Arbitration - Knowledge

2039:, is an arbitration wherein the parties to the dispute agree in advance the limits within which the arbitral tribunal must render its award. It is only generally useful where liability is not in dispute, and the only issue between the parties is the amount of compensation. If the award is lower than the agreed minimum, then the defendant only need to pay the lower limit; if the award is higher than the agreed maximum, the claimant will receive the upper limit. If the award falls within the agreed range, then the parties are bound by the actual award amount. Practice varies as to whether the figures may or may not be revealed to the tribunal, or whether the tribunal is even advised of the parties' agreement. 2284:, issued a report in July 2022 explaining the increasing influence of third party funding in arbitration as well as other legal proceedings. The report said it could be described as a "commercial practice can be best understood as a business model whereby an investor pays for the litigation costs on behalf of a claimant or a representative of a group of claimants, in exchange for an agreed fee in the event that the legal proceeding is successful. The fee is usually a percentage of the award made or the settlement secured in favour of the funded claimant party. Litigation funders themselves are not a party to the legal proceeding and have only an economic interest, not a legal interest in it." 1670:(1913–1915) worked energetically to promote international arbitration agreements, but his efforts were frustrated by the outbreak of World War I. Bryan negotiated 28 treaties that promised arbitration of disputes before war broke out between the signatory countries and the United States. He made several attempts to negotiate a treaty with Germany, but ultimately was never able to succeed. The agreements, known officially as "Treaties for the Advancement of Peace," set up procedures for conciliation rather than for arbitration. Arbitration treaties were negotiated after the war, but attracted much less attention than the negotiation mechanism created by the 1440:

itself may apply to the court to issue a ruling on "any question of law arising in the course of the proceedings which the Court is satisfied substantially affects the rights of one or more of the parties" and under section 49, either party may appeal an arbitral award on any question of law unless the parties have expressly excluded appeals the section. Either action is only permitted with the consent of the other parties or either the arbitral tribunal (for rulings on preliminary points of law) or the Court (with regard to appeals. This is in contrast to the International Arbitration Act 1994, which generally replicates the provisions of the

1743:, an award issued in a contracting state can generally be freely enforced in any other contracting state, only subject to certain, limited defenses. Only foreign arbitration awards are enforced pursuant to the New York Convention. An arbitral decision is foreign where the award was made in a state other than the state of recognition or where foreign procedural law was used. In most cases, these disputes are settled with no public record of their existence as the loser complies voluntarily, although in 2014 UNCITRAL promulgated a rule for public disclosure of investor-state disputes. 1422:, and the contract contains an arbitration clause highly favourable to the other party, the dispute may still referred to that arbitration tribunal. Conversely a court may be persuaded that the arbitration agreement itself is void having been signed under duress. However, most courts will be reluctant to interfere with the general rule which does allow for commercial expediency; any other solution (where one first had to go to court to decide whether one had to go to arbitration) would be self-defeating. 2290:"Litigation funders identify cases with potentially large returns and typically pay the legal fees and other costs for the claimant, in return for a percentage of any award or judgement. Third Party Litigation Funding is largely unregulated in Europe, and most agreements are made in secret - rendering them ripe for abuse. Judges and defendants are often unaware that a claim involves a funder, what fees have been agreed, and what influence or conflicts of interest they may be," Voss claimed. 2293:"Litigation funders say they offer access to justice for people who could not otherwise afford to bring cases. Yet if we listen to how funders describe themselves to their investors, providing ‘access to justice’ is clearly not their goal. They pick and choose cases in order to achieve the best return on their investments. They mainly choose large-value lawsuits, while typically considering ordinary cases involving lower-value claims as too risky or not profitable enough," he added. 40: 442: 1491:"nonarbitrability" doctrine, but in the 1980s the Supreme Court of the United States reversed and began to use the act to require arbitration if included in the contract for federal statutory claims. Although some legal scholars believe that it was originally intended to apply to federal courts only, courts now routinely require arbitration due to the FAA regardless of state statutes or public policy 1569:, a lawyer who specialised in North Korean law, North Korea has an advanced arbitration system even compared to developed countries, and foreign companies face an even playing field in dispute resolution. Arbitration cases could be concluded in as little as six months. According to Hay, North Korea maintains an advanced dispute resolution system in order to facilitate foreign investment. 1646:

Taft's political base was the conservative business community which largely supported peace movements before 1914. However, his mistake in this case was a failure to mobilize that base. The businessmen believed that economic rivalries were cause of war, and that extensive trade led to an interdependent world that would make war a very expensive and useless anachronism.

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and a one-year ban from practicing as an arbitrator. The Madrid Court highlighted that the arbitrator's appointment was a judicial decision made before the arbitration process. Consequently, once the nullification of the appointment was confirmed, all subsequent arbitral proceedings stemming from that appointment were rendered invalid, as if they had never occurred.

1320:, a determination of whether a patent has been infringed could be adjudicated upon by an arbitration tribunal, but the validity of a patent could not: As patents are subject to a system of public registration, an arbitral panel would have no power to order the relevant body to rectify any patent registration based upon its determination. 1465:

confers jurisdiction upon any designated body. This contrasts with the general approach taken by the majority of other jurisdictions and enables parties to foreign intellectual property disputes to seek resolution offshore without affecting the recognition of intellectual property rights in the jurisdictions in which they are issued.

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members of the Senate during the negotiating process. By then many Republicans were opposed to Taft, and the president felt that lobbying too hard for the treaties might cause their defeat. He made some speeches supporting the treaties in October, but the Senate added amendments Taft could not accept, killing the agreements.

2158:(binding predispute agreements) to arbitrate. This meant that prior to an award, a claimant could sue in court even if they had contractually agreed to settle disputes by arbitration. After the award, courts reviewed the judgment, but generally deferred to the arbitration, although the practice was not consistent. 2537:

Although all attempts to determine disputes outside of the courts are "alternative dispute resolution" in the literal sense, ADR in the technical legal sense, is the process whereby an attempt is made to reach a common middle ground through an independent mediator as a basis for a binding settlement.

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Stampa was later found guilty of contempt of court and was sentenced to six months in prison and banned from practising as an arbitrator for a year. On May 17, 2024 the Madrid Court of Appeal upheld the contempt of court conviction and sentence against Stampa, upholding his six-month prison sentence,

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is a process which is conducted as if it were a conventional arbitration, except that the award issued by the tribunal is not binding on the parties, and they retain their rights to bring a claim before the courts or other arbitration tribunal; the award is in the form of an independent assessment of

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In other jurisdictions, however, unless the parties have expressly granted the arbitrators the right to decide such matters, the tribunal's powers may be limited to deciding whether a party is entitled to damages. It may not have the legal authority to order injunctive relief, issue a declaration, or

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The duties of a tribunal will be determined by a combination of the provisions of the arbitration agreement and by the procedural laws which apply in the seat of the arbitration. The extent to which the laws of the seat of the arbitration permit "party autonomy" (the ability of the parties to set out

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However, an opposing faction of American progressives, led by ex-president Theodore Roosevelt, ridiculed arbitration as foolhardy idealism, and insisted on the realism of warfare as the only solution to serious disputes. Taft's treaties with France and Britain were killed by Roosevelt, who had broken

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Uniquely, both the International Arbitration Act 1994 and the Arbitration Act 2001 contain provisions (Part 2A and Part 9A, respectively) explicitly authorising the arbitration of intellectual property disputes regardless of the extent to which the law of Singapore or any other jurisdiction expressly

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The overall costs of arbitration can be estimated on the websites of international arbitration institutions, such as that of the ICC, the website of the SIAC and the website of the International Arbitration Attorney Network. The overall cost of administrative and arbitrator fees is, on average, less

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is a party to the Convention while relatively few countries have a comprehensive network for cross-border enforcement of judgments their courts. Additionally, the awards not limited to damages. Whereas typically only monetary judgments by national courts are enforceable in the cross-border context,

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negotiated major treaties with Great Britain and with France providing that differences be arbitrated. Disputes had to be submitted to the Hague Court or other tribunal. These were signed in August 1911 but had to be ratified by a two thirds vote of the Senate. Neither Taft nor Knox consulted with

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also conducts arbitrations, but it no longer conducts consumer arbitrations pursuant to a consent decree entered into in 2009 because of evidence that it had been biased toward, and had incentives that favored, credit card companies over cardholders. The AAA was also asked to exit the business, but

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Presently, Singapore maintains two distinct frameworks under which contractual disputes can be arbitrated, which differ primarily in regard to the extent to which parties to the proceedings may resort to the courts. Under section 45 of the Arbitration Act 2001, either party or the arbitral tribunal

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Parties often seek to resolve disputes through arbitration because of a number of perceived potential advantages over judicial proceedings. Companies often require arbitration with their customers, but prefer the advantages of courts in disputes with competitors. Prevalent advantages of arbitration

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to impose those amendments that ruined the goals of the treaties. Lodge thought the treaties impinge too much on senatorial prerogatives. Roosevelt, however, was acting to sabotage Taft's campaign promises. At a deeper level, Roosevelt truly believed that arbitration was a naïve solution and the

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The arbitration issue opens a window on a bitter philosophical dispute among American progressives. Some, led by Taft, looked to legal arbitration as the best alternative to warfare. Taft was a constitutional lawyer who later became Chief Justice; he had a deep understanding of the legal issues.

