Iroquois - Knowledge

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Creator to the Iroquois to balance good with evil. In the 17th century, Europeans described the Iroquois as having 17 festivals, but only 8 are observed today. The most important of the ceremonies were the New Year Festival, the Maple Festival held in late March to celebrate spring, the Sun Shooting Festival which also celebrates spring, the Seed Dance in May to celebrate the planting of the crops, the Strawberry Festival in June to celebrate the ripening of the strawberries, the Thunder Ceremony to bring rain in July, the Green Bean Festival in early August, the Green Corn Festival in late August and the Harvest Festival in October. Of all the festivals, the most important were the Green Corn Festival to celebrate the maturing of the corn and the New Year Festival. During all of the festivals, men and women from the False Face Society, the Medicine Society and the Husk Face Society dance wearing their masks in attempt to humor the spirits that controlled nature. The most important of the occasions for the masked dancers to appear were the New Year Festival, which was felt to be an auspicious occasion to chase the malevolent spirits that were believed to cause disease.

2496:(CEF), where their skills at hunting made them excellent as snipers and scouts. As the Iroquois Six Nations were considered the most warlike of Canada's First Nations, and, in turn, the Mohawk the most warlike of the Six Nations, the Canadian government especially encouraged the Iroquois, particularly the Mohawks, to join. About half of the 4,000 or so First Nations men who served in the CEF were Iroquois. Men from the Six Nations reservation at Brantford were encouraged to join the 114th Haldimand Battalion (also known as "Brock's Rangers) of the CEF, where two entire companies including the officers were all Iroquois. The 114th Battalion was formed in December 1915 and broken up in November 1916 to provide reinforcements for other battalions. A Mohawk from Brantford, William Forster Lickers, who enlisted in the CEF in September 1914 was captured at the Second Battle of Ypres in April 1915, where he was savagely beaten by his captors as one German officer wanted to see if "Indians could feel pain". Lickers was beaten so badly that he was left paralyzed for the rest of his life, though the officer was well pleased to establish that Indians did indeed feel pain. 2333:, was constantly pressuring the Iroquois to sell their land to white settlers, and as alcoholism became a major problem in the Iroquois communities, many did sell their land in order to buy more alcohol, usually to unscrupulous agents of land companies. At the same time, American settlers continued to push into the lands beyond the Ohio river, leading to a war between the Western Confederacy and the U.S. One of the Iroquois chiefs, Cornplanter, persuaded the remaining Iroquois in New York state to remain neutral and not to join the Western Confederacy. At the same time, American policies to make the Iroquois more settled started to have some effect. Traditionally, for the Iroquois farming was woman's work and hunting was men's work; by the early 19th century, American policies to have the men farm the land and cease hunting were having effect. During this time, the Iroquois living in New York state become demoralized as more of their land was sold to land speculators while alcoholism, violence, and broken families became major problems on their reservations. The Oneida and the Cayuga sold almost all of their land and moved out of their traditional homelands. 2888:

warriors would usually leave to raid a neighboring people in search of captives. The captives were either adopted into Haudenosaunee families to become assimilated, or were to be killed after bouts of ritualized torture as a way of expressing rage at the death of a family member. The male captives were usually received with blows, passing through a kind of gantlet as they were brought into the community. All captives, regardless of their sex or age, were stripped naked and tied to poles in the middle of the community. After having sensitive parts of their bodies burned and some of their fingernails pulled out, the prisoners were allowed to rest and given food and water. In the following days, the captives had to dance naked before the community, when individual families decided for each if the person was to be adopted or killed. Women and children were more often adopted than were older men. If those who were adopted into the Haudenosaunee families made a sincere effort to become Haudenosaunee, then they would be embraced by the community, and if they did not, then they were swiftly executed.

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would retreat if outnumbered. If Kanienkeh was invaded, the Haudenosaunee would attempt to ambush the enemy, or alternatively they would retreat behind the wooden walls of their villages to endure a siege. If the enemy appeared too powerful, as when the French invaded Kanienkeh in 1693, the Haudenosaunee burned their villages and their crops, and the entire population retreated into the woods to wait for the French to depart. The main weapons for the Iroquois were bows and arrows with flint tips and quivers made from corn husks. Shields and war clubs were made from wood. After contact was established with Europeans, the Native Americans adopted such tools as metal knives and hatchets, and made their tomahawks with iron or steel blades. It has been posited that the tomahawk was not used extensively in battle, but instead became associated with the Haudenosaunee through European depictions that sought to portray natives as savage and threatening. Before taking to the field, war chiefs would lead ritual purification ceremonies in which the warriors would dance around a pole painted red.

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usually in geometrical designs. Other designs included the "great turtle" upon North America was said to rest; the circular "skydome" and wavy designs. Beads and clothes often featured semi-circles and waves which meant to represent the "skydome" which consisted of the entire universe together with the supernatural world above it, parallel lines for the earth and curved lines for the "celestial tree". Floral designs were first introduced in the 17th century, reflecting French influence, but did not become truly popular until the 19th century. Starting about 1850 the Iroquois art began to frequently feature floral designs on moccasins, caps, pouches and pincushions, which were purchased by Euro-Americans. The British historian Michael Johnson described the Iroquois artwork meant to be sold to whites in the 19th century as having a strong feel of "Victoriana" to them. Silver was much valued by the Iroquois from the 17th century onward, and starting in the 18th century, the Iroquois became "excellent silversmiths", making silver earrings, gorgets and rings.

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population of the Haudenosaunee by least 50%. Massive "mourning wars" were undertaken to make up these losses. The American historian Daniel Richter wrote it was at this point that war changed from being sporadic, small-scale raids launched in response to individual deaths, and became "the constant and increasing undifferentiated symptom of societies in demographic crisis". The introduction of guns, which could pierce the wooden armor, made First Nations warfare bloodier and more deadly than it had been in the pre-contact era. This ended the age when armed conflicts were more brawls than battles as Europeans would have understood the term. At the same time, guns could only be obtained by trading furs with the Europeans. Once the Haudenosaunee exhausted their supplies of beaver by about 1640, they were forced to buy beaver pelts from Indians living further north, which led them to attempt to eliminate other middlemen in order to monopolize the fur trade in a series of "beaver wars". Richter wrote

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guaranteed to "any Indian tribe, band, or community, or members thereof." It further prohibited the state from requiring tribal members to obtain fish and game licenses. Within 2 years, Congress passed 64 Stat. 845, on September 13, 1950 which extended New York's authority to civil disputes between Indians or Indians and others within the State. It allowed the tribes to preserve customs, prohibited taxation on reservations, and reaffirmed hunting and fishing rights. It also prohibited the state from enforcing judgments regarding any land disputes or applying any State laws to tribal lands or claims prior to the effective date of the law September 13, 1952. During congressional hearings on the law, tribes strongly opposed its passage, fearful that states would deprive them of their reservations. The State of New York disavowed any intention to break up or deprive tribes of their reservations and asserted that they did not have the ability to do so.

2119:) and French forces ambushed a Mohawk-led British column; the Mohawk were deeply disturbed as they had created their confederacy for peace among the peoples and had not had warfare against each other. Johnson attempted to ambush a force of 1,000 French troops and 700 Canadian Iroquois under the command of Baron Dieskau, who beat off the attack and killed the old Mohawk war chief, Peter Hendricks. On September 8, 1755, Diskau attacked Johnson's camp, but was repulsed with heavy losses. Though the Battle of Lake George was a British victory, the heavy losses taken by the Mohawk and Oneida at the battle caused the League to declare neutrality in the war. Despite Johnson's best efforts, the League Iroquois remained neutral for next several years, and a series of French victories at Oswego, Louisbourg, Fort William Henry and Fort Carillon ensured the League Iroquois would not fight on what appeared to be the losing side. 3359:

down in front and back ... Before duffel cloth was common in that country, and sometimes even now when it cannot be had, they took for that purpose some dressed leather or fur—The women also wear a length of woolen cloth of full width and an ell and a quarter long, which comes halfway down the leg. It is like a petticoat, but under it, next to the body, they wear a deerskin which also goes around the waist and ends in cleverly cut pointed edging and fringes. The wealthier women and those who have a liking for it wear such skirts wholly embroidered with wampum ... As for covering the upper part of the body both men and women use a sheet of duffel cloth of full width, i.e. nine and a half quarter-ells, and about three ells 210 centimetres (83 in) long. It is usually worn over the right shoulder and tied in a knot around the waist and from there hangs down to the feet.

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snowshoes, boats, and baskets. In 1884, about 100 Canadian Iroquois were hired by the British government to serve as river pilots and boatmen for the relief expedition for the besieged General Charles Gordon in Khartoum in the Sudan, taking the force commanded by Field Marshal Wolsely up the Nile from Cairo to Khartoum. On their way back to Canada, the Canadian Iroquois river pilots and boatmen stopped in London, where they were personally thanked by Queen Victoria for their services to Queen and Country. In 1886, when a bridge was being built at the St. Lawrence, a number of Iroquois men from Kahnawke were hired to help built and the Iroquois workers proved so skilled as steelwork erectors that since that time, a number of bridges and skyscrapers in Canada and the U.S. have been built by the Iroquois steelmen.

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the Iroquois had a considerably smaller population, and could not afford heavy losses, which could cripple a community. The Iroquois custom of "Mourning wars" to take captives who would become Iroquois reflected the continual need for more people in the Iroquois communities. Iroquois warriors were brave, but would only fight to the death if necessary, usually to protect their women and children; otherwise, the crucial concern for Iroquois chiefs was always to save manpower. The Canadian historian D. Peter MacLeod wrote that the Iroquois way of war was based on their hunting philosophy, where a successful hunter would bring down an animal efficiently without taking any losses to his hunting party, and in the same way, a successful war leader would inflict losses on the enemy without taking any losses in return.

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made of bone, antler or silver while unmarried wore their hair in several braids. Warriors wore moccasins, leggings and short kilts and on occasion wore robes that were highly decorated with painted designs. Initially, men's clothing was made of buckskin and were decorated with porcupine quill-work and later on was made of broadcloth obtained from Europeans. The bodies and faces of Iroquois men were heavily tattooed with geometric designs and their noses and ears were pieced with rings made up of wampun or silver. On the warpath, the faces and bodies of the warriors were painted half red, half black. The men usually shaved most of their hair with leaving only a tuft of hair in the center, giving the name Mohawk to their hair style. A cap made of either buckskin or cloth tied to wood splints called the

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killed by a Continental soldier". Such a case shows how the Six Nations' proximity to the war drew them into it. They were concerned about being killed, and about their lands being taken from them. They could not show weakness and simply let the colonists and British do whatever they wanted. Many of the English and colonists did not respect the treaties made in the past. "A number of His Majesty's subjects in the American colonies viewed the proclamation as a temporary prohibition which would soon give way to the opening of the area for settlement ... and that it was simply an agreement to quiet the minds of the Indians". The Six Nations had to take a stand to show that they would not accept such treatment, and they looked to build a relationship with a government that would respect their territory.

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European slaves were tortured by the Haudenosaunee using finger mutilation and sometimes cannibalism. European captives did not make good slaves because they resisted even more than Indigenous captives and did not understand rituals such as renaming and forgetting their past. For this reason most European captives were either used as ransom or murdered upon arrival to Haudenosaunee territory. Many Europeans who were not captured became trading partners with the Haudenosaunee. Indigenous slaves were now being traded amongst European settlers and some slaves even ended up in Quebec households. Eventually, European contact led to adoptees outnumbering the Haudenosaunee in their own communities. The difficulty of controlling these slaves in large numbers ended Haudenosaunee slavery practices.

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Iroquois helped Johnson take Fort Niagara. In the ensuing campaign, the League Iroquois assisted General Jeffrey Amherst as he took various French forts by the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence valley as he advanced towards Montreal, which he took in September 1760. The British historian Michael Johnson wrote the Iroquois had "played a major supporting role" in the final British victory in the Seven Years' War. In 1763, Johnson left his old home of Fort Johnson for the lavish estate, which he called Johnson Hall, which become a center of social life in the region. Johnson was close to two white families, the Butlers and the Croghans, and three Mohawk families, the Brants, the Hills, and the Peters.

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Sisters" as they called their staple crops of beans, corn and squash and where to find edible nuts, roots and berries. In return, the Palatines taught the Iroquois how to grow wheat and oats, and how to use iron ploughs and hoes to farm. As a result of the money earned from land rented to the Palatines, the Iroquois elite gave up living in longhouses and started living in European style houses, having an income equal to a middle-class English family. By the middle of the 18th century, a multi-cultural world had emerged with the Iroquois living alongside German and Scots-Irish settlers. The settlements of the Palatines were intermixed with the Iroquois villages. In 1738, an Irishman,

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supplies and took 10 prisoners without losing a man, and for them, engaging in a frontal attack against the two wooden forts as Léry wanted to do was irrational. The Canadian Iroquois informed Léry "if I absolutely wanted to die, I was the master of the French, but they were not going to follow me". In the end, about 30 Canadian Iroquois reluctantly joined Léry's attack on Fort Bull on the morning of March 27, 1756, when the French and their Indian allies stormed the fort, finally smashing their way in through the main gate with a battering ram at noon. Of the 63 people in Fort Bull, half of whom were civilians, only 3 soldiers, one carpenter and one woman survived the

3945:, asserting that if cannibalism was practiced among the Iroquois, it was not widespread. Modern anthropologists seem to accept the probability that cannibalism did exist among the Iroquois, with Thomas Abler describing the evidence from the Jesuit Relations and archaeology as making a "case for cannibalism in early historic times ... so strong that it cannot be doubted." Scholars are also urged to remember the context for a practice that now shocks the modern Western society. Sanday reminds us that the ferocity of the Iroquois' rituals "cannot be separated from the severity of conditions ... where death from hunger, disease, and warfare became a way of life". 2277:

war, for the winning side would dictate how future relationships would be with the Iroquois in North America. Dealing with two governments made it hard to maintain a neutral stance, because the governments could get jealous easily if the Confederacy was interacting or trading more with one side over the other, or even if there was simply a perception of favoritism. Because of this challenging situation, the Six Nations had to choose sides. The Oneida and Tuscarora decided to support the American colonists, while the rest of the Iroquois League (the Cayuga, Mohawk, Onondaga, and Seneca) sided with the British and their Loyalists among the colonists.

2911:, governor of New York: "We are not like you Christians, for when you have prisoners of one another you send them home, by such means you can never rout one another". The converse of this strategy was that the Iroquois would not accept losses in battle, as it defeated the whole purpose of the "mourning wars", which was to add to their numbers, not decrease them. The French during their wars with the Haudenosaunee were often astonished when a war party that was on the verge of victory over them could be made to retreat by killing one or two of their number. The European notion of a glorious death in battle had no counterpart with the Haudenosaunee. 5629: 3033:

ground, as wide apart and as long as the house is to be. The poles are then bent over and fastened one to another, so that it looks like a wagon or arbor as are put in gardens. Next, strips like split laths are laid across these poles from one end to the other. ... This is then well covered all over with very tough bark. ... From one end of the house to the other along the center they kindle fires, and the area left open, which is also in the middle, serves as a chimney to release the smoke. Often there are sixteen or eighteen families in a house ... This means that often a hundred or a hundred and fifty or more lodge in one house.

3899:) was a gambling game in which the clans bet against each other. Traditionally it was played on the final day of the Green Corn, Harvest, and Mid-winter festivals. The game was played using a wooden bowl about one foot in diameter and six peach-stones (pits) ground to oval shape and burned black on one side. A "bank" of beans, usually 100, was used to keep score and the winner was the side who won them all. Two players sat on a blanket-covered platform raised a few feet off the floor. To play the peach stones were put into the bowl and shaken. Winning combinations were five of either color or six of either color showing. 2309:

Onondaga, and Seneca) sided with the British and Loyalists. At the conclusion of the war the fear that the colonists would not respect the Iroquois' pleas came true, especially after the majority of the Six Nations decided to side with the British and were no longer considered trustworthy by the newly independent Americans. In 1783 the Treaty of Paris was signed. While the treaty included peace agreements between all of the European nations involved in the war as well as the newborn United States, it made no provisions for the Iroquois, who were left to be treated with by the new U.S. government as it saw fit.

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long lock hanging down, some on one side of the head, and some on both sides. On the top of their heads they have a streak of hair from the forehead to the neck, about the breadth of three fingers, and this they shorten until it is about two or three fingers long, and it stands right on end like a cock's comb or hog's bristles; on both sides of this cock's comb they cut all the hair short, except for the aforesaid locks, and they also leave on the bare places here and there small locks, such as aree in sweeping brushes and then they are in fine array." This is the forerunner to what is today called a "

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seemingly most powerful. In many cases, the British presented the situation to the Iroquois as the colonists just being "naughty children". On the other, the Iroquois considered that "the British government was three thousand miles away. This placed them at a disadvantage in attempting to enforce both the Proclamation of 1763 and the Treaty at Fort Stanwix 1768 against land hungry frontiersmen." In other words, even though the British were the strongest and best organized faction, the Six Nations had concerns about whether they would truly be able to enforce their agreements from so far away.

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adoption rituals, slaves were to reject their former life and be renamed as part of their "genuine assimilation". The key goal of Haudenosaunee slavery practices was to have slaves assimilate to Haudenosaunee culture to rebuild population after one or many deaths. Children and Indigenous peoples of neighbouring villages to the Haudenosaunee are said to have been good slaves because of their better ability to assimilate. That being said, the role of a slave was not a limited position and whenever slaves were available for capture they were taken, no matter their age, race, gender etc.

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created "all that is pure and beautiful". After a battle where Okwiraseh defeated Tawiskaron, Tawiskaron was confined to "the dark areas of the world", where he governed the night and destructive creatures. Other scholars present the "twins" as the Creator and his brother, Flint. The Creator was responsible for game animals, while Flint created predators and disease. Saraydar (1990) suggests the Iroquois do not see the twins as polar opposites but understood their relationship to be more complex, noting "Perfection is not to be found in gods or humans or the worlds they inhabit."

78: 3395: 62: 1436: 2269:, against the Iroquois nations to "not merely overrun, but destroy", the British-Indian alliance. They burned many Iroquois villages and stores throughout western New York; refugees moved north to Canada. By the end of the war, few houses and barns in the valley had survived the warfare. In the aftermath of the Sullivan expedition, Brant visited Quebec City to ask General Sir Frederick Haildmand for assurances that the Mohawk and the other Loyalist Iroquois would receive a new homeland in Canada as compensation for their loyalty to the Crown if the British should lose. 3310: 4081: 1045: 3364:

reflected traditional pre-contact Iroquois clothing. In the 17th century women normally went topless in the warm months while wearing a buckskin skirt overlapping on the left while in the winter women covered their upper bodies with a cape-like upper garment with an opening for the head. By the 18th century, cloth colored red and blue obtained from Europeans became the standard material for clothing with the men and women wearing blouses and shirts that usually decorated with beadwork and ribbons and were often worn alongside silver brooches.

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They did not want to seem as they were favoring one group over the other, because of sparking jealousy and suspicion from either side". Furthermore, the English had made many agreements with the Six Nations over the years, yet most of the Iroquois' day-to-day interaction had been with the colonists. This made it a confusing situation for the Iroquois because they could not tell who the true heirs of the agreement were, and could not know if agreements with England would continue to be honored by the colonists if they were to win independence.

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at 20,000 in 1620-1634. In the post-epidemic period from 1634-1660 he estimates the total Iroquois population at 8,000. The latter figure does not include the thousands of people adopted into the Iroquois from conquered ethnic groups. The Iroquois had a liberal and successful adoption policy that allowed them to recoup their population losses and gave them an adaptive advantage over their foes who were unable to do the same. In 1658, the Jesuits noted that the Iroquois contained more adopted foreigners than natives of the country.

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societies and orders that conserved the older religious rites." A council of chiefs proclaimed, some time around 1800, that all animal and mystery societies should immediately dissolve, but through a defect in the form of the order the societies decided it was not legally binding and "went underground" becoming secret societies. Reviled by the "New Religion" of Handsome Lake, they were also rejected by the Christian Iroquois as holding pagan beliefs. Gradually, however, the societies came more into the open as hostility lessened.

4758: 1786:, away from the center of the French fur trade in Montreal. The attempts of both the English and the French to make use of their Haudenosaunee allies were foiled, as the two groups of Haudenosaunee showed a "profound reluctance to kill one another". Following the move of the Catholic Iroquois to the St. Lawrence valley, historians commonly describe the Iroquois living outside of Montreal as the Canadian Iroquois, while those remaining in their historical heartland in modern upstate New York are described as the League Iroquois. 7692: 5450: 2233:, the Iroquois first tried to stay neutral. The Reverend Samuel Kirkland, a Congregational minister working as a missionary, pressured the Oneida and the Tuscarora for a pro-American neutrality while Guy Johnson and his cousin John Johnson pressured the Mohawk, the Cayuga and the Seneca to fight for the British. Pressed to join one side or the other, the Tuscarora and the Oneida sided with the colonists, while the Mohawk, Seneca, Onondaga, and Cayuga remained loyal to Great Britain, with whom they had stronger relationships. 8583: 2500:

sent in August 1916 to a recruiting sergeant who refused to allow her teenage son to join the CEF under the grounds that he was underage, declared the Six Nations were not subject to the laws of Canada and he had no right to refuse her son because Canadian laws did not apply to them. As she explained, the Iroquois regarded the Covenant Chain as still being in effect, meaning the Iroquois were only fighting in the war in response to an appeal for help from their ally, King George V, who had asked them to enlist in the CEF.

7017: 2126:, a crucial portage between Albany and Oswego to support an offensive in the spring into what is now Ontario. As the frozen waters melted south of Lake Ontario on average two weeks before the waters did north of Lake Ontario, the British would be able to move against the French bases at Fort Frontenac and Fort Niagara before the French forces in Montreal could come to their relief, which from the French perspective necessitated a preemptive strike at the Oneida Carrying Place in the winter. To carry out this strike, 4514: 2273:

Revolution, the Iroquois Confederacy's Six Nations attempted to take a stance of neutrality. However, almost inevitably, the Iroquois nations eventually had to take sides in the conflict. It is easy to see how the American Revolution would have caused conflict and confusion among the Six Nations. For years they had been used to thinking about the English and their colonists as one and the same people. In the American Revolution, the Iroquois Confederacy now had to deal with relationships between two governments.

4770: 2807:. Though only 127 Seneca families (about 500 people) were being dislocated, the legislation benefited the entire Seneca Nation, because the taking of the Indian land for the dam abridged a 1794 treaty agreement. In addition, the bill provided that within three years, a plan from the Interior Secretary should be submitted to Congress withdrawing all federal supervision over the Seneca Nation, though technically civil and criminal jurisdiction had lain with the State of New York since 1950. 2892:

burning and removing body parts, which the prisoner was expected to bear with stoicism and nobility (an expectation not usually met) before being scalped alive. Hot sand was applied to the exposed skull and they were finally killed by cutting out their hearts. Afterward, the victim's body was cut and eaten by the community. The practice of ritual torture and execution, together with cannibalism, ended some time in the early 18th century. By the late-18th-century, European writers such as

3886:, was held by placing the index finger against the back end and balancing it on the thumb and other fingers. It was not thrown but slid across the surface of the snow. The side whose snake went the farthest scored one point. Other snakes from the same side which went farther than any other snake of the opposing side also scored a point; the other side scored nothing. This was repeated until one side scored the number of points which had been agreed to for the game, usually seven or ten. 4494: 3465: 3380: 3301:

because the Iroquois had villages mostly in the St.Lawrence and Great Lakes areas. The Iroquois used nets made from vegetable fiber with weights of pebbles for fishing. They fished salmon, trout, bass, perch and whitefish until the St. Lawrence became too polluted by industry. In the spring the Iroquois netted, and in the winter fishing holes were made in the ice. Starting about 1620, the Iroquois started to raise pigs, geese and chickens, which they had acquired from the Dutch.

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had not been respectful of the land agreements made in 1763 and 1768. The Iroquois Confederacy was particularly concerned over the possibility of the colonists winning the war, for if a revolutionary victory were to occur, the Iroquois very much saw it as the precursor to their lands being taken away by the victorious colonists, who would no longer have the British Crown to restrain them. Continental army officers such as George Washington had attempted to destroy the Iroquois.

913:, when the League was divided by their conflicting views on how to respond to requests for aid from the British Crown. After their defeat, the British ceded Iroquois territory without consultation, and many Iroquois had to abandon their lands in the Mohawk Valley and elsewhere and relocate to the northern lands retained by the British. The Crown gave them land in compensation for the five million acres they had lost in the south, but it was not equivalent to earlier territory. 5987: 5609: 7207:, pp. 14–15. "It was a confederation based on kinship—a symbolic household. They called their confederation Ganonsyoni, which means "The Lodge Extended Lengthwise", that is, a lodge that is "spread out far". All individuals and all the tribes of the Confederacy were considered as one family living together in one lodge. The Mohawks, dwelling furthest east, were Keepers of the Western Door. The Onondagas, situated in the center, were the Fire Keepers as well as the 3749:, also known as Ganeodiyo, introduced a new religious system to the Iroquois in the late 18th century, which incorporated Quaker beliefs along with traditional Iroquoian culture. Handsome Lake's teachings include a focus on parenting, appreciation of life, and peace. A key aspect of Handsome Lake's teachings is the principle of equilibrium, wherein each person's talents combined into a functional community. By the 1960s, at least 50% of Iroquois followed this religion. 2042: 1675:, sent the Carignan regiment to confront the Mohawk and Oneida. The Mohawk avoided battle, but the French burned their villages, which they referred to as "castles", and their crops. In 1667, the remaining two Iroquois Nations signed a peace treaty with the French and agreed to allow missionaries to visit their villages. The French Jesuit missionaries were known as the "black-robes" to the Iroquois, who began to urge that Catholic converts should relocate to the 2151:. They killed everyone they encountered". Afterwards, the French destroyed all of the British supplies and Fort Bull itself, which secured the western flank of New France. On the same day, the main force of the Canadian Iroquois ambushed a relief force from Fort William coming to the aid of Fort Bull, and did not slaughter their prisoners as the French did at Fort Bull; for the Iroquois, prisoners were very valuable as they increased the size of the tribe. 2997: 4010:

enslavement. Finger mutilation was common as a sort of marking of a slave. In "Northern Iroquoian Slavery", Starna and Watkins suggest that sometimes torture was so brutal that captives died before being adopted. Initial torture upon entry into the Haudenosaunee culture also involved binding, bodily mutilation with weapons, and starvation, and for female slaves: sexual assault. Starvation may have lasted longer depending on the circumstance.

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a "manager" or "managers" for his side. If a player lost all of his beans another player from his side took his place and took five beans from the bank. Once all beans had been taken from the bank the game continued, but with the draw of beans now coming from the winnings of the player's side, which were kept out of sight so that no one but the managers knew how the game was going. The game was finished when one side had won all the beans.

2788:. The arguments the Six Nations made in their hearings with committees were that their treaties showed that the U.S. recognized that their lands belonged to the Six Nations, not the U.S., and that "termination contradicted any reasonable interpretation that their lands would not be claimed or their nations disturbed" by the federal government. The bill for the Iroquois Confederation died in committee without further serious consideration. 4334:, made in a letter from Benjamin Franklin to James Parker in 1751: "It would be a very strange thing, if six Nations of ignorant savages should be capable of forming a Scheme for such a Union ... and yet that a like union should be impracticable for ten or a Dozen English Colonies," but he disagrees that it establishes influence. Rather, he thinks Franklin was promoting union against the "ignorant savages" and called the idea "absurd". 2705:, Pub. L. No. 79-726, ch. 959, was passed. Its purpose was to settle for all time any outstanding grievances or claims the tribes might have against the U.S. for treaty breaches, unauthorized taking of land, dishonorable or unfair dealings, or inadequate compensation. Claims had to be filed within a five-year period, and most of the 370 complaints that were submitted were filed at the approach of the five-year deadline in August 1951. 1688: 1790: 938: 3212:, farmers, fishers, gatherers and hunters, though traditionally their main diet has come from farming. For the Iroquois, farming was traditionally women's work and the entire process of planting, maintaining, harvesting and cooking was done by women. Gathering has also traditionally been the job of women and children. Wild roots, greens, berries and nuts were gathered in the summer. During spring, sap is tapped from the 533:"the extended house", or from a cognate expression in a related Iroquoian language; in earlier sources it is variously spelled "Kanosoni", "akwanoschioni", "Aquanuschioni", "Cannassoone", "Canossoone", "Ke-nunctioni", or "Konossioni". More transparently, the Haudenosaunee confederacy is often referred to as the Six Nations (or, for the period before the entry of the Tuscarora in 1722, the Five Nations). The word is 2879:

war served as a way for young men to demonstrate their valor and courage. This was a prerequisite for a man to be made a chief, and it was also essential for men who wanted to marry. Haudenosaunee women admired warriors who were brave in war. In the pre-contact era, war was relatively bloodless, as First Nations peoples did not have guns and fought one another in suits of wooden armor. In 1609, the French explorer

2853: 5621: 4460: 3391:. Later, feathers in the gustoweh denote the wearer's tribe by their number and positioning. The Mohawk wear three upright feathers, the Oneida two upright and one down. The Onondaga wear one feather pointing upward and another pointing down. The Cayuga have a single feather at a 45-degree angle. The Seneca wear a single feather pointing up, and the Tuscarora have no distinguishing feathers. 3851:(410 m) apart. The poles were about 10 feet (3.0 m) high and placed about 15 feet (4.6 m) apart. A goal was scored by carrying or throwing a deer-skin ball between the goal posts using netted sticks—touching the ball with hands was prohibited. The game was played to a score of five or seven. The modern version of lacrosse remains popular among the Haudenasaunee to this day. 4221:" or "Guesuenta", meaning "it brightens our minds", which was originally presented to the Dutch settlers, and then French, representing a canoe and a sailboat moving side-by-side along the river of life, not interfering with the other's course. All non-Native settlers are, by associations, members of this treaty. Both chiefs and clan mothers wear wampum belts as symbol of their offices. 1555:. The Mohawk would not allow northern native peoples to trade with the Dutch. By 1640, there were almost no beavers left on their lands, reducing the Iroquois to middlemen in the fur trade between Indian peoples to the west and north, and Europeans eager for the valuable thick beaver pelts. In 1645, a tentative peace was forged between the Iroquois and the Huron, Algonquin, and French. 3734:. Tradition asserts that the Peacemaker demonstrated his authority as the Creator's messenger by climbing a tall tree above a waterfall, having the people cut down the tree, and reappearing the next morning unharmed. The Peacemaker restored mental health to a few of the most "violent and dangerous men", Ayonhwatha and Thadodaho, who then helped him bear the message of peace to others. 2978:. When he was recaptured, he was punished by having his fingernails pulled out and having one of his fingers cut to the bone. But Radisson was not executed, as his adoptive parents provided gifts to the families of the men whom Radisson had killed when he escaped, given as compensation for their loss. Several Huron who escaped with Radisson and were recaptured were quickly executed. 1266:. Muir uses archaeological data to argue that the Iroquois expansion onto Algonquian lands was checked by the Algonquian adoption of agriculture. This enabled them to support their own populations large enough to resist Iroquois conquest. The People of the Confederacy dispute this historical interpretation, regarding the League of the Great Peace as the foundation of their heritage. 4001:

though, meaning slaves performed chores or labor for their adoptive families. Also, there are a few cases where slaves were never adopted into families and their only role was to perform tasks in the village. These types of slaves may have been used solely for exchange. Slave trade was common in Haudenosaunee culture and it aimed to increase Haudenosaunee population.

1270: 2756:." All federal aid, services, and protection offered to these Native peoples were to cease, and the federal trust relationship and management of reservations would end. Individual members of terminated tribes were to become full U.S. citizens with all the rights, benefits and responsibilities of any other U.S. citizen. The resolution also called for the 1814:(Governor General 1685–1689), who arrived in August with orders from the Sun King to crush the Haudenosaunee confederacy and uphold the honor of France even in the wilds of North America. In the same year, the Iroquois again invaded Virginia and Illinois territory and unsuccessfully attacked French outposts in the latter. Trying to reduce warfare in the 2350:

another in 1857. However, as late as the 1950s both the U.S. and New York governments confiscated land belonging to the Six Nations for roads, dams and reservoirs with the land being given to Cornplanter for keeping the Iroquois from joining the Western Confederacy in the 1790s being forcibly purchased by eminent domain and flooded for the Kinzua Dam.

1805:, Joseph-Antoine Le Febvre de La Barre, decided to launch a punitive expedition against the Seneca, who were attacking French and Algonquian fur traders in the Mississippi river valley, and asked for the Catholic Haudenosaunee to contribute fighting men. La Barre's expedition ended in fiasco in September 1684 when influenza broke out among the French 1948:", deeding the English a large tract north of the Ohio River. The Iroquois claimed to have conquered this territory 80 years earlier. France did not recognize the treaty, as it had settlements in the territory at that time and the English had virtually none. Meanwhile, the Iroquois were negotiating peace with the French; together they signed the 2093:, who was successful as a fur trader, settled with the Iroquois. Johnson who become very rich from the fur trade and land speculation, learned the languages of the Iroquois and become the main intermediary between the British and the League. In 1745, Johnson was appointed the Northern superintendent of Indian Affairs, formalizing his position. 2134:, who required and received the assistance of the Canadian Iroquois to guide him to the Oneida Carrying Place. The Canadian Iroquois joined the expedition, which left Montreal on February 29, 1756 on the understanding that they would only fight against the British, not the League Iroquois, and they would not be assaulting a fort. 3408:) "usually of blue broadcloth, and elaborately embroidered with bead-work. It requires two yards of cloth, which is worn with the selvedge at the top and bottom; the skirt being secured about the waist and descending nearly to the top of the moccasin." Under the skirt, between the knees and the moccasins, women wore leggings ( 2289:

the trade of goods from the English and colonists and had adopted many European customs, tools, and weapons. For example, they were increasingly dependent on firearms for hunting. After becoming so reliant, it would have been hard to even consider cutting off trade that brought goods that were a central part of everyday life.

4148:. This interpretation became influential, but Richter argues that while the Grand Council served an important ceremonial role, it was not a government in the sense that Morgan thought. According to this view, Iroquois political and diplomatic decisions are made on the local level and are based on assessments of community 1332:

Gaspé peninsula, Champlain encountered Algonquian-speaking groups. The precise identity of any of these groups is still debated. On July 29, 1609, Champlain assisted his allies in defeating a Mohawk war party by the shores of what is now called Lake Champlain, and again in June 1610, Champlain fought against the Mohawks.

