Niagara Falls - Knowledge

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falls kept flowing. Although the falls commonly ice up most winters, the river and the falls do not freeze completely. The years 1885, 1902, 1906, 1911, 1932, 1936, 2014, 2017 and 2019 are noted for partial freezing of the falls. A so-called ice bridge was common in certain years at the base of the falls and was used by people who wanted to cross the river before bridges had been built. During some winters, the ice sheet was as thick as 40 to 100 feet (12 to 30 m), but that thickness has not occurred since 1954. The ice bridge of 1841 was said to be at least 100 feet thick. On February 4, 1912, the ice bridge which had formed on January 15 began breaking up while people were still on it. Many escaped, but three died during the event, later named the Ice Bridge Tragedy.

2202: 1741: 705: 503: 2259: 1152: 2338: 2162: 2109: 716:, moved by the scene from the island, brought Olmsted to Buffalo in 1868 to design a city park system, which helped promote Olmsted's career. In 1879, the New York state legislature commissioned Olmsted and James T. Gardner to survey the falls and to create the single most important document in the Niagara preservation movement, a "Special Report on the preservation of Niagara Falls". The report advocated for state purchase, restoration and preservation through public ownership of the scenic lands surrounding Niagara Falls. Restoring the former beauty of the falls was described in the report as a "sacred obligation to mankind". In 1883, New York Governor 2128: 2221: 942: 1100: 7950: 106: 2281: 73: 1687: 1285: 885: 2394: 1963: 1871: 1348: 136: 1047: 2183: 1108: 2352: 996:. The falls were also a popular tourist attraction for Southern slaveowners, who would bring their enslaved workers on the trip. "Many a time the trusted body-servant, or slave-girl, would leave master or mistress in the discharge of some errand, and never come back." This sometimes led to conflict. Early town father Peter Porter assisted slavecatchers in finding runaway slaves, even leading, in the case of runaway Solomon Moseby, to a riot in Niagara-on-the-Lake, Canada. Much of this history is memorialized in the 1838: 752:

destroying the beauty of the falls, and how to restore natural landscapes damaged by man. They planned a park with scenic roadways, paths and a few shelters designed to protect the landscape while allowing large numbers of visitors to enjoy the falls. Commemorative statues, shops, restaurants, and a 1959 glass and metal observation tower were added later. Preservationists continue to strive to strike a balance between Olmsted's idyllic vision and the realities of administering a popular scenic attraction.

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the Niagara River after climbing over a railing. On July 8, 2019, at roughly 4 am, officers responded to a report of a person in crisis at the brink of the Canadian side of the falls. Once officers got to the scene, the man climbed the retaining wall, jumped into the river and went over Horseshoe Falls. Authorities subsequently began to search the lower Niagara River basin, where the man was found alive but injured sitting on the rocks at the water's edge.

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ensure an "unbroken curtain of water" flowing over the falls, states that during daylight time during the tourist season (April 1 to October 31) there must be 100,000 cubic feet per second (2,800 m/s) of water flowing over the falls, and during the night and off-tourist season there must be 50,000 cubic feet per second (1,400 m/s) of water flowing over the falls. This treaty is monitored by the International Niagara Board of Control, using a

2380: 2366: 1039: 1635: 1578:, became the youngest person ever (age 22) and the first American in 25 years to go over the falls in a barrel. Ten years later, Trotter went over the falls again, becoming the second person to go over the falls twice and survive. It was also the second "duo"; Lori Martin joined Trotter for the barrel ride over the falls. They survived the fall, but their barrel became stuck at the bottom of the falls, requiring a rescue. 1515:

strength. The cat survived the plunge unharmed and later posed with Taylor in photographs. Since Taylor's historic ride, over a dozen people have intentionally gone over the falls in or on a device, despite her advice. Some have survived unharmed, but others have drowned or been severely injured. Survivors face charges and stiff fines, as it is now illegal, on both sides of the border, to attempt to go over the falls.

1023:. It was once believed that the small figure standing silhouetted with a top hat was added by an engraver working from imagination as well as the daguerreotype as his source, but the figure is clearly present in the photograph. Because of the very long exposure required, of ten minutes or more, the figure is assumed by Canada's Niagara Parks agency to be Pattinson. The image is left-right inverted and taken from the 1535: 2299: 143: 113: 772: 1784: 1074:, and to control the development on both sides that threaten the area's natural beauty. Before the late 20th century, the northeastern end of Horseshoe Falls was in the United States, flowing around the Terrapin Rocks, which were once connected to Goat Island by a series of bridges. In 1955, the area between the rocks and Goat Island was filled in, creating 992:'s "One Hundred Conventions" tour throughout New York and the midwest. Sometime on this tour, Douglass visited Niagara Falls and wrote a brief account of the experience: "When I came into its awful presence the power of discription failed me, an irrisistible power closed my lips." Being on the Canadian border, Niagara Falls was on one of the routes of the 1663:, a 23-year-old Italian was the first and only woman to cross the Niagara River gorge; she did so on a tightrope on July 8, 1876. She repeated the stunt several times during the same month. During one crossing she was blindfolded and during another, her ankles and wrists were handcuffed. On July 12, she crossed wearing peach baskets strapped to her feet. 1312:), sent as far as Buffalo, 20 mi (32 km) away. Some of the original designs for the power transmission plants were created by the Swiss firm Faesch & Piccard, which also constructed the original 5,000 hp (3.7 MW) waterwheels. Private companies on the Canadian side also began to harness the energy of the falls. The 491:

summer. During the summer months, at least 2,800 m (99,000 cu ft) per second of water traverse the falls, some 90% of which goes over Horseshoe Falls, while the balance is diverted to hydroelectric facilities and then on to American Falls and Bridal Veil Falls. This is accomplished by employing a

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On September 28, 1989, Niagara natives Peter DeBernardi and Jeffery James Petkovich became the first "team" to make it over the falls in a two-person barrel. The stunt was conceived by DeBenardi, who wanted to discourage youth from following in his path of addictive drug use. The pair emerged shortly

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gauging station above the falls. During winter, the Power Authority of New York works with Ontario Power Generation to prevent ice on the Niagara River from interfering with power production or causing flooding of shoreline property. One of their joint efforts is an 8,800-foot-long (2,700 m) ice

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In 1961, when the Niagara Falls hydroelectric project went online, it was the largest hydropower facility in the Western world. Today, Niagara is still the largest electricity producer in New York state, with a generating capacity of 2.4 GW. Up to 1,420 cubic metres (380,000 US gal) of

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In the 1870s, sightseers had limited access to Niagara Falls and often had to pay for a glimpse, and industrialization threatened to carve up Goat Island to further expand commercial development. Other industrial encroachments and lack of public access led to a conservation movement in the U.S. known

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The Niagara Scenic Trolley offers guided trips along American Falls and around Goat Island. Panoramic and aerial views of the falls can also be viewed by helicopter. The Niagara Gorge Discovery Center showcases the natural and local history of Niagara Falls and the Niagara Gorge. A casino and luxury

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became the first person to walk across the falls area in 116 years, after receiving special permission from both governments. The full length of his tightrope was 1,800 feet (550 m). Wallenda crossed near the brink of Horseshoe Falls, unlike walkers who had crossed farther downstream. According

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and a large wound to his head. His identity was never released. Eyewitnesses reported seeing the man intentionally enter the water. On May 21, 2012, an unidentified man became the fourth person to survive an unprotected trip over Horseshoe Falls. Eyewitness reports show he "deliberately jumped" into

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efforts have always been of importance. Underwater weirs redirect the most damaging currents, and the top of the falls has been strengthened. In June 1969, a temporary rock and earth dam was constructed, completely diverting the Niagara River from American Falls for several months. During this time,

1806:(built as the Seagrams Tower, later renamed the Heritage Tower, the Royal Inn Tower, the Royal Center Tower, the Panasonic Tower, the Minolta Tower, and most recently the Konica Minolta Tower before receiving its current name in 2010), it is one of two towers in Canada with a view of the falls. The 1694:

Peak visitor traffic occurs in the summertime, when Niagara Falls is both a daytime and evening attraction. From the Canadian side, floodlights illuminate both sides of the falls for several hours after dark (until midnight). The number of visitors in 2007 was expected to total 20 million, and

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In the "Miracle at Niagara", on July 9, 1960, Roger Woodward, a seven-year-old American boy, was swept over Horseshoe Falls after the boat in which he was cruising lost power; two tourists pulled his 17-year-old sister Deanne from the river only 20 ft (6.1 m) from the lip of the Horseshoe

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became the first person to go over the falls in a barrel as a publicity stunt; she survived, bleeding, but otherwise unharmed. Soon after exiting the barrel, she said, "No one ought ever do that again." Days before Taylor's attempt, her domestic cat was sent over the falls in her barrel to test its

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The cities of Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada, and Niagara Falls, New York, United States, are connected by two international bridges. The Rainbow Bridge, just downriver from the falls, affords the closest view of the falls and is open to non-commercial vehicle traffic and pedestrians. The Whirlpool

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power plants. Currently between 50% and 75% of the Niagara River's flow is diverted via four huge tunnels that arise far upstream from the waterfalls. The water then passes through hydroelectric turbines that supply power to nearby areas of Canada and the United States before returning to the river

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to force the water away from Terrapin Point. Altogether, 400 ft (120 m) of Horseshoe Falls were eliminated, including 100 ft (30 m) on the Canadian side. According to author Ginger Strand, the Horseshoe Falls is now entirely in Canada. Other sources say "most of" Horseshoe Falls

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in 1906 to enact legislation to preserve the falls by regulating the waters of the Niagara River. The act sought, in cooperation with the Canadian government, to restrict diversion of water, and a treaty resulted in 1909 that limited the total amount of water diverted from the falls by both nations

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The water flow is halved at night and during the low tourist season winter months and only attains a minimum flow of 1,400 cubic metres (49,000 cu ft) per second. Water diversion is regulated by the 1950 Niagara Treaty and is administered by the International Niagara Board of Control. The

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had long before described attempting to tour the falls as "bent on suicide" and despite a number of fatal crashes, the "as many as 100 eight-minute rides each day" are hard to regulate; two countries and various government agencies would have to coordinate. These flights have been available "since

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Commercial interests have continued to encroach on the land surrounding the state park, including the construction of several tall buildings (most of them hotels) on the Canadian side. The result is a significant alteration and urbanisation of the landscape. One study found that the tall buildings

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The current rate of erosion is approximately 30 centimeters (0.98 feet) per year, down from a historical average of 0.91 m (3.0 ft) per year. At this rate, in about 50,000 years Niagara Falls will have eroded the remaining 32 km (20 mi) to Lake Erie, and the falls will cease to

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The first bridge in the so-called Upper Niagara area (closer to the falls) was a two-level suspension structure that opened in January 1869; it was destroyed during a severe storm in January 1889. The replacement was built quickly and opened in May 1889. In order to handle heavy traffic, a second

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Because of the volume of traffic, the decision was made to construct a new arch bridge nearby, under and around the existing bridge. After it opened in September 1897, a decision was made to remove and scrap the railway suspension bridge. This new bridge was initially known as the Niagara Railway

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The only recorded freeze-up of the river and falls was caused by an ice jam on March 29, 1848. No water (or at best a trickle) fell for as much as 40 hours. Waterwheels stopped, and mills and factories shut down for having no power. In 1912, American Falls was completely frozen, but the other two

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Horseshoe Falls is about 57 m (187 ft) high, while the height of the American Falls varies between 21 and 30 m (69 and 98 ft) because of the presence of giant boulders at its base. The larger Horseshoe Falls is about 790 m (2,590 ft) wide, while the American Falls is

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of any waterfall in North America that has a vertical drop of more than 50 m (160 ft). During peak daytime tourist hours, more than 168,000 m (5.9 million cu ft) of water goes over the crest of the falls every minute. Horseshoe Falls is the most powerful waterfall in

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imagines an Indian girl who, having saved the life of a captured young European man, takes him as her husband only to be later abandoned by him. In her despair she guides her canoe over the falls in dramatic fashion: 'Upright, within that slender boat, they saw the pale girl stand, her dark hair

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To preserve Niagara Falls' natural beauty, a 1950 treaty signed by the U.S. and Canada limited water usage by the power plants. The treaty allows higher summertime diversion at night when tourists are fewer and during the winter months when there are even fewer tourists. This treaty, designed to

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The peak flow over Horseshoe Falls was recorded at 6,370 m (225,000 cu ft) per second. The average annual flow rate is 2,400 m (85,000 cu ft) per second. Since the flow is a direct function of the Lake Erie water elevation, it typically peaks in late spring or early

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issued a supplemental report detailing plans to restore the falls. Their intent was "to restore and conserve the natural surroundings of the Falls of Niagara, rather than to attempt to add anything thereto", and the report anticipated fundamental questions, such as how to provide access without

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located south of Goat Island. Funds were used from the re-licensing of the New York Power Authority hydroelectric plant downriver in Lewiston, New York, to rebuild walking paths on the Three Sisters Islands and to plant native vegetation on the islands. The state also renovated the area around

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features manicured gardens, platforms offering views of American, Bridal Veil, and Horseshoe Falls, and underground walkways leading into observation rooms that yield the illusion of being within the falling waters. Along the Niagara River, the Niagara River Recreational Trail runs 35 mi