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there exists a small but significant body of case law which deals with the power of the courts to intervene where the decision of an arbitrator is in fundamental disaccord with the applicable principles of law or the contract. However, this body of case law has been called into question by recent

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are generally not considered to be arbitrable, as the power of the parties to enter into an agreement upon these matters is at least restricted. However, most other disputes that involve private rights between two parties can be resolved using arbitration. In some disputes, parts of claims may be

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Arbitrators may struggle to enforce interlocutory measures against parties. Parties have an easier time taking steps to avoid enforcement of member or a small group of members in arbitration due to increasing legal fees, without explaining to the members the adverse consequences of an unfavorable

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Later on May 30, 2024, Malaysian state-owned petroleum firm Petronas moved a Manhattan court to seek directions for litigation funding firm Therium and its parent company to turn over subpoenaed financial documents and communications. Petronas’ Azerbaijani arm said it would sue the companies and

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Arbitration in its common law form developed in England; in the Middle Ages, tribunals such as the courts of the boroughs, of the fair and of the staple arose as the royal courts were not designed for trade disputes, and trade with foreigners was otherwise unenforceable. In the mid-16th century,

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Although no general arbitration treaty was entered into, Taft's administration settled several disputes with Great Britain by peaceful means, often involving arbitration. These included a settlement of the boundary between Maine and New Brunswick, a long-running dispute over seal hunting in the

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Nations regulate arbitration through a variety of laws. The main body of law applicable to arbitration is normally contained either in the national Private International Law Act (as is the case in Switzerland) or in a separate law on arbitration (as is the case in England, Republic of Korea and

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Procedures which necessarily lead to a determination which the parties to the dispute may not enter into an agreement upon: Some court procedures lead to judgments which bind all members of the general public, or public authorities in their capacity as such, or third parties, or which are being

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In contrast to litigation, where one cannot "choose the judge", arbitration allows the parties to choose their own tribunal, since it is the parties who appoint the arbitrators. This is especially useful when the subject matter of the dispute is highly technical: arbitrators with an appropriate

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The arbitrators who determine the outcome of the dispute are called the arbitral tribunal. The composition of the arbitral tribunal can vary enormously, with either a sole arbitrator sitting, two or more arbitrators, with or without a chairman or umpire, and various other combinations. In most

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as a factor contributing to the popularity of London as a seat of arbitration in international contract disputes. Consequently, the report recommends amending the International Arbitration Act 1994 to enable parties to opt for a right of appeal in their arbitration agreement, thus enabling the

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and management by making a determination of which of the two sides has the more reasonable position. The arbitrator must choose only between the two options, and cannot split the difference or select an alternative position. It was initiated in Chile in 1979. This form of arbitration has been

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is a form of arbitration that occurs exclusively online. There is currently an assumption that online arbitration is admissible under the New York Convention and the E-Commerce Directive, but this has not been legally verified. Since arbitration is based on a contractual agreement between the

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Unfortunately, there is little agreement amongst the different American judgments and textbooks as to whether such a separate doctrine exists at all, or the circumstances in which it would apply. There does not appear to be any recorded judicial decision in which it has been applied. However,

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Agreements to refer disputes to arbitration are generally presumed to be separable from the rest of the contract. This means that an issue of validity pertaining to the contract as a whole will not automatically vitiate the validity of the agreement to arbitrate. For example, in disputes on a

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also associate with — said the Madrid Court’s ruling underscored the importance of rigorous compliance with procedural requirements and judicial orders under Spanish law, as failure to do so could invite severe penalties. “The conviction of Stampa serves as a lesson for international

1327:: German law excludes disputes over the rental of living space from any form of arbitration, while arbitration agreements with consumers are only considered valid if they are signed by either party, and if the signed document does not bear any other content than the arbitration agreement. 2323:

the sole commercial arbitrator on the matter. On February 28, 2022, Stampa ruled in favor of the alleged descendants of sultan and ordered Malaysia to pay $ 14.92 billion in settlement to the litigants. The award was eventually struck down by the Hague Court of Appeal on June 27, 2023.

2120:(1746), an English court ruled that the arbitration agreement could 'oust' courts of law and equity of jurisdiction. Merchants, however, retained provisions to settle disputes among themselves, but tension between the arbitration proceedings and courts eventually resulted in the 1259:

Agreeing to arbitrate often implies a waiver of the right to bring the same dispute to a court. This has been said to exacerbate imbalances of power between corporations and individuals as courts play a role in levelling the field between sophisticated and unsophisticated

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Malaysian Minister Azalina Othman said, “In its judgment, the Madrid Court of Appeal confirms that Stampa knowingly and wilfully disobeyed the clear rulings and orders of the Madrid High Court of Justice resulting from the nullification of his appointment as arbitrator.

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is a variation of baseball arbitration where the figures are not revealed to the arbitration tribunal. The arbitrator will determinate the quantum of the claim in the usual way, and the parties agree to accept and be bound by the figure which is closest to the tribunal's

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and thus any claim based upon it fails. It follows that if a party successfully claims that a contract is void, then each clause contained within the contract, including the arbitration clause, would be void. However, in most countries, the courts have accepted that:

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in the United States. Normally the arbitration institution also will be the appointing authority. Arbitration institutions tend to have their own rules and procedures, and may be more formal. They also tend to be more expensive, and, for procedural reasons, slower.

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arbitrations, the arbitral tribunals are appointed by the parties or by an appointing authority chosen by the parties. After the tribunal has been formed, the appointing authority will normally have no other role and the arbitration will be managed by the tribunal.

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case of 1872 whereby major tensions regarding British support for the Confederacy during the American Civil War were resolved. At the First International Conference of American States in 1890, a plan for systematic arbitration was developed, but not accepted. The

2354:, former MEP and former member of the European Parliament’s Legal Affairs Committee, said no case "highlights the need for stronger EU regulation of litigation funding than the $ 15 billion arbitration award against the Government of Malaysia in the Sulu case". 1414:

This protects the tribunal's ability to arbitrate beyond termination of the contract. Arguably, it is necessary to ensure that disputes are arbitrated rather than litigated—without such clause, a dispute arising out of a contract will necessarily be litigated.

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c. 125) which provided for the appointment of arbitrators and umpires, allowed courts to 'stay proceedings' when a disputant filed a suit despite an agreement to arbitrate, and provided a process for arbitrators to submit questions to a court. Later, the

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In keeping with the informality of the arbitration process, the law is generally keen to uphold the validity of arbitration clauses even when they lack the normal formal language associated with legal contracts. Clauses which have been upheld include:

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development of case law and providing greater certainty for parties who desire it while maintaining an absence of appeals as the default position in order to cater to parties who desire a completely extrajudicial resolution of contractual disputes.

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as well as domestic arbitrations governed by the laws of countries in which courts may award costs against a losing party, the arbitral tribunal will also determine the portion of the arbitrators' fees that the losing party is required to bear.

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Generally speaking, by their nature, arbitration proceedings tend not to be subject to appeal, in the ordinary sense of the word. However, in most countries, the court maintains a supervisory role to set aside awards in extreme cases, such as

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to adjudicate claims of American corporations and individuals in relation to expropriated property during the Islamic revolution in Iran in 1979. The tribunal has not been a notable success, and has even been held by an English court to be

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Arbitration was common in the early United States, with George Washington serving as an arbiter on an occasion. The United States had a notable difference from England, however, in that unlike England, its courts generally did not enforce

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great issues had to be decided by warfare. The Rooseveltian approach had a near-mystical faith of the ennobling nature of war. It endorsed jingoistic nationalism as opposed to the businessmen's calculation of profit and national interest.