2529:, legislation was introduced to redistribute native land. Finally in 1920, an Act was proposed to force citizenship on "Indians" with or without their consent, which would then automatically remove their share of any tribal lands from tribal trust and make the land and the person subject to the laws of Canada. 2181:, British Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the Northern District, had called the Iroquois nations together in a grand conference in western New York, which a total of 3,102 Indians attended. They had long had good relations with Johnson, who had traded with them and learned their languages and customs. As 2038:, speaking a dialect like that of the Seneca, in the Ohio region. During the War of Spanish Succession, known to Americans as "Queen Anne's War", the Iroquois remained neutral, through leaning towards the British. Anglican missionaries were active with the Iroquois and devised a system of writing for them. 2085:), the League Iroquois sided with the British against the French and their Algonquian allies, who were traditional enemies. The Iroquois hoped that aiding the British would also bring favors after the war. Few Iroquois warriors joined the campaign. By contrast, the Canadian Iroquois supported the French. 2533:

international state, as defined by international law. In contrast, the Iroquois Confederacy had been making treaties and functioning as a state since 1643 and all of their treaties had been negotiated with Britain, not Canada. As a result, a decision was made in 1921 to send a delegation to petition the

4256:

The Haudenosaunee flag created in the 1980s is based on the Hiawatha Belt ... created from purple and white wampum beads centuries ago to symbolize the union forged when the former enemies buried their weapons under the Great Tree of Peace." It represents the original five nations that were united by

4166:

The women traditionally held real power, particularly the power to veto treaties or declarations of war. The members of the Grand Council of Sachems were chosen by the mothers of each clan. If any leader failed to comply with the wishes of the women of his tribe and the Great Law of Peace, the mother

3902:

Players started with five beans each from the bank. The starting player shook the bowl; if he shook a five the other player paid him one bean, if a six five beans. If he shook either he got to shake again. If he shook anything else the turn passed to his opponent. All his winnings were handed over to

3768:

The Haudenosaunee thanksgiving address is a central prayer in Haudenosaunee tradition recited daily in the beginning of school days as well as social, cultural, and political events. The address gives thanks to the parts of nature necessary to ecosystem sustainability and emphasizes the ideology that

3488:

A number of societies are known, of which the False Face Society is the most familiar. Others were the Little Water Society, the Pygmy Society, the Society of Otters, the Society of Mystic Animals, the Eagle Society, the Bear Society, the Buffalo Society, the Husk Faces, and the Woman's Society—which

3484:

It is believed that "most of the societies are of ancient origin and that their rituals have been transmitted with little change for many years." "Each society has a legend by which its origin and peculiar rites are explained." As part of his religious revolution, Handsome Lake "sought to destroy the

3367:

By the late 18th century, women were wearing muslin or calico long, loose-fitting overdresses. The tendency of Iroquois women to abandon their traditional topless style of dressing in the warm months reflected European influence. Married women wore their hair in a single braid held in place by a comb

2981:

By 1668, two-thirds of the Oneida village were assimilated Algonquian and Huron. At Onondaga there were Native Americans of seven different nations, and among the Seneca eleven. They also adopted European captives, as did the Catholic Mohawk in settlements outside Montreal. This tradition of adoption

2887:

The clan mothers would demand a "mourning war" to provide consolation and renewed spiritual strength for a family that lost a member to death. Either the warriors would go on a "mourning war" or would be marked by the clan mothers as cowards forever, which made them unmarriageable. At this point, the

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for its Native citizens. In a series of laws, attempting to mainstream tribal people into the greater society, the government strove to end the U.S. government's recognition of tribal sovereignty, eliminate trusteeship over Indian reservations, and implement state law applicability to native persons.

2300:

The Iroquois also had concerns about the colonists. The British asked for Iroquois support in the war. "In 1775, the Continental Congress sent a delegation to the Iroquois in Albany to ask for their neutrality in the war coming against the British". It had been clear in prior years that the colonists

2189:(2006), the Iroquois were creative and strategic thinkers. They chose to sell to the British Crown all their remaining claim to the lands between the Ohio and Tennessee rivers, which they did not occupy, hoping by doing so to draw off English pressure on their territories in the Province of New York. 2154:

The crucial difference between the European and First Nations way of war was that Europe had millions of people, which meant that British and French generals were willing to see thousands of their own men die in battle in order to secure victory as their losses could always be made good; by contrast,

2142:

and French-Canadian militiamen, who had not eaten for two days, received much needed food when the Canadian Iroquois ambushed a British wagon train bringing supplies to Fort William and Fort Bull. As far as the Canadian Iroquois were concerned, the raid was a success as they captured 9 wagons full of

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chiefs of each tribe meeting together as a unit were the federal chiefs of the League. The Mohawks, Onondagas, and Senecas were the Elder Brothers; The Oneidas and Cayugas, the Younger Brothers. The younger and elder brethren sat on opposite sides of the lodge and counseled across the fire with each

5394:

In 1995, tribal registrations among the Six Nations in the U.S. numbered about 30,000 in total, with the majority of 17,566 in New York. The remainder were more than 10,000 Oneida in Wisconsin, and about 2200 Seneca-Cayuga in Oklahoma. As the nations individually determine their rules for membership

5360:

diseases impacting the Iroquois in the mid-17th century. After an archaeological investigation and dating of all 125 Iroquois villages known to have been occupied between 1500 and 1700 (fewer than 226 listed by Swanton occupied at any time), Jones estimated the total pre-epidemic Iroquois population

4325:

wrote that while he agreed that the specific form of government created for the U.S. was "not at all like" that of the Iroquois, available evidence does support "a cultural argument – that the well-known democratic spirit had much to do with colonial contact with the Indians of the eastern seaboard,

4232:

of the U.S. The house and the two figures directly next to the house represent the Iroquois people and the symbolic longhouse. The figure on the left of the house represent the Seneca Nation who are the symbolic guardians of the western door (western edge of Iroquois territory) and the figure to the

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Unanimity in public acts was essential to the Council. In 1855, Minnie Myrtle observed that no Iroquois treaty was binding unless it was ratified by 75% of the male voters and 75% of the mothers of the nation. In revising Council laws and customs, a consent of two-thirds of the mothers was required.

3802:

Iroquois ceremonies are primarily concerned with farming, healing, and thanksgiving. Key festivals correspond to the agricultural calendar, and include Maple, Planting, Strawberry, Green Maize, Harvest, and Mid-Winter (or New Year's), which is held in early February. The ceremonies were given by the

3007:

At the time of first European contact the Iroquois lived in a small number of large villages scattered throughout their territory. Each nation had between one and four villages at any one time, and villages were moved approximately every five to twenty years as soil and firewood were depleted. These

2940:

Despite taking thousands of captives, the Five Nations populations continued to fall, as diseases continued to take their toll. French Jesuits, whom the Haudenosaunee were forced to accept after making peace with the French in 1667, encouraged Catholic converts to move to mission villages in the St.

2931:

the mourning war tradition, deaths from disease, dependence on firearms, and the trade in furs combined to produce a dangerous spiral: epidemics led to deadlier mourning wars fought with firearms; the need for guns increased the need for pelts to trade for them; the quest for furs provoked wars with

2914:

Death in battle was accepted only when absolutely necessary, and the Iroquois believed the souls of those who died in battle were destined to spend eternity as angry ghosts haunting the world in search of vengeance. For this reason, those who died in battle were never buried in community cemeteries,

2878:

A war party was considered successful if it took many prisoners without suffering losses in return; killing enemies was considered acceptable if necessary, but disapproved of as it reduced the number of potential captives. Taking captives were considered far more important than scalps. Additionally,

2843:

Beginning in 1978, the Brothertown Indians submitted a petition to regain federal recognition. In 2012 the Department of the Interior, in the final determination on the Brothertown petition, found that Congress had terminated their tribal status when it granted them citizenship in 1838 and therefore

2810:

Accordingly, on September 5, 1967 a memo from the Department of the Interior announced proposed legislation was being submitted to end federal ties with the Seneca. In 1968 a new liaison was appointed from the BIA for the tribe to assist the tribe in preparing for termination and rehabilitation. The

2288:

In addition to being in close proximity to the war, the new lifestyle and economics of the Iroquois Confederacy since the arrival of the Europeans in North America made it nearly impossible for the Iroquois to isolate themselves from the conflict. By this time, the Iroquois had become dependent upon

2137:

On March 13, 1756, an Oswegatchie Indian traveler informed the expedition that the British had built two forts at the Oneida Carrying Place, which caused the majority of the Canadian Iroquois to want to turn back, as they argued the risks of assaulting a fort would mean too many casualties, and many

2033:

The Iroquois program toward the defeated tribes favored assimilation within the 'Covenant Chain' and Great Law of Peace, over wholesale slaughter. Both the Lenni Lenape, and the Shawnee were briefly tributary to the Six Nations, while subjected Iroquoian populations emerged in the next period as the

1972:

After the 1701 peace treaty with the French, the Iroquois remained mostly neutral. During the course of the 17th century, the Iroquois had acquired a fearsome reputation among the Europeans, and it was the policy of the Six Nations to use this reputation to play off the French against the British in

1431:

writes of the League, "There had never been anything like the Five Nations League in North America. No other Indigenous nation or confederacy had ever reached so far, conducted such an ambitious foreign policy, or commanded such fear and respect. The Five Nations blended diplomacy, intimidation, and

1331:

visited the area, that part of the St. Lawrence River valley had no settlements, but was controlled by the Mohawk as a hunting ground. The fate of the Iroquoian people that Cartier encountered remains a mystery, and all that can be stated for certain is when Champlain arrived, they were gone. On the

6249:

extinct in part, but their surviving members sometimes were adopted by the Iroquois. The Editors of American Heritage Book of Indians said that one French observer hypothesized that by the end of 1678, the adopted Iroquois may have outnumbered native-born tribesmen due to the decades of intertribal

5379:

According to data compiled in 1995 by Doug George-Kanentiio, a total of 51,255 Six Nations people lived in Canada. These included 15,631 Mohawk in Quebec; 14,051 Mohawk in Ontario; 3,970 Oneida in Ontario; and a total of 17,603 of the Six Nations at the Grand River Reserve in Ontario. More recently

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that was exaggerated and misunderstood after his death in 1937. According to Tooker, the original Iroquois constitution did not involve representative democracy and elections; deceased chiefs' successors were selected by the most senior woman within the hereditary lineage in consultation with other

4345:

may have drawn inspiration from the Iroquois League, there is little evidence that either the Plan or the Constitution drew substantially from that source. He argues that "... such claims muddle and denigrate the subtle and remarkable features of Iroquois government. The two forms of government are

4023:

Language played another role in Haudenosaunee slavery practices. Slaves were often referred to as "domestic animals" or "dogs" which were equivalent to the word to "slave". This use of language suggests that slaves were dehumanized, that slaves were "domesticated" and another that slaves were to be

3643:

Moreover, several other factors influenced the position of Iroquois women. The exhaustion of the beavers' population led to men traveling for longer distances; this resulted in women having a more influential role in their societies because of the long absence of men. Another factor that influenced

3639:

also expanded to influence the wider Iroquois society. The power centered around the mode of food production and the social sphere in general. Handsome Lake's teaching tried to center the nuclear family and transferred the women's sphere to be relegated to the home while the men's sphere focused on

3358:

Around their waist they all wear a belt made of leather, whalefin, whalebone, or wampum. The men pull a length of duffel cloth—if they have it—under this belt, front and rear, and pass it between the legs. It is over half an ell wide and nine quarter-ells long, which leaves a square flap hanging

3342:

The moccason is made of one piece of deer-skin. It is seamed up at the heel, and also in front, above the foot, leaving the bottom of the moccasin without a seam. In front the deer-skin is gathered, in place of being crimped; over this part porcupine quills or beads are worked, in various patterns.

2965:

It has been a constant maxim with the Five Nations, to save children and young men of the people they conquer, to adopt them into their own Nation, and to educate them as their own children, without distinction; These young people soon forget their own country and nation and by this policy the Five

2936:

From 1640 to 1701, the Five Nations was almost continuously at war, battling at various times the French, Huron, Erie, Neutral, Lenape, Susquenhannock, Petun, Abenaki, Ojibwa, and Algonquin peoples, fighting campaigns from Virginia to the Mississippi and all the way to what is now northern Ontario.

2883:

observed several battles between the Algonquin and the Iroquois that resulted in hardly any deaths. This seemed to be the norm for First Nations wars. At a battle between the Algonquin and the Iroquois by the shores of Lake Champlain, the only people killed were two Iroquois warriors hit by bullets

2874:

One of the central features of traditional Iroquois life were the "mourning wars", when their warriors would raid neighboring peoples in search of captives to replace those Haudenosaunee who had died. War for the Haudenosaunee was primarily undertaken for captives. They were not concerned with such

2865:

For the Haudenosaunee, grief for a loved one who died was a powerful emotion. They believed that if it was not attended to, it would cause all sorts of problems for the grieving who would go mad if left without consolation. Rituals to honor the dead were very important and the most important of all

2499:

The Six Nations council at Brantford tended to see themselves as a sovereign nation that was allied to the Crown through the Covenant Chain going back to the 17th century and thus allied to King George V personally instead of being under the authority of Canada. One Iroquois clan mother in a letter

2237:

offered his services to the United States and received a Congressional commission as a lieutenant colonel—the highest rank held by any Native American during the war. The Mohawk war chief Joseph Brant together with John Butler and John Johnson raised racially mixed forces of irregulars to fight for

1912:

In 1696, Frontenac decided to take the field against the Iroquois, despite being seventy-six years of age. He decided to target the Oneida and Onondaga, instead of the Mohawk who had been the favorite enemies of the French. On July 6, he left Lachine at the head of a considerable force and traveled

1870:

and would do as he liked with them. On August 13, 1687, an advance party of French soldiers walked into a Seneca ambush and were nearly killed to a man; however the Seneca fled when the main French force came up. The remaining Catholic Haudenosaunee warriors refused to pursue the retreating Seneca.

1869:

slaves. Several of the Catholic Haudenosaunee were outraged at this treachery to a diplomatic party, which led to at least 100 of them to desert to the Seneca. Denonville justified enslaving the people he encountered, saying that as a "civilized European" he did not respect the customs of "savages"

1078:

Dean Snow argues that the archaeological evidence does not support a date earlier than 1450. He has said that recent claims for a much earlier date "may be for contemporary political purposes". Other scholars note that anthropological researchers consulted only male informants, thus losing the half

983:

mothers, who possessed considerable economic and political power within Canadian Iroquois communities, was blithely overlooked by patriarchal European scribes. Those references that do exist, show clan mothers meeting in council with their male counterparts to take decisions regarding war and peace

916:

Modern scholars of the Iroquois distinguish between the League and the Confederacy. According to this interpretation, the Iroquois League refers to the ceremonial and cultural institution embodied in the Grand Council, which still exists. The Iroquois Confederacy was the decentralized political and

901:

For nearly 200 years, the Iroquois were a powerful factor in North American colonial policy. Alliance with the Iroquois offered political and strategic advantages to the European powers, but the Iroquois preserved considerable independence. Some of their people settled in mission villages along the

416:

the Mother of Nations. For nearly 200 years, the Six Nations/Haudenosaunee Confederacy were a powerful factor in North American colonial policy, with some scholars arguing for the concept of the Middle Ground, in that European powers were used by the Iroquois just as much as Europeans used them. At

4216:

Wampum was primarily used to make wampum belts by the Iroquois, which Iroquois tradition claims was invented by Hiawatha to console chiefs and clan mothers who lost family members to war. Wampum belts played a major role in the Condolence Ceremony and in the raising of new chiefs. Wampum belts are

4000:

Once adopted, slaves in Haudenosaunee communities had potential to move up in society. Since slaves were replacing dead nation members, they took on the role of that former member if they could prove that they could live up to it. Their rights within the aforementioned framework were still limited

3772:

The phrasing of the address may vary depending on the speaker but is usually composed of 17 main sections and ends with a closing prayer. The 17 main sections are: 1) The people, 2) The Earth Mother, 3) The waters, 4) The fish, 5) plants, 6) food plants,7) medicine herbs, 8) animals, 9) trees, 10)

3566:

The Husk Face Society performs rituals to communicate with the spirits in nature to ensure a good crop, the False Face Society performs rituals to chase away evil spirits, and the Secret Medicine Society performs rituals to cure diseases. The grotesque masks represent the faces of the spirits that

3496:

The Iroquois today have several different medicine societies. The False Face Company conducts rituals to cure sick people by driving away spirits; the Husk Face Society is made up of those who had dreams seen as messages from the spirits and the Secret Medicine Society likewise conducts rituals to

3492:

During healing ceremonies, a carved "False Face Mask" is worn to represent spirits in a tobacco-burning and prayer ritual. False Face Masks are carved in living trees, then cut free to be painted and decorated. False Faces represent grandfathers of the Iroquois, and are thought to reconnect humans

3372:

that was decorated with feathers was often worn by men. Buckskin ammunition pouches with straps over the shoulder together with belts or slashes that carried powder horn and tomahawks were usually worn by warriors. Quilled knife cases were worn around the neck. Chiefs wore headdresses made of deer

3325:

In summer they go naked, having only their private parts covered with a patch. The children and young folks to ten, twelve and fourteen years of age go stark naked. In winter, they hang about them simply an undressed deer or bear or panther skin; or they take some beaver and otter skins, wild cat,

3179:

By the late 1700s The Iroquois were building smaller log cabins resembling those of the colonists, but retaining some native features, such as bark roofs with smoke holes and a central fireplace. The main woods used by the Iroquois to make their utensils were oak, birch, hickory and elm. Bones and

3037:

Usually, between 2 and 20 families lived in a single longhouse with sleeping platforms being 2 feet above the ground and food left to dry on the rafters. A castle might contain twenty or thirty longhouses. In addition to the castles the Iroquois also had smaller settlements which might be occupied

2918:

The Haudenosaunee engaged in tactics that the French, the British, and the Americans all considered to be cowardly, until the Americans adopted similar guerrilla tactics. The Haudenosaunee preferred ambushes and surprise attacks, would almost never attack a fortified place or attack frontally, and

2891:

Those slated for execution had to wear red and black facial paint and were "adopted" by a family who addressed the prisoner as "uncle", "aunt", "nephew" or "niece" depending on their age and sex, and would bring them food and water. The captive would be executed after a day-long torture session of

2524:

in 1867, civil authority, and thus Indian affairs, passed to Canadian officials with Britain retaining control of military and security matters. At the turn of the century, the Canadian government began passing a series of Acts which were strenuously objected to by the Iroquois Confederacy. During

2308:

The war ensued, and the Iroquois broke their confederation. Hundreds of years of precedent and collective government was trumped by the immensity of the American Revolutionary War. The Oneida and Tuscarora decided to support the colonists, while the rest of the Iroquois League (the Cayuga, Mohawk,

2292:

As Barbara Graymont stated, "Their task was an impossible one to maintain neutrality. Their economies and lives had become so dependent on each other for trading goods and benefits it was impossible to ignore the conflict. Meanwhile, they had to try and balance their interactions with both groups.

2276:

The Iroquois Confederation's population had changed significantly since the arrival of Europeans. Disease had reduced their population to a fraction of what it had been in the past. Therefore, it was in their best interest to be on the good side of whoever would prove to be the winning side in the

1154:

The Iroquois subsequently created a highly egalitarian society. One British colonial administrator declared in 1749 that the Iroquois had "such absolute Notions of Liberty that they allow no Kind of Superiority of one over another, and banish all Servitude from their Territories". As raids between

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who were captured in such large numbers that they lost their independence for a large period of time. "Mourning wars" became essential to rebuilding their numbers, while at the same time Haudenosaunee warriors began launching raids on European colonial settlements. Similarly to Indigenous slaves,

4060:

Inevitably, Haudenosaunee slavery practices changed after European contact. With the arrival of European-introduced infectious diseases came the increase in Haudenosaunee peoples taking captives as their population kept decreasing. During the 17th century, Haudenosaunee peoples banded together to

3983:

suggests that keeping the pace may not have been an easy task, writing that "warriors might slowly lead prisoners by a rope between the lines of men, women and children ". If a prisoner survived all the obstacles on the march back to a Haudenosaunee village, the torture did not end. Captives were

3965:

Haudenosaunee peoples participated in "mourning wars" to obtain captives. Leland Donald suggests in "Slavery in Indigenous North America" that captives and slaves were interchangeable roles. There have been archaeological studies to support that Haudenosaunee peoples did in fact have a hierarchal

3722:

would be harnessed to bring about positive results. There were three types of spirits for the Iroquois: 1) Those living on the earth 2) Those living above the earth and 3) the highest level of spirits controlling the universe from high above with the highest of those beings known variously as the

3615:

appoint leaders, as they have raised children and are therefore held to a higher regard. By the same token, if a leader does not prove sound, becomes corrupt or does not listen to the people, the Clan Mothers have the power to strip him of his leadership. The chief of a clan can be removed at any

3448:

The women wore their hair very long and tied together at the back, or "tied at the back of the head and folded into a tress of about a hand's length, like a beaver tail ... they wear around the forehead a strap of wampum shaped like the headband that some was worn in olden times." "The men have a

3300:

The Iroquois hunted mostly deer but also other game such as wild turkey and migratory birds. Muskrat and beaver were hunted during the winter. Archaeologists have found the bones of bison, elk, deer, bear, raccoon, and porcupines at Iroquois villages. Fishing was also a significant source of food

2949:

The Iroquois League traditions allowed for the dead to be symbolically replaced through captives taken in "mourning wars", the blood feuds and vendettas that were an essential aspect of Iroquois culture. As a way of expediting the mourning process, raids were conducted to take vengeance and seize

2839:

established federal trusteeship to pay the Oneida and Stockbridge-Munsee, effectively ending Congressional termination efforts for them. Though the law did not specifically state the Brothertown Indians were terminated, it authorized all payments to be made directly to each enrollee, with special

2763:

Beginning in 1953, a Federal task force began meeting with the tribes of the Six Nations. Despite tribal objections, legislation was introduced into Congress for termination. The proposed legislation involved more than 11,000 Indians of the Iroquois Confederation and was divided into two separate

2597:

signed a letter asking for communication of the Six Nations' petition to the League's assembly," but the effort was blocked. Six Nations delegates traveled to the Hague and back to Geneva attempting to gain supporters and recognition, while back in Canada, the government was drafting a mandate to

2284:

During the American Revolution, the authority of the British government over the frontier was hotly contested. The colonists tried to take advantage of this as much as possible by seeking their own profit and claiming new land. In 1775, the Six Nations were still neutral when "a Mohawk person was

4236:

The Hiawatha belt is the national belt of the Iroquois and is represented in the Iroquois Confederacy flag. The belt has four squares and a tree in the middle which represents the original Five Nations of the Iroquois. Going from left to right the squares represent the Seneca, Cayuga, Oneida and

3789:

The Iroquois traditionally celebrate several major festivals throughout the year. These usually combine a spiritual component and ceremony, a feast, a chance to celebrate together, sports, entertainment and dancing. These celebrations have historically been oriented to the seasons and celebrated

3726:

Sources provide different stories about Iroquois creation beliefs. Brascoupé and Etmanskie focus on the first person to walk the earth, called the Skywoman or Aientsik. Aientsik's daughter Tekawerahkwa gave birth to twins, Tawiskaron, who created vicious animals and river rapids, while Okwiraseh

3032:

Their houses are mostly of one and the same shape, without any special embellishment or remarkable design. When building a house, large or small,—for sometimes they build them as long as some hundred feet, though never more than twenty feet wide—they stick long, thin, peeled hickory poles in the

2870:

to provide consolation for those who lost a family member or friend. Since it was believed that the death of a family member also weakened the spiritual strength of the surviving family members, it was considered crucially important to replace the lost family member by providing a substitute who

2708:

On July 2, 1948 Congress enacted 62 Stat. 1224, which transferred criminal jurisdiction over offenses committed by and against "Indians" to the State of New York. It covered all reservations' lands within the state and prohibited the deprivation of hunting and fishing rights which may have been

2349:

and thus move their people further westward. In 1838, the Holland Land Company used forged documents to cheat the Seneca of almost all of their land in western New York, but a Quaker missionary, Asher Wright, launched lawsuits that led to one of the Seneca reservations being returned in 1842 and

2280:

There were many reasons that the Six Nations could not remain neutral and uninvolved in the Revolutionary War. One of these is simple proximity; the Iroquois Confederacy was too close to the action of the war to not be involved. The Six Nations were very discontented with the encroachment of the

2272:

The American Revolution caused a great divide between the colonists between Patriots and Loyalists and a large proportion (30–35%) who were neutral; it caused a divide between the colonies and Great Britain, and it also caused a rift that would break the Iroquois Confederacy. At the onset of the

1743:. By 1680, the Iroquois Confederacy was in a strong position, having eliminated the Susquehannock and the Wampanoag, taken vast numbers of captives to augment their population, and secured an alliance with the English supplying guns and ammunition. Together the allies battled to a standstill the 1158:

The League's Council of Fifty ruled on disputes and sought consensus. However, the confederacy did not speak for all five tribes, which continued to act independently and form their own war bands. Around 1678, the council began to exert more power in negotiations with the colonial governments of

6208:

relates that the Europeans learned about many of the interior tribes through the names given to them by the coastal tribes whom they first encountered. As the tribes were competitors and often enemies, the coastal peoples referred to the other tribes in terms that reflected their relations. The

4245:. Traditionally the Onondaga are the peace keepers of the confederacy. The placement of the nations on the belt represents the actually geographical distribution of the six nations over their shared territory, with the Seneca in the far west and the Mohawk in the far east of Iroquois territory. 4170:

Councils of the mothers of each tribe were held separately from the men's councils. The women used men as runners to send word of their decisions to concerned parties, or a woman could appear at the men's council as an orator, presenting the view of the women. Women often took the initiative in

3996:

Slaves brought onto Haudenosaunee territory were mainly adopted into families or kin groups that had lost a person. Although if that person had been vital for the community they "were usually replaced by other kin-group members" and "captives were ... adopted to fill lesser places". During

3826:

Iroquois art from the 16th and 17th centuries as found on bowls, pottery and clay pipes show a mixture of animal, geometrical and human imagery. Moose hair was sometimes attached to tumplines or burden straps for decorative effect. Porcupine quillwork was sewn onto bags, clothing and moccasins,

3631:

and gain their social status through hers. Her brothers are important teachers and mentors to the children, especially introducing boys to men's roles and societies. If a couple separates, the woman traditionally keeps the children. It is regarded as incest by the Iroquois to marry within one's

3582:

treatments. There are three types of practitioners of traditional medicine: The "Indian doctor" or healer, who emphasizes the physical aspect of curing illness, the fortune-teller, who uses spiritual means to determine the cause of the patient's ailments and the appropriate cure, and the witch.

2478:

in the fur trade in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. In the War of 1812, the Canadian Iroquois again declared their neutrality. The Canadian Iroquois communities at Oka and Kahnaweke were prosperous settlements in the 19th century, supporting themselves via farming and the sale of sleds,

2304:

On a contrasting note, it was the colonists who had formed the most direct relationships with the Iroquois due to their proximity and trade ties. For the most part, the colonists and Iroquois had lived in relative peace since the English arrival on the continent a century and a half before. The

1973:

order to extract the maximum amount of material rewards. In 1689, the English Crown provided the Six Nations goods worth £100 in exchange for help against the French, in the year 1693 the Iroquois had received goods worth £600, and in the year 1701 the Six Nations had received goods worth £800.

924:

After the migration of a majority to Canada, the Iroquois remaining in New York were required to live mostly on reservations. In 1784, a total of 6,000 Iroquois faced 240,000 New Yorkers, with land-hungry New Englanders poised to migrate west. "Oneidas alone, who were only 600 strong, owned six

558:

in 1603. Other early French spellings include "Erocoise", "Hiroquois", "Hyroquoise", "Irecoies", "Iriquois", "Iroquaes", "Irroquois", and "Yroquois", pronounced at the time as or . Competing theories have been proposed for this term's origin, but none have gained widespread acceptance. By 1978

4014:

was captured by Haudenosaunee peoples in the 17th century and recalled being starved during his adoption as one of "Aquipaguetin's" replacement sons. Indigenous slaves were also starved by their captors, such as Hennepin was. The brutality of Haudenosaunee slavery was not without its purposes;

3978:

To obtain captives, Haudenosaunee peoples fought "mourning wars". After the wars were over, Haudenosaunee warriors journeyed back to their villages with the enemies taken captive. During these journeys, captives were routinely tortured or even killed by their captors. Leland Donald writes that

3914:

Each clan has a group of personal names which may be used to name members. The clan mother is responsible for keeping track of those names not in use, which may then be reused to name infants. When a child becomes an adult he takes a new "adult" name in place of his "baby" name. Some names are

2618:

of the Canadian Constitution, fearing that their rights to be recognized in the Royal Proclamation of 1763 would be jeopardized. In 1981, hoping again to clarify that judicial responsibilities of treaties signed with Britain were not transferred to Canada, several Alberta Indian chiefs filed a

2088:

In 1711, refugees from is now southern-western Germany known as the Palatines appealed to the Iroquois clan mothers for permission to settle on their land. By spring of 1713, about 150 Palatine families had leased land from the Iroquois. The Iroquois taught the Palatines how to grow "the Three

765:

at an unknown date estimated between 1450 and 1660, bringing together five distinct nations in the southern Great Lakes area into "The Great League of Peace". Other research, however, suggests the founding occurred in 1142. Each nation within this Iroquoian confederacy had a distinct language,

3756:

Condolence ceremonies are conducted by the Iroquois for both ordinary and important people, but most notably when a hoyane (sachem) died. Such ceremonies were still held on Iroquois reservations as late as the 1970s. After death, the soul is thought to embark on a journey, undergo a series of

2926:

to the new diseases, which had been endemic among Europeans for centuries. The League began a period of "mourning wars" without precedent; compounding deaths from disease, they nearly annihilated the Huron, Petun and Neutral peoples. By the 1640s, it is estimated that smallpox had reduced the

2158:

The Iroquois only entered the war on the British side again in late 1758 after the British took Louisbourg and Fort Frontenac. At the Treaty of Fort Easton in October 1758, the Iroquois forced the Lenape and Shawnee who had been fighting for the French to declare neutrality. In July 1759, the

3363:

During the 17th century, Iroquois clothing changed rapidly as a result of the introduction of scissors and needles obtained from the Europeans, and the British scholar Michael Johnson has cautioned that European accounts of Iroquois clothing from the latter 17th century may not have entirely

2296:

Supporting either side in the Revolutionary War was a complicated decision. Each nation individually weighed their options to come up with a final stance that ultimately broke neutrality and ended the collective agreement of the Confederation. The British were clearly the most organized, and

4009:

Slaves were often tortured once captured by the Haudenosaunee. Torture methods consisted of, most notably, finger mutilation, among other things. Slaves endured torture not only on their journey back to Haudenosaunee nations, but also during initiation rituals and sometimes throughout their

3581:

Both male and female healers were knowledgeable in the use of herbs to treat illness, and could dress wounds, set broken bones, and perform surgery. Illness was believed to have a spiritual as well as a natural component, so spells, dances, ceremonies were used in addition to more practical

3992:

The Iroquois have absorbed many other individuals from various peoples into their tribes as a result of adopting war captives and giving refuge to displaced peoples. When such adoptees become fully assimilated, they are considered full members of their adoptive families, clans, and tribes.

3850:

in Seneca). Historically, a version was played between two teams of six or eight players, made up of members of two sets of clans (Wolf, Bear, Beaver, and Turtle on one side vs. Deer, Snipe, Heron, and Hawk on the other among the Senecas). The goals were two sets of poles roughly 450 yards

3249:

and soups in clay pots (later replaced by metal pots after contact with Europeans). Besides the "Three Sisters", the Iroquois diet also included artichokes, leeks, cucumbers, turnips, pumpkins, a number of different berries such blackberries, blueberries, gooseberries, etc. and wild nuts.

2532:

The Haudenosaunee hired a lawyer to defend their rights in the Supreme Court of Canada. The Supreme Court refused to take the case, declaring that the members of the Six Nations were British citizens. In effect, as Canada was at the time a division of the British government, it was not an

6213:

speakers, such as the Eastern Amerindians of Canada (M'ik Maq and others), and the Lenape of the mid-Atlantic and Powhatan Confederacy of Virginia. The editors add, that Iroquois was a polite name from such people, and its meaning is 'from the south', people of the south, or such similar

1531:

Recent scholarship has elaborated on this view, arguing that the Beaver Wars were an escalation of the Iroquoian tradition of "Mourning Wars". This view suggests that the Iroquois launched large-scale attacks against neighboring tribes to avenge or replace the many dead from battles and

2834:

Indians of Wisconsin. In an effort to fight termination and force the government into recognizing their outstanding land claims in New York, the three tribes filed litigation with the Claims Commission in the 1950s. They won their claim on August 11, 1964. Public Law 90-93 81 Stat. 229

1929:, regions which they had conquered during the Beaver Wars. In the meantime, the Iroquois had abandoned their villages. As pursuit was impracticable, the French army commenced its return march on August 10. Under Frontenac's leadership, the Canadian militia became increasingly adept at 3879:

pole about 5–7 feet (1.5–2.1 m) long and about .25 inches (0.64 cm) in diameter, turned up slightly at the front and weighted with lead. The game was played between two sides of up to six players each, often boys, but occasionally between the men of two clans. The snake, or

2305:

Iroquois had to determine whether their relationships with the colonists were reliable, or whether the English would prove to better serve their interests. They also had to determine whether there were really any differences between how the English and the colonists would treat them.

2560:

traveled to Brantford to negotiate a settlement on the issues with the Six Nations. After the meeting, the Native delegation brought the offer to the tribal council, as was customary under Haudenosaunee law. The council agreed to accept the offer, but before they could respond, the

4277:

Historians in the 20th century have suggested the Iroquois system of government influenced the development of the U.S. government, although the extent and nature of this influence has been disputed. Bruce Johansen proposes that the Iroquois had a representative form of government.

966:

French Jesuit accounts of the Iroquois portrayed them as savages lacking government, law, letters, and religion. But the Jesuits made considerable effort to study their languages and cultures, and some came to respect them. A source of confusion for European sources, coming from a

882:

were an Iroquoian-language people who had migrated to that area centuries before European contact. None of these were part of the Haudenosaunee League. Those on the borders of Haudenosaunee territory in the Great Lakes region competed and warred with the nations of the League.

6250:

warfare. During that time frame, the Iroquois had repeated clashes with French-supported Algonquian tribes, seeking control over the fur trade. In addition they defeated the Erie people, and the Susquehannock suffered defeats, as well as high mortality from infectious disease.

1885:. Although great damage was done to their homeland, the Senecas' military might was not appreciably weakened. The Confederacy and the Seneca developed an alliance with the English who were settling in the east. The destruction of the Seneca land infuriated the members of the 2053:

of Virginia concluded a new Treaty at Albany with the Iroquois, renewing the Covenant Chain and agreeing to recognize the Blue Ridge as the demarcation between the Virginia Colony and the Iroquois. But, as European settlers began to move beyond the Blue Ridge and into the

4320:

historian Rakove writes, "The voluminous records we have for the constitutional debates of the late 1780s contain no significant references to the Iroquois" and notes that there are ample European precedents to the democratic institutions of the U.S. In reply, journalist

1904:

for the next nine years (1689–1698). Frontenac had arranged a new strategy to weaken the Iroquois. As an act of conciliation, he located the 13 surviving sachems of the 50 originally taken and returned with them to New France in October 1689. In 1690, Frontenac destroyed

3817: 1155:

the member tribes ended and they directed warfare against competitors, the Iroquois increased in numbers while their rivals declined. The political cohesion of the Iroquois rapidly became one of the strongest forces in 17th- and 18th-century northeastern North America.

854:

with white settlers. A shared cultural background with the Five Nations of the Iroquois (and a sponsorship from the Oneida) led the Tuscarora to becoming accepted as the sixth nation in the confederacy in 1722; the Iroquois become known afterwards as the Six Nations.

1005:. A persistent 19th and 20th century narrative casts the Iroquois as "an expansive military and political power ... subjugated their enemies by violent force and for almost two centuries acted as the fulcrum in the balance of power in colonial North America". 2469:

During the 18th century, the Catholic Canadian Iroquois living outside of Montreal reestablished ties with the League Iroquois. During the American Revolution, the Canadian Iroquois declared their neutrality and refused to fight for the Crown despite the offers of

13512: 1389:

The Five Nations of the League established a trading relationship with the Dutch at Fort Orange (modern Albany, New York), trading furs for European goods, an economic relationship that profoundly changed their way of life and led to much over-hunting of beavers.

3012:

and usually located in a defensible area such as a hill, with access to water. Because of their appearance with the palisade, Europeans termed them castles. Villages were usually built on level or raised ground, surrounded by log palisades and sometimes ditches.

2096: 2645:

across the U.S.-Canada border, and were well armed with assault rifles. On July 11, 1990, the Mohawk Warrior Society tried to stop the building of a golf course on land claimed by the Mohawk people, which led to a shoot-out between the Warrior Society and the

1432:

violence as the circumstances dictated, creating a measured instability that only they could navigate. Their guiding principle was to avoid becoming attached to any single colony, which would restrict their options and risk exposure to external manipulation."

4114:. Sachemships are hereditary within a clan. When a position becomes vacant a candidate is selected from among the members of the clan and "raised up" by a council of all sachems. The new sachem gives up his old name and is thereafter addressed by the title. 958:

missionaries, and subsequent European historians. Historian Scott Stevens credits the early modern European value of written sources over oral tradition as contributing to a racialized, prejudiced perspective about the Iroquois through the 19th century. The

3915:

reserved for chiefs or faith keepers, and when a person assumes that office he takes the name in a ceremony in which he is considered to "resuscitate" the previous holder. If a chief resigns or is removed he gives up the name and resumes his previous one.

