Violence - Knowledge

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at home or someone they can count on for guidance and comfort. Schools in bad neighborhoods where youth violence is prevalent should assign counselors to each student so that they receive regular guidance. In addition to counseling/therapy sessions and programs, it has been recommended that schools offer mentoring programs where students can interact with adults who can be a positive influence on them. Another way is to create more neighborhood programs to ensure that each child has a positive and stable place to go when school in not in session. Many children have benefited from formal organizations now which aim to help mentor and provide a safe environment for the youth especially those living in neighborhoods with higher rates of violence. This includes organizations such as Becoming a Man, CeaseFire Illinois, Chicago Area Project, Little Black Pearl, and Rainbow House". These programs are designed to help give the youth a safe place to go, stop the violence from occurring, offering counseling and mentoring to help stop the cycle of violence. If the youth do not have a safe place to go after school hours they will likely get into trouble, receive poor grades, drop out of school and use drugs and alcohol. The gangs look for youth who do not have positive influences in their life and need protection. This is why these programs are so important for the youth to have a safe environment rather than resorting to the streets.

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emergency departments, to mobilize to address it. The information, resources, and infrastructures the health care sector has at its disposal are an important asset for research and prevention work. Second, the magnitude of the problem and its potentially severe lifelong consequences and high costs to individuals and wider society call for population-level interventions typical of the public health approach. Third, the criminal justice approach, the other main approach to addressing violence (link to entry above), has traditionally been more geared towards violence that occurs between male youths and adults in the street and other public places—which makes up the bulk of homicides in most countries—than towards violence occurring in private settings such as child maltreatment, intimate partner violence and elder abuse—which makes up the largest share of non-fatal violence. Fourth, evidence is beginning to accumulate that a science-based public health approach is effective at preventing interpersonal violence.

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people, and to extend better care and safety to entire populations. The public health approach is interdisciplinary, drawing upon knowledge from many disciplines including medicine, epidemiology, sociology, psychology, criminology, education and economics. Because all forms of violence are multi-faceted problems, the public health approach emphasizes a multi-sectoral response. It has been proved time and again that cooperative efforts from such diverse sectors as health, education, social welfare, and criminal justice are often necessary to solve what are usually assumed to be purely "criminal" or "medical" problems. The public health approach considers that violence, rather than being the result of any single factor, is the outcome of multiple risk factors and causes, interacting at four levels of a nested hierarchy (individual, close relationship/family, community and wider society) of the

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forms of violence. We must insist that violence also refers to that which is psychologically destructive, that which demeans, damages, or depersonalizes others. In view of these considerations, violence may be defined as follows: any action, verbal or nonverbal, oral or written, physical or psychical, active or passive, public or private, individual or institutional/societal, human or divine, in whatever degree of intensity, that abuses, violates, injures, or kills. Some of the most pervasive and most dangerous forms of violence are those that are often hidden from view (against women and children, especially); just beneath the surface in many of our homes, churches, and communities is abuse enough to freeze the blood. Moreover, many forms of systemic violence often slip past our attention because they are so much a part of the infrastructure of life (e.g., racism, sexism, ageism).

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infrastructure and depopulated every urban area". Forced movement, such as this forced movement applied by Pol Pot, is a clear display of structural violence. When "symbols of Cambodian society were equally disrupted, social institutions of every kind…were purged or torn down", cultural violence (defined as when "any aspect of culture such as language, religion, ideology, art, or cosmology is used to legitimize direct or structural violence") is added to the structural violence of forced movement and to the direct violence, such as murder, at the Killing Fields. Vietnam eventually intervened and the genocide officially ended. However, ten million landmines left by opposing guerillas in the 1970s continue to create a violent landscape in Cambodia.

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Nazi government's lager or concentration camp can occur). However, when this "in limbo" reality is designed to be in place "until further notice…the state of exception thus ceases to be referred to as an external and provisional state of factual danger and comes to be confused with juridical rule itself". For Agamben, the physical space of the camp "is a piece of land placed outside the normal juridical order, but it is nevertheless not simply an external space". At the scale of the body, in the state of exception, a person is so removed from their rights by "juridical procedures and deployments of power" that "no act committed against them could appear any longer as a crime"; in other words, people become only

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mitigate the effects of the trauma they've experienced, negative repercussions can be reduced or eliminated. As an initial step, the youths need to understand why they may be feeling a certain way and to understand how the violence they have experienced may be causing negative feelings and making them behave differently. Pursuing a greater awareness of their feelings, perceptions, and negative emotions is the first step that should be taken as part of recovering from the trauma they have experienced. "Neuroscience research shows that the only way we can change the way we feel is by becoming aware of our inner experience and learning to befriend what is going on inside ourselves".

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2007. This can be compared to the average world homicide rate of 7.6 per 100,000 people. This illustration highlights the value of accounting for all forms of armed violence rather than an exclusive focus on conflict related violence. Certainly, there are huge variations in the risk of dying from armed conflict at the national and subnational level, and the risk of dying violently in a conflict in specific countries remains extremely high. In Iraq, for example, the direct conflict death rate for 2004–07 was 65 per 100,000 people per year and, in Somalia, 24 per 100,000 people. This rate even reached peaks of 91 per 100,000 in Iraq in 2006 and 74 per 100,000 in Somalia in 2007.

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that humans have a paleolithic adult homicide rate of about 2%. This would be lower than some other animals, but still high. However, this study took into account the infanticide rate by some other animals such as meerkats, but not of humans, where estimates of children killed by infanticide in the Mesolithic and Neolithic eras vary from 15 to 50 percent. Other evidence suggests that organized, large-scale, militaristic, or regular human-on-human violence was absent for the vast majority of the human timeline, and is first documented to have started only relatively recently in the

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strong, inverse relationship between homicide rates and both economic development and economic equality. Poorer countries, especially those with large gaps between the rich and the poor, tend to have higher rates of homicide than wealthier countries. Homicide rates differ markedly by age and sex. Gender differences are least marked for children. For the 15 to 29 age group, male rates were nearly six times those for female rates; for the remaining age groups, male rates were from two to four times those for females.

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health activities to (1) document and characterize the burden of violence, (2) assess the effectiveness of programmes, with particular attention to women and children and community-based initiatives, and (3) promote activities to tackle the problem at the international and national levels. The World Health Organization's initial response to this resolution was to create the Department of Violence and Injury Prevention and Disability and to publish the World report on violence and health (2002).

1037: 1896:, which demonstrates how place, space, and landscape are foremost factors in the real and imagined practices of organized violence both historically and in the present. Evidently, political violence often gives a part for the state to play. When "modern states not only claim a monopoly of the legitimate means of violence; they also routinely use the threat of violence to enforce the rule of law", the law not only becomes a form of violence but is violence. Philosopher 1714:

based on the understanding of causes, in a similar way to prevention efforts for communicable and other diseases. In 1962, Gomez, referring to the WHO definition of health, stated that it is obvious that violence does not contribute to "extending life" or to a "complete state of well-being". He defined violence as an issue that public health experts needed to address and stated that it should not be the primary domain of lawyers, military personnel, or politicians.

2342:, who attributes the decline to a "civilizing process", in which the state's monopolization of violence, the maintenance of socioeconomic interdependencies or "figurations", and the maintenance of behavioural codes in culture all contribute to the development of individual sensibilities, which increase the repugnance of individuals towards violent acts. According to a 2010 study, non-lethal violence, such as assaults or bullying appear to be declining as well. 528: 651: 859:

mental injuries, it is often up to their family members to take care of them, including paying their daily living expenses and medical bills. Their caretakers may have to give up their jobs or work reduced hours to provide help to the victim of violence. This causes a further burden on society because the victim and maybe even their caretakers have to obtain government assistance to help pay their bills. Recent research has found that

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anyone), such as substance use and various personal, social, and economic factors. A 2015 review found that in the United States, about 4% of violence is attributable to people diagnosed with mental illness, and a 2014 study found that 7.5% of crimes committed by mentally ill people were directly related to the symptoms of their mental illness. The majority of people with serious mental illness are never violent.

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times more frequent than suicide. Suicide was the 16th leading cause of death worldwide in 2004 and is projected to increase to the 12th in 2030. Although suicide rates have traditionally been highest among the male elderly, rates among young people have been increasing to such an extent that they are now the group at highest risk in a third of countries, in both developed and developing countries.

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cases of maltreatment to family, friends, or to the authorities. Data on the extent of the problem in institutions such as hospitals, nursing homes and other long-term care facilities are scarce. Elder maltreatment can lead to serious physical injuries and long-term psychological consequences. Elder maltreatment is predicted to increase as many countries are experiencing rapidly ageing populations.

1801: 1379:, which are defined by, or are inherently associated with, conduct problems and violence. There are conflicting findings about the extent to which certain specific symptoms, notably some kinds of psychosis (hallucinations or delusions) that can occur in disorders such as schizophrenia, delusional disorder or mood disorder, are linked to an increased risk of serious violence on average. The 1637:

further crimes—through deterrence (threatening potential offenders with criminal sanctions if they commit crimes), incapacitation (physically preventing offenders from committing further crimes by locking them up) and through rehabilitation (using time spent under state supervision to develop skills or change one's psychological make-up to reduce the likelihood of future offences).

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though we may talk, in a more metaphorical way, of the state acting violently. Likewise, understandings of violence are linked to a perceived aggressor-victim relationship: hence psychologists have shown that people may not recognise defensive use of force as violent, even in cases where the amount of force used is significantly greater than in the original aggression.

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tasks is to "do justice", i.e. to ensure that offenders are properly identified, that the degree of their guilt is as accurately ascertained as possible, and that they are punished appropriately. To prevent and respond to violence, the criminal justice approach relies primarily on deterrence, incarceration and the punishment and rehabilitation of perpetrators.

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cities have experienced some form of community violence." The violence "can also all take place under one roof, or in a given community or neighborhood and can happen at the same time or at different stages of life." Youth violence has immediate and long term adverse impact whether the individual was the recipient of the violence or a witness to it.

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years of human existence. Fry determines that all present ethnographically studied tribal societies, "by the very fact of having been described and published by anthropologists, have been irrevocably impacted by history and modern colonial nation states" and that "many have been affected by state societies for at least 5000 years."

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determine the name". With geography often adding the forgotten spatial aspect to theories of social science, rather than creating them solely within the discipline, it seems that the self-reflexive contemporary geography of today may have an extremely important place in this current (re)imaging of violence, exemplified by Cavarero.

1468:. For instance, evidence suggests that programmes that combine microfinance with gender equity training can reduce intimate partner violence. School-based programmes such as Safe Dates programme in the United States of America and the Youth Relationship Project in Canada have been found to be effective for reducing dating violence. 739:—that is, violence largely between family members and intimate partners, usually, though not exclusively, taking place in the home. Community violence—violence between individuals who are unrelated, and who may or may not know each other, generally taking place outside the home. The former group includes forms of violence such as 5961: 864:

alert state (similar to being stuck in the fight or flight mode). "Researchers claim that the youth who are exposed to violence may have emotional, social, and cognitive problems. They may have trouble controlling emotions, paying attention in school, withdraw from friends, or show signs of post-traumatic stress disorder".

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anti-bullying prevention programmes; and programmes to reduce access to alcohol, illegal drugs and guns. Also, given significant neighbourhood effects on youth violence, interventions involving relocating families to less poor environments have shown promising results. Similarly, urban renewal projects such as

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Fry explores Keeley's argument in depth and counters that such sources erroneously focus on the ethnography of hunters and gatherers in the present, whose culture and values have been infiltrated externally by modern civilization, rather than the actual archaeological record spanning some two million

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There are basically two schools of thought on this issue. One holds that warfare... goes back at least to the time of the first thoroughly modern humans and even before then to the primate ancestors of the hominid lineage. The second positions on the origins of warfare sees war as much less common in

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are useful to consider within a geography of violence. The state, in the grip of a perceived, potential crisis (whether legitimate or not) takes preventative legal measures, such as a suspension of rights (it is in this climate, as Agamben demonstrates, that the formation of the Social Democratic and

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Interventions to identify victims of interpersonal violence and provide effective care and support are critical for protecting health and breaking cycles of violence from one generation to the next. Examples for which evidence of effectiveness is emerging includes: screening tools to identify victims

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Cities and counties throughout the United States organize "Violence Prevention Months" where the mayor, by proclamation, or the county, by a resolution, encourage the private, community and public sectors to engage in activities that raise awareness that violence is not acceptable through art, music,

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Research into the media and violence examines whether links between consuming media violence and subsequent aggressive and violent behaviour exists. Although some scholars had claimed media violence may increase aggression, this view is coming increasingly in doubt both in the scholarly community and

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Since violence is a matter of perception as well as a measurable phenomenon, psychologists have found variability in whether people perceive certain physical acts as "violent". For example, in a state where execution is a legalized punishment we do not typically perceive the executioner as "violent",

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A recent theory named "The Criminal Spin" suggests a mutual flywheel effect between partners that is manifested by an escalation in the violence. A violent spin may occur in any other forms of violence, but in Intimate partner violence the added value is the mutual spin, based on the unique situation

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were victims of 329,825 homicides. Although there is a widespread perception that war is the most dangerous form of armed violence in the world, the average person living in a conflict-affected country had a risk of dying violently in the conflict of about 2.0 per 100,000 population between 2004 and

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In the last 45 years, suicide rates have increased by 60% worldwide. Suicide is among the three leading causes of death among those aged 15–44 years in some countries, and the second leading cause of death in the 10–24 years age group. These figures do not include suicide attempts which are up to 20

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For every death due to violence, there are numerous nonfatal injuries. In 2008, over 16 million cases of non-fatal violence-related injuries were severe enough to require medical attention. Beyond deaths and injuries, forms of violence such as child maltreatment, intimate partner violence, and elder

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The public health approach is a science-driven, population-based, interdisciplinary, intersectoral approach based on the ecological model which emphasizes primary prevention. Rather than focusing on individuals, the public health approach aims to provide the maximum benefit for the largest number of

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The criminal justice approach, beyond justice and punishment, has traditionally emphasized indicated interventions, aimed at those who have already been involved in violence, either as victims or as perpetrators. One of the main reasons offenders are arrested, prosecuted, and convicted is to prevent

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The criminal justice approach sees its main task as enforcing laws that proscribe violence and ensuring that "justice is done". The notions of individual blame, responsibility, guilt, and culpability are central to criminal justice's approach to violence and one of the criminal justice system's main

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Many strategies have been implemented to prevent elder maltreatment and to take action against it and mitigate its consequences including public and professional awareness campaigns, screening (of potential victims and abusers), caregiver support interventions (e.g. stress management, respite care),

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Population-level surveys based on reports from victims estimate that between 0.3 and 11.5% of women reported experiencing sexual violence. Sexual violence has serious short- and long-term consequences on physical, mental, sexual and reproductive health for victims and for their children as described

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Youth violence impacts individuals, their families, and society. Victims can have lifelong injuries which means ongoing doctor and hospital visits, the cost of which quickly add up. Since the victims of youth-on-youth violence may not be able to attend school or work because of their physical and/or

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Different types of youth on youth violence include witnessing or being involved in physical, emotional and sexual abuse (e.g. physical attacks, bullying, rape), and violent acts like gang shootings and robberies. According to researchers in 2018, "More than half of children and adolescents living in

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Youth violence has a serious, often lifelong, impact on a person's psychological and social functioning. Youth violence greatly increases the costs of health, welfare and criminal justice services; reduces productivity; decreases the value of property; and generally undermines the fabric of society.