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in the mid-1950s. While the seaway diverted water traffic from nearby Buffalo and led to the demise of its steel and grain mills, other industries in the Niagara River valley flourished with the help of the electric power produced by the river. However, since the 1970s the region has declined

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On June 5, 1990, Jesse Sharp, a whitewater canoeist from Tennessee paddled over the falls in a closed deck canoe. He chose not to wear a helmet to make his face more visible for photographs of the event. He also did not wear a life vest because he believed it would hinder his escape from the

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boat cruise, named for an alleged ancient Ongiara Indian mythical character, which has carried passengers into the rapids immediately below the falls since 1846. Cruise boats operate from boat docks on both sides of the falls, with the Maid of the Mist operating from the American side and

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of the crest caused the falls to retreat approximately 6.8 miles (10.9 km) southward. The shape of Horseshoe Falls has changed through the process of erosion, evolving from a small arch to a horseshoe bend to the present day V-shape. Just upstream from the falls' current location,

631:. In time, the river eroded the soft layer that supported the hard layers, undercutting the hard caprock, which gave way in great chunks. This process repeated countless times, eventually carving out the falls. Submerged in the river in the lower valley, hidden from view, is the 1999: 1148:. The single level included a track for trolleys and space for carriages and pedestrians. The design led to the bridge being very close to the surface of the river and in January 1938, an ice jam twisted the steel frame of the bridge which later collapsed on January 27, 1938. 1618:, but he survived the fall with only battered ribs, scrapes, and bruises. Jones tried going over the falls again in 2017, using a large inflatable ball, but died in the process. Later reports revealed that Jones had arranged for a friend to shoot video clips of his stunt. 2083:". Author Ginger Strand states that "Every time there was an advance in picture-making, folks raced to the Falls to try it out." She cites engravings, chromolithographs, photographs, panoramas, camera obscuras, early movies, Cinerama, and IMAX technologies as examples. 1652:

was the first to cross Niagara Gorge on June 30, 1859, and did so again eight times that year. His most difficult crossing occurred on August 14, when he carried his manager, Harry Colcord, on his back. His final crossing, on September 8, 1860, was witnessed by the

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above the falls. The two men on the scow were rescued, but the vessel remained trapped on rocks in the river, and is still visible there in a deteriorated state, although its position shifted by 50 meters (160 ft) during a storm on October 31, 2019. Daredevil

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visited the area as early as 1604 during his exploration of what is now Canada, and members of his party reported to him the spectacular waterfalls, which he described in his journals. The first description of the falls is credited to Belgian missionary, Father

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drafted legislation authorizing acquisition of lands for a state reservation at Niagara, and the Niagara Falls Association, a private citizens group founded in 1882, mounted a great letter-writing campaign and petition drive in support of the park. Professor

1995: 1709:(originally Maid of the Mist until 2014) from the Canadian side. In 1996, Native American groups threatened to boycott the boat companies if they would not stop playing what they said was a fake story on their boats. The Maid of the Mist dropped the audio. 1567:. His aim was to climb into a barrel hoisted to the rafters of the Astrodome and to drop 180 ft (55 m) into a water tank on the floor. After his barrel released prematurely, it hit the side of the tank, and he died the next day from his injuries. 1732:

and other devices for AC power transmission helped make the harnessing of the falls possible) can be seen, and a walking path that enables views of the rapids, the Niagara River, the gorge, and all of the falls. Most of these attractions lie within the

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There was a lengthy dispute as to which agency should build the replacement for the Niagara Railway Arch, or Lower Steel Arch Bridge in the Upper Niagara area. When that was resolved, construction of a steel bridge commenced in February 1940. Named the

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Niagara Falls was such an attraction to landscape artists that, writes John Howat, they were "the most popular, the most often treated, and the tritest single item of subject matter to appear in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century European and American

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The Niagara Falls Power Company, a descendant of Schoellkopf's firm, formed the Cataract Company headed by Edward Dean Adams, with the intent of expanding Niagara Falls' power capacity. In 1890, a five-member International Niagara Commission headed by

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among other distinguished scientists deliberated on the expansion of Niagara hydroelectric capacity based on seventeen proposals but could not select any as the best combined project for hydraulic development and distribution. In 1893,

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U.S. Statutes at Large, Vol. 34, Part 1, Chap. 3621, pp. 626–28. "An Act For the control and regulation of the waters of Niagara River, for the preservation of Niagara Falls, and for other purposes". H.R. 18024; Public Act No.

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for their gristmill and tannery. In 1853, the Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power and Mining Company was chartered, which eventually constructed the canals that would be used to generate electricity. In 1881, under the leadership of

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two bodies were removed from under the falls, including a man who had been seen jumping over the falls, and the body of a woman, which was discovered once the falls dried. While Horseshoe Falls absorbed the extra flow, the

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in 1827. Local hotel owners acquired a former Lake Erie freighter, loaded it with animals and effigies of people, towed it to a spot above the falls and let it plunge over the brink. Admission of fifty cents was charged.

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boom, which prevents the buildup of ice, yet allows water to continue flowing downstream. In addition to minimum water volume, the crest of Horseshoe falls was reduced to maintain an uninterrupted "curtain of water".

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built a small canal above the falls to power his sawmill. Augustus and Peter Porter purchased this area and all of American Falls in 1805 from the New York state government, and enlarged the original canal to provide

623:). That hard layer of stone eroded more slowly than the underlying materials. Immediately below the caprock lies the weaker, softer, sloping Rochester Formation (Lower Silurian). This formation is composed mainly of 7796: 6413:– visitors center for the Niagara Falls hydro electric plant with displays, a scaled down map of the project, and documentaries on construction, situated atop the cement wall of the plant on the Niagara Gorge. 3813: 2146: 1131:

took over control of the second deck after it absorbed the Great Western company. Significant structural improvements were made in the late 1870s and then in 1886; this bridge remained in use until 1897.

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studied the riverbed and mechanically bolted and strengthened any faults they found; faults that would, if left untreated, have hastened the retreat of American Falls. A plan to remove the huge mound of

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The assumption explained on the web page is that as Pattinson had ample time to walk into the picture, he opened the shutter and then positioned himself at the chosen spot, keeping still there for some

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to raise awareness for the homeless. His rocket-propelled parachute failed to open and he plunged to his death. Overacker's body was recovered before he was pronounced dead at Niagara General Hospital.

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had two cantilevers which were joined by steel sections; it opened officially in December 1883, and improvements were made over the years for a stronger structure. As rail traffic was increasing, the

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splits the course of the Niagara River, resulting in the separation of Horseshoe Falls to the west from the American and Bridal Veil Falls to the east. Engineering has slowed erosion and recession.

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opened in February 1925 and remained in use until the early 21st century. The Cantilever Bridge was removed and scrapped after the new rail bridge opened. Nonetheless, it was inducted into the

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bridge was commissioned, slightly closer to American Falls. This one was a steel bridge and opened to traffic in June 1897; it was known as the Upper Steel Arch Bridge but was often called the

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to Wallenda, it was the longest unsupported tightrope walk in history. He carried his passport on the trip and was required to present it upon arrival on the Canadian side of the falls.

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consists of an observation platform and series of tunnels near the bottom of the Horseshoe Falls on the Canadian side. There are two casinos on the Canadian side of Niagara Falls, the

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publicized Niagara Falls as a focus of pleasure and honeymoon visits. After World War II, the auto industry, along with local tourism boards, began to promote Niagara honeymoons.

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Falls at Goat Island. Minutes later, Woodward was plucked from the roiling plunge pool beneath Horseshoe Falls after grabbing a life ring thrown to him by the crew of the

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Other hydropower plants were being built along the Niagara River. But in 1956, disaster struck when the region's largest hydropower station was partially destroyed in a

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is accessible by elevator and leads hikers to a point beneath Bridal Veil Falls. Also on Goat Island are the Three Sisters Islands, the Power Portal where a statue of

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in 1920. In 1928, "Smiling Jean" Lussier tried an entirely different concept, going over the falls in a large rubber ball; he was successful and survived the ordeal.

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The features that became Niagara Falls were created by the Wisconsin glaciation about 10,000 years ago. The retreat of the ice sheet left behind a large amount of

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signed legislation creating the Niagara Reservation, New York's first state park. New York State began to purchase land from developers, under the charter of the

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for use by railways at a location roughly approximately 200 feet south of the Railway Suspension Bridge. This one was of an entirely different design; it was a

7988: 1519:, a 58-year-old barber from Bristol, England, went over the falls in a wooden barrel in July 1920 and was the first person to die in an endeavor of this type. 4367: 3181: 1994:

published the poem "Battle of Niagara," which is considered the best poetic description of Niagara Falls up to that time. In 1835, as a poetical illustration

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The enormous energy of Niagara Falls has long been recognized as a potential source of power. The first known effort to harness the waters was in 1750, when

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320 m (1,050 ft) wide. The distance between the American extremity of Niagara Falls and the Canadian extremity is 1,039 m (3,409 ft).

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well past the falls. When electrical demand is low, the Lewiston units can operate as pumps to transport water from the lower bay back up to the plant's

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explored the place of Niagara Falls in the world's collective imagination, covering both positive and negative aspects of the culture around the falls.

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eventually brought power transmission operations under public control in 1906, distributing Niagara's energy to various parts of the Canadian province.

569:) that filled up the basins that the glaciers had carved, thus creating the Great Lakes as we know them today. Scientists posit there is an old valley, 6657: 1140:

and remains in use today. All of the structures built up to that time were referred to as Lower Niagara bridges and were some distance from the falls.

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The falls, or more particularly, the tourist-supported complex near the falls, was the setting of the short-lived Canadian-shot U.S. television show

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hydraulics at the base of the falls. His boat flushed out of the falls, but his body was never found. On September 27, 1993, John "David" Munday, of

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In 1893, Mark Twain wrote a satirical sketch called "The First Authentic Mention of Niagara Falls," in which Adam and Eve are living at the Falls.

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Thompson, Carolyn (July 2, 2000). "Seeking Out Death-- Or Defying It: For Niagara Falls, It's a Busy Season for Tourism, Suicide and Daredevils".

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This remarkable event had occurred only once before, when an upstream ice jam stopped almost all water flow over Niagara Falls on March 29, 1848.

1495:, who called himself "the Yankee Leapster", jumped from a high tower into the gorge below the falls and survived; this began a long tradition of 1375: 1363: 3507: 8043: 5962: 3690: 1462: 2258: 740:. In the same year, the province of Ontario established the Queen Victoria Niagara Falls Park for the same purpose. On the Canadian side, the 105: 8028: 7899: 7786: 6891: 2287: 1227: 934: 3208: 7644: 7581: 5343: 4641: 1390:. It did so by tapping water from farther up the Niagara River than was possible with the preexisting arrangement. The tunnel provided new 1136:

Arch, or Lower Steel Arch Bridge; it had two decks, the lower one used for carriages and the upper for trains. In 1937, it was renamed the

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changed the breeze patterns and increased the number of mist days from 29 per year to 68 per year, but another study disputed this idea.

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occupies the former Niagara Falls Convention Center. The new hotel is the first addition to the city's skyline since completion of the

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drew huge crowds to witness their exploits. Their wires ran across the gorge, near the current Rainbow Bridge, not over the waterfall.

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Already a huge tourist attraction and favorite spot for honeymooners, Niagara Falls visits rose sharply in 1953 after the release of

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verdant green color of the water flowing over Niagara Falls is a byproduct of the estimated 60 tonnes/minute of dissolved salts and

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explored the area in the early 18th century and is credited with the first scientific description of the falls. In 1762, Captain

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On March 11, 2009, a man survived an unprotected trip over Horseshoe Falls. When rescued from the river he suffered from severe

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company decided to build a new bridge in 1923, to be located between the Lower Steel Arch Bridge and the Cantilever Bridge. The

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Delâge, Denys (2006). "Aboriginal Influence on the Canadians and French at the time of New France". In Christie, Gordon (ed.).

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When the ice melted, the upper Great Lakes emptied into the Niagara River, which followed the rearranged topography across the

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Rapids Bridge lies one mile (1.6 km) north of the Rainbow Bridge and is the oldest bridge over the Niagara River. Nearby

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on Niagara Falls, and three years after that a large-scale AC power system was created (activated on August 26, 1895). The

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Hayes, Kevin J. (2012). "Chapter 13: How John Neal Wrote His Autobiography". In Watts, Edward; Carlson, David J. (eds.).

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water per second is diverted from the Niagara River through conduits under the city of Niagara Falls to the Lewiston and

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Many figures have been suggested as first circulating a European eyewitness description of Niagara Falls. The Frenchman

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opened in 1855. It was used by conductors on the Underground Railroad to escort runaway slaves to Canada. In 1882, the

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A number of bridges have spanned the Niagara River in the general vicinity of the falls. The first, not far from the

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as part of his second Arctic expedition, calling them "so justly celebrated as the first in the world for grandeur".

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Parker E. Calkin and Carlton E. Brett, "Ancestral Niagara River drainage: Stratigraphic and paleontologic setting",

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after going over with minor injuries and were charged with performing an illegal stunt under the Niagara Parks Act.