3480:

says that each society "was a brotherhood into which new members were admitted by formal initiation." Originally the membership seems to have been on the basis of moiety, but by 1909 all societies seems to have been open to all men regardless of kinship.

3567:

the dancers are attempting to please. Those wearing Doctor masks blow hot ashes into the faces of the sick to chase away the evil spirits that are believed to be causing the illness. The masked dancers often carried turtle shell rattles and long staffs.

1707:

It would be a shame for him to allow his children to be crushed, as they saw themselves to be ... they not having the means of going to attack their fort, which was very strong, nor even of defending themselves if the others came to attack them in their

750: 2613:

The long-term effect of the Order was that the Canadian government had wrested control over the Haudenosaunee trust funds from the Iroquois Confederation and decades of litigation would follow. In 1979, over 300 Indian chiefs visited London to oppose

2381:. The original Mohawk settlement was on the south edge of the present-day Canadian city at a location still favorable for launching and landing canoes. In the 1830s many additional Onondaga, Oneida, Seneca, Cayuga, and Tuscarora relocated into the 3592:(Longhouse Religion). People may resort to traditional practices for certain types of ailments, and to western medicine for other types, or they may use both traditional and western medicine to treat the same ailment as a form of double security. 3661:

Historically women have held the dwellings, horses and farmed land, and a woman's property before marriage has stayed in her possession without being mixed with that of her husband. The work of a woman's hands is hers to do with as she sees fit.

5324:

estimated the Iroquois population around year 1690 at 70,000 people (on average 14,000 in each of five tribes). Iroquois territory in the 16th century and at the beginning of the 17th century was over 75,000 square km (over 29,000 square mi).

3776:

The address serves as a pledge of gratitude as well as a "scientific inventory of the natural world". By describing living and non-living elements of the ecosystem and their functions, uses and benefits, the pledge instills early concepts of

1138:

was the last converted to the ways of peace by The Great Peacemaker and Hiawatha. He was offered the position as the titular chair of the League's Council, representing the unity of all nations of the League. This is said to have occurred at

3956:

present first-hand accounts of cannibalism among the Mohawk. A common theme is ritualistic roasting and eating the heart of a captive who has been tortured and killed. "To eat your enemy is to perform an extreme form of physical dominance."

5434:

in Oklahoma has more than 5,000 people in 2011. In the 2010 Census, 81,002 persons identified as Iroquois, and 40,570 as Iroquois only across the U.S. Including the Iroquois in Canada, the total population numbered over 125,000 as of 2009.

906:, becoming more closely tied to the French. While they participated in French-led raids on Dutch and English colonial settlements, where some Mohawk and other Iroquois settled, in general the Iroquois resisted attacking their own peoples. 1809:

while the Canadian Iroquois warriors refused to fight, instead only engaging in battles of insults with the Seneca warriors. King Louis XIV of France was not amused when he heard of La Barre's failure, which led to his replacement with

3773:

birds, 11) four winds, 12) The Thunderers, 13) The Sun, 14) Grandmother Moon, 15) The stars, 16) The Enlightened Teachers, and 17) The Creator. Within each section, gratitude is given for the gifts that section provides to humanity.

13871: 3020:. Longhouses varied in size from 15 to 150 feet long and 15 to 25 feet in breadth. Longhouses were usually built of layers of elm bark on a frame of rafters and standing logs raised upright. In 1653, Dutch official and landowner 1614:. The Jesuit missions in Huronia on the shores of Georgian Bay were abandoned in the face of the Iroquois attacks, with the Jesuits leading the surviving Hurons east towards the French settlements on the St. Lawrence. The Jesuit 3984:

mutilated and beaten for several days upon arrival by Haudenosaunee warriors. After the initiation process, they were either killed, or welcomed into the nation where they would be replacing a deceased member of that community.

3752:

Dreams play a significant role in Iroquois spirituality, providing information about a person's desires and prompting individuals to fulfill dreams. To communicate upward, humans can send prayers to spirits by burning tobacco.

3562:

The "crooked face" masks with the twisted mouths, the masks with the spoon lips and the whistling masks are the "Doctor" masks. The other masks are "Common Face" or "Beggar" masks that are worn by those who help the Doctors.

5395:

or citizenship, they report the official numbers. (Some traditional members of the nations refuse to be counted.) There is no federally recognized Iroquois nation or tribe, nor are any Native Americans enrolled as Iroquois.

13634:(in French, Latin, and Italian). Vol. 30. Translated by Alexander, Finlow; Bicknell, Percy Favor; Giese, William Frederic; Lindsay, Crawford; Price, William; Sober, Hiram Allen. Cleveland: The Burrows Brothers Company. 1566:

went as envoys to the Mohawk lands to protect the precarious peace. Mohawk attitudes toward the peace soured while the Jesuits were traveling, and their warriors attacked the party en route. The missionaries were taken to

6558: 4326:

including and especially the Iroquois," and (quoting Rakove) "that prolonged contact between the aboriginal and colonizing populations were important elements in the shaping of colonial society and culture." Historian

2104:

On July 9, 1755, a force of British Army regulars and the Virginia militia under General Edward Braddock advancing into the Ohio river valley was almost completely destroyed by the French and their Indian allies at the

602:

wrote that Charlevoix's etymology was dubious, and that "no other nation or tribe of which we have any knowledge has ever borne a name composed in this whimsical fashion". Hale suggested instead that the term came from

3757:

ordeals, and arrive in the sky world. This journey is thought to take one year, during which the Iroquois mourn for the dead. After the mourning period, a feast is held to celebrate the soul's arrival in the skyworld.

10569: 2619:

petition with the British High Court of Justice. They lost the case but gained an invitation from the Canadian government to participate in the constitutional discussions which dealt with protection of treaty rights.

5353:. The Seneca were also estimated at 13,000 in year 1672 and 15,000 in year 1687. In 1713–1722, the Iroquois population was augmented when the Tuscarora migrated north to New York and joined them as the sixth nation. 2336:

By 1811, Methodist and Episcopalian missionaries established missions to assist the Oneida and Onondaga in western New York. However, white settlers continued to move into the area. By 1821, a group of Oneida led by

486:

is of colonial origin. Some scholars of Native American history consider "Iroquois" a derogatory name adopted from the traditional enemies of the Haudenosaunee. A less common, older autonym for the confederation is

3821:

Detail. Ball-headed club. A diplomatic gift to James Bruce (8th Earl Elgin and 12th Earl of Kincardine), made most probably by Haudenosaunee (Iroquois). From Canada, early-mid 19th century CE. National Museum of

5372:

operation. More than 5,000 Iroquois fled to British Canada and an unknown number remained in the U.S. According to one estimate 4,500 died in the aftermath of the expedition, including many who fled to Canada.

1712:

Some old histories state that the Iroquois defeated the Susquehannock but this is undocumented and doubtful. In 1677, the Iroquois adopted the majority of the Iroquoian-speaking Susquehannock into their nation.

1094:

The founders of League are traditionally held to be Dekanawida the Great Peacemaker, Hiawatha, and Jigonhsasee the Mother of Nations, whose home acted as a sort of United Nations. They brought the Peacemaker's

3927:, the evidence is mixed as to whether such a practice could be said to be widespread among the Six Nations, and to whether it was a notable cultural feature. Some anthropologists have found evidence of ritual 3326:

racoon, martin, otter, mink, squirrel or such like skins ... and sew some of them to others, until it is a square piece, and that is then a garment for them; or they buy of us Dutchmen two and a half ells of

3420:

by Morgan, "of red broadcloth, and ornamented with a border of beadwork around the lower edge ... In ancient times the gise'-hǎ was made of deer-skin and embroidered with porcupine-quill work." An over-dress

2253:, destroying many villages and crops, and killing and capturing inhabitants. The destructive raids by Brant and other Loyalists led to appeals to Congress for help. The Continentals retaliated and in 1779, 3616:

time by a council of the women elders of that clan. The chief's sister has historically been responsible for nominating his successor. The clan mothers, the elder women of each clan, are highly respected.

1326:

as a distinct and separate group (and possibly several discrete groups), living in the villages of Hochelaga and others nearby (near present-day Montreal), which had been visited by Cartier. By 1608, when

3343:

The plain moccasin rises several inches above the ankle ... and is fastened with deer strings; but usually this part is turned down, so as to expose a part of the instep, and is ornamented with bead-work.

2030:. Due to shared linguistic and cultural similarities, the Tuscarora gradually aligned with the Iroquois and entered the confederacy as the sixth Indian nation in 1722 after being sponsored by the Oneida. 10888:

Hagan, Willow. "Iroquois Native American Cultural Influences in Promoting Women's Rights Ideologies Leading Up to the First Women's Rights Convention in Seneca Falls on the 19th and 20th of July, 1848".

2565:

conducted a liquor raid on the Iroquois' Grand River territory. The siege lasted three days and prompted the Haudenosaunee to send Deskaheh to Washington, D/C., to meet with the chargé d'affaires of the

1385:

Michael O. Varhola has argued their success in conquering and subduing surrounding nations had paradoxically weakened a Native response to European growth, thereby becoming victims of their own success.

1797:, the Five Nations abandoned their nominal claims to "beaver hunting" lands north of the Ohio in favor of England; however, these areas were still de facto controlled by other tribes allied with France. 1618:

expressed some amazement that the Five Nations had been able to dominate the area "for five hundred leagues around, although their numbers are very small". From 1651 to 1652, the Iroquois attacked the

3373:

antler. By the 18th century, Iroquois men normally wore shirts and leggings made of broadcloth and buckskin coats. In the 17th and 18th centuries silver armbands and gorgets were popular accessories.

8590: 8588: 8586: 7916:

Jennings, p. 135.<--Jennings, F. (1988). Empire of fortune: crown, colonies, and tribes in the Seven Years War in America. New York: Norton. pp. 95, 111, 160, 259n15. ISBN 978-0-393-30640-8.-->

1236:

and high mortality from Eurasian infectious diseases. While the indigenous nations sometimes tried to remain neutral in the various colonial frontier wars, some also allied with Europeans, as in the

5402:, 80,822 people identified as having Iroquois ethnicity (which is similar to identifying as European), with 45,217 claiming only Iroquois ancestry. There are the several reservations in New York: 4061:

stand against settlers. By the end of the century, Haudenosaunee populations were made up mostly of captives from other nations. Among the Indigenous groups targeted by the Haudenosaunee were the

3799:("The supreme belief") ushers in the new year. This festival is traditionally held for one week around the end of January to early February, depending on when the new moon first occurs that year. 2953:

This process not only allowed the Iroquois to maintain their own numbers, but also to disperse and assimilate their enemies. The adoption of conquered peoples, especially during the period of the

4398:

More recently, passports have been issued since 1997. Before 2001 these were accepted by various nations for international travel, but with increased security concerns across the world since the

3647:

The status of Iroquois women inspired and had an impact on the early Feminist American movement. This was seen in the Seneca Fall Convention of 1848, the first feminist convention. For example,

2109:. Johnson, who had the task of enlisting the League Iroquois on the British side, led a mixed Anglo-Iroquois force to victory at Lac du St Sacrement, known to the British as Lake George. In the 975:

kinship system of Iroquois society and the related power of women. The Canadian historian D. Peter MacLeod wrote about the Canadian Iroquois and the French in the time of the Seven Years' War:

802:, and south into what is today northwestern Pennsylvania. At its peak around 1700, Iroquois power extended from what is today New York State, north into present-day Ontario and Quebec along the 5316:

Modern scholarly estimates of the 17th century population of the Iroquois have ranged from 5,500 to more than 100,000. When it comes to eye-witness estimates (that is, contemporary estimates)

1159:

Pennsylvania and New York, and the Iroquois became very adroit at diplomacy, playing off the French against the British as individual tribes had earlier played the Swedes, Dutch, and English.

10762: 1664:. Smallpox struck again, and through the effects of disease, famine, and war, the Iroquois were under threat of extinction. In 1664, an Oneida party struck at allies of the Susquehannock on 4353:

has concluded that "there is virtually no evidence that the framers borrowed from the Iroquois." She argues that the idea is a myth resulting from a claim made by linguist and ethnographer

3176:

were the "Pinetree Chiefs" who served as diplomats and the "War Chiefs" who led the war parties; neither the "Pinetree Chiefs" or the "War Chiefs" were allowed to vote at council meetings.

2454: 1703:

region, and began to claim ownership of the territory. In 1672, they were defeated by a war party of Susquehannock, and the Iroquois appealed to the French Governor Frontenac for support:

14657: 11231: 9535: 1782:

near Montreal. It was the intention of the French to use the Catholic Haudenosaunee in the St. Lawrence valley as a buffer to keep the English-allied Haudenosaunee tribes, in what is now

2941:

Lawrence river valley near Montreal and Quebec. In the 1640s, the Mohawk could field about 800 warriors. By the 1670s, they could field only 300 warriors, indicating population decline.

11136: 4167:

of his clan could demote him, a process called "knocking off the horns". The deer antlers, an emblem of leadership, were removed from his headgear, thus returning him to private life.

2875:

goals as expansion of territory or glory in battle, as were the Europeans. They did, however, go to war to control hunting grounds, especially as the fur trade became more lucrative.

4597:

The first five nations listed below formed the original Five Nations (listed from east to west, as they were oriented to the sunrise); the Tuscarora became the sixth nation in 1722.

3376:

By the 1900s most Iroquois were wearing the same clothing as their non-Iroquois neighbors. Today most nations only wear their traditional clothing to ceremonies or special events.

1732:. In exchange for precious guns from the English, an Iroquois war party devastated the Wampanoag in February 1676, destroying villages and food stores while taking many prisoners. 1232:, with related social organization and cultures, became extinct as tribes as a result of disease and war. They did not join the League when invited and were much reduced after the 77: 2004: 1633:

in 1656 in their territory. They were forced to abandon the mission by 1658 as hostilities resumed, possibly because of the sudden death of 500 native people from an epidemic of

12522: 2900:

were denying that the Haudenosaunee engaged in ritual torture and cannibalism, saying they had seen no evidence of such practices during their visits to Haudenosaunee villages.

6659: 5329:

enumerated a total of 226 Iroquois villages and towns (but most were not occupied at the same time as the Iroquois moved villages every five to twenty years). On the contrary

2202: 1598:

In 1649 during the Beaver Wars, the Iroquois used recently-purchased Dutch guns to attack the Huron, allies of the French. These attacks, primarily against the Huron towns of

4217:

used to signify the importance of a specific message being presented. Treaty making often involved wampum belts to signify the importance of the treaty. A famous example is "

3611:

but both hold real power in the Nations. No person is entitled to 'own' land, but it is believed that the Creator appointed women as stewards of the land. Traditionally, the

2281:

English and their colonists upon their land. They were particularly concerned with the border established in the Proclamation of 1763 and the Treaty of Fort Stanwix in 1768.

2668:

to Oka and Montreal. The stand-off ended on September 26, 1990, with a melee between the soldiers and the warriors. The dispute over ownership of the land at Oka continues.

3966:

system that included slaves. Note that the term 'slave' in Haudenosaunee culture is identified by spiritual and revengeful purposes, not to be mistaken for the term in the

3435:

was worn over the skirt, it is "gathered slightly at the waist, and falls part way down the skirt ... In front it is generally buttoned with silver broaches." The blanket (

5321: 13316: 2695:

In general, the laws were expected to create taxpaying citizens, subject to state and federal taxes as well as laws, from which Native people had previously been exempt.

1881:, striking straight into the seat of Seneca power, and destroying many of its villages. Fleeing before the attack, the Seneca moved farther west, east and south down the 1845:, French-Canadian militiamen, and 353 Indian warriors from the Jesuit mission settlements, including 220 Haudenosaunee. They met under a flag of truce with 50 hereditary 11223: 894:, recognized a need to gain favor with the Iroquois people, who occupied a significant portion of lands west of the colonial settlements. Their first relations were for 742:, Algonquian for "rattlesnake". The French encountered the Algonquian-speaking tribes first, and would have learned the Algonquian names for their Iroquois competitors. 5356:

More recent estimates by Snow and Jones of the Iroquois population have been about 20,000. Jones' estimate applies to the period preceding the first known epidemics of

3658:

Women also held an important position to be Agoianders or to elect them. The Agoianders positions was to watch over the public treasury and hold the chief accountable.

2445:

areas, where they founded new Aboriginal communities which have persisted to the present day claiming either First Nations or Métis identity and indigenous rights. The

2557: 3644:

women's position shift was the reorganization of the political structure. The changes were influential as elected representatives instead of women-appointed sachems.

14607: 9619: 2720:, which was the formal policy presentation announcing the official federal policy of Indian termination. The resolution called for the "immediate termination of the 3694:

Like many cultures, the Iroquois' spiritual beliefs changed over time and varied across tribes. Generally, the Iroquois believed in numerous deities, including the

8734: 4185: 11113: 6270: 3970:. However, once African slavery was introduced into North America by European settlers, some Iroquois, such as Mohawk chief Joseph Brant, did own African slaves. 3041:

Total population for the five nations has been estimated at 20,000 before 1634. After 1635 the population dropped to around 6,800, chiefly due to the epidemic of

550:

are somewhat obscure, although the term has historically been more common among English texts than Haudenosaunee. Its first written appearance as "Irocois" is in

8537: 1107:. Five nations originally joined in the League, giving rise to the many historic references to "Five Nations of the Iroquois". With the addition of the southern 659:

A more modern etymology was advocated by Gordon M. Day in 1968, elaborating upon Charles Arnaud from 1880. Arnaud had claimed that the word came from Montagnais

95: 3760:"Keepers of the faith" are part-time specialists who conduct religious ceremonies. Both men and women can be appointed as keepers of the faith by tribe elders. 3730:

Descriptions of Iroquois spiritual history consistently refer to dark times of terror and misery prior to the Iroquois Confederacy, ended by the arrival of the

14571: 14228: 6083: 2991: 1402: 1370:

on the north shore of Lakes Erie and Ontario, the Susquehannocks, their southern neighbor. Then they destroyed other Iroquoian-language tribes, including the

12003: 1818:

of Virginia, later that year the Virginia Colony agreed in a conference at Albany to recognize the Iroquois' right to use the North-South path, known as the

1060:

believe that the League was formed about 1450, though arguments have been made for an earlier date. One theory argues that the League formed shortly after a

12605: 10174:

Jordan, Kurt A. (2007). "An Eighteenth-Century Seneca Iroquois Short Longhouse from the Townley-Read Site, ca. A.D. 1715–1754". In Kerber, Jordan E. (ed.).

14642: 6088: 3669:). A woman choosing to divorce a shiftless or otherwise unsatisfactory husband is able to ask him to leave the dwelling and take his possessions with him. 13493:

The Ambiguous Iroquois Empire: the Covenant Chain Confederation of Indian Tribes with English Colonies from Its Beginnings to the Lancaster Treaty of 1744

4197:

The term "wampum" refers to beads made from purple and white mollusk shells on threads of elm bark. Species used to make wampum include the highly prized

2377:. Brant's crossing of the river gave the original name to the area: Brant's Ford. By 1847, European settlers began to settle nearby and named the village 14622: 563:

wrote: "No such form is attested in any Indian language as a name for any Iroquoian group, and the ultimate origin and meaning of the name are unknown."

9319:"Text of H.R. 1794 (88th): An Act to authorize payment for certain interests in lands within the Allegheny ... (Passed Congress/Enrolled Bill version)" 6119: 9565: 9125: 1996:

in an effort to seal an alliance with the British. Queen Anne was so impressed by her visitors that she commissioned their portraits by court painter

921:. Today's Iroquois/Six Nations people do not make any such distinction, use the terms interchangeably, but prefer the name Haudenosaunee Confederacy. 14652: 13116:. Oklahoma Indian Affairs Commission, Barbara A. Warner (Ponca Nation) Executive Director 1993 to Present. April 10, 2011. p. 33. Archived from 9227: 9158: 9065: 6223:

The American Heritage Book of Indians states that oral tradition recounts that other Iroquoian peoples were given the opportunity to join the league.

3710:). The Great Spirit was thought to have created plants, animals, and humans to control "the forces of good in nature", and to guide ordinary people. 2198: 1508:

region, and not infrequently the English colonies as well. During the Beaver Wars, they were said to have defeated and assimilated the Huron (1649),

10758: 2922:

European infectious diseases such as smallpox devastated the Five Nations in the 17th century, causing thousands of deaths, as they had no acquired

14251: 12157: 2127: 7432: 3476:

Societies, often called "medicine societies", "medicine lodges", or "curing societies", played an important role in Iroquois social organization.

1811: 1751:, traditional foes of the Confederacy. The Iroquois colonized the northern shore of Lake Ontario and sent raiding parties westward all the way to 1366:. In turn, this ultimately resulted in the breakup of the Huron nation. With no northern enemy remaining, the Iroquois turned their forces on the 9091: 2365:). To partially replace the lands they had lost in the Mohawk Valley and elsewhere because of their fateful alliance with the British Crown, the 9587: 9543: 8182: 7118:

Gibson, John Arthur; Woodbury, Hanni; Henry, Reginald; Webster, Harry; Goldenweiser, Alexander (1992). Nichols, John D.; Wolfart, H. C. (eds.).

14452: 14188: 9420: 9366: 6380: 2537:, whereupon Canada's External Affairs division blocked issuing passports. In response, the Iroquois began issuing their own passports and sent 1933:, taking the war into Iroquois territory and attacking a number of English settlements. The Iroquois never threatened the French colony again. 1322:

reported Iroquoian-speaking groups on the Gaspé peninsula and along the St. Lawrence River. Archeologists and anthropologists have defined the

9500: 9270: 1378:. After their victories, they reigned supreme in an area from the Mississippi River to the Atlantic Ocean; from the St. Lawrence River to the 1240:, the North American front of the Seven Years' War. The Six Nations were split in their alliances between the French and British in that war. 898:, which became highly lucrative for both sides. The colonists also sought to establish friendly relations to secure their settlement borders. 13605:

Jordan, Kurt A. (2013). "Incorporation and Colonization: Postcolumbian Iroquois Satellite Communities and Processes of Indigenous Autonomy".

11128: 4391:

The Haudenosaunee government has issued passports since 1923, when Haudenosaunee authorities issued a passport to Cayuga statesman Deskaheh (

3640:

horticulture. Also, the Handsome Lake code shifted from the family structure from the maternal one to one that centers around the patriarch.

3588:

In recent times, traditional medicine has co-existed with western medicine, with traditional practices more prevalent among followers of the

3045:

introduced by contact with European settlers. The Iroquois lived in extended families divided clans headed by clan mothers that grouped into

7805: 3655:

lived in close proximity to the Seneca tribe of the Iroquois and had a relative and a neighbor who was adopted by the Seneca tribe as well.

9336: 4015:

torture was used to demonstrate a power dynamic between the slave and the "master" to constantly remind the slave that they were inferior.

3862:

as a sovereign state for international lacrosse competitions. It is the only sport in which the Iroquois field national teams and the only

1763: 8956:"Canada's Forgotten Founders: The Modern Significance of the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) Application for Membership in the League of Nations" 3204:

A diorama of The Three Sisters (corn, beans, and squash) on display in A Mohawk Iroquois Village, an exhibit at the New York State Museum.

1008:

Historian Scott Stevens noted that the Iroquois themselves began to influence the writing of their history in the 19th century, including

14627: 7250: 6519:

Kasak, Ryan M. (2016). "A distant genetic relationship between Siouan-Catawban and Yuchi". In Rudin, Catherine; Gordon, Bryan J. (eds.).

3906:

The game sometimes took quite a while to play, depending on the starting number of beans, and games lasting more than a day were common.

3220:, and herbs are gathered for medicine. After the coming of Europeans, the Iroquois started to grow apples, pears, cherries, and peaches. 2066:

Tensions increased over the next decades, and the Iroquois were on the verge of going to war with the Virginia Colony. In 1743, Governor

1656:

allies. In 1663, a large Iroquois invasion force was defeated at the Susquehannock main fort. In 1663, the Iroquois were at war with the

14179: 12866:"An Ethnohistorical Analysis of Iroquois Assault Tactics Used against Fortified Settlements of the Northeast in the Seventeenth Century" 9032: 8140: 6990: 4044:(English: "domestic animal, butler, slave"). There are also more language accounts of slaves being compared to animals (mostly dogs) in 3979:

captives "were killed if they could not keep up, tried to escape, or members of the attacking party could not restrain their emotions".

2070:

paid them the sum of 100 pounds sterling for any settled land in the Valley that was claimed by the Iroquois. The following year at the

1289:

nation of Eastern Canada. These legends relate that the Mi'kmaq in the late pre-contact period had gradually driven their enemies – the

14221: 8959: 2545:

dismissed their complaint claiming that it was within the realm of Canadian jurisdiction and referred them back to Canadian officials.

12533: 12109: 7356: 2249:, other war chiefs, and British allies conducted numerous operations against frontier settlements in the Mohawk Valley, including the 2242:

had been the common-law wife of Sir William Johnson, and it was through her patronage that her brother Joseph came to be a war chief.

1163: 10411: 9252: 8775: 6793: 5992: 3038:

seasonally by smaller groups, for example for fishing or hunting. Living in the smoke-filled longhouses often caused conjunctivitis.

2795:

was passed by Congress and sent to the president for signature. The bill authorized payment for resettling and rehabilitation of the

417:

its peak around 1700, Iroquois power extended from what is today New York State, north into present-day Ontario and Quebec along the

8819: 3441:) is two or three yards of blue or green broadcloth "it falls from the head or neck in natural folds the width of the cloth, as the 2058:

in the 1730s, the Iroquois objected. Virginia officials told them that the demarcation was to prevent the Iroquois from trespassing

1056:, with the banding together of five of the many Iroquoian peoples who had emerged south of the Great Lakes. Many archaeologists and 5456: 4403: 2757: 2737: 1079:

of the historical story told in the distinct oral traditions of women. For this reason, origin tales tend to emphasize the two men

1053: 13730:

Parmenter, Jon (January 2007). "After the Mourning Wars: The Iroquois as Allies in Colonial North American Campaigns, 1676–1760".

6892: 2819: 14368: 13110: 12663: 6446:"Divided We Stand: The Haudenosaunee, Their Passport and Legal Implications of Their Recognition in Canada and the United States" 6307: 5376:

In 1907 there were 17,630 Iroquois and in 1923 there were 8,696 Iroquois in the USA and 11,355 in Canada, for a total of 20,051.

2974:

was captured by an Iroquois raiding party as a teenager, was adopted by a Mohawk family, and ran away to return to his family in

2721: 1638: 4428:

spent $ 1.5 million on a subsequent upgrade to the passports designed to meet 21st-century international security requirements.

1335:

The Iroquois became well known in the southern colonies in the 17th century by this time. After the first English settlement in

992:

Eighteenth-century English historiography focuses on the diplomatic relations with the Iroquois, supplemented by such images as

567: 8793: 4152:. A central government that develops policy and implements it for the people at large is not the Iroquois model of government. 3338:, "true to nature in its adjustment to the foot, beautiful in its materials and finish, and durable as an article of apparel." 2908: 2607: 5449: 1412:

and extending to the Ohio River valley in present-day West Virginia and Kentucky. As a result of the Beaver Wars, they pushed

1273:

Engraving based on a drawing by Champlain of his 1609 voyage. It depicts a battle between Iroquois and Algonquian tribes near

14214: 14114: 13955: 13900: 13769: 13659: 13566: 13547: 13514:

The History and Culture of Iroquois Diplomacy: An Interdisciplinary Guide to the Treaties of the Six Nations and Their League

13446: 13425: 13383: 12760: 12493: 12461: 12357: 12313: 12281: 12248: 12040: 11979: 11177: 11089: 10629: 10311: 10101: 9001: 8502: 7974: 7936: 7619: 7340: 7129: 4052:. This language serves as a proof not only that slavery did exist, but also that slaves were at the bottom of the hierarchy. 2122:

In February 1756, the French learned from a spy, Oratory, an Oneida chief, that the British were stockpiling supplies at the

783: 358: 346: 61: 12573: 10780: 2598:

replace the traditional Haudenosaunee Confederacy Council with one that would be elected under the auspices of the Canadian

13044: 9398: 4535: 1671:

In 1665, three of the Five Nations made peace with the French. The following year, the Governor-General of New France, the

17: 14189:"The Six Nations Confederacy During the American Revolution – Fort Stanwix National Monument (U.S. National Park Service)" 9627: 6625: 4281:

Consensus has not been reached on how influential the Iroquois model was to the development of U.S. documents such as the

1428: 14255: 13091: 13063: 9471: 1162:

Iroquoian-language peoples were involved in warfare and trading with nearby members of the Iroquois League. The explorer

1024:(Seneca, 1850–1912) was an important figure of his generation in recounting versions of Iroquois history in epics on the 917:

diplomatic entity that emerged in response to European colonization, which was dissolved after the British defeat in the

12921:

Koehler, Rhiannon (Fall 2018). "Hostile Nations: Quantifying the Destruction of the Sullivan-Clinton Genocide of 1779".

10666: 8738: 1099:

to the squabbling Iroquoian nations who were fighting, raiding, and feuding with each other and with other tribes, both

342: 14445: 13328: 13221: 12765:. Publications of the Polish Sociological Institute. London: Macmillan. p. 534, 533, 396, 418, 421, 422, 471, 472. 11383: 11312: 11268: 11105: 10828:"Handsome Lake's teachings: The shift from female to male agriculture in Iroquois culture. An essay in ethnophilosophy" 7211:

Keepers. Onondaga was therefore, the capital, where the Grand Council was held and wampum records were kept. The local

6030: 4233:

right of the house represents the Mohawk who are the keepers of the eastern door (eastern edge of Iroquois territory).

3855: 2610:

signed the Order in Council, which set elections on the Six Nations reserve for October 21. Only 26 ballots were cast.

2474:, the governor of Quebec. Many Canadian Iroquois worked for both the Hudson's Bay Company and the Northwest Company as 2471: 2358: 13684: 6976: 3245:) and in Iroquois tradition were considered special gifts from the Creator. These three crops could be ground up into 2950:

captives. Captives were generally adopted directly by the grieving family to replace the member(s) who had been lost.

1774:

were active in Iroquoia, which led to a voluntary mass relocation of many Haudenosaunee to the St. Lawrence valley at

14612: 14085: 14008: 13980: 13881: 13860: 13790: 13526: 13501: 13480: 13404: 13202: 11852: 11254: 10191: 6860: 6405: 6356: 1250: 310: 240: 12634: 8544: 8134: 6232:

The 'fierce' Susquehannock declined rapidly following three years of epidemic disease in 1670–1672. They had been a

2871:

could be adopted, or alternatively could be tortured to provide an outlet for the grief. Hence the "mourning wars".

14617: 14531: 13910:

Santiemma, Adriano (1999). "Towards a Monocultural Future through a Multicultural Perspective. The Iroquois Case".

12583: 12061: 7038:"Notes from the "culture wars": more annotations on the debate regarding the Iroquois and the origins of democracy" 6828: 6534: 6108: 4418: 4407: 3935:

in the sixteenth century. However, other scholars, such as anthropologist William Arens in his controversial book,

3778: 3714:

was the Iroquoian name for the magical potence found in people and their environment. The Iroquois believed in the

2827: 2178: 2090: 1771: 520:. The spelling "Hotinnonsionni" is also attested from later in the nineteenth century. An alternative designation, 456:

people and language. Historically, however, they were competitors and enemies of the Iroquois Confederacy nations.

68: 12619: 9295: 6733: 4800:. The number of clans varies by nation, currently from three to eight, with a total of nine different clan names. 2325:

in 1784, under which the Iroquois ceded much of their historical homeland to the Americans, which was followed by

13998: 12358:"The Tree of Peace The Great Law of Peace: New World Roots of American Democracy by David Yarrow© September 1987" 10788: 9133: 8753: 6233: 5473: 3718:, the spiritual force that flowed through all things, and believed if people were respectful of nature, then the 2717: 2330: 2130:, the Governor-General of New France, assigned the task to Gaspard-Joseph Chaussegros de Léry, an officer of the 1676: 1672: 1630: 1185:

According to one theory of early Iroquois history, after becoming united in the League, the Iroquois invaded the

594:, which is a cry sometimes of sadness, when it is prolonged, and sometimes of joy, when it is pronounced shorter. 9588:"Laverdure Issues a Final Determination Regarding Brothertown Indian Nation Petition for Federal Acknowledgment" 9166: 6445: 3049:("halves"). The typical clan consisted of about 50 to 200 people. The division of the Iroquois went as follows: 2660:

linking the Island of Montreal to the south shore of the St. Lawrence River. On August 17, 1990, Quebec Premier

14047:

Stevens, Scott Manning (2013). "The Historiography of New France and the Legacy of Iroquois Internationalism".

6113: 6040: 5511: 5381: 2840:

provisions for minors to be handled by the Secretary. The payments were not subject to state or federal taxes.

2374: 2067: 2000:. The portraits are believed to be the earliest surviving oil portraits of Aboriginal peoples taken from life. 1802: 1111:

in the 18th century, these original five tribes still compose the Haudenosaunee in the early 21st century: the

626:

expressed doubts that either of those words exist in the respective languages. He preferred the etymology from

2793:

An Act to authorize payment for certain interests in lands within the Allegheny Indian Reservation in New York

14438: 13233:

The Renewed, the Destroyed, and the Remade: The Three Thought Worlds of the Iroquois and the Huron, 1609-1650

11460: 2562: 2322: 2174: 1981: 1563: 1420:. They finally sold to British colonists their remaining claim to the lands south of the Ohio in 1768 at the 1068:

about the League's origins. Some sources link an early origin of the Iroquois confederacy to the adoption of

1853:

council fire, on the north shore of Lake Ontario in what is now southern Ontario. Denonville recaptured the

14237: 13159: 9573: 6770: 5572: 5407: 4354: 4302: 3993:

Historically, such adoptees have married into the tribes, and some have become chiefs or respected elders.

3967: 2970:

Those who attempted to return to their families were harshly punished; for instance, the French fur trader

2493: 2458: 1993: 1548: 623: 397:

from the southeast were accepted into the confederacy, from which point it was known as the "Six Nations".

9235: 9069: 3627:, that is, from a mother to her children. The children of a traditional marriage belong to their mother's 1484:, Erie, and Susquehannock. Trying to control access to game for the lucrative fur trade, they invaded the 1170:

as among the Ohio Valley peoples defeated by the Iroquois in the early 1670s. The Erie and peoples of the

14647: 13374:

Donald, Leland (2011). "Slavery in Indigenous North America". In Eltis, David; Engerman, Stanley (eds.).

12177:

Payne, Samuel B. Jr. (1996). "The Iroquois League, the Articles of Confederation, and the Constitution".

8186: 6068: 5927: 5517: 5505: 3236: 3195: 2957:(1609–1701), meant that the Iroquois League was composed largely of naturalized members of other tribes. 2603: 2170:. American colonists largely ignored the order, and the British had insufficient soldiers to enforce it. 2074:, the Iroquois sold Virginia all their remaining claims in the Shenandoah Valley for 200 pounds in gold. 1901: 1827: 1700: 1409: 1362:

In 1649, an Iroquois war party, consisting mostly of Senecas and Mohawks, destroyed the Huron village of

1259: 425:, and south on both sides of the Allegheny mountains into present-day Virginia and Kentucky and into the 12836: 9066:"U.S. House of Representatives Resolution 108, 83rd Congress, 1953. (U.S. Statutes at Large, 67: B132.)" 3949: 1900:

They finally exhausted and defeated Denonville and his forces. His tenure was followed by the return of

1897:. Fifteen hundred Iroquois warriors had been harassing Montreal defenses for many months prior to that. 1841:) with a well-organized force. In July 1687 Denonville took with him on his expedition a mixed force of 1625:

In 1653 the Onondaga Nation extended a peace invitation to New France. An expedition of Jesuits, led by

1587:

on October 18, 1646. The Catholic Church has commemorated the two French priests and Jesuit lay brother

1408:

Over the years 1670–1710, the Five Nations achieved political dominance of much of Virginia west of the

1258:

argues that the pre-contact Iroquois were an imperialist, expansionist culture whose cultivation of the

1182:

disease, war with the Iroquois, and frontier battles, as settlers took advantage of the weakened tribe.