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The definition of Arbitral Award given in sec 2(1)(c) is clearly not exhaustive. It merely points out that an Arbitral Award includes both a final award and an interim award. Although arbitration awards are characteristically an award of

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are dealt with by a procedure called "small claims arbitration", although the proceedings are held in front of a district judge, paid for by the state. In Russia, the courts dealing with commercial disputes are referred to as the

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common law courts developed contract law and the Admiralty court became accessible for disputes with foreign merchants, broadening the venues for trade disputes. Courts became suspicious of arbitration; for example, in

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to act fairly and impartially between the parties, and to allow each party a reasonable opportunity to put their case and to deal with the case of their opponent (sometimes shortened to: complying with the rules of

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published a report on the right of appeal in arbitral proceedings evaluating the advantages and disadvantages of the two distinct frameworks, concluding that the existence of appeals enables the development of

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increasingly seen in resolving international tax disputes, especially in the context of deciding on the Transfer Pricing margins. This form of arbitration is also known (particularly in the United States) as

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Article V of the New York Convention provides an exhaustive list of grounds on which enforcement can be challenged. These are generally narrowly construed to uphold the pro-enforcement bias of the Convention.

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In some legal systems, arbitration awards have fewer enforcement options than judgments; although in the United States arbitration awards are enforced in the same manner as court judgments and have the same

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As methods of dispute resolution, arbitration procedure can be varied to suit the needs of the parties. Certain specific "types" of arbitration procedure have developed, particularly in North America.

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Recently, controversies surrounding some high-profile international disputes have led to calls for a review of arbitration practices, especially in Europe. Observers have often criticized the role of

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For example, all arbitral awards issued by the ICC have to be reviewed internally before being handed down, which helps certainty and improves the quality of awards, but leads to delay and expense.

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If the arbitrator or the arbitration forum depends on the corporation for repeat business, there may be an inherent incentive to rule against the consumer or employee in favour of the corporation.

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degree of expertise (for example, quantity surveying expertise, in the case of a construction dispute, or expertise in commercial property law, in the case of a real estate dispute) can be chosen.

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of 1897 was a proposed treaty between the United States and Britain in 1897 that required arbitration of major disputes. The treaty was rejected by the U.S. Senate and never went into effect.

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In most legal systems there are very limited avenues for appeal of an arbitral award, which is sometimes an advantage because it limits the duration of the dispute and any associated liability.

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is a notable exception to this rule, as except for certain extreme cases, a prevailing party in a US legal proceeding does not become entitled to recoup its legal fees from the losing party.

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In arbitral proceedings the language of arbitration may be chosen, whereas in judicial proceedings the official language of the country of the competent court will be automatically applied.

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countries (not including England and Wales), it is possible to provide that each party should bear their own costs in a conventional arbitration clause, but not in a submission agreement.

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There is sometimes a disconnection between the presumption of confidentiality and the realities of disclosure and publicity imposed by the arbitrators, and even the parties themselves.

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parties, an online process without a regulatory framework may generate a significant number of challenges from consumers and other weaker parties if due process cannot be assured.

1192:, arbitration is also frequently employed in consumer and employment matters, where arbitration may be mandated by the terms of employment or commercial contracts and may include 2300:

in Malaysia and the biggest arbitration award in history announced against the Malaysian government. The case involved the self-proclaimed descendants of the last Sultan of the

2121: 3025: 2802:. The restriction does not apply to notarized agreements, as it is presumed that the notary public will have well informed the consumer about the content and its implications. 2230:. In addition, Americans have also increasingly participated in "mass arbitration", a practice where consumers facing similar issues normally barred from participating in a 1456:

and consequently provides greater certainty for parties to arbitral proceedings. The report identifies the availability of appeals by default under section 69 of England's

1557:. Legal professionals and corporations, in Korea, are increasingly preferring arbitration to litigation. The number of arbitrations, in Korea, is increasing year on year. 1410:

If the contract (valid or otherwise) contains an arbitration clause, then the proper forum to determine whether the contract is void or not, is the arbitration tribunal.

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The former is the far more prevalent type of arbitration agreement. Sometimes, legal significance attaches to the type of arbitration agreement. For example, in certain

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conceptually, to the extent it exists, the doctrine would be an important derogation from the general principle that awards are not subject to review by the courts.

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Most importantly, the parties’ ability to choose what substantive and procedural law governs the arbitration. This is often called the principle of ‘party autonomy’.

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The courts have also upheld clauses which specify resolution of disputes other than in accordance with a specific legal system. These include provision indicating:

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By their nature, the subject matter of some disputes is not capable of arbitration. In general, two groups of legal procedures cannot be subjected to arbitration:

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That the arbitrators "must not necessarily judge according to the strict law but as a general rule ought chiefly to consider the principles of practical business"

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Enforcing arbitral awards generally requires a court procedure, this may increase costs, particularly where a party attempts to challenge the award at this stage.

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Agreements which are signed after a dispute has arisen, agreeing that the dispute should be resolved by arbitration (sometimes called a "submission agreement")

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In a follow-up article Voss wrote that Europe "must not allow millions of European consumers and Europe's justice systems to become pawns in profit seeking".

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Such forms of "Last Offer Arbitration" can also be combined with mediation to create MEDALOA hybrid processes (Mediation followed by Last Offer Arbitration).

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against a losing party, with the winner becoming entitled to recover an approximation of what it spent in pursuing its claim (or in defense of a claim). The

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3 Historically restricted in common law jurisdictions but generally accepted elsewhere; availability varies between contemporary common law jurisdictions

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The Washington Convention 1965 relates to settlement of investment disputes between states and citizens of other countries. The Convention created the

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See for example the arbitration service offered by Falcon Chambers, the specialist property barristers chambers – www.falcon-chambersarbitration.com.

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Some legal orders exclude or restrict the possibility of arbitration for reasons of the protection of weaker members of the public, e.g. consumers.

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is, usually, not arbitration at all, but merely a court process which refers to itself as arbitration, such as small claims arbitration before the

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In administered arbitration, the arbitration is administered by a professional arbitration institution providing arbitration services, such as the

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jurisdictions, an arbitrator enjoys immunity from liability for anything done or omitted whilst acting as arbitrator unless the arbitrator acts in

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or in the case of some serious legal irregularity on the part of the tribunal. Only domestic arbitral awards are subject to set aside procedure.

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conducted in the public interest. For example, until the 1980s, antitrust matters were not arbitrable in the United States. Matters relating to

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in favor of arbitration. For the first six decades of its existence, courts did not allow arbitration for "federal statutory claims" through a

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In direct contrast, arbitration is an adversarial process to determine a winner and a loser in relation to the rights and wrongs of a dispute.

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was peacefully resolved through arbitration. Both nations realized that a mechanism was desirable to avoid possible future conflicts. The

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to adopt procedures suitable to the circumstances of the particular case, so as to provide a fair means for resolution of the dispute.

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firms that are increasingly investing in lawsuits and arbitration proceedings in "hope of collecting a hefty share of the winnings."

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Like the courts, arbitral tribunals generally have the same power to award costs in relation to the determination of the dispute. In

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with his protégé Taft in 1910. They were dueling for control of the Republican Party. Roosevelt worked with his close friend Senator

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To be correct: certain form, as defined by statute, of an electronic signature using a chip card and a PIN code is also sufficient

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is the main law governing arbitration in the Republic of Korea. The official body which resolves disputes via arbitration is the

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against a party, in many jurisdictions tribunals have a range of remedies that can form a part of the award. These may include:

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Tupman, "Case Studies in the Jurisdiction of the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes" (1986) 35 ICLQ 813

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Argen, Robert (12 August 2015). "Ending Blind Spot Justice: Broadening the Transparency Trend in International Arbitration".

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Agreements which provide that, if a dispute should arise, it will be resolved by arbitration. These will generally be normal

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is a form of arbitration where the decision by the arbitrator is legally binding and enforceable, similar to a court order.

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Jordan). In addition to this, a number of national procedural laws may also contain provisions relating to arbitration.