1351: 1336: 1195:, and featuring two lanes for traffic separated by a barrier, it opened in November 1941 and remains in use today. 1145: 808: 701:, governor-general of Canada, with a proposal for international discussions on the establishment of a public park. 502: 5188: 3327: 1712:

From the U.S. side, American Falls can be viewed from walkways along Prospect Point Park, which also features the

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Sherman Zavitz (City of Niagara Falls Official Historian), "Niagara Falls Moment", CJRN 710 Radio, June 26, 2008,

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The Niagara Companion: Explorers, Artists, and Writers at the Falls, from Discovery through the Twentieth Century

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boat. The children's uncle, Jim Honeycutt, who had been steering the boat, was swept over the edge to his death.

1180: 1124: 872:, the name refers to "the neck", pronounced "onyara"; the portage or neck of land between lakes Erie and Ontario 415: 372: 348: 4803:"Tennessee Outdoorsman Jessie Sharp Challenged Niagara's Mighty Falls in a Tiny Canoe—and Lost – Vol. 33 No. 25" 4577: 4551: 1015:

traveled to Canada, stopping at Niagara Falls long enough to make the earliest known photograph of the falls, a

8003: 7801: 7791: 6937: 6761: 6746: 6602: 5232: 3463: 3059: 2889: 2037:, a 132-page, 3,600 line blank verse poem presenting the wonders of the falls as "the theme of a single poem." 1323:. This drastically reduced power production and put tens of thousands of manufacturing jobs at stake. In 1957, 1192: 1156: 1151: 1027:. Pattinson made other photographs of Horseshoe Falls; these were then transferred to engravings to illustrate 978: 768:

to approximately 56,000 cubic feet per second (1,600 m/s). That limitation remained in effect until 1950.

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in early 2004. Location footage of the falls was shot in October 2006 to portray "World's End" of the movie

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had fueled the construction of giant underground conduits leading to turbines generating upwards of 100,000

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attempting to go over the falls in a barrel. The falls was a featured location in the major motion picture

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North America, as measured by flow rate. Niagara Falls is famed for its beauty and is a valuable source of

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Queen of the Mist: The Story of Annie Edson Taylor, First Person Ever to Go Over Niagara Falls and Survive

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New York (State). Commissioners of state reservation at Niagara. Albany: The Argus Company, printers, 1887

2594:"Niagara Falls History of Power – Historical and engineering data on the U.S. and Canadian power stations" 1976:

The Niagara Falls area features as the base camp for a German aerial invasion of the United States in the

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During the 19th century, tourism became popular, and by the mid-century, it was the area's main industry.

8048: 7632: 6943: 6697: 6617: 4724: 2454: 2062: 1803: 6076: 4642:"Pictures from the Niagara Falls Public Library (Ont.) Includes a stamp issued to commemorate the event" 3591: 1418:

through a series of eight locks, allowing ships to bypass the 51 m (167 ft) high Niagara Falls

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The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers completely blocked the flow of water over the American Falls in 1969.

6062: 6029: 3942: 864:, meaning "point of land cut in two". In 1847, an Iroquois interpreter stated that the name came from 8033: 7618: 7593: 7586: 7541: 7293: 6927: 6856: 6826: 6577: 6488: 6442: 6374: 2614: 2433: 2418: 1970: 1176: 1172: 1005: 821: 760: 651: 496: 30: 2056:

in honor of the completion of the first stage of hydroelectric work at the falls. In 1997, composer

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the right to fully develop the United States' share of the Niagara River's hydroelectric potential.

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governs land usage along the entire course of the Niagara River, from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario.

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Touring by helicopter over the falls, from both the US and the Canadian side, was described by

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Fixing Niagara Falls: Environment, Energy, and Engineers at the World's Most Famous Waterfall

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This article is about the waterfalls on the Canada–United States border. For other uses, see

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deposited in 1954 was abandoned owing to cost, and in November 1969, the temporary dam was

722: 530: 451: 5103:"Man survives plunge over Niagara Falls; only 3rd person without safety device to survive" 4757: 3986: 2211: 1798:

offers the highest view of the falls, and in the opposite direction gives views as far as

8: 7781: 7771: 7730: 7551: 7531: 7507: 7080: 7060: 6869: 6642: 6627: 5298: 5107: 4702: 4372: 4223:"Honor for E.D. Adams: Engineers to Award the John Fritz Medal for Niagara Development". 3840:"Boat trapped for 101 years near edge of Niagara Falls moves after Halloween night storm" 3308: 2305: 2249: 2053: 1884: 1764: 1297: 1274: 1128: 1071: 896: 682: 632: 526: 455: 5830: 4831: 4725:"35,000 Watch as Barrel Misses Water Tank : 180-Ft. Drop Ends in Stunt Man's Death" 4209: 2767: 1986:. Many poets have been inspired to write about the falls. Among them was the Cuban poet 7909: 7720: 7649: 7502: 7288: 7267: 7257: 6632: 6587: 6545: 6333: 5956: 5751: 5727: 5698: 4462: 3684: 3630: 3378: 2192: 2080: 1991: 1982: 1962: 1870: 1853: 1849: 1841: 1807: 1769: 1706: 1538: 1511: 1444: 1383: 1355: 1012: 1001: 985: 962: 912:

likely visited the falls some 35 years before Hennepin's visit while working among the

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was commissioned by the Niagara Falls Power Generation project in 1960 to compose the

1347: 917: 7889: 7829: 7598: 7303: 6861: 6503: 6337: 6313: 6296: 6266: 6248: 6230: 6209: 6167: 6142: 6123: 6008: 5983: 5920: 5788: 5762: 5670: 4732: 4557: 4505: 4182: 3925: 3894: 3648: 3588:"Niagara Falls is such a cool honeymoon destination even Napoleon's Brother chose it" 3558: 3478: 3459: 3425: 3409: 3261: 3078: 3017: 2915: 2852: 2779: 2727: 2489: 2057: 1819: 1560: 1301: 1168: 1116: 1078:. In the early 1980s, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers filled in more land and built 1046: 857: 534: 427: 383:

lie within the United States. Bridal Veil Falls is separated from Horseshoe Falls by

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Preservation efforts continued well into the 20th century. J. Horace McFarland, the

603:. Because of the interactions of three major rock formations, the rocky bed did not 7859: 7336: 7209: 7179: 6922: 6622: 6582: 6525: 4270: 4090: 3640: 3495:

Saut ou chute d'eau de Niagara, qui se voit entre le Lac Ontario, & le Lac Erié

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The New Niagara: Tourism, Technology, and the Landscape of Niagara Falls, 1776Ð1917

2771: 2230: 1903: 1700: 1660: 1645: 1611: 1610:, became the first known person to survive a plunge over Horseshoe Falls without a 1607: 1548: 1391: 974: 932:, a British Army officer and artist, surveyed the area and painted the watercolor, 725:

and Olmsted were among the leaders of the public campaign, while New York Governor

717: 364: 289: 176: 4685:"Maid History | Niagara Falls Boat Rides & Trips | Maid of the Mist" 3728:. Niagara Parks, an agency of the Government of Ontario since 1885. Archived from 3534:"Captain Thomas Davies (1737–1812): An East View of the Great Cataract of Niagara" 908:, thus bringing the falls to the attention of Europeans. French Jesuit missionary 884: 7571: 7497: 7377: 7351: 7320: 7308: 7235: 6736: 6473: 6328: 6308: 6278: 6259: 6241: 6221: 6091: 5940: 5866: 5128: 3668: 3354: 2580: 2317: 2014: 1837: 1729: 1649: 1523:

went over Horseshoe Falls in a crude steel barrel in 1911 and needed rescuing by

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The first recorded publicity stunt using the Falls was the wreck of the schooner

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Hand-colored lithograph of the (double-decked) Niagara Suspension Bridge, c. 1856

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Hill again came to the rescue of Leach following his failed attempt to swim the

522:(very finely ground rock) generated by the erosive force of the Niagara River. 7864: 7695: 7685: 7675: 7613: 7412: 7298: 7247: 7174: 7169: 7159: 7072: 6513: 6478: 6287: 6045:

Landon, Letitia Elizabeth (1835). "text on Niagara and poetical illustration".

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THE FIRST DAREDEVIL TO LOSE HIS LIFE GOING OVER THE FALLS WAS CHARLES STEPHENS.

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Niagara Falls: With the Niagara Parks, Clifton Hill, and Other Area Attractions

3644: 3209:"Niagara Falls Geological History – The American Dry Falls – Niagara Falls USA" 2371: 2309: 1926:

performed a trick in which he appeared to travel over Horseshoe Falls in 1990.

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generating station was built. The water fell 86 feet (26 m) and generated

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on October 20, 2003. According to some reports, Jones had attempted to commit

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The Second Greatest Disappointment: Honeymooning and Tourism at Niagara Falls

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The Second Greatest Disappointment: Honeymooning and Tourism at Niagara Falls

4857: 4736: 4547: 4303: 3537: 3309:"Two Studies of Increasing Mist at Niagara Falls Find Two Different Culprits" 2783: 2668: 2357: 1898: 1893: 1752:

hotel was opened in Niagara Falls, New York, by the Seneca Indian tribe. The

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Goat Island was one of the inspirations for the American side of the effort.

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Great Lakes–Saint Lawrence River Basin Sustainable Water Resources Agreement

5151:"Man goes over Horseshoe Falls, survives with non-life threatening injuries" 2593: 969:

visited with his bride in the early 19th century. In 1825, British explorer

7954: 7879: 7705: 7690: 7680: 7608: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7372: 7313: 7230: 7214: 7154: 7133: 6786: 6667: 6637: 6612: 6607: 6530: 5379: 4486: 2628: 2607: 2321: 2099: 2067: 2003: 1795: 1787: 1725: 1674: 1575: 1556: 1500: 1411: 1402: 1293: 1055: 748: 591:(in red). Niagara Falls is center-right between Lake Ontario and Lake Erie. 558: 403: 236: 6355: 6065:. New-York, Leavitt, Lord & co.; Boston, Crocker & Brewster. 1836. 856:

people on several late-17th-century French maps of the area. According to

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of the two countries. It is also known as the Canadian Falls. The smaller

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side of the river, including three individual falls (from left to right):

7931: 7700: 7417: 7356: 7262: 7164: 7103: 6884: 6877: 6712: 6520: 5604:"History of Niagara Falls Towers – Minolta Tower, Niagara Falls, Ontario" 2137: 2118: 1977: 1931: 1908: 1777: 1622: 1520: 1476: 1472: 1067: 797: 775:

American and Bridal Falls diverted during erosion control efforts in 1969

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Preservationists' efforts were rewarded on April 30, 1885, when Governor

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Advertising broadside for trip to Niagara Falls from Massachusetts, 1895

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Niagara Parks, Government of Ontario, Canada. Retrieved July 26, 2014.

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by 2009 the annual rate was expected to top 28 million tourists.

1507:, drowned in 1883 trying to swim the rapids downriver from the falls. 7524: 7382: 7346: 7118: 6380: 6292: 3814:"Boat trapped on rocks above Niagara Falls dislodged after 101 years" 1698:

The oldest and best known tourist attraction at Niagara Falls is the

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Ten 5,000 HP Westinghouse generators at Edward Dean Adams Power Plant

1249: 1038: 925: 647: 640: 627:, though it has some thin limestone layers. It also contains ancient 608: 607:

evenly. The caprock formation is composed of hard, erosion-resistant

550: 541:. Several thousand birds migrate and winter in the surrounding area. 399: 340: 3142:, Vol. 6, No. 1, Fall–Winter 2002, "Falling for Niagara", pp. 14, 15 1589:

Charles Stephens in his barrel, prior to his fatal July 1920 attempt

599:. In time, the river cut a gorge through the north-facing cliff, or 7055: 6007:. Lewisburg, Pennsylvania: Bucknell University Press. p. 275. 5473: 5050: 4994: 1448: 1309: 837: 796:, restoring flow to American Falls. Even after these undertakings, 793: 620: 3554:

Drawn from Life: Science and Art in the Portrayal of the New World

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About 10,900 years ago, the Niagara Falls was between present-day

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Prospect Point at the brink of American Falls in the state park.

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John Neal and Nineteenth Century American Literature and Culture

5555: 4991:"Man dies after going over Niagara Falls inside inflatable ball" 5344:"Niagara Falls Fills with Excitement in Wait of Tightrope Walk" 3616:

Narrative of a Second Expedition to the Shores of the Polar Sea

1874:

The opening title from the theatrical trailer of the 1953 film

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is derived from the name given to a branch of the local native

820:

Theories differ as to the origin of the name of the falls. The

628: 600: 78: 5181:"History, Travel, Arts, Science, People, Places – Smithsonian" 3758:

How academics found the first photograph to be taken in Canada

1479:

and his barrel after his trip over Niagara Falls, (1911 photo)

1273:, two years earlier) was hired to design a system to generate 1163:

Another Lower Niagara bridge had been commissioned in 1883 by

920:

also may have visited the falls, while spending time with the

307: 789: 771: 624: 5662: 3328:"Temperatures, Not Hotels, Likely Alter Niagara Falls' Mist" 7767:

Great Lakes Basin Soil Erosion and Sediment Control Program

4368:"How engineers created the icy wonderland at Niagara Falls" 1913: 1783: 961:

were the first recorded couple to honeymoon there in 1801.

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Imagining Niagara: The Meaning and Making of Niagara Falls

5496:"American Indian Legends – Legend of the Maid of the Mist" 4051:. Niagara Falls Tourism. February 22, 2018. Archived from 3987:"FACT CHECK: Do Photographs Capture Niagara Falls Frozen?" 3448:

Aboriginality and Governance: A Multidisciplinary Approach

5472:. Maid of the Mist Steamboat Company, Ltd. Archived from 5444:"Maid of the Mist completes its final voyage from Canada" 5363:. guardian.co.uk. June 16, 2012. Retrieved June 16, 2012. 4387: 4282: 2886:"Geological Past of Niagara Falls and the Niagara Region" 2423: 1510:

On October 24, 1901, 63-year-old Michigan school teacher

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Mark Bastien, "The Falls: Film shows beauty and beast".

5787:. Heritage Capital Corporation. July 2006. p. 229. 2912:

Colossal Cataract: The Geologic History of Niagara Falls

2723:

Colossal Cataract: The Geologic History of Niagara Falls

1852:

as still popular a year after a serious crash. Although

1378:, started a major civil engineering project, called the 1327:

passed the Niagara Redevelopment Act, which granted the

5372: 3866:"Niagara Parks Hosts Centenary of the Iron Scow Rescue" 1042:

American Falls frozen over with people on the ice, 1911

4005:"Does Niagara Falls Freeze? Has Niagara Falls Frozen?" 3639:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. pp. 2–3. 426:

Niagara Falls is 27 km (17 mi) northwest of

7012:

List of Niagara Falls hydroelectric generating plants

3508:"The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents Volume 33" 3374:"Saving the Thundering Niagara Falls Bent on Suicide" 1210:

List of Niagara Falls hydroelectric generating plants

1063:

was particularly praised for his role in the rescue.

891:

is depicted in front of the falls in this 1698 print.

499:– with movable gates upstream from Horseshoe Falls. 331: 292: 5656: 5291: 4621:"Account of Roger Woodward's Niagara Falls incident" 2539: 2414:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

2333: 860:, it comes from the name of an Iroquois town called 807:

In 2013, New York State began an effort to renovate

319: 7757:

Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Governors and Premiers

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Heritage Comic and Comic Art Signature Auction #821

5663:James Cosgrave; Thomas Klassen (February 5, 2009). 5361:

Niagara Falls tightrope walk: Nik Wallenda succeeds

2409:

Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation

2134:

Niagara Fälle. Les chûtes du Niagara. Niagara Falls

2011:streaming far behind—uprais’d her desperate hand.' 1747:(also known as the Niagara Falls Observation Tower) 1641:

carrying his manager, Harry Colcord, on a tightrope

298: 6658:Niagara Falls Underground Railroad Heritage Center 6258:Gromosiak, Paul and Christopher Stoianoff (2012). 5750: 5039: 4881:"Kirk Jones could not survive Falls a second time" 4262: 2746: 2029:, in 1845. In 1848, the Rev. C. H. A. Bulkley, of 1810:, built in 1916 from a design by Spanish engineer 998:Niagara Falls Underground Railroad Heritage Center 367:in the United States. The largest of the three is 8019:Landforms of the Regional Municipality of Niagara 5867:"Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End (2007)" 5827:"Niagara Falls IMAX Movie | Ontario, Canada" 5694:"Niagara Falls Flights Still Popular After Crash" 3282:"What causes the mist rising from Niagara Falls?" 2713: 2636:"(INBC) – International Niagara Board of Control" 7965: 7102: 6150:for symphonic band: Program Note by the Composer 5809:"Kidder returns to site of Superman II in Falls" 5688: 5686: 5404:"Nik Wallenda makes historic Niagara Falls walk" 4174: 3247: 7984:Tourist attractions in Niagara County, New York 7007:List of people who have gone over Niagara Falls 6279:The Falls of Niagara and Other Famous Cataracts 6162:Howat, John K.; Church, Frederic Edwin (2005). 5912: 5065: 4913:"Niagara Falls survivor: Stunt was 'impulsive'" 3720: 3718: 2659: 2657: 2586: 1426:, which was improved and incorporated into the 1422:Ships can bypass Niagara Falls by means of the 5748: 5277:"The ultimate guide to enjoying Niagara Falls" 4578:"The ultimate guide to enjoying Niagara Falls" 4168: 3009: 2844: 2153:Voute sous la Chute du Niagara – Niagara Falls 1790:as seen from a helicopter on the Canadian side 1776:, and includes many historical sites from the 1463:List of people to have gone over Niagara Falls 1281:remains as a landmark of the original system. 1248:electricity, which ran the machinery of local 1011:In about 1840, the English industrial chemist 938:, the first eyewitness painting of the falls. 7989:Tourist attractions in Niagara Falls, Ontario 7787:Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory 7088: 6892:An East View of the Great Cataract of Niagara 6028:Landon, Letitia Elizabeth (1835). "picture". 5742: 5683: 5622: 3367: 3365: 2840: 2838: 2412: – 1960 United States Supreme Court case 935:An East View of the Great Cataract of Niagara 708:Damage from wind and ice on Goat Island, 1903 577:, at the approximate location of the present 6421:, 1978, Archives of Ontario YouTube Channel. 5969: 5919:. Wesleyan University Press. pp. 140–. 5714: 5669:. University of Toronto Press. p. 116. 5401: 5233:"Daredevils who wire-walked before Wallenda" 4846: 4201: 3790:. Newcastle University. 2010. Archived from 3715: 3580: 3557:. University of Toronto Press. p. 195. 3254:Patricia Corrigan; Geoffrey H. Nash (2007). 3016:. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. p. 144. 2720:Irving H. Tesmer; Jerold C. Bastedo (1981). 2654: 1159:, the first bridge downstream from the falls 7029:List of people from Niagara Falls, New York 6837:Niagara, St. Catharines and Toronto Railway 6161: 5723:"Niagara Crash Of 2 Copters Kills 4 People" 5418: 5373:Michael Woods; Liam Casey (June 10, 2012). 5342:Hakim, Danny; Leyden, Liz (June 15, 2012). 5341: 4820: 4691: 4592: 4403: 4181:. Syracuse University Press. p. 1110. 2878: 2665:"Niagara Falls Geology Facts & Figures" 2400:National Register of Historic Places portal 1467: 904:in 1677, after traveling with the explorer 430:, and 69 km (43 mi) southeast of 51:Waterfalls between United States and Canada 15: 7095: 7081: 6329:Inventing Niagara: Beauty, Power, and Lies 5961:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5906: 5666:Casino State: Legalized Gambling in Canada 5580:. Niagara Parks Commission. Archived from 5528: 5526: 5124:"Man Survives Plunge over Horseshoe Falls" 4905: 4504:(Empire State Books, Interlaken NY, 1987, 4365: 3969:"Does Niagara Falls Freeze in the Winter?" 3914: 3890:Inventing Niagara: Beauty, Power, and Lies 3689:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3362: 3182:"Niagara Falls is going to go dry – again" 3077:. Penn State Press. 1996. pp. 74–76. 2875:, August 1978, v. 89; no. 8, pp. 1140–1154 2835: 2695:"GORGE-OUS GULLS OF THE NIAGARA IN WINTER" 2615:"Niagara Falls – World Waterfall Database" 2573:Niagara Falls Geology Facts & Figures. 1447:, countless local businesses, and even an 391:, with both islands situated in New York. 16: 5939: 5720: 5225: 5021:"Few survive plunging over Niagara Falls" 3780: 3667: 3550: 3526: 3115: 3056:FLO: A Biography of Frederick Law Olmsted 3003: 2749:"Origin and evolution of the Great Lakes" 2547:"City Profile for Niagara Falls, Ontario" 2517:"Niagara Falls Geology Facts and Figures" 1912:in 1980 and was the subject of a popular 1666:Among the many competitors was Ontario's 1292:By 1896, financing from moguls including 681:as Free Niagara, led by such notables as 277:85,000 cu ft/s (2,400 m/s) 5891: 5887:. July 5, 2016 – via www.imdb.com. 5073:"Man survives plunge over Niagara Falls" 5047:"Man survives plunge into Niagara Falls" 4483: 4433: 4394:"Niagara Tunnel Project Technical Facts" 4195: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4079: 3943:"March 30, 1848: Niagara Falls Runs Dry" 3816:. KOAM. November 2, 2019. Archived from 3629: 3612: 3097: 2976: 2477: 2475: 1961: 1938:Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End 1869: 1865: 1836: 1782: 1739: 1685: 1633: 1584: 1533: 1499:trying to go over the falls. Englishman 1471: 1443:were named after the waterfall, as were 1401: 1346: 1283: 1252:and lit up some of the village streets. 1213: 1198: 1150: 1106: 1098: 1050:Aerial photograph of Niagara Falls, 1931 1045: 1037: 973:visited the falls while passing through 940: 883: 868:, meaning "noisy point or portage". To 770: 703: 639:), which is composed of shales and fine 583: 501: 473: 24:This is an accepted version of this page 6089: 5976:John Robert Colombo (January 1, 1984). 5634: 5570: 5523: 5488: 5462: 4556:. Toronto: Anchor Canada. p. 304. 4490:. Fort Lauderdale, Florida. p. 3A. 4294: 4292: 4290: 4114: 4112: 3726:"Backgrounder: Pattinson Daguerreotype" 3179: 3173: 3164: 2985:"NIAGARA FALLS WAS A HELL RAISING TOWN" 2017:wrote two dramatic poems on the falls, 1728:(the inventor whose patents for the AC 906:René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle 675: 14: 7966: 6565: 6115: 6048:Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1836 6044: 6031:Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1836 6027: 5913:W. Warren Wagar (September 22, 2004). 4731:. Associated Press. January 21, 1985. 4546: 4366:Macfarlane, Daniel (January 9, 2018). 3940: 3886: 3880: 3868:. City of Niagara Falls. July 19, 2018 3510:. Puffin.creighton.edu. Archived from 3445: 2982: 2851:. McGill-Queen's Press. pp. 20–. 2747:Larson, Grahame; Schaetzl, R. (2001). 2481: 2424:International Niagara Board of Control 2096:A General View of the Falls of Niagara 1948:Kevin McMahon's 1991 documentary film 1203: 666: 8044:Landforms of Niagara County, New York 7076: 6916:Niagara Falls, from the American Side 6457: 6366:Waterfalls of Ontario - Niagara Falls 6312:. University of Massachusetts Press. 6166:. Yale University Press. p. 69. 6002: 5548: 5299:"Niagara Falls Daredevils: a history" 5121: 4800: 4780:"Niagara Falls Daredevils: a history" 4758:"Niagara Falls Daredevils: a history" 4463:"Niagara Falls Daredevils: a history" 4205:Landmarks of Niagara County, New York 4076: 3893:. Simon & Schuster. p. 195. 3306: 3260:. Infobase Publishing. pp. 60–. 2910:Irving H. Tesmer, Jerold C. Bastedo, 2472: 1441:Buffalo Niagara International Airport 142: 112: 8029:Niagara Falls National Heritage Area 6933:Niagara Falls International Marathon 6653:Niagara Parks Butterfly Conservatory 6381:Historic Niagara Digital Collections 6096:. New York: Leavitt, Trow, & Co. 5558:. The Great American Balloon Company 5498:. www.firstpeople.us. Archived from 5395: 4318: 4287: 4246:"The electrical features of Niagara" 4109: 3619:. Carey, Lea, and Carey. p. XV. 2950: 2925: 1629: 1541:posing with her wooden barrel (1901) 7835:Chicago Yacht Club Race to Mackinac 6243:Niagara Falls: An Intimate Portrait 4878: 4330:National Museum of American History 3201: 3180:Fischer, Nancy (January 23, 2016). 1794:The observation deck of the nearby 1673:On June 15, 2012, high wire artist 1437:Niagara Falls International Airport 1279:Adams Power Plant Transformer House 1267:Ames Hydroelectric Generating Plant 1265:(which had built the smaller-scale 1094: 1056:iron scow became stuck on the rocks 462:carved a path over and through the 458:), and water from the newly formed 48: 6276:Holley, George Washington (1882). 6240:Grant, John and Ray Jones (2006). 6193: 5949:Old Trails on the Niagara Frontier 4919:. October 22, 2003. Archived from 4267:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 3764:. July–August 2009. Archived from 3677:Old Trails on the Niagara Frontier 3325: 3140:The New York State Preservationist 2813:"Niagara Falls Geological History" 2272: 1919:Niagara: Miracles, Myths and Magic 1185:North America Railway Hall of Fame 1111:Niagara Cantilever Bridge, c. 1895 509:(large waterfall center-left) and 469: 49: 8060: 7582:Isle Royale National Park Islands 6458: 6402:"Niagara Power Goes Under Ground" 6348: 5829:. Imaxniagara.com. Archived from 5248:. Nflibrary.ca. February 27, 2006 4351:"Niagara Power Goes Under Ground" 4326:"Niagara Falls Original Turbines" 2488:. SUNY Press. pp. 1, 20–21. 2429:Incline railways at Niagara Falls 1754:Seneca Niagara Casino & Hotel 1454: 1394:for approximately 160,000 homes. 1171:to provide greater strength. The 924:. The Finland-Swedish naturalist 7948: 6991:Niagara County Community College 6757:Niagara Falls station (New York) 6598:Prospect Point Observation Tower 6373:Niagara Falls Panorama found at 6354: 6180: 6155: 6136: 6109: 6100: 6083: 6069: 6055: 6038: 6021: 5996: 5951:. Buffalo, NY. pp. 275–321. 5933: 5877: 5859: 5845: 5819: 5801: 5775: 5721:James Dao (September 30, 1992). 5596: 5578:"Niagara River Recreation Trail" 5514: 5436: 5428:. Travelooce.com. Archived from 5366: 5354: 5335: 5313: 5269: 5260: 5238: 5203: 5173: 5143: 5115: 5095: 5079:. March 11, 2009. Archived from 5013: 4983: 4961: 4935: 4872: 4801:Neill, Michael (June 25, 1990). 4794: 4772: 4417:. March 21, 2013. Archived from 3941:Alfred, Randy (March 30, 2010). 3240:The Department of State Bulletin 2392: 2378: 2364: 2350: 2336: 2297: 2279: 2257: 2238: 2219: 2200: 2181: 2160: 2145: 2126: 2107: 2088: 1745:Prospect Point Observation Tower 1714:Prospect Point Observation Tower 1650:Jean François "Blondin" Gravelet 1352:Robert Moses Niagara Power Plant 836:used this in 1925. According to 466:en route to the Atlantic Ocean. 446:. Niagara Falls was formed when 288: 141: 134: 111: 104: 71: 6812:Niagara Falls Suspension Bridge 6752:Niagara Falls station (Ontario) 6693:Niagara Fallsview Casino Resort 6407:, April 1952, pp. 115–117. 6205:Niagara: A History of the Falls 5375:"Wallenda's plan for the falls" 4750: 4717: 4677: 4655: 4634: 4613: 4570: 4553:Niagara: A History of the Falls 4540: 4515: 4494: 4477: 4455: 4446: 4411:"Niagara Tunnel Now In-Service" 4359: 4344: 4255: 4239: 4216: 4152:. June 10, 2006. Archived from 4138: 4067: 4041: 4019: 3997: 3979: 3961: 3934: 3858: 3832: 3806: 3746: 3706: 3697: 3661: 3623: 3606: 3571: 3544: 3500: 3488: 3472: 3439: 3419: 3408:, Kingston and Montreal, 1987, 3406:McGill-Queen's University Press 3394: 3342: 3319: 3300: 3274: 3231: 3154: 3145: 3133: 3124: 3100:"The Court & the Cataracts" 3091: 3065: 3048: 3030: 2904: 2865: 2805: 2756:Journal of Great Lakes Research 2740: 2687: 2485:Niagara: A History of the Falls 1828:Niagara Fallsview Casino Resort 1818:that takes passengers over the 1374:, which is responsible for the 1181:Michigan Central Railway Bridge 1125:Niagara Falls Suspension Bridge 8009:Waterfalls of New York (state) 7802:International Joint Commission 7792:Great Lakes Fishery Commission 6938:Niagara Falls peace conference 6762:Niagara Falls Transit Terminal 6603:Niagara Gorge Discovery Center 6063:"Zinzendorff, and other poems" 5402:Emily Senger (June 16, 2012). 5246:"Blondin broadsheet – Details" 5157:. July 8, 2019. Archived from 4178:Encyclopedia of New York State 4027:"Ice Bridges of Niagara Falls" 3307:Binns, Corey (July 18, 2006). 3060:Johns Hopkins University Press 2962:International Joint Commission 2726:. SUNY Press. pp. 41–44. 2565: 2509: 2447: 738:Niagara Reservation State Park 414:, the combined falls have the 56:Niagara Falls (disambiguation) 13: 1: 7994:Landmarks in New York (state) 6433:The Day the Falls Stood Still 5757:. Between The Lines. p. 5323:. Info Niagara. July 11, 2007 5279:. Info Niagara. July 11, 2007 5213:. Info Niagara. July 11, 2007 4971:. Info Niagara. July 11, 2007 4665:. Info Niagara. July 11, 2007 4525:. Info Niagara. March 1, 2016 4227:. March 17, 1926. p. 6. 4029:. Info Niagara. July 11, 2007 3924:, p. 35. Channel Lake, Inc., 3636:The Frederick Douglass Papers 3458:: Theytus Books. p. 28. 2848:Niagara's Changing Landscapes 2776:10.1016/S0380-1330(01)70665-X 2440: 2436: – Former rock formation 2115:Distant View of Niagara Falls 1957: 1844:above Niagara River whirlpool 990:American Anti-Slavery Society 7762:Great Lakes Areas of Concern 7752:Alliance for the Great Lakes 6981:Niagara Parks Police Service 6703:Hilton Niagara Falls Tower 2 6392:The History of Niagara Falls 6386:U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 6362:travel guide from Wikivoyage 6208:. McClelland & Stewart. 5916:H. G. Wells: Traversing Time 4007:. World Atlas. July 15, 2019 3973:Marriott Niagara Falls Hotel 3754:"Photo: Niagara Falls, 1840" 3551:Dickenson, Victoria (1998). 