13802:

The Texture of Contact: European and Indian Settler Communities on the Frontiers of Iroquoia, 1667–1783

12895: 12726: 11375: 10696:"Some medical beliefs and practices of the contemporary Iroquois Longhouses of the Six Nations Reserve" 10540: 8625:

Del Papa, Eugene M. (1975). "The Royal Proclamation of 1763: Its Effect upon Virginia Land Companies".

7440: 5839: 5566: 5499: 5468:

Several communities exist to this day of people descended from the tribes of the Iroquois confederacy.

5427: 4421:

refused to recognize the Iroquois passports and denied the team members entry into the United Kingdom.

3585:

It was believed that knowledge of healing was given by supernatural creatures in the guise of animals.

2823: 2664:

asked for the Canadian Army to intervene to maintain "public safety", leading to the deployment of the

2637:, caused a violent stand-off. The Mohawk reservation at Oka had become dominated by a group called the 2567: 2163: 2027: 2023: 918: 13627: 12480:

Tooker, E. (1990). "The United States Constitution and the Iroquois League". In Clifton, J. A. (ed.).

9344: 9099: 2512:

with the Haudenosaunee grew out of the Anglo-American era of European colonization. At the end of the

963:

of the Iroquois peoples is a topic of much debate, especially regarding the American colonial period.

14637: 14632: 14516: 13972: 13722: 13518: 11260: 10179: 10093: 9594: 9457: 8820:"Ancestral History – Aseniwuche Winewak Nation of Canada – Canada's Rocky Mountain Aboriginal People" 8190: 5696: 5628: 5578: 5536: 5419: 5403: 4282: 4202: 4149: 3612: 2785: 2691: 2677: 2656:, the Warrior Society occupied both the land that they claimed belonged to the Mohawk people and the 2549: 2106: 1967: 35: 13673: 9507: 9373: 9277: 6585: 3497:

cure the sick. There are 12 different types of masks worn by the societies. The types of masks are:

2492:

During World War I, it was Canadian policy to encourage men from the First Nations to enlist in the

373:

simply called them the "Five Nations". The peoples of the Iroquois included (from east to west) the

13853:

The Ordeal of the Longhouse: The Peoples of the Iroquois League in the Era of European Colonization

7860: 7835: 6977:""Iroquoia: A land lost in push by British empire and U.S. settlers," Book Review of Alan Taylor's 5590: 5584: 5333:

in his 1851 book estimated the Iroquois population in year 1650 at 25,000 people, including 10,000

4210: 2700: 2442: 2426: 2318: 1222: 453: 13278:

Crawford, Neta (1994). "A Security Regime among Democracies: Cooperation among Iroquois Nations".

12220:

Forgotten Founders: Benjamin Franklin, The Iroquois, And The Rationale For The American Revolution

8718: 7121:

Concerning the League: The Iroquois League Tradition as Dictated in Onondaga by John Arthur Gibson

3651:, a prominent member of the convention, wrote extensively about the Iroquois throughout her life. 2657: 2648: 1988:, mayor of Albany, arranged for three Mohawk chiefs and a Mahican chief (known incorrectly as the 988:

and the French leadership in Montreal, but only hint at the real influence wielded by these women.

925:

million acres, or about 2.4 million hectares. Iroquoia was a land rush waiting to happen." By the

14521: 14362: 14341: 13576:

Jones, Eric E. (2010). "Population History of the Onondaga and Oneida Iroquois, A.D. 1500-1700".

12673: 12423: 12392: 10966: 8494:

Keeping promises : the Royal Proclamation of 1763, aboriginal rights, and treaties in Canada

7813: 6542: 6103: 6020: 5781: 5388: 3489:

despite its name had male membership. The Sisters of the Deo-ha-ko was an organization of women.

3189: 2897: 2266: 2182: 1949: 1323: 1029: 726: 433: 350: 82:

Map showing historical (in purple) and currently recognized (in pink) Iroquois territorial claims

13923:

Saraydar, Stephen (1990). "No Longer Shall You Kill: Peace, Power, and the Iroquois Great Law".

13186: 13012: 12329: 9427: 7502: 4301:

passed a resolution to recognize the influence of the Iroquois League upon the Constitution and

2844:

only Congress could restore their tribal status. They are still seeking Congressional approval.

1217:

and other closely related tribes out of the region. These tribes migrated to regions around the

1151:

is still used for the League's chair, the fiftieth chief who sits with the Onondaga in council.

13472:

A New Discovery of a Large Country in the Northern America, Extending Above Four Thousand Miles

12240: 12234: 5699:, where he recommended that the British colonies emulate the Iroquois by forming a confederacy. 5320:

estimated the Iroquois in year 1609 at 8,000 warriors (that is around 40,000 people) and baron

4710: 3953: 3866:'s organization sanctioned for international competition by any world sporting governing body. 3652: 2971: 2638: 2521: 2366: 2317:

After the Revolutionary War, the ancient central fireplace of the League was re-established at

2250: 1961: 1421: 124: 13873:

Beyond the Covenant Chain: the Iroquois and Their Neighbors in Indian North America, 1600–1800

13415: 12896:"Not Merely Overrun but Destroyed. The Sullivan Expedition Against the Iroquois Indians, 1779" 12485: 12453: 10183: 8492: 7966: 7260: 6838: 3830:

At harvest time, Iroquois women would use corn husks to make hats, dolls, rope and moccasins.

3394: 2815:

in July 1970. No New York tribes then living in the state were terminated during this period.

12032: 11967: 11400: 10459: 10254:

Beardsley, Gretchen (1939). "The Groundnut as used by the Indians of Eastern North America".

9305: 8823: 8014: 6979:

The Divided Ground: Indians, Settlers, and the Northern Borderland of the American Revolution

6563: 5802:, Canadian writer and performer popular in the late 19th century, of Mohawk-European ancestry 5755: 5596: 5423: 4225: 4218: 3683: 3632:

matrilineal clan, but considered acceptable to marry someone from the same patrilineal clan.

3351: 3318: 3021: 2553: 2370: 2326: 2207: 2187:

The Divided Ground: Indians, Settlers, and the Northern Borderland of the American Revolution

2167: 2110: 2078: 1937: 1906: 1568: 1237: 755: 496:

Haudenosaunee derives from two phonetically similar but etymologically distinct words in the

482:

by which the Six Nations refer to themselves. While its exact etymology is debated, the term

13394: 13178: 13142: 9877:

Stevens, Scott Manning (2018). "Tomahawk: Materiality and Depictions of the Haudenosaunee".

9024: 8955: 7227: 4201:

which produces the famous purple colored beads. For white colored beads the shells from the

3769:

all animals and plants within an ecosystem are connected and each plays a vital role in it.

3309: 3289:

with beans and dried meat. Reports from early American settlers mention Iroquois extracting

14526: 14166: 12527: 12449: 12336: 12301: 12139: 12113: 8133: 7364: 6774: 6210: 5733: 5560: 5431: 5415: 5411: 4399: 4290: 3666: 3576: 2769: 2525:

World War I, an act attempted to conscript Six Nations men for military service. Under the

1918: 1823: 1721: 1653: 1528:

to purchase European goods on which they had become dependent. Starna questions this view.

1340: 1255: 1080: 400:

The Confederacy likely came about between the years 1450 CE and 1660 CE as a result of the

12087: 10403: 9256: 8779: 4309:

held a conference on the link between the Iroquois' government and the U.S. Constitution.

1315:; their expulsion from Gaspé by the Mi'kmaq has been estimated as occurring c. 1535–1600. 1028:. Notable women historians among the Iroquois emerged in the following decades, including 8: 14541: 14259: 11163: 11158: 9271:"Legislation terminating federal controls over eight Indian groups submitted to congress" 9159:"Chapter 947 September 13, 1950 [S. 192] | [Public Law 785] 64 Stat. 845" 6893:"The Six Nations Confederacy During the American Revolution (U.S. National Park Service)" 6125: 5904: 5680: 5674: 5365: 4317: 3937: 3648: 2923: 2880: 2867: 2831: 2665: 2258: 2230: 2144: 2082: 2071: 2050: 1977: 1642: 1513: 1435: 1393:

Between 1665 and 1670, the Iroquois established seven villages on the northern shores of

1367: 1336: 1328: 910: 839: 811: 586:—with which these Indians close all their addresses, as the Latins did of old with their 551: 452:. They are considered Iroquoian in a larger cultural sense, all being descended from the 449: 339: 143: 112: 14173: 9318: 7302: 7053: 2760:

to quickly identify other tribes who would be ready for termination in the near future.

2450: 1262:

enabled them to support a large population. They made war primarily against neighboring

798:

region, occupying large areas north to the St. Lawrence River, east to Montreal and the

794:

to the British) were based in what is now central and west New York State including the

14556: 14546: 14064: 14035: 13945: 13839: 13780: 13739: 13593: 13362: 13303: 13295: 13257: 12938: 12731:(Fourth Reprint ed.). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. p. 40. 12639: 12416:"Did the Founding Fathers Really Get Many of Their Ideas of Liberty from the Iroquois?" 12385:"Did the Founding Fathers Really Get Many of Their Ideas of Liberty from the Iroquois?" 12270: 12265: 12194: 12162: 12004:"Treaty Federalism as Conflict Management: Indigenous- Settler Power Sharing in Canada" 11368: 11348: 11078: 10985: 10855: 10707: 10514: 9894: 7775:

Your Fyre Shall Burn No More: Iroquois Policy towards New France and Its Allies to 1701

7755: 6985: 6972: 6374: 6348:

The middle ground: Indians, empires, and republics in the Great Lakes region, 1650–1815

6312: 6078: 6073: 6051: 5949: 5867: 5793: 4579: 4559: 4411: 4306: 4145: 4085: 4080: 4075: 3863: 3688: 3678: 3665:

Historically, at marriage, a young couple lived in the longhouse of the wife's family (

3595:

The Iroquois societies are active in maintaining the practice of traditional medicine.

3589: 3263: 2958: 2520:

shifted Indian affairs from the military to civilian control. With the creation of the

2414: 2378: 1941: 1914: 1485: 1454: 1298: 1263: 1178:. By 1676 the power of the Susquehannock was broken from the effects of three years of 1144: 1096: 1044: 1021: 903: 871: 807: 648: 479: 422: 401: 257: 105: 13719:

Rural Indigenousness: A History of Iroquoian and Algonquian Peoples of the Adirondacks

13117: 12677: 10905: 3254:, a species of wild onion, is also a part of traditional Iroquois cuisine, as well as 2429:

as far west as the Rocky Mountains. They are known to have settled in the area around

2007:

Paintings of the Mahican and three "Mohawk Kings" who travelled to London in 1710, by

1307: 14602: 14110: 14081: 14068: 14004: 13976: 13951: 13896: 13877: 13856: 13786: 13782:

Termination Revisited: American Indians on the Trail to Self-Determination, 1933-1953

13765: 13655: 13649: 13618: 13597: 13562: 13543: 13522: 13497: 13491: 13476: 13442: 13421: 13400: 13379: 13324: 13307: 13217: 13198: 13179: 12942: 12877: 12489: 12457: 12309: 12297: 12277: 12272:

Exiled in the land of the free: democracy, Indian nations, and the U. S. Constitution

12244: 12215: 12135: 12036: 11975: 11848: 11379: 11308: 11264: 11173: 11169: 11085: 10927: 10859: 10847: 10307: 10187: 10097: 9898: 9126:"Chapter 809 July 2, 1948 [S. 1683] | [Public Law 881] 62 Stat. 1224" 8997: 8498: 7970: 7933: 7759: 7747: 7625: 7615: 7336: 7125: 6856: 6411: 6401: 6362: 6352: 6317: 5945: 5933: 5721: 5710: 5664: 5644: 5460: 4721: 4547: 4367: 4331: 4286: 4229: 4049: 3980: 3924: 3742: 2966:

Nations make up the losses which their nation suffers by the people they lose in war.

2571: 2542: 2254: 2234: 2055: 1989: 1930: 1882: 1838: 1815: 1661: 1417: 1218: 1186: 1100: 1033: 1002: 997: 891: 130: 31: 30:

This article is about the confederacy. For the ethnolinguistic group in general, see

14060: 8797: 7378: 6466: 2975: 2818:

One tribe that had formerly lived in New York did lose its federal recognition. The

2574:. Under pressure from the British, the Netherlands reluctantly refused sponsorship. 1524:(1680). The traditional view is that these wars were a way to control the lucrative 1374:, to the west, in 1654, over competition for the fur trade. Then they destroyed the 14561: 14500: 14056: 14027: 13932: 13831: 13614: 13585: 13354: 13287: 13249: 13190: 12988: 12963: 12934: 12930: 12805: 12186: 11844: 11340: 11224:"A Millennium after inventing the game, the Iroquois are lacrosse's new superpower" 10975: 10917: 10839: 10506: 10027: 9886: 7958: 7925: 7739: 7470: 7298: 7216:

other. The Onondagas sat in the middle and kept the balance between the two sides."

7049: 6062: 5971: 5888: 5871: 5706: 5399: 4788: 4657: 4563: 4450: 4350: 4327: 4258: 4248: 3941:, have challenged the evidence, suggesting the human bones found at sites point to 3731: 3450: 3330:, and that they hang simply about them, just as it was torn off, without sewing it. 3251: 2781: 2745: 2586: 2382: 2354: 2338: 2015: 1783: 1755:. The tribes of Illinois were eventually defeated, not by the Iroquois, but by the 1752: 1724:, as the English colonists in New England were having much difficulty fighting the 1592: 1413: 1108: 1104: 1025: 843: 762: 725:– names used by neighboring Algonquian tribes to refer to the Iroquois, Huron, and 604: 405: 394: 266: 202: 118: 12361: 10510: 4117:

Today, the seats on the Council are distributed among the Six Nations as follows:

3923:

Although the Iroquois are sometimes mentioned as examples of groups who practiced

3172:

representing the various clans who were chosen by the clan mothers. Assisting the

2329:

which they ceded even more land to the Americans. The governor of New York state,

909:

The Iroquois remained a large politically united Native American polity until the

677:, meaning "a man, an Iroquois", as the origin of this term. For the first element 14485: 14387: 14374: 14132: 13966: 13669: 13537: 13436: 13067: 13048: 10980: 10961: 10792: 10733: 10301: 10087: 8991: 7119: 6556: 6288: 5953: 5914: 5876: 5847: 5799: 5654: 5554: 5342: 5330: 5326: 4567: 4555: 4551: 4543: 4539: 4425: 4414: 4322: 4156:

The need for a double supermajority to make major changes made the Confederacy a

4141: 4045: 4029: 3932: 3477: 3456:

The women did not paint their faces. The men "paint their faces red, blue, etc."

3259: 2804: 2773: 2661: 2430: 2262: 1985: 1890: 1878: 1850: 1580: 1505: 1319: 1311:. The "Kwedech" are generally considered to have been Iroquois, specifically the 1198: 1171: 1116: 827: 614: 540: 525: 513: 512:, meaning "house builders". The name "Haudenosaunee" first appears in English in 497: 382: 13396:

The Great Law and the Longhouse: A Political History of the Iroquois Confederacy

13041: 9406: 7963:

Empire of fortune: crown, colonies, and tribes in the Seven Years War in America

7930:

Empire of fortune: crown, colonies, and tribes in the Seven Years War in America

4228:. The belt has a design of thirteen human figures representing symbolically the 1944:), the Iroquois were allied with the English. In July 1701, they concluded the " 14325: 14206: 13589: 13194: 12982: 12957: 12799: 12574:"Iroquois lacrosse team cleared to travel by America – then blocked by Britain" 12569: 11840:

Radical Words of the Mohawk Language with Their Derivatives [microform]

10827: 7474: 6130: 6001: 5965: 5898: 5784:, Mohawk physician who was the second female American Indian doctor in the U.S. 5771: 5743: 5637: 5548: 5384: 5369: 5317: 4794: 4769: 4735: 4330:

noted that supporters of the thesis frequently cite the following statement by

4313: 4294: 4062: 4025: 4011: 3859: 3812: 3620: 2893: 2725: 2581:

and attempted to gather support. "On 27 September 1923, delegates representing

2517: 2173:

Faced with confrontations, the Iroquois agreed to adjust the line again in the

1834: 1748: 1740: 1665: 1626: 1611: 1552: 1489: 1477: 1379: 1363: 1339:(1607), numerous 17th-century accounts describe a powerful people known to the 1274: 1229: 1091:, who plays a prominent role in the female tradition, remains largely unknown. 1065: 972: 960: 951: 867: 437: 370: 13291: 13060: 10049: 9593:. Washington DC: Department of the Interior. September 7, 2012. Archived from 9501:"Indian claims commission awards over $ 38.5 Million to Indian tribes in 1964" 9475: 9426:(Press release). Department of the Interior. February 28, 1968. Archived from 7743: 7629: 6633: 5695:, Onondaga leader, diplomat and spokesperson known for his speech at the 1744 4757: 4406:

lacrosse team was allowed by the U.S. to travel on their own passports to the

3445:

are at the top and bottom, and it is gathered round the person like a shawl."

3379: 3327: 1909:, and in 1693 burned down three other Mohawk villages and took 300 prisoners. 1588: 14596: 14581: 14495: 14490: 14480: 14475: 14315: 14018:

Starna, William; Watkins, Ralph (Winter 1991). "Northern Iroquoian Slavery".

13936: 13177:

Brascoupé, Simon; Etmanskie, Jenny (2006). "Iroquois". In Birx, James (ed.).

12881: 12699: 12555: 11405: 10931: 10922: 10851: 10021: 8144:. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 249–250. 8129: 7751: 7658: 7525:

Souriquois, Etechemin, and Kwedech – – A Lost Chapter in American Ethnography

7466: 6655: 6415: 6321: 6093: 6056: 6046: 6025: 5959: 5859: 5811: 5805: 5761: 5523: 5350: 5346: 5338: 5334: 4714: 4670: 4617: 4499: 4373: 4298: 4266: 4242: 4238: 4206: 3746: 3636: 3278: 2904: 2796: 2777: 2765: 2713: 2534: 2215: 2019: 1945: 1874: 1854: 1819: 1794: 1793:

Map showing dates Iroquois claims relinquished, 1701–1796. Note: In the 1701

1717: 1648:

From 1658 to 1663, the Iroquois were at war with the Susquehannock and their

1619: 1603: 1521: 1352: 1312: 1294: 1140: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1112: 1061: 1001:, and publications such as the Anglo-Iroquoian treaty proceedings printed by 863: 851: 835: 831: 823: 819: 464: 445: 390: 386: 378: 374: 354: 153: 91: 13822:

Richter, Daniel (October 1983). "War and Culture: The Iroquois Experience".

7286: 7037: 6734:"Rotinonsionni, which is the Kanienkehaka (Mohawk) word for Haudenosaunee". 6366: 5364:

In 1779 between 40 and 60 Iroquois towns and villages were destroyed by the

3464: 2641:

that engaged in practices that American and Canadian authorities considered

2162:

After the war, to protect their alliance, the British government issued the

14267: 14155: 14136: 13692: 12865: 12578: 12308:. : American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles. 8996:. Translated by Bennett, Arnold. Montréal: Black Rose Books. pp. 3–6. 7609: 6494: 6135: 6006: 5939: 5833: 5817: 5787: 5727: 5702: 5686: 5277: 4697: 4677: 4637: 4630: 4583: 4385: 4381: 4338: 4190: 4107: 3738: 3695: 3255: 3209: 2683: 2434: 2422: 2406: 2386: 2246: 2222: 2123: 2008: 1997: 1599: 1584: 1544: 1394: 1190: 1075: 1057: 1013: 1009: 993: 799: 795: 599: 560: 10031: 9890: 9421:"NEW BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS ASSIGNMENTS ANNOUNCED FOR SENECAS AND OSAGE" 7437:

Oklahoma Historical Society's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture

6395: 6179:

This is frequently used on the official Haudenosaunee Confederacy website.

5608: 2932:

other nations; and deaths in those wars began the mourning war cycle anew.

2811:

Seneca were able to hold off termination until President Nixon issued his

769:

The League is governed by a Grand Council, an assembly of fifty chiefs or

14566: 14430: 14310: 14280: 13470: 12610: 12158:"Iroquois Constitution: A Forerunner to Colonists' Democratic Principles" 11838: 7728:"From the Mohawk—Mahican War to the Beaver Wars: Questioning the Pattern" 7462: 6346: 6035: 5922: 5749: 5715: 5692: 5616:, political negotiator and critic of European religion, speaking to crowd 4690: 4650: 4377: 4342: 4089: 3876: 3608: 3416: 3217: 2954: 2634: 2513: 2446: 2438: 2239: 2147:

as Léry reported "I could not restrain the ardor of the soldiers and the

2041: 1622:, to their south in present-day Pennsylvania, without sustained success. 1579:

recommended setting them free, but angry members of the Bear clan killed

1572: 1517: 1501: 1473: 1467: 1371: 1233: 1175: 926: 875: 859: 815: 803: 441: 418: 413: 13807: 13261: 12804:. Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology. pp. 34–39. 12065: 10711: 10695: 9454:

In the Shadow of Kinzua: The Seneca Nation of Indians Since World War II

5438:

In the 2020 U.S. census in total 113,814 people identified as Iroquois.

4224:"The Covenant Belt" was presented to the Iroquois at the signing of the 3402:

Writing in 1851 Morgan wrote that women's outfits consisted of a skirt (

3387:

Men wore a cap with a single long feather rotating in a socket called a

13843: 13743: 13463: 13299: 13143:"American Indian and Alaska Native Population by Tribal Grouping, 2010" 12992: 12967: 12809: 12198: 11129:"Idle no more: Decolonizing water, food and natural resources with tek" 10843: 10433: 6098: 5882: 5863: 5827: 5613: 5493: 3871: 3604: 3290: 2996: 2800: 2741: 2733: 2653: 2628: 2615: 2599: 2594: 2211: 2138:

did in fact abandon the expedition. On March 26, 1756, Léry's force of

1862: 1858: 1826:, provided they did not intrude on the English settlements east of the 1779: 1767: 1756: 1720:, sent a letter to the chiefs of the Iroquois asking for their help in 1416:-speaking tribes out and reserved the territory as a hunting ground by 1286: 1202: 1088: 968: 887: 627: 426: 14039: 13366: 11352: 11166:: Indigenous Wisdom, Scientific Knowledge, and the Teachings of Plants 11018: 11016: 10989: 10612: 10610: 10608: 10518: 10494: 9566:"Public Law 90-93 September 27, 1967 | [S. 1972] 81 Stat. 229" 8497:. McGill–Queen's University Press. pp. 4, 38, 51, 201, 212, 257. 7889:. Kingston and Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 751. 7727: 4144:

studied the Grand Council in the 19th century, he interpreted it as a

3200: 2018:

gradually migrated northwards towards Pennsylvania and New York after

448:, all independent peoples known to the European colonists, also spoke 14285: 13762:

Joseph Brant and His World: 18th Century Mohawk Warrior and Statesmen

13253: 12776: 5853: 5648: 5542: 5487: 5357: 5044: 4831: 4198: 4160: 3707: 3270: 3232: 3017: 3001: 2915:

as it would bring the presence of unhappy ghosts into the community.

2884:

from Champlain's musket, in a demonstration to his Algonquin allies.

2729: 2642: 2418: 2410: 2390: 2342: 2115: 1926: 1922: 1775: 1725: 1525: 1445: 1210: 1167: 895: 847: 555: 13835: 13458:

Seven Generations of Iroquois Leadership: The Six Nations Since 1800

12987:. Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology. p. 40. 12841:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 287–288. 12415: 12384: 12190: 3502:

The Secret Society of Medicine Men and the Company of Mystic Animals

1917:, where he arrived a month later. With support from the French, the 1762:

In 1679, the Susquehannock, with Iroquois help, attacked Maryland's

1687: 14576: 14536: 14305: 14031: 13358: 13214:

Evolution of the Onondaga Iroquois: Accommodating Change, 1500-1655

13160:"Distribution of American Indian tribes: Iroquois People in the US" 11344: 11331:

Abler, Thomas S. (1980). "Iroquois Cannibalism: Fact not Fiction".

11013: 10630:"Iroquois Traditional Ceremonies -- Oneida Nation | Oneida History" 10605: 10176:

Archaeology of the Iroquois: Selected Readings and Research Sources

6011: 5892: 5843: 5737: 5391:

reserve in Canada, as of December 2014 and 26,034 total in Canada.

4392: 3840: 3442: 3335: 3294: 3286: 3274: 3042: 3009: 2602:. In an unpublicized signing on September 17, 1924, Prime Minister 2538: 2346: 2045:

Engraving of Iroquois people engaging in trade with Europeans, 1722

1894: 1696: 1634: 1540: 1533: 1375: 1194: 1179: 1135: 1084: 879: 409: 13893:

Bonds of Alliance: Indigenous and Atlantic Slaveries in New France

12306:

Exemplar of liberty: native America and the evolution of democracy

12144:

Exemplar of Liberty: Native America and the Evolution of Democracy

11796: 11794: 9472:"Richard Nixon: Special Message to the Congress on Indian Affairs" 6874: 6872: 5908: 2402: 1789: 1770:

allies. Peace was not reached until 1685. During the same period,

937: 14320: 14275: 14161: 12668: 12236:

I Have Spoken: American History Through the Voices of the Indians

7887:

The Children of Aataentsic: A History of the Huron People to 1660

6922:

Richter. "Ordeals of the Longhouse". In Richter; Merrill (eds.).

6397:

Unconquered : the Iroquois League at war in colonial America

5668: 5380:

according to the Six Nations Elected Council, some 12,436 on the

4102: 4088:(right) with John Tutela and Young Warner, two other Six Nations 3942: 3928: 3624: 2749: 2582: 2362: 2062:

of the Blue Ridge, but it did not prevent English from expanding

1736: 1729: 1607: 1398: 955: 761:

The Iroquois Confederacy is believed to have been founded by the

574:

The name Iroquois is purely French, and is formed from the term

13099:. NY: NEW YORK STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT. 2012. pp. 11–12. 11728: 11704: 10949:(7 ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc. pp. 58–59. 10051:

Iroquois Population History and Settlement Ecology, AD 1500–1700

10000: 9998: 9399:"Warren Times-Mirror and Observer from Warren, Pennsylvania p.9" 4289:. The influence thesis has been discussed by historians such as 2852: 2341:, son of a Mohawk woman, went to Wisconsin to buy land from the 14551: 14241: 14172: 12615: 12266:"Iroquois political theory and the roots of American democracy" 11818: 11791: 11632: 11630: 11593: 11591: 11441: 10086:

Snow, Dean R.; Gehring, Charles T.; Starna, William A. (1996).

9536:"Efforts have gone on for years to get Brothertown recognition" 9372:. Department of the Interior. September 5, 1967. Archived from 9153: 9151: 7208: 6869: 6237: 6015: 5142: 4973: 4793:

Within each of the six nations, people belonged to a number of

4519: 4180: 4111: 3790:

based on the cycle of nature rather than fixed calendar dates.

3745:, a young woman of Mohawk-Algonquin parents. The Seneca sachem 3711: 3432: 3428: 3246: 2982:

and assimilation was common to native people of the Northeast.

2590: 2578: 2541:, the Cayuga Chief "Deskaheh", to England with their attorney. 2509: 2003: 1866: 1846: 1744: 1657: 1649: 1559: 1493: 1214: 1206: 1197:

to seek additional hunting grounds. They displaced about 1,200

770: 460: 459:

In 2010, more than 45,000 enrolled Six Nations people lived in

208: 12845: 12482:

The Invented Indian: Cultural Fictions and Government Policies

9506:. Department of the Interior. January 20, 1965. Archived from 9276:. Department of the Interior. January 21, 1954. Archived from 8165: 8163: 7611:

Indigenous continent : the epic contest for North America

6489: 6487: 6240:

and defeated two tribes of the Iroquois between 1665 and 1667.

5620: 4459: 4372:

The Grand Council of the Iroquois Confederacy declared war on

683:, Day cites cognates from other attested Montagnais dialects: 220: 14300: 14107:

For King and Kanata: Canadian Indians and the First World War

13876:. University Park, Pa.: Pennsylvania State University Press. 9995: 5918: 5736:

or The Great Peacemaker, the traditional founder, along with

5224: 5189: 5048: 3703: 3224: 3223:

Historically, the main crops cultivated by the Iroquois were

3213: 2753: 2687: 2570:

asking the Dutch Queen to sponsor them for membership in the

2035: 1984:), they were involved in planned attacks against the French. 1509: 1481: 1069: 232: 11806: 11767: 11716: 11692: 11665: 11627: 11588: 11576: 11532: 11475: 9181: 9148: 8280: 8278: 8214:

Conrad Weiser and the Indian Policy of Colonial Pennsylvania

14658:

Tribal Confederacies of indigenous peoples of North America

14295: 14290: 11745: 11743: 11682: 11680: 10873:

Ezzo, David. "Female Status and roles among the Iroquois".

10256:

Papers of the Michigan Academy of Sciences Arts and Letters

9959: 9905: 9777: 9741: 9666: 9654: 8926: 8924: 8922: 8909: 8907: 8638: 8636: 8160: 7287:"A Sign in the Sky: Dating the League of the Haudenosaunee" 7212: 6950: 6948: 6484: 5891:, Mohawk, songwriter, guitarist and singer who was part of 5220: 5103: 4902: 4797: 4262: 4189:

Chiefs of the Six Nations explaining their wampum belts to

3699: 3628: 3282: 3228: 2461:

community in British Columbia all claim Iroquois ancestry.

2203:

George Washington's relations with the Iroquois Confederacy

1921:

nations drove the Iroquois out of the territories north of

1861:

and seized, chained, and shipped the 50 Iroquois chiefs to

1576: 980: 929:, the Iroquois had lost control of considerable territory. 776: 302: 296: 287: 275: 211: 12056: 12054: 12052: 11972:

Gone To Croatan: Origins of North American Dropout Culture

11755: 11417: 11284: 11047: 11045: 11043: 10807: 10361: 10359: 10357: 10355: 9937: 9935: 9922: 9920: 9831: 9829: 9827: 9794: 9792: 9731: 9729: 9727: 9702: 9700: 9698: 9696: 9683: 9681: 8892: 8870: 8868: 8543:. Bureau of Indian Affairs. pp. 3–159. Archived from 8538:"Oneida Nation of New York Conveyance of Lands Into Trust" 8148: 8091: 8081: 8079: 8077: 8075: 8073: 8071: 8056: 7117: 6427: 6425: 5942:(Half-king), Seneca war leader during the Seven Years' War 3931:

and cannibalism at Iroquois sites, for example, among the

2633:

In 1990, a long-running dispute over ownership of land at

1472:

Beginning in 1609, the League engaged in the decades-long

858:

Other independent Iroquoian-speaking peoples, such as the

293: 14138:

Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family

13321:

Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life, Vol. 2

13111:"2011 Oklahoma Indian Nations Pocket Pictorial Directory" 11938: 11880: 11878: 11876: 11655: 11653: 11651: 11649: 11647: 11645: 11566: 11564: 11551: 11549: 11547: 11498: 11496: 11494: 11492: 11490: 11205: 11203: 11201: 11003: 11001: 10999: 10386: 10384: 10382: 10380: 10378: 10376: 10374: 10353: 10351: 10349: 10347: 10345: 10343: 10341: 10339: 10337: 10335: 10320: 10213: 10211: 10209: 10207: 10205: 10203: 10145: 10143: 10141: 10128: 10126: 10124: 10122: 10120: 9860: 9858: 9856: 9854: 9852: 9850: 9848: 9846: 9844: 9825: 9823: 9821: 9819: 9817: 9815: 9813: 9811: 9809: 9807: 9048: 9046: 9044: 9042: 8855: 8853: 8851: 8849: 8847: 8845: 8843: 8841: 8700: 8698: 8696: 8694: 8692: 8677: 8667: 8665: 8663: 8573: 8571: 8569: 8554: 8448: 8424: 8400: 8376: 8364: 8352: 8330: 8328: 8326: 8324: 8322: 8320: 8318: 8316: 8303: 8301: 8299: 8297: 8295: 8293: 8275: 7077: 7075: 6804: 6521:

Advances in the Study of Siouan Languages and Linguistics

5836:, Mohawk filmmaker, photographer, and installation artist 3737:

After the arrival of the Europeans, some Iroquois became

3180:

antlers were used to make hunting and fishing equipment.

1228:

Other Iroquoian-language peoples, including the populous

1048:

Iroquois painting of Tadodaho receiving two Mohawk chiefs

281: 12902: 11902: 11861: 11779: 11740: 11677: 9367:"Bill submitted to end federal ties with Seneca Indians" 9193: 9106: 8919: 8904: 8633: 8605: 8603: 8241: 8239: 8237: 8235: 8112: 8110: 8108: 8106: 7900: 7898: 7896: 7777:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 19–20. 6945: 6935: 6933: 6467:"The American Indian and Alaska Native Population: 2010" 5870:; appointed Commissioner of Indian Affairs by President 4346:

distinctive and individually remarkable in conception."

4269:, the needles of which are clustered in groups of five. 1610:, were the final battles that effectively destroyed the 1269: 1064:

on August 31, 1142, an event thought to be expressed in

13895:. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. 13689:

Army History: The Professional Bulletin of Army History

12049: 11057: 11040: 11028: 10595: 10593: 10591: 10589: 10587: 10585: 10583: 10581: 9971: 9947: 9932: 9917: 9789: 9765: 9753: 9724: 9712: 9693: 9678: 9642: 8958:. Law Social Justice & Global Development Journal. 8880: 8865: 8648: 8068: 8032: 7995: 7983: 7788: 7786: 7784: 7579: 7577: 7575: 7573: 6559:"Finger Lakes National Heritage Area Feasibility Study" 6557:

National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior.

6422: 5790:

Si-gwa-ah-doh-gwih ("Spear Hanging Down"), Seneca chief

3723:

Great Spirit, the Great Creator or the Master of Life.

3698:, the Thunderer, and the Three Sisters (the spirits of 3398:

A representation of a Seneca woman in traditional dress

846:

joined the League, having migrated northwards from the

13817:. New York: Macmillan Reference USA. pp. 164–167. 13630:. In Thwaites, Reuben Gold; Blair, Emma Helen (eds.). 13378:. Vol. 3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 12484:. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. pp. 11926: 11914: 11890: 11873: 11642: 11615: 11603: 11561: 11544: 11520: 11508: 11487: 11463:. Ontario Ministry of Government and Consumer Services 11429: 11198: 10996: 10647: 10371: 10332: 10200: 10155: 10138: 10117: 10007:

Pierre-Esprit Radisson: Merchant Adventurer, 1636–1701

9983: 9841: 9804: 9039: 8838: 8689: 8660: 8566: 8518: 8472: 8460: 8436: 8412: 8388: 8340: 8313: 8290: 8263: 7543: 7138: 7099: 7087: 7072: 7060: 7005: 6816: 6543:

The Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian

6084:

Iroquois settlement of the north shore of Lake Ontario

5830:, Onondaga, traditional Faithkeeper of the Turtle clan 5778:), last hereditary Oneida chief, also Episcopal priest 5671:

and African-American parents and adopted by the Mohawk

3623:, and hereditary leadership passes through the female 3269:

Using these ingredients they prepared meals of boiled

2992:

Iroquois settlement of the north shore of Lake Ontario

1679:

outside of Montreal. This treaty lasted for 17 years.

1134:

According to legend, an evil Onondaga chieftain named

950:

Knowledge of Iroquois history stem from Haudenosaunee

13815:

Encyclopedia of World Cultures. Vol. 1: North America

13536:

Johansen, Bruce Elliott; Mann, Barbara Alice (2000).

