 6176:Naval: 5976:Patrol 5717:Forces 5637:Airman 5632:Sailor 5622:Roles: 5438:Theory 5396:Treaty 5284:Crisis 5001:Summit 4853:Topics 4819:Public 4799:Parley 4739:Energy 4729:Dollar 4684:Caviar 4460:Consul 4425:Nuncio 4268: 4241: 4192: 4174: 4160: 4146: 4106:(1977) 4099:(2001) 4092:(1988) 4075: 4051: 4036: 4020: 4007:(1999) 3997:(1999) 3974:(1964) 3957: 3939: 3922: 3901: 3887: 3862: 3852: 3827: 3817: 3688: 3680: 3582: 3547: 3539: 3471: 3436: 3428: 3420: 3385: 3375: 3352: 3317: 3209: 3093: 2923: 2893: 2854: 2814: 2787:61–74. 2765: 2682: 2414:, and 2410:, the 2347:Public 2304:for a 1531:Geneva 1492:envoys 1389:Venice 1308:, the 1306:Franks 1304:, the 1300:, the 1296:, the 1292:, the 1288:, the 1284:, the 1280:, the 1257:Europe 1201:Qiying 1155:Arabia 1127:Persia 1101:Tangut 1093:Khitan 1041:Baekje 1033:Persia 1009:Yuezhi 918:, and 916:Sakoku 912:Haijin 860:Venice 850:. The 787:Roxana 721:Lagash 713:Canaan 709:Amurru 619: 612: 605: 598: 590: 505:envoys 442:, 1945 7798:Peace 7674:Tanks 7660:Ranks 7549:Lists 7448:Naval 7438:Depth 7297:Siege 7192:Cyber 7163:Green 7158:Brown 7136:Urban 7104:Space 7053:Music 7028:Drone 7013:Cyber 6998:Class 6838:Radar 6833:Sonar 6790:Lists 6739:Lists 6714:Bombs 6657:Naval 6611:Heavy 6316:Truck 6294:Lists 6279:Armor 6171:Squad 6096:Corps 6081:Land: 5929:Armor 5708:Ranks 5669:Ranks 5421:Peace 5376:Power 5371:Peace 5128:BRICS 4789:Panda 4677:Types 4488:Envoy 4359:Roles 4287:—the 3794:(PDF) 3714:: 10. 3708:(PDF) 3686:JSTOR 3580:JSTOR 3545:S2CID 3434:S2CID 3350:JSTOR 3315:S2CID 3207:S2CID 2378:Quiet 2272:, or 2133:Types 1377:Milan 1314:Arabs 1302:Avars 1290:Slavs 1166:paiza 1045:Qiuci 888:Heqin 856:Genoa 737:Egypt 624:JSTOR 610:books 457:, or 451:state 272:Other 7582:Wars 7562:Wars 7443:Goal 7153:Blue 7111:Land 6768:List 6756:List 6704:Guns 6669:List 6649:List 6584:List 6559:List 6537:List 6525:List 6498:List 6486:List 6466:List 6441:List 6429:List 6417:List 6395:List 6378:List 6366:Land 6350:Rail 6338:List 6321:List 6284:Tank 6257:List 6211:Air: 6113:List 6101:List 5822:List 5747:Navy 5742:Army 5674:List 5576:and 5167:Past 4769:Iron 4350:and 4266:ISBN 4239:ISBN 4190:ISBN 4172:ISBN 4158:ISBN 4144:ISBN 4073:ISBN 4049:ISBN 4034:ISBN 4018:ISBN 3955:ISBN 3937:ISBN 3920:ISBN 3899:ISBN 3885:ISBN 3860:OCLC 3850:ISBN 3825:OCLC 3815:ISBN 3777:2018 3751:2023 3678:ISSN 3537:ISSN 3469:ISSN 3426:PMID 3418:ISSN 3383:OCLC 3373:ISBN 3282:(4). 3280:2018 3240:2019 3143:2015 3091:ISBN 3067:2017 2921:ISBN 2891:ISBN 2870:See 2852:ISBN 2825:2011 2812:ISBN 2763:ISBN 2735:2020 2680:ISSN 2471:The 2448:City 2416:ITER 2408:CERN 2370:and 2316:and 2204:the 2027:The 1969:The 1866:any 1864:cite 1767:any 1765:cite 1525:The 1514:and 1387:and 1361:and 1298:Huns 1083:and 992:tuqi 858:and 801:and 754:The 725:Umma 723:and 671:The 596:news 7642:War 7143:Sea 7094:Air 6876:War 5578:war 5428:War 4784:New 3670:doi 3611:doi 3572:doi 3568:109 3529:doi 3500:doi 3461:doi 3410:doi 3342:doi 3307:doi 3199:doi 3159:", 2670:doi 2300:in 1961:at 1877:by 1778:by 1670:by 1433:by 1141:of 1114:of 1035:to 854:of 687:of 679:of 579:by 539:. 426:), 173:War 70:Law 7926:: 4260:. 4250:. 4231:, 4184:. 4126:. 4067:, 4016:. 4003:. 3858:. 3823:. 3768:. 3742:. 3710:. 3684:. 3676:. 3664:. 3605:. 3601:. 3578:. 3566:. 3543:. 3535:. 3525:54 3523:. 3496:62 3494:. 3490:. 3467:. 3457:40 3455:. 3432:. 3424:. 3416:. 3406:38 3404:. 3381:. 3348:. 3338:11 3336:. 3313:. 3303:38 3301:. 3297:. 3278:. 3274:. 3231:. 3219:^ 3205:. 3195:20 3193:. 3124:^ 3114:. 3075:^ 3058:. 2982:, 2950:43 2948:. 2944:. 2827:. 2800:; 2777:^ 2726:. 2678:. 2666:19 2664:. 2660:. 2444:. 2418:. 2391:. 2280:, 2268:, 2121:, 2056:, 2052:, 1993:, 1498:. 1399:. 1326:, 1276:, 1039:, 1031:, 1015:. 914:, 910:, 906:, 902:, 898:, 894:, 890:, 835:, 809:. 785:, 751:. 492:. 476:, 472:, 453:, 7479:: 6699:: 6659:: 6569:: 6476:: 6451:: 5737:: 5566:e 5559:t 5552:v 5084:e 5077:t 5070:v 4506:) 4340:e 4333:t 4326:v 3945:. 3866:. 3831:. 3796:. 3779:. 3753:. 3692:. 3672:: 3619:. 3613:: 3607:4 3586:. 3574:: 3551:. 3531:: 3508:. 3502:: 3475:. 3463:: 3440:. 3412:: 3389:. 3356:. 3344:: 3321:. 3309:: 3242:. 3213:. 3201:: 3118:. 3099:. 3069:. 2929:. 2899:. 2860:. 2771:. 2737:. 2686:. 2672:: 2096:. 1977:. 1904:) 1898:( 1893:) 1889:( 1885:. 1871:. 1805:) 1799:( 1794:) 1790:( 1786:. 1772:. 1693:) 1687:( 1682:) 1678:( 1664:. 1533:( 1456:) 1450:( 1445:) 1441:( 1427:. 646:) 640:( 635:) 631:( 621:· 614:· 607:· 600:· 573:. 434:( 422:( 404:e 397:t 390:v 30:. 23:.

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