1998:to accompany a plate of the 1967:José María Heredia y Heredia 1574:, an aspiring stuntman from 1503:, the first man to swim the 1397: 1240:, the Niagara River's first 953:(daughter of Vice President 785:U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 125:Show map of Southern Ontario 77:Niagara Falls seen from the 7: 8024:Canada–United States border 7628:Province of Ontario Islands 6285:Macfarlane, Daniel (2020). 5979:Canadian Literary Landmarks 4879:Law, John (June 16, 2017). 4699:"Info Niagara Karel Soucek" 4120:"THE UPPER NIAGARA BRIDGES" 4091:"THE LOWER NIAGARA BRIDGES" 3679:. Buffalo, NY. p. 244. 3284:. OPSEU-217. Archived from 2329: 2227:Falls of Niagara from Below 2073: 2021:, in 1836 and again in her 1029:Noël Marie Paymal Lerebours 852:, who are described as the 815: 387:and from American Falls by 10: 8065: 6986:New York State Park Police 6944:Niagara Falls, or Does It? 6425: 6306:McGreevy, Patrick (1994). 6090:Bulkley, C. H. A. (1848). 6077:"Scenes in my native land" 5644:. Niagara Parks Commission 5642:"Journey Behind the Falls" 5536:. Niagara Falls State Park 5534:"Niagara Falls State Park" 4828:"Info Niagara Dave Munday" 4443:was named after the falls. 4302:. Nypa.gov. Archived from 4273:, H.R. 8643, 71 3645:10.12987/9780300266283-009 3402:The Children of Aataentsic 2987:. Macleans. Archived from 1896:. The 1956 animated short 1822:on the Canadian side. The 1681: 1555:On July 2, 1984, Canadian 1460: 1207: 879: 544: 450:receded at the end of the 406:before flowing out to the 53: 7945: 7900:Museum and historic ships 7822: 7744: 7658: 7633:State of Michigan Islands 7562: 7448: 7428: 7365: 7329: 7281: 7223: 7197: 7188: 7147: 7111: 6999: 6968: 6857:Winter Festival of Lights 6849: 6827:Niagara Cantilever Bridge 6804: 6777:Lewiston–Queenston Bridge 6732: 6725: 6685: 6663:United States Post Office 6578:Table Rock Welcome Centre 6558: 6466: 6397:Niagara Falls Attractions 6152:. Retrieved May 20, 2015. 6116:Dumych, Daniel M (1998). 4332:, Smithsonian Institution 4175:Peter Eisenstadt (2005). 3920:Vanderwilt, Dirk (2007). 2958:"Niagara Falls is Moving" 2937:The New York State Museum 2434:Table Rock, Niagara Falls 2419:International Control Dam 1177:Michigan Central Railroad 1173:Niagara Cantilever Bridge 1006:New York Central Railroad 761:Appalachian Mountain Club 497:International Control Dam 271: 261: 253: 245: 235: 187: 179:in the United States and 164: 98: 70: 65: 7979:International waterfalls 7716:Midcontinent Rift System 7022:Robert Moses power plant 6976:Niagara Parks Commission 6593:Journey Behind the Falls 6536:Niagara Falls State Park 6261:Niagara Falls: 1850-2000 6219:Dubinsky, Karen (1999). 5982:. Dundurn. p. 141. 4500:Parish, Charles Carlin, 4415:Ontario Power Generation 4400:, updated November 2012. 4146:"MCR Cantilever Bridges" 3452:Penticton Indian Reserve 3434:Houghton Mifflin Company 3098:Wentzell, Tyler (2018). 2189:Underneath Niagara Falls 2043: 2023:Scenes in my native Land 2008:Letitia Elizabeth Landon 1860: 1824:Journey Behind the Falls 1735:Niagara Falls State Park 1716:and a boat dock for the 1468:Jumps, plunges and walks 1372:Ontario Power Generation 1329:New York Power Authority 1033:Excursions Daguerriennes 742:Niagara Parks Commission 525:The Niagara River is an 31:latest accepted revision 8014:Niagara Falls, New York 7537:Sturgeon Bay Ship Canal 7034:Niagara Falls, New York 6792:Whirlpool Rapids Bridge 6673:Niagara Falls City Hall 6282:. Hodder and Stoughton. 6119:Niagara Falls, Volume 2 6051:. Fisher, Son & Co. 6034:. Fisher, Son & Co. 5945:"Niagara and the Poets" 5749:Karen Dubinsky (1999). 4854:"Info Robert Overacker" 3887:Strand, Ginger (2009). 3613:Franklin, John (1828). 3330:. University at Buffalo 3010:Linda L. Revie (2010). 2983:MCLEOD, DUNCAN (1955). 2845:Hugh J. Gayler (1994). 2579:April 18, 2017, at the 2482:Berton, Pierre (2009). 2386:New York (state) portal 2070:inspired by the falls. 1812:Leonardo Torres Quevedo 1596:Caistor Centre, Ontario 1138:Whirlpool Rapids Bridge 695:Henry Hobson Richardson 571:St David's Buried Gorge 444:Niagara Falls, New York 343:at the southern end of 249:167 ft (51 m) 7885:Marine protected areas 7875:Lake Michigan Triangle 7777:Great Lakes Commission 7520:Sault Ste. Marie Canal 7039:Niagara Falls, Ontario 6928:Battle of Lundy's Lane 6832:Niagara Clifton Bridge 6822:Niagara Gorge Railroad 6772:Niagara Region Transit 6742:Niagara Scenic Parkway 6122:. Arcadia Publishing. 5556:"The Flight of Angels" 5122:Staff (May 21, 2012). 4943:"thesurvivorsclub.org" 4580:. Today. July 11, 2007 3483:Notes on the Iroquois. 2290:Niagara Falls, c. 1921 2031:Mount Morris, New York 1973: 1879: 1845: 1791: 1763:On the Canadian side, 1758:United Office Building 1748: 1691: 1642: 1590: 1542: 1525:William "Red" Hill Sr. 1480: 1419: 1380:Niagara Tunnel Project 1376:Sir Adam Beck stations 1358: 1289: 1223: 1160: 1112: 1104: 1061:William "Red" Hill Sr. 1054:On August 6, 1918, an 1051: 1043: 946: 892: 776: 765:United States Congress 709: 592: 514: 483: 440:Niagara Falls, Ontario 371:, which straddles the 339:) is a group of three 8004:Waterfalls of Ontario 7726:Nipissing Great Lakes 7671:Glacial Lake Iroquois 7577:Detroit River Islands 7542:Trent–Severn Waterway 6782:Falls Incline Railway 5629:Let's Go Travel Guide 5383:. NiagaraThisWeek.com 5301:. Niagarafrontier.com 5083:on September 15, 2020 4782:. Niagarafrontier.com 4760:. Niagarafrontier.com 4465:. Niagarafrontier.com 4356:, April 1952, p. 115. 4202:William Pool (1897). 4124:Niagara Falls Museums 4095:Niagara Falls Museums 3479:Schoolcraft, Henry R. 2553:on September 21, 2020 2344:Earth Sciences portal 2174:Frederic Edwin Church 1965: 1873: 1866:Movies and television 1840: 1786: 1743: 1689: 1637: 1588: 1537: 1475: 1428:Saint Lawrence Seaway 1405: 1350: 1314:Government of Ontario 1287: 1263:Westinghouse Electric 1217: 1199:Industry and commerce 1154: 1121:Great Western Railway 1110: 1102: 1049: 1041: 1019:in the collection of 951:Theodosia Burr Alston 945:Horseshoe Falls, 1869 944: 887: 809:Three Sisters Islands 774: 747:In 1887, Olmsted and 707: 691:Frederick Law Olmsted 689:, landscape designer 687:Frederic Edwin Church 587: 563:Glacial Lake Iroquois 529:due to its impact on 505: 477: 8039:Segmented waterfalls 7736:Wisconsin glaciation 7711:Last Glacial Maximum 7471:Great Lakes Waterway 6951:Frozen Niagara Falls 6900:The Falls of Niagara 6767:WEGO (Niagara Falls) 6648:Marineland of Canada 6541:Whirlpool State Park 6438:Cathy Marie Buchanan 6263:. Arcadia Publishing 6245:. Globe Pequot Press 5702:. September 26, 1993 5502:on November 27, 2020 5432:on February 5, 2013. 5161:on November 26, 2020 4999:The Associated Press 4886:Niagara Falls Review 4860:on December 24, 2007 4834:on December 24, 2007 4421:on November 19, 2013 4250:The Electrical World 4208:. D. Mason. p. 4055:on November 12, 2020 4049:"ICE BRIDGE TRAGEDY" 3975:. December 15, 2016. 3788:"Hugh Lee Pattinson" 3732:on December 28, 2010 3673:"Underground Trails" 3594:on November 27, 2020 3350:"Honeymoon not over" 3213:niagarafallsinfo.com 3038:"THE GARDNER REPORT" 2699:New York State Parks 2308:Rainbow bridge, the 1501:Captain Matthew Webb 1238:Jacob F. Schoellkopf 1165:Cornelius Vanderbilt 1035:(Paris, 1841–1864). 1021:Newcastle University 994:Underground Railroad 723:Charles Eliot Norton 697:. Church approached 676:Preservation efforts 452:Wisconsin glaciation 373:international border 155:Show map of New York 7870:Lake Michigan–Huron 7782:Great Lakes Compact 7772:Great Lakes Charter 7731:Scotch Bonnet Ridge 7532:Straits of Mackinac 7508:St. Lawrence Seaway 7061:12382 Niagara Falls 6643:Aquarium of Niagara 6628:Queen Victoria Park 6467:Geographic features 6411:Niagara Power Vista 5941:Severance, Frank H. 5903:, October 26, 1991. 5813:NiagaraThisWeek.com 5266:Strand, pp. 122-129 5211:"The Great Blondin" 5108:The Washington Post 4923:on January 12, 2008 4441:12382 Niagara Falls 4398:NiagaraFrontier.com 4373:The Washington Post 4306:on January 14, 2009 4126:. February 10, 2001 4097:. February 10, 2001 3993:. January 23, 2007. 3820:on November 4, 2019 3794:on November 7, 2017 3768:on January 29, 2012 3703:Strand, pp. 116-119 3669:Severance, Frank H. 3633:(1843). "Niagara". 3631:Douglass, Frederick 3219:on January 31, 2016 2991:on October 26, 2020 2964:. November 15, 2018 2914:(SUNY Press, 1981, 2793:on October 31, 2008 2768:2001JGLR...27..518L 2701:. November 26, 2019 2250:William Morris Hunt 2054:Niagara Falls Suite 1888:, a movie starring 1765:Queen Victoria Park 1298:John Jacob Astor IV 1275:alternating current 1258:Sir William Thomson 1204:Hydroelectric power 1129:Grand Trunk Railway 1072:hydroelectric power 897:Samuel de Champlain 850:Neutral Confederacy 683:Hudson River School 667:Future of the falls 633:Queenston Formation 527:Important Bird Area 421:hydroelectric power 212:43.0799°N 79.0747°W 207: / 21:Page version status 8049:Niagara Escarpment 7721:Niagara Escarpment 7650:Potawatomi Islands 7638:Lake Huron Islands 7503:St. Lawrence River 7289:Grand Traverse Bay 7268:St. Joseph Channel 7258:Potagannissing Bay 7017:Adam Beck Stations 6903:(c. 1825 painting) 6633:Whirlpool Aero Car 6588:Hornblower Cruises 6546:Niagara Escarpment 6334:Simon and Schuster 6143:Daugherty, Michael 5728:The New York Times 5699:The New York Times 5610:. February 3, 2017 5608:Niagara Falls Info 5470:"Maid of the Mist" 5450:. October 24, 2013 5348:The New York Times 5321:"The Great Farini" 5185:smithsonianmag.com 4949:on January 2, 2021 4705:on January 9, 2008 4523:"Charles Stephens" 4252:, Volume 29, 1897. 4225:The New York Times 3949:. This Day in Tech 3846:. November 2, 2019 3430:Names on the Land. 3426:Stewart, George R. 3379:The New York Times 3313:The New York Times 3062:(1973), pp. 378–81 3054:Laura Wood Roper, 2823:on October 6, 2014 2527:on October 2, 2017 2193:Ferdinand Richardt 2081:landscape painting 1988:José Maria Heredia 1983:The War in the Air 1974: 1880: 1857:the early 1960s." 1854:The New York Times 1850:The New York Times 1846: 1842:Whirlpool Aero Car 1808:Whirlpool Aero Car 1792: 1768:(56 km) from 1749: 1707:Hornblower Cruises 1692: 1643: 1591: 1543: 1539:Annie Edson Taylor 1512:Annie Edson Taylor 1481: 1445:Niagara University 1420: 1384:nameplate capacity 1359: 1356:Lewiston, New York 1290: 1224: 1161: 1113: 1105: 1052: 1044: 1013:Hugh Lee Pattinson 1002:American Civil War 986:Frederick Douglass 963:Napoleon Bonaparte 957:) and her husband 947: 914:Huron First Nation 893: 834:The New York Times 777: 714:William Dorsheimer 710: 652:Lewiston, New York 648:Queenston, Ontario 617:Lockport Formation 597:Niagara Escarpment 593: 589:Niagara Escarpment 515: 484: 464:Niagara Escarpment 412:St. Lawrence River 359:in Canada and the 336:-ər-ə, -⁠grə 27: 7961: 7960: 7890:Marysburgh vortex 7599:Manitoulin Island 7594:Lake Erie Islands 7444: 7443: 7304:Little Bay de Noc 7070: 7069: 6845: 6844: 6800: 6799: 6721: 6720: 6681: 6680: 6573:Cave of the Winds 6550:biosphere reserve 6504:Niagara Whirlpool 6484:Bridal Veil Falls 6405:Popular Mechanics 6227:Between the Lines 6214:978-1-4384-2928-1 6014:978-1-61148-420-5 5989:978-0-88882-073-0 5926:978-0-8195-6725-3 5885:"Chasing Niagara" 5855:. March 24, 1990. 5794:978-1-59967-063-8 5768:978-1-896357-23-2 5676:978-1-4426-9223-7 5584:on March 29, 2007 5520:Strand, pp. 10-11 5476:on March 29, 2007 5235:, buffalonews.com 4729:Los Angeles Times 4550:(July 27, 2011). 4452:Strand, pp. 65-68 4354:Popular Mechanics 4188:978-0-8156-0808-0 4156:on August 4, 2020 3930:978-0-9792043-7-1 3900:978-1-4165-4657-3 3654:978-0-300-26628-3 3564:978-0-8020-8073-8 3514:on March 21, 2016 3382:. August 30, 1925 3288:on August 5, 2020 3267:978-1-4381-0671-7 3117:10.7202/1050723ar 3023:978-1-55458-773-5 2892:on August 4, 2020 2858:978-0-88629-235-5 2733:978-0-87395-522-5 2495:978-1-4384-2928-1 2320:as seen from the 2212:Louis Rémy Mignot 2058:Michael Daugherty 1996:"The Indian Girl" 1924:David Copperfield 1820:Niagara Whirlpool 1802:. Along with the 1722:Cave of the Winds 1646:Tightrope walkers 1630:Tightrope walkers 1565:Houston Astrodome 1561:Hamilton, Ontario 1491:In October 1829, 1218:New York side of 1169:cantilever bridge 858:George R. Stewart 535:ring-billed gulls 531:Bonaparte's gulls 511:Bridal Veil Falls 428:Buffalo, New York 416:highest flow rate 381:Bridal Veil Falls 281: 280: 217:43.0799; -79.0747 175:on the border of 87:Bridal Veil Falls 39:19 September 2024 18: 8056: 8034:Block waterfalls 7955:Lakes portal 7953: 7952: 7951: 7860:Lake-effect snow 7659:Historic geology 7337:Hamilton Harbour 7210:Presque Isle Bay 7195: 7194: 7106:of North America 7097: 7090: 7083: 7074: 7073: 6923:Niagara Movement 6817:Honeymoon Bridge 6802: 6801: 6730: 6729: 6683: 6682: 6623:Niagara SkyWheel 6583:Maid of the Mist 6563: 6562: 6526:Dufferin Islands 6455: 6454: 6358: 6187: 6184: 6178: 6177: 6159: 6153: 6140: 6134: 6133: 6113: 6107: 6104: 6098: 6097: 6087: 6081: 6080: 6073: 6067: 6066: 6059: 6053: 6052: 6042: 6036: 6035: 6025: 6019: 6018: 6000: 5994: 5993: 5973: 5967: 5966: 5960: 5952: 5937: 5931: 5930: 5910: 5904: 5895: 5889: 5888: 5881: 5875: 5874: 5863: 5857: 5856: 5849: 5843: 5842: 5840: 5838: 5823: 5817: 5816: 5815:. April 9, 2015. 5805: 5799: 5798: 5779: 5773: 5772: 5756: 5746: 5740: 5739: 5737: 5735: 5718: 5712: 5711: 5709: 5707: 5690: 5681: 5680: 5660: 5654: 5653: 5651: 5649: 5638: 5632: 5626: 5620: 5619: 5617: 5615: 5600: 5594: 5593: 5591: 5589: 5574: 5568: 5567: 5565: 5563: 5552: 5546: 5545: 5543: 5541: 5530: 5521: 5518: 5512: 5511: 5509: 5507: 5492: 5486: 5485: 5483: 5481: 5466: 5460: 5459: 5457: 5455: 5440: 5434: 5433: 5422: 5416: 5415: 5413: 5411: 5399: 5393: 5392: 5390: 5388: 5370: 5364: 5358: 5352: 5351: 5339: 5333: 5332: 5330: 5328: 5317: 5311: 5310: 5308: 5306: 5295: 5289: 5288: 5286: 5284: 5273: 5267: 5264: 5258: 5257: 5255: 5253: 5242: 5236: 5229: 5223: 5222: 5220: 5218: 5207: 5201: 5200: 5198: 5196: 5191:on June 25, 2012 5187:. Archived from 5177: 5171: 5170: 5168: 5166: 5147: 5141: 5140: 5138: 5136: 5119: 5113: 5112: 5099: 5093: 5092: 5090: 5088: 5069: 5063: 5062: 5060: 5058: 5053:. March 11, 2009 5043: 5037: 5036: 5034: 5032: 5027:. April 29, 2018 5017: 5011: 5010: 5008: 5006: 4987: 4981: 4980: 4978: 4976: 4965: 4959: 4958: 4956: 4954: 4945:. Archived from 4939: 4933: 4932: 4930: 4928: 4909: 4903: 4902: 4900: 4898: 4893:on June 16, 2017 4889:. Archived from 4876: 4870: 4869: 4867: 4865: 4856:. Archived from 4850: 4844: 4843: 4841: 4839: 4830:. Archived from 4824: 4818: 4817: 4815: 4813: 4798: 4792: 4791: 4789: 4787: 4776: 4770: 4769: 4767: 4765: 4754: 4748: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4721: 4715: 4714: 4712: 4710: 4701:. Archived from 4695: 4689: 4688: 4687:. April 8, 2022. 4681: 4675: 4674: 4672: 4670: 4663:"Roger Woodward" 4659: 4653: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4638: 4632: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4617: 4611: 4610: 4608: 4606: 4600:"Over the Falls" 4596: 4590: 4589: 4587: 4585: 4574: 4568: 4567: 4544: 4538: 4537: 4532: 4530: 4519: 4513: 4498: 4492: 4491: 4481: 4475: 4474: 4472: 4470: 4459: 4453: 4450: 4444: 4437: 4431: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4407: 4401: 4391: 4385: 4384: 4382: 4380: 4363: 4357: 4348: 4342: 4341: 4339: 4337: 4322: 4316: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4296: 4285: 4284: 4268: 4264: 4259: 4253: 4243: 4237: 4236: 4220: 4214: 4213: 4199: 4193: 4192: 4172: 4166: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4142: 4136: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4116: 4107: 4106: 4104: 4102: 4087: 4074: 4071: 4065: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4045: 4039: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4023: 4017: 4016: 4014: 4012: 4001: 3995: 3994: 3983: 3977: 3976: 3965: 3959: 3958: 3956: 3954: 3938: 3932: 3918: 3912: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3884: 3878: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3862: 3856: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3836: 3830: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3810: 3804: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3784: 3778: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3750: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3722: 3713: 3710: 3704: 3701: 3695: 3694: 3688: 3680: 3665: 3659: 3658: 3627: 3621: 3620: 3610: 3604: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3590:. Archived from 3584: 3578: 3575: 3569: 3568: 3548: 3542: 3541: 3540:. April 1, 2015. 3530: 3524: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3504: 3498: 3492: 3486: 3476: 3470: 3469: 3456:British Columbia 3443: 3437: 3423: 3417: 3398: 3392: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3369: 3360: 3359: 3346: 3340: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3326:Bursik, Marcus. 3323: 3317: 3316: 3304: 3298: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3278: 3272: 3271: 3251: 3245: 3244: 3235: 3229: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3215:. Archived from 3205: 3199: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3187:The Buffalo News 3177: 3171: 3168: 3162: 3158: 3152: 3149: 3143: 3137: 3131: 3128: 3122: 3121: 3119: 3095: 3089: 3088: 3069: 3063: 3052: 3046: 3045: 3034: 3028: 3027: 3007: 3001: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2980: 2974: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2954: 2948: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2929: 2923: 2908: 2902: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2888:. Archived from 2882: 2876: 2869: 2863: 2862: 2842: 2833: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2819:. Archived from 2809: 2803: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2792: 2786:. Archived from 2753: 2744: 2738: 2737: 2717: 2711: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2691: 2685: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2675:on July 19, 2011 2671:. Archived from 2661: 2652: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2642:on July 26, 2009 2638:. Archived from 2632: 2626: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2611: 2605: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2590: 2584: 2569: 2563: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2549:. Archived from 2543: 2537: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2523:. Archived from 2513: 2507: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2479: 2470: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2451: 2415: 2402: 2397: 2396: 2395: 2388: 2383: 2382: 2381: 2374: 2369: 2368: 2367: 2360: 2355: 2354: 2353: 2346: 2341: 2340: 2339: 2301: 2283: 2261: 2242: 2231:Albert Bierstadt 2223: 2204: 2185: 2164: 2149: 2130: 2111: 2092: 2000:Horse-Shoe Falls 1904:Woody Woodpecker 1718:Maid of the Mist 1701:Maid of the Mist 1661:Maria Spelterini 1612:flotation device 1608:Canton, Michigan 1570:In August 1985, 1549:Maid of the Mist 1517:Charles Stephens 1392:hydroelectricity 1370:In August 2005, 1146:Honeymoon Bridge 1095:Bridge crossings 979:Cumberland House 830:thundering water 718:Grover Cleveland 693:, and architect 335: 329: 328: 325: 324: 321: 318: 313: 312: 309: 306: 303: 300: 297: 294: 231: 230: 228: 227: 226: 224: 219: 218: 213: 208: 205: 204: 203: 200: 156: 145: 144: 138: 126: 115: 114: 108: 75: 63: 62: 8064: 8063: 8059: 8058: 8057: 8055: 8054: 8053: 7964: 7963: 7962: 7957: 7949: 7947: 7941: 7818: 7740: 7654: 7619:Treasure Island 7572:Apostle Islands 7558: 7515:St. Marys River 7498:St. Clair River 7440: 7424: 7378:Chequamegon Bay 7361: 7325: 7321:Manitou Passage 7309:Porte des Morts 7277: 7236:Nottawasaga Bay 7219: 7190: 7184: 7148:Secondary lakes 7143: 7107: 7101: 7071: 7066: 6995: 6964: 6919:(1867 painting) 6911:(1857 painting) 6895:(1762 painting) 6841: 6796: 6737:Niagara Parkway 6717: 6677: 6554: 6474:Horseshoe Falls 6462: 6428: 6351: 6196: 6194:Further reading 6191: 6190: 6185: 6181: 6174: 6164:Frederic Church 6160: 6156: 6141: 6137: 6130: 6114: 6110: 6105: 6101: 6093:Niagara: A Poem 6088: 6084: 6075: 6074: 6070: 6061: 6060: 6056: 6043: 6039: 6026: 6022: 6015: 6001: 5997: 5990: 5974: 5970: 5954: 5953: 5938: 5934: 5927: 5911: 5907: 5896: 5892: 5883: 5882: 5878: 5865: 5864: 5860: 5851: 5850: 5846: 5836: 5834: 5833:on June 2, 2008 5825: 5824: 5820: 5807: 5806: 5802: 5795: 5781: 5780: 5776: 5769: 5747: 5743: 5733: 5731: 5719: 5715: 5705: 5703: 5692: 5691: 5684: 5677: 5661: 5657: 5647: 5645: 5640: 5639: 5635: 5627: 5623: 5613: 5611: 5602: 5601: 5597: 5587: 5585: 5576: 5575: 5571: 5561: 5559: 5554: 5553: 5549: 5539: 5537: 5532: 5531: 5524: 5519: 5515: 5505: 5503: 5494: 5493: 5489: 5479: 5477: 5468: 5467: 5463: 5453: 5451: 5442: 5441: 5437: 5426:"Niagara Falls" 5424: 5423: 5419: 5409: 5407: 5400: 5396: 5386: 5384: 5371: 5367: 5359: 5355: 5340: 5336: 5326: 5324: 5319: 5318: 5314: 5304: 5302: 5297: 5296: 5292: 5282: 5280: 5275: 5274: 5270: 5265: 5261: 5251: 5249: 5244: 5243: 5239: 5230: 5226: 5216: 5214: 5209: 5208: 5204: 5194: 5192: 5179: 5178: 5174: 5164: 5162: 5149: 5148: 5144: 5134: 5132: 5129:Niagara Gazette 5120: 5116: 5101: 5100: 5096: 5086: 5084: 5071: 5070: 5066: 5056: 5054: 5045: 5044: 5040: 5030: 5028: 5019: 5018: 5014: 5004: 5002: 5001:. June 16, 2017 4989: 4988: 4984: 4974: 4972: 4967: 4966: 4962: 4952: 4950: 4941: 4940: 4936: 4926: 4924: 4911: 4910: 4906: 4896: 4894: 4877: 4873: 4863: 4861: 4852: 4851: 4847: 4837: 4835: 4826: 4825: 4821: 4811: 4809: 4799: 4795: 4785: 4783: 4778: 4777: 4773: 4763: 4761: 4756: 4755: 4751: 4741: 4739: 4723: 4722: 4718: 4708: 4706: 4697: 4696: 4692: 4683: 4682: 4678: 4668: 4666: 4661: 4660: 4656: 4646: 4644: 4640: 4639: 4635: 4625: 4623: 4619: 4618: 4614: 4604: 4602: 4598: 4597: 4593: 4583: 4581: 4576: 4575: 4571: 4564: 4545: 4541: 4528: 4526: 4521: 4520: 4516: 4499: 4495: 4482: 4478: 4468: 4466: 4461: 4460: 4456: 4451: 4447: 4438: 4434: 4424: 4422: 4409: 4408: 4404: 4392: 4388: 4378: 4376: 4364: 4360: 4349: 4345: 4335: 4333: 4324: 4323: 4319: 4309: 4307: 4298: 4297: 4288: 4283:August 21, 1957 4266: 4260: 4256: 4244: 4240: 4222: 4221: 4217: 4200: 4196: 4189: 4173: 4169: 4159: 4157: 4144: 4143: 4139: 4129: 4127: 4118: 4117: 4110: 4100: 4098: 4089: 4088: 4077: 4072: 4068: 4058: 4056: 4047: 4046: 4042: 4032: 4030: 4025: 4024: 4020: 4010: 4008: 4003: 4002: 3998: 3985: 3984: 3980: 3967: 3966: 3962: 3952: 3950: 3939: 3935: 3919: 3915: 3905: 3903: 3901: 3885: 3881: 3871: 3869: 3864: 3863: 3859: 3849: 3847: 3838: 3837: 3833: 3823: 3821: 3812: 3811: 3807: 3797: 3795: 3786: 3785: 3781: 3771: 3769: 3752: 3751: 3747: 3735: 3733: 3724: 3723: 3716: 3711: 3707: 3702: 3698: 3682: 3681: 3666: 3662: 3655: 3628: 3624: 3611: 3607: 3597: 3595: 3586: 3585: 3581: 3576: 3572: 3565: 3549: 3545: 3532: 3531: 3527: 3517: 3515: 3506: 3505: 3501: 3493: 3489: 3477: 3473: 3466: 3444: 3440: 3424: 3420: 3400:Bruce Trigger, 3399: 3395: 3385: 3383: 3372: 3370: 3363: 3358:. May 14, 1995. 3355:Tampa Bay Times 3348: 3347: 3343: 3333: 3331: 3324: 3320: 3305: 3301: 3291: 3289: 3280: 3279: 3275: 3268: 3252: 3248: 3237: 3236: 3232: 3222: 3220: 3207: 3206: 3202: 3192: 3190: 3178: 3174: 3169: 3165: 3159: 3155: 3150: 3146: 3138: 3134: 3129: 3125: 3104:Ontario History 3096: 3092: 3085: 3071: 3070: 3066: 3053: 3049: 3036: 3035: 3031: 3024: 3008: 3004: 2994: 2992: 2981: 2977: 2967: 2965: 2956: 2955: 2951: 2941: 2939: 2933:"Niagara Falls" 2931: 2930: 2926: 2909: 2905: 2895: 2893: 2884: 2883: 2879: 2870: 2866: 2859: 2843: 2836: 2826: 2824: 2811: 2810: 2806: 2796: 2794: 2790: 2751: 2745: 2741: 2734: 2718: 2714: 2704: 2702: 2693: 2692: 2688: 2678: 2676: 2663: 2662: 2655: 2645: 2643: 2634: 2633: 2629: 2619: 2617: 2613: 2612: 2608: 2598: 2596: 2592: 2591: 2587: 2581:Wayback Machine 2570: 2566: 2556: 2554: 2545: 2544: 2540: 2530: 2528: 2515: 2514: 2510: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2480: 2473: 2463: 2461: 2455:"Niagara Falls" 2453: 2452: 2448: 2443: 2413: 2398: 2393: 2391: 2384: 2379: 2377: 2370: 2365: 2363: 2356: 2351: 2349: 2342: 2337: 2335: 2332: 2327: 2326: 2325: 2318:Horseshoe Falls 2307: 2302: 2293: 2292: 2291: 2289: 2284: 2275: 2273:Panoramic views 2268: 2262: 2253: 2243: 2234: 2224: 2215: 2205: 2196: 2186: 2177: 2165: 2156: 2150: 2141: 2131: 2122: 2112: 2103: 2093: 2076: 2046: 2035:Niagara: A Poem 2015:Lydia Sigourney 1960: 1943:Chasing Niagara 1868: 1863: 1730:induction motor 1684: 1655:Prince of Wales 1632: 1505:English Channel 1470: 1465: 1457: 1400: 1271:Ophir, Colorado 1233:hydraulic power 1228:Daniel Joncaire 1212: 1206: 1201: 1097: 1084:retaining walls 1068:First World War 918:Jean de Brébeuf 882: 822:Native American 818: 780:Erosion control 678: 669: 547: 480:Horseshoe Falls 472: 470:Characteristics 398:, which drains 369:Horseshoe Falls 347:, spanning the 333: 315: 291: 287: 273: 254:Number of drops 222: 220: 216: 214: 210: 209: 206: 201: 198: 196: 194: 193: 160: 159: 158: 157: 154: 153: 152: 151: 150: 146: 129: 128: 127: 124: 123: 122: 121: 120: 116: 94: 91:Horseshoe Falls 59: 52: 47: 46: 45: 44: 43: 42: 26: 12: 11: 5: 8062: 8052: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7959: 7958: 7946: 7943: 7942: 7940: 7939: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7918: 7917: 7907: 7902: 7897: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7865:Lake freighter 7862: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7826: 7824: 7823:Related topics 7820: 7819: 7817: 7816: 7815: 7814: 7807:Municipalities 7804: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7748: 7746: 7742: 7741: 7739: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7696:Lake Frontenac 7693: 7688: 7686:Lake Algonquin 7683: 7678: 7676:Lake Admiralty 7673: 7668: 7662: 7660: 7656: 7655: 7653: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7641: 7640: 7630: 7625: 7624: 7623: 7622: 7621: 7614:Lake Mindemoya 7611: 7606: 7596: 7591: 7590: 7589: 7579: 7574: 7568: 7566: 7560: 7559: 7557: 7556: 7555: 7554: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7528: 7527: 7522: 7512: 7511: 7510: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7489: 7488: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7452: 7450: 7446: 7445: 7442: 7441: 7439: 7438: 7432: 7430: 7426: 7425: 7423: 7422: 7421: 7420: 7415: 7413:Batchawana Bay 7405: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7375: 7369: 7367: 7363: 7362: 7360: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7333: 7331: 7327: 7326: 7324: 7323: 7318: 7317: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7299:Big Bay de Noc 7291: 7285: 7283: 7279: 7278: 7276: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7248:Munuscong Lake 7245: 7240: 7239: 7238: 7227: 7225: 7221: 7220: 7218: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7201: 7199: 7192: 7186: 7185: 7183: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7151: 7149: 7145: 7144: 7142: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7115: 7113: 7109: 7108: 7100: 7099: 7092: 7085: 7077: 7068: 7067: 7065: 7064: 7063:(minor planet) 7058: 7053: 7048: 7047: 7046: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7025: 7024: 7019: 7009: 7003: 7001: 6997: 6996: 6994: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6972: 6970: 6966: 6965: 6963: 6962: 6954: 6947: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6912: 6904: 6896: 6888: 6881: 6874: 6867: 6859: 6853: 6851: 6847: 6846: 6843: 6842: 6840: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6808: 6806: 6798: 6797: 6795: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6747:Rainbow Bridge 6744: 6739: 6733: 6727: 6726:Transportation 6723: 6722: 6719: 6718: 6716: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6689: 6687: 6679: 6678: 6676: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6569: 6567: 6560: 6556: 6555: 6553: 6552: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6517: 6516: 6514:Terrapin Point 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6479:American Falls 6476: 6470: 6468: 6464: 6463: 6452: 6451: 6440: 6427: 6424: 6423: 6422: 6414: 6408: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6383: 6378: 6368: 6363: 6350: 6349:External links 6347: 6346: 6345: 6324:Strand, Ginger 6321: 6304: 6283: 6274: 6256: 6238: 6217: 6200:Berton, Pierre 6195: 6192: 6189: 6188: 6186:Strand, p. 296 6179: 6172: 6154: 6135: 6128: 6108: 6099: 6082: 6068: 6054: 6037: 6020: 6013: 5995: 5988: 5968: 5932: 5925: 5905: 5900:Ottawa Citizen 5890: 5876: 5858: 5844: 5818: 5800: 5793: 5774: 5767: 5741: 5713: 5682: 5675: 5655: 5633: 5621: 5595: 5569: 5547: 5522: 5513: 5487: 5461: 5435: 5417: 5394: 5365: 5353: 5334: 5312: 5290: 5268: 5259: 5237: 5231:Anne Neville, 5224: 5202: 5172: 5142: 5114: 5094: 5064: 5038: 5025:Globe and Mail 5012: 4982: 4960: 4934: 4904: 4871: 4845: 4819: 4793: 4771: 4749: 4716: 4690: 4676: 4654: 4633: 4612: 4591: 4569: 4563:978-0385659307 4562: 4548:Berton, Pierre 4539: 4514: 4493: 4476: 4454: 4445: 4432: 4402: 4386: 4358: 4343: 4317: 4300:"NYPA Niagara" 4286: 4254: 4238: 4215: 4194: 4187: 4167: 4137: 4108: 4075: 4066: 4040: 4018: 3996: 3978: 3960: 3933: 3913: 3899: 3879: 3857: 3831: 3805: 3779: 3745: 3714: 3712:Strand, p. 214 3705: 3696: 3660: 3653: 3622: 3605: 3579: 3570: 3563: 3543: 3525: 3499: 3487: 3471: 3464: 3438: 3418: 3393: 3361: 3341: 3318: 3299: 3273: 3266: 3246: 3230: 3200: 3172: 3163: 3153: 3144: 3132: 3123: 3090: 3083: 3064: 3047: 3029: 3022: 3002: 2975: 2949: 2924: 2903: 2877: 2864: 2857: 2834: 2804: 2762:(4): 518–546. 2739: 2732: 2712: 2686: 2653: 2627: 2606: 2585: 2564: 2538: 2508: 2494: 2471: 2459:britannica.com 2445: 2444: 2442: 2439: 2438: 2437: 2431: 2426: 2421: 2416: 2404: 2403: 2389: 2375: 2372:Ontario portal 2361: 2347: 2331: 2328: 2304: 2303: 2296: 2295: 2294: 2286: 2285: 2278: 2277: 2276: 2274: 2271: 2270: 2269: 2263: 2256: 2254: 2244: 2237: 2235: 2225: 2218: 2216: 2206: 2199: 2197: 2187: 2180: 2178: 2166: 2159: 2157: 2151: 2144: 2142: 2132: 2125: 2123: 2113: 2106: 2104: 2094: 2087: 2075: 2072: 2066:, a piece for 2045: 2042: 1959: 1956: 1922:. Illusionist 1890:Marilyn Monroe 1867: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1832:Casino Niagara 1760:in the 1920s. 1683: 1680: 1631: 1628: 1606:Kirk Jones of 1469: 1466: 1456: 1455:Over the falls 1453: 1431:economically. 1399: 1396: 1246:direct current 1205: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1193:Rainbow Bridge 1157:Rainbow Bridge 1096: 1093: 1087:is in Canada. 1080:diversion dams 1076:Terrapin Point 922:Neutral Nation 910:Paul Ragueneau 902:Louis Hennepin 889:Louis Hennepin 881: 878: 817: 814: 763:persuaded the 727:Alonzo Cornell 677: 674: 668: 665: 555:Lake Algonquin 546: 543: 507:American Falls 471: 468: 434:, between the 408:Atlantic Ocean 394:Formed by the 377:American Falls 279: 278: 275: 269: 268: 263: 259: 258: 255: 251: 250: 247: 243: 242: 239: 233: 232: 191: 185: 184: 166: 162: 161: 148: 147: 140: 139: 133: 132: 131: 130: 118: 117: 110: 109: 103: 102: 101: 100: 99: 96: 95: 83:American Falls 76: 68: 67: 50: 28: 22: 19: 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8061: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7999:Niagara River 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7974:Niagara Falls 7972: 7971: 7969: 7956: 7944: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7916: 7913: 7912: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7827: 7825: 7821: 7813: 7810: 7809: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7749: 7747: 7745:Organizations 7743: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7666:Champlain Sea 7664: 7663: 7661: 7657: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7639: 7636: 7635: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7620: 7617: 7616: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7604:Lake Kagawong 7602: 7601: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7588: 7585: 7584: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7569: 7567: 7565: 7561: 7553: 7550: 7549: 7548: 7547:Welland Canal 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7517: 7516: 7513: 7509: 7506: 7505: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7493:Nipigon River 7491: 7487: 7484: 7483: 7482: 7481:Niagara River 7479: 7477: 7476:Chicago River 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7456:Detroit River 7454: 7453: 7451: 7447: 7437: 7434: 7433: 7431: 7427: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7410: 7409: 7408:Whitefish Bay 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7370: 7368: 7364: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7334: 7332: 7328: 7322: 7319: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7296: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7286: 7284: 7280: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7253:North Channel 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7237: 7234: 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6360:Niagara Falls 6357: 6353: 6352: 6343: 6342:9781416564812 6339: 6335: 6331: 6330: 6325: 6322: 6319: 6318:9780870239168 6315: 6311: 6310: 6305: 6302: 6301:9780774864237 6298: 6294: 6290: 6289: 6284: 6281: 6280: 6275: 6272: 6271:9780738576954 6268: 6264: 6262: 6257: 6254: 6253:9780762740253 6250: 6246: 6244: 6239: 6236: 6235:9781896357232 6232: 6228: 6224: 6223: 6218: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6206: 6201: 6198: 6197: 6183: 6175: 6173:0-300-10988-1 6169: 6165: 6158: 6151: 6149: 6148:Niagara Falls 6144: 6139: 6131: 6129:0-7385-5785-4 6125: 6121: 6120: 6112: 6106:Strand, p. 71 6103: 6095: 6094: 6086: 6078: 6072: 6064: 6058: 6050: 6049: 6041: 6033: 6032: 6024: 6016: 6010: 6006: 5999: 5991: 5985: 5981: 5980: 5972: 5964: 5958: 5950: 5946: 5942: 5936: 5928: 5922: 5918: 5917: 5909: 5902: 5901: 5894: 5886: 5880: 5872: 5868: 5862: 5854: 5848: 5832: 5828: 5822: 5814: 5810: 5804: 5796: 5790: 5786: 5785: 5778: 5770: 5764: 5760: 5755: 5754: 5745: 5730: 5729: 5724: 5717: 5701: 5700: 5695: 5689: 5687: 5678: 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4406: 4399: 4395: 4390: 4375: 4374: 4369: 4362: 4355: 4352: 4347: 4331: 4327: 4321: 4305: 4301: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4265: 4258: 4251: 4247: 4242: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4219: 4211: 4207: 4206: 4198: 4190: 4184: 4180: 4179: 4171: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4141: 4125: 4121: 4115: 4113: 4096: 4092: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4073:Strand p. 114 4070: 4054: 4050: 4044: 4028: 4022: 4006: 4000: 3992: 3988: 3982: 3974: 3970: 3964: 3948: 3944: 3937: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3917: 3902: 3896: 3892: 3891: 3883: 3867: 3861: 3845: 3841: 3835: 3819: 3815: 3809: 3793: 3789: 3783: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3749: 3731: 3727: 3721: 3719: 3709: 3700: 3692: 3686: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3664: 3656: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3637: 3632: 3626: 3618: 3617: 3609: 3598:September 24, 3593: 3589: 3583: 3574: 3566: 3560: 3556: 3555: 3547: 3539: 3535: 3529: 3513: 3509: 3503: 3496: 3491: 3484: 3480: 3475: 3467: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3442: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3422: 3415: 3414:0-7735-0626-8 3411: 3407: 3403: 3397: 3381: 3380: 3375: 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Baltimore: 3057: 3051: 3043: 3042:www.mobot.org 3039: 3033: 3025: 3019: 3015: 3014: 3006: 2990: 2986: 2979: 2963: 2959: 2953: 2938: 2934: 2928: 2921: 2920:0-87395-522-6 2917: 2913: 2907: 2891: 2887: 2881: 2874: 2868: 2860: 2854: 2850: 2849: 2841: 2839: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2808: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2750: 2743: 2735: 2729: 2725: 2724: 2716: 2700: 2696: 2690: 2674: 2670: 2669:Niagara Parks 2666: 2660: 2658: 2641: 2637: 2631: 2616: 2610: 2599:September 24, 2595: 2589: 2582: 2578: 2575: 2574: 2568: 2552: 2548: 2542: 2526: 2522: 2521:Niagara Parks 2518: 2512: 2497: 2491: 2487: 2486: 2478: 2476: 2460: 2456: 2450: 2446: 2435: 2432: 2430: 2427: 2425: 2422: 2420: 2417: 2411: 2410: 2406: 2405: 2401: 2390: 2387: 2376: 2373: 2362: 2359: 2358:Canada portal 2348: 2345: 2334: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2306: 2300: 2288: 2282: 2266: 2265:Niagara Falls 2260: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2246:Niagara Falls 2241: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2222: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2203: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2184: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2170: 2163: 2158: 2154: 2148: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2129: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2110: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2091: 2086: 2085: 2084: 2082: 2071: 2069: 2065: 2064: 2063:Niagara Falls 2059: 2055: 2051: 2041: 2038: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1984: 1979: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1955: 1953: 1952: 1946: 1944: 1940: 1939: 1934: 1933: 1927: 1925: 1921: 1920: 1915: 1911: 1910: 1905: 1901: 1900: 1899:Niagara Fools 1895: 1894:Joseph Cotten 1891: 1887: 1886: 1877: 1872: 1858: 1855: 1851: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1759: 1755: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1736: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1710: 1708: 1703: 1702: 1696: 1688: 1679: 1676: 1671: 1669: 1664: 1662: 1658: 1656: 1651: 1647: 1640: 1636: 1627: 1624: 1619: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1604: 1601: 1597: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1577: 1573: 1572:Steve Trotter 1568: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1553: 1551: 1550: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1530: 1529:Niagara Gorge 1526: 1522: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1489: 1486: 1478: 1474: 1464: 1459: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1432: 1429: 1425: 1424:Welland Canal 1417: 1413: 1409: 1408:Welland Canal 1404: 1395: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1368: 1365: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1343: 1338: 1332: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1317: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1286: 1282: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1259: 1253: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1242:hydroelectric 1239: 1234: 1229: 1221: 1220:Niagara Gorge 1216: 1211: 1196: 1194: 1188: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1158: 1153: 1149: 1147: 1141: 1139: 1133: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1109: 1101: 1092: 1088: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1064: 1062: 1057: 1048: 1040: 1036: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1025:Canadian side 1022: 1018: 1017:daguerreotype 1014: 1009: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 982: 980: 976: 972: 971:John Franklin 968: 964: 960: 959:Joseph Alston 956: 952: 943: 939: 937: 936: 931: 930:Thomas Davies 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 898: 890: 886: 877: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 842:Bruce Trigger 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 813: 810: 805: 801: 799: 795: 791: 786: 781: 773: 769: 766: 762: 758: 753: 750: 745: 743: 739: 735: 734:David B. Hill 730: 728: 724: 719: 715: 706: 702: 700: 699:Lord Dufferin 696: 692: 688: 684: 673: 664: 662: 657: 653: 649: 644: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 590: 586: 582: 580: 579:Welland Canal 576: 575:glacial drift 572: 568: 567:Champlain Sea 564: 560: 556: 552: 542: 540: 539:herring gulls 536: 532: 528: 523: 521: 512: 508: 504: 500: 498: 494: 488: 481: 476: 467: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 424: 422: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 396:Niagara River 392: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 345:Niagara Gorge 342: 338: 337: 327: 285: 284:Niagara Falls 276: 270: 267: 266:Niagara River 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 238: 234: 229: 223:Niagara Falls 192: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 173:Niagara Gorge 170: 169:Niagara River 167: 163: 149:Niagara Falls 137: 119:Niagara Falls 107: 97: 92: 88: 84: 80: 74: 69: 66:Niagara Falls 64: 61: 57: 40: 36: 32: 25: 20: 7880:Lake surfing 7706:Lake Stanley 7691:Lake Chicago 7681:Lake Agassiz 7609:Lake Manitou 7485: 7466:French River 7398:Superior Bay 7393:Pokegama Bay 7388:Keweenaw Bay 7373:Au Train Bay 7314:Sturgeon Bay 7231:Georgian Bay 7215:Sandusky Bay 7044:City Council 6961:(board game) 6956: 6949: 6942: 6914: 6906: 6898: 6890: 6883: 6876: 6870: 6863: 6787:Peace Bridge 6708:Crowne Plaza 6668:Fort Niagara 6638:Bird Kingdom 6618:Clifton Hill 6613:Skylon Tower 6608:Niagara Scow 6531:Niagara Glen 6459: 6443: 6432: 6416: 6404: 6375:Queen's Park 6327: 6307: 6286: 6277: 6260: 6242: 6220: 6203: 6182: 6163: 6157: 6147: 6138: 6118: 6111: 6102: 6092: 6085: 6071: 6057: 6047: 6040: 6030: 6023: 6004: 5998: 5978: 5971: 5948: 5935: 5915: 5908: 5898: 5893: 5879: 5870: 5861: 5847: 5835:. 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