1749:(p. 228) "Ce fut sans doute vne prouidence de Dieu toute speciale, que le retardemẽt des Peres en ce lieu : car en vingt cinq iours qu'ils demeurerent en cette cabane, ils eurent le moyen d'ajuster le Dictionnaire, & les Peuples de la langue Huronne, à celle de ces Peuples, & faire vn ouurage qui seul meritoit qu'on fist vn voyage de plusieurs années dans le païs : nos Sauuages se plaisans beaucoup plus auec ceux qui parlent leur propre langue, qu'auec ceux qui n'en font qu'approcher, qu'ils tiennent iusques là pour estrangers." / (pp. 229–230) "The delay of the Fathers in this place was, doubtless, an exceptional providence of God: for, in the twenty-five days that they remained in this cabin, they were able to harmonize the Dictionary and the Syntax of the Huron language with those of these Tribes, and accomplish a work which of itself would deserve that one make a stay of several years in the country, – as our Savages take much more pleasure in those who speak their own language than in those who only attempt it, and whom they consider for that reason as strangers."
587:
out that the
Neutral language was different from the Wendat language, in that the Neutrals were "vne Nation differente de langage, au moins en plusieurs choses" (Thwaites 21.188) / "a Nation different in language, at least in many respects" (Thwaites 21.189). Mithun further cites work by Roy Wright (Mithun 1979:160) where the latter notes from the Neutral name given to Chaumonot that the Neutral language did not have sound changes that distinguish Wendat from other Northern Iroquoian languages. Hanzeli (1969), referencing Thwaites (21:228–230), notes Brébeuf and Chaumonot considered Neutral different enough from Wendat to write a separate Neutral grammar and dictionary, now lost.
445:, referring to the theft of furs, the Iroquois Confederacy declared war on the Attawandaron. Some historians state that the Iroquois destroyed the Neutral society, which ended as a separate entity in 1651. However, the Neutral population had already been reduced by diseases such as smallpox and measles carried by Europeans. By 1652, the Iroquois had also destroyed the Huron, Petun and Erie Nations. Some of the Neutrals were incorporated into Seneca villages in upstate New York, and others were absorbed into various other societies. The Kenjockety family, one of the last known families to trace their ethnicity to the Neutrals, still lives among the Senecas.
477:
camps ... and cemeteries. Another source describes the
Neutrals as a "hunter-gatherer society who lived in longhouses that sheltered multiple families". Research conducted by anthropologist Mary Jackes states that they remained neutral "in the conflicts between the Iroquois from south of the Great Lakes and the Ontario Iroquoians who lived to the north" and thrived through active trading instead of war, although the Huron nation aggressively worked to prevent trade between the Neutrals and the French.
622:. It is another 500-year-old Neutral village which has been under study since the early 1900s. An Ontario historical plaque commemorates the site, which was occupied by Neutrals in the 1500s. About 1000 to 2000 people lived in longhouses in the fortified community. Scientific excavation was first completed in 1921–1923, when the site was owned by the Lawson family. The searches have recovered 30,000 artifacts and the remains of 19 longhouses. Some of the longhouses and the pallisade have been reconstructed.
665:
site. It was estimated that over 100 bodies were recovered at the time. "Natural disruption, disease, famine and years of severe weather would have been sufficient to begin population decline. Intensifying war, with many killed, taken captive or forced to become refugees, led to almost complete population collapse." Jackes suggested that this burial site "had significance and that it was a place of refuge... especially for women and children."
677:
38:
438:, spent time with the Nation in 1626 and estimated the population as 40,000 at that time. About 14 years later, Brébeuf and Chaumonot visited 18 Neutral Confederacy settlements and stayed in ten villages. By that time, the estimated population was only "about 12,000 people and 4,000 warriors in about 40 villages and hamlets".
664:
When grounds were prepared for a new housing development in
Grimsby, Ontario, in 1976, a Neutral Confederacy burial site was uncovered in sheltered embayment of the Niagara Escarpment. The excavation by Kenyon was closed after only two months in 1977, and the skeletons were reburied near the original
199:
a little different'. The
Iroquois called them Atirhagenrat (Atirhaguenrek) and Rhagenratka. Some of the tribes of the Neutral confederacy included the Aondironon, the Wenrehronon, and the Ongniaahraronon. They spoke Iroquoian languages but were culturally distinct from the Iroquois and competed with
629:
professor
William Noble has excavated and documented the existence of many villages southwest of Hamilton, comprising a Neutral Confederacy, which he believes to have been centred at the Walker site and was presided over by the chief Souharissen. Noble was instrumental in excavating and documenting
374:
was found to include artifacts from an
Iroquioan village that was inhabited circa 1300 to 1600. Archeologists found some 35,000 objects including stone tools and a 4,000 year old arrowhead. Another source states that the site "is among a cluster of Attawandaron villages in this part of the region".
156:
and allegedly account for the origin of the word "Niagara". The
Chonnonton territory contained large deposits of flint, which was a valuable resource for sharp tools, fire-starting and, eventually, firearms, which, as a primary resource, allowed them to trade simultaneously with often-warring Huron
586:
because their dialect was different. (Apparently, the
Chonnonton referred to the Wendat by the same term.) Because the language of the Neutral Confederacy has been extinct for more than three centuries, little is known about the Neutrals' language. Mithun (1979:145, 188–189) cites Jesuits pointing
551:
That important resource was used to make spearheads and arrowheads and so gave the
Neutrals the power to maintain their neutrality. Once the neighbours began receiving firearms through trade with the Europeans, however, the possession of the flint grounds was much less of an advantage. Flints were
660:
Mary Jackes. The demise of the
Neutral Confederacy occurred in spite of reports by the French, who first met it, "in 1610 as strong, healthy and numerous. They lived in the most fertile and warmest part of Ontario. They were determined to remain neutral in the conflicts between the Iroquois from
476:
The Museum of Ontario Archeology describes the society as "semi-nomadic", living in villages for about 20 years before abandoning a site after depleting the game and the soil of the area. A historian in 1997 stated that the Nation "also made use of hamlets, agricultural field cabins, specialized
472:
among the Petun (also called the Tobacco Nation) as well as the Neutrals: "And this (tattooing) in some nations is so common that in the one which we called the Tobacco, and... the Neutral. I know not whether a single individual was found, who was not painted in this manner, on some part of the
653:. The estimated population of the Ivan Elliot site was 4,000; the Neutrals lived in longhouses and used the village for about 20 years. Another nearby site, on the McPhee farm, owned by Raymond Reid, was excavated in 1983. The village had a population of about 1,000 around 1500–1530.
179:, they dispersed. One source indicates that the reasons included "wars, diseases and famine". The remaining members became a part of various other Iroquoian nations. Historical records kept by the French do not discuss the Neutrals as a nation or confederacy after 1672.
362:
Reville described their territory as having been heavily forested and full of "wild fruit trees of vast variety," with nut trees, berry bushes, and wild grape vines. "Elk, caribou, and black bear; deer, wolves, foxes, martens and wild cats filled the woods."
141:. Iroquoian tribes were later known to historians for the fierce ways in which they waged war. A largely agrarian society, the Neutral Confederacy developed farmsteads that were admired and marveled over by European leaders writing reports to their sponsors.
448:
Anthropologist Jackes discussed the year 1651 as particularly significant: "during the final Iroquois onslaught...the Neutral fled into the woods and dispersed for the last time ... The years of famine and disease no doubt contributed to the rout".
398:
was also available to the Five Nations Iroquois in their own lands, but not to other neighbouring peoples. The Neutral territory marked the furthest northern and western extent of useable chert deposits, even though the Onondaga Limestone runs further.
646:) and Oakville have indicated that the Neutral Confederacy hunted not only deer but also elk, moose, beaver, raccoons, squirrels, black bear, fox and muskrat. The remains of catfish, whitefish, salmon and trout were also common at many of the sites.
492:. A 1627 report called him the chief of all of the nation (Neutrals). Tsouharissen died around 1646. Within a generation (by the early 1670s), all of the nearby first nations, the Erie, the Huron, Neutrals, Tobacco tribes, and even the fierce
661:
south of the Great Lakes and the Ontario Iroquoians who lived to the north of the Neutral. They throve on trade, rather than war." Jackes re-examined French reports including the Jesuit Relations and the artefacts found in the Grimsby site.
243:
they "inhabited dozens of villages in Southwestern Ontario stretching along the north shore of Lake Erie from the Niagara Peninsula to the Detroit River, perhaps as far north as Toronto in the east and Goderich in the west."
148:('keepers of the deer'), partly because of their practice of herding deer into pens, a strategy used while hunting. Another group, the Onguiaahra ('near the big waters' or possibly 'the strait' – or something else, see
279:
which was visited by the French in 1625-1626. His trade agreement with the Neutral people provided protection for them by his warriors. The principal headman took on and defeated the Fire Nation in what is present-day
578:
Records left by Jesuit priests in the 1600s indicate that the Neutral language was similar to Huron and so was a dialect of Iroquoian. They believed that all three groups had once been a part of a single group.
452:
The last reference to the Neutrals as an independent society is from the fall of 1653. A historical mention in 1864 refers to the "Huron de la nation neuter" and "Hurons neutres" (neutral Hurons).
2381:
172:. In 1616, the Neutral Confederacy had an estimated 40 villages and 4,000 warriors. In 1641, after a serious epidemic, the Jesuits counted 40 Neutral villages, with about 12,000 people.
415:
Five Nations Confederacy, who were also Iroquoian speakers. That dissolved in 1639, with devastating effects, particularly to the Wenrohronon. The Wenrohronon made an alliance with the
480:
The chief of 28 villages, villas, and towns in the last years of the Neutral confederacy was named Tsouharissen or Souharissen ("Child of the Sun") who led several raids against the
164:
travelling in the area of what is now Hamilton, the lower Grand Valley and Niagara, called them the Neutrals. However, the confederacy had feuds with an Algonkian people called the
334:
1045:
383:
is said to have been inhabited by the Neutral Confederacy, in a village of 4,000. This region may have had the largest Neutral Confederacy settlement in Ontario, at one time.