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Consequences of child maltreatment include impaired lifelong physical and mental health, and social and occupational functioning (e.g. school, job, and relationship difficulties). These can ultimately slow a country's economic and social development. Preventing child maltreatment before it starts is

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Unlike the other two broad categories, the subcategories of collective violence suggest possible motives for violence committed by larger groups of individuals or by states. Collective violence that is committed to advance a particular social agenda includes, for example, crimes of hate committed by

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Additionally, communities with high level of violence do not provide the level of stability and predictability vital for a prospering business economy. Individuals will be less likely to invest money and effort towards growth in such unstable and violent conditions. One of the possible proves might

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posits that the rise of large-scale warfare is the result of advances in technology and city-states. For instance, the rise of agriculture provided a significant increase in the number of individuals that a region could sustain over hunter-gatherer societies, allowing for development of specialized

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Forms of violence such as child maltreatment and intimate partner violence are highly prevalent. Approximately 20% of women and 5–10% of men report being sexually abused as children, while 25–50% of all children report being physically abused. A WHO multi-country study found that between 15 and 71%

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notes that, "as violence spreads and assumes unheard-of forms, it becomes difficult to name in contemporary language". Cavarero proposes that, in facing such a truth, it is prudent to reconsider violence as "horrorism"; that is, "as though ideally all the…victims, instead of their killers, ought to

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The case for the public health sector addressing interpersonal violence rests on four main arguments. First, the significant amount of time health care professionals dedicate to caring for victims and perpetrators of violence has made them familiar with the problem and has led many, particularly in

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aims to reduce crime and violence by altering the conditions that foster it—and not to increase the number of arrests. Indeed, some police leaders have gone so far as to say the police should primarily be a crime prevention agency. Juvenile justice systems—an important component of criminal justice

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more accountable, that reduce inequalities between groups, as well as policies that reduce access to biological, chemical, nuclear and other weapons have been recommended. When planning responses to violent conflicts, recommended approaches include assessing at an early stage who is most vulnerable

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acquired in social development programmes can reduce involvement in violence, improve social skills, boost educational achievement and improve job prospects. Life skills refer to social, emotional, and behavioural competencies which help children and adolescents effectively deal with the challenges

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species and use violence in specific situations. He writes that "Buss and Shackelford (1997a) proposed seven adaptive problems our ancestors recurrently faced that might have been solved by aggression: co-opting the resources of others, defending against attack, inflicting costs on same-sex rivals,

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While there is little information regarding the extent of maltreatment in elderly populations, especially in developing countries, it is estimated that 4–6% of elderly people in high-income countries have experienced some form of maltreatment at home However, older people are often afraid to report

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Few interventions to prevent sexual violence have been demonstrated to be effective. School-based programmes to prevent child sexual abuse by teaching children to recognize and avoid potentially sexually abusive situations are run in many parts of the world and appear promising, but require further

906:(Japan) and 70% (Ethiopia and Peru) of women reported physical and/or sexual violence by an intimate partner. A growing body of research on men and intimate partner violence focuses on men as both perpetrators and victims of violence, as well as on how to involve men and boys in anti-violence work. 905:

Population-level surveys based on reports from victims provide the most accurate estimates of the prevalence of intimate partner violence and sexual violence in non-conflict settings. A study conducted by WHO in 10 mainly developing countries found that, among women aged 15 to 49 years, between 15%

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Youth who have experienced violence benefit from having a close relationship with one or more people. This is important because the trauma victims need to have people who are safe and trustworthy that they can relate and talk to about their horrible experiences. Some youth do not have adult figures

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Some of the ways to combat the adverse effects of exposure to youth violence would be to try various mindfulness and movement activities, deep breathing exercises and other actions that enable youths to release their pent up emotions. Using these techniques will teach body awareness, reduce anxiety

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Gorelik, G., Shackelford, T.K., Weekes-Shackelford, V.A., 2012. Resource Acquisition, Violence, and Evolutionary Consciousness. In: Shackelford, T.K., Weekes- Shackelford, V.A. (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Perspectives on Violence, Homicide, and War. Oxford University Press, Oxford,

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For many people, ... only physical violence truly qualifies as violence. But, certainly, violence is more than killing people, unless one includes all those words and actions that kill people slowly. The effect of limitation to a "killing fields" perspective is the widespread neglect of many other

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In countries with high levels of violence, economic growth can be slowed down, personal and collective security eroded, and social development impeded. Families edging out of poverty and investing in schooling their sons and daughters can be ruined through the violent death or severe disability of

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Scientific evidence for warfare has come from settled, sedentary communities. Some studies argue humans have a predisposition for violence (chimpanzees, also great apes, have been known to kill members of competing groups for resources like food). A comparison across mammal species found

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A public health approach emphasizes the primary prevention of violence, i.e. stopping them from occurring in the first place. Until recently, this approach has been relatively neglected in the field, with the majority of resources directed towards secondary or tertiary prevention. Perhaps the most

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noted: "Violence can be justifiable, but it never will be legitimate ... Its justification loses in plausibility the farther its intended end recedes into the future. No one questions the use of violence in self-defence, because the danger is not only clear but also present, and the end justifying

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High-profile cases have led to fears that serious crimes, such as homicide, have increased due to deinstitutionalization, but the evidence does not support this conclusion. Violence that does occur in relation to mental disorder (against the mentally ill or by the mentally ill) typically occurs in

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seem to start from relatively trivial disputes between unrelated men who then escalate to violence and death. He argues that such conflicts occur when there is a status dispute between men of relatively similar status. If there is a great initial status difference, then the lower status individual

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Sexual violence is any sexual act, attempt to obtain a sexual act, unwanted sexual comments or advances, or acts to traffic, or otherwise directed against a person's sexuality using coercion, by any person regardless of their relationship to the victim, in any setting. It includes rape, defined as

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can change a child's brain. "Trauma is known to physically affect the brain and the body which causes anxiety, rage, and the ability to concentrate. They can also have problems remembering, trusting, and forming relationships." Since the brain becomes used to violence it may stay continually in an

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In many countries, violence prevention is still a new or emerging field in public health. The public health community has started only recently to realize the contributions it can make to reducing violence and mitigating its consequences. In 1949, Gordon called for injury prevention efforts to be

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Despite public or media opinion, national studies have indicated that severe mental illness does not independently predict future violent behavior, on average, and is not a leading cause of violence in society. There is a statistical association with various factors that do relate to violence (in

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The primary prevention strategy with the best evidence for effectiveness for intimate partner violence is school-based programming for adolescents to prevent violence within dating relationships. Evidence is emerging for the effectiveness of several other primary prevention strategies—those that:

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in a condition of bare life. The Killing Fields—manifestations of Agamben's concept of camps beyond the normal rule of law—featured the state of exception. As part of Pol Pot's "ideological intent…to create a purely agrarian society or cooperative", he "dismantled the country's existing economic

1889:. Along with critical geographers and political geographers, it is these groupings of geographers that most often interact with violence. Keeping this idea of social/spatial justice via geography in mind, it is worthwhile to look at geographical approaches to violence in the context of politics. 1721:

The global public health response to interpersonal violence began in earnest in the mid-1990s. In 1996, the World Health Assembly adopted Resolution WHA49.25 which declared violence "a leading worldwide public health problem" and requested that the World Health Organization (WHO) initiate public

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attitudes, inconsistent disciplinary practices, low emotional attachment to parents or caregivers, and low parental income and involvement. Social risk factors include social rejection, poor academic performance and commitment to school, and gang involvement or association with delinquent peers.

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Worldwide some 250,000 homicides occur among youth 10–29 years of age each year, which is 41% of the total number of homicides globally each year ("Global Burden of Disease", World Health Organization, 2008). For each young person killed, 20–40 more sustain injuries requiring hospital treatment.

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Lozano, R; Naghavi, M; Foreman, K; Lim, S; Shibuya, K; Aboyans, V; Abraham, J; Adair, T; Aggarwal, R; Ahn, SY; Alvarado, M; Anderson, HR; Anderson, LM; Andrews, KG; Atkinson, C; Baddour, LM; Barker-Collo, S; Bartels, DH; Bell, ML; Benjamin, EJ; Bennett, D; Bhalla, K; Bikbov, B; Bin Abdulhak, A;

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Rates and patterns of violent death vary by country and region. In recent years, homicide rates have been highest in developing countries in Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean and lowest in East Asia, the western Pacific, and some countries in northern Africa. Studies show a

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However, it is only in the last 30 years that public health has begun to address violence, and only in the last fifteen has it done so at the global level. This is a much shorter period of time than public health has been tackling other health problems of comparable magnitude and with similarly

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The third level explores the community context—i.e., schools, workplaces, and neighbourhoods. Risk at this level may be affected by factors such as the existence of a local drug trade, the absence of social networks, and concentrated poverty. All these factors have been shown to be important in

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The second level focuses on close relationships, such as those with family and friends. In youth violence, for example, having friends who engage in or encourage violence can increase a young person's risk of being a victim or perpetrator of violence. For intimate partner violence, a consistent

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There are no reliable global estimates for the prevalence of child maltreatment. Data for many countries, especially low- and middle-income countries, are lacking. Current estimates vary widely depending on the country and the method of research used. Approximately 20% of women and 5–10% of men

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Internationally, violence resulted in deaths of an estimated 1.28 million people in 2013, up from 1.13 million in 1990. However, the global population grew by roughly 1.9 billion during those years, showing a dramatic reduction in violence per capita. Of the deaths in 2013, roughly 842,000 were

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Disseminating information on the effectiveness of programmes and increasing the scale of proven effective programmes. Approaches to prevent violence, whether targeted at individuals or entire communities, must be properly evaluated for their effectiveness and the results shared. This step also

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routinely against juveniles by police. In 1974, the US Department of Justice assumed primary responsibility for delinquency prevention programmes and created the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, which has supported the "Blueprints for violence prevention" programme at the

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Intimate partner and sexual violence have serious short- and long-term physical, mental, sexual and reproductive health problems for victims and for their children, and lead to high social and economic costs. These include both fatal and non-fatal injuries, depression and post-traumatic stress

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It is important for youth exposed to violence to understand how their bodies may react so they can take positive steps to counteract any possible short- and long-term negative effects (e.g., poor concentration, feelings of depression, heightened levels of anxiety). By taking immediate steps to

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includes attacks motivated by economic gain—such as attacks carried out with the purpose of disrupting economic activity, denying access to essential services, or creating economic division and fragmentation. Clearly, acts committed by domestic and subnational groups can have multiple motives.

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where pervasive violence and deprivation form a vicious circle that stifles economic growth. For societies, meeting the direct costs of health, criminal justice, and social welfare responses to violence diverts many billions of dollars from more constructive societal spending. The much larger

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created a Wall of Life, where children drew pictures that were put up in the walls of banks and public spaces, displaying a child's view of violence they had witnessed and how it affected them, in an effort to draw attention to how violence affects the community, not just the people involved.

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of at least one violent crime over the course of a year, a proportion eleven times higher than the inner-city average, and higher in every category of crime including violent assaults and theft. People with a diagnosis may find it more difficult to secure prosecutions, however, due in part to

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Factors associated with the perpetration and experiencing of intimate partner violence are low levels of education, history of violence as a perpetrator, a victim or a witness of parental violence, harmful use of alcohol, attitudes that are accepting of violence as well as marital discord and

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is now banned in many countries. According to Pinker, rape, murder, warfare and animal cruelty have all seen drastic declines in the 20th century. Pinker's analyses have also been criticized, concerning the statistical question of how to measure violence and whether it is in fact declining.

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In fact, findings consistently indicate that it is many times more likely that people diagnosed with a serious mental illness living in the community will be the victims rather than the perpetrators of violence. In a study of individuals diagnosed with "severe mental illness" living in a US

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at elementary, middle, high schools, as well as colleges and universities in the United States, led to a considerable body of research on ascertainable behaviors of persons who have planned or carried out such attacks. These studies (1995–2002) investigated what the authors called "targeted

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Prevention programmes shown to be effective or to have promise in reducing youth violence include life skills and social development programmes designed to help children and adolescents manage anger, resolve conflict, and develop the necessary social skills to solve problems; schools-based

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in its Article 19 states that States Parties shall take all appropriate legislative, administrative, social and educational measures to protect the child from all forms of physical or mental violence, injury or abuse, neglect or negligent treatment, maltreatment or exploitation, including

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On the other hand, individual protective factors include an intolerance towards deviance, higher IQ and GPA, elevated popularity and social skills, as well as religious beliefs. Family protective factors include a connectedness and ability to discuss issues with family members or adults,

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Vittorio Bufacchi describes two different modern concepts of violence, one the "minimalist conception" of violence as an intentional act of excessive or destructive force, the other the "comprehensive conception" which includes violations of rights, including a long list of human needs.

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By way of comparison, the 1.5 millions deaths a year due to violence is greater than the number of deaths due to tuberculosis (1.34 million), road traffic injuries (1.21 million), and malaria (830'000), but slightly less than the number of people who die from HIV/AIDS (1.77 million).

1156:, and consistent parental presence during at least one of the following: when awakening, when arriving home from school, at dinner time, or when going to bed. Social protective factors include quality school relationships, close relationships with non-deviant peers, involvement in 1690:

critical element of a public health approach to prevention is the ability to identify underlying causes rather than focusing upon more visible "symptoms". This allows for the development and testing of effective approaches to address the underlying causes and so improve health.

1939:. The killings were arbitrary; for example, a person could be killed for wearing glasses, since that was seen as associating them with intellectuals and therefore as making them part of the enemy. People were murdered with impunity because it was no crime; Cambodians were made 961:

in the section on intimate partner violence. If perpetrated during childhood, sexual violence can lead to increased smoking, drug and alcohol misuse, and risky sexual behaviors in later life. It is also associated with perpetration of violence and being a victim of violence.

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and smoking, which in turn can contribute to cardiovascular disorders, cancers, depression, diabetes and HIV/AIDS, resulting in premature death. The balances of prevention, mitigation, mediation and exacerbation are complex, and vary with the underpinnings of violence.

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Finally, the fourth level looks at the broad societal factors that help to create a climate in which violence is encouraged or inhibited: the responsiveness of the criminal justice system, social and cultural norms regarding gender roles or parent-child relationships,

801:, which results in actual or potential harm to the child's health, survival, development or dignity in the context of a relationship of responsibility, trust, or power. Exposure to intimate partner violence is also sometimes included as a form of child maltreatment. 666:

War is a state of prolonged violent large-scale conflict involving two or more groups of people, usually under the auspices of government. It is the most extreme form of collective violence. War is fought as a means of resolving territorial and other conflicts, as

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on the effectiveness of strategies to prevent interpersonal violence identified the seven strategies below as being supported by either strong or emerging evidence for effectiveness. These strategies target risk factors at all four levels of the ecological model.

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Martin, Debra L., Ryan P. Harrod, and Ventura R. Pérez, eds. 2012. The Bioarchaeology of Violence. Edited by C. S. Larsen, Bioarchaeological Interpretations of the Human Past: Local, regional, and global perspectives Gainesville: University Press of Florida.

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the cultural and biological evolution of humans. Here, warfare is a latecomer on the cultural horizon, only arising in very specific material circumstances and being quite rare in human history until the development of agriculture in the past 10,000 years.

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Defining the problem conceptually and numerically, using statistics that accurately describe the nature and scale of violence, the characteristics of those most affected, the geographical distribution of incidents, and the consequences of exposure to such

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violence," described the "path to violence" of those who planned or carried out attacks and laid out suggestions for law enforcement and educators. A major point from these research studies is that targeted violence does not just "come out of the blue".

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possible and requires a multisectoral approach. Effective prevention programmes support parents and teach positive parenting skills. Ongoing care of children and families can reduce the risk of maltreatment reoccurring and can minimize its consequences.

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Winter, Deborah DuNann, and Dana C. Leighton. "Section II: Structural Violence." Peace, Conflict, and Violence: Peace Psychology for the 21st Century. Eds. Christie, Daniel J., Richard V. Wagner and Deborah DuNann Winter. New York: Prentice-Hall, 2001.

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Wars grab headlines, but the individual risk of dying violently in an armed conflict is today relatively low—much lower than the risk of violent death in many countries that are not suffering from an armed conflict. For example, between 1976 and 2008,

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the means is immediate". Arendt made a clear distinction between violence and power. Most political theorists regarded violence as an extreme manifestation of power whereas Arendt regarded the two concepts as opposites. In the 20th century in acts of

1140:. Both of these factor groups are equally important in the prevention, intervention, and treatment of violence as a whole. The CDC outlines several risk and protective factors for youth violence at the individual, family, social and community levels. 4288:

Fein, R.A., Vossekuil, B., Pollack, W., Borum, R., Reddy, M.,& Modzeleski, W. Threat assessment in schools: A guide to managing threatening situations and creating safe school climates. U.S. Department of Education and U.S. Secret Service, May

489:) and legal intervention. For each single death due to violence, there are dozens of hospitalizations, hundreds of emergency department visits, and thousands of doctors' appointments. Furthermore, violence often has lifelong consequences for 2386:

Beyond deaths and injuries, highly prevalent forms of violence (such as child maltreatment and intimate partner violence) have serious lifelong non-injury health consequences. Victims may engage in high-risk behaviours such as alcohol and

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approach is based on the obligations of states to respect, protect and fulfill human rights and therefore to prevent, eradicate and punish violence. It recognizes violence as a violation of many human rights: the rights to life, liberty,

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Some scholars disagree with the argument that all violence is decreasing arguing that not all types of violent behaviour are lower now than in the past. They suggest that research typically focuses on lethal violence, often looks at

1857:, "appears whenever power is in jeopardy" and "in and of itself stands emptied of strength and purpose: it is part of a larger matrix of socio-political power struggles". Violence can be broadly divided into three broad categories— 3179:

Schechter DS, Willheim E, McCaw J, Turner JB, Myers MM, Zeanah CH (2011). "The relationship of violent fathers, posttraumatically stressed mothers, and symptomatic children in a preschool-age inner-city pediatrics clinic sample".