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involving a third party neutral who makes a binding decision. The third party neutral (the 'arbitrator', 'arbiter' or '

3679:"Supreme Court rules that employers can make signing away your right to sue them in a class a condition of employment" 4611: 4208: 3576: 3223: 2698:"Presumption Meets Reality: An Exploration of the Confidentiality Obligation in International Commercial Arbitration" 2469: 2429: 2389: 2339:

Former Spanish Judge Josep Galvez — barrister at 4-5 Gray's Inn Square Chambers, which the lawyers of Sulu claimants

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arbitration practitioners, emphasizing the paramount importance of adhering to judicial orders in Spain,” he wrote.

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In the 21st century, arbitration has been frequently given negative media coverage, especially during and after the

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file multiple arbitration demands at once in an attempt to overwhelm a company's legal team. This has resulted in

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and Great Britain were pioneers in the use of arbitration to resolve their differences. It was first used in the

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http://www.altenburger.ch/uploads/tx_altenburger/jl_2007_The_Interaction_Between_Arbitration_and_Mediation.pdf

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R. Morek "The Regulatory Framework for Online Dispute Resolution: A Critical View" (2006) 38 Tol. L. Rev. 165.

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The report gained special traction given its release came amidst an international battle over the region of

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Dealing in Virtue: International Commercial Arbitration and the Construction of a Transnational Legal Order

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Arbitral proceedings (other than investor-state arbitration) and arbitral awards can be made confidential.

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However, in almost all countries the tribunal owes several non-derogable duties. These will normally be:

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in the courts, unless all parties stipulate that the arbitration process and decision are non-binding.

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It is often easier to enforce arbitration awards in a foreign country than court judgments. Under the

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There are very limited avenues for appeal, an erroneous decision will therefore be harder to overturn.

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removing arbitration provisions from its terms of service, and mass arbitration has additionally hit

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There are limited rights of review and appeal of arbitration awards. Arbitration is not the same as:

981: 940: 852: 3628:"State regulation of arbitration proceedings: judicial review of Arbitration Awards by State Courts" 5036: 4949: 2166: 1984: 1614: 1448: 788: 501: 356: 314: 118: 111: 3991:"Sulu Case: Malaysia Hope Madrid Court Will Sentence Stampa For Unqualified Professional Practice" 3082: 5008: 4925: 4525: 4351: 2170: 2049: 1779: 1767:

Certain international conventions exist in relation to the enforcement of awards against states.

1618: 1480: 1361: 1110: 961: 770: 620: 203: 133: 3730: 2173:

based on the New York law, which was passed in 1925 with minor changes. In the next decade, the

4955: 4835: 3755: 3703: 3559:

Noussia, Dr Kyriaki (1 January 2010). "The History, Importance and Modern Use of Arbitration".

2239: 1751:

it is theoretically possible (although unusual in practice) to obtain an enforceable order for

1667: 1500: 1185: 686: 646: 571: 547: 529: 3282: 3213: 2738: 2319:

filed a lawsuit for commercial arbitration at the Madrid High Court in Spain, which appointed

1418:

Arguably, either position is potentially unfair; if a person is made to sign a contract under

5164: 4962: 4937: 4809: 4748: 4677: 2697: 2404: 2088: 1709:

The Washington Convention of 1965 (governing settlement of international investment disputes)

1127: 1103: 966: 534: 339: 278: 31: 2946:"Report on the Right of Appeal against International Arbitration Awards on Questions of Law" 1609:

of 1899 saw the major world powers agree to a system of arbitration and the creation of the

5229: 5144: 5134: 4931: 4863: 4497: 4393: 2394: 2305: 2142: 2138: 2066: 1941:

rectify a contract, such powers being reserved to the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts.

1918: 1752: 1508: 1457: 1263:

Arbitration agreements are often difficult to identify in consumer and employee agreements.

1204: 994: 831: 681: 560: 466: 461: 344: 3652: 2962: 1248:, arbitration awards are generally easier to enforce in other nations than court verdicts. 919:(also implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing or duty to negotiate in good faith) 8: 5065: 5001: 4563: 2976: 2340: 1928: 1663:

that also involved Japan, and a similar disagreement regarding fishing off Newfoundland.

1630: 1317: 1193: 750: 641: 506: 486: 273: 172: 149: 53: 3678: 4718: 2489: 2223: 2165:, with New York leading with a state law enforcing predispute agreements. In 1921, the 2155: 2071: 1613:. Arbitration was widely discussed among diplomats and elites in the 1890–1914 era. 1504: 1351: 1337: 1158: 1113:, and Canadian jurisprudence in both Québec and the common law provinces pertaining to 1036: 999: 841: 813: 779: 672: 657: 651: 625: 391: 309: 304: 89: 3461: 3443: 5154: 5149: 4828: 4713: 4398: 3627: 3597: 3572: 3278: 3219: 2678: 2593: 2497: 2465: 2379: 2374: 2316: 2308:

in exchange for an annual payment of $ 5000. The region now falls within present-day

2301: 1901: 1883: 1797: 1671: 1651: 1638: 1492: 1166: 1162: 893: 882: 603: 552: 543: 524: 481: 299: 263: 237: 167: 99: 5180: 4789: 4758: 4641: 4492: 4328: 3564: 2235: 2134: 2125: 2055: 1488: 916: 803: 798: 760: 755: 598: 581: 2137:

c. 49) was passed, followed by other Arbitration Acts in 1950, 1975, 1979 and the

1684:

1958 New York Convention on Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards

5203: 4794: 4733: 4558: 4449: 4424: 4308: 3990: 3531: 2344: 2271: 2181: 1867: 1634: 1283: 1170: 808: 538: 515: 351: 258: 242: 182: 27: 3704:"H.R.1423 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): Forced Arbitration Injustice Repeal Act" 3598:"Judicial Enforcement of Pre-Dispute Arbitration Agreements: Back to the Future" 3568: 1858:

their own procedures and regulations) determines the interplay between the two.

4530: 4439: 2351: 2320: 2259: 2255: 1601: 1181: 1054: 945: 876: 861: 609: 456: 324: 5223: 5113: 5108: 5103: 4591: 4502: 4444: 4303: 3731:"S.505 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): Forced Arbitration Injustice Repeal Act" 3165:

E. James Hindman, "The General Arbitration Treaties of William Howard Taft."

2682: 2336:

their lawyers in Spain over losses from the seizure of assets in Luxembourg.

1992: 1682:

By far the most important international instrument on arbitration law is the

1589: 1554: 1484: 1189: 845: 593: 566: 496: 376: 366: 177: 4093:"French court rules Malaysia owes $ 14.92 billion to sultan of Sulu's heirs" 3947:"French court rules Malaysia owes $ 14.92 billion to sultan of Sulu's heirs" 1389:"internationally accepted principles of law governing contractual relations" 588: 5118: 4799: 4768: 4553: 4512: 4144:"Malaysia's $ 15bn dispute shows need for EU litigation funding regulation" 3211: 3181:

John P. Campbell, "Taft, Roosevelt, and the Arbitration Treaties of 1911,"

2520: 2231: 2199: 2019: 1988: 1907:

in some jurisdictions, the tribunal may have the same power as a court to:

1516: 1496: 1308: 1304: 1049: 1044: 1031: 822: 476: 371: 222: 79: 4117: 3152:

Robert J. Fischer, "Henry Cabot Lodge and the Taft Arbitration Treaties."

3083:"[INTERVIEW] 'North Korea has advanced dispute resolution system'" 2922: 2796: 2719: 4636: 4586: 4338: 4017:"Sulu Case: Madrid Court of Appeal upholds Stampa's conviction, sentence" 2901: 2886:

Arbitration and Mediation in the Southern Mediterranean Countries: Jordan

2075: 1633:(1909–1913) was a major advocate of arbitration as a major reform of the 1566: 1174: 887: 793: 615: 386: 381: 334: 212: 192: 128: 94: 60: 39: 4067:"Sulu claims: M'sia closer to nullifying 'sham' final award, says Anwar" 3170: 3135:

John E. Noyes, "William Howard Taft and the Taft Arbitration Treaties."