13420:(1st Paperback ed.). Syracuse University Press. 11974:. Brooklyn, New York: Autonomedia. pp. 240–247. 10266: 10235: 10223: 9092:"Lead Up To The Indian Claims Commission Act Of 1946" 8600: 8251: 8232: 8220: 8103: 8044: 7893: 7186: 7124:. Algonquian and Iroquoian Linguistics. p. xii. 6930: 6610:

Goddard, I. (1978). "Synonymy". In G. Trigger (ed.).

3763: 3313:

A representation of a Seneca man in traditional dress

2799:

who were being dislocated by the construction of the

2401:

Many Iroquois (mostly Mohawk) and Iroquois-descended

1889:. On August 4, 1689, they retaliated by burning down 311: 299: 284: 269: 241: 229: 226: 217: 214: 13651:

1491 New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus

12962:. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. p. 4. 12959:

The aboriginal population of America north of Mexico

12816: 12735: 10578: 10009:. Montreal: McGill University Press. pp. 33–34. 9530: 9528: 7798: 7781: 7589: 7570: 7531: 7503:"Oneida Nation | Kayanlaˀ Kówa – Great Law of Peace" 7174: 5982: 4743:

1 Not one of the original Five Nations; joined 1722.

3493:

and nature and to frighten illness-causing spirits.

1695:

Around 1670, the Iroquois drove the Siouan-speaking

1480:

allies, and other neighboring tribes, including the

1351:. They were said to come from the north, beyond the 818:. From east to west, the League was composed of the 814:

into present-day Virginia and Kentucky and into the

278: 256:

from 1722 onwards; alternatively referred to by the

13855:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 12664:"Iroquois spend $ 1.5 million to upgrade passports" 12606:"UK won't let Iroquois lacrosse team go to tourney" 11305:

The Man-Eating Myth: Anthropology and Anthropophagy

10910:

NEXUS: The Canadian Student Journal of Anthropology

7932:. New York: Norton. pp. 95, 111, 135, 160, 259n15. 7397: 7309: 7266: 5862:, also known as Donehogawa or Häsanoan′da, Seneca, 5709:during the American Revolution and was a friend of 4410:in England only after the personal intervention of 4395:) to travel to the League of Nations headquarters. 2837:

Emigrant New York Indians of Wisconsin Judgment Act

2671: 2508:The complex political environment which emerged in 1439:

Map of the New York tribes before European arrival:

290: 272: 205: 13176: 12296: 12269: 12026: 11367: 11077: 11022: 10616: 10571:Documents of the Assembly of the State of New York 7726:Starna, William A.; Brandao, Jose Antonio (2004). 6753: 6751: 6749: 6747: 6745: 6295:. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. 6120:Sketches of the Ancient History of the Six Nations 5842:(Teyoninhokovrawen), Mohawk warrior and leader of 3507:Divided mask that painted half black and half red; 3347:Moccasins of a sort were also made of corn husks. 2417:during its existence from 1779 to 1821 and became 2353:Captain Joseph Brant and a group of Iroquois left 1735:By 1677, the Iroquois formed an alliance with the 1716:In January 1676, the Governor of New York colony, 1301:region. The Mi'kmaq named the last-conquered land 14572:Settlement of the northern shores of Lake Ontario 13947:Iroquois Diplomacy on the Early American Frontier 13345:Day, Gordon M. (1968). "Iroquois: An Etymology". 13323:(2nd ed.). Detroit: Gale. pp. 304–310. 13185:. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. pp. 12210: 12208: 10738:. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 70–71 10085: 10081: 10079: 10077: 10075: 10073: 10071: 10069: 9525: 9214:Blood Struggle: The Rise of Modern Indian Nations 8620: 8618: 6736:Kanienkehaka Lifeways – Mohawk Valley, circa 1500 6308:"How Indigenous Athletes Are Reclaiming Lacrosse" 5936:, Oneida singer, songwriter, actress and educator 5661:list of the 80 Best Fighters of the Last 80 Years 4272: 2813:Special Message to the Congress on Indian Affairs 2199:Western theater of the American Revolutionary War 1189:in the territories that would become the eastern 14608:Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands 14594: 14236: 13093:New York Native Americans Language & Culture 13010: 9253:"Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe – Culture and History" 9247: 9245: 8985: 8983: 8981: 8979: 8977: 8491:Fenge, Terry; Aldridge, Jim (November 1, 2015). 6605: 6603: 6601: 6599: 6597: 6595: 6293:Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines 6089:Kahnawake Iroquois and the Rebellions of 1837–38 1575:, New York), where the moderate Turtle and Wolf 1355:territory. Historians have often identified the 671:. Day proposed a hypothetical Montagnais phrase 524:, is occasionally encountered as well, from the 13240:Charlton, Thomas (1968). "On Iroquois Incest". 12146:. Native American Politics Series. Vol. 3. 12031:. New York: New York University Press. p. 11370:Divine Hunger: Cannibalism as a Cultural System 10781:"Iroquois Women Inspire 19th Century Feminists" 10568:Assembly, New York (State) Legislature (1914). 8716: 6917: 6915: 6913: 6742: 5293: 5172: 5086: 5011: 4940: 4869: 4490: 3118:(A) clans: Tortoise, Wolf, Snipe, Eagle, Beaver 1833:In 1687, the Marquis de Denonville set out for 1591:(killed September 29, 1642) as among the eight 737: 665:, meaning "terrible man", via the reduced form 651: 13870:Richter, Daniel K.; Merrell, James H. (2003). 13869: 13641:The Canadian Iroquois and the Seven Years' War 12205: 12134: 10774: 10772: 10066: 9205: 8949: 8947: 8945: 8943: 8941: 8939: 8627:The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 8615: 7688:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 64. 7491:. University Press of New England. p. 13. 7042:American Indian Culture & Research Journal 6209:coastal tribes were among the large family of 5282: 5251: 5161: 5122: 5075: 5000: 4929: 4858: 4341:Dean Snow has stated that although Franklin's 3741:, among them the first Native American Saint, 2577:Deskaheh and the tribal attorney proceeded to 1305:or "last land", from which the French derived 941:Map showing Iroquois claims through the 1700s. 886:French, Dutch, and English colonists, both in 14446: 14222: 14017: 13319:. In Gall, Timothy L.; Hobby, Jeneen (eds.). 12102: 11970:. In Sakolsky, Ron; Koehnline, James (eds.). 11824: 11800: 11773: 11734: 11722: 11710: 11698: 11671: 11636: 11597: 11582: 11538: 11481: 11447: 10700:Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 9445: 9242: 9017: 8974: 8490: 7725: 6967: 6965: 6963: 6612:Handbook of North American Indians: Northeast 6592: 5683:(Chainbreaker) Thaonawyuthe, Seneca war chief 5667:or Akiatonharónkwen, a Mohawk leader born to 5430:: some 21,000, according to the 2000 census. 3607:system. Men and women have traditionally had 3016:Within the villages the inhabitants lived in 2652:that left a policeman dead. In the resulting 1812:Jacques-René de Brisay, Marquis de Denonville 1569:Ossernenon village, Kanienkeh (Mohawk Nation) 1543:to gain a monopoly in the fur trade with the 506:, meaning "those of the extended house", and 13535: 13314: 13070:, Six Nations Elected Council, December 2014 13051:, Six Nations Elected Council, December 2014 12914: 12446:The Iroquois (The Peoples of America Series) 11461:"Sophia Burthen Pooley: Part of the Family?" 10026:(MA thesis). College of William & Mary. 9301: 8135:"Frontenac et Palluau, Louis de Buade" 7291:American Indian Culture and Research Journal 7256: 7161: 7159: 7157: 7155: 7153: 6910: 6834: 6779:Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico 6431: 6306:Keh, Andrew; Kiehart, Pete (July 27, 2022). 5240: 5229: 5194: 5147: 5108: 5064: 5053: 5033: 5022: 4989: 4978: 4962: 4951: 4918: 4907: 4891: 4880: 4847: 4836: 4402:, this is no longer the case. In 2010, the 4039: 4033: 3894: 3881: 3845: 3794: 3436: 3422: 3409: 3403: 3240: 3099:(A) clans: Heron, Beaver, Bear, Wolf, Turtle 3061:(A) clans: Bear, Beaver, Heron, Turtle, Wolf 642: 617: 608: 534: 528: 507: 501: 488: 14643:Native Americans in the American Revolution 14075: 14003:. Oxford, UK and Cambridge, MA: Blackwell. 13011:George-Kanentiio, Doug (Fall–Winter 1995). 12080: 10944: 10769: 9495: 9493: 8936: 8754:"The Iroquois of the Rocky Mountain Trench" 7965:. New York: Norton. pp. 95, 111, 160, 7910: 7285:Mann, Barbara A.; Fields, Jerry L. (1997). 6710: 6690: 6688: 6686: 6684: 6682: 6680: 6678: 6676: 6674: 6271:"Stateless Society | Encyclopedia.com" 4237:Mohawk. The Onondaga are represented by an 3619:The Iroquois have traditionally followed a 3277:sweetened with maple syrup, known today as 3086:(B) clans: Eel, Snipe, Beaver, Turtle, Deer 2690:, the U.S. government followed a policy of 2375:Six Nations of the Grand River First Nation 1992:) to travel to London in 1710 to meet with 1405:. The villages were all abandoned by 1701. 984:and joining in delegations to confront the 357:. They were known by the French during the 323: 14623:Native American tribes in New York (state) 14460: 14453: 14439: 14229: 14215: 14109:. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press. 13753:The Edge of the Woods: Iroquoia, 1534–1701 13675:League of the Ho-dé-no-sau-nee or Iroquois 12762:Primitive society and its vital statistics 12475: 12473: 11968:"The Iroquois Influence on Women's Rights" 11961: 11959: 11957: 11955: 11953: 10488: 10486: 10484: 10482: 10480: 8993:Aboriginal peoples: toward self-government 7607: 7561: 7455: 7284: 6971: 6960: 6822: 6798:Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America 6379:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6305: 5885:, Seneca orator and chief of the Wolf clan 5746:or Deserontyon, prominent Mohawk war chief 5624:A painting of the Seneca chief Cornplanter 4745:2 Settled between the Oneida and Onondaga. 4458: 4449: 4361: 3603:The Iroquois have historically followed a 3293:that was used as a sweetener for cornmeal 2413:) took employment with the Montreal-based 2100:Unnamed Iroquois chief, early 18th century 1602:(St. Ignace) and St. Louis in what is now 1039: 734:Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America 720: 714: 708: 702: 696: 690: 684: 678: 672: 666: 660: 636: 630: 76: 13909: 13890: 13785:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. 13750: 13729: 13268: 13230: 12758: 12568: 12232: 11908: 11867: 11812: 11785: 11749: 11326: 11324: 10979: 10921: 10689: 10687: 10495:"Secret Medicine Societies of the Seneca" 10253: 10043: 10041: 9211: 8874: 8169: 8154: 8097: 8085: 8062: 8038: 8001: 7989: 7170:. American Heritage Publishing, Co., Inc. 7150: 6711:Rausch, David A.; Blair, Schlepp (1994). 5993:Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal 5758:, Oneida and award-winning Canadian actor 4582:, Karihwiio, Kanoh'hon'io, Kahni'kwi'io, 4024:eaten as Haudenosaunee peoples ate dogs. 3781:within grade school children and onward. 3468:Meeting of the Society of Mystic Animals 2740:, as well as all tribes in the states of 2166:, forbidding white settlement beyond the 1955: 954:, archaeological evidence, accounts from 14653:Native American history of West Virginia 14104: 13964: 13922: 13764:. Toronto: James Lormier & Company. 13625: 13510: 13489: 13468: 13455: 13434: 13413: 13399:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. 13277: 13239: 13006: 13004: 13002: 12908: 12828: 12718: 12523:"Iroquois Nationals forfeits first game" 12520: 12276:. Santa Fe, NM: Clear Light Publishers. 12214: 11761: 11686: 11157: 11126: 11063: 11051: 11034: 10906:"The Role of Women in Iroquoian Society" 10813: 10765:from the original on September 17, 2021. 10567: 10004: 9490: 9451: 9199: 9187: 8930: 8913: 8898: 8886: 8654: 8642: 8624: 8609: 8594: 8128: 7957: 7420:. New York: Putnam Brothers. p. 97. 7330: 7225: 7204: 7035: 6810: 6706: 6671: 5808:, Mohawk professional hockey left winger 5627: 5619: 5607: 5603: 5512:Six Nations of the Grand River Territory 4510: 4247: 4184: 4079: 4055: 3948:The missionaries Johannes Megapolensis, 3816: 3682: 3463: 3393: 3378: 3308: 3199: 2995: 2851: 2552:, Superintendent of Indian Affairs, and 2218:war and political leader Thayendanegea ( 2206: 2095: 2040: 2002: 1788: 1686: 1434: 1277:, with interference by the colonialists. 1268: 1043: 936: 749: 14369:James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement 14046: 13968:The Oneida Land Claims: A Legal History 13943: 13850: 13821: 13799: 13638: 13556: 13417:The Iroquois in the American Revolution 13211: 12980: 12920: 12834: 12797: 12724: 12635:"Iroquois Defeated by Passport Dispute" 12521:Toensing, Gale Courey (July 16, 2010). 12470: 12412:Response by Charles C. Mann 7–21–05 in 11950: 11944: 11932: 11920: 11896: 11621: 11609: 11555: 11526: 11514: 11290: 11234:from the original on September 27, 2019 11221: 11209: 11116:from the original on November 26, 2021. 11075: 11007: 10750: 10653: 10532: 10477: 10457: 10390: 10365: 10326: 10217: 10161: 10149: 10132: 10019: 9989: 9977: 9965: 9953: 9941: 9926: 9911: 9876: 9864: 9835: 9798: 9783: 9771: 9759: 9747: 9735: 9718: 9706: 9687: 9672: 9660: 9648: 9216:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. 8859: 8704: 8683: 8671: 8577: 8560: 8524: 8478: 8466: 8454: 8442: 8430: 8418: 8406: 8394: 8382: 8370: 8358: 8346: 8334: 8307: 8284: 8269: 8175: 8116: 8050: 7904: 7884: 7861:"HistoricPlaces.ca – HistoricPlaces.ca" 7836:"HistoricPlaces.ca – HistoricPlaces.ca" 7792: 7772: 7698: 7583: 7549: 7537: 7522: 7335:. New York: Chelsea House. p. 29. 7192: 7165: 7144: 7111: 7105: 7093: 7081: 7066: 7023: 7011: 6954: 6850: 6609: 6443: 6189: 4041:"Animal domestique, serviteur, esclave" 3793:For instance, the Mid-winter festival, 2321:. The U.S. and the Iroquois signed the 766:territory, and function in the League. 27:Indigenous confederacy in North America 14: 14595: 13778: 13759: 13707: 13604: 13392: 13376:The Cambridge World History of Slavery 13373: 13086: 13084: 13082: 13080: 13078: 13076: 12955: 12863: 12754: 12752: 12750: 12632: 12479: 12413: 12382: 12263: 11965: 11884: 11836: 11659: 11570: 11502: 11435: 11423: 11365: 11321: 11252: 11127:Goodness, Valerie (January 30, 2015). 10959: 10778: 10684: 10563: 10561: 10492: 10173: 10038: 9112: 9052: 8776:"The Iroquois in the Peace River Area" 8257: 8245: 8226: 8211: 7710: 7683: 7595: 7180: 6939: 6769: 6444:Marques, Nicole Terese Capton (2011). 6287: 3838:The favorite sport of the Iroquois is 3556:Masks with a disfigured twisted mouth. 3547:Masks with exaggerated hanging mouths; 2192: 2049:In 1721 and 1722, Lieutenant Governor 1260:corn/beans/squash agricultural complex 516:'s work (1851), where he writes it as 14434: 14210: 14100:. Ottawa: Canada Department of Mines. 14095: 13632:Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents 13575: 12999: 12851: 12838:Handbook of American Indians, Vol. 15 12822: 12741: 12661: 12603: 12176: 11330: 11302: 10962:"Orenda and a Definition of Religion" 10825: 10731: 10693: 10493:Parker, Arthur C. (April–June 1909). 10272: 10241: 10229: 10047: 9620:"Town action surprises tribe, county" 8989: 8751: 7953: 7951: 7949: 7947: 7415: 7326: 7324: 7168:The American Heritage Book of Indians 6721:Europe and the People Without History 6518: 6344: 5441: 5311: 3909: 3550:Masks with exaggerated straight lops; 2784:tribes, and the other dealt with the 2558:Canadian Department of Indian Affairs 2327:another treaty in 1794 at Canandaigua 1285:described in the oral legends of the 786:in North America, the Haudenosaunee ( 393:. After 1722, the Iroquoian-speaking 333:people who are building the longhouse 14076:Tooker, Elisabeth, ed. (1985–1986). 13996: 13812: 13716: 13712:. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart. 13647: 13054: 12443: 12330:"H. Con. Res. 331, October 21, 1988" 11398: 11256:The Iroquois Ceremonial of Midwinter 11139:from the original on August 18, 2021 10903: 10599: 10299: 9035:from the original on April 26, 2021. 8954:Woo, Grace Li Xiu (April 30, 2003). 7686:Warpaths: Invasions of North America 7403: 7315: 7272: 6791: 6718: 6393: 5917:, actor, Canadian Mohawk, portrayed 4480:Regions with significant populations 3672: 3024:described a Mohawk longhouse in his 2503: 2464: 2369:gave them a large land grant on the 1052:The Iroquois League was established 568:Pierre François Xavier de Charlevoix 404:, said to have been composed by the 13925:Anthropology and Humanism Quarterly 13628:"Of the Treachery of the Hiroquois" 13344: 13073: 12791: 12747: 11076:Wallace, Anthony (April 12, 1972). 10558: 10054:. The Pennsylvania State University 9405:. September 7, 1967. Archived from 9343:. December 17, 2014. Archived from 8962:from the original on March 16, 2015 8953: 8015:"SRBC Pamphlet - The Susquehannock" 7642: 7424: 7303:10.17953/aicr.21.2.k36m1485r3062510 7166:Josephy, Alvin M. Jr., ed. (1961). 7054:10.17953/aicr.23.1.x7035734612286m5 6921: 6757: 6535:"Haudenosaunee Guide for Educators" 6333:Haudenosaunee (hoe-dee-no-SHOW-nee) 6193: 5426:(1,138 in 2000). Some lived at the 4464:Photo of an Iroquois woman in 1898. 4265:symbol in the center represents an 3833: 3598: 3321:described Mohawk traditional wear. 2856:Stone pipe (19th-century engraving) 2455:Aseniwuche Winewak Nation of Canada 2113:, a group of Catholic Mohawk (from 2081:(the North American theater of the 1873:Denonville ravaged the land of the 1166:in the 17th century identified the 979:Most critically, the importance of 870:, lived at various times along the 478:("People of the Longhouse") is the 106:Onondaga (village), Onondaga Nation 24: 14628:Native American tribes in Oklahoma 14125: 14098:Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation 13685:"Native Americans in World War II" 13559:Tribes of the Iroquois Confederacy 12984:The Indian tribes of North America 12801:The Indian tribes of North America 12728:The Indian Tribes of North America 12528:Indian Country Today Media Network 12029:Women and freedom in early America 12001: 10904:Reed, Patricia (January 1, 1992). 10756: 10538: 10414:from the original on July 30, 2016 7944: 7645:The History of the County of Brant 7321: 6206:The American Heritage encyclopedia 6031:First Nations Lacrosse Association 5740:, of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy 3987: 3856:First Nations Lacrosse Association 3764:Haudenosaunee thanksgiving address 3510:Masks with exaggerated long noses; 3183: 1739:through an agreement known as the 736:attests the origin of Iroquois to 607:, and was cognate with the Mohawk 25: 14669: 14167:Canadian Genealogy (The Iroquois) 14149: 13813:Reid, Gerald (1996). "Iroquois". 13806:(The Iroquoians and Their World) 13539:Encyclopedia of the Haudenosaunee 13271:The Canadian Corps in World War I 12604:Gross, Samantha (July 14, 2010). 12584:Guardian News & Media Limited 12112:. First Americans. Archived from 10887: 10759:"Gender Roles among the Iroquois" 10460:"Gustoweh Headdress Instructions" 10284: 9228:"House Concurrent Resolution 108" 9068:. Digital History. Archived from 8629:. Vol. 83. pp. 406–411. 7812:. August 11, 2014. Archived from 7430: 7228:"Dating the Iroquois Confederacy" 6993:from the original on July 9, 2017 6800:(3rd ed.) – via Credo. 6654: 6614:. Vol. 15. pp. 319–321. 5856:("pine tree chief"), Oneida chief 5545:Mohawk — not federally recognized 3281:. Cornmeal was also used to make 3105:(B) clans: Deer, Hawk, Eel, Snipe 3008:settlements were surrounded by a 1539:In 1628, the Mohawk defeated the 945: 878:. In the American Southeast, the 810:, and south on both sides of the 754:Map of the Five Nations from the 647:suffix. Later he revised this to 13619:10.1111/j.1548-1433.2012.01533.x 13216:. University of Nebraska Press. 13152: 13135: 13103: 13035: 12974: 12949: 12888: 12857: 12769: 12692: 12662:Benny, Michael (July 19, 2010). 12655: 12633:Kaplan, Thomas (July 16, 2010). 12626: 12597: 12562: 12548: 12514: 12502: 12437: 12406: 12376: 12350: 12322: 12290: 12257: 12226: 12170: 12150: 12128: 12020: 11995: 11830: 11453: 11392: 11359: 11296: 11246: 11215: 11186: 11151: 11120: 11098: 11069: 10953: 10938: 10897: 10881: 10872: 10866: 10819: 10725: 10659: 10622: 10451: 10426: 10396: 10293: 10278: 10247: 10167: 10048:Jones, Eric E. (December 2008). 10023:Captive Women among the Iroquois 10013: 9870: 9612: 9580: 9558: 9464: 9452:Hauptman, Laurence Marc (2013). 9413: 9391: 9359: 9329: 9311: 9263: 9220: 9118: 9098:. April 13, 2015. Archived from 9084: 9058: 8812: 8786: 8768: 8756:. South Peace Historical Society 8745: 8727: 8710: 8530: 8484: 8205: 7486: 7416:Hanna, Charles Augustus (1911). 6158: 6149: 6109:Sir William Johnson, 1st Baronet 5985: 5612:A painting of the Seneca chief, 5530: 5448: 4768: 4756: 4512: 4492: 4408:2010 World Lacrosse Championship 4098:Grand Council of the Six Nations 3779:traditional ecological knowledge 3516:Blind masks without eye sockets. 3334:On their feet the Iroquois wore 2672:U.S. Indian termination policies 2433:and possibly as far west as the 2179:Sir William Johnson, 1st Baronet 265: 201: 185:Between 1450 and 1660 (estimate) 163:Grand Council of the Six Nations 60: 14131: 14061:10.1179/1477570013Z.00000000037 13683:Morgan, Thomas D. (Fall 1995). 13682: 13511:Jennings, Francis, ed. (1985). 13462:(Iroquois and Their Neighbors) 13169: 12508: 11222:Demirel, Evin (July 21, 2014). 11192: 11080:Death and Rebirth of the Seneca 10945:Benokraitis, Nijole V. (2011). 10789:National Organization for Women 8717:Keen Bloomfield, Julia (1908). 8212:Walton, Joseph Solomon (1900). 8122: 8007: 7919: 7878: 7853: 7828: 7766: 7719: 7704: 7677: 7651: 7636: 7601: 7555: 7516: 7495: 7480: 7409: 7371: 7349: 7278: 7219: 7198: 7029: 6885: 6844: 6785: 6763: 6727: 6699: 6648: 6618: 6578: 6550: 6527: 6512: 6243: 6226: 6217: 6199: 6182: 6173: 5796:(Sakayengwaraton), Mohawk chief 5689:or Thayendanegea, Mohawk leader 5476:of modern Iroquois communities. 4174: 3124:(B) clan: Bear, Hawk, Eel, Deer 2791:On August 31, 1964, H. R. 1794 2764:bills. One bill dealt with the 2718:House Concurrent Resolution 108 2556:, Deputy Superintendent of the 2482: 2014:In the early 18th century, the 1297:, and finally out of the Lower 13824:The William and Mary Quarterly 13732:The William and Mary Quarterly 13542:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 13456:Hauptman, Laurence M. (2008). 12935:10.5250/amerindiquar.42.4.0427 12179:The William and Mary Quarterly 11023:Brascoupé & Etmanskie 2006 10617:Brascoupé & Etmanskie 2006 10574:. E. Croswell. pp. 113–5. 7489:Reflections in Bullough's Pond 6882:; Volume 15, 1978, pp. 287–288 6851:Wallace, Anthony F.C. (2012). 6459: 6437: 6387: 6338: 6299: 6281: 6263: 6192:. pronunciation according to 6114:Six Nations of the Grand River 6043: 6041:Ganondagan State Historic Site 5974:, Mohawk professional wrestler 5968:, professional lacrosse player 5962:, professional lacrosse player 5382:Six Nations of the Grand River 4647:"People of the Standing Stone" 4349:Similarly, the anthropologist 4273:Influence on the United States 3918: 3869:A popular winter game was the 3544:Masks with protruding tongues; 2944: 2487: 2396: 1803:Governor General of New France 1461: 1251:Reflections in Bullough's Pond 745: 108:(at various modern locations: 13: 1: 14105:Winegard, Timothy C. (2012). 13668: 13654:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 11966:Wagner, Sally Roesch (1993). 11366:Sanday, Peggy Reeves (1986). 10779:Wagner, Sally Roesch (1999). 10511:10.1525/aa.1909.11.2.02a00010 10306:. New York: Benchmark Books. 7665:. Newadvent.org. June 1, 1910 7562:Pendergast, James F. (1991). 7357:"The History of Onondage'ga'" 6694: 5730:, Tuscarora artist and author 5575:of Mohawk Indians in New York 4763:Iroquois Five Nations c. 1650 4069: 3469: 3067:(B) clans: Turtle, Bear, Deer 3026:Description of New Netherland 2985: 2622: 2563:Royal Canadian Mounted Police 2175:Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1768) 1982:War of the Spanish Succession 1877:, landing a French armada at 1564:Sainte-Marie among the Hurons 1201:-speaking tribepeople of the 1017: 890:(Canada) and what became the 701:; and for the second element 566:Jesuit priest and missionary 554:'s account of his journey to 493:, meaning "original people". 14049:Comparative American Studies 13965:Shattuck, George C. (1991). 13944:Shannon, Timothy J. (2008). 13779:Philip, Kenneth R. (2002) . 13710:A Military History of Canada 13441:. Chelsea House Publishers. 13315:Daeg de Mott, D. K. (2009). 13231:Carpenter, Roger M. (2004). 13181:Encyclopedia of Anthropology 12414:Rakove, J. (July 21, 2005). 12383:Rakove, J. (July 21, 2005). 12064:. Ganondagan. Archived from 11110:Indigenous Values Initiative 10981:10.1525/aa.1902.4.1.02a00050 10832:Agriculture and Human Values 10826:Holly, Marilyn (June 1990). 7523:Hoffman, Bernard G. (1955). 6880:Handbook of American Indians 6739:. Retrieved August 27, 2017. 6400:. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. 6257: 6236:, having subjugated several 5850:ancestry (adopted by Mohawk) 5408:St. Regis Mohawk Reservation 4775:Iroquois Six Nations c. 1720 4536:Northern Iroquoian languages 3784: 3459: 2820:Emigrant Indians of New York 2494:Canadian Expeditionary Force 1980:(North American part of the 1940:(North American part of the 1691:Iroquois conquests 1638–1711 1682: 1401:, collectively known as the 1243: 1174:declined earlier during the 707:, he suggests a relation to 7: 13851:Richter, Daniel K. (1992). 13691:(35): 22–27. Archived from 13626:Lalemant, Hierosme (1899). 13393:Fenton, William N. (1998). 13061:Lands/Membership Department 12062:"Wampum & Wampum Belts" 12027:Eldridge, Larry D. (1997). 11843:. Canadiana.org. pp. 11399:Sugg, Richard (July 2008). 10891:Center of the American West 10732:Smith, Erminnie A. (1883). 9337:"CQ Almanac Online Edition" 9212:Wilkinson, Charles (2005). 9163:digital.library.okstate.edu 9130:digital.library.okstate.edu 8187:Library and Archives Canada 6661:English – Seneca Dictionary 6188:pronunciation according to 6069:History of New York (state) 5978: 5824:), Onondaga distance runner 5718:or Kaintwakon, Seneca chief 5518:Tyendinaga Mohawk Territory 5506:Oneida Nation of the Thames 4687:"People of the Great Swamp" 4627:"People of the Great Flint" 4612:17th/18th-century location 4213:, and snow whelk are used. 4018: 3570: 3527:Masks made of braided corn. 3196:Three Sisters (agriculture) 2716:issued a formal statement, 2312: 1893:, a small town adjacent to 1403:"Iroquois du Nord" villages 1347:, and to the French as the 1225:regions of the east coast. 1193:down as far as present-day 10: 14674: 13800:Preston, David L. (2009). 13639:MacLeod, D. Peter (2012). 13590:10.7183/0002-7316.75.2.387 13490:Jennings, Francis (1984). 13435:Graymont, Barbara (2005). 13414:Graymont, Barbara (1972). 13280:International Organization 13195:10.4135/9781412952453.n483 13066:September 6, 2015, at the 13013:"Iroquois population 1995" 12759:Krzywicki, Ludwik (1934). 12676:Group, LLC. Archived from 11376:Cambridge University Press 11253:Tooker, Elisabeth (1970). 10694:Rioux, Marcel (May 1951). 8990:Léger, Marie, ed. (1994). 7885:Trigger, Bruce G. (1987). 7608:Hämäläinen, Pekka (2022). 5768:), Seneca religious leader 5724:, Seneca artist and author 5500:Mohawk Nation of Akwesasne 5428:Oneida Nation of Wisconsin 4870: 4786: 4707:"People of the Great Hill" 4592: 4365: 4178: 4092:veterans. Photo: July 1882 4073: 4028:wrote a dictionary of the 4004: 3973: 3960: 3810: 3676: 3574: 3208:The Iroquois are a mix of 3193: 3187: 2989: 2847: 2675: 2626: 2196: 2164:Royal Proclamation of 1763 1965: 1959: 1772:French Jesuit missionaries 1699:tribe out of the northern 1476:against the French, their 1465: 1357:Massawomeck / Antouhonoron 932: 919:American Revolutionary War 29: 14509: 14468: 14410: 14396: 14384: 14355: 14334: 14266: 14248: 14156:Haudenosaunee Confederacy 13973:Syracuse University Press 13891:Rushforth, Brett (2012). 13723:Syracuse University Press 13703:– via www.shsu.edu. 13648:Mann, Charles C. (2005). 13643:. Toronto: Dundurn Press. 13557:Johnson, Michael (2003). 13519:Syracuse University Press 13292:10.1017/S002081830002823X 12981:Swanton, John R. (1952). 12923:American Indian Quarterly 12798:Swanton, John R. (1952). 12777:"Indigenous America Maps" 12725:Swanton, John R. (1974). 12239:. Swallow Press. p. 12233:Armstrong, V. I. (1971). 11825:Starna & Watkins 1991 11801:Starna & Watkins 1991 11774:Starna & Watkins 1991 11735:Starna & Watkins 1991 11723:Starna & Watkins 1991 11711:Starna & Watkins 1991 11699:Starna & Watkins 1991 11672:Starna & Watkins 1991 11637:Starna & Watkins 1991 11598:Starna & Watkins 1991 11583:Starna & Watkins 1991 11539:Starna & Watkins 1991 11482:Starna & Watkins 1991 11448:Starna & Watkins 1991 11261:Syracuse University Press 10960:Hewitt, J. N. B. (1902). 10671:Haudenosaunee Confederacy 10458:Colleen (July 19, 2017). 10408:Haudenosaunee Confederacy 10287:Food, Farming and Hunting 10180:Syracuse University Press 10094:Syracuse University Press 10005:Fournier, Martin (2002). 9879:Early American Literature 9458:Syracuse University Press 7773:Brandão, José A. (1997). 7744:10.1215/00141801-51-4-725 6924:Beyond the Covenant Chain 6586:"Cultural Misconceptions" 6499:Haudenosaunee Confederacy 5636:, by the American artist 5481: 5420:Seneca Nation of New York 5404:Cayuga Nation of New York 4825: 4822: 4819: 4816: 4813: 4810: 4741: 4578: 4573: 4534: 4529: 4509: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4457: 4448: 4431: 4283:Articles of Confederation 4040: 3796:Gi'-ye-wä-no-us-quä-go-wä 3541:Masks with smiling faces; 3168:Government was by the 50 2678:Indian termination policy 2527:Soldiers Resettlement Act 2107:Battle of the Monongahela 1968:Six Nations land cessions 1942:War of the Grand Alliance 1054:prior to European contact 641:"snake", plus the French 463:, and over 81,000 in the 189: 179: 175: 167: 159: 149: 139: 101: 87: 75: 57: 45: 36:Iroquois (disambiguation) 14613:First Nations in Ontario 14356:Treaties and land claims 13937:10.1525/ahu.1990.15.1.20 13708:Morton, Desmond (1999). 13469:Hennepin, Louis (1820). 13269:Chartrand, René (2007). 12864:Keener, Craig S (1999). 12854:, pp. iii–v, 84–86. 11837:Bruyas, Jacques (1863). 10947:Marriages & Families 10923:10.15173/nexus.v10i1.131 10404:"Traditional Appearance" 9302:Johansen & Mann 2000 7331:Johansen, Bruce (2010). 7257:Johansen & Mann 2000 7226:Johansen, Bruce (1995). 7036:Johansen, Bruce (1999). 6835:Johansen & Mann 2000 6564:US National Park Service 6394:Barr, Daniel P. (2006). 6142: 5677:, Seneca chief and actor 4782: 4171:suggesting legislation. 3950:François-Joseph Bressani 3304: 3235:, which were called the 2903:In 1711, Onondaga chief 2738:Turtle Mountain Chippewa 2701:Indian Claims Commission 2437:and north as far as the 2427:North American fur trade 2128:the Marquis de Vaudreuil 1925:and west of present-day 1631:Sainte Marie de Ganentaa 1281:The Iroquois may be the 1032:(Oneida, 1880–1949) and 546:The origins of the name 470: 92:Recognized confederation 14618:First Nations in Quebec 14363:Great Peace of Montreal 14342:Seven Nations of Canada 14180:Encyclopædia Britannica 14078:An Iroquois Source Book 13808:excerpt and text search 13751:Parmenter, Jon (2010). 13678:. New York: Dodd, Mead. 13607:American Anthropologist 13464:excerpt and text search 13212:Bradley, James (1987). 12835:Trigger, Bruce (1978). 12674:Barrington Broadcasting 12424:George Mason University 12393:George Mason University 11303:Arens, William (1980). 10967:American Anthropologist 10499:American Anthropologist 10464:The Wandering Bull, LLC 8183:"The Four Indian Kings" 8141:Encyclopædia Britannica 7684:Steele, Ian K. (1994). 6773:(1907). "Iroquois". In 6345:White, Richard (1991). 6234:regional military power 6104:Seven Nations of Canada 6021:Economy of the Iroquois 5806:Stan "Bulldog" Jonathan 5782:Lillie Rosa Minoka Hill 5705:, Oneida who aided the 5591:Tonawanda Seneca Nation 5569:of Indians in Wisconsin 5294: 5283: 5252: 5241: 5230: 5195: 5173: 5162: 5148: 5123: 5109: 5087: 5076: 5065: 5054: 5034: 5023: 5012: 5001: 4990: 4979: 4963: 4952: 4941: 4930: 4919: 4908: 4892: 4881: 4859: 4848: 4837: 4362:International relations 4316:challenge this thesis. 4034: 3895: 3882: 3846: 3795: 3437: 3423: 3410: 3404: 3350:In 1653 Dutch official 3241: 3190:Economy of the Iroquois 3143:(B) clans: Bear, Turtle 2698:On August 13, 1946 the 2022:with white settlers in 1950:Great Peace of Montreal 1324:St. Lawrence Iroquoians 1040:Formation of the League 784:Europeans first arrived 738: 721: 715: 709: 703: 697: 691: 685: 679: 673: 667: 661: 652: 637: 631: 618: 609: 535: 529: 508: 502: 489: 434:St. Lawrence Iroquoians 96:unrecognized government 14462:League of the Iroquois 14268:Ethnolinguistic groups 14252:Northeastern Woodlands 14183:(11th ed.). 1911. 14162:Iroquois Indian Museum 13997:Snow, Dean R. (1994). 13760:Paxton, James (2008). 13717:Otis, Melissa (2018). 13047:June 18, 2017, at the 12956:Mooney, James (1928). 12268:. In Lyons, O. (ed.). 12222:. Ipswich, MA: Gambit. 12090:. Indian Country Today 12088:"From beads to banner" 11106:"Thanksgiving Address" 10303:Lifeways: The Iroquois 10300:Bial, Raymond (1999). 9570:dc.library.okstate.edu 8794:"Mountain Métis Story" 8723:. pp. 145 et seq. 7361:Onondaga Nation School 6855:. Albany: SUNY Press. 6823:Mann & Fields 1997 6794:"Iroquois Confederacy" 6792:Hall, Loretta (2014). 6719:Wolf, Eric R. (1982). 6713:Native American Voices 5640: 5625: 5617: 5524:Wahta Mohawk Territory 4419:the British government 4253: 4194: 4093: 3954:Pierre-Esprit Radisson 3823: 3806: 3691: 3553:Masks with spoon-lips; 3473: 3399: 3384: 3361: 3345: 3332: 3314: 3216:trees and boiled into 3205: 3035: 3004: 2972:Pierre-Esprit Radisson 2968: 2934: 2860: 2857: 2682:In the period between 2639:Mohawk Warrior Society 2522:Canadian Confederation 2367:Haldimand Proclamation 2323:Treaty of Fort Stanwix 2251:Cherry Valley massacre 2226: 2185:noted in his history, 2101: 2046: 2011: 1962:French and Indian Wars 1956:French and Indian Wars 1907:Schenectady, Kanienkeh 1822:, running east of the 1798: 1710: 1692: 1677:Caughnawaga, Kanienkeh 1593:North American Martyrs 1551:(present-day Albany), 1458: 1422:Treaty of Fort Stanwix 1359:as the Haudenosaunee. 1278: 1172:upper Allegheny valley 1049: 1030:Laura "Minnie" Kellogg 990: 942: 775:, each representing a 758: 643: 596: 408:the Great Peacemaker, 125:Delphi Falls, New York 34:. For other uses, see 14385:Regional councils and 14096:Waugh, F. W. (1916). 14080:. New York: Garland. 12704:Catholic Encyclopedia 12302:Grinde Jr., Donald A. 12140:Grinde, Donald A. Jr. 10735:Myths of the Iroquois 10545:Canadian Encyclopedia 10032:10.21220/s2-6xw2-3m64 9891:10.1353/eal.2018.0046 9259:on December 20, 2014. 7865:www.historicplaces.ca 7840:www.historicplaces.ca 7711:Taylor, Alan (2001). 7663:Catholic Encyclopedia 7643:Reville, F. Douglas. 6775:Hodge, Frederick Webb 6155:Morgan: "eighty rods" 5956:Native American saint 5921:the companion to the 5631: 5623: 5611: 5604:Prominent individuals 5597:Tuscarora Reservation 5502:in Ontario and Quebec 5424:Tuscarora Reservation 4667:"People of the Hills" 4366:Further information: 4251: 4241:which represents the 4188: 4100:is an assembly of 56 4083: 4056:Changes after contact 3952:, and the fur trader 3847:O-tä-dä-jish′-quä-äge 3820: 3686: 3677:Further information: 3467: 3397: 3382: 3356: 3352:Adriaen van der Donck 3340: 3323: 3319:Johannes Megapolensis 3312: 3203: 3188:Further information: 3156:(A) clans: Wolf, Bear 3080:(A) clans: Bear, Wolf 3030: 3022:Adriaen van der Donck 3000:Traditional Iroquois 2999: 2963: 2929: 2855: 2606:and Governor-General 2554:Duncan Campbell Scott 2548:On December 4, 1922, 2245:The Mohawk war chief 2210: 2197:Further information: 2168:Appalachian Mountains 2124:Oneida Carrying Place 2111:Battle of Lake George 2099: 2079:French and Indian War 2044: 2006: 1792: 1747:and their allies the 1705: 1690: 1641:to which they had no 1438: 1272: 1238:French and Indian War 1047: 1036:(Seneca, 1901–1964). 977: 940: 866:, Huron (Wendat) and 838:. In about 1722, the 756:Darlington Collection 753: 613:"they who smoke", or 572: 353:peoples in northeast 248:), also known as the 245:-ə-kwoy, -⁠kwah 140:Common languages 14347:Iroquois Confederacy 13950:. New York: Viking. 13496:. New York: Norton. 12509:Morgan, Thomas, 1995 12450:Blackwell Publishers 12444:Snow, D. R. (1996). 12420:History News Network 12389:History News Network 12337:United States Senate 12110:"Haudenosaunee Flag" 11193:Morgan, Thomas, 1995 11133:Indian Country Today 10757:Thomas, Katsithawi. 10541:"False Face Society" 10020:Ebhardt, W. (2001). 9630:on December 17, 2014 9624:www.iwantthenews.com 9540:www.iwantthenews.com 9347:on December 17, 2014 9029:mohawknationnews.com 8752:Calverley, Dorthea. 7810:puffin.creighton.edu 7418:The Wilderness Trail 6878:Bruce Trigger, ed., 6853:Tuscarora: A History 6275:www.encyclopedia.com 5925:on the US TV series 5561:Oneida Indian Nation 5432:Seneca-Cayuga Nation 5416:Oneida Indian Nation 5412:Onondaga Reservation 4475:125,000 (2010, est.) 4400:September 11 attacks 4358:women in the tribe. 4161:consensus government 4140:When anthropologist 3875:. The "snake" was a 3577:Iroquois ethnobotany 2140:troupes de le Marine 2132:troupes de le Marine 1887:Iroquois Confederacy 1843:troupes de la Marine 1807:troupes de la Marine 1654:Province of Maryland 1341:Powhatan Confederacy 1205:valley, such as the 367:Iroquois Confederacy 47:Iroquois Confederacy 18:Iroquois Confederacy 14335:Historical polities 12536:on October 12, 2010 12264:Grinde, D. (1992). 11426:, pp. 218–219. 11401:"Eating Your Enemy" 11164:Braiding Sweetgrass 10438:www.ohwejagehka.com 10285:Keoke, Emory Dean. 10096:. pp. xix–xx. 9968:, pp. 542–543. 9914:, pp. 537–538. 9786:, pp. 535–536. 9750:, pp. 532–533. 9675:, pp. 530–532. 9663:, pp. 531–532. 9546:on October 29, 2013 9190:, pp. 168–169. 8193:on January 26, 2019 7816:on December 6, 2006 7385:. February 18, 2014 6973:Brookhiser, Richard 6781:. pp. 617–620. 6289:Morgan, Lewis Henry 6211:Algonquian language 6126:Sullivan Expedition 5905:August Schellenberg 5697:Treaty of Lancaster 5681:Governor Blacksnake 5675:Chief John Big Tree 5585:Seneca-Cayuga Tribe 5366:Sullivan Expedition 4807: 4445: 4318:Stanford University 4252:Haudenosaunee flag. 3968:African slave trade 3938:The Man-Eating Myth 3383:Gusto'weh headdress 3264:broadleaf toothwort 3256:northern redcurrant 2881:Samuel de Champlain 2868:condolence ceremony 2758:Interior Department 2712:On August 1, 1953, 2457:in Alberta and the 2231:American Revolution 2193:American Revolution 2145:Battle of Fort Bull 2091:Sir William Johnson 2072:Treaty of Lancaster 2051:Alexander Spotswood 1660:tribe of the upper 1337:Jamestown, Virginia 1329:Samuel de Champlain 911:American Revolution 812:Allegheny Mountains 622:"a bear". In 1888, 552:Samuel de Champlain 450:Iroquoian languages 365:, and later as the 252:, and later as the 181:• Established 144:Iroquoian languages 113:Cazenovia, New York 14648:Great Lakes tribes 14557:Great Law of Peace 14238:Indigenous peoples 14158:, official website 13578:American Antiquity 13475:. Worcester, MA?. 12779:. February 1, 2022 12640:The New York Times 12298:Johansen, Bruce E. 12216:Johansen, Bruce E. 12163:The New York Times 12136:Johansen, Bruce E. 11815:, pp. 19, 38. 11737:, pp. 43, 50. 11713:, pp. 44, 47. 11293:, pp. 37, 54. 10844:10.1007/BF01557313 10795:on August 16, 2000 10785:National NOW Times 9409:on April 16, 2021. 9102:on April 15, 2021. 9031:. April 24, 2013. 8782:on April 17, 2014. 8741:on March 10, 2014. 8550:on April 20, 2009. 8216:. pp. 76–121. 