649:
In 1983–1985, another site was excavated. One of the largest Attawandaron villages, the location covered 13 acres of the Badenoch section of Puslinch, on the east side of
285:
1298:
2361:
656:
The Neutral Confederacy decline and eventual end can be attributed to genocide. The final catastrophe that led to its end by the early 1650s was investigated by the
431:
1698:
1344:
2376:
288:
lived with him for five months in the winter of 1626–1627. Daillon visited 28 Neutral villages, including the capital, which the French referred to as
187:
The Neutrals' name for themselves was Chonnonton, or 'people of the deer', or, more precisely, 'the people who tend or manage deer'. They were called
1896:
2294:
2246:
Stewart, Frances L.; Finlayson, William D. (2000). "Subsistence at the Irving-Johnston Village and the Question of Deer Tending by the Neutrals".
144:
The Neutral Confederacy were primarily engaged in hunting; they traded with others through furs and animal skins. The largest group identified as
2366:
1612:
130:
Like others of Iroquoian language and culture, the tribes would raid and feud with fellow Iroquoian tribes. They were generally wary of rival
1024:
1992:
1926:
1478:
1317:
2134:
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1267:
1152:
1097:
1067:
913:
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After destroying the Hurons, the Iroquois attacked the Neutrals. Around 1650, during a period that is now loosely referred to as the
582:
Their neighbours, the Wendat (Wyandot, or Huron) Nation referred to the Neutrals (Chonnonton) impolitely as "Attawandaron," meaning
2331:
1443:
2336:
370:, the indigenous people who lived in the area in the precontact era included the Neutral Confederacy. In 2020, a site in nearby
1954:
1571:
Missionary Linguistics in New France: a Study of Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century Descriptions of American Indian Languages
2351:
1981:
1962:
1821:
1515:
1488:
1308:
1242:
1505:
1369:
880:
2041:
Cooper, Martin S. (2016). "Chapter 11: 'In Order to Bring Them to Trade'". In Loewen, Brad; Chapdelaine, Claude (eds.).
1330:
2199:
Noble, William C. (1985). "Tsouharissen's Chiefdom: An Early Historic 17th Century Neutral Iroquoian Ranked Society".
1862:
1777:
1702:
1578:
2346:
1656:
1833:"The mid seventeenth century collapse of Iroquoian Ontario: examining the last burial place of the Neutral Nation"
1787:
Engelbrecht, William; Jamieson, Bruce (2016). "St. Lawrence Iroquoian Projectile Points: A Regional Perspective".
793:
2229:
1769:
1139:
17:
2097:
Lest the Beaver Run Loose: The Early 17th Century Christianson Site and Trends in Historic Neutral Archaeology
1911:
430:
passed through the Attawandaron territory circa 1615 and spent a winter among the Nation, during 1625–1626. A
2136:
The Products of Turbulent Times: Continuities and Change of 17th Century Neutral Iroquoian Ceramic Technology
611:
564:
and other high-grade furs for steel axes, glass beads, cloaks, conch shells, gourd containers, and firearms.
260:, Ontario. In addition to this main territory, there was a single population cluster to the east, across the
2114:
2075:
2022:
296:, were ideal for long-term settlement. Noble uses the term "Neutralia" to designate the concentration of
2371:
2268:
1813:
607:. It is known for conspicuous earthworks, which were rare in southern Ontario, and are well preserved.
435:
2165:
1878:
1616:
1594:
337:
gave each Neutral village a Christian name. The only ones that are mentioned in their writings were
552:
still used in trade for the flintlocks on guns. The Neutral continued to trade commodities such as
2076:"A Refinement of Historic Neutral Chronologies: Evidence from Shaver Hill, Christianson and Dwyer"
2059:
1002:
548:. It was superior for toolmaking to other local chert varieties around the St. Lawrence Lowlands.
2326:
2001:
1932:
545:
1638:
235:, as they were called by the Huron Nation, was mostly within the limits of present-day southern
573:
500:
between themselves and/or to the last tribe standing with any significant military power, the
2305:
1854:
1848:
1421:
1275:
1156:
1101:
1075:
917:
293:
86:
1873:
427:
1922:
596:
292:
The fertile flats of the various oxbows that Big Creek makes three miles from its mouth at
220:
131:
124:
8:
626:
600:
297:
2255:
2208:
2187:
2152:
1796:
650:
517:
391:
371:
215:) because they tried to remain neutral in the many wars between the confederacy of the
135:
1832:
330:
149:
117:, which were inhabited by other Iroquoian confederacies from which the term Neutrals
1977:
1958:
1858:
1817:
1773:
1574:
1511:
1484:
1304:
1238:
763:
639:
380:
367:
323:
265:
253:
249:
153:
82:
2220:
Prevec, Rosemary; Noble, William C. (1983). "Historic Neutral Faunal Utilization".
2101:
2046:
635:
465:
423:
376:
110:
2147:
Jamieson, Susan M. (1981). "Economics and Ontario Iroquoian Social Organization".
1534:
Mithun, Marianne (1979). "Iroquoian". In Campbell, Lyle; Mithun, Marianne (eds.).
1234:
2269:"On Delineating the Neutral Iroquois of the Eastern Niagara Peninsula of Ontario"
1948:
615:
537:
306:
257:
208:
93:, Canada. At its height, its wider territory extended toward the shores of lakes
41:
The homeland of the Neutral people (left) was between the southeastern shores of
28:
1840:
9e: journées d'anthropologie de Valbonne:Vers une anthropologie des catastrophes
1178:
1046:"Pottery shards, stone tools among Indigenous artifacts found on Kitchener site"
682:
561:
536:
and post-contact periods, and has been documented at sites associated with the
520:
formation in their lands. Prior to European contact, they used this chert as a
416:
269:
216:
192:
138:
1418:"Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Harrington Dam and Embro Dam, page 5 and 6"
2320:
2300:
1349:. Buffalo, New York: Bigelo Brothers, Buffalo Historical Society. p. 418
965:
851:
657:
643:
541:
493:
311:
261:
204:
176:
134:-speaking peoples, such as those who inhabited Canada to the East, along the
114:
106:
78:
2050:
2178:
Noble, William C. (1984). "Historic Neutral Iroquois Settlement Patterns".
1928:
Travels and Explorations of the Jesuit Missionaries in New France 1610–1791
533:
344:
239:. The Museum of Ontario Archaeology summarizes that territory as follows:
102:
46:
2311:
2043:
Contact in the 16th Century: Networks Among Fishers, Foragers and Farmers
1660:
1228:
690:
619:
497:
442:
408:
2259:
2212:
2191:
2156:
1800:
231:
During the late 16th and the early 17th centuries, the territory of the
2105:
521:
395:
98:
42:
1536:
The Languages of Native America: Historical and Comparative Assessment
175:
The nation was unable to survive the changes. In the 1650s, after the
695:
525:
481:
339:
310:(1920) said that the hunting grounds of the Attawandaron ranged from
165:
94:
50:
2095:
1123:
1121:
1119:
496:
would all fall between rampaging epidemic diseases or in the bloody
642:. Reports from those and other Southern Ontario sites near Milton (
501:
485:
412:
281:
169:
168:
or "Fire Nation", who were believed to live in what is present-day
160:
Since they were not at war with the Huron or the Iroquois in 1600,
109:
in the east. To the northeast were the neighbouring territories of
419:, who were located farther away and could not offer much support.
275:– Souharissen was the warrior chief who lived in a village called
2115:"The Hood Site: Longhouse Burials in an Historic Neutral Village"
1322:
1320:
1116:
631:
557:
411:, also Iroquoian-language people, to defend against the powerful
319:
236:
161:
90:
2045:. Mercury Series. University of Ottawa Press. pp. 257–268.
1179:"History Corner: Étienne Brûlé – Discoverer of Southern Ontario"
767:
603:, contains the remains of a precontact Neutral village and is a
529:
469:
315:
1810:
Petun to Wyandot: The Ontario Petun from the Sixteenth Century
1808:
Garrad, Charles (2014). Pilon, Jean-Luc; Fox, William (eds.).
1444:"The importance of land acknowledgements and the Attawandaron"
1068:"The Attawandaron Discoveries - Museum of Ontario Archaeology"
914:"The Attawandaron Discoveries – Museum of Ontario Archaeology"
484:(or "The Fire Nation"), who lived in territory in present-day
1974:
Children of Aataentsic: A History of the Huron People to 1660
1897:"Variability in Neutral Iroquoian Subsistence A.D. 1540–1651"
1025:"Remnants of Woodland Iroquois Village Discovered in Ontario"
700:
553:
513:
461:
387:
37:
2382:
Tribal Confederacies of indigenous peoples of North America
1374:. Buffalo, New York: Buffalo Historical Society. p. 15
489:
118:
71:
1458:
1261:
1259:
1257:
390:
was plentiful in Neutral lands due to the presence of the
1950:
Natives and Newcomers: Canada's "Heroic Age" Reconsidered
375:
In 1976, a Neutral Confederacy cemetery was unearthed in
34:
Historic Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands
1910:. Ontario Archaeological Society: 92–117. Archived from
1679:
1198:
1196:
774:
1709:
1254:
1230:
The Catholic Church in the Niagara Peninsula, 1626–1895
896:
894:
941:
532:, and other weapons and tools. This extended into the
252:
and in the vicinity of the present-day communities of
2241:. Port Credit, Ontario: Etobicoke Historical Society.
2060:"An Introduction to the Raymond Reid (HiHa-4) Hamlet"
1721:
1193:
983:
834:
832:
762:. American Heritage Publishing Co. pp. 180–211.
359:, or St. Michel (near what is now Windsor, Ontario).
2000:. Brantford: Hurley Printing Company. Archived from
1398:
1386:
891:
819:
817:
815:
813:
811:
809:
757:
672:
460:
The Neutral Confederacy had much in common with the
355:
or St. William, in the centre of their country; and
2207:(2). Canadian Archaeological Association: 131–146.
2023:"The Little Ice Age and Neutral Faunal Assemblages"
1795:. Eastern States Archaeological Federation: 81–98.
1786:
1667:
1208:
1127:
730:
728:
726:
724:
722:
720:
1846:
1336:
1326:
829:
2254:(1). Canadian Archaeological Association: 17–40.
2151:(5). Canadian Archaeological Association: 19–30.
1931:. Cleveland: The Burrows Brothers. Archived from
806:
2362:History of the Regional Municipality of Waterloo
2318:
2245:
2186:(1). Canadian Archaeological Association: 3–27.
2020:
1842:, Antibes: Éditions APDCA/INED, pp. 347–373
1766:The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650
1699:"First Story: The Neutrals in Wellington County"
874:
872:
870:
868:
717:
2167:The Hamilton Site: A Late Historic Neutral Town
1639:"Visit Indigenous Longhouse at the Lawson Site"
1480:North American Indians: A Comprehensive Account
1538:. University of Texas Press. pp. 133–212.
1222:
1220:
753:
751:
749:
747:
745:
743:
1847:McMillan, Alan D.; Yellowhorn, Eldon (2004).
1553:
1529:
1527:
865:
464:Nation and may have had shared ancestry. The
85:. Its heartland was in the floodplain of the
1764:Ellis, Chris J.; Ferris, Neal, eds. (1990).
1303:. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. p. 110.
960:
958:
956:
2219:
2058:Fitzgerald, William R. (March–April 1984).
2021:Campbell, Celina; Campbell, Ian D. (1988).
1763:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1217:
740:
379:. The area that now comprises Morriston in
2377:Native American tribes in New York (state)
2112:
2093:
2073:
2057:
1524:
248:They had population concentrations on the
127:was across Lake Ontario to the southeast.
1510:. Somerset Publishers, Inc. p. 190.
953:
507:
2282:. Ontario Archaeological Society: 62–74.
2146:
2128:. Ontario Archaeological Society: 43–60.
2100:(Master's thesis). McMaster University.
2089:. Ontario Archaeological Society: 31–46.
2036:. Ontario Archaeological Society: 13–33.
1921:
1542:
1404:
1371:The Life and Times of Gen. Ely S. Parker
1342:
794:"Where Does the Word Niagara Come From?"
36:
2173:(Master's thesis). McMaster University.
2142:(Master's thesis). McMaster University.
2069:. Ontario Archaeological Society: 3–24.
1990:
1971:
1946:
1894:
1872:Noble, William C. (November 20, 2015).
1685:
1673:
1595:"HistoricPlaces.ca – HistoricPlaces.ca"
1568:
989:
947:
900:
838:
780:
195:, meaning 'people whose speech is awry
14:
2319:
2312:http://www.dickshovel.com/neutral.html
2236:
2164:Lennox, Paul Anthony (November 1977).
2163:
2132:
2040:
1830:
1807:
1727:
1715:
1533:
1464:
1392:
1367:
1226:
1202:
966:"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Huron Indians"
823:
455:
407:The Neutrals had an alliance with the
272:, which was west of the Wenro people.
2367:History of Wellington County, Ontario
2266:
2198:
2177:
1871:
1556:Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents
1503:
1476:
1296:
1265:
932:
760:The American Heritage Book of Indians
734:
1789:Archaeology of Eastern North America
878:
343:, or All Saints, the nearest to the
2133:Ionico, Daniel A. (December 2018).
1976:. McGill–Queen's University Press.
24:
2013:
1994:The History of the County of Brant
758:Alvin M. Josephy Jr., ed. (1961).
25:
2393:
2357:History of Oxford County, Ontario
2288:
2239:Archaeology of the Neutral Indian
1554:Thwaites, Reuben G. (1896–1901).
2342:First Nations history in Ontario
1573:. The Hague: Mouton de Gruyter.
1266:Clark, Marjorie (10 June 2016).
1227:Harris, William Richard (1895).
1140:Wenrohronon Indian Tribe History
675:
605:National Historic Site of Canada
2332:Extinct Native American peoples
2248:Canadian Journal of Archaeology
2201:Canadian Journal of Archaeology
2180:Canadian Journal of Archaeology
2149:Canadian Journal of Archaeology
1955:McGill–Queen's University Press
1743:
1691:
1649:
1631:
1605:
1587:
1562:
1497:
1470:
1436:
1410:
1361:
1290:
1171:
1145:
1133:
1128:Engelbrecht & Jamieson 2016
1090:
1074:. June 10, 2016. Archived from
1060:
1038:
1017:
995:
906:
512:The Neutrals quarried Onondaga
318:and south of a line drawn from
300:-speaking natives in the area.