3008:

Federal Arbitration Act Preemption, Purposivism, and State Public Policy

2666: 2528:, although it is not an arbitral tribunal in the true sense of the word. 5060: 5013: 4743: 4616: 4474: 4429: 3865:"The EU must regulate third party litigation funding, argues Axel Voss" 3186: 3111: 2215: 1980: 1911: 1784: 1660: 1593: 1399: 1312: 1200: 1089: 1072: 491: 4254: 4250:

International Alternative Dispute Resolution: Past, Present and Future

2496:. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 324. 2145:(c. 42) in particular limited judicial review for arbitration awards. 1407:

A contract can only be declared void by a court or other tribunal; and

5159: 4975: 4687: 4672: 4631: 4464: 4419: 4374: 4189: 2277: 1804: 1615:

The 1895 dispute between the United States and Britain over Venezuela

1208: 1040: 715: 441: 319: 232: 227: 217: 106: 20: 3007: 2315:

After Malaysia stopped the payment, one of the alleged heirs of the

1702:

Geneva Convention on the Execution of Foreign Arbitral Awards, 1927.

5093: 4851: 4692: 4621: 4540: 4520: 4388: 3444:"International Arbitration – International Arbitration Information" 2459: 2309: 1922: 1597: 1453: 1395: 1347: 870: 765: 433: 158: 123: 4287:

Varady, Tibor; Barcelo, John J.; Von Mehren, Arthur Taylor (2006)

2651: 2177:

promoted rules and facilitated arbitrations through appointments.

1727: 4697: 4667: 4646: 4469: 4403: 4042:"Decoding Arbitral Disputes: Spanish Judicial Oversight - Law360" 3833:"Intuit Loses Bid to Avoid Mass Arbitration of TurboTax Lawsuits" 3326: 2222:

but did not pass the Senate; Both Johnson and Democratic Senator

2054:

the merits of the case, designated to facilitate an out-of-court

1890: 1512: 1511:. Under these agreements the consumer may waive their right to a 836: 74: 3972:"Dutch court rules sultan's heirs cannot seize Malaysian assets" 2923:"International Arbitration Act 1994 - Singapore Statutes Online" 4548: 4484: 4322: 4206:

Craig, W. Laurence; Park, William W.; Paulsson, January (2001)

2251: 2083:. It takes its name from a practice which arose in relation to 1833: 1688:

handful of countries are not parties to the New York Convention

1419: 1316:

arbitrable and other parts not. For example, in a dispute over

2617:"The Supreme Court's retired, but hardly retiring, Ian Binnie" 2550:"Can Arbitration Solve Tech Sector's Litigation Cost Concerns" 2218:

and 220 other Democrats. The FAIR Act passed the House in the

1468: 4606: 4454: 2836:

Mangistaumunaigaz Oil Production v United Kingdom World Trade

2297: 1952: 1841: 1434: 1342:

Arbitration agreements are generally divided into two types:

4343: 4257:

International Arbitration: Corporate Attitudes and Practices

4182:

Blackaby, Nigel; Lindsey, David Spinillo; Alessandro (2003)

3920:"Chronology of Sulu case, Spanish arbitrator Gonzalo Stampa" 3329:

these are codified in section 33 of the Arbitration Act 1996

2161:

The lack of enforcement of predispute agreements led to the

1755:

in an arbitration proceeding under the New York Convention.

4820: 4728: 4723: 4682: 4459: 4199:

Buhring-Uhle, Christian and Kirchhof, Gabriele Lars (2006)

2247: 2243: 1932: 1286:

may be more limited in arbitration or entirely nonexistent.

1026: 4275:

International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes

4228:

Dugan, Christopher; Wallace Jr., Don; Rubins, Noah (2005)

3808:"JPMorgan, Facebook Fight Mass Arbitration Legal Strategy" 2425:

UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration

1773:

International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes

1721:

UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration

1442:

UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration

4738: 1976:

than 20% of the total cost of international arbitration.

1016: 187: 84: 4339:

Website Association for International Arbitration (AIA)

4264:

Law and Practice of International Commercial Arbitration

3341:"Arbitration Corruption? The U.S. Fifth Circuit Says No" 3106:

Nelson M. Blake, "The Olney-Pauncefote Treaty of 1897,"

3026:"Big Arbitration Firm Pulls Out of Credit Card Business" 2884:

Tariq Hammouri, Dima A. Khleifat, and Qais A. Mahafzah,

2756:

Mitsubishi Motors Corp. v. Soler Chrysler-Plymouth, Inc.

1560: 1544: 1106:

both in Québec and in the country's common law provinces

4333: 3774: 3561:

Confidentiality in International Commercial Arbitration

3364:

The expression appears in the majority judgment in the

3212:

Genevieve Forbes Herrick; John Origen Herrick (2005) .

2848:

Norske Atlas Insurance Co v London General Insurance Co

1528:

Several arbitration organizations exist, including the

4242:

Lew, Julian; Mistelis, Loukas; Kroell, Stefan (2003)

3782:"Amazon Ends Use of Arbitration for Customer Disputes" 2771:"Zivilprozessordnung - German Code of Civil Procedure" 2735:

Larkden Pty Limited v Lloyd Energy Systems Pty Limited

2484: 1910:

order a party to do or refrain from doing something ("

1904:" as to any matter to be determined in the proceedings 2860:

Deutsche Schachtbau v R'As al-Khaimah National Oil Co

2611: 2609: 2074:

where an arbitrator has to resolve a claim between a

1235:

Arbitration is supposed to be faster than litigation.

1730:(providing a set of rules for an ad hoc arbitration) 1624: 1109:

7 Specific to civil law jurisdictions, the American

4201:

Arbitration and Mediation in International Business

3462:"International Arbitration Resources • Arbitration" 2526:

High Court of Arbitration of the Russian Federation

1693:Some other relevant international instruments are: 1444:and provides more restricted access to the courts. 1194:

a waiver of the right to bring a class action claim

2902:"Arbitration Act 2001 - Singapore Statutes Online" 2606: 1817:and administered (or institutional) arbitrations. 923:Contract A and Contract B in Canadian contract law 4774:Termination of the patient-physician relationship 4237:The Award in International Investment Arbitration 2462:The Award in International Investment Arbitration 2460:Katia Fach Gómez and Catharine Titi, ed. (2024). 2280:, a German MEP and member of the EU Parliament’s 1810:Arbitrations are usually divided into two types: 1748:every significant commercial country in the world 5221: 4244:Comparative International Commercial Arbitration 3756:"H.R.963 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): FAIR Act" 1987:– it is normal practice for the courts to award 1897:payment of a sum of money (conventional damages) 1778:The Algiers Declaration of 1981 established the 1180:Arbitration is often used for the resolution of 30:. For arbitration on the English Knowledge, see 4282:Survey of International Arbitrations: 1794–1970 2664: 1218: 1078:2 Specific to civil and mixed law jurisdictions 4334:Website American Arbitration Association (AAA) 3563:. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 11–17. 1519:. In 2011, one of these clauses was upheld in 1372:"arbitration in London – English law to apply" 4976:Jay Court, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court 4836: 4359: 4235:Fach Gómez, Katia and Titi, Catharine (2024) 3002: 3000: 2998: 2812:Swiss Bank Corporation v Novrissiysk Shipping 1378:"arbitration, if any, by ICC Rules in London" 1135: 411: 4176: 4091:Network, The Star/Asia News (2 March 2022). 3945:Network, The Star/Asia News (2 March 2022). 3426:"Singapore International Arbitration Centre" 3238: 2702:American University International Law Review 2548:Hernández, Gabrielle Orum (9 October 2017). 1734: 1637:. In 1911, Taft and his Secretary of State 2977:"Why Arbitration in Intellectual Property?" 2590:International arbitration: law and practice 2519:In the United Kingdom, small claims in the 1677: 1469:Arbitration procedures in the United States 1165:') renders the decision in the form of an ' 1115:contractual and pre-contractual negotiation 4888:United States Secretary of Foreign Affairs 4843: 4829: 4366: 4352: 4248:The Permanent Court of Arbitration (2000) 4222:Dezalay, Yves and Garth, Bryant G. (1998) 4184:International Arbitration in Latin America 3728: 3448:International Arbitration Attorney Network 2995: 2983:. World Intellectual Property Organization 2917: 2915: 2515: 2513: 2062:(as if the arbitration had not been held). 1716:(ICSID) of 1966 for investment arbitration 1435:Arbitration law and procedure in Singapore 1142: 1128: 418: 404: 3256:Article 1 of the 1958 New York Convention 3124:William Howard Taft: Confident Peacemaker 2940: 2938: 2936: 2896: 2894: 2547: 1852: 1479:The U.S. Supreme Court has held that the 1184:disputes, particularly in the context of 45:London Court of International Arbitration 4312:) is being considered for deletion. See 3676: 3068:"What's "Next" for Arbitration in Korea" 2720:Section 1030 subsection 1 of the German 1331: 38: 4090: 3988: 3944: 3558: 3412:ICC - International Chamber of Commerce 2969: 2912: 2665:Gazal-Ayal, Oren; Perry, Ronen (2014). 2510: 2204:Forced Arbitration Injustice Repeal Act 1215:facilitated by a neutral third party). 1169:'. An arbitration decision or award is 5222: 4872:1st Chief Justice of the United States 4329:Introduction to Securities Arbitration 3338: 3056:Arbitration versus Litigation in Korea 3023: 3017: 2933: 2891: 2644:"Principle XIII.5.1 - Confidentiality" 1762: 911:Duty of honest contractual performance 330:Forum (alternative dispute resolution) 5209:Founding Fathers of the United States 4904:President of the Continental Congress 4824: 4347: 3888: 3886: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3271:Brooklyn Journal of International Law 3268: 3264: 3262: 3218:. Kessinger Publishing. p. 280. 3200:The Presidency of William Howard Taft 2824:Hobbs Padgett & Co v J C Kirkland 2695: 1931:, setting aside or cancellation of a 1561:Arbitration procedures in North Korea 1545:Arbitration procedures in South Korea 1188:. In certain countries, such as the 1186:international commercial transactions 1099:of International Commercial Contracts 5099:John Jay College of Criminal Justice 5031:Letters to the inhabitants of Canada 4289:International Commercial Arbitration 4194:International Commercial Arbitration 3729:Blumenthal, Richard (1 March 2021). 2587: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2575: 1791: 5165:Jacobus Van Cortlandt (grandfather) 4014: 3515:, Section 44.103, Florida Statutes. 3080: 2871:For example, under English law see 2420:Society of Construction Arbitrators 1555:Korean Commercial Arbitration Board 1503:often include mandatory predispute 1495:determinations by state courts. In 1255:Some of the disadvantages include: 1088:and other civil codes based on the 13: 4944:Committee of Secret Correspondence 4319:Dispute Resolution and Arbitration 4271:The ICSID Convention: A Commentary 4262:Redfern, A. and Hunter, M. (2004) 4218:Arbitration in International Trade 3883: 3850: 3615: 3585: 3537: 3383:"Guide to Arbitration in New York" 3339:Koenck, Aaron (22 November 2020). 3259: 3244:International Commercial Contracts 3215:The Life of William Jennings Bryan 2768: 2541: 1877: 1425: 14: 5246: 4316:to help reach a consensus. › 4295: 4209:International Chamber of Commerce 3081:Kim, Hyun-bin (22 January 2019). 2797:Section 1031 subesction 5 of the 2572: 2430:Ukrainian Arbitration Association 2390:Arbitration Roundtable of Toronto 1625:Arbitration treaties of 1911–1914 1600:, and played a major role in the 1394:contract, a common defence is to 1244:Because of the provisions of the 4880:United States Secretary of State 4168:American Arbitration Association 3892: 2696:Brown, Alexis (1 January 2001). 2385:Arbitration in the United States 2370:American Arbitration Association 2175:American Arbitration Association 2148: 1963:decisions of the Supreme Court. 1846:American Arbitration Association 1572: 1530:American Arbitration Association 1475:Arbitration in the United States 1293: 913:(or doctrine of abuse of rights) 728:Enforcement of foreign judgments 692:Hague Choice of Court Convention 440: 5044:The Selected Papers of John Jay 4896:United States Minister to Spain 4136: 4110: 4084: 4059: 4034: 4008: 3982: 3964: 3938: 3912: 3825: 3800: 3748: 3722: 3696: 3670: 3645: 3518: 3506: 3497: 3472: 3454: 3436: 3418: 3400: 3375: 3358: 3332: 3319: 3310: 3298: 3289: 3250: 3232: 3205: 3192: 3175: 3159: 3146: 3129: 3116: 3100: 3074: 3060: 3048: 3024:Berner, Robert (19 July 2009). 2955: 2878: 2865: 2853: 2841: 2829: 2817: 2805: 2790: 2781: 2762: 2748: 2728: 2712: 2689: 2658: 2494:Economics: Principles in Action 2410:National Academy of Arbitrators 2163:Federal Arbitration Act of 1925 2006: 1706:The European Convention of 1961 1522:AT&T Mobility v. Concepcion 4273:Cambridge University Press – ( 4269:Schreuer, Christoph H. (2001) 3677:Doctorow, Cory (21 May 2018). 2636: 2627: 2531: 2478: 2453: 2365:Alternative dispute resolution 2272:third party litigation funding 1700:The Geneva Convention of 1927 1611:Permanent Court of Arbitration 721:Singapore Mediation Convention 295:Alternative dispute resolution 1: 4373: 4301: 4158: 2850:(1927) 28 Lloyds List Rep 104 2435:Uppsala Conflict Data Program 2122:Common Law Procedure Act 1854 2070:refers to a determination in 1979:In many legal systems – both 1375:"suitable arbitration clause" 1095:5 Explicitly rejected by the 862:Quasi-contractual obligations 5150:John Clarkson Jay (grandson) 4997:New York Manumission Society 4850: 2228:117th United States Congress 2226:reintroduced the act in the 2208:116th United States Congress 2105: 1945: 1787:under its own governing law. 1666:American Secretary of State 1483:(FAA) of 1925 established a 1219:Advantages and disadvantages 16:Method of dispute resolution 7: 5135:Sarah Livingston Jay (wife) 3926:(in Malay). 10 January 2024 3653:"An Epic Win for Employers" 3569:10.1007/978-3-642-10224-0_2 3183:Journal of American History 3108:American Historical Review, 2464:. Oxford University Press. 