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The first level identifies biological and personal factors that influence how individuals behave and increase their likelihood of becoming a victim or perpetrator of violence: demographic characteristics (age, education, income),

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research. To achieve lasting change, it is important to enact legislation and develop policies that protect women; address discrimination against women and promote gender equality; and help to move the culture away from violence.

2281:, produces casualty rates of up to 60%, compared to 1% of the combatants as is typical in modern warfare. "Primitive Warfare" of these small groups or tribes was driven by the basic need for sustenance and violent competition. 1947:

Human geography, though coming late to the theorizing table, has tackled violence through many lenses, including anarchist geography, feminist geography, Marxist geography, political geography, and critical geography. However,

1930:

resulted in the deaths of over two million Cambodians (which was 25% of the Cambodian population), forming one of the many contemporary examples of state-sponsored violence. About fourteen thousand of these murders occurred at

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systems—are largely based on the belief in rehabilitation and prevention. In the US, the criminal justice system has, for instance, funded school- and community-based initiatives to reduce children's access to guns and teach

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and what their needs are, co-ordination of activities between various players and working towards global, national and local capabilities so as to deliver effective health services during the various stages of an emergency.

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Based on the idea of human nature, scientists do agree violence is inherent in humans. Among prehistoric humans, there is archaeological evidence for both contentions of violence and peacefulness as primary characteristics.

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Fein, R.A., Vossekuil, B. & Holden, G. Threat Assessment: an approach to prevent targeted violence. NCJ 155000. Research in Action, September 1995, U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, Washington,

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Investigating why the problem occurs by determining its causes and correlates, the factors that increase or decrease the risk of its occurrence (risk and protective factors) and the factors that might be modifiable through

1439:. There is also emerging evidence that these programmes reduce convictions and violent acts in adolescence and early adulthood, and probably help decrease intimate partner violence and self-directed violence in later life. 1344:

case, as well as in a review of video game violence by the Australian Government (2010) which concluded evidence for harmful effects were inconclusive at best and the rhetoric of some scholars was not matched by good data.

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This initial categorization differentiates between violence that a person inflicts upon themself, violence inflicted by another individual or by a small group of individuals, and violence inflicted by larger groups such as

469:, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a group or community, which either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment, or deprivation." 1383:

factors of violent acts, however, are most consistently found to be mainly socio-demographic and socio-economic factors such as being young, male, of lower socioeconomic status and, in particular, substance use (including

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Birdsell, Joseph B. (1986). "Some predictions for the Pleistocene based on equilibrium systems among recent hunter gatherers". In Lee, Richard; DeVore, Irven (eds.). Man the Hunter. New York: Aldine Publishing Co. p.

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States, United (1918). "U.S. Compiled Statutes, 1918: Embracing the Statutes of the United States of a General and Permanent Nature in Force July 16, 1918, with an Appendix Covering Acts June 14 to July 16, 1918".

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Reddy, M., Borum, R., Vossekuil, B., Fein, R.A., Berglund, J., & Modzeleski, W. "Evaluating risk for targeted violence in schools: Comparing risk assessment, threat assessment, and other approaches" in

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perspective considers the harm inflicted by the very interpretation of the world as a form of violence that is distinct from physical violence in that it is possible to avoid physical violence whereas some

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may provide evidence that violence within and among groups is not a recent phenomenon. According to the book "The Bioarchaeology of Violence" violence is a behavior that is found throughout human history.

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Tertiary prevention – approaches that focus on long-term care in the wake of violence, such as rehabilitation and reintegration, and attempt to lessen trauma or reduce long-term disability associated with

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Rosenberg ML, Butchart A, Mercy J, Narasimhan V, Waters H, Marshall MS. Interpersonal violence. In Jamison DT, Breman JG, Measham AR, Alleyne G, Claeson M, Evans DB, Prabhat J, Mills A, Musgrove P (eds.)

2315:, argued that modern society is less violent than in periods of the past, whether on the short scale of decades or long scale of centuries or millennia. He argues for a paleolithic homicide rate of 15%. 1681:

Secondary prevention – approaches that focus on the more immediate responses to violence, such as pre-hospital care, emergency services or treatment for sexually transmitted infections following a rape.

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Elder maltreatment is a single or repeated act, or lack of appropriate action, occurring within any relationship where there is an expectation of trust which causes harm or distress to an older person.

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combine microfinance with gender equality training; promote communication and relationship skills within communities; reduce access to, and the harmful use of alcohol; and change cultural gender norms.

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Bruce S. The "A Man" campaign: marketing social norms to men to prevent sexual assault. The report on social norms. Working paper number 5. July 2002. Little Falls, NJ, PaperClip Communications, 2002.

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indirect costs of violence due to lost productivity and lost investment in education work together to slow economic development, increase socioeconomic inequality, and erode human and social capital.

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Following the World Health Organization, youth are defined as people between the ages of 10 and 29 years. Youth violence refers to violence occurring between youths, and includes acts that range from

1775: 1501:, including post-traumatic stress disorder; and protection orders, which prohibit a perpetrator from contacting the victim, to reduce repeat victimization among victims of intimate partner violence. 2460:

report, which estimates the economic impact of violence and conflict on the global economy, the total economic impact of violence on the world economy in 2015 was estimated to be $ 13.6 trillion in

6811: 968:. Risk factors specific to sexual violence perpetration include beliefs in family honor and sexual purity, ideologies of male sexual entitlement and weak legal sanctions for sexual violence. 2914:"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013" 1480:

supportive of violence can prevent acts of violence and have been widely used, but the evidence base for their effectiveness is currently weak. The effectiveness of interventions addressing

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M. Moore "Public Health and Criminal Justice Approaches to Prevention."1992. In Vol. 16 of Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, edited by M. Tonry. Chicago: University of Chicago Press

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Peterson JK, Skeem J, Kennealy P, Bray B, Zvonkovic A (October 2014). "How often and how consistently do symptoms directly precede criminal behavior among offenders with mental illness?".

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In recent decades in many countries in the world, the criminal justice system has taken an increasing interest in preventing violence before it occurs. For instance, much of community and

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The threat and enforcement of physical punishment has been a tried and tested method of preventing some violence since civilisation began. It is used in various degrees in most countries.

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forms "the most prevalent and important form of violence in American families", whose effects contribute to several major societal problems, including later domestic violence and crime.

2807:"Epistemic violence in testimony is a refusal, intentional or unintentional, of an audience to communicatively reciprocate a linguistic exchange owing to pernicious ignorance" 7645: 1163:

With many conceptual factors that occur at varying levels in the lives of those impacted, the exact causes of violence are complex. To represent this complexity, the ecological, or

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and nursing homes. When interpersonal violence occurs in families, its psychological consequences can affect parents, children, and their relationship in the short- and long-terms.

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Exploring ways to prevent the problem by using the above information and designing, monitoring and rigorously assessing the effectiveness of programmes through outcome evaluations.

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While studies showing associations between physical punishment of children and later aggression cannot prove that physical punishment causes an increase in aggression, a number of

1207:, the strength of the social welfare system, the social acceptability of violence, the availability of weapons, the exposure to violence in mass media, and political instability. 3226: 1854: 1313:

negotiating status and hierarchies, deterring rivals from future aggression, deterring mate from infidelity, and reducing resources expended on genetically unrelated children."

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Pronyk PM, et al. (2006). "Effect of a structural intervention for the prevention of intimate-partner violence and HIV in rural South Africa: a cluster randomised trial".

2773:'any interpretation of reality is always a form of violence in the sense that knowledge "can only be a violation of the things to be known" ... Several philosophers following 7438: 2277:

were at war more than once per year, and that 65% of them were fighting continuously. He writes that the attrition rate of numerous close-quarter clashes, which characterize

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Religious and political ideologies have been the cause of interpersonal violence throughout history. Ideologues often falsely accuse others of violence, such as the ancient

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Studies in a number of countries show that, for every homicide among young people age 10 to 24, 20 to 40 other young people receive hospital treatment for a violent injury.

5989: 2983: 4817:, Journal of Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 11:3, Summer 1999. As Mexican Biologist and Scientologist Adri Rodriguez says, Violence is a recurring motif in today's society. 8043: 2318:

Steven Pinker argues that by every possible measure, every type of violence has drastically decreased since ancient and medieval times. A few centuries ago, for example,

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suggest that the experience of physical punishment has a direct causal effect on later aggressive behaviors. Cross-cultural studies have shown that greater prevalence of

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Stoltenborgh M.; Van IJzendoorn M.H.; Euser E.M.; Bakermans-Kranenburg M.J. (2011). "A global perspective on child abuse: Meta-analysis of prevalence around the world".

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accounts for about 883,000, interpersonal violence for 456,000 and collective violence for 18,000. Deaths due to collective violence have decreased from 64,000 in 1990.

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the context of complex social interactions, often in a family setting rather than between strangers. It is also an issue in health care settings and the wider community.

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Among the most effective such programmes to prevent child maltreatment and reduce childhood aggression are the Nurse Family Partnership home-visiting programme and the

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Individual risk factors include poor behavioral control, high emotional stress, low IQ, and antisocial beliefs or attitudes. Family risk factors include authoritarian

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is a long-duration form of violence which is often invisible (at least to those not impacted by it), such as environmental degradation, pollution and climate change.

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As an anthropological concept, "everyday violence" may refer to the incorporation of different forms of violence (mainly political violence) into daily practices.

7367: 7217: 6133:

Caldera; et al. (1997). "Long-term effects of home visitation on maternal life course and child abuse and neglect: 15 year follow-up of a randomized trial".

5962:"Kids Help Draw Line on Hitting: Beyond the primary colors and the stick figures, there's a harrowing message: Some children are growing up on a diet of violence" 1811: 1110:

is the act of causing harm by an inability to understand the conversation of others due to ignorance. Some philosophers think this will harm marginalized groups.

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of intimate partner violence and refer them to appropriate services; psychosocial interventions—such as trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy—to reduce

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activities, and exposure to school climates that are: well supervised, use clear behavior rules and disciplinary approaches, and engage parents with teachers.

7132:"Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010" 3958:"Assessing the long-term effects of the Safe Dates program and a booster in preventing and reducing adolescent dating violence victimization and perpetration" 3570: 1255:

Jan Vodka emphasizes that, for those purposes, "violent behavior is defined as overt and intentional physically aggressive behavior against another person."

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Child maltreatment is the abuse and neglect that occurs to children under 18 years of age. It includes all types of physical and/or emotional ill-treatment,

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Not surprisingly, scientific evidence about the effectiveness of interventions to prevent collective violence is lacking. However, policies that facilitate

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usually offers no challenge and if challenged the higher status individual usually ignores the lower status individual. At the same an environment of great

7289: 7131: 3366:

MacMillan HL, Wathen CN, Barlow J, Fergusson DM, Leventhal JM, Taussig HN (2009). "Interventions to prevent child maltreatment and associated impairment".

3854:; Bjørnholt, M.; Boonzaier, F. (2020). "What has masculinity to do with intimate partner violence?". In Gottzén, L.; Bjørnholt, M.; Boonzaier, F. (eds.). 3460:

Mercy, J.A., Butchart, A., Farrington, D., Cerda, M. (2002). Youth violence. In Etienne Krug, L.L. Dahlberg, J.A. Mercy, A.B. Zwi & R. Lozano (Eds.),

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Gilbert R.; Spatz Widom C.; Browne K.; Fergusson D.; Webb E.; Janson J. (2009). "Burden and consequences of child maltreatment in high-income countries".

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states that violence "represents a violation in the very conditions constituting what it means to be human as such", "is always an attack upon a person's

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Nazaretyan, A.P. (2007). Violence and Non-Violence at Different Stages of World History: A view from the hypothesis of techno-humanitarian balance. In:

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Roberts GL; et al. (1997). "Impact of an education program about domestic violence on nurses and doctors in an Australian emergency department".

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Fein, R.A. & Vossekuil, B. "Assassination in the United States: an operational study of recent assassins, attackers, and near-lethal approaches".

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Charles E. Butterworth and Irene Gendzier. "Frantz Fanon and the Justice of Violence. "Middle East Journal, Vol. 28, No. 4 (Autumn, 1974), pp. 451–58

7875: 6205:"Understanding the impact of a microfinance-based intervention on women's empowerment and the reduction of intimate partner violence in South Africa" 4080: 3464: 2886: 1858: 884: 7964: 7755: 7110: 4326:

Gammeltoft, Tine M. (2016-12-01). "Silence as a Response to Everyday Violence: Understanding Domination and Distress Through the Lens of Fantasy".

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survive only because police violence defends them, and that capitalist economies need war to expand. In this view, capitalism results in a form of

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Farmer, Paul, M. Connors, and J. Simmons, eds. Women, Poverty, and Aids: Sex, Drugs, and Structural Violence. Monroe: Common Courage Press, 1996.

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Rules or expectations of behaviour – norms – within a cultural or social group can encourage violence. Interventions that challenge cultural and

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Violence in many forms can be preventable. There is a strong relationship between levels of violence and modifiable factors in a country such as

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found that corporal punishment was more prevalent in societies which also had higher rates of homicide, assault, and war. In the United States,

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Fabiano P; et al. (2003). "Engaging men as social justice allies in ending violence against women: evidence for a social norms approach".

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includes adapting programmes to local contexts and subjecting them to rigorous re-evaluation to ensure their effectiveness in the new setting.

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and is a topic of increasing interest to researchers trying to understand violent behavior. It has been discussed at length by researchers in

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was the cause in 180,000 deaths, assault by sharp object was the cause in 114,000 deaths, and the remaining 110,000 deaths from other causes.

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Martin, Debra L., Ryan P. Harrod, and Ventura R. Pérez, eds. 2012. The Bioarchaeology of Violence. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.

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Solomon PL, Cavanaugh MM, Gelles RJ (January 2005). "Family violence among adults with severe mental illness: a neglected area of research".

3615: 4401: 4312:

Borum, R., Fein, R.A., Vossekuil, B. & Berglund, J. "Threat assessment: Defining an approach for evaluating risk of targeted violence".

7421: 7401: 5272:"The intricate link between violence and mental disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions" 5176: 4830: 1341: 7466: 1885:

subfields that emerged following the early positivist approaches and subsequent behavioral turn, have long been concerned with social and

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Ploeg Jenny; Fear Jana; Hutchison Brian; MacMillan Harriet; Bolan Gale (2009). "A Systematic Review of Interventions for Elder Abuse".

3594: 3242:

Schechter DS, Willheim E (2009). The Effects of Violent Experience and Maltreatment on Infants and Young Children. In CH Zeanah (Ed.).

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and national constitutions and laws, which stipulate the obligations of states, and include mechanisms to hold states accountable. The

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Scheper-Hughes, Nancy. Death without Weeping: The Violence of Everyday Life in Brazil. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992.

3640: 8182: 410: 7445: 2963: 1919:

could also be said to represent the physicality of the state of exception in space, and can just as easily draw man as homo sacer.

8559: 7504: 7489: 5986: 5496:

Brekke JS, Prindle C, Bae SW, Long JD (October 2001). "Risks for individuals with schizophrenia who are living in the community".

2980: 8551: 7564: 4731: 8091: 8035: 6724: 6439:

Olive P (2007). "Care for emergency department patients who have experienced domestic violence: a review of the evidence base".

5939: 8424:

Barzilai, Gad (2003). Communities and Law: Politics and Cultures of Legal Identities. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

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Caldera D, et al. (2007). "Impact of a statewide home visiting program on parenting and on child health and development".

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includes war and related violent conflicts, state violence and similar acts carried out by armed groups. There may be multiple

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enforcement is the main means of regulating nonmilitary violence in society. Governments regulate the use of violence through

804:

Child maltreatment is a global problem with serious lifelong consequences, which is, however, complex and difficult to study.

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Olds DL, Sadler L, Kitzman H (2007). "Programs for parents of infants and toddlers: recent evidence from randomized trials".

5624: 4057: 3113: 1779: 1778:, for example, requires that countries party to the Convention take all appropriate steps to end violence against women. The 8189: 6946:

Prothrow-Stith D (2004). "Strengthening the collaboration between public health and criminal justice to prevent violence".

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Prothrow-Stith D (2004). "Strengthening the collaboration between public health and criminal justice to prevent violence".

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among teenagers and young adults by challenging social and cultural norms related to gender is supported by some evidence.

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However, there are some specific diagnoses, such as childhood conduct disorder or adult antisocial personality disorder or

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dissatisfaction. Factors associated only with perpetration of intimate partner violence are having multiple partners, and

8312: 7853: 7479:

Keith Krause, Robert Muggah, and Achim Wennmann, "Global Burden of Armed Violence," Geneva Declaration Secretariat, 2008.

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Bensimon M.; Ronel N. (2012). "The flywheel effect of intimate partner violence: A victim-perpetrator interactive spin".

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means. Gandhi himself once wrote: "A society organized and run on the basis of complete non-violence would be the purest

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and security of the person; the rights to equality and non-discrimination; the rights to be free from torture and cruel,

1024:, the region with the highest murder rate in the world, experienced more than 2.5 million murders between 2000 and 2017. 7664: 7364: 7214: 4415: 1195:, important factors are stress due to the nature of the past relationship between the abused person and the care giver. 8535: 8500: 8483: 8322: 7907: 7803: 7674: 7574: 6800:

Bratton W (with Knobler P). Turnaround: how America's top cop reversed the crime epidemic. New York: Random House, 1998

6692: 4449: 3763: 3725: 3684: 3166: 3145: 8126: 6839: 6606:

Zwi, Garfield, & Loretti (2002) Collective violence, In Krug et al. (Eds) World report on violence and health, WHO

3779: 2053: 6812:"Examining the Situational- and Suspect-Level Predictors of Police Use of Force Among a Juvenile Arrestee Population" 3869: 2500: 2446: 2322:

was a standard practice in all kinds of warfare and was so common that historians did not even bother to mention it.

1840: 957:

the physically forced or otherwise coerced penetration of the vulva or anus with a penis, other body part or object.

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David Joseph E (2006). "The One who is More Violent Prevails – Law and Violence from a Talmudic Legal Perspective".

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writes that scholars are divided on the origins of possible increase of violence—in other words, war-like behavior:

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of women reported experiencing physical and/or sexual violence by an intimate partner at some point in their lives.

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came late to theorizing violence" in comparison to other social sciences. Social and human geography, rooted in the

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adult protective services and self-help groups. Their effectiveness has, however, not so far been well-established.

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Chou KR, Lu RB, Chang M (December 2001). "Assaultive behavior by psychiatric in-patients and its related factors".

5642:"Violence by people discharged from acute psychiatric inpatient facilities and by others in the same neighborhoods" 5533:"Crime victimization in adults with severe mental illness: comparison with the National Crime Victimization Survey" 4007:"Assessing the incremental effects of combining economic and health interventions: the IMAGE study in South Africa" 3563: 2638: 4557: 4519: 4270:

Vossekuil B.; Borum R.; Fein R.A.; Reddy M. "Preventing targeted violence against judicial officials and courts".

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lectures and events. For example, Violence Prevention Month coordinator, Karen Earle Lile in Contra Costa County,

1231:

has been linked to later violent acts against family members and spouses. The American family violence researcher

8383: 8133:, August 27, 1992; Michelle Malkin, Islamo-Fascism Awareness Week kicks off, October 22, 2007; John L. Esposito, 7732: 7286: 5044: 3810: 2573:

have preached that humans are capable of eliminating individual violence and organizing societies through purely

2311: 1614: 1021: 919: 744: 8372:

Bharatan Kumarappa, Editor, "For Pacifists," by M.K. Gandhi, Navajivan Publishing House, Ahmedabad, India, 1949.

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Ferguson Christopher J (2010). "Blazing Angels or Resident Evil? Can Violent Video Games Be a Force for Good?".

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is often used. The following four-level version of the ecological model is often used in the study of violence:

8452: 8429: 6344:

Wolfe D, et al. (2009). "Dating violence prevention with at risk youth: a controlled outcome evaluation".

1771: 1759: 1655: 888: 294: 2244:

In academia, the idea of the peaceful pre-history and non-violent tribal societies gained popularity with the

710: 4097: 2495: 2194:, an epoch that began about 11,700 years ago, probably with the advent of higher population densities due to 1966: 1916: 848: 726: 6560:"Protection orders and intimate partner violence: an 18-month study of 150 Black, Hispanic, and White women" 1148:

Community risk factors include poverty, low community participation, and diminished economic opportunities.

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The public health approach is an evidence-based and systematic process involving the following four steps:

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Arendt, H. (1972) On Violence in Crises in the Republic, Florida, Harcourt, Brace and Company, pp. 134–55.

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Lögdberg B, Nilsson LL, Levander MT, Levander S (August 2004). "Schizophrenia, neighbourhood, and crime".

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of children tends to predict higher levels of violence in societies. For instance, a 2005 analysis of 186

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reached its height in the late half of the 20th century. However, some newer research in archaeology and

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As of 2010, all forms of violence resulted in about 1.34 million deaths up from about 1 million in 1990.

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Report on Physical Punishment in the United States: What Research Tells Us About Its Effects on Children

7867: 1787:, while in the care of parent(s), legal guardian(s) or any other person who has the care of the child. 1137: 808:

report being sexually abused as children, while 25–50% of all children report being physically abused.

361: 268: 5165: 4058:"Preventing intimate partner and sexual violence against women: Taking action and generating evidence" 2556:

that stems from inequality, environmental damage, and the exploitation of women and people of colour.

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Hyndman, J. (2009) Violence in Gregory, D., Johnston, R., Pratt, G., Watts, M. and Whatmore, S. eds.

5405:"Mental illness and reduction of gun violence and suicide: bringing epidemiologic research to policy" 3887:"Intimate partner physical abuse perpetration and victimization risk factors: a meta-analytic review" 3472: 3270: 3255: 2894: 1641: 1423: 1301: 900: 736: 462: 20: 8021: 5239: 4633:"The link between child abuse and psychopathology: A review of neurobiological and genetic research" 8592: 8442: 8063:"Doctrinal War: Religion and Ideology in International Conflict," in Bruce Kuklick (advisory ed.), 4902:

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The percentages of men killed in war in eight tribal societies. (Lawrence H. Keeley, Archeologist,

718: 599: 356: 314: 118: 111: 8572: 4392: 1815:

that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.

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Alternatively, violence can primarily be classified as either instrumental or reactive / hostile.

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5234: 3265: 2423: 1742: 1461: 1380: 1224: 1172: 1124:, and their future", and "is both an ontological crime ... and a form of political ruination". 1048: 695: 8513: 7925:"Structural Trends in childhood violence and abuse exposure: Evidence from 2 national surveys" 5170:; Huesmann L. Rowell; Johnson James D.; Linz Daniel; Malamuth Neil M.; Wartella Ellen (2003). 1595: 1325:

between people may cause those at the bottom to use more violence in attempts to gain status.

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memorial featuring hundreds of simple stone blocks, one for each child killed by violence in

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From a public health perspective, prevention strategies can be classified into three types:

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In 2013, of the estimated 405,000 deaths due to interpersonal violence globally, assault by

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Some philosophers have argued that any interpretation of reality is intrinsically violent.

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42 M.V.M.O. Court Cases with Allegations of Multiple Sexual And Physical Abuse of Children

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marker at this level of the model is marital conflict or discord in the relationship. In

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to approximate the influence of interpersonal violence and depict the influence of high

1460:

Evaluation studies are beginning to support community interventions that aim to prevent

8355: 8284: 8164: 7621: 7594: 7505:"Skeletons from a 10,000-year-old massacre have archaeologists in a fight of their own" 7490:"Skeletons from a 10,000-year-old massacre have archaeologists in a fight of their own" 7342: 7307: 7182: 7130:

Birbeck, G; Blyth, F; Bolliger, I; Boufous, S; Bucello, C; et al. (Dec 15, 2012).

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Keeley, Lawrence H. War before Civilization. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.

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in some countries—and suicide itself. Self-abuse, in contrast, includes acts such as

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Geneva: WHO and International Society for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect.

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Violent acts that are not carried out by the military or police and that are not in

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and physical fighting, through more severe sexual and physical assault to homicide.

8347: 8266: 8247:"Destructive creation: capital accumulation and the structural violence of tourism" 8219: 8156: 7936: 7616: 7606: 7337: 7319: 7186: 7164: 7154: 7146: 6955: 6900: 6767: 6637: 6579: 6571: 6530: 6519:"Do protection orders affect the likelihood of future partner violence and injury?" 6491: 6448: 6396: 6353: 6310: 6273: 6265: 6224: 6216: 6169: 6142: 6107: 6070: 6062: 6035: 6015: 5897: 5862: 5819: 5744: 5707: 5697: 5653: 5589: 5552: 5544: 5505: 5468: 5424: 5416: 5389: 5369: 5332: 5324: 5283: 5256: 5244: 5195: 5185: 5109: 5074: 5020: 4974: 4911: 4876: 4701: 4693: 4652: 4644: 4603: 4595: 4474: 4335: 4200: 4163: 4026: 4018: 3977: 3969: 3938: 3909: 3901: 3537: 3430: 3422: 3375: 3338: 3318: 3275: 3189: 3058: 2933: 2925: 2545: 2419: 2388: 2274: 2170: 1949: 1579: 1232: 860: 8271: 8246: 4584:"Psychophysiological correlates of aggression and violence: An integrative review" 3851: 1818: 891:(JBM-HH) roundtable addressing digital stalking, ties to intimate partner violence 458: 8602: 8563: 8547: 8474: 8193: 8130: 8107: 8095: 7897: 7759: 7425: 7405: 7371: 7293: 7221: 6934: 6843: 6111: 5993: 5702: 5684:

Fazel S, Gulati G, Linsell L, Geddes JR, Grann M (August 2009). McGrath J (ed.).

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Pinker's observation of the decline in interpersonal violence echoes the work of

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War, Peace, and Human Nature: The Convergence of Evolutionary and Cultural Views

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War, Peace, and Human Nature: The Convergence of Evolutionary and Cultural Views

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

6706: 6357: 5593: 5509: 4915: 4880: 4098:"WHO multi-country study on women's health and domestic violence against women" 3836:"WHO multi-country study on women's health and domestic violence against women" 2668: 2594: 2570: 2257: 2230: 2199: 1936: 1734: 1291: 1252: 1187:, and a history of experiencing, witnessing, or engaging in violent behaviour. 756: 551: 324: 42: 35: 8351: 8223: 7843: 6641: 6400: 6314: 6066: 5658: 5641: 5548: 4978: 4204: 3942: 3905: 1678:

Primary prevention – approaches that aim to prevent violence before it occurs.

1578:

governments may have killed more than 260 million of their own people through

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John Edwards' 'Bumper Sticker' Complaint Not So Off the Mark, New Memo Shows

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Lee, Bandy X. (May–June 2016). "Causes and cures VII: Structural violence".

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offers several explanations for human violence in various contexts, such as

535:

The World Health Organization divides violence into three broad categories:

16:

Use of physical force or psychological power with the intent to inflict harm

8123: 7950: 7630: 7351: 7178: 6967: 6914: 6779: 6593: 6544: 6460: 6408: 6365: 6322: 6238: 6181: 6119: 6084: 6027: 5909: 5874: 5831: 5788: 5780: 5721: 5566: 5517: 5482: 5438: 5381: 5346: 5297: 5209: 5152: 5113: 4715: 4666: 4617: 4599: 4212: 4177: 4040: 3991: 3811:"Why parents in tough Chicago neighborhoods fear after-school program cuts" 3787: 3444: 3387: 3330: 3287: 3201: 2947: 2683: 2582: 2559: 2402: 2289: 2253: 1750: 1650: 1602: 1591: 1562:. Civil societies authorize some amount of violence, exercised through the 1551: 1485: 1477: 1144: 655: 579: 371: 222: 79: 8557:

Hidden in Plain Sight: A statistical analysis of violence against children

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Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women

1266:

The concept of violence normalization is known as socially sanctioned, or

1247:

The causes of violent behavior in people are often a topic of research in

554:, organized political groups, militia groups and terrorist organizations. 8115: 7100:"Mortality and Burden of Disease Estimates for WHO Member States in 2002" 7012:

Bowlby, S. (2001) "Social Geography", in Smelser, N. and Baltes, P. eds.

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GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators (17 December 2014).

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stated that "something violent is the very symbolization of a thing." An

981: 780: 740: 386: 381: 334: 212: 192: 128: 94: 69: 60: 5748: 4697: 1935:, which is the best-known of the extermination camps referred to as the 1892:

Derek Gregory and Alan Pred assembled the influential edited collection

1036: 8338:

Jinadu Adele (1972). "Fanon: The Revolutionary as Social Philosopher".

5373: 5313:"Mental illness, mass shootings, and the politics of American firearms" 4339: 3606: 3604: 2733: 2718: 2628: 2574: 2541: 2516: 2431: 2293: 1932: 1906: 1410: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1248: 794: 725:(who had been playing music to help Saul feel better), 1860 woodcut by 684: 527: 465:'s definition of violence as "the intentional use of physical force or 4588:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

3914: 3528:

Leventhal Tama (2003). "Children and youth in neighborhood contexts".

5248: 3861: 3352: 2778: 2774: 2723: 2590: 2195: 1869:. Thus defined and delineated, it is of note, as Hyndman says, that " 1583: 1539: 1271: 676: 566: 474: 319: 232: 227: 217: 106: 7987: 5608: 4682:"Physical punishment of children: lessons from 20 years of research" 4558:"Risk and Protective Factors |Violence Prevention|Injury Center|CDC" 4520:"Risk and Protective Factors |Violence Prevention|Injury Center|CDC" 3601: 3408: 650: 8463: 5996:, World Health Organization/Liverpool John Moores University, 2009. 2782: 2713: 2512: 2479: 2415: 2347: 2319: 2191: 1874: 1755: 1618: 1587: 1575: 1559: 1526: 1317: 1305: 1236: 1081: 1076: 836: 603: 498: 482: 123: 8540: 8441:

Flannery, D.J., Vazsonyi, A.T. & Waldman, I.D. (Eds.) (2007).

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Abad Gomez H (1962). "Violence requires epidemiological studies".

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and wrote about the counter violence of the "colonized victims."

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Deaths due to interpersonal violence per million persons in 2012

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and violence but concluded that while related they are distinct.

964:

Many of the risk factors for sexual violence are the same as for

790: 565:

Self-directed violence is subdivided into suicidal behaviour and

505: 478: 74: 8120:

The Great War for Civilisation – The Conquest of the Middle East

7027:, 2006 Violent Geographies: Fear, Terror, and Political Violence 7014:

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5772: 5139:

Goetz, A. T. (2010). "The evolutionary psychology of violence".

4152:"The prevalence of elder abuse and neglect: a systematic review" 675:

or liberation, or to suppress attempts of part of the nation to

8567: 5887: 5679: 5677: 4761:. Columbus, OH: Center for Effective Discipline. Archived from 3507:

World Health Organization and Liverpool John Moores University.

3411:"Child maltreatment prevention: a systematic review of reviews" 2633: 1622: 1606: 1555: 1554:

governing individuals and political authorities, including the

1309: 751:. The latter includes youth violence, random acts of violence, 454: 446: 8003:

Baten, Jörg. "Interpersonal violence in South Asia, 900–1900".

7753:

Review of book "War Before Civilization" by Lawrence H. Keeley

4272:

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

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Teplin LA, McClelland GM, Abram KM, Weiner DA (August 2005).

5041:"University Press of Florida: The Bioarchaeology of Violence" 2411: 1969:

from physical violence, per 100,000 inhabitants in 2002.

872:

and nervousness, and reduce feelings of anger and annoyance.

759:

by strangers, and violence in institutional settings such as

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The Green Peril: Creating the Islamic Fundamentalist Threat

6928:"WHA49.25 Prevention of violence: a public health priority" 5530: 5450: 5448: 3705: 3703: 3616:"Living with Neighborhood Violence May Shape Teens' Brains" 2789:

have emphasized and explicated this fundamental violence.'

1812:

personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay

1121: 752: 442: 438: 8465:

Globalization and Violence, Vol. 4: Transnational Conflict

8112:

Imperial Hubris: Why the West is Losing the War on Terror,

6810:

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5065:

Daly Martin; Wilson Margo (1982). "Male Sexual Jealousy".

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have been greatly reduced in the last thousand years, and

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Parsons Kenneth (2007). "Structural Violence and Power".

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Violent Geographies: Fear, Terror, and Political Violence

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Throughout history, most religions and individuals like

8147:

Bufacchi, Vittorio (2005). "Two Concepts of Violence".