152:), populated the more southern
2337:Extinct Native American tribes
2230:Ontario Archaeological Society
1770:Ontario Archaeological Society
1657:"London Museum of Archaeology"
1327:McMillan & Yellowhorn 2004
1268:"The Attawandaron Discoveries"
1153:"The Attawandaron Discoveries"
1098:"The Attawandaron Discoveries"
916:. 10 June 2016. Archived from
844:
786:
590:
13:
1:
2297:by Niagara-on-the-Lake Museum
1643:Museum of Ontario Archaeology
1569:Hanzeli, Victor Egon (1969).
1343:Marshall, Orsamus H. (1880).
1300:Illustrated History of Canada
1272:Museum of Ontario Archaeology
706:
618:, is located adjacent to the
612:Museum of Ontario Archaeology
335:Pierre Joseph Marie Chaumonot
207:called the people "Neutral" (
200:them for the same resources.
150:Niagara Falls § Toponymy
123:was derived. The five-nation
49:, and the northern shores of
2352:History of Hamilton, Ontario
2094:Fitzgerald, William (1981).
1991:Reville, F. Douglas (1920).
1895:Stewart, Frances L. (2000).
711:
584:"Those whose speech is awry"
226:
7:
668:
567:
10:
2398:
2113:Fitzgerald, W. R. (1979).
2074:Fitzgerald, W. R. (1982).
1972:Trigger, Bruce G. (1988).
1814:University of Ottawa Press
1756:
1477:Kehoe, Alice Beck (2017).
1368:Parker, Arthur C. (1919).
571:
436:Joseph de La Roche Daillon
402:
286:Joseph de la Roche Daillon
26:
2267:White, Marian E. (1972).
1879:The Canadian Encyclopedia
1874:"The Neutral Confederacy"
366:According to the City of
1768:. London Chapter of the
1736:
885:faculty.marianopolis.edu
351:, on the Niagara River;
182:
45:, the western shores of
27:Not to be confused with
2347:History of Bruce County
2051:10.2307/j.ctt22zmcgk.17
1947:Trigger, Bruce (1986).
1850:First Peoples In Canada
630:other Neutral sites in
546:St. Lawrence Iroquoians
284:. The Recollect priest
219:and the nations of the
119:
72:
2237:Ridley, Frank (1961).
1855:Douglas & McIntyre
1504:Ricky, Donald (1999).
1233:. W. Briggs. pp.
574:Neutral Huron language
508:Flintworking and trade
329:During their travels,
246:
212:
54:
2306:Catholic Encyclopedia
1923:Thwaites, Reuben Gold
1831:Jackes, Mary (2008),
1599:www.historicplaces.ca
1297:Brown, Craig (2012).
422:Traveling south from
303:F. Douglas Reville's
290:NĂ´tre Dame des Anges.
241:
157:and Iroquois tribes.
40:
1772:. pp. 410–411.
1467:, pp. 350, 352.
1346:The Niagara Frontier
1214:Reville 1920, p. 20.
1072:Archaeologymuseum.ca
1003:"Waterloo's history"
597:Southwold Earthworks
221:Iroquois Confederacy
125:Iroquois Confederacy
2276:Ontario Archaeology
2222:Ontario Archaeology
2122:Ontario Archaeology
2083:Ontario Archaeology
2030:Ontario Archaeology
1904:Ontario Archaeology
1558:. Burrows Brothers.
1507:Indians of Maryland
852:"The Wampum Keeper"
627:McMaster University
601:St. Thomas, Ontario
456:Society and culture
432:Franciscan RĂ©collet
305:The History of the
136:St. Lawrence Valley
59:Neutral Confederacy
1882:. Historica Canada
1812:. Mercury Series.
1142:- Access Genealogy
879:BĂ©langer, Claude.
783:, pp. 95, 99.
651:Morriston, Ontario
518:Onondaga Limestone
468:in 1652 describes
392:Onondaga Limestone
372:Kitchener, Ontario
264:, near modern-day
55:
2372:Iroquoian peoples
1983:978-0-7735-6149-6
1964:978-0-7735-6132-8
1917:on March 7, 2019.
1823:978-0-7766-2144-9
1718:, pp. 367–8.
1688:, pp. 102–3.
1517:978-0-403-09877-4
1490:978-1-351-21996-9
1310:978-0-7735-8788-5
1244:978-0-665-05379-5
1078:on April 30, 2017
970:www.newadvent.org
381:Puslinch, Ontario
368:Waterloo, Ontario
250:Niagara Peninsula
154:Niagara Peninsula
105:, as well as the
83:Iroquoian peoples
16:(Redirected from
2389:
2295:The Attawandaron
2283:
2273:
2263:
2242:
2233:
2216:
2195:
2174:
2172:
2160:
2143:
2141:
2129:
2119:
2109:
2090:
2080:
2070:
2064:
2054:
2037:
2027:
2008:
2006:
1999:
1987:
1968:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1918:
1916:
1901:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1868:
1853:(3rd ed.).
1843:
1837:
1827:
1804:
1783:
1750:
1747:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1701:. Archived from
1695:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1659:. Archived from
1653:
1647:
1646:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1615:. Archived from
1613:"Ontario Plaque"
1609:
1603:
1602:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1551:
1540:
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1495:
1494:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1446:. 30 August 2017
1440:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1424:on 30 April 2017
1420:. Archived from
1414:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1356:
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1340:
1334:
1324:
1315:
1314:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1278:on 30 April 2017
1274:. Archived from
1263:
1252:
1251:
1224:
1215:
1212:
1206:
1200:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1181:. 7 January 2016
1175:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1159:on 30 April 2017
1155:. Archived from
1149:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1104:on 30 April 2017
1100:. Archived from
1094:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1042:
1036:
1035:
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1021:
1015:
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1010:
999:
993:
987:
981:
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978:
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951:
945:
939:
936:
930:
929:
927:
925:
920:on 30 April 2017
910:
904:
898:
889:
888:
881:"Quebec History"
876:
863:
862:
860:
858:
848:
842:
836:
827:
821:
804:
803:
801:
800:
790:
784:
778:
772:
771:
755:
738:
732:
685:
680:
679:
678:
466:Jesuit Relations
424:Midland, Ontario
394:formation. This
377:Grimsby, Ontario
213:la Nation neutre
122:
75:
21:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2317:
2316:
2291:
2286:
2271:
2170:
2139:
2117:
2078:
2062:
2025:
2016:
2014:Further reading
2011:
2004:
1997:
1984:
1965:
1938:
1936:
1914:
1899:
1885:
1883:
1865:
1835:
1824:
1780:
1759:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1726:
1722:
1714:
1710:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1684:
1680:
1672:
1668:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1622:
1620:
1619:on 3 March 2016
1611:
1610:
1606:
1593:
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1588:
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1563:
1552:
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1502:
1498:
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756:
741:
733:
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709:
681:
676:
674:
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616:London, Ontario
593:
576:
570:
510:
458:
405:
331:Jean de Brébeuf
307:County of Brant
229:
185:
89:in what is now
77:) was a tribal
35:
32:
29:Neutral country
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2395:
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2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
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2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2327:Neutral people
2315:
2314:
2309:
2298:
2290:
2289:External links
2287:
2285:
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2217:
2196:
2175:
2161:
2144:
2130:
2110:
2091:
2071:
2055:
2038:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2007:on 2010-02-15.
1988:
1982:
1969:
1963:
1944:
1925:, ed. (1898).
1919:
1892:
1869:
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1760:
1758:
1755:
1752:
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1741:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1730:, p. 368.
1720:
1708:
1705:on 2017-11-07.
1690:
1678:
1666:
1663:on 2005-12-10.
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1309:
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1243:
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1207:
1205:, p. 353.
1192:
1170:
1144:
1132:
1115:
1089:
1059:
1048:. 4 March 2020
1037:
1016:
1005:. 8 March 2021
994:
982:
952:
950:, p. 399.
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687:
686:
683:Ontario portal
670:
667:
592:
589:
572:Main article:
569:
566:
562:black squirrel
509:
506:
494:Susquehannocks
457:
454:
404:
401:
228:
225:
184:
181:
67:Neutral people
63:Neutral Nation
33:
18:Neutral Nation
9:
6:
4:
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2:
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2301:Huron Indians
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1935:on 2009-02-07
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1864:1-55365-053-0
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1779:0-919350-13-5
1775:
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1580:3-11-099521-2
1576:
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1548:
1546:
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1509:
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1500:
1492:
1486:
1483:. Routledge.
1482:
1481:
1473:
1466:
1461:
1445:
1439:
1423:
1419:
1413:
1406:
1405:Thwaites 1898
1401:
1395:, p. 39.
1394:
1389:
1373:
1372:
1364:
1348:
1347:
1339:
1332:
1328:
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1211:
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1199:
1197:
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1174:
1158:
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1148:
1141:
1136:
1130:, p. 86.
1129:
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1103:
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1073:
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998:
992:, p. 16.
991:
986:
971:
967:
961:
959:
957:
949:
944:
935:
919:
915:
909:
903:, p. 15.