2357: 2210:, which was cosponsored by 2191:Epic Systems Corp. v. Lewis 1723:of 1985, (revised in 2006). 1697:The Geneva Protocol of 1923 10: 5251: 4805:Institutional review board 4230:Investor-State Arbitration 2440:Lawyer-supported mediation 2415:National Arbitration Forum 2110: 2095:Night Baseball Arbitration 1881: 1795: 1728:UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules 1583: 1576: 1538:National Arbitration Forum 1472: 1335: 733:Hague Judgments Convention 362:Peace and conflict studies 269:Mutual assured destruction 25: 18: 5173: 5127: 5086: 5053: 5023: 4989: 4914: 4858: 4782: 4706: 4660: 4572: 4539: 4511: 4483: 4435:Doctrine of double effect 4412: 4381: 4177:International arbitration 3480:"Arbitration in New York" 3466:International Arbitration 3156:78 (Spring 1979): 244–58. 2400:International arbitration 2265: 2000:international arbitration 1735:International enforcement 1579:International arbitration 1224:over litigation involve: 1084:4 Specific to the German 5037:New York Circular Letter 4864:2nd Governor of New York 4314:templates for discussion 4164:Boskey, James B. (1993) 3185:(1966) 53#2 pp: 279–298 3154:South Atlantic Quarterly 3110:(1945) 50#2 pp. 228–243 2739:[2011] NSWSC 268 2671:Law & Social Inquiry 2623:. Toronto. 15 June 2012. 2446: 2167:American Bar Association 1970: 1960:American arbitration law 1741:New York Convention 1958 1678:International agreements 1449:Singapore Academy of Law 1246:New York Convention 1958 789:Anticipatory repudiation 539:unequal bargaining power 357:Non-aggression principle 315:Conflict style inventory 119:Nonviolent Communication 19:Not to be confused with 4926:Continental Association 4526:Reproductive technology 4232:Oxford University Press 4213:Oxford University Press 3989:BERNAMA (12 May 2023). 3869:The Parliament Magazine 3657:The National Law Review 3345:Kluwer Arbitration Blog 2282:Legal Affairs Committee 2171:Federal Arbitration Act 2050:Non-Binding Arbitration 1780:Iran-US Claims Tribunal 1619:Olney-Pauncefote Treaty 1501:standard form contracts 1481:Federal Arbitration Act 1111:Uniform Commercial Code 1086:Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch 771:Third-party beneficiary 743:Rights of third parties 621:Accord and satisfaction 204:International relations 134:Speaking truth to power 26:For the 2016 film, see 5199:Boston relief portrait 4280:Stuyt, Alexander, ed. 3899:www.europarl.europa.eu 3240:Cordero-Moss, Giuditta 3012:Georgetown Law Journal 2963:"Arbitration Act 1996" 2240:Chipotle Mexican Grill 2022:in the United Kingdom. 1853:Duties of the tribunal 1668:William Jennings Bryan 1607:Hague Peace Conference 1596:of 1795 negotiated by 1551:Korean Arbitration Act 1350:, but they contain an 1211:(a form of settlement 1157:is a formal method of 842:Liquidated, stipulated 687:Forum selection clause 572:Frustration of purpose 47: 4963:The Federalist Papers 4950:New York Constitution 4938:Olive Branch Petition 4810:Human challenge study 4749:Scientific misconduct 4678:Jewish medical ethics 3837:news.bloombergtax.com 3812:news.bloomberglaw.com 3054:The Korean Law Blog, 2873:Heyman v Darwins Ltd. 2769:Berger, Klaus Peter. 2759:, 473 U.S. 614 (1985) 2741: (1 April 2011), 2405:Mandatory arbitration 2089:Major League Baseball 2037:Bracketed Arbitration 1714:Washington Convention 1332:Arbitration agreement 1104:Canadian contract law 472:Abstraction principle 279:Nuclear proliferation 42: 32:Knowledge:Arbitration 4932:Petition to the King 4661:Cultural differences 4564:Genetic modification 4170:Insurance ADR Manual 3305:Dallal v Bank Mellat 3169:36.1 (1973): 52–65. 3137:Villanova Law Review 2745:(NSW, Australia) 2395:Expert determination 2232:class action lawsuit 2206:(FAIR Act) into the 2198:U.S. Representative 2156:executory agreements 2143:Arbitration Act 1979 2139:Arbitration Act 1996 2131:Arbitration Act 1889 2081:Baseball Arbitration 2067:Pendulum Arbitration 2033:High-Low Arbitration 2016:Judicial Arbitration 1919:specific performance 1753:specific performance 1509:consumer arbitration 1458:Arbitration Act 1996 1205:expert determination 1201:judicial proceedings 933:Related areas of law 832:Specific performance 682:Choice of law clause 647:Contract of adhesion 561:Culpa in contrahendo 467:Meeting of the minds 462:Offer and acceptance 345:Paradox of tolerance 5160:James Jay (brother) 5155:John Jay (grandson) 5066:Jay Heritage Center 5009:Jay–Gardoqui Treaty 5002:African Free School 4575:emergent situations 3710:. 24 September 2019 3530:6 July 2011 at the 3408:"Costs and Payment" 2799:Zivilprozessordnung 2722:Zivilprozessordnung 2588:Born, Gary (2021). 2490:Sheffrin, Steven M. 2072:industrial disputes 2043:Binding Arbitration 1763:Government disputes 1631:William Howard Taft 1629:American President 1505:arbitration clauses 1318:patent infringement 1097:UNIDROIT Principles 871:Promissory estoppel 751:Privity of contract 704:New York Convention 664:UNIDROIT Principles 507:Collateral contract 502:Implication-in-fact 487:Invitation to treat 274:Nuclear disarmament 173:Conflict escalation 150:Conflict management 54:Conflict resolution 5073:John Jay Homestead 4754:Medical misconduct 4719:Continuity of care 4602:Court intervention 4573:Death, dying, and 4382:Classic principles 3786:The New York Times 3366:U.S. Supreme Court 3202:(1975) pp 168–169. 3198:Paolo E. Coletta. 3006:Horton D. (2012). 2654:on 29 August 2010. 2621:The Globe and Mail 2560:on 16 October 2017 2486:O'Sullivan, Arthur 2224:Richard Blumenthal 2085:salary arbitration 2026:Online Arbitration 1935:or other document. 1352:arbitration clause 1338:Arbitration clause 1173:on both sides and 1159:dispute resolution 917:Duty of good faith 814:Fundamental breach 780:Breach of contract 709:UNCITRAL Model Law 673:Dispute resolution 658:Contra proferentem 652:Integration clause 626:Exculpatory clause 392:Track II diplomacy 340:Prisoner's dilemma 310:Conflict continuum 305:Conflict avoidance 90:Dispute resolution 48: 5235:Legal terminology 5217: 5216: 5145:William Jay (son) 4818: 4817: 4652:Transplant ethics 4642:Health care proxy 4531:Gender assignment 4239:Oxford University 4216:David, R. (1985) 4124:. 2 February 2023 4122:The Edge Malaysia 3871:. 9 December 2021 3372:346 US 427 (1953) 3126:(2004) pp. 82–83. 3122:David H. Burton, 3010:. Forthcoming in 2838:1 Lloyd's Rep 617 2826:(1969) 113 SJ 832 2814:1 Lloyd's Rep 202 2775:www.trans-lex.org 2599:978-94-035-3253-0 2503:978-0-13-063085-8 2380:Arbitration award 2375:Arbitral tribunal 2135:52 & 53 Vict. 2126:17 & 18 Vict. 2118:Kill v. Hollister 1912:injunctive relief 1900:the making of a " 1884:Arbitration award 1798:Arbitral tribunal 1792:Arbitral tribunal 1672:League of Nations 1652:Henry Cabot Lodge 1639:Philander C. Knox 1541:has not done so. 1493:unconscionability 1167:arbitration award 1163:arbitral tribunal 1152: 1151: 995:England and Wales 903:Duties of parties 894:Negotiorum gestio 883:Unjust enrichment 604:Statute of frauds 553:Unconscionability 525:Misrepresentation 482:Mirror image rule 428: 427: 300:Anti-war movement 264:Nuclear blackmail 168:Communal violence 5242: 5181:Federalist Party 5078:Government House 4907: 4899: 4891: 4883: 4875: 4867: 4845: 4838: 4831: 4822: 4821: 4790:Informed consent 4759:Competence (law) 4707:Personal conduct 4612:Ethics committee 4493:Consequentialism 4413:Other principles 4368: 4361: 4354: 4345: 4344: 4152: 4151: 4140: 4134: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4114: 4108: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4088: 4082: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4063: 4057: 4056: 4054: 4052: 4038: 4032: 4031: 4029: 4027: 4012: 4006: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3986: 3980: 3979: 3968: 3962: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3942: 3936: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3916: 3910: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3890: 3881: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3861: 3848: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3829: 3823: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3804: 3798: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3778: 3772: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3760:www.congress.gov 3752: 3746: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3735:www.congress.gov 3726: 3720: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3708:www.congress.gov 3700: 3694: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3674: 3668: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3649: 3643: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3624: 3613: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3594: 3583: 3582: 3556: 3535: 3522: 3516: 3510: 3504: 3501: 3495: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3484: 3476: 3470: 3469: 3458: 3452: 3451: 3440: 3434: 3433: 3422: 3416: 3415: 3404: 3398: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3387: 3379: 3373: 3362: 3356: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3336: 3330: 3325:For example, in 3323: 3317: 3314: 3308: 3302: 3296: 3293: 3287: 3286: 3266: 3257: 3254: 3248: 3247: 3236: 3230: 3229: 3209: 3203: 3196: 3190: 3179: 3173: 3163: 3157: 3150: 3144: 3139:56 (2011): 535+ 3133: 3127: 3120: 3114: 3104: 3098: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3078: 3072: 3071: 3070:. 18 April 2019. 3064: 3058: 3052: 3046: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3032:. 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Archived from 2545: 2539: 2535: 2529: 2517: 2508: 2507: 2482: 2476: 2475: 2457: 2186:US Supreme Court 1398:the contract is 1144: 1137: 1130: 972:China (mainland) 941:Conflict of laws 804:Efficient breach 799:Exclusion clause 599:Illusory promise 582:Impracticability 444: 430: 429: 420: 413: 406: 50: 49: 5250: 5249: 5245: 5244: 5243: 5241: 5240: 5239: 5220: 5219: 5218: 5213: 5204:Founders Online 5195:(1783 painting) 5192:Treaty of Paris 5169: 5140:Peter Jay (son) 5123: 5082: 5049: 5019: 4985: 4969:papers, 1787-88 4956:Treaty of Paris 4917: 4916:Founding of the 4910: 4902: 4894: 4886: 4878: 4870: 4862: 4854: 4849: 4819: 4814: 4795:Informed assent 4783:Research ethics 4778: 4702: 4656: 4574: 4568: 4559:Genetic testing 4535: 4507: 4479: 4425:Confidentiality 4408: 4399:Non-maleficence 4377: 4372: 4317: 4298: 4179: 4161: 4156: 4155: 4142: 4141: 4137: 4127: 4125: 4116: 4115: 4111: 4101: 4099: 4089: 4085: 4075: 4073: 4065: 4064: 4060: 4050: 4048: 4040: 4039: 4035: 4025: 4023: 4013: 4009: 3999: 3997: 3987: 3983: 3970: 3969: 3965: 3955: 3953: 3943: 3939: 3929: 3927: 3918: 3917: 3913: 3903: 3901: 3891: 3884: 3874: 3872: 3863: 3862: 3851: 3841: 3839: 3831: 3830: 3826: 3816: 3814: 3806: 3805: 3801: 3791: 3789: 3780: 3779: 3775: 3765: 3763: 3762:. 23 April 2021 3754: 3753: 3749: 3739: 3737: 3727: 3723: 3713: 3711: 3702: 3701: 3697: 3687: 3685: 3675: 3671: 3661: 3659: 3651: 3650: 3646: 3636: 3634: 3626: 3625: 3616: 3606: 3604: 3596: 3595: 3586: 3579: 3557: 3538: 3532:Wayback Machine 3523: 3519: 3511: 3507: 3502: 3498: 3488: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3477: 3473: 3460: 3459: 3455: 3442: 3441: 3437: 3430:www.siac.org.sg 3424: 3423: 3419: 3406: 3405: 3401: 3391: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3380: 3376: 3363: 3359: 3349: 3347: 3337: 3333: 3324: 3320: 3315: 3311: 3303: 3299: 3294: 3290: 3267: 3260: 3255: 3251: 3237: 3233: 3226: 3210: 3206: 3197: 3193: 3180: 3176: 3164: 3160: 3151: 3147: 3134: 3130: 3121: 3117: 3105: 3101: 3091: 3089: 3087:The Korea Times 3079: 3075: 3066: 3065: 3061: 3053: 3049: 3039: 3037: 3036:on 22 July 2009 3022: 3018: 3005: 2996: 2986: 2984: 2975: 2974: 2970: 2961: 2960: 2956: 2948: 2944: 2943: 2934: 2921: 2920: 2913: 2900: 2899: 2892: 2883: 2879: 2870: 2866: 2858: 2854: 2846: 2842: 2834: 2830: 2822: 2818: 2810: 2806: 2795: 2791: 2786: 2782: 2767: 2763: 2753: 2749: 2733: 2729: 2717: 2713: 2694: 2690: 2663: 2659: 2642: 2641: 2637: 2632: 2628: 2615: 2614: 2607: 2600: 2586: 2573: 2563: 2561: 2546: 2542: 2536: 2532: 2518: 2511: 2504: 2483: 2479: 2472: 2458: 2454: 2449: 2444: 2360: 2345:Elisabeth Mason 2268: 2214:Representative 2202:introduced the 2194:. In response, 2182:Me Too movement 2151: 2113: 2108: 2009: 1973: 1948: 1886: 1880: 1878:Arbitral awards 1868:natural justice 1855: 1800: 1794: 1765: 1737: 1680: 1635:Progressive Era 1627: 1586: 1581: 1575: 1563: 1547: 1477: 1471: 1437: 1428: 1426:Comparative law 1340: 1334: 1296: 1221: 1171:legally binding 1148: 1119: 991:United Kingdom 954:By jurisdiction 424: 352:Liaison officer 259:Nuclear warfare 243:Multilateralism 183:Just war theory 35: 28:The Arbitration 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5248: 5238: 5237: 5232: 5215: 5214: 5212: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5188: 5183: 5177: 5175: 5171: 5170: 5168: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5131: 5129: 5125: 5124: 5122: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5090: 5088: 5084: 5083: 5081: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5069: 5068: 5057: 5055: 5051: 5050: 5048: 5047: 5040: 5034: 5027: 5025: 5024:Other writings 5021: 5020: 5018: 5017: 5011: 5006: 5005: 5004: 4993: 4991: 4987: 4986: 4984: 4983: 4973: 4972: 4971: 4959: 4953: 4947: 4941: 4935: 4934:(1774, signed) 4929: 4928:(1774, signed) 4922: 4920: 4912: 4911: 4909: 4908: 4900: 4892: 4884: 4876: 4868: 4859: 4856: 4855: 4848: 4847: 4840: 4833: 4825: 4816: 4815: 4813: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4786: 4784: 4780: 4779: 4777: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4714:Abuse of trust 4710: 4708: 4704: 4703: 4701: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4664: 4662: 4658: 4657: 4655: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4627:Family meeting 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4578: 4576: 4570: 4569: 4567: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4545: 4543: 4537: 4536: 4534: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4517: 4515: 4509: 4508: 4506: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4489: 4487: 4481: 4480: 4478: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4416: 4414: 4410: 4409: 4407: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4385: 4383: 4379: 4378: 4371: 4370: 4363: 4356: 4348: 4342: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4297: 4296:External links 4294: 4293: 4292: 4285: 4278: 4267: 4260: 4252: 4246: 4240: 4233: 4226: 4220: 4214: 4204: 4197: 4187: 4178: 4175: 4174: 4173: 4160: 4157: 4154: 4153: 4135: 4109: 4083: 4058: 4046:www.law360.com 4033: 4007: 3981: 3963: 3937: 3911: 3882: 3849: 3824: 3799: 3788:. 22 July 2021 3773: 3747: 3721: 3695: 3669: 3644: 3614: 3584: 3577: 3536: 3517: 3505: 3496: 3471: 3453: 3435: 3417: 3399: 3374: 3357: 3331: 3318: 3309: 3297: 3288: 3258: 3249: 3231: 3224: 3204: 3191: 3174: 3158: 3145: 3128: 3115: 3099: 3073: 3059: 3047: 3016: 2994: 2968: 2954: 2932: 2927:sso.agc.gov.sg 2911: 2906:sso.agc.gov.sg 2890: 2877: 2864: 2852: 2840: 2828: 2816: 2804: 2789: 2780: 2761: 2747: 2727: 2711: 2688: 2677:(4): 791–823. 2657: 2635: 2626: 2605: 2598: 2571: 2554:Legaltech News 2540: 2530: 2509: 2502: 2477: 2470: 2451: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2443: 2442: 2437: 2432: 2427: 2422: 2417: 2412: 2407: 2402: 2397: 2392: 2387: 2382: 2377: 2372: 2367: 2361: 2359: 2356: 2352:Mary Honeyball 2321:Gonzalo Stampa 2317:Sultan of Sulu 2302:Sulu Sultanate 2267: 2264: 2260:JPMorgan Chase 2220:116th Congress 2150: 2147: 2112: 2109: 2107: 2104: 2100: 2099: 2092: 2063: 2046: 2040: 2030: 2023: 2008: 2005: 1972: 1969: 1947: 1944: 1943: 1942: 1938: 1937: 1936: 1925: 1915: 1905: 1898: 1882:Main article: 1879: 1876: 1875: 1874: 1871: 1854: 1851: 1796:Main article: 1793: 1790: 1789: 1788: 1776: 1764: 1761: 1736: 1733: 1732: 1731: 1724: 1717: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1698: 1679: 1676: 1626: 1623: 1602:Alabama Claims 1585: 1582: 1577:Main article: 1574: 1571: 1562: 1559: 1546: 1543: 1507:which require 1473:Main article: 1470: 1467: 1436: 1433: 1427: 1424: 1412: 1411: 1408: 1391: 1390: 1387: 1380: 1379: 1376: 1373: 1358: 1357: 1354: 1333: 1330: 1329: 1328: 1321: 1295: 1292: 1291: 1290: 1287: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1253: 1252: 1249: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1233: 1229: 1220: 1217: 1150: 1149: 1147: 1146: 1139: 1132: 1124: 1121: 1120: 1118: 1117: 1107: 1102:6 Specific to 1100: 1093: 1082: 1079: 1076: 1071:1 Specific to 1068: 1065: 1064: 1060: 1059: 1058: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1034: 1029: 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