7443:on January 2, 2011 6986:The New York Times 6709:, pp. 14–15; 6313:The New York Times 6079:Iroquois mythology 6074:History of Ontario 6052:Great Law of Peace 5901:, Seneca war chief 5868:American Civil War 5794:John Smoke Johnson 5647:, artist (also of 5641: 5626: 5618: 5442:Modern communities 5312:Population history 5124:De'odijinaindönda' 4803: 4580:Longhouse Religion 4439: 4412:Secretary of State 4404:Iroquois Nationals 4307:Cornell University 4267:Eastern White Pine 4261:and Hiawatha. The 4254: 4239:eastern white pine 4226:Canandaigua Treaty 4219:The Two Row Wampum 4195: 4146:central government 4142:Lewis Henry Morgan 4094: 4086:John Smoke Johnson 4076:Great Law of Peace 3943:funerary practices 3910:Naming conventions 3824: 3692: 3689:False Face Society 3679:Iroquois mythology 3621:matrilineal system 3533:False Face Society 3474: 3400: 3385: 3315: 3260:American groundnut 3206: 3005: 2959:Cadwallader Colden 2858: 2828:Stockbridge-Munsee 2692:Indian Termination 2415:North West Company 2385:, the Province of 2359:Province of Quebec 2227: 2102: 2047: 2012: 1938:King William's War 1931:[guerrilla warfare 1913:to the capital of 1863:Marseilles, France 1799: 1693: 1639:infectious disease 1571:(near present-day 1486:Algonquian peoples 1459: 1299:St. Lawrence River 1293:– westward across 1279: 1264:Algonquian peoples 1145:Syracuse, New York 1097:Great Law of Peace 1087:, while the woman 1072:as a staple crop. 1050: 1022:John Arthur Gibson 943: 904:St. Lawrence River 872:St. Lawrence River 808:upper St. Lawrence 759: 514:Lewis Henry Morgan 423:upper St. Lawrence 402:Great Law of Peace 340:Iroquoian-speaking 94:, later became an 14590: 14589: 14428: 14427: 14424: 14423: 14116:978-0-88755-728-6 13957:978-0-670-01897-0 13902:978-1-4696-0135-9 13771:978-1-55277-023-8 13695:on March 27, 2017 13661:978-1-4000-4006-3 13568:978-1-84176-490-0 13549:978-0-313-30880-2 13448:978-0-7910-7993-5 13427:978-0-8156-0116-6 13385:978-0-511-97540-0 13273:. Oxford: Osprey. 13042:Community Profile 12706:. October 1, 1910 12622:on July 20, 2010. 12572:(July 15, 2010). 12495:978-1-56000-745-6 12463:978-1-55786-938-8 12448:. Cambridge, MA: 12315:978-0-935626-35-3 12283:978-0-940666-15-3 12250:978-0-8040-0530-2 12042:978-0-8147-2198-8 12002:Morden, Michael. 11981:978-0-936756-92-9 11947:, pp. 71–72. 11827:, pp. 47–49. 11803:, pp. 48–49. 11764:, pp. 87–88. 11450:, pp. 35–36. 11179:978-1-57131-335-5 11170:Milkweed Editions 11091:978-0-394-71699-2 10816:, pp. 30–34. 10329:, pp. 36–37. 10313:978-0-7614-0802-4 10103:978-0-8156-2723-4 10089:In Mohawk Country 9576:on March 3, 2016. 9115:, pp. 21–33. 9003:978-1-551640-11-2 8901:, pp. 76–77. 8686:, pp. 16–18. 8563:, pp. 15–16. 8504:978-0-7735-9755-6 8457:, pp. 32–33. 8433:, pp. 31–32. 8409:, pp. 30–31. 8385:, pp. 26–27. 8373:, pp. 24–25. 8361:, pp. 23–25. 8287:, pp. 12–13. 8172:, pp. 39–76. 8157:, pp. 40–41. 8100:, pp. 45–46. 8065:, pp. 44–45. 7976:978-0-393-30640-8 7938:978-0-393-30640-8 7713:American Colonies 7621:978-1-63149-699-8 7367:on June 13, 2008. 7342:978-1-60413-794-1 7131:978-0-921064-09-1 6957:, pp. 72–73. 6926:. pp. 11–12. 6813:, pp. 14–15. 6636:on August 9, 2020 6432:Daeg de Mott 2009 5946:Kateri Tekakwitha 5934:Joanne Shenandoah 5722:Jesse Cornplanter 5711:George Washington 5665:Joseph Louis Cook 5645:Frederick Alexcee 5461:Buffalo, New York 5322:L. A. de Lahontan 5309: 5308: 4750: 4749: 4590: 4589: 4368:Iroquois passport 4332:Benjamin Franklin 4312:Scholars such as 4287:U.S. Constitution 4230:Thirteen Colonies 4050:Onondaga language 3864:indigenous people 3858:is recognized by 3743:Kateri Tekakwitha 3673:Spiritual beliefs 3635:The teachings of 3522:Husk Face Society 3424:ah-de-a'-da-we-sa 3210:horticulturalists 3164:(B) clan: Turtle. 2666:Royal 22 Régiment 2608:Lord Byng of Vimy 2572:League of Nations 2543:Winston Churchill 2504:League of Nations 2465:Canadian Iroquois 2357:to settle in the 2259:Sullivan Campaign 2255:George Washington 2235:Joseph Louis Cook 2068:Sir William Gooch 2056:Shenandoah Valley 2020:a bloody conflict 1990:Four Mohawk Kings 1883:Susquehanna River 1839:Kingston, Ontario 1816:Shenandoah Valley 1722:King Philip's War 1701:Virginia Piedmont 1662:Connecticut River 1612:Huron Confederacy 1455:Algonquian tribes 1418:right of conquest 1219:Mississippi River 1187:Ohio River Valley 1143:near present-day 1034:Alice Lee Jemison 1003:Benjamin Franklin 998:Four Mohawk Kings 971:society, was the 892:Thirteen Colonies 874:, and around the 804:lower Great Lakes 635:"true, real" and 419:lower Great Lakes 193: 192: 131:Manlius, New York 32:Iroquoian peoples 16:(Redirected from 14665: 14638:Upstate New York 14633:Central New York 14562:Great Peacemaker 14455: 14448: 14441: 14432: 14431: 14411:Tribal Council 2 14397:Tribal Council 1 14394: 14393: 14250:Cultural areas: 14231: 14224: 14217: 14208: 14207: 14203: 14201: 14199: 14184: 14176: 14174:"Iroquois" 14142: 14133:Morgan, Lewis H. 14120: 14101: 14091: 14072: 14043: 14014: 13993: 13991: 13989: 13961: 13940: 13919: 13906: 13887: 13866: 13847: 13818: 13805: 13796: 13775: 13756: 13747: 13726: 13721:. Syracuse, NY: 13713: 13704: 13702: 13700: 13679: 13670:Morgan, Lewis H. 13665: 13644: 13635: 13622: 13601: 13572: 13553: 13532: 13517:. Syracuse, NY: 13507: 13486: 13461: 13452: 13431: 13410: 13389: 13370: 13341: 13339: 13337: 13311: 13274: 13265: 13254:10.2307/25604757 13236: 13227: 13208: 13184: 13164: 13163: 13156: 13150: 13149: 13148:. Census Bureau. 13147: 13139: 13133: 13132: 13130: 13128: 13122: 13115: 13107: 13101: 13100: 13098: 13088: 13071: 13058: 13052: 13039: 13033: 13032: 13030: 13028: 13008: 12997: 12996: 12978: 12972: 12971: 12953: 12947: 12946: 12918: 12912: 12906: 12900: 12899: 12892: 12886: 12885: 12861: 12855: 12849: 12843: 12842: 12832: 12826: 12820: 12814: 12813: 12795: 12789: 12788: 12786: 12784: 12773: 12767: 12766: 12756: 12745: 12739: 12733: 12732: 12722: 12716: 12715: 12713: 12711: 12696: 12690: 12689: 12687: 12685: 12680:on July 19, 2011 12659: 12653: 12652: 12650: 12648: 12630: 12624: 12623: 12618:. Archived from 12601: 12595: 12594: 12592: 12590: 12566: 12560: 12559:, July 24, 2010. 12552: 12546: 12545: 12543: 12541: 12532:. Archived from 12518: 12512: 12506: 12500: 12499: 12477: 12468: 12467: 12441: 12435: 12434: 12432: 12430: 12410: 12404: 12403: 12401: 12399: 12380: 12374: 12373: 12371: 12369: 12360:. Archived from 12354: 12348: 12347: 12345: 12343: 12334: 12326: 12320: 12319: 12294: 12288: 12287: 12275: 12261: 12255: 12254: 12230: 12224: 12223: 12212: 12203: 12202: 12174: 12168: 12167: 12166:. June 28, 1987. 12154: 12148: 12147: 12132: 12126: 12125: 12123: 12121: 12116:on June 21, 2011 12106: 12100: 12099: 12097: 12095: 12084: 12078: 12077: 12075: 12073: 12068:on July 21, 2012 12058: 12047: 12046: 12024: 12018: 12017: 12015: 12013: 12008: 11999: 11993: 11992: 11990: 11988: 11963: 11948: 11942: 11936: 11930: 11924: 11918: 11912: 11906: 11900: 11894: 11888: 11882: 11871: 11865: 11859: 11858: 11834: 11828: 11822: 11816: 11810: 11804: 11798: 11789: 11783: 11777: 11771: 11765: 11759: 11753: 11747: 11738: 11732: 11726: 11720: 11714: 11708: 11702: 11696: 11690: 11684: 11675: 11669: 11663: 11657: 11640: 11634: 11625: 11619: 11613: 11607: 11601: 11595: 11586: 11580: 11574: 11568: 11559: 11553: 11542: 11536: 11530: 11524: 11518: 11512: 11506: 11500: 11485: 11479: 11473: 11472: 11470: 11468: 11457: 11451: 11445: 11439: 11433: 11427: 11421: 11415: 11414: 11396: 11390: 11389: 11373: 11363: 11357: 11356: 11328: 11319: 11318: 11300: 11294: 11288: 11282: 11281: 11279: 11277: 11250: 11244: 11243: 11241: 11239: 11219: 11213: 11207: 11196: 11190: 11184: 11183: 11155: 11149: 11148: 11146: 11144: 11124: 11118: 11117: 11112:. June 6, 2017. 11102: 11096: 11095: 11083: 11073: 11067: 11061: 11055: 11049: 11038: 11032: 11026: 11020: 11011: 11005: 10994: 10993: 10983: 10957: 10951: 10950: 10942: 10936: 10935: 10925: 10901: 10895: 10894: 10885: 10879: 10878: 10870: 10864: 10863: 10823: 10817: 10811: 10805: 10804: 10802: 10800: 10791:. Archived from 10776: 10767: 10766: 10754: 10748: 10747: 10745: 10743: 10729: 10723: 10722: 10720: 10718: 10691: 10682: 10681: 10679: 10677: 10663: 10657: 10651: 10645: 10644: 10642: 10640: 10634: 10626: 10620: 10614: 10603: 10597: 10576: 10575: 10565: 10556: 10555: 10553: 10551: 10539:Gadacz, René R. 10536: 10530: 10529: 10527: 10525: 10490: 10475: 10474: 10472: 10470: 10455: 10449: 10448: 10446: 10444: 10434:"Language Index" 10430: 10424: 10423: 10421: 10419: 10400: 10394: 10388: 10369: 10363: 10330: 10324: 10318: 10317: 10297: 10291: 10290: 10282: 10276: 10270: 10264: 10263: 10251: 10245: 10239: 10233: 10227: 10221: 10215: 10198: 10197: 10171: 10165: 10159: 10153: 10147: 10136: 10130: 10115: 10114: 10112: 10110: 10083: 10064: 10063: 10061: 10059: 10045: 10036: 10035: 10017: 10011: 10010: 10002: 9993: 9987: 9981: 9975: 9969: 9963: 9957: 9951: 9945: 9939: 9930: 9924: 9915: 9909: 9903: 9902: 9874: 9868: 9862: 9839: 9833: 9802: 9796: 9787: 9781: 9775: 9769: 9763: 9757: 9751: 9745: 9739: 9733: 9722: 9716: 9710: 9704: 9691: 9685: 9676: 9670: 9664: 9658: 9652: 9646: 9640: 9639: 9637: 9635: 9626:. Archived from 9616: 9610: 9609: 9607: 9605: 9599: 9592: 9584: 9578: 9577: 9572:. Archived from 9562: 9556: 9555: 9553: 9551: 9542:. Archived from 9532: 9523: 9522: 9520: 9518: 9513:on June 10, 2014 9512: 9505: 9497: 9488: 9487: 9485: 9483: 9478:on March 3, 2016 9474:. Archived from 9468: 9462: 9461: 9449: 9443: 9442: 9440: 9438: 9432: 9425: 9417: 9411: 9410: 9395: 9389: 9388: 9386: 9384: 9378: 9371: 9363: 9357: 9356: 9354: 9352: 9333: 9327: 9326: 9315: 9309: 9299: 9293: 9292: 9290: 9288: 9283:on June 10, 2014 9282: 9275: 9267: 9261: 9260: 9255:. Archived from 9249: 9240: 9239: 9238:on June 8, 2007. 9234:. Archived from 9224: 9218: 9217: 9209: 9203: 9197: 9191: 9185: 9179: 9178: 9176: 9174: 9165:. Archived from 9155: 9146: 9145: 9143: 9141: 9132:. Archived from 9122: 9116: 9110: 9104: 9103: 9088: 9082: 9081: 9079: 9077: 9062: 9056: 9050: 9037: 9036: 9021: 9015: 9014: 9012: 9010: 8987: 8972: 8971: 8969: 8967: 8951: 8934: 8928: 8917: 8911: 8902: 8896: 8890: 8884: 8878: 8872: 8863: 8857: 8836: 8835: 8833: 8831: 8826:on July 21, 2014 8822:. Archived from 8816: 8810: 8809: 8807: 8805: 8800:on March 1, 2014 8796:. Archived from 8790: 8784: 8783: 8778:. Archived from 8772: 8766: 8765: 8763: 8761: 8749: 8743: 8742: 8737:. Archived from 8731: 8725: 8724: 8714: 8708: 8702: 8687: 8681: 8675: 8669: 8658: 8652: 8646: 8640: 8631: 8630: 8622: 8613: 8607: 8598: 8592: 8581: 8575: 8564: 8558: 8552: 8551: 8549: 8542: 8534: 8528: 8522: 8516: 8515: 8513: 8511: 8488: 8482: 8476: 8470: 8464: 8458: 8452: 8446: 8440: 8434: 8428: 8422: 8416: 8410: 8404: 8398: 8392: 8386: 8380: 8374: 8368: 8362: 8356: 8350: 8344: 8338: 8332: 8311: 8305: 8288: 8282: 8273: 8267: 8261: 8255: 8249: 8243: 8230: 8224: 8218: 8217: 8209: 8203: 8202: 8200: 8198: 8189:. Archived from 8179: 8173: 8167: 8158: 8152: 8146: 8145: 8137: 8126: 8120: 8114: 8101: 8095: 8089: 8083: 8066: 8060: 8054: 8048: 8042: 8036: 8030: 8029: 8027: 8025: 8011: 8005: 7999: 7993: 7987: 7981: 7980: 7955: 7942: 7923: 7917: 7914: 7908: 7902: 7891: 7890: 7882: 7876: 7875: 7873: 7871: 7857: 7851: 7850: 7848: 7846: 7832: 7826: 7825: 7823: 7821: 7802: 7796: 7790: 7779: 7778: 7770: 7764: 7763: 7723: 7717: 7716: 7715:. Penguin Books. 7708: 7702: 7696: 7690: 7689: 7681: 7675: 7674: 7672: 7670: 7655: 7649: 7648: 7640: 7634: 7633: 7605: 7599: 7593: 7587: 7581: 7568: 7567: 7559: 7553: 7547: 7541: 7535: 7529: 7528: 7520: 7514: 7513: 7511: 7509: 7499: 7493: 7492: 7484: 7478: 7471:Tuscarora people 7459: 7453: 7452: 7450: 7448: 7439:. Archived from 7431:Burns, Louis F. 7428: 7422: 7421: 7413: 7407: 7401: 7395: 7394: 7392: 7390: 7375: 7369: 7368: 7363:. Archived from 7353: 7347: 7346: 7328: 7319: 7313: 7307: 7306: 7282: 7276: 7270: 7264: 7254: 7248: 7247: 7245: 7243: 7223: 7217: 7202: 7196: 7190: 7184: 7178: 7172: 7171: 7163: 7148: 7142: 7136: 7135: 7115: 7109: 7103: 7097: 7091: 7085: 7079: 7070: 7064: 7058: 7057: 7033: 7027: 7021: 7015: 7009: 7003: 7002: 7000: 6998: 6975:(May 19, 2006). 6969: 6958: 6952: 6943: 6937: 6928: 6927: 6919: 6908: 6907: 6905: 6903: 6889: 6883: 6876: 6867: 6866: 6848: 6842: 6832: 6826: 6820: 6814: 6808: 6802: 6801: 6789: 6783: 6782: 6767: 6761: 6755: 6740: 6731: 6725: 6724: 6716: 6703: 6697: 6692: 6669: 6668: 6666: 6652: 6646: 6645: 6643: 6641: 6632:. Archived from 6622: 6616: 6615: 6607: 6590: 6589: 6582: 6576: 6575: 6573: 6571: 6554: 6548: 6547: 6539: 6531: 6525: 6524: 6523:. pp. 5–38. 6516: 6510: 6509: 6507: 6505: 6491: 6482: 6481: 6479: 6477: 6471: 6463: 6457: 6456: 6454: 6452: 6441: 6435: 6429: 6420: 6419: 6391: 6385: 6384: 6378: 6370: 6342: 6336: 6335: 6330: 6328: 6303: 6297: 6296: 6285: 6279: 6278: 6267: 6251: 6247: 6241: 6230: 6224: 6221: 6215: 6203: 6197: 6186: 6180: 6177: 6165: 6162: 6156: 6153: 6063:Heritage Minutes 5995: 5990: 5989: 5988: 5972:Billy Two Rivers 5889:Robbie Robertson 5872:Ulysses S. Grant 5707:Continental Army 5496:Mohawk in Quebec 5490:Mohawk in Quebec 5474:Recognized lands 5452: 5400:2000 U.S. census 5297: 5295:Akunęhukwatíha•ˀ 5286: 5255: 5244: 5233: 5198: 5176: 5165: 5151: 5131:Deer (Kà?wí:ñu) 5126: 5112: 5090: 5079: 5068: 5057: 5037: 5026: 5015: 5004: 4993: 4982: 4966: 4955: 4944: 4933: 4922: 4911: 4895: 4884: 4873: 4872: 4862: 4851: 4840: 4808: 4802: 4789:Iroquois kinship 4772: 4760: 4746: 4731:"Hemp Gatherers" 4600: 4599: 4522: 4518: 4516: 4515: 4502: 4498: 4496: 4495: 4470:Total population 4462: 4453: 4446: 4438: 4351:Elisabeth Tooker 4328:Francis Jennings 4043: 4042: 4037: 3898: 3891:Peach-stone game 3885: 3849: 3834:Games and sports 3798: 3732:Great Peacemaker 3599:Women in society 3538:Whistling masks; 3471: 3451:Mohawk hairstyle 3440: 3426: 3413: 3407: 3244: 2649:Sûreté du Québec 2472:Sir Guy Carleton 2383:Indian Territory 2339:Eleazer Williams 2083:Seven Years' War 1978:Queen Anne's War 1952:that same year. 1865:, to be used as 1784:upstate New York 1753:Illinois Country 1673:Marquis de Tracy 1562:missionaries at 1452: 1446:Iroquoian tribes 1443: 1429:Pekka Hämäläinen 1209:(Akansea), Ofo ( 1019: 763:Great Peacemaker 741: 724: 718: 712: 706: 700: 694: 688: 682: 676: 670: 664: 655: 646: 640: 634: 621: 612: 538: 532: 518:Ho-dé-no-sau-nee 511: 505: 492: 395:Tuscarora people 347:Native Americans 337: 334: 331: 328: 325: 318: 314: 309: 308: 305: 304: 301: 298: 295: 292: 289: 286: 283: 280: 277: 274: 271: 244: 239: 238: 235: 234: 231: 228: 223: 222: 219: 216: 213: 210: 207: 119:Pompey, New York 80: 64: 43: 42: 21: 14673: 14672: 14668: 14667: 14666: 14664: 14663: 14662: 14593: 14592: 14591: 14586: 14505: 14464: 14459: 14429: 14420: 14406: 14386: 14380: 14375:Paix des Braves 14351: 14330: 14262: 14244: 14235: 14197: 14195: 14187: 14171: 14152: 14146: 14128: 14126:Further reading 14123: 14117: 14088: 14011: 13987: 13985: 13983: 13958: 13912:Canadian Issues 13903: 13884: 13863: 13836:10.2307/1921807 13793: 13772: 13698: 13696: 13662: 13569: 13550: 13529: 13504: 13483: 13449: 13428: 13407: 13386: 13335: 13333: 13331: 13224: 13205: 13172: 13167: 13158: 13157: 13153: 13145: 13141: 13140: 13136: 13126: 13124: 13123:on May 12, 2012 13120: 13113: 13109: 13108: 13104: 13096: 13090: 13089: 13074: 13068:Wayback Machine 13059: 13055: 13049:Wayback Machine 13040: 13036: 13026: 13024: 13023:(3 & 4): 61 13017:Akwesasne Notes 13009: 13000: 12979: 12975: 12954: 12950: 12919: 12915: 12907: 12903: 12894: 12893: 12889: 12862: 12858: 12850: 12846: 12833: 12829: 12821: 12817: 12796: 12792: 12782: 12780: 12775: 12774: 12770: 12757: 12748: 12740: 12736: 12723: 12719: 12709: 12707: 12698: 12697: 12693: 12683: 12681: 12660: 12656: 12646: 12644: 12631: 12627: 12602: 12598: 12588: 12586: 12570:MacAskill, Ewen 12567: 12563: 12553: 12549: 12539: 12537: 12519: 12515: 12507: 12503: 12496: 12478: 12471: 12464: 12442: 12438: 12428: 12426: 12411: 12407: 12397: 12395: 12381: 12377: 12367: 12365: 12364:on July 3, 2012 12356: 12355: 12351: 12341: 12339: 12332: 12328: 12327: 12323: 12316: 12295: 12291: 12284: 12262: 12258: 12251: 12231: 12227: 12213: 12206: 12191:10.2307/2947207 12175: 12171: 12156: 12155: 12151: 12133: 12129: 12119: 12117: 12108: 12107: 12103: 12093: 12091: 12086: 12085: 12081: 12071: 12069: 12060: 12059: 12050: 12043: 12025: 12021: 12011: 12009: 12006: 12000: 11996: 11986: 11984: 11982: 11964: 11951: 11943: 11939: 11931: 11927: 11919: 11915: 11907: 11903: 11895: 11891: 11883: 11874: 11866: 11862: 11855: 11835: 11831: 11823: 11819: 11811: 11807: 11799: 11792: 11784: 11780: 11772: 11768: 11760: 11756: 11748: 11741: 11733: 11729: 11721: 11717: 11709: 11705: 11697: 11693: 11685: 11678: 11670: 11666: 11658: 11643: 11635: 11628: 11620: 11616: 11608: 11604: 11596: 11589: 11581: 11577: 11569: 11562: 11554: 11545: 11537: 11533: 11525: 11521: 11513: 11509: 11501: 11488: 11480: 11476: 11466: 11464: 11459: 11458: 11454: 11446: 11442: 11434: 11430: 11422: 11418: 11397: 11393: 11386: 11364: 11360: 11329: 11322: 11315: 11301: 11297: 11289: 11285: 11275: 11273: 11271: 11251: 11247: 11237: 11235: 11228:The Daily Beast 11220: 11216: 11208: 11199: 11191: 11187: 11180: 11172:. p. 110. 11156: 11152: 11142: 11140: 11125: 11121: 11104: 11103: 11099: 11092: 11074: 11070: 11062: 11058: 11050: 11041: 11033: 11029: 11025:, p. 1328. 11021: 11014: 11006: 10997: 10958: 10954: 10943: 10939: 10902: 10898: 10886: 10882: 10875:Whispering Wind 10871: 10867: 10824: 10820: 10812: 10808: 10798: 10796: 10777: 10770: 10755: 10751: 10741: 10739: 10730: 10726: 10716: 10714: 10692: 10685: 10675: 10673: 10665: 10664: 10660: 10652: 10648: 10638: 10636: 10632: 10628: 10627: 10623: 10619:, p. 1329. 10615: 10606: 10598: 10579: 10566: 10559: 10549: 10547: 10537: 10533: 10523: 10521: 10491: 10478: 10468: 10466: 10456: 10452: 10442: 10440: 10432: 10431: 10427: 10417: 10415: 10402: 10401: 10397: 10389: 10372: 10364: 10333: 10325: 10321: 10314: 10298: 10294: 10283: 10279: 10271: 10267: 10252: 10248: 10240: 10236: 10228: 10224: 10216: 10201: 10194: 10172: 10168: 10160: 10156: 10148: 10139: 10131: 10118: 10108: 10106: 10104: 10084: 10067: 10057: 10055: 10046: 10039: 10018: 10014: 10003: 9996: 9988: 9984: 9976: 9972: 9964: 9960: 9952: 9948: 9940: 9933: 9925: 9918: 9910: 9906: 9875: 9871: 9863: 9842: 9834: 9805: 9797: 9790: 9782: 9778: 9770: 9766: 9758: 9754: 9746: 9742: 9734: 9725: 9717: 9713: 9705: 9694: 9686: 9679: 9671: 9667: 9659: 9655: 9647: 9643: 9633: 9631: 9618: 9617: 9613: 9603: 9601: 9597: 9590: 9586: 9585: 9581: 9564: 9563: 9559: 9549: 9547: 9534: 9533: 9526: 9516: 9514: 9510: 9503: 9499: 9498: 9491: 9481: 9479: 9470: 9469: 9465: 9450: 9446: 9436: 9434: 9430: 9423: 9419: 9418: 9414: 9397: 9396: 9392: 9382: 9380: 9376: 9369: 9365: 9364: 9360: 9350: 9348: 9335: 9334: 9330: 9317: 9316: 9312: 9300: 9296: 9286: 9284: 9280: 9273: 9269: 9268: 9264: 9251: 9250: 9243: 9232:Digital History 9226: 9225: 9221: 9210: 9206: 9198: 9194: 9186: 9182: 9172: 9170: 9169:on July 1, 2017 9157: 9156: 9149: 9139: 9137: 9136:on July 1, 2017 9124: 9123: 9119: 9111: 9107: 9096:www.justice.gov 9090: 9089: 9085: 9075: 9073: 9072:on June 8, 2007 9064: 9063: 9059: 9051: 9040: 9023: 9022: 9018: 9008: 9006: 9004: 8988: 8975: 8965: 8963: 8952: 8937: 8929: 8920: 8912: 8905: 8897: 8893: 8885: 8881: 8873: 8866: 8858: 8839: 8829: 8827: 8818: 8817: 8813: 8803: 8801: 8792: 8791: 8787: 8774: 8773: 8769: 8759: 8757: 8750: 8746: 8733: 8732: 8728: 8715: 8711: 8703: 8690: 8682: 8678: 8670: 8661: 8653: 8649: 8641: 8634: 8623: 8616: 8608: 8601: 8593: 8584: 8576: 8567: 8559: 8555: 8547: 8540: 8536: 8535: 8531: 8523: 8519: 8509: 8507: 8505: 8489: 8485: 8477: 8473: 8465: 8461: 8453: 8449: 8441: 8437: 8429: 8425: 8417: 8413: 8405: 8401: 8393: 8389: 8381: 8377: 8369: 8365: 8357: 8353: 8345: 8341: 8333: 8314: 8306: 8291: 8283: 8276: 8268: 8264: 8256: 8252: 8244: 8233: 8225: 8221: 8210: 8206: 8196: 8194: 8181: 8180: 8176: 8168: 8161: 8153: 8149: 8127: 8123: 8115: 8104: 8096: 8092: 8084: 8069: 8061: 8057: 8049: 8045: 8037: 8033: 8023: 8021: 8013: 8012: 8008: 8000: 7996: 7988: 7984: 7977: 7956: 7945: 7939: 7924: 7920: 7915: 7911: 7903: 7894: 7883: 7879: 7869: 7867: 7859: 7858: 7854: 7844: 7842: 7834: 7833: 7829: 7819: 7817: 7804: 7803: 7799: 7791: 7782: 7771: 7767: 7724: 7720: 7709: 7705: 7697: 7693: 7682: 7678: 7668: 7666: 7657: 7656: 7652: 7641: 7637: 7622: 7606: 7602: 7594: 7590: 7582: 7571: 7564:The Massawomeck 7560: 7556: 7552:, pp. 7–8. 7548: 7544: 7536: 7532: 7521: 7517: 7507: 7505: 7501: 7500: 7496: 7485: 7481: 7475:Wyandot (Huron) 7461:See history of 7460: 7456: 7446: 7444: 7429: 7425: 7414: 7410: 7402: 7398: 7388: 7386: 7383:Onondaga Nation 7377: 7376: 7372: 7355: 7354: 7350: 7343: 7329: 7322: 7314: 7310: 7283: 7279: 7271: 7267: 7263:, "Ganondagan". 7255: 7251: 7241: 7239: 7232:Akwesasne Notes 7224: 7220: 7205:Graymont (1972) 7203: 7199: 7191: 7187: 7179: 7175: 7164: 7151: 7143: 7139: 7132: 7116: 7112: 7104: 7100: 7092: 7088: 7080: 7073: 7065: 7061: 7034: 7030: 7022: 7018: 7010: 7006: 6996: 6994: 6970: 6961: 6953: 6946: 6942:, pp. 4–5. 6938: 6931: 6920: 6911: 6901: 6899: 6891: 6890: 6886: 6877: 6870: 6863: 6849: 6845: 6833: 6829: 6821: 6817: 6809: 6805: 6790: 6786: 6768: 6764: 6756: 6743: 6732: 6728: 6707:Graymont (1972) 6704: 6700: 6693: 6672: 6664: 6653: 6649: 6639: 6637: 6630:Your Dictionary 6626:"Haudenosaunee" 6624: 6623: 6619: 6608: 6593: 6584: 6583: 6579: 6569: 6567: 6555: 6551: 6537: 6533: 6532: 6528: 6517: 6513: 6503: 6501: 6493: 6492: 6485: 6475: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6464: 6460: 6450: 6448: 6442: 6438: 6430: 6423: 6408: 6392: 6388: 6372: 6371: 6359: 6343: 6339: 6326: 6324: 6304: 6300: 6286: 6282: 6269: 6268: 6264: 6260: 6255: 6254: 6248: 6244: 6238:Delaware tribes 6231: 6227: 6222: 6218: 6204: 6200: 6187: 6183: 6178: 6174: 6169: 6168: 6163: 6159: 6154: 6150: 6145: 6140: 5991: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5928:The Lone Ranger 5915:Jay Silverheels 5879:, Seneca artist 5877:Sanford Plummer 5866:officer during 5800:Pauline Johnson 5659:Ring Magazine's 5657:, boxer, #2 in 5655:Henry Armstrong 5606: 5555:Onondaga Nation 5533: 5484: 5479: 5478: 5477: 5466: 5465: 5464: 5458: 5453: 5444: 5331:Lewis H. Morgan 5327:John R. Swanton 5314: 5242:Hodihsw'ęgáiyo' 5110:Hodí:nyögwaiyo' 4791: 4785: 4780: 4779: 4778: 4777: 4776: 4773: 4765: 4764: 4761: 4744: 4742: 4595: 4513: 4511: 4493: 4491: 4465: 4441: 4437: 4434: 4426:Onondaga Nation 4415:Hillary Clinton 4376:in 1917 during 4370: 4364: 4323:Charles C. Mann 4297:. In 1988, the 4275: 4211:lightning whelk 4203:channeled whelk 4183: 4177: 4078: 4072: 4058: 4032:where the word 4030:Mohawk language 4021: 4007: 3990: 3988:Adoption policy 3976: 3963: 3921: 3912: 3872:snow-snake game 3836: 3815: 3809: 3787: 3766: 3681: 3675: 3625:line of descent 3601: 3579: 3573: 3478:Lewis H. Morgan 3462: 3307: 3198: 3192: 3186: 3184:Food production 2994: 2988: 2947: 2863: 2850: 2805:Allegheny River 2680: 2674: 2662:Robert Bourassa 2631: 2625: 2550:Charles Stewart 2506: 2490: 2485: 2467: 2425:working in the 2399: 2315: 2263:Daniel Brodhead 2205: 2195: 1986:Pieter Schuyler 1970: 1964: 1958: 1927:Cleveland, Ohio 1879:Irondequoit Bay 1685: 1581:Jean de Lalande 1506:Canadian Shield 1470: 1464: 1457: 1450: 1448: 1441: 1397:in present-day 1368:Neutral Nations 1320:Jacques Cartier 1246: 1230:Wyandot (Huron) 1164:Robert La Salle 1058:anthropologists 1042: 948: 935: 852:bloody conflict 790:to the French, 788:Iroquois League 748: 656:as the origin. 624:J. N. B. Hewitt 570:wrote in 1744: 541:Mohawk language 498:Seneca language 473: 454:Proto-Iroquoian 363:Iroquois League 335: 332: 329: 326: 316: 312: 268: 264: 242: 225: 204: 200: 182: 83: 71: 66: 65: 53: 48: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 14671: 14661: 14660: 14655: 14650: 14645: 14640: 14635: 14630: 14625: 14620: 14615: 14610: 14605: 14588: 14587: 14585: 14584: 14579: 14574: 14569: 14564: 14559: 14554: 14549: 14544: 14539: 14534: 14529: 14524: 14519: 14513: 14511: 14507: 14506: 14504: 14503: 14498: 14493: 14488: 14483: 14478: 14472: 14470: 14466: 14465: 14458: 14457: 14450: 14443: 14435: 14426: 14425: 14422: 14421: 14419: 14418: 14414: 14412: 14408: 14407: 14405: 14404: 14400: 14398: 14391: 14382: 14381: 14379: 14378: 14372: 14366: 14359: 14357: 14353: 14352: 14350: 14349: 14344: 14338: 14336: 14332: 14331: 14329: 14328: 14323: 14318: 14313: 14308: 14303: 14298: 14293: 14288: 14283: 14278: 14272: 14270: 14264: 14263: 14249: 14246: 14245: 14234: 14233: 14226: 14219: 14211: 14205: 14204: 14185: 14169: 14164: 14159: 14151: 14150:External links 14148: 14144: 14143: 14127: 14124: 14122: 14121: 14115: 14102: 14093: 14086: 14073: 14055:(2): 148–165. 14044: 14032:10.2307/482790 14015: 14009: 13994: 13981: 13962: 13956: 13941: 13920: 13907: 13901: 13888: 13882: 13867: 13861: 13848: 13830:(4): 528–559. 13819: 13810: 13797: 13791: 13776: 13770: 13757: 13748: 13727: 13714: 13705: 13680: 13666: 13660: 13645: 13636: 13623: 13602: 13584:(2): 387–407. 13573: 13567: 13554: 13548: 13533: 13527: 13508: 13502: 13487: 13481: 13466: 13453: 13447: 13432: 13426: 13411: 13405: 13390: 13384: 13371: 13359:10.2307/480418 13353:(4): 389–402. 13342: 13330:978-1414448909 13329: 13312: 13286:(3): 345–385. 13275: 13266: 13242:Anthropologica 13237: 13228: 13223:978-0803262362 13222: 13209: 13203: 13173: 13171: 13168: 13166: 13165: 13151: 13134: 13102: 13072: 13053: 13034: 13019:. New Series. 12998: 12973: 12948: 12929:(4): 427–453. 12913: 12911:, p. 220. 12901: 12887: 12876:(4): 777–807. 12856: 12844: 12827: 12815: 12790: 12768: 12746: 12734: 12717: 12691: 12669:CNYCentral.com 12654: 12625: 12596: 12561: 12547: 12513: 12501: 12494: 12469: 12462: 12436: 12405: 12375: 12349: 12321: 12314: 12289: 12282: 12256: 12249: 12225: 12204: 12185:(3): 605–620. 12169: 12149: 12127: 12101: 12079: 12048: 12041: 12019: 11994: 11980: 11949: 11937: 11925: 11913: 11909:Parmenter 2007 11901: 11889: 11887:, p. 221. 11872: 11868:Rushforth 2012 11860: 11853: 11829: 11817: 11813:Rushforth 2012 11805: 11790: 11786:Rushforth 2012 11778: 11766: 11754: 11750:Rushforth 2012 11739: 11727: 11715: 11703: 11691: 11689:, p. 243. 11676: 11664: 11662:, p. 222. 11641: 11626: 11614: 11602: 11587: 11575: 11573:, p. 220. 11560: 11543: 11531: 11519: 11507: 11505:, p. 218. 11486: 11474: 11452: 11440: 11438:, p. 234. 11428: 11416: 11391: 11385:978-0521311144 11384: 11358: 11345:10.2307/481728 11339:(4): 309–316. 11320: 11314:978-0195027938 11313: 11295: 11283: 11270:978-0815621492 11269: 11245: 11214: 11197: 11185: 11178: 11159:Kimmerer, R.W. 11150: 11119: 11097: 11090: 11068: 11056: 11039: 11027: 11012: 10995: 10952: 10937: 10896: 10880: 10865: 10838:(3–4): 80–94. 10818: 10806: 10768: 10749: 10724: 10706:(5): 152–158. 10683: 10658: 10646: 10621: 10604: 10602:, p. 167. 10577: 10557: 10531: 10505:(2): 161–185. 10476: 10450: 10425: 10395: 10370: 10331: 10319: 10312: 10292: 10289:. p. 103. 10277: 10275:, p. 120. 10265: 10246: 10244:, p. 128. 10234: 10232:, p. 118. 10222: 10199: 10192: 10166: 10154: 10137: 10116: 10102: 10065: 10037: 10012: 9994: 9982: 9980:, p. 542. 9970: 9958: 9956:, p. 541. 9946: 9944:, p. 539. 9931: 9929:, p. 537. 9916: 9904: 9885:(2): 475–511. 9869: 9840: 9803: 9801:, p. 536. 9788: 9776: 9774:, p. 534. 9764: 9762:, p. 533. 9752: 9740: 9738:, p. 538. 9723: 9721:, p. 530. 9711: 9709:, p. 535. 9692: 9690:, p. 532. 9677: 9665: 9653: 9651:, p. 531. 9641: 9611: 9600:on May 2, 2017 9579: 9557: 9524: 9489: 9463: 9444: 9433:on May 2, 2017 9412: 9403:Newspapers.com 9390: 9379:on May 2, 2017 9358: 9328: 9310: 9294: 9262: 9241: 9219: 9204: 9202:, p. 169. 9192: 9180: 9147: 9117: 9105: 9083: 9057: 9055:, p. 273. 9038: 9025:"Un Chicanery" 9016: 9002: 8973: 8935: 8933:, p. 128. 8918: 8916:, p. 112. 8903: 8891: 8879: 8875:Chartrand 2007 8864: 8837: 8811: 8785: 8767: 8744: 8726: 8709: 8688: 8676: 8659: 8647: 8645:, p. 370. 8632: 8614: 8599: 8582: 8565: 8553: 8529: 8517: 8503: 8483: 8471: 8459: 8447: 8435: 8423: 8411: 8399: 8387: 8375: 8363: 8351: 8339: 8312: 8289: 8274: 8262: 8250: 8231: 8219: 8204: 8174: 8170:Parmenter 2007 8159: 8155:Parmenter 2007 8147: 8132:, ed. (1911). 8130:Chisholm, Hugh 8121: 8102: 8098:Parmenter 2007 8090: 8086:Parmenter 2007 8067: 8063:Parmenter 2007 8055: 8043: 8039:Parmenter 2007 8031: 8006: 8002:Parmenter 2007 7994: 7990:Parmenter 2007 7982: 7975: 7943: 7937: 7918: 7909: 7892: 7877: 7852: 7827: 7797: 7780: 7765: 7738:(4): 725–750. 7718: 7703: 7691: 7676: 7650: 7635: 7620: 7600: 7588: 7569: 7554: 7542: 7530: 7515: 7494: 7479: 7454: 7423: 7408: 7406:, p. 334. 7396: 7370: 7348: 7341: 7320: 7318:, p. 231. 7308: 7297:(2): 105–163. 7277: 7275:, p. 333. 7265: 7249: 7234:. New Series. 7218: 7197: 7185: 7173: 7149: 7147:, p. 162. 7137: 7130: 7110: 7108:, p. 148. 7098: 7096:, p. 161. 7086: 7084:, p. xiv. 7071: 7069:, p. 153. 7059: 7048:(1): 165–175. 7028: 7016: 7014:, p. 149. 7004: 6959: 6944: 6929: 6909: 6884: 6868: 6861: 6843: 6827: 6815: 6803: 6784: 6762: 6741: 6726: 6723:. p. 165. 6698: 6670: 6656:Chafe, Wallace 6647: 6617: 6591: 6577: 6549: 6526: 6511: 6483: 6472:. January 2012 6458: 6436: 6421: 6406: 6386: 6357: 6337: 6298: 6280: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6253: 6252: 6242: 6225: 6216: 6198: 6190:Goddard (1978) 6181: 6171: 6170: 6167: 6166: 6157: 6147: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6138: 6133: 6131:Town Destroyer 6128: 6123: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6009: 6004: 6002:Covenant Chain 5998: 5997: 5996: 5980: 5977: 5976: 5975: 5969: 5966:Miles Thompson 5963: 5957: 5943: 5937: 5931: 5912: 5902: 5899:Sayenqueraghta 5896: 5886: 5880: 5874: 5857: 5851: 5837: 5831: 5825: 5815: 5809: 5803: 5797: 5791: 5785: 5779: 5772:Cornelius Hill 5769: 5759: 5753: 5752:, Cayuga actor 5747: 5744:John Deseronto 5741: 5731: 5725: 5719: 5713: 5700: 5690: 5684: 5678: 5672: 5662: 5652: 5638:Gilbert Stuart 5632:A painting of 5605: 5602: 5601: 5600: 5594: 5588: 5582: 5576: 5573:St. Regis Band 5570: 5564: 5558: 5552: 5549:Kanatsiohareke 5546: 5540: 5532: 5529: 5528: 5527: 5521: 5515: 5509: 5503: 5497: 5491: 5483: 5480: 5472: 5471: 5470: 5455: 5454: 5447: 5446: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5422:(533) and the 5387:, the largest 5370:scorched earth 5318:Marc Lescarbot 5313: 5310: 5307: 5306: 5303: 5300: 5289: 5275: 5272: 5268: 5267: 5264: 5261: 5258: 5247: 5236: 5231:Hodíswë'gaiyo 5217: 5216: 5213: 5210: 5207: 5204: 5201: 5196:Hodidáë'ö:ga:' 5186: 5185: 5182: 5179: 5168: 5157: 5154: 5149:Hodígë'ge:ga:' 5139: 5138: 5135: 5132: 5129: 5118: 5115: 5100: 5099: 5096: 5093: 5082: 5071: 5066:Hodi'nehsí:yo' 5060: 5055:Hodí'nehsi:yo' 5041: 5040: 5029: 5018: 5007: 4996: 4985: 4970: 4969: 4958: 4947: 4936: 4925: 4914: 4909:Hodidzöní'ga:' 4899: 4898: 4887: 4876: 4865: 4854: 4849:Honǫtahyǫ́:ni: 4843: 4828: 4827: 4824: 4821: 4818: 4815: 4812: 4784: 4781: 4774: 4767: 4766: 4762: 4755: 4754: 4753: 4752: 4751: 4748: 4747: 4739: 4738: 4736:North Carolina 4732: 4729: 4724: 4718: 4717: 4708: 4705: 4700: 4694: 4693: 4688: 4685: 4680: 4674: 4673: 4668: 4665: 4660: 4654: 4653: 4648: 4645: 4640: 4634: 4633: 4628: 4625: 4623:Kanien'kehá:ka 4620: 4614: 4613: 4610: 4607: 4606:Iroquoian name 4604: 4594: 4591: 4588: 4587: 4576: 4575: 4571: 4570: 4532: 4531: 4527: 4526: 4523: 4507: 4506: 4503: 4487: 4486: 4482: 4481: 4477: 4476: 4472: 4471: 4467: 4466: 4463: 4455: 4454: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4363: 4360: 4339:anthropologist 4314:Jack N. Rakove 4303:Bill of Rights 4295:Bruce Johansen 4274: 4271: 4176: 4173: 4138: 4137: 4134: 4131: 4128: 4125: 4122: 4084:Mohawk leader 4074:Main article: 4071: 4068: 4057: 4054: 4038:is defined as 4026:Jacques Bruyas 4020: 4017: 4012:Louis Hennepin 4006: 4003: 3989: 3986: 3981:Daniel Richter 3975: 3972: 3962: 3959: 3920: 3917: 3911: 3908: 3860:World Lacrosse 3835: 3832: 3813:Iroquois music 3808: 3805: 3786: 3783: 3765: 3762: 3687:Member of the 3674: 3671: 3653:Elizabeth Cady 3609:separate roles 3600: 3597: 3575:Main article: 3572: 3569: 3560: 3559: 3558: 3557: 3554: 3551: 3548: 3545: 3542: 3539: 3530: 3529: 3528: 3519: 3518: 3517: 3514: 3511: 3508: 3461: 3458: 3306: 3303: 3279:Indian pudding 3185: 3182: 3166: 3165: 3159: 3158: 3157: 3146: 3145: 3144: 3138: 3137:(A) clan: wolf 3127: 3126: 3125: 3119: 3108: 3107: 3106: 3100: 3089: 3088: 3087: 3081: 3070: 3069: 3068: 3062: 2987: 2984: 2976:Trois-Rivières 2946: 2943: 2894:Filippo Mazzei 2862: 2859: 2849: 2846: 2797:Seneca Indians 2676:Main article: 2673: 2670: 2658:Mercier bridge 2627:Main article: 2624: 2621: 2604:Mackenzie King 2505: 2502: 2489: 2486: 2484: 2481: 2466: 2463: 2451:Mountain Métis 2431:Jasper's House 2409:(primarily at 2398: 2395: 2331:George Clinton 2314: 2311: 2261:, led by Col. 2194: 2191: 2028:South Carolina 1960:Main article: 1957: 1954: 1835:Fort Frontenac 1741:Covenant Chain 1684: 1681: 1666:Chesapeake Bay 1629:, established 1627:Simon Le Moyne 1600:Taenhatentaron 1553:New Netherland 1514:Neutral Nation 1504:of the boreal 1490:Atlantic coast 1463: 1460: 1449: 1440: 1380:Chesapeake Bay 1275:Lake Champlain 1245: 1242: 1076:Anthropologist 1066:oral tradition 1041: 1038: 1012:(Mohawk), and 994:John Verelst's 961:historiography 952:oral tradition 947: 946:Historiography 944: 934: 931: 836:Seneca nations 747: 744: 582:, which means 536:Rotinonshón:ni 509:Hodínöhsö:ni:h 503:Hodínöhšö:ni:h 472: 469: 359:colonial years 191: 190: 187: 186: 183: 180: 177: 176: 173: 172: 169: 165: 164: 161: 157: 156: 151: 147: 146: 141: 137: 136: 135: 134: 129:1640 onwards: 127: 121: 115: 103: 99: 98: 89: 85: 84: 81: 73: 72: 67: 59: 58: 55: 54: 49: 46: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14670: 14659: 14656: 14654: 14651: 14649: 14646: 14644: 14641: 14639: 14636: 14634: 14631: 14629: 14626: 14624: 14621: 14619: 14616: 14614: 14611: 14609: 14606: 14604: 14601: 14600: 14598: 14583: 14582:Tree of Peace 14580: 14578: 14575: 14573: 14570: 14568: 14565: 14563: 14560: 14558: 14555: 14553: 14550: 14548: 14545: 14543: 14540: 14538: 14535: 14533: 14530: 14528: 14525: 14523: 14520: 14518: 14515: 14514: 14512: 14508: 14502: 14499: 14497: 14494: 14492: 14489: 14487: 14484: 14482: 14479: 14477: 14474: 14473: 14471: 14467: 14463: 14456: 14451: 14449: 14444: 14442: 14437: 14436: 14433: 14416: 14415: 14413: 14409: 14402: 14401: 14399: 14395: 14392: 14389: 14383: 14376: 14373: 14370: 14367: 14364: 14361: 14360: 14358: 14354: 14348: 14345: 14343: 14340: 14339: 14337: 14333: 14327: 14324: 14322: 14319: 14317: 14314: 14312: 14309: 14307: 14304: 14302: 14299: 14297: 14294: 14292: 14289: 14287: 14284: 14282: 14279: 14277: 14274: 14273: 14271: 14269: 14265: 14261: 14257: 14253: 14247: 14243: 14239: 14232: 14227: 14225: 14220: 14218: 14213: 14212: 14209: 14198:September 13, 14194: 14190: 14186: 14182: 14181: 14175: 14170: 14168: 14165: 14163: 14160: 14157: 14154: 14153: 14147: 14140: 14139: 14134: 14130: 14129: 14118: 14112: 14108: 14103: 14099: 14094: 14089: 14087:0-8240-5877-1 14083: 14079: 14074: 14070: 14066: 14062: 14058: 14054: 14050: 14045: 14041: 14037: 14033: 14029: 14025: 14021: 14016: 14012: 14010:1-55786-225-7 14006: 14002: 14001: 13995: 13984: 13982:9780815625254 13978: 13974: 13970: 13969: 13963: 13959: 13953: 13949: 13948: 13942: 13938: 13934: 13930: 13926: 13921: 13917: 13913: 13908: 13904: 13898: 13894: 13889: 13885: 13883:0-271-02299-X 13879: 13875: 13874: 13868: 13864: 13862:0-8078-2060-1 13858: 13854: 13849: 13845: 13841: 13837: 13833: 13829: 13825: 13820: 13816: 13811: 13809: 13803: 13798: 13794: 13792:0-8032-3723-5 13788: 13784: 13783: 13777: 13773: 13767: 13763: 13758: 13754: 13749: 13745: 13741: 13737: 13733: 13728: 13724: 13720: 13715: 13711: 13706: 13694: 13690: 13686: 13681: 13677: 13676: 13671: 13667: 13663: 13657: 13653: 13652: 13646: 13642: 13637: 13633: 13629: 13624: 13620: 13616: 13612: 13608: 13603: 13599: 13595: 13591: 13587: 13583: 13579: 13574: 13570: 13564: 13560: 13555: 13551: 13545: 13541: 13540: 13534: 13530: 13528:0-8156-2650-9 13524: 13520: 13516: 13515: 13509: 13505: 13503:0-393-01719-2 13499: 13495: 13494: 13488: 13484: 13482:9780665183294 13478: 13474: 13473: 13467: 13465: 13459: 13454: 13450: 13444: 13440: 13439: 13433: 13429: 13423: 13419: 13418: 13412: 13408: 13406:0-8061-3003-2 13402: 13398: 13397: 13391: 13387: 13381: 13377: 13372: 13368: 13364: 13360: 13356: 13352: 13348: 13343: 13332: 13326: 13322: 13318: 13313: 13309: 13305: 13301: 13297: 13293: 13289: 13285: 13281: 13276: 13272: 13267: 13263: 13259: 13255: 13251: 13247: 13243: 13238: 13234: 13229: 13225: 13219: 13215: 13210: 13206: 13204:9780761930297 13200: 13196: 13192: 13188: 13183: 13182: 13175: 13174: 13161: 13155: 13144: 13138: 13127:September 18, 13119: 13112: 13106: 13095: 13094: 13087: 13085: 13083: 13081: 13079: 13077: 13069: 13065: 13062: 13057: 13050: 13046: 13043: 13038: 13022: 13018: 13014: 13007: 13005: 13003: 12994: 12990: 12986: 12985: 12977: 12969: 12965: 12961: 12960: 12952: 12944: 12940: 12936: 12932: 12928: 12924: 12917: 12910: 12909:Graymont 1972 12905: 12897: 12891: 12883: 12879: 12875: 12871: 12867: 12860: 12853: 12848: 12840: 12839: 12831: 12825:, p. 14. 12824: 12819: 12811: 12807: 12803: 12802: 12794: 12778: 12772: 12764: 12763: 12755: 12753: 12751: 12744:, p. 85. 12743: 12738: 12730: 12729: 12721: 12705: 12701: 12695: 12679: 12675: 12671: 12670: 12665: 12658: 12642: 12641: 12636: 12629: 12621: 12617: 12613: 12612: 12607: 12600: 12585: 12581: 12580: 12575: 12571: 12565: 12558: 12557: 12556:The Economist 12551: 12535: 12531: 12529: 12524: 12517: 12510: 12505: 12497: 12491: 12487: 12483: 12476: 12474: 12465: 12459: 12455: 12451: 12447: 12440: 12425: 12421: 12417: 12409: 12394: 12390: 12386: 12379: 12363: 12359: 12353: 12338: 12331: 12325: 12317: 12311: 12307: 12303: 12299: 12293: 12285: 12279: 12274: 12273: 12267: 12260: 12252: 12246: 12242: 12238: 12237: 12229: 12221: 12217: 12211: 12209: 12200: 12196: 12192: 12188: 12184: 12180: 12173: 12165: 12164: 12159: 12153: 12145: 12141: 12137: 12131: 12120:September 25, 12115: 12111: 12105: 12089: 12083: 12067: 12063: 12057: 12055: 12053: 12044: 12038: 12034: 12030: 12023: 12005: 11998: 11987:September 23, 11983: 11977: 11973: 11969: 11962: 11960: 11958: 11956: 11954: 11946: 11941: 11935:, p. 64. 