7128: 6730:. Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2004. Archived from 5402: 5064: 4458: 4149: 2530:

regard it largely as an ideological and religious war.

1546:

practised within the confines of a specific territory.

1388:) to which some people may be particularly vulnerable. 950:

sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

5809: 5619:(3rd ed.). Milton Keynes: Open University Press. 5222: 4131:"WHO European report on preventing elder maltreatment" 3451: 3108:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 1308:. Goetz (2010) argues that humans are similar to most 1127: 7923:

Finkelhor D., Turner H., Ormrod R., Hamby S. (2010).

7260: 7081: 7079: 6203:

Kim JC, Watts CH, Hargreaves JR, et al. (2007).

5403:

Swanson JW, McGinty EE, Fazel S, Mays VM (May 2015).

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maltreatment have been found to be highly prevalent.

1544:

monopoly of the legitimate use of force to cause harm

461:. Some definitions are somewhat broader, such as the 7041: 7039: 7037: 7035: 6995: 6993: 6991: 6989: 6987: 6985: 6707:"Atlas – Wars and Democide of the Twentieth Century" 5495: 2227:

classes such as soldiers, or weapons manufacturers.

8122:, Fourth Estate, London, October 2005; Leon Hadar, 8104:

Against All Enemies: Inside America's War on Terror

7065: 7063: 7061: 7059: 7057: 7055: 6886: 3928: 3045:Balcells, Laia; Stanton, Jessica A. (11 May 2021). 2689:

Non Violent Resistance (psychological intervention)

2401:the main breadwinner. Communities can be caught in 1367:inner-city area, a quarter were found to have been 619:organized groups, terrorist acts and mob violence. 8065:The Monist: The Foundations of International Order 7791: 7386:Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries 7076: 6202: 4416:"Latin America Is the Murder Capital of the World" 4391: 3747: 3709: 3668: 3105:Slow violence and the environmentalism of the poor 2526:Both supporters and opponents of the 21st-century 2299: 1768:right to the highest attainable standard of health 914:, sexually transmitted infections, including HIV. 7592: 7032: 6982: 6005: 4740:International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences 4631:McCrory, E.; De Brito, S. A.; Viding, E. (2012). 2354:, but ignore the less obvious forms of violence. 26:"Violent" redirects here. For the destroyer, see 8579: 7562: 7052: 6945: 6835:Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence 6809: 6757: 5010: 3857:Men, Masculinities and Intimate Partner Violence 2857:Making of Modern Law: Primary Sources, 1763–1970 2519:spells against women, and modern accusations of 1430: 8244: 8137:, Oxford University Press, USA, September 2003. 7771: 7662: 4991: 4795:Virginia Journal of Social Policy & the Law 4785: 4473:(2). Cambridge University Press (CUP): 236–57. 3780:"WCL: Stop the Violence Resources for Illinois" 3409:Mikton Christopher; Butchart Alexander (2009). 3044: 1566:, to maintain the status quo and enforce laws. 1499:mental health problems associated with violence 8245:Büscher, Bram; Fletcher, Robert (4 May 2017). 7929:Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 7444:. Bureau of Justice Statistics. Archived from 6889:"History of violence as a public health issue" 6627: 5269: 4867:(1969). "Violence, Peace and Peace Research". 4751: 4680:Durrant, Joan; Ensom, Ron (4 September 2012). 4444:. Northwestern University Press. pp. 1–. 4437: 3527: 2979:WHO / Liverpool JMU Centre for Public Health, 1922:In the 1970s, genocides in Cambodia under the 926:and characteristics of intimate relationship. 735:is divided into two subcategories: Family and 7786: 7595:"The evolution of lethal intergroup violence" 7482: 6346:Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 5968:. Contra Costa Newspapers. Contra Costa Times 5614: 5310: 4863: 4360: 3509:"Violence prevention: the evidence: overview" 1403: 1027: 411: 8337: 7963:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 7569:. University of Chicago Press. p. 422. 7502: 7073:, Charles Scribner's Sons, New York: 368–70. 6867: 6854:Gordon JE, "The epidemiology of accidents," 5177:Psychological Science in the Public Interest 4679: 2374:, with the inscription "stop violence!" in ( 1340:was rejected by the US Supreme Court in the 8458: 7988:"Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study" 7776:. Oxford University Press. pp. 171–73. 7529:"Humans evolved to have a taste for murder" 7232: 7230: 7124: 7122: 7120: 6135:Journal of the American Medical Association 5932:"Code of Hammurabi | Summary & History" 5852: 4433: 4431: 4429: 3955: 3610: 3556: 3530:Current Directions in Psychological Science 3159:The Use of Force in International Relations 3138:The Use of Force in International Relations 2523:against day care center owners and others. 2147: 1372:prejudice and being seen as less credible. 694:the lethality of modern warfare has grown. 671:to conquer territory or loot resources, in 8527:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 8495:. Moscow: KomKniga/URSS. pp. 127–48. 8082: 6906:10.1001/virtualmentor.2009.11.2.mhst1-0902 6481: 6008:Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 5734: 5579: 5457:"Violence and mental illness: an overview" 5172:"The Influence of Media Violence on Youth" 4325: 4235:Handbook of injury and violence prevention 4150:Cooper C, Selwood A, Livingston G (2008). 4087:, World Health Organization, 2002, p. 149. 3645:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 851:have shown a reduction in youth violence. 625:determinants of violence against civilians 418: 404: 8541:World Report on Violence Against Children 8381: 8375: 8270: 7940: 7818: 7620: 7610: 7588: 7586: 7341: 7323: 7263:"Preventing Suicide: A Global Imperative" 7168: 7158: 7047:Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life 6904: 6630:Canadian Journal of Law and Jurisprudence 6583: 6557: 6534: 6386: 6277: 6228: 6074: 5711: 5701: 5657: 5556: 5472: 5428: 5336: 5287: 5238: 5199: 5189: 4994:Peace Review: A Journal of Social Justice 4705: 4656: 4607: 4167: 4030: 4011:Bulletin of the World Health Organization 3981: 3913: 3434: 3415:Bulletin of the World Health Organization 3269: 3062: 2937: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2801: 2767: 2138: 1841:Learn how and when to remove this message 1422:A review of scientific literature by the 1417: 8146: 7669:. Oxford University Press. p. 168. 7312:Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine 7227: 7117: 5617:A sociology of mental health and illness 5270:Elbogen EB, Johnson SC (February 2009). 4637:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 4426: 4363:"The Power of Violence in War and Peace" 3884: 2494: 2483: 2467: 2434:. The results of the research prove the 2361: 2267:at the University of Illinois writes in 2229: 2163: 2052: 1960: 1733: 1525: 1132:Violence cannot be attributed to solely 1084:violence is intrinsic to all knowledge. 943: 883: 819: 717: 709: 649: 598: 526: 8552:Secretary-General of the United Nations 8384:"God and Violence in the Old Testament" 8135:Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam 7780: 7683: 7087:Horrorism: Naming Contemporary Violence 6523:American Journal of Preventive Medicine 6438: 6132: 6097: 5311:Metzl JM, MacLeish KT (February 2015). 4815:The Neurobiology of Violence, An Update 4624: 4581: 4575: 3038: 2370:of a padlock on the warped barrel of a 1790: 1617:(FBI) classifies violence resulting in 1442: 8580: 8205: 7583: 7439:"Homicide trends in the United States" 7089:, Columbia University Press, New York. 7049:, Stanford University Press, Stanford. 6300: 6251: 6159: 5959: 5454: 5166:Anderson Craig A.; Berkowitz Leonard; 4828:Peace or War? How early humans behaved 4464: 4052: 4050: 3808: 3593:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3353:"Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)" 3030:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2900: 2863: 2853: 2357: 1770:. These human rights are enshrined in 1504: 485:), and 31,000 to collective violence ( 481:), 405,000 to interpersonal violence ( 441:to people, or non-human life, such as 330:Forum (alternative dispute resolution) 8478:. Cambridge University Press; 2010 . 8310: 8067:, Vol. 89, No. 2 (April 2006), p. 46. 7895: 7835: 7700:"The fraud of primitive authenticity" 7305: 6343: 6048: 5960:Melvin, Gayle Vassar (3 April 1996). 5138: 5134: 5132: 4846: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4078:"World report on violence and health" 4004: 3754:. Penguin Publishing Group. pp. 3716:. Penguin Publishing Group. pp. 3675:. 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Grove/Atlantic, Inc. p. 44. 8183:Life After Capitalism – And Now Too 6948:Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 6760:Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 6617:World report on violence and health 5987:"Violence Prevention: the evidence" 4964: 4047: 3748:Van Der Kolk, M.D., Bessel (2015). 3710:Van Der Kolk, M.D., Bessel (2015). 3669:Van Der Kolk, M.D., Bessel (2015). 3462:World Report on Violence and Health 3079:"Country Reports on Terrorism 2019" 2981:"Violence Prevention: The evidence" 2395: 2379: 1772:international and regional treaties 1569:However, German political theorist 1521: 1348: 1128:Factors and models of understanding 879: 612:Nazi Germany's occupation of Poland 13: 8536:American Psychological Association 8382:Freitheim, Terence (Winter 2004). 7643: 7463:"Homicide Victims by Race and Sex" 7374:, World Health Organization, 2008. 7224:, World Health Organization, 2008. 6960:10.1111/j.1748-720x.2004.tb00451.x 6772:10.1111/j.1748-720x.2004.tb00451.x 6725:"Uniform Crime Reporting Handbook" 6662: 6389:Journal of American College Health 5867:10.1097/01.JNR.0000347572.60800.00 5289:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.537 5129: 4837:, LiveScience.Com, March 16, 2006. 4537: 3222:World Health Organization (2006). 3051:Annual Review of Political Science 2970:, World Health Organization, 2008. 1530:A sign that calls to stop violence 1455: 1152:parent/family use of constructive 14: 8639: 8507: 8475:The Sociology of War and Violence 8002: 7868:"The Big Kill – By John Arquilla" 7856:from the original on 12 May 2013. 6856:American Journal of Public Health 6564:American Journal of Public Health 6558:McFarlane J, et al. 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(2005). 3182:Journal of Interpersonal Violence 3083:United States Department of State 2447:Institute for Economics and Peace 1745:killed by military, February 2011 1542:stated that the state claims the 1471: 8366: 8331: 8304: 8295: 8238: 8206:Gordon, Wally (1 January 1997). 8199: 8175: 8161:10.1111/j.1478-9299.2005.00023.x 8140: 8070: 8057: 8028: 7996: 7981: 7971: 7916: 7889: 7860: 7831:from the original on 2016-09-14. 7812: 7765: 7746: 7720: 7692: 7656: 7637: 7556: 7546: 7521: 7496: 7473: 7455: 7431: 7411: 7391: 7377: 7358: 7299: 7296:World Health Organization, 2008. 7280: 7254: 7208: 7113:from the original on 2013-01-16. 7092: 7019: 7006: 6939: 6921: 6880: 6861: 6848: 6829: 6803: 6794: 6751: 6742: 6717: 6713:from the original on 2007-11-10. 6699: 6695:from the original on 2006-03-01. 6681: 6672: 6656: 6621: 6609: 6600: 6551: 6510: 6475: 6453:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2007.01746.x 6432: 6423: 6380: 6337: 6294: 6245: 6196: 6153: 6147:10.1001/jama.1997.03550080047038 6126: 6091: 6042: 6020:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01702.x 5999: 5980: 5953: 5924: 5902:10.1111/j.1600-0047.2004.00322.x 5881: 5846: 5803: 5728: 4804:from the original on 2011-11-10. 4479:10.1111/j.1527-2001.2011.01177.x 4441:Foucault, Politics, and Violence 4404:from the original on 2022-12-10. 4096:Garcia-Moreno, C. et al. (2005). 3244:Handbook of Infant Mental Health 2639:Alternatives to Violence Project 2442:and the interpersonal violence. 1799: 1661: 1354:This section is an excerpt from 1210: 1035: 747:, intimate partner violence and 705: 560: 8404:from the original on 2012-11-19 8212:Medicine, Conflict and Survival 8185:. Zmag.org, December 10, 2004; 8046:from the original on 2017-09-13 7942:10.1001/archpediatrics.2009.283 7878:from the original on 2013-01-07 7794:The Better Angels of Our Nature 7735:from the original on 2013-11-04 6252:Foshee VA, et al. 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Geneva, Switzerland: 3402: 3359: 3345: 3302: 3249: 3236: 3216: 3172: 3151: 3130: 3095: 2792: 2607:wrote about the Old Testament: 2312:The Better Angels of Our Nature 2301:The Better Angels of Our Nature 1956: 1760:inhuman and degrading treatment 1729: 1615:Federal Bureau of Investigation 1022:Latin America and the Caribbean 920:antisocial personality disorder 513:concentrated (regional) poverty 8447:. Cambridge University Press. 8251:Journal of Sustainable Tourism 7003:, Wiley-Blackwell, NJ: 798–99. 6887:Dahlberg L.; Mercy J. (2009). 5890:Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 5646:Archives of General Psychiatry 5537:Archives of General Psychiatry 5276:Archives of General Psychiatry 3885:Stith SM; et al. (2004). 3071: 2993: 2973: 2954: 2847: 2833:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary 2820: 2501:St. Bartholomew's Day massacre 1967:disability-adjusted life years 1718:severe lifelong consequences. 1656:University of Colorado Boulder 1609:, although not all crimes are 1007:, attempted assassination and 889:Joint Base Myer-Henderson Hall 849:business improvement districts 295:Alternative dispute resolution 1: 8272:10.1080/09669582.2016.1159214 7566:The Nature of Paleolithic Art 7151:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 7025:Gregory, Derek and Pred, Alan 7016:, Oxford, Elsevier, 14293–99. 7001:Dictionary of Human Geography 6536:10.1016/s0749-3797(02)00576-7 6517:Holt VL, et al. 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London: Sage Publications. 6484:Journal of Emergency Nursing 6112:10.1016/j.chiabu.2007.02.008 5812:Trauma, Violence & Abuse 5703:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000120 5615:Pilgrim D, Rogers A (2005). 5226:Review of General Psychology 5079:10.1016/0162-3095(82)90027-9 4258:Journal of Forensic Sciences 3809:Flores, Rosa (24 May 2017). 2624:Aestheticization of violence 1853:Violence, as defined in the 1762:or punishment; the right to 1437:Triple P (Parenting Program) 1229:domestic corporal punishment 7: 8114:Potomac Books Inc., 2004; 7844:"Against Pinker's Violence" 7842:Laws, Ben (21 March 2012). 7261:World Health Organization. 7071:Encyclopedia of Modern Asia 6667:. Harvest Book. p. 52. 6441:Journal of Clinical Nursing 6049:Prinz; et al. (2009). 4237:. New York, Springer, 2008. 4005:Kim J; et al. (2009). 2616: 2503:of French Protestants, 1572 1235:believes that disciplinary 1199:several types of violence. 1015: 998: 10: 8644: 8418: 7819:R Epstein (October 2011). 7593:Kelly, Raymond C. (2005). 7365:"Global Burden of Disease" 6358:10.1037/0022-006x.71.2.279 5594:10.1177/009385480102800601 5510:10.1176/appi.ps.52.10.1358 4916:10.1177/002234337100800108 4881:10.1177/002234336900600301 4303:, 2001. 38 (2): pp. 157–72 2961:"Global Burden of Disease" 2562:critiqued the violence of 2477: 2471: 2181: 2177: 1605:are usually classified as 1404:Public awareness campaigns 1356:Mental disorder § Violence 1353: 1332: 1028:Philosophical perspectives 979: 937: 894: 778: 643: 639: 362:Peace and conflict studies 269:Mutual assured destruction 25: 18: 8518:World Health Organization 8492:History & Mathematics 8352:10.1017/s0034670500026188 8327:– via Google Books. 8314:The Wretched of the Earth 8224:10.1080/13623699708409316 8208:"Capitalism and violence" 7563:Guthrie, R. Dale (2005). 7287:"World Health Statistics" 7267:World Health Organization 7107:World Health Organization 6642:10.1017/S0841820900004161 6401:10.1080/07448480309595732 6315:10.1007/s11121-005-0007-0 6067:10.1007/s11121-009-0123-3 5659:10.1001/archpsyc.55.5.393 5549:10.1001/archpsyc.62.8.911 5067:Ethology and Sociobiology 4979:10.1016/j.avb.2016.05.003 4904:Journal of Peace Research 4869:Journal of Peace Research 4301:Psychology in the Schools 4205:10.1080/08946560902997181 3943:10.1016/j.avb.2012.05.004 3906:10.1016/j.avb.2003.09.001 3473:World Health Organization 2895:World Health Organization 2248:. The trend, starting in 2246:post-colonial perspective 1642:problem-oriented policing 1424:World Health Organization 1302:sexual jealousy in humans 933: 901:Intimate partner violence 745:child corporal punishment 737:intimate partner violence 698:were over 40 million and 463:World Health Organization 21:Violence (disambiguation) 8149:Political Studies Review 7772:Fry, Douglas P. (2013). 7663:Fry, Douglas P. (2013). 7419:"Violence against women" 6221:10.2105/ajph.2006.095521 5824:10.1177/1524838004272464 5329:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302242 4786:Straus Murray A (2000). 4649:10.1258/jrsm.2011.110222 3751:The Body Keeps The Score 3713:The Body Keeps The Score 3672:The Body Keeps The Score 3280:10.1177/1077559511403920 3194:10.1177/0886260511403747 3157:Šmihula, Daniel (2013): 3136:Šmihula, Daniel (2013): 2760: 2749:Violence begets violence 2699:Nonviolent Communication 2664:Fight-or-flight response 2198:. Social anthropologist 1743:pro-democracy protesters 1447:Evidence shows that the 1328: 1225:pre-industrial societies 815: 797:and commercial or other 522: 501:and social development. 357:Non-aggression principle 315:Conflict style inventory 119:Nonviolent Communication 8618:Harassment and bullying 7612:10.1073/pnas.0505955102 7325:10.4103/0253-7176.78501 6689:"20th Century Democide" 6100:Child Abuse and Neglect 5936:Encyclopædia Britannica 4752:Gershoff, E.T. (2008). 4582:Patrick, C. J. (2008). 4438:Johanna Oksala (2012). 4420:The Wall Street Journal 3618:. The Conversation US. 3542:10.1111/1467-8721.01216 2744:Turning the other cheek 2515:accusations of casting 2491:beating woman in public 2462:purchasing power parity 2451:Economic Value of Peace 2270:War Before Civilization 2237:War Before Civilization 1669:Social ecological model 1335:Media violence research 1316:Goetz writes that most 1298:Evolutionary psychology 1165:social ecological model 700:World War II casualties 204:International relations 134:Speaking truth to power 8340:The Review of Politics 8311:Fanon, Frantz (2007). 8016:Cite journal requires 7899:The Civilizing Process 6819:Justice Policy Journal 5455:Stuart H (June 2003). 5409:Annals of Epidemiology 5362:Law and Human Behavior 5114:10.1002/cd.23219811107 4600:10.1098/rstb.2008.0028 4316:, 1999. 17: pp. 323–37 4260:, 1999. 50: pp. 321–33 2614: 2603:Old Testament scholar 2504: 2492: 2424:interpersonal violence 2383: 2350:rates of death due to 2241: 2209: 2148:Interpersonal violence 2139:Self-directed violence 2120: 2050: 1821:by rewriting it in an 1746: 1531: 1462:violence against women 1418:Interpersonal violence 953: 948:Meeting of victims of 912:unintended pregnancies 892: 832: 733:Interpersonal violence 729: 715: 702:were over 70 million. 696:World War I casualties 663: 615: 585:deliberate self-injury 569:. The former includes 542:interpersonal violence 539:self-directed violence 532: 8462:; Sharma, RR (2006). 7902:. Oxford: Blackwell. 7306:Reddy, M. S. (2010). 7160:10536/DRO/DU:30050819 6576:10.2105/ajph.94.4.613 4729:"Corporal Punishment" 4169:10.1093/ageing/afm194 4023:10.2471/blt.08.056580 3974:10.2105/ajph.94.4.619 3784:ABC 7 Windy City Live 3427:10.2471/blt.08.057075 2709:Nonviolent revolution 2704:Nonviolent resistance 2609: 2498: 2487: 2478:Further information: 2468:Religion and politics 2372:semi-automatic pistol 2365: 2233: 2217:Guns, Germs and Steel 2204: 2056: 1964: 1737: 1629:(e.g. self-defense). 1529: 1511:reductions in poverty 1333:Further information: 1181:personality disorders 947: 887: 823: 721: 713: 692:Industrial Revolution 673:national self-defence 653: 627:in such situations. 602: 530: 279:Nuclear proliferation 8437:Critique of Violence 8187:Capitalism explained 8106:, Free Press; 2004; 8040:World Economic Forum 7399:"Child maltreatment" 7085:Cavarero, A. (2009) 7029:. London: Routledge. 6270:10.2105/ajph.88.1.45 5498:Psychiatric Services 4850:The Structured Crowd 4847:Rowan, John (1978). 4422:. 20 September 2018. 2679:Legislative violence 2521:satanic ritual abuse 2428:economic development 2414:and Gust that used " 2223:The Third Chimpanzee 1791:Geographical context 1627:justifiable homicide 1443:Life skills in youth 1276:medical anthropology 1217:longitudinal studies 749:abuse of the elderly 531:Typology of violence 345:Paradox of tolerance 41:. For the song, see 34:. For the film, see 19:For other uses, see 8532:Violence prevention 8523:Violence prevention 8514:Violence prevention 8263:2017JSusT..25..651B 7825:Scientific American 7650:Scientific American 7045:Agamben, G. (1998) 5749:10.1192/bjp.174.1.9 4698:10.1503/cmaj.101314 4361:Philippe Bourgois. 4118:Preventive Medicine 3790:on 19 November 2018 3620:Scientific American 3102:Nixon, Rob (2011). 2649:Corporal punishment 2605:Terence E. Fretheim 2554:structural violence 2368:Petah Tikva, Israel 2358:Society and culture 2164:Collective violence 1863:structural violence 1647:conflict resolution 1505:Collective violence 1304:, child abuse, and 1268:structural violence 1221:corporal punishment 1104:feminist philosophy 662:during World War II 545:collective violence 274:Nuclear disarmament 173:Conflict escalation 150:Conflict management 54:Conflict resolution 8608:Dispute resolution 8598:Concepts in ethics 8562:2017-11-15 at the 8546:2016-01-11 at the 8472:Malešević, Siniša 8435:Benjamin, Walter, 8192:2007-11-09 at the 8129:2007-11-15 at the 8094:2007-12-22 at the 8042:. 5 January 2017. 7896:Elias, N. (1994). 7758:2008-05-14 at the 7492:. 20 January 2016. 7424:2011-12-28 at the 7404:2011-12-29 at the 7370:2010-12-24 at the 7292:2011-10-30 at the 7220:2010-12-24 at the 7145:(9859): 2095–128. 6933:2013-01-22 at the 6842:2012-01-03 at the 6303:Prevention Science 6055:Prevention Science 5992:2012-08-30 at the 5374:10.1037/lhb0000075 5168:Donnerstein Edward 4833:2007-07-15 at the 4734:2010-10-31 at the 4340:10.1111/etho.12140 4136:2013-01-22 at the 4103:2013-01-22 at the 4083:2015-08-22 at the 4063:2011-11-12 at the 3518:Geneva, WHO, 2009. 3514:2013-01-22 at the 3467:2015-08-22 at the 3258:Child Maltreatment 3229:2012-07-19 at the 2986:2012-08-30 at the 2966:2015-10-09 at the 2889:2015-08-22 at the 2739:Sectarian violence 2729:Religious violence 2511:against Jews, the 2505: 2493: 2474:Religious violence 2456:2017-11-15 at the 2384: 2332:capital punishment 2265:Lawrence H. Keeley 2242: 2121: 2051: 1902:state of exception 1823:encyclopedic style 1810:is written like a 1747: 1532: 1492:Support programmes 1452:of everyday life. 1134:protective factors 1108:epistemic violence 1047:. You can help by 976:Elder maltreatment 954: 893: 833: 826:Kids off the Block 799:child exploitation 775:Child maltreatment 730: 723:Saul attacks David 716: 685:revolutionary wars 664: 621:Political violence 616: 575:attempted suicides 533: 392:Track II diplomacy 340:Prisoner's dilemma 310:Conflict continuum 305:Conflict avoidance 90:Dispute resolution 8573:Heat and Violence 7705:Asia Times Online 7196:on August 1, 2020 6215:(10): 1794–1802. 6168:(9551): 1973–83. 5626:978-0-335-21583-6 4594:(1503): 2543–55. 4367:istmo.denison.edu 3864:. pp. 1–15. 3614:(June 15, 2018). 3188:(18): 3699–3719. 3115:978-0-674-06119-4 2836:. Merriam-Webster 2659:Domestic violence 2644:Communal violence 2544:is violent, that 2252:and spreading to 2171:African Americans 2041: 2,000–3,000 2035: 1,800–2,000 2029: 1,600–1,800 2023: 1,400–1,600 2017: 1,200–1,400 2011: 1,000–1,200 1867:cultural violence 1851: 1850: 1843: 1623:criminal homicide 1205:income inequality 1154:coping strategies 1120:, their sense of 1065: 1064: 966:domestic violence 897:Domestic violence 830:Roseland, Chicago 714:Cain killing Abel 669:war of aggression 629:Economic violence 610:civilians during 571:suicidal thoughts 517:gender inequality 428: 427: 300:Anti-war movement 264:Nuclear blackmail 168:Communal violence 8635: 8469: 8413: 8412: 8410: 8409: 8403: 8391:Word & World 8388: 8379: 8373: 8370: 8364: 8363: 8335: 8329: 8328: 8308: 8302: 8299: 8293: 8292: 8274: 8242: 8236: 8235: 8203: 8197: 8179: 8173: 8172: 8144: 8138: 8086: 8080: 8074: 8068: 8061: 8055: 8054: 8052: 8051: 8032: 8026: 8025: 8019: 8014: 8012: 8004: 8000: 7994: 7985: 7979: 7975: 7969: 7968: 7962: 7954: 7944: 7920: 7914: 7913: 7893: 7887: 7886: 7884: 7883: 7864: 7858: 7857: 7839: 7833: 7832: 7816: 7810: 7809: 7797: 7784: 7778: 7777: 7769: 7763: 7750: 7744: 7743: 7741: 7740: 7724: 7718: 7717: 7715: 7713: 7696: 7690: 7687: 7681: 7680: 7660: 7654: 7653: 7641: 7635: 7634: 7624: 7614: 7605:(43): 15294–98. 7590: 7581: 7580: 7560: 7554: 7550: 7544: 7543: 7541: 7540: 7525: 7519: 7518: 7516: 7515: 7500: 7494: 7493: 7486: 7480: 7477: 7471: 7470: 7459: 7453: 7452: 7450: 7443: 7435: 7429: 7415: 7409: 7395: 7389: 7381: 7375: 7362: 7356: 7355: 7345: 7327: 7303: 7297: 7284: 7278: 7277: 7275: 7273: 7258: 7252: 7251: 7249: 7248: 7234: 7225: 7212: 7206: 7205: 7203: 7201: 7195: 7189:. Archived from 7172: 7162: 7136: 7126: 7115: 7114: 7104: 7096: 7090: 7083: 7074: 7067: 7050: 7043: 7030: 7023: 7017: 7010: 7004: 6997: 6980: 6979: 6943: 6937: 6925: 6919: 6918: 6908: 6884: 6878: 6877: 6865: 6859: 6852: 6846: 6833: 6827: 6826: 6816: 6807: 6801: 6798: 6792: 6791: 6755: 6749: 6746: 6740: 6738: 6736: 6729: 6721: 6715: 6714: 6703: 6697: 6696: 6685: 6679: 6676: 6670: 6668: 6663:Arendt, Hannah. 6660: 6654: 6653: 6625: 6619: 6613: 6607: 6604: 6598: 6597: 6587: 6555: 6549: 6548: 6538: 6514: 6508: 6507: 6479: 6473: 6472: 6436: 6430: 6427: 6421: 6420: 6384: 6378: 6377: 6341: 6335: 6334: 6298: 6292: 6291: 6281: 6249: 6243: 6242: 6232: 6200: 6194: 6193: 6157: 6151: 6150: 6130: 6124: 6123: 6095: 6089: 6088: 6078: 6046: 6040: 6039: 6003: 5997: 5984: 5978: 5977: 5975: 5973: 5957: 5951: 5950: 5948: 5947: 5928: 5922: 5921: 5885: 5879: 5878: 5850: 5844: 5843: 5807: 5801: 5800: 5732: 5726: 5725: 5715: 5705: 5681: 5672: 5671: 5661: 5637: 5631: 5630: 5612: 5606: 5605: 5577: 5571: 5570: 5560: 5528: 5522: 5521: 5493: 5487: 5486: 5476: 5461:World Psychiatry 5452: 5443: 5442: 5432: 5400: 5394: 5393: 5357: 5351: 5350: 5340: 5308: 5302: 5301: 5291: 5267: 5261: 5260: 5249:10.1037/a0018941 5242: 5220: 5214: 5213: 5203: 5193: 5163: 5157: 5156: 5136: 5127: 5124: 5118: 5117: 5097: 5091: 5090: 5062: 5056: 5055: 5053: 5052: 5035: 5029: 5028: 5008: 5002: 5001: 4989: 4983: 4982: 4962: 4956: 4952: 4946: 4943: 4937: 4934: 4928: 4927: 4899: 4893: 4892: 4861: 4855: 4854: 4853:. Davis-Poynter. 4844: 4838: 4824: 4818: 4812: 4806: 4805: 4803: 4792: 4783: 4777: 4776: 4774: 4773: 4767: 4760: 4749: 4743: 4726: 4720: 4719: 4709: 4677: 4671: 4670: 4660: 4628: 4622: 4621: 4611: 4579: 4573: 4572: 4570: 4569: 4554: 4535: 4534: 4532: 4531: 4516: 4510: 4505: 4499: 4498: 4462: 4456: 4455: 4435: 4424: 4423: 4412: 4406: 4405: 4395: 4388: 4382: 4381: 4379: 4378: 4358: 4352: 4351: 4323: 4317: 4310: 4304: 4296: 4290: 4286: 4280: 4279: 4267: 4261: 4254: 4248: 4244: 4238: 4231: 4225: 4224: 4188: 4182: 4181: 4171: 4147: 4141: 4127: 4121: 4120:: 43, 3, 188–93. 4114: 4108: 4094: 4088: 4074: 4068: 4054: 4045: 4044: 4034: 4002: 3996: 3995: 3985: 3953: 3947: 3946: 3926: 3920: 3919: 3917: 3891: 3882: 3876: 3875: 3848: 3842: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3806: 3800: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3786:. Archived from 3776: 3770: 3769: 3745: 3739: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3707: 3698: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3666: 3660: 3659: 3657: 3656: 3647:. Archived from 3637: 3631: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3608: 3599: 3598: 3592: 3584: 3582: 3581: 3575: 3568: 3560: 3554: 3553: 3525: 3519: 3505: 3499: 3498: 3496: 3495: 3481: 3475: 3458: 3449: 3448: 3438: 3406: 3400: 3399: 3374:(9659): 250–66. 3363: 3357: 3356: 3349: 3343: 3342: 3306: 3300: 3299: 3273: 3271:10.1.1.1029.9752 3253: 3247: 3240: 3234: 3220: 3214: 3213: 3176: 3170: 3155: 3149: 3134: 3128: 3127: 3099: 3093: 3092: 3090: 3089: 3075: 3069: 3068: 3066: 3042: 3036: 3035: 3029: 3021: 3019: 3018: 3012: 3006:. Archived from 3005: 2997: 2991: 2977: 2971: 2958: 2952: 2951: 2941: 2924:(9963): 117–71. 2909: 2898: 2880: 2861: 2860: 2851: 2845: 2844: 2842: 2841: 2824: 2808: 2805: 2799: 2796: 2790: 2771: 2546:private property 2538:Anti-capitalists 2528:War on Terrorism 2420:measurement unit 2410:be the study of 2396:Economic effects 2389:substance misuse 2381: 2292:is known as the 2275:tribal societies 2116: 2110: 2104: 2098: 2092: 2086: 2080: 2074: 2068: 2062: 2046: 2040: 2034: 2028: 2022: 2016: 2010: 2004: 1998: 1992: 1986: 1980: 1974: 1950:Adriana Cavarero 1846: 1839: 1835: 1832: 1826: 1803: 1802: 1795: 1649:. Despite this, 1580:police brutality 1522:Criminal justice 1349:Mental disorders 1233:Murray A. Straus 1060: 1057: 1039: 1032: 1009:school shootings 880:Intimate partner 658:armoured car in 654:A United States 420: 413: 406: 50: 49: 8643: 8642: 8638: 8637: 8636: 8634: 8633: 8632: 8593:Social conflict 8578: 8577: 8564:Wayback Machine 8548:Wayback Machine 8510: 8421: 8416: 8407: 8405: 8401: 8386: 8380: 8376: 8371: 8367: 8336: 8332: 8325: 8309: 8305: 8300: 8296: 8243: 8239: 8204: 8200: 8194:Wayback Machine 8181:Michael Albert 8180: 8176: 8145: 8141: 8131:Wayback Machine 8108:Michael Scheuer 8096:Wayback Machine 8087: 8083: 8075: 8071: 8062: 8058: 8049: 8047: 8034: 8033: 8029: 8017: 8015: 8006: 8005: 8001: 7997: 7986: 7982: 7976: 7972: 7956: 7955: 7921: 7917: 7910: 7894: 7890: 7881: 7879: 7866: 7865: 7861: 7840: 7836: 7817: 7813: 7806: 7785: 7781: 7770: 7766: 7760:Wayback Machine 7751: 7747: 7738: 7736: 7727: 7725: 7721: 7711: 7709: 7698: 7697: 7693: 7688: 7684: 7677: 7661: 7657: 7642: 7638: 7591: 7584: 7577: 7561: 7557: 7551: 7547: 7538: 7536: 7533:The Independent 7527: 7526: 7522: 7513: 7511: 7501: 7497: 7488: 7487: 7483: 7478: 7474: 7461: 7460: 7456: 7448: 7441: 7437: 7436: 7432: 7426:Wayback Machine 7416: 7412: 7406:Wayback Machine 7396: 7392: 7382: 7378: 7372:Wayback Machine 7363: 7359: 7304: 7300: 7294:Wayback Machine 7285: 7281: 7271: 7269: 7259: 7255: 7246: 7244: 7236: 7235: 7228: 7222:Wayback Machine 7213: 7209: 7199: 7197: 7193: 7134: 7127: 7118: 7102: 7098: 7097: 7093: 7084: 7077: 7068: 7053: 7044: 7033: 7024: 7020: 7011: 7007: 6998: 6983: 6944: 6940: 6935:Wayback Machine 6926: 6922: 6885: 6881: 6866: 6862: 6858:, 1949; 504–15. 6853: 6849: 6844:Wayback Machine 6834: 6830: 6814: 6808: 6804: 6799: 6795: 6756: 6752: 6747: 6743: 6734: 6727: 6723: 6722: 6718: 6705: 6704: 6700: 6687: 6686: 6682: 6677: 6673: 6661: 6657: 6626: 6622: 6614: 6610: 6605: 6601: 6556: 6552: 6515: 6511: 6480: 6476: 6437: 6433: 6428: 6424: 6385: 6381: 6342: 6338: 6299: 6295: 6250: 6246: 6201: 6197: 6158: 6154: 6131: 6127: 6096: 6092: 6047: 6043: 6014:(3–4): 355–91. 6004: 6000: 5994:Wayback Machine 5985: 5981: 5971: 5969: 5958: 5954: 5945: 5943: 5930: 5929: 5925: 5886: 5882: 5851: 5847: 5808: 5804: 5733: 5729: 5696:(8): e1000120. 5682: 5675: 5638: 5634: 5627: 5613: 5609: 5578: 5574: 5529: 5525: 5504:(10): 1358–66. 5494: 5490: 5453: 5446: 5401: 5397: 5358: 5354: 5309: 5305: 5268: 5264: 5240:10.1.1.360.3176 5221: 5217: 5164: 5160: 5137: 5130: 5125: 5121: 5098: 5094: 5063: 5059: 5050: 5048: 5039: 5036: 5032: 5009: 5005: 5000:(2): 1040–2659. 4990: 4986: 4963: 4959: 4953: 4949: 4944: 4940: 4935: 4931: 4900: 4896: 4862: 4858: 4845: 4841: 4835:Wayback Machine 4826:Heather Whipps, 4825: 4821: 4813: 4809: 4801: 4790: 4784: 4780: 4771: 4769: 4765: 4758: 4750: 4746: 4736:Wayback Machine 4727: 4723: 4692:(12): 1373–77. 4678: 4674: 4629: 4625: 4580: 4576: 4567: 4565: 4556: 4555: 4538: 4529: 4527: 4518: 4517: 4513: 4506: 4502: 4463: 4459: 4452: 4436: 4427: 4414: 4413: 4409: 4400:. 9 July 2019. 4398:Financial Times 4390: 4389: 4385: 4376: 4374: 4359: 4355: 4324: 4320: 4311: 4307: 4297: 4293: 4287: 4283: 4268: 4264: 4255: 4251: 4245: 4241: 4232: 4228: 4189: 4185: 4148: 4144: 4138:Wayback Machine 4128: 4124: 4115: 4111: 4105:Wayback Machine 4095: 4091: 4085:Wayback Machine 4075: 4071: 4065:Wayback Machine 4055: 4048: 4003: 3999: 3954: 3950: 3927: 3923: 3889: 3883: 3879: 3872: 3849: 3845: 3833: 3829: 3819: 3817: 3807: 3803: 3793: 3791: 3778: 3777: 3773: 3766: 3746: 3742: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3708: 3701: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3667: 3663: 3654: 3652: 3639: 3638: 3634: 3624: 3622: 3609: 3602: 3586: 3585: 3579: 3577: 3573: 3566: 3564:"Archived copy" 3562: 3561: 3557: 3526: 3522: 3516:Wayback Machine 3506: 3502: 3493: 3491: 3489:medlineplus.gov 3485:"Teen Violence" 3483: 3482: 3478: 3469:Wayback Machine 3459: 3452: 3407: 3403: 3364: 3360: 3351: 3350: 3346: 3317:(9657): 68–81. 3307: 3303: 3254: 3250: 3241: 3237: 3231:Wayback Machine 3221: 3217: 3177: 3173: 3156: 3152: 3135: 3131: 3116: 3100: 3096: 3087: 3085: 3077: 3076: 3072: 3043: 3039: 3023: 3022: 3016: 3014: 3010: 3003: 3001:"Archived copy" 2999: 2998: 2994: 2988:Wayback Machine 2978: 2974: 2968:Wayback Machine 2959: 2955: 2910: 2901: 2891:Wayback Machine 2881: 2864: 2852: 2848: 2839: 2837: 2826: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2812: 2811: 2806: 2802: 2797: 2793: 2772: 2768: 2763: 2758: 2619: 2601:Luther Seminary 2482: 2476: 2470: 2458:Wayback Machine 2449:, released the 2398: 2366:A sculpture in 2360: 2304: 2279:endemic warfare 2187: 2180: 2166: 2150: 2141: 2119: 2118: 2114: 2112: 2108: 2106: 2102: 2100: 2096: 2094: 2090: 2088: 2084: 2082: 2078: 2076: 2072: 2070: 2066: 2064: 2060: 2049: 2048: 2047: >3,000 2044: 2042: 2038: 2036: 2032: 2030: 2026: 2024: 2020: 2018: 2014: 2012: 2008: 2006: 2005: 800–1,000 2002: 2000: 1996: 1994: 1990: 1988: 1984: 1982: 1978: 1976: 1972: 1959: 1900:'s concepts of 1898:Giorgio Agamben 1887:spatial justice 1859:direct violence 1847: 1836: 1830: 1827: 1819:help improve it 1816: 1804: 1800: 1793: 1732: 1664: 1524: 1515:decision-making 1507: 1494: 1482:dating violence 1474: 1466:gender equality 1458: 1456:Gender equality 1445: 1433: 1420: 1406: 1398: 1393: 1392: 1359: 1351: 1337: 1331: 1245: 1213: 1185:substance abuse 1130: 1061: 1055: 1052: 1045:needs expansion 1030: 1018: 1001: 984: 978: 942: 940:Sexual violence 936: 903: 895:Main articles: 882: 818: 783: 777: 708: 648: 642: 614:, December 1939 597: 589:self-mutilation 563: 525: 424: 352:Liaison officer 259:Nuclear warfare 243:Multilateralism 183:Just war theory 46: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8641: 8631: 8630: 8625: 8620: 8615: 8613:Human behavior 8610: 8605: 8600: 8595: 8590: 8576: 8575: 8570: 8554: 8538: 8529: 8520: 8509: 8508:External links 8506: 8505: 8504: 8501:978-5484010011 8487: 8484:978-0521731690 8470: 8456: 8439: 8433: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8414: 8374: 8365: 8330: 8324:978-0802198853 8323: 8303: 8294: 8257:(5): 651–667. 8237: 8198: 8174: 8155:(2): 193–204. 8139: 8100:Richard Clarke 8081: 8069: 8056: 8027: 8018:|journal= 7995: 7980: 7970: 7915: 7909:978-0631192220 7908: 7888: 7874:. 2012-12-03. 7872:Foreign Policy 7859: 7834: 7811: 7805:978-0670022953 7804: 7779: 7764: 7745: 7719: 7691: 7682: 7676:978-0199859009 7675: 7655: 7644:Horgan, John. 7636: 7582: 7576:978-0226311265 7575: 7555: 7545: 7520: 7495: 7481: 7472: 7469:on 2012-03-23. 7454: 7451:on 2011-10-10. 7430: 7410: 7390: 7376: 7357: 7298: 7279: 7253: 7226: 7207: 7116: 7091: 7075: 7051: 7031: 7018: 7005: 6981: 6938: 6920: 6893:Virtual Mentor 6879: 6870:Tribuna Medica 6860: 6847: 6828: 6802: 6793: 6750: 6741: 6737:on 2015-05-03. 6716: 6698: 6680: 6671: 6655: 6636:(2): 385–406. 6620: 6608: 6599: 6570:(94): 613–18. 6550: 6509: 6474: 6447:(9): 1736–48. 6431: 6422: 6379: 6336: 6293: 6244: 6195: 6152: 6125: 6090: 6041: 5998: 5979: 5952: 5923: 5880: 5845: 5802: 5727: 5673: 5652:(5): 393–401. 5632: 5625: 5607: 5572: 5523: 5488: 5444: 5395: 5352: 5303: 5262: 5215: 5158: 5128: 5119: 5108:(11): 93–112. 5092: 5057: 5030: 5003: 4984: 4957: 4947: 4938: 4929: 4894: 4856: 4839: 4819: 4807: 4778: 4744: 4721: 4672: 4623: 4574: 4536: 4511: 4500: 4457: 4451:978-0810128026 4450: 4425: 4407: 4383: 4353: 4318: 4305: 4291: 4281: 4262: 4249: 4239: 4226: 4199:(3): 187–210. 4183: 4142: 4122: 4109: 4089: 4069: 4046: 4017:(11): 824–32. 3997: 3948: 3921: 3877: 3870: 3843: 3827: 3801: 3771: 3765:978-0143127741 3764: 3740: 3727:978-0143127741 3726: 3699: 3686:978-0143127741 3685: 3661: 3632: 3600: 3555: 3520: 3500: 3476: 3450: 3401: 3358: 3355:. 21 May 2021. 3344: 3301: 3248: 3235: 3215: 3171: 3167:978-8022413411 3150: 3146:978-8022413411 3129: 3114: 3094: 3070: 3037: 2992: 2972: 2953: 2899: 2862: 2846: 2818: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2809: 2800: 2791: 2765: 2764: 2762: 2759: 2757: 2756: 2751: 2746: 2741: 2736: 2731: 2726: 2721: 2716: 2711: 2706: 2701: 2696: 2691: 2686: 2681: 2676: 2671: 2669:Harm principle 2666: 2661: 2656: 2651: 2646: 2641: 2636: 2631: 2626: 2620: 2618: 2615: 2595:libertarianism 2571:Mahatma Gandhi 2472:Main article: 2469: 2466: 2397: 2394: 2359: 2356: 2309:'s 2011 book, 2303: 2298: 2258:bioarchaeology 2200:Douglas P. Fry 2179: 2176: 2165: 2162: 2149: 2146: 2140: 2137: 2113: 2107: 2101: 2095: 2089: 2083: 2077: 2071: 2065: 2059: 2058: 2043: 2037: 2031: 2025: 2019: 2013: 2007: 2001: 1995: 1989: 1983: 1977: 1971: 1970: 1958: 1955: 1937:Killing Fields 1917:Guantanamo Bay 1849: 1848: 1807: 1805: 1798: 1792: 1789: 1731: 1728: 1711: 1710: 1706: 1703: 1699: 1687: 1686: 1682: 1679: 1663: 1660: 1611:violent crimes 1523: 1520: 1506: 1503: 1493: 1490: 1473: 1472:Cultural norms 1470: 1457: 1454: 1444: 1441: 1432: 1429: 1419: 1416: 1405: 1402: 1397: 1394: 1360: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1330: 1327: 1292:bioarchaeology 1253:Neurobiologist 1244: 1241: 1212: 1209: 1129: 1126: 1063: 1062: 1042: 1040: 1029: 1026: 1017: 1014: 1000: 997: 980:Main article: 977: 974: 938:Main article: 935: 932: 881: 878: 817: 814: 779:Main article: 776: 773: 757:sexual assault 707: 704: 644:Main article: 641: 638: 596: 593: 562: 559: 547: 546: 543: 540: 524: 521: 473:attributed to 435:physical force 433:is the use of 426: 425: 423: 422: 415: 408: 400: 397: 396: 395: 394: 389: 384: 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 348: 347: 342: 332: 327: 325:Family therapy 322: 317: 312: 307: 302: 297: 289: 288: 284: 283: 282: 281: 276: 271: 266: 261: 253: 252: 248: 247: 246: 245: 240: 235: 230: 225: 220: 215: 207: 206: 200: 199: 198: 197: 196: 195: 185: 180: 175: 170: 162: 161: 155: 154: 153: 152: 144: 143: 139: 138: 137: 136: 131: 126: 121: 116: 115: 114: 112:Party-directed 104: 103: 102: 97: 92: 82: 77: 72: 64: 63: 57: 56: 43:Violent (song) 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8640: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8623:Controversies 8621: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8611: 8609: 8606: 8604: 8601: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8585: 8583: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8565: 8561: 8558: 8555: 8553: 8549: 8545: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8515: 8512: 8511: 8502: 8498: 8494: 8493: 8488: 8485: 8481: 8477: 8476: 8471: 8467: 8466: 8461: 8457: 8454: 8450: 8446: 8445: 8440: 8438: 8434: 8431: 8427: 8423: 8422: 8400: 8396: 8392: 8385: 8378: 8369: 8361: 8357: 8353: 8349: 8346:(3): 433–36. 8345: 8341: 8334: 8326: 8320: 8316: 8315: 8307: 8298: 8290: 8286: 8282: 8278: 8273: 8268: 8264: 8260: 8256: 8252: 8248: 8241: 8233: 8229: 8225: 8221: 8217: 8213: 8209: 8202: 8195: 8191: 8188: 8184: 8178: 8170: 8166: 8162: 8158: 8154: 8150: 8143: 8136: 8132: 8128: 8125: 8121: 8117: 8113: 8109: 8105: 8101: 8097: 8093: 8090: 8085: 8078: 8073: 8066: 8060: 8045: 8041: 8037: 8031: 8023: 8010: 7999: 7992: 7989: 7984: 7974: 7966: 7960: 7952: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7935:(3): 238–42. 7934: 7930: 7926: 7919: 7911: 7905: 7901: 7900: 7892: 7877: 7873: 7869: 7863: 7855: 7851: 7850: 7845: 7838: 7830: 7826: 7822: 7821:"Book Review" 7815: 7807: 7801: 7796: 7795: 7789: 7788:Steven Pinker 7783: 7775: 7768: 7761: 7757: 7754: 7749: 7734: 7730: 7723: 7708:. 4 July 2006 7707: 7706: 7701: 7695: 7686: 7678: 7672: 7668: 7667: 7659: 7651: 7647: 7640: 7632: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7604: 7600: 7596: 7589: 7587: 7578: 7572: 7568: 7567: 7559: 7549: 7534: 7530: 7524: 7510: 7506: 7499: 7491: 7485: 7476: 7468: 7464: 7458: 7447: 7440: 7434: 7427: 7423: 7420: 7414: 7407: 7403: 7400: 7394: 7387: 7380: 7373: 7369: 7366: 7361: 7353: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7335: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7317: 7313: 7309: 7302: 7295: 7291: 7288: 7283: 7268: 7264: 7257: 7243: 7239: 7233: 7231: 7223: 7219: 7216: 7211: 7192: 7188: 7184: 7180: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7152: 7148: 7144: 7140: 7133: 7125: 7123: 7121: 7112: 7108: 7101: 7095: 7088: 7082: 7080: 7072: 7066: 7064: 7062: 7060: 7058: 7056: 7048: 7042: 7040: 7038: 7036: 7028: 7022: 7015: 7009: 7002: 6996: 6994: 6992: 6990: 6988: 6986: 6977: 6973: 6969: 6965: 6961: 6957: 6953: 6949: 6942: 6936: 6932: 6929: 6924: 6916: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6899:(2): 167–72. 6898: 6894: 6890: 6883: 6875: 6871: 6864: 6857: 6851: 6845: 6841: 6838: 6832: 6824: 6820: 6813: 6806: 6797: 6789: 6785: 6781: 6777: 6773: 6769: 6765: 6761: 6754: 6745: 6733: 6726: 6720: 6712: 6708: 6702: 6694: 6690: 6684: 6675: 6666: 6659: 6651: 6647: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6631: 6624: 6618: 6612: 6603: 6595: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6577: 6573: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6554: 6546: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6529:(24): 16–21. 6528: 6524: 6520: 6513: 6505: 6501: 6497: 6493: 6490:(3): 220–26. 6489: 6485: 6478: 6470: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6446: 6442: 6435: 6426: 6418: 6414: 6410: 6406: 6402: 6398: 6395:(3): 105–12. 6394: 6390: 6383: 6375: 6371: 6367: 6363: 6359: 6355: 6352:(2): 279–91. 6351: 6347: 6340: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6309:(3): 245–57. 6308: 6304: 6297: 6289: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6264:(88): 45–50. 6263: 6259: 6255: 6248: 6240: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6199: 6191: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6175: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6156: 6148: 6144: 6141:(8): 637–43. 6140: 6136: 6129: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6106:(8): 829–52. 6105: 6101: 6094: 6086: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6045: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6002: 5995: 5991: 5988: 5983: 5967: 5963: 5956: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5927: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5884: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5861:(5): 139–51. 5860: 5856: 5849: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5806: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5731: 5723: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5690:PLOS Medicine 5687: 5680: 5678: 5669: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5636: 5628: 5622: 5618: 5611: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5588:(6): 655–94. 5587: 5583: 5576: 5568: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5543:(8): 911–21. 5542: 5538: 5534: 5527: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5492: 5484: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5451: 5449: 5440: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5415:(5): 366–76. 5414: 5410: 5406: 5399: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5368:(5): 439–49. 5367: 5363: 5356: 5348: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5307: 5299: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5282:(2): 152–61. 5281: 5277: 5273: 5266: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5227: 5219: 5211: 5207: 5202: 5201:2027.42/83429 5197: 5192: 5187: 5184:(3): 81–110. 5183: 5179: 5178: 5173: 5169: 5162: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5135: 5133: 5123: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5096: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5061: 5046: 5042: 5034: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5007: 4999: 4995: 4988: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4961: 4951: 4942: 4933: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4898: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4875:(3): 167–91. 4874: 4870: 4866: 4865:Galtung Johan 4860: 4852: 4851: 4843: 4836: 4832: 4829: 4823: 4816: 4811: 4800: 4796: 4789: 4782: 4768:on 2016-01-27 4764: 4757: 4756: 4748: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4730: 4725: 4717: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4676: 4668: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4643:(4): 151–56. 4642: 4638: 4634: 4627: 4619: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4578: 4563: 4559: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4525: 4521: 4515: 4509: 4504: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4461: 4453: 4447: 4443: 4442: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4421: 4417: 4411: 4403: 4399: 4394: 4387: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4357: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4334:(4): 427–47. 4333: 4329: 4322: 4315: 4309: 4302: 4295: 4285: 4278:(576): 78–90. 4277: 4273: 4266: 4259: 4253: 4243: 4236: 4230: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4187: 4179: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4162:(2): 151–60. 4161: 4157: 4153: 4146: 4139: 4135: 4132: 4129:Sethi et al. 4126: 4119: 4113: 4106: 4102: 4099: 4093: 4086: 4082: 4079: 4073: 4066: 4062: 4059: 4053: 4051: 4042: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4001: 3993: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3968:(4): 619–24. 3967: 3963: 3959: 3952: 3944: 3940: 3937:(5): 423–29. 3936: 3932: 3925: 3916: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3888: 3881: 3873: 3871:9781000217995 3867: 3863: 3859: 3858: 3853: 3847: 3840: 3837: 3831: 3816: 3812: 3805: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3775: 3767: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3752: 3744: 3729: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3714: 3706: 3704: 3688: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3673: 3665: 3651:on 2019-12-21 3650: 3646: 3642: 3636: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3607: 3605: 3596: 3590: 3572: 3565: 3559: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3524: 3517: 3513: 3510: 3504: 3490: 3486: 3480: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3463: 3457: 3455: 3446: 3442: 3437: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3421:(5): 353–61. 3420: 3416: 3412: 3405: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3362: 3354: 3348: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3305: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3272: 3267: 3264:(2): 79–101. 3263: 3259: 3252: 3245: 3239: 3232: 3228: 3225: 3219: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3175: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3154: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3133: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3111: 3107: 3106: 3098: 3084: 3080: 3074: 3065: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3041: 3033: 3027: 3013:on 2015-09-15 3009: 3002: 2996: 2989: 2985: 2982: 2976: 2969: 2965: 2962: 2957: 2949: 2945: 2940: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2885: 2882:Krug et al., 2879: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2858: 2850: 2835: 2834: 2829: 2823: 2819: 2804: 2795: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2770: 2766: 2755: 2752: 2750: 2747: 2745: 2742: 2740: 2737: 2735: 2732: 2730: 2727: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2715: 2712: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2700: 2697: 2695: 2692: 2690: 2687: 2685: 2682: 2680: 2677: 2675: 2672: 2670: 2667: 2665: 2662: 2660: 2657: 2655: 2654:De-escalation 2652: 2650: 2647: 2645: 2642: 2640: 2637: 2635: 2632: 2630: 2627: 2625: 2622: 2621: 2613: 2608: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2567: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2529: 2524: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2502: 2497: 2490: 2486: 2481: 2475: 2465: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2452: 2448: 2445:In 2016, the 2443: 2441: 2440:human capital 2437: 2433: 2430:and level of 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2407: 2404: 2403:poverty traps 2393: 2390: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2364: 2355: 2353: 2349: 2343: 2341: 2340:Norbert Elias 2336: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2316: 2314: 2313: 2308: 2307:Steven Pinker 2302: 2297: 2295: 2291: 2286: 2282: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2271: 2266: 2262: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2239: 2238: 2232: 2228: 2225: 2224: 2219: 2218: 2214:in his books 2213: 2212:Jared Diamond 2208: 2203: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2185: 2175: 2172: 2161: 2157: 2154: 2145: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2126: 2117: 227–878 2111: 127–226 2055: 1999: 600–800 1993: 400–600 1987: 200–400 1981: <200 1975: No data 1968: 1965:Estimates of 1963: 1954: 1951: 1945: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1929: 1925: 1920: 1918: 1914: 1909: 1908: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1890: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1845: 1842: 1834: 1831:December 2023 1824: 1820: 1814: 1813: 1808:This section 1806: 1797: 1796: 1788: 1786: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1752: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1707: 1704: 1702:intervention. 1700: 1696: 1695: 1694: 1691: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1676: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1662:Public health 1659: 1657: 1652: 1651:force is used 1648: 1643: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1599: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1572: 1571:Hannah Arendt 1567: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1552:legal systems 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1528: 1519: 1516: 1512: 1502: 1500: 1489: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1469: 1467: 1464:by promoting 1463: 1453: 1450: 1440: 1438: 1428: 1425: 1415: 1412: 1401: 1389: 1387: 1382: 1378: 1373: 1370: 1364: 1357: 1346: 1343: 1336: 1326: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1254: 1250: 1240: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1211:Child-rearing 1208: 1206: 1200: 1196: 1194: 1188: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1177:brain lesions 1174: 1168: 1166: 1161: 1159: 1155: 1149: 1146: 1141: 1139: 1135: 1125: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1085: 1083: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1059: 1056:December 2022 1050: 1046: 1043:This section 1041: 1038: 1034: 1033: 1025: 1023: 1013: 1010: 1006: 1005:assassination 996: 992: 988: 983: 973: 969: 967: 962: 958: 951: 946: 941: 931: 927: 923: 921: 915: 913: 907: 902: 898: 890: 886: 877: 873: 869: 865: 862: 856: 852: 850: 844: 840: 838: 831: 827: 822: 813: 809: 805: 802: 800: 796: 792: 788: 782: 772: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 728: 724: 720: 712: 706:Interpersonal 703: 701: 697: 693: 688: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 661: 657: 652: 647: 637: 635: 634:Slow violence 630: 626: 622: 613: 609: 605: 601: 592: 590: 586: 582: 581: 577:—also called 576: 572: 568: 561:Self-directed 558: 555: 553: 544: 541: 538: 537: 536: 529: 520: 518: 515:, income and 514: 509: 507: 502: 500: 496: 495:mental health 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 470: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 421: 416: 414: 409: 407: 402: 401: 399: 398: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 377:Peacebuilding 375: 373: 370: 368: 367:Peace process 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 346: 343: 341: 338: 337: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 292: 291: 290: 286: 285: 280: 277: 275: 272: 270: 267: 265: 262: 260: 257: 256: 255: 254: 250: 249: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 211: 210: 209: 208: 205: 202: 201: 194: 191: 190: 189: 186: 184: 181: 179: 178:De-escalation 176: 174: 171: 169: 166: 165: 164: 163: 160: 157: 156: 151: 148: 147: 146: 145: 141: 140: 135: 132: 130: 127: 125: 122: 120: 117: 113: 110: 109: 108: 105: 101: 100:Collaborative 98: 96: 93: 91: 88: 87: 86: 83: 81: 78: 76: 73: 71: 68: 67: 66: 65: 62: 59: 58: 55: 52: 51: 48: 44: 40: 38: 33: 31: 22: 8491: 8473: 8464: 8443: 8436: 8406:. Retrieved 8394: 8390: 8377: 8368: 8343: 8339: 8333: 8313: 8306: 8297: 8254: 8250: 8240: 8218:(1): 63–66. 8215: 8211: 8201: 8177: 8152: 8148: 8142: 8134: 8119: 8111: 8103: 8084: 8072: 8064: 8059: 8048:. Retrieved 8039: 8030: 8009:cite journal 7998: 7983: 7973: 7959:cite journal 7932: 7928: 7918: 7898: 7891: 7880:. Retrieved 7871: 7862: 7847: 7837: 7824: 7814: 7793: 7782: 7773: 7767: 7762:, July 2004. 7748: 7737:. Retrieved 7722: 7710:. Retrieved 7703: 7694: 7685: 7665: 7658: 7649: 7639: 7602: 7598: 7565: 7558: 7548: 7537:. Retrieved 7535:. 2016-09-28 7532: 7523: 7512:. Retrieved 7508: 7498: 7484: 7475: 7467:the original 7457: 7446:the original 7433: 7413: 7393: 7385: 7379: 7360: 7318:(2): 77–82. 7315: 7311: 7301: 7282: 7270:. Retrieved 7266: 7256: 7245:. Retrieved 7241: 7210: 7198:. Retrieved 7191:the original 7142: 7138: 7106: 7094: 7086: 7070: 7046: 7026: 7021: 7013: 7008: 7000: 6954:(1): 82–88. 6951: 6947: 6941: 6923: 6896: 6892: 6882: 6873: 6869: 6863: 6855: 6850: 6831: 6822: 6818: 6805: 6796: 6766:(1): 82–94. 6763: 6759: 6753: 6744: 6732:the original 6719: 6701: 6683: 6674: 6664: 6658: 6633: 6629: 6623: 6616: 6611: 6602: 6567: 6563: 6553: 6526: 6522: 6512: 6487: 6483: 6477: 6444: 6440: 6434: 6425: 6392: 6388: 6382: 6349: 6345: 6339: 6306: 6302: 6296: 6261: 6257: 6247: 6212: 6208: 6198: 6165: 6161: 6155: 6138: 6134: 6128: 6103: 6099: 6093: 6058: 6054: 6044: 6011: 6007: 6001: 5982: 5970:. Retrieved 5965: 5955: 5944:. Retrieved 5935: 5926: 5893: 5889: 5883: 5858: 5854: 5848: 5818:(1): 40–54. 5815: 5811: 5805: 5740: 5736: 5730: 5693: 5689: 5649: 5645: 5635: 5616: 5610: 5585: 5581: 5575: 5540: 5536: 5526: 5501: 5497: 5491: 5467:(2): 121–4. 5464: 5460: 5412: 5408: 5398: 5365: 5361: 5355: 5323:(2): 240–9. 5320: 5316: 5306: 5279: 5275: 5265: 5233:(2): 68–81. 5230: 5224: 5218: 5181: 5175: 5161: 5147:(1): 15–21. 5144: 5140: 5122: 5105: 5101: 5095: 5073:(1): 11–27. 5070: 5066: 5060: 5049:. Retrieved 5033: 5016: 5012: 5006: 4997: 4993: 4987: 4970: 4966: 4960: 4950: 4941: 4932: 4910:(1): 73–76. 4907: 4903: 4897: 4872: 4868: 4859: 4849: 4842: 4822: 4810: 4794: 4781: 4770:. Retrieved 4763:the original 4754: 4747: 4739: 4724: 4689: 4685: 4675: 4640: 4636: 4626: 4591: 4587: 4577: 4566:. Retrieved 4564:. 2020-05-07 4561: 4528:. Retrieved 4526:. 2023-08-25 4523: 4514: 4503: 4470: 4466: 4460: 4440: 4419: 4410: 4397: 4386: 4375:. 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Retrieved 2831: 2822: 2803: 2794: 2769: 2684:Martial arts 2610: 2599: 2568: 2560:Frantz Fanon 2558: 2536: 2532: 2525: 2506: 2444: 2408: 2399: 2385: 2344: 2337: 2317: 2310: 2305: 2300: 2290:World War II 2287: 2283: 2273:that 87% of 2268: 2263: 2254:anthropology 2243: 2235: 2221: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2188: 2167: 2158: 2155: 2151: 2142: 2133: 2129: 2122: 2105: 97–126 1957:Epidemiology 1946: 1940: 1921: 1912: 1905: 1893: 1891: 1852: 1837: 1828: 1809: 1785:sexual abuse 1751:human rights 1748: 1730:Human rights 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1692: 1688: 1673: 1665: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1603:self-defense 1600: 1592:labour camps 1568: 1564:police power 1533: 1513:, that make 1508: 1495: 1486:sexual abuse 1478:social norms 1475: 1459: 1446: 1434: 1421: 1407: 1399: 1374: 1365: 1361: 1338: 1323:inequalities 1315: 1296: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1246: 1214: 1201: 1197: 1189: 1169: 1162: 1150: 1145:childrearing 1142: 1138:risk factors 1131: 1112: 1101: 1086: 1072: 1071:in his book 1069:Slavoj Žižek 1066: 1053: 1049:adding to it 1044: 1019: 1002: 993: 989: 985: 970: 963: 959: 955: 928: 924: 916: 908: 904: 874: 870: 866: 857: 853: 845: 841: 834: 810: 806: 803: 787:sexual abuse 784: 732: 731: 722: 689: 665: 656:M8 Greyhound 617: 584: 580:para suicide 578: 564: 556: 548: 534: 510: 503: 471: 430: 429: 372:Peace treaty 223:Brinkmanship 158: 80:Conciliation 47: 36: 29: 8460:James, Paul 8116:Robert Fisk 7978:pp. 506–524 7272:25 February 7242:www.who.int 6665:On Violence 6061:(1): 1–12. 5896:(2): 92–7. 5743:(1): 9–14. 4562:www.cdc.gov 4524:www.cdc.gov 4107:Geneva: WHO 3852:Gottzén, L. 3820:December 3, 3794:19 November 3733:December 2, 3612:Darby Saxbe 2694:Nonviolence 2583:voluntarism 2564:colonialism 2509:blood libel 2436:correlation 2432:investments 2380:!די לאלימות 2324:Cannibalism 2250:archaeology 2099: 76–96 2093: 55–75 2087: 33–54 2081: 25–32 2075: 17–24 1924:Khmer Rouge 1449:life skills 1386:alcohol use 1377:psychopathy 1342:Brown v EMA 1193:elder abuse 1082:ontological 1077:ontological 982:Elder abuse 781:Child abuse 741:child abuse 459:destruction 387:Rule of man 382:Peacemaking 335:Game theory 213:Appeasement 129:Negotiation 95:Rule of law 70:Arbitration 61:Nonviolence 8582:Categories 8453:052160785X 8430:0472113151 8408:2010-11-21 8050:2017-06-30 7882:2013-01-22 7798:. 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