902:
897:
895:
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689:
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684:
673:
666:
662:
659:
658:archaeologist
654:
652:
647:
645:
644:Crawford Lake
641:
637:
633:
628:
623:
621:
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602:
598:
588:
585:
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575:
565:
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555:
549:
547:
543:
539:
535:
534:protohistoric
531:
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428:Étienne Brûlé
425:
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400:
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389:
384:
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353:Teotongniaton
350:
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321:
317:
313:
312:Genesee Falls
309:
308:
301:
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277:Ounontisatan,
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262:Niagara River
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121:
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115:Petun Country
112:
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107:Niagara River
104:
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88:
84:
80:
79:confederation
76:
74:
68:
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52:
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44:
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30:
19:
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2096:
2086:
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2066:
2042:
2033:
2029:
2002:the original
1993:
1973:
1949:
1937:. Retrieved
1933:the original
1927:
1912:the original
1907:
1903:
1884:. Retrieved
1877:
1849:
1839:
1809:
1792:
1788:
1765:
1745:
1723:
1711:
1703:the original
1693:
1686:Stewart 2000
1681:
1674:Trigger 1986
1669:
1661:the original
1651:
1642:
1633:
1621:. Retrieved
1617:the original
1607:
1598:
1589:
1570:
1564:
1555:
1535:
1506:
1499:
1479:
1472:
1460:
1448:. Retrieved
1438:
1426:. Retrieved
1422:the original
1412:
1400:
1388:
1376:. Retrieved
1370:
1363:
1351:. Retrieved
1345:
1338:
1299:
1292:
1280:. Retrieved
1276:the original
1271:
1248:
1229:
1210:
1183:. Retrieved
1173:
1161:. Retrieved
1157:the original
1147:
1135:
1106:. Retrieved
1102:the original
1092:
1080:. Retrieved
1076:the original
1071:
1062:
1050:. Retrieved
1040:
1028:. Retrieved
1019:
1007:. Retrieved
997:
990:Reville 1920
985:
973:. Retrieved
969:
948:Trigger 1988
943:
934:
922:. Retrieved
918:the original
908:
901:Reville 1920
884:
855:. Retrieved
846:
839:Trigger 1988
797:. Retrieved
788:
781:Trigger 1988
776:
759:
663:
655:
648:
624:
609:
594:
583:
581:
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511:
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365:
361:
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352:
348:
345:Huron Nation
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328:
304:
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289:
276:
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247:
242:
233:Attawandaron
232:
230:
217:Huron tribes
202:
196:
189:Attawandaron
188:
186:
174:
159:
145:
143:
129:
120:Attawandaron
73:Attawandaron
70:
66:
62:
58:
56:
47:Lake Ontario
2106:11375/10428
1886:January 18,
1728:Jackes 2008
1716:Jackes 2008
1465:Jackes 2008
1393:Garrad 2014
1203:Jackes 2008
824:Jackes 2008
691:Beaver Wars
620:Lawson site
591:Archaeology
498:Beaver Wars
443:Beaver Wars
409:Wenrohronon
349:Onguioaahra
294:Grand River
87:Grand River
2321:Categories
2067:Arch Notes
1939:2014-12-15
1378:16 January
1353:16 January
1329:, p.
938:Ellis 1990
924:3 November
799:2015-08-29
735:Noble 2015
707:References
526:arrowheads
522:tool stone
396:tool stone
146:Chonnonton
132:Algonquian
53:in Canada.
43:Lake Huron
1082:August 5,
712:Citations
696:Kandoucho
516:from the
482:Mascouten
470:tattooing
434:, Father
386:Onondaga
340:Kandoucho
298:Iroquoian
227:Geography
166:Mascouten
51:Lake Erie
2260:41058127
2232:: 41–56.
2213:41102340
2192:41102288
2157:41058597
1801:44808365
1450:29 March
1428:29 March
1249:Neutral.
1237:–39–42.
1185:29 March
1163:29 March
1108:29 March
1052:29 March
1030:29 March
1009:29 March
768:61-14871
669:See also
640:Binbrook
568:Language
538:Onondaga
502:Iroquois
486:Michigan
413:Iroquois
357:Khioetoa
324:Goderich
282:Michigan
270:New York
254:Hamilton
170:Michigan
113:and the
2303:in the
1757:Sources
1623:24 July
1282:23 July
975:24 July
857:24 July
636:Grimsby
632:Thorold
599:, near
558:tobacco
530:bifaces
473:body."
403:History
320:Toronto
266:Buffalo
237:Ontario
191:by the
162:Jesuits
111:Huronia
103:Ontario
91:Ontario
2258:
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1961:
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560:, and
544:, and
542:Oneida
316:Sarnia
258:Milton
209:French
205:French
101:, and
61:(also
2272:(PDF)
2256:JSTOR
2209:JSTOR
2188:JSTOR
2171:(PDF)
2153:JSTOR
2140:(PDF)
2118:(PDF)
2079:(PDF)
2063:(PDF)
2026:(PDF)
2005:(PDF)
1998:(PDF)
1915:(PDF)
1900:(PDF)
1836:(PDF)
1797:JSTOR
1737:Notes
701:Petun
554:maize
514:chert
462:Petun
417:Huron
388:chert
193:Huron
183:Names
139:basin
99:Huron
69:, or
1978:ISBN
1959:ISBN
1888:2023
1859:ISBN
1818:ISBN
1774:ISBN
1625:2017
1575:ISBN
1512:ISBN
1485:ISBN
1452:2021
1430:2021
1380:2015
1355:2015
1305:ISBN
1284:2017
1239:ISBN
1187:2021
1165:2021
1110:2021
1084:2018
1054:2021
1032:2021
1011:2021
977:2017
926:2017
859:2017
764:LCCN
625:The
610:The
595:The
524:for
490:Ohio
488:and
333:and
314:and
256:and
203:The
95:Erie
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