11934: 11929: 11923:, p. 61. 11922: 11917: 11911:, p. 40. 11910: 11905: 11899:, p. 53. 11898: 11893: 11886: 11881: 11879: 11877: 11870:, p. 19. 11869: 11864: 11856: 11854:9780665502699 11850: 11846: 11842: 11841: 11833: 11826: 11821: 11814: 11809: 11802: 11797: 11795: 11788:, p. 41. 11787: 11782: 11776:, p. 47. 11775: 11770: 11763: 11762:Hennepin 1820 11758: 11752:, p. 17. 11751: 11746: 11744: 11736: 11731: 11725:, p. 44. 11724: 11719: 11712: 11707: 11701:, p. 43. 11700: 11695: 11688: 11687:Lalemant 1899 11683: 11681: 11674:, p. 39. 11673: 11668: 11661: 11656: 11654: 11652: 11650: 11648: 11646: 11639:, p. 41. 11638: 11633: 11631: 11624:, p. 60. 11623: 11618: 11612:, p. 65. 11611: 11606: 11600:, p. 51. 11599: 11594: 11592: 11585:, p. 42. 11584: 11579: 11572: 11567: 11565: 11558:, p. 68. 11557: 11552: 11550: 11548: 11541:, p. 46. 11540: 11535: 11529:, p. 67. 11528: 11523: 11517:, p. 66. 11516: 11511: 11504: 11499: 11497: 11495: 11493: 11491: 11484:, p. 37. 11483: 11478: 11462: 11456: 11449: 11444: 11437: 11432: 11425: 11420: 11412: 11408: 11407: 11406:History Today 11402: 11395: 11387: 11381: 11377: 11372: 11371: 11362: 11354: 11350: 11346: 11342: 11338: 11334: 11327: 11325: 11316: 11310: 11306: 11299: 11292: 11287: 11272: 11266: 11262: 11258: 11257: 11249: 11233: 11229: 11225: 11218: 11212:, p. 39. 11211: 11206: 11204: 11202: 11195:, pp. 200–201 11194: 11189: 11181: 11175: 11171: 11167: 11165: 11160: 11154: 11138: 11134: 11130: 11123: 11115: 11111: 11107: 11101: 11093: 11087: 11082: 11081: 11072: 11066:, p. 23. 11065: 11064:Saraydar 1990 11060: 11054:, p. 22. 11053: 11052:Saraydar 1990 11048: 11046: 11044: 11037:, p. 21. 11036: 11035:Saraydar 1990 11031: 11024: 11019: 11017: 11010:, p. 23. 11009: 11004: 11002: 11000: 10991: 10987: 10982: 10977: 10973: 10969: 10968: 10963: 10956: 10948: 10941: 10933: 10929: 10924: 10919: 10915: 10911: 10907: 10900: 10892: 10884: 10876: 10869: 10861: 10857: 10853: 10849: 10845: 10841: 10837: 10833: 10829: 10822: 10815: 10814:Charlton 1968 10810: 10794: 10790: 10786: 10782: 10775: 10773: 10764: 10760: 10753: 10737: 10736: 10728: 10713: 10709: 10705: 10701: 10697: 10690: 10688: 10672: 10668: 10662: 10656:, p. 24. 10655: 10650: 10631: 10625: 10618: 10613: 10611: 10609: 10601: 10596: 10594: 10592: 10590: 10588: 10586: 10584: 10582: 10573: 10572: 10564: 10562: 10546: 10542: 10535: 10520: 10516: 10512: 10508: 10504: 10500: 10496: 10489: 10487: 10485: 10483: 10481: 10465: 10461: 10454: 10439: 10435: 10429: 10413: 10409: 10405: 10399: 10393:, p. 38. 10392: 10387: 10385: 10383: 10381: 10379: 10377: 10375: 10368:, p. 37. 10367: 10362: 10360: 10358: 10356: 10354: 10352: 10350: 10348: 10346: 10344: 10342: 10340: 10338: 10336: 10328: 10323: 10315: 10309: 10305: 10304: 10296: 10288: 10281: 10274: 10269: 10261: 10257: 10250: 10243: 10238: 10231: 10226: 10220:, p. 34. 10219: 10214: 10212: 10210: 10208: 10206: 10204: 10195: 10193:9780815631392 10189: 10185: 10181: 10177: 10170: 10164:, p. 22. 10163: 10158: 10152:, p. 21. 10151: 10146: 10144: 10142: 10135:, p. 33. 10134: 10129: 10127: 10125: 10123: 10121: 10105: 10099: 10095: 10091: 10090: 10082: 10080: 10078: 10076: 10074: 10072: 10070: 10053: 10052: 10044: 10042: 10033: 10029: 10025: 10024: 10016: 10008: 10001: 9999: 9992:, p. 32. 9991: 9986: 9979: 9974: 9967: 9962: 9955: 9950: 9943: 9938: 9936: 9928: 9923: 9921: 9913: 9908: 9900: 9896: 9892: 9888: 9884: 9880: 9873: 9867:, p. 36. 9866: 9861: 9859: 9857: 9855: 9853: 9851: 9849: 9847: 9845: 9838:, p. 35. 9837: 9832: 9830: 9828: 9826: 9824: 9822: 9820: 9818: 9816: 9814: 9812: 9810: 9808: 9800: 9795: 9793: 9785: 9780: 9773: 9768: 9761: 9756: 9749: 9744: 9737: 9732: 9730: 9728: 9720: 9715: 9708: 9703: 9701: 9699: 9697: 9689: 9684: 9682: 9674: 9669: 9662: 9657: 9650: 9645: 9629: 9625: 9621: 9615: 9596: 9589: 9583: 9575: 9571: 9567: 9561: 9545: 9541: 9537: 9531: 9529: 9509: 9502: 9496: 9494: 9477: 9473: 9467: 9460:. p. 32. 9459: 9455: 9448: 9429: 9422: 9416: 9408: 9404: 9400: 9394: 9375: 9368: 9362: 9346: 9342: 9338: 9332: 9324: 9320: 9314: 9307: 9303: 9298: 9279: 9272: 9266: 9258: 9254: 9248: 9246: 9237: 9233: 9229: 9223: 9215: 9208: 9201: 9200:Shattuck 1991 9196: 9189: 9188:Shattuck 1991 9184: 9168: 9164: 9160: 9154: 9152: 9135: 9131: 9127: 9121: 9114: 9109: 9101: 9097: 9093: 9087: 9071: 9067: 9061: 9054: 9049: 9047: 9045: 9043: 9034: 9030: 9026: 9020: 9005: 8999: 8995: 8994: 8986: 8984: 8982: 8980: 8978: 8961: 8957: 8950: 8948: 8946: 8944: 8942: 8940: 8932: 8931:Winegard 2012 8927: 8925: 8923: 8915: 8914:Winegard 2012 8910: 8908: 8900: 8899:Winegard 2012 8895: 8889:, p. 30. 8888: 8887:Winegard 2012 8883: 8876: 8871: 8869: 8862:, p. 20. 8861: 8856: 8854: 8852: 8850: 8848: 8846: 8844: 8842: 8825: 8821: 8815: 8799: 8795: 8789: 8781: 8777: 8771: 8755: 8748: 8740: 8736: 8730: 8722: 8721: 8713: 8707:, p. 19. 8706: 8701: 8699: 8697: 8695: 8693: 8685: 8680: 8674:, p. 17. 8673: 8668: 8666: 8664: 8657:, p. 49. 8656: 8655:Graymont 1972 8651: 8644: 8643:Crawford 1994 8639: 8637: 8628: 8621: 8619: 8611: 8610:Crawford 1994 8606: 8604: 8596: 8595:Graymont 1972 8591: 8589: 8587: 8580:, p. 16. 8579: 8574: 8572: 8570: 8562: 8557: 8546: 8539: 8533: 8527:, p. 15. 8526: 8521: 8506: 8500: 8496: 8495: 8487: 8481:, p. 27. 8480: 8475: 8469:, p. 35. 8468: 8463: 8456: 8451: 8445:, p. 32. 8444: 8439: 8432: 8427: 8421:, p. 31. 8420: 8415: 8408: 8403: 8397:, p. 30. 8396: 8391: 8384: 8379: 8372: 8367: 8360: 8355: 8349:, p. 23. 8348: 8343: 8337:, p. 14. 8336: 8331: 8329: 8327: 8325: 8323: 8321: 8319: 8317: 8310:, p. 13. 8309: 8304: 8302: 8300: 8298: 8296: 8294: 8286: 8281: 8279: 8272:, p. 12. 8271: 8266: 8260:, p. 14. 8259: 8254: 8248:, p. 13. 8247: 8242: 8240: 8238: 8236: 8229:, p. 12. 8228: 8223: 8215: 8208: 8197:September 25, 8192: 8188: 8184: 8178: 8171: 8166: 8164: 8156: 8151: 8143: 8142: 8136: 8131: 8125: 8119:, p. 11. 8118: 8113: 8111: 8109: 8107: 8099: 8094: 8088:, p. 46. 8087: 8082: 8080: 8078: 8076: 8074: 8072: 8064: 8059: 8053:, p. xi. 8052: 8047: 8041:, p. 44. 8040: 8035: 8020: 8016: 8010: 8004:, p. 43. 8003: 7998: 7992:, p. 42. 7991: 7986: 7978: 7972: 7968: 7964: 7960: 7954: 7952: 7950: 7948: 7940: 7935: 7931: 7927: 7922: 7913: 7907:, p. 10. 7906: 7901: 7899: 7897: 7888: 7881: 7866: 7862: 7856: 7841: 7837: 7831: 7815: 7811: 7807: 7801: 7794: 7789: 7787: 7785: 7776: 7769: 7761: 7757: 7753: 7749: 7745: 7741: 7737: 7733: 7729: 7722: 7714: 7707: 7700: 7695: 7687: 7680: 7664: 7660: 7654: 7647:. p. 20. 7646: 7639: 7631: 7627: 7623: 7617: 7614:. Liveright. 7613: 7612: 7604: 7598:, p. 37. 7597: 7596:Jordan (2013) 7592: 7585: 7580: 7578: 7576: 7574: 7565: 7558: 7551: 7546: 7539: 7534: 7526: 7519: 7504: 7498: 7490: 7487:Muir, Diana. 7483: 7476: 7472: 7468: 7467:Susquehannock 7464: 7458: 7442: 7438: 7434: 7427: 7419: 7412: 7405: 7400: 7384: 7380: 7374: 7366: 7362: 7358: 7352: 7344: 7338: 7334: 7327: 7325: 7317: 7312: 7304: 7300: 7296: 7292: 7288: 7281: 7274: 7269: 7262: 7258: 7253: 7237: 7233: 7229: 7222: 7214: 7210: 7206: 7201: 7195:, p. 25. 7194: 7189: 7183:, p. 69. 7182: 7177: 7169: 7162: 7160: 7158: 7156: 7154: 7146: 7141: 7133: 7127: 7123: 7122: 7114: 7107: 7102: 7095: 7090: 7083: 7078: 7076: 7068: 7063: 7055: 7051: 7047: 7043: 7039: 7032: 7025: 7020: 7013: 7008: 6992: 6988: 6987: 6982: 6980: 6974: 6968: 6966: 6964: 6956: 6951: 6949: 6941: 6936: 6934: 6925: 6918: 6916: 6914: 6898: 6894: 6888: 6881: 6875: 6873: 6864: 6862:9781438444314 6858: 6854: 6847: 6840: 6836: 6831: 6824: 6819: 6812: 6811:Graymont 1972 6807: 6799: 6795: 6788: 6780: 6776: 6772: 6771:Hewitt, J. N. 6766: 6759: 6754: 6752: 6750: 6748: 6746: 6738: 6737: 6730: 6722: 6715:. p. 45. 6714: 6708: 6702: 6696: 6691: 6689: 6687: 6685: 6683: 6681: 6679: 6677: 6675: 6667:. p. 88. 6663: 6662: 6657: 6651: 6635: 6631: 6627: 6621: 6613: 6606: 6604: 6602: 6600: 6598: 6596: 6587: 6581: 6566: 6565: 6560: 6553: 6545: 6544: 6536: 6530: 6522: 6515: 6500: 6496: 6490: 6488: 6468: 6462: 6447: 6440: 6433: 6428: 6426: 6417: 6413: 6409: 6407:0-313-03820-1 6403: 6399: 6398: 6390: 6382: 6376: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6358:0-521-37104-X 6354: 6351:. Cambridge. 6350: 6349: 6341: 6334: 6323: 6319: 6315: 6314: 6309: 6302: 6294: 6290: 6284: 6276: 6272: 6266: 6262: 6246: 6239: 6235: 6229: 6220: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6195: 6191: 6185: 6176: 6172: 6161: 6152: 6148: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6121: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6094:Mohawk Chapel 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6064: 6060: 6058: 6057:Handsome Lake 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6047:Gideon Hawley 6045: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6026:Ely S. Parker 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5999: 5994: 5983: 5973: 5970: 5967: 5964: 5961: 5960:Lyle Thompson 5958: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5944: 5941: 5938: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5929: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5913: 5910: 5906: 5903: 5900: 5897: 5894: 5890: 5887: 5884: 5881: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5860:Ely S. Parker 5858: 5855: 5852: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5838: 5835: 5832: 5829: 5826: 5823: 5819: 5816: 5813: 5812:Ki Longfellow 5810: 5807: 5804: 5801: 5798: 5795: 5792: 5789: 5786: 5783: 5780: 5777: 5773: 5770: 5767: 5763: 5762:Handsome Lake 5760: 5757: 5756:Graham Greene 5754: 5751: 5748: 5745: 5742: 5739: 5735: 5732: 5729: 5726: 5723: 5720: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5701: 5698: 5694: 5691: 5688: 5685: 5682: 5679: 5676: 5673: 5670: 5666: 5663: 5660: 5656: 5653: 5650: 5646: 5643: 5642: 5639: 5635: 5630: 5622: 5615: 5610: 5598: 5595: 5592: 5589: 5586: 5583: 5580: 5579:Seneca Nation 5577: 5574: 5571: 5568: 5567:Oneida Nation 5565: 5562: 5559: 5556: 5553: 5550: 5547: 5544: 5541: 5538: 5537:Cayuga Nation 5535: 5534: 5531:United States 5525: 5522: 5519: 5516: 5513: 5510: 5507: 5504: 5501: 5498: 5495: 5492: 5489: 5486: 5485: 5475: 5469: 5462: 5457: 5451: 5439: 5436: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5396: 5392: 5390: 5389:First Nations 5386: 5383: 5377: 5374: 5371: 5367: 5362: 5359: 5354: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5323: 5319: 5304: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5279: 5276: 5273: 5270: 5269: 5265: 5262: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5253:Degaiadahkwa' 5248: 5245: 5243: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5226: 5222: 5219: 5218: 5214: 5211: 5208: 5205: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5191: 5188: 5187: 5183: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5174:Rakinęhá•ha•ˀ 5169: 5166: 5164: 5163:Hona'gaia'gih 5158: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5144: 5141: 5140: 5136: 5133: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5119: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5105: 5102: 5101: 5097: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5050: 5046: 5043: 5042: 5038: 5036: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5008: 5005: 5003: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4975: 4972: 4971: 4967: 4965: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4904: 4901: 4900: 4896: 4894: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4877: 4874: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4860:Hothahi:ionih 4855: 4852: 4850: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4838:Honöta:yö:nih 4833: 4830: 4829: 4809: 4806: 4805:Current clans 4801: 4799: 4796: 4790: 4771: 4759: 4740: 4737: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4719: 4716: 4715:Genesee River 4712: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4695: 4692: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4683:Gayogo̱ho:nǫʔ 4681: 4679: 4676: 4675: 4672: 4671:Onondaga Lake 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4655: 4652: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4635: 4632: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4615: 4611: 4608: 4605: 4602: 4601: 4598: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4572: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4528: 4524: 4521: 4508: 4504: 4501: 4500:United States 4488: 4485:North America 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4461: 4456: 4452: 4447: 4444: 4443:Haudenosaunee 4429: 4427: 4422: 4420: 4416: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4396: 4394: 4389: 4387: 4383: 4382:again in 1942 4379: 4375: 4369: 4359: 4356: 4355:J.N.B. Hewitt 4352: 4347: 4344: 4340: 4335: 4333: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4315: 4310: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4299:U.S. Congress 4296: 4292: 4291:Donald Grinde 4288: 4284: 4279: 4270: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4250: 4246: 4244: 4243:Tree of Peace 4240: 4234: 4231: 4227: 4222: 4220: 4214: 4212: 4208: 4207:knobbed whelk 4204: 4200: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4153: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4135: 4132: 4129: 4126: 4123: 4120: 4119: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4104: 4099: 4091: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4067: 4064: 4053: 4051: 4047: 4036: 4031: 4027: 4016: 4013: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3985: 3982: 3971: 3969: 3958: 3955: 3951: 3946: 3944: 3940: 3939: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3916: 3907: 3904: 3900: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3884: 3878: 3874: 3873: 3867: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3852: 3848: 3843: 3842: 3831: 3828: 3819: 3814: 3804: 3800: 3797: 3791: 3782: 3780: 3774: 3770: 3761: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3748: 3747:Handsome Lake 3744: 3740: 3735: 3733: 3728: 3724: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3670: 3668: 3667:matrilocality 3663: 3659: 3656: 3654: 3650: 3645: 3641: 3638: 3637:Handsome Lake 3633: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3617: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3586: 3583: 3578: 3568: 3564: 3555: 3552: 3549: 3546: 3543: 3540: 3537: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3526: 3525: 3523: 3520: 3515: 3512: 3509: 3506: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3499: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3479: 3466: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3446: 3444: 3439: 3434: 3430: 3425: 3419: 3418: 3412: 3406: 3396: 3392: 3390: 3381: 3377: 3374: 3371: 3365: 3360: 3355: 3353: 3348: 3344: 3339: 3337: 3331: 3329: 3322: 3320: 3311: 3302: 3298: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3267: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3248: 3243: 3238: 3237:three sisters 3234: 3230: 3226: 3221: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3202: 3197: 3191: 3181: 3177: 3175: 3171: 3163: 3160: 3155: 3152: 3151: 3150: 3147: 3142: 3139: 3136: 3133: 3132: 3131: 3128: 3123: 3120: 3117: 3114: 3113: 3112: 3109: 3104: 3101: 3098: 3095: 3094: 3093: 3090: 3085: 3082: 3079: 3076: 3075: 3074: 3071: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3056: 3055: 3052: 3051: 3050: 3048: 3044: 3039: 3034: 3029: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3014: 3011: 3003: 2998: 2993: 2983: 2979: 2977: 2973: 2967: 2962: 2960: 2956: 2951: 2942: 2938: 2933: 2928: 2925: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2910: 2909:Robert Hunter 2906: 2905:Teganissorens 2901: 2899: 2895: 2889: 2885: 2882: 2876: 2872: 2869: 2854: 2845: 2841: 2838: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2822:included the 2821: 2816: 2814: 2808: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2789: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2761: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2714:U.S. Congress 2710: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2696: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2679: 2669: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2650: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2630: 2620: 2617: 2611: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2575: 2573: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2546: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2535:King George V 2530: 2528: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2501: 2497: 2495: 2480: 2477: 2473: 2462: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2394: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2361:(present-day 2360: 2356: 2351: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2334: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2319:Buffalo Creek 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2268: 2267:John Sullivan 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2243: 2241: 2236: 2232: 2224: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2204: 2200: 2190: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2171: 2169: 2165: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2150: 2146: 2141: 2135: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2120: 2118: 2117: 2112: 2108: 2098: 2094: 2092: 2086: 2084: 2080: 2075: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2052: 2043: 2039: 2037: 2031: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2010: 2005: 2001: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1963: 1953: 1951: 1947: 1946:Nanfan Treaty 1943: 1939: 1934: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1910: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1871: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1831: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1820:Great Warpath 1817: 1813: 1808: 1804: 1801:In 1684, the 1796: 1795:Nanfan Treaty 1791: 1787: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1760: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1718:Edmund Andros 1714: 1709: 1704: 1702: 1698: 1689: 1680: 1678: 1674: 1669: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1646: 1644: 1640: 1637:, a European 1636: 1632: 1628: 1623: 1621: 1620:Susquehannock 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1604:Simcoe County 1601: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1565: 1561: 1556: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1537: 1535: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1522:Susquehannock 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1469: 1456: 1447: 1437: 1433: 1430: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1406: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1360: 1358: 1354: 1353:Susquehannock 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1333: 1330: 1325: 1321: 1318:Around 1535, 1316: 1314: 1310: 1309: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1295:New Brunswick 1292: 1288: 1284: 1276: 1271: 1267: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1252: 1241: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1226: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1183: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1141:Onondaga Lake 1137: 1132: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1077: 1073: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1062:solar eclipse 1059: 1055: 1046: 1037: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1015: 1011: 1006: 1004: 1000: 999: 995: 989: 987: 982: 976: 974: 970: 964: 962: 957: 953: 939: 930: 928: 922: 920: 914: 912: 907: 905: 899: 897: 893: 889: 884: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 864:Susquehannock 861: 856: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 780: 779:of a nation. 778: 774: 773: 767: 764: 757: 752: 743: 740: 735: 730: 728: 723: 717: 716:kȣetat-chiȣin 711: 705: 699: 693: 687: 681: 675: 669: 663: 657: 654: 650: 645: 639: 633: 629: 625: 620: 616: 611: 606: 601: 595: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 571: 569: 564: 562: 557: 553: 549: 544: 542: 537: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 510: 504: 499: 494: 491: 485: 481: 477: 476:Haudenosaunee 468: 466: 465:United States 462: 457: 455: 451: 447: 446:Susquehannock 443: 439: 435: 430: 428: 424: 420: 415: 411: 407: 403: 398: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 355:North America 352: 351:First Nations 348: 344: 341: 321: 320: 307: 262: 261:Haudenosaunee 259: 255: 251: 247: 246: 237: 198: 188: 184: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 155: 154:Confederation 152: 148: 145: 142: 138: 132: 128: 126: 122: 120: 116: 114: 111:Before 1609: 110: 109: 107: 104: 100: 97: 93: 90: 86: 79: 74: 70: 63: 56: 52: 51:Haudenosaunee 44: 41: 37: 33: 19: 14461: 14346: 14196:. Retrieved 14192: 14178: 14145: 14137: 14106: 14097: 14077: 14052: 14048: 14026:(1): 34–57. 14023: 14020:Ethnohistory 14019: 14000:The Iroquois 13999: 13988:December 19, 13986:. Retrieved 13967: 13946: 13931:(1): 20–28. 13928: 13924: 13915: 13911: 13892: 13872: 13852: 13827: 13823: 13814: 13801: 13781: 13761: 13752: 13738:(1): 39–76. 13735: 13731: 13718: 13709: 13697:. Retrieved 13693:the original 13688: 13674: 13650: 13640: 13631: 13613:(1): 29–43. 13610: 13606: 13581: 13577: 13558: 13538: 13513: 13492: 13471: 13457: 13438:The Iroquois 13437: 13416: 13395: 13375: 13350: 13347:Ethnohistory 13346: 13334:. Retrieved 13320: 13283: 13279: 13270: 13248:(1): 29–43. 13245: 13241: 13232: 13213: 13180: 13170:Bibliography 13154: 13137: 13125:. Retrieved 13118:the original 13105: 13092: 13056: 13037: 13027:February 27, 13025:. Retrieved 13020: 13016: 12983: 12976: 12958: 12951: 12926: 12922: 12916: 12904: 12890: 12873: 12870:Ethnohistory 12869: 12859: 12847: 12837: 12830: 12818: 12800: 12793: 12781:. Retrieved 12771: 12761: 12737: 12727: 12720: 12710:February 27, 12708:. Retrieved 12703: 12694: 12684:February 27, 12682:. Retrieved 12678:the original 12667: 12657: 12645:. Retrieved 12643:. p. D1 12638: 12628: 12620:the original 12609: 12599: 12587:. Retrieved 12579:The Guardian 12577: 12564: 12554: 12550: 12540:February 27, 12538:. Retrieved 12534:the original 12526: 12516: 12504: 12481: 12445: 12439: 12427:. Retrieved 12419: 12408: 12396:. Retrieved 12388: 12378: 12366:. Retrieved 12362:the original 12352: 12342:November 23, 12340:. Retrieved 12324: 12305: 12292: 12271: 12259: 12235: 12228: 12219: 12182: 12178: 12172: 12161: 12152: 12143: 12130: 12118:. Retrieved 12114:the original 12104: 12092:. Retrieved 12082: 12070:. Retrieved 12066:the original 12028: 12022: 12010:. Retrieved 11997: 11985:. Retrieved 11971: 11945:Richter 1992 11940: 11933:Richter 1992 11928: 11921:Richter 1992 11916: 11904: 11897:Richter 1992 11892: 11863: 11839: 11832: 11820: 11808: 11781: 11769: 11757: 11730: 11718: 11706: 11694: 11667: 11622:Richter 1992 11617: 11610:Richter 1992 11605: 11578: 11556:Richter 1992 11534: 11527:Richter 1992 11522: 11515:Richter 1992 11510: 11477: 11465:. Retrieved 11455: 11443: 11431: 11419: 11410: 11404: 11394: 11369: 11361: 11336: 11333:Ethnohistory 11332: 11304: 11298: 11291:Bradley 1987 11286: 11274:. Retrieved 11255: 11248: 11236:. Retrieved 11227: 11217: 11210:Johnson 2003 11188: 11162: 11153: 11141:. Retrieved 11132: 11122: 11109: 11100: 11079: 11071: 11059: 11030: 11008:Johnson 2003 10974:(1): 33–46. 10971: 10965: 10955: 10946: 10940: 10913: 10909: 10899: 10890: 10883: 10874: 10868: 10835: 10831: 10821: 10809: 10797:. Retrieved 10793:the original 10784: 10752: 10740:. Retrieved 10734: 10727: 10715:. Retrieved 10703: 10699: 10674:. Retrieved 10670: 10661: 10654:Johnson 2003 10649: 10637:. Retrieved 10624: 10570: 10548:. Retrieved 10544: 10534: 10522:. Retrieved 10502: 10498: 10467:. Retrieved 10463: 10453: 10441:. Retrieved 10437: 10428: 10416:. Retrieved 10407: 10398: 10391:Johnson 2003 10366:Johnson 2003 10327:Johnson 2003 10322: 10302: 10295: 10286: 10280: 10268: 10259: 10255: 10249: 10237: 10225: 10218:Johnson 2003 10175: 10169: 10162:Johnson 2003 10157: 10150:Johnson 2003 10133:Johnson 2003 10107:. Retrieved 10088: 10056:. Retrieved 10050: 10022: 10015: 10006: 9990:Richter 1992 9985: 9978:Richter 1983 9973: 9966:Richter 1983 9961: 9954:Richter 1983 9949: 9942:Richter 1983 9927:Richter 1983 9912:Richter 1983 9907: 9882: 9878: 9872: 9865:Johnson 2003 9836:Johnson 2003 9799:Richter 1983 9784:Richter 1983 9779: 9772:Richter 1983 9767: 9760:Richter 1983 9755: 9748:Richter 1983 9743: 9736:Richter 1983 9719:Richter 1983 9714: 9707:Richter 1983 9688:Richter 1983 9673:Richter 1983 9668: 9661:Richter 1983 9656: 9649:Richter 1983 9644: 9634:December 28, 9632:. Retrieved 9628:the original 9623: 9614: 9602:. Retrieved 9595:the original 9582: 9574:the original 9569: 9560: 9550:December 28, 9548:. Retrieved 9544:the original 9539: 9515:. Retrieved 9508:the original 9482:December 28, 9480:. Retrieved 9476:the original 9466: 9453: 9447: 9435:. Retrieved 9428:the original 9415: 9407:the original 9402: 9393: 9381:. Retrieved 9374:the original 9361: 9349:. Retrieved 9345:the original 9340: 9331: 9322: 9313: 9297: 9285:. 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Retrieved 8493: 8486: 8479:MacLeod 2012 8474: 8467:MacLeod 2012 8462: 8455:MacLeod 2012 8450: 8443:MacLeod 2012 8438: 8431:MacLeod 2012 8426: 8419:MacLeod 2012 8414: 8407:MacLeod 2012 8402: 8395:MacLeod 2012 8390: 8383:MacLeod 2012 8378: 8371:MacLeod 2012 8366: 8359:MacLeod 2012 8354: 8347:MacLeod 2012 8342: 8335:Johnson 2003 8308:Johnson 2003 8285:Johnson 2003 8270:Johnson 2003 8265: 8253: 8222: 8213: 8207: 8195:. Retrieved 8191:the original 8177: 8150: 8139: 8124: 8117:Johnson 2003 8093: 8058: 8051:MacLeod 2012 8046: 8034: 8022:. Retrieved 8019:www.srbc.gov 8018: 8009: 7997: 7985: 7962: 7959:Jennings, F. 7929: 7926:Jennings, F. 7921: 7912: 7905:Johnson 2003 7886: 7880: 7868:. Retrieved 7864: 7855: 7843:. Retrieved 7839: 7830: 7818:. Retrieved 7814:the original 7809: 7800: 7795:, p. 9. 7793:Johnson 2003 7774: 7768: 7735: 7732:Ethnohistory 7731: 7721: 7712: 7706: 7699:Richter 1992 7694: 7685: 7679: 7669:February 27, 7667:. Retrieved 7662: 7659:"The Hurons" 7653: 7644: 7638: 7610: 7603: 7591: 7586:, p. 8. 7584:Johnson 2003 7563: 7557: 7550:Johnson 2003 7545: 7540:, p. 7. 7538:Johnson 2003 7533: 7524: 7518: 7506:. Retrieved 7497: 7488: 7482: 7457: 7445:. Retrieved 7441:the original 7436: 7426: 7417: 7411: 7399: 7387:. Retrieved 7382: 7373: 7365:the original 7360: 7351: 7333:The Iroquois 7332: 7311: 7294: 7290: 7280: 7268: 7252: 7242:December 12, 7240:. Retrieved 7235: 7231: 7221: 7200: 7193:Shannon 2008 7188: 7176: 7167: 7145:Stevens 2013 7140: 7120: 7113: 7106:Stevens 2013 7101: 7094:Stevens 2013 7089: 7082:MacLeod 2012 7067:Stevens 2013 7062: 7045: 7041: 7031: 7024:Stevens 2013 7019: 7012:Stevens 2013 7007: 6997:December 16, 6995:. Retrieved 6984: 6978: 6955:Shannon 2008 6923: 6900:. Retrieved 6896: 6887: 6879: 6852: 6846: 6830: 6818: 6806: 6797: 6787: 6778: 6765: 6735: 6729: 6720: 6712: 6701: 6695:Morgan, 1904 6660: 6650: 6638:. Retrieved 6634:the original 6629: 6620: 6611: 6580: 6568:. 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The title 1133: 1093: 1074: 1051: 1020:1780–1840). 1016:(Tuscarora, 1014:David Cusick 1010:Joseph Brant 1007: 996: 991: 985: 978: 965: 949: 923: 915: 908: 900: 885: 857: 800:Hudson River 796:Finger Lakes 792:Five Nations 791: 787: 781: 771: 768: 760: 733: 731: 658: 600:Horatio Hale 597: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 573: 565: 561:Ives Goddard 547: 545: 530:kanǫhsyǫ́·ni 521: 517: 495: 490:Ongweh’onweh 483: 475: 474: 458: 431: 399: 369:, while the 366: 362: 260: 253: 250:Five Nations 249: 196: 194: 50: 40: 14567:Jigonhsasee 14527:Ethnobotany 14517:Clan Mother 14390:governments 14281:Anishinaabe 14193:www.nps.gov 12993:10088/15440 12968:10088/23978 12810:10088/15440 12611:Yahoo! News 12511:, pp. 22–27 12429:February 2, 12072:January 13, 11885:Donald 2011 11660:Donald 2011 11571:Donald 2011 11503:Donald 2011 11436:Donald 2011 11424:Donald 2011 11084:. Vintage. 9341:cqpress.com 9323:GovTrack.us 9113:Philip 2002 9053:Morton 1999 8720:The Oneidas 8597:, p. . 8258:Paxton 2008 8246:Paxton 2008 8227:Paxton 2008 7701:, p. . 7463:Erie people 7181:Fenton 1998 7026:, p. . 6940:Fenton 1998 6897:www.nps.gov 6640:January 27, 6451:October 28, 6036:Flying Head 5923:Lone Ranger 5840:John Norton 5750:Gary Farmer 5716:Cornplanter 5693:Canassatego 5599:of New York 5593:of New York 5587:of Oklahoma 5581:of New York 5563:in New York 5557:in New York 5539:in New York 5284:Ohgönde:na' 5084:Sandpiper ( 5062:Sandpiper ( 4991:Hadinyáhdę: 4795:matrilineal 4711:Seneca Lake 4691:Cayuga Lake 4651:Oneida Lake 4643:Onyota'a:ka 4538:(including 4417:. However, 4378:World War I 4343:Albany Plan 4305:. In 1987, 4199:quahog clam 4136:6 Tuscarora 4121:14 Onondaga 4090:War of 1812 3925:cannibalism 3919:Cannibalism 3605:matriarchal 3513:Horn masks; 3417:pantalettes 3242:De-oh-há-ko 3218:maple syrup 2955:Beaver Wars 2945:Melting pot 2898:James Adair 2832:Brothertown 2703:Act of 1946 2688:The Sixties 2635:Oka, Quebec 2568:Netherlands 2514:War of 1812 2488:World War I 2447:Michel Band 2439:Pouce Coupe 2397:In the west 2371:Grand River 2240:Molly Brant 2238:the Crown. 2229:During the 2183:Alan Taylor 2077:During the 1589:René Goupil 1573:Auriesville 1549:Fort Orange 1536:epidemics. 1502:Anishinaabe 1474:Beaver Wars 1468:Beaver Wars 1462:Beaver Wars 1345:Massawomeck 1234:Beaver Wars 1176:Beaver Wars 1081:Deganawidah 973:matrilineal 969:patriarchal 927:War of 1812 896:fur trading 876:Great Lakes 816:Ohio Valley 746:Confederacy 674:irno kwédač 584:I have said 427:Ohio Valley 406:Deganawidah 343:confederacy 254:Six Nations 160:Legislature 123:1615–1640: 117:1609–1615: 14597:Categories 13561:. Osprey. 13317:"Iroquois" 12852:Jones 2008 12823:Jones 2008 12742:Jones 2008 12700:"Iroquois" 12452:. p. 12398:January 5, 11307:. Oxford. 10667:"Medicine" 10273:Waugh 1916 10262:: 507–525. 10242:Waugh 1916 10230:Waugh 1916 10182:. p. 9351:August 10, 9304:, p. 9173:August 10, 9140:August 10, 8735:"Southesk" 8510:October 6, 7870:August 10, 7845:August 10, 7820:August 10, 7630:1330712844 7259:, p. 7238:(3): 62–63 6837:, p. 6504:August 10, 6194:Day (1968) 6099:Red Jacket 5883:Red Jacket 5864:Union Army 5828:Oren Lyons 5814:, novelist 5776:Onangwatgo 5766:Ganioda'yo 5734:Deganawida 5614:Red Jacket 5526:in Ontario 5520:in Ontario 5514:in Ontario 5508:in Ontario 5494:Kanesatake 5418:(~ 1000), 5349:and 3,000 5088:Tawístawis 5002:Hanya'dëñh 4820:Tuscarora 4787:See also: 4727:Ska:rù:rę' 4259:Peacemaker 4179:See also: 4070:Government 3811:See also: 3739:Christians 3414:), called 3370:Gus-to-weh 3291:corn syrup 3194:See also: 3018:longhouses 2990:See also: 2986:Settlement 2801:Kinzua Dam 2742:California 2734:Potawatomi 2654:Oka Crisis 2629:Oka Crisis 2623:Oka Crisis 2616:Patriation 2600:Indian Act 2459:Kelly Lake 2405:living in 2212:Lithograph 1994:Queen Anne 1966:See also: 1919:Algonquian 1859:New France 1824:Blue Ridge 1780:Kanesatake 1768:Mattawoman 1764:Piscataway 1757:Potawatomi 1518:Erie Tribe 1466:See also: 1427:Historian 1256:Diana Muir 1203:Ohio River 1089:Jigonsaseh 1026:Peacemaker 888:New France 842:-speaking 727:Laurentian 710:kouetakiou 653:Iriⁿakhoiw 628:Montagnais 522:Ganonsyoni 414:Jigonsaseh 150:Government 14547:Mythology 14542:Languages 14501:Tuscarora 14388:community 14286:Atikamekw 14256:Subarctic 14092:3 volumes 14069:153786051 13699:April 17, 13598:161342917 13336:April 12, 13308:154534808 12943:165519714 12882:1527-5477 10932:0707-3771 10860:144792686 10852:0889-048X 10799:March 21, 10600:Reid 1996 10109:April 27, 9899:165993798 9604:April 18, 9517:April 18, 9437:April 18, 9383:April 18, 9287:April 18, 8830:April 16, 8804:April 16, 7760:162639176 7752:1527-5477 7404:Mann 2005 7316:Snow 1994 7273:Mann 2005 6416:230726514 6375:cite book 6322:0362-4331 6258:Citations 5950:Algonquin 5948:, Mohawk- 5907:, Mohawk- 5854:Skenandoa 5651:ancestry) 5649:Tsimshian 5543:Ganienkeh 5488:Kahnawake 5410:(3,288), 5358:Old World 5045:Sandpiper 5035:A'nó:wara 4931:Ohgwai:ih 4871:Θkwarì•nę 4817:Onondaga 4722:Tuscarora 4560:Tuscarora 4530:Languages 4440:Iroquois 4150:consensus 4124:10 Cayuga 4035:gatsennen 3785:Festivals 3590:Gaihwi:io 3460:Societies 3443:selvedges 3405:gä-kä'-ah 3295:dumplings 3271:cornbread 3073:Tuscarora 3047:moieities 3002:longhouse 2907:told Sir 2782:Tuscarora 2730:Menominee 2643:smuggling 2476:voyageurs 2419:voyageurs 2411:Kahnawake 2391:Wisconsin 2379:Brantford 2343:Menominee 2149:Canadians 2116:Kahnawake 2016:Tuscarora 1923:Lake Erie 1902:Frontenac 1849:from the 1828:Fall Line 1776:Kahnawake 1726:Wampanoag 1708:villages. 1697:Mannahoac 1683:1670–1701 1616:Relations 1558:In 1646, 1526:fur trade 1410:Fall Line 1244:Expansion 1211:Mosopelea 1168:Mosopelea 1109:Tuscarora 1105:Iroquoian 1101:Algonkian 848:Carolinas 844:Tuscarora 840:Iroquoian 729:peoples. 649:Algonquin 598:In 1883, 556:Tadoussac 440:(Huron), 338:) are an 14603:Iroquois 14577:Tadodaho 14537:Hiawatha 14486:Onondaga 14417:Bands... 14306:Maliseet 14135:(1870). 13672:(1904). 13262:25604757 13064:Archived 13045:Archived 12647:July 25, 12589:July 25, 12304:(1991). 12218:(1981). 12142:(1991). 12012:June 14, 11467:June 18, 11238:June 14, 11232:Archived 11161:(2013). 11143:April 5, 11137:Archived 11114:Archived 10763:Archived 10712:24531234 10412:Archived 9033:Archived 8960:Archived 8760:June 18, 7961:(1988). 7928:(1988). 7477:peoples. 7473:and the 7447:March 2, 7379:"Chiefs" 6991:Archived 6758:Day 1968 6705:E.g. in 6570:April 6, 6367:22344887 6327:July 27, 6291:(1881). 6012:Delaware 5979:See also 5954:Catholic 5952:, first 5893:The Band 5848:Scottish 5844:Cherokee 5822:Cogwagee 5738:Hiawatha 5406:(~450,) 5345:, 3,000 5343:Onondaga 5341:, 4,000 5337:, 5,000 5170:Beaver ( 5159:Beaver ( 5031:Turtle ( 5024:A'no:wál 5020:Turtle ( 5013:Ráˀkwihs 5009:Turtle ( 4998:Turtle ( 4987:Turtle ( 4964:Ohkwá:ri 4953:Ohkwá:li 4942:Uhčíhręˀ 4882:Thayú:ni 4658:Onondaga 4586:, others 4574:Religion 4548:Onondaga 4285:and the 4158:de facto 4133:8 Seneca 4130:9 Mohawk 4127:9 Oneida 4019:Language 3933:Onondaga 3896:Guskä′eh 3841:lacrosse 3822:Scotland 3571:Medicine 3411:gise'-hǎ 3389:gustoweh 3336:moccasin 3317:In 1644 3287:porridge 3275:cornmeal 3111:Onondaga 3043:smallpox 3010:palisade 2961:wrote, 2924:immunity 2866:was the 2774:Onondaga 2746:New York 2722:Flathead 2443:Dunvegan 2355:New York 2347:Ho-Chunk 2313:Post-war 1915:Onondaga 1895:Montreal 1851:Onondaga 1837:(modern 1643:immunity 1635:smallpox 1534:smallpox 1516:(1651), 1498:Delaware 1376:Mohicans 1303:Gespedeg 1223:Piedmont 1221:and the 1195:Kentucky 1180:epidemic 1149:Tadodaho 1136:Tadodaho 1117:Onondaga 1085:Hiawatha 880:Cherokee 850:after a 828:Onondaga 722:goéṭètjg 590:—and of 548:Iroquois 484:Iroquois 410:Hiawatha 383:Onondaga 315:-din-oh- 197:Iroquois 14522:Economy 14469:Peoples 14326:Wyandot 14321:Naskapi 14311:Miꞌkmaq 14276:Abenaki 13844:1921807 13744:4491596 13300:2706963 13189:–1333. 12783:May 19, 12486:107–128 12368:May 20, 12199:2947207 11276:June 8, 10742:July 6, 10717:July 6, 10676:July 6, 10639:June 6, 10550:July 7, 10524:July 7, 10469:June 6, 10443:June 6, 10418:May 20, 10058:May 27, 8024:June 6, 7508:June 6, 7433:"Osage" 7389:June 6, 6902:June 5, 6777:(ed.). 6546:. 2009. 6476:June 5, 5669:Abenaki 5414:(468), 5398:In the 5385:reserve 5073:Snipe ( 4826:Mohawk 4823:Oneida 4814:Cayuga 4811:Seneca 4609:Meaning 4593:Nations 4564:English 4374:Germany 4112:sachems 4103:Hoyenah 4063:Wyandot 4005:Torture 3974:Capture 3961:Slavery 3929:torture 3883:Gawa′sa 3877:hickory 3354:wrote: 3174:sachems 3170:sachems 2848:Society 2803:on the 2750:Florida 2726:Klamath 2587:Ireland 2583:Estonia 2518:Britain 2363:Ontario 2214:of the 1976:During 1936:During 1891:Lachine 1847:sachems 1737:English 1730:Metacom 1728:led by 1608:Ontario 1541:Mahican 1500:), the 1488:of the 1399:Ontario 1364:Wendake 1343:as the 1291:Kwedech 1287:Mi'kmaq 1283:Kwedech 1213:), and 986:Onontio 933:History 868:Wyandot 772:sachems 662:irnokué 610:ierokwa 539:in the 480:autonym 371:English 361:as the 327: 258:endonym 168:History 102:Capital 14552:Orenda 14510:Topics 14496:Seneca 14491:Oneida 14481:Mohawk 14476:Cayuga 14377:(2002) 14371:(1975) 14365:(1701) 14316:Mohawk 14260:Arctic 14242:Quebec 14113: 14084: 14067: 14040:482790 14038: 14007: 13979: 13954: 13899: 13880: 13859: 13842: 13789: 13768: 13742: 13658: 13596: 13565: 13546: 13525: 13500: 13479: 13445: 13424: 13403: 13382: 13367:480418 13365: 13327: 13306: 13298: 13260: 13220: 13201: 12941: 12880: 12616:Yahoo! 12492: 12460: 12312: 12280: 12247: 12197: 12094:May 4, 12039: 11978: 11851: 11382: 11353:481728 11351: 11311: 11267: 11176: 11088: 10990:658926 10988: 10930: 10858: 10850: 10710: 10635:. 2017 10519:659460 10517: 10310: 10190: 10100: 9897: 9076:May 1, 9000: 8501: 7973: 7967:259n15 7806:"home" 7758: 7750: 7628: 7618: 7339: 7209:Wampum 7128: 6859: 6717:; and 6495:"Home" 6414: 6404: 6365: 6355: 6320: 6016:Lenape 5551:Mohawk 5482:Canada 5463:, 1914 5351:Cayuga 5347:Oneida 5339:Mohawk 5335:Seneca 5249:Hawk ( 5238:Hawk ( 5206:Heron 5203:Heron 5143:Beaver 5120:Deer ( 4974:Turtle 4960:Bear ( 4949:Bear ( 4938:Bear ( 4927:Bear ( 4916:Bear ( 4893:Okwáho 4889:Wolf ( 4878:Wolf ( 4867:Wolf ( 4856:Wolf ( 4845:Wolf ( 4698:Seneca 4678:Cayuga 4638:Oneida 4618:Mohawk 4568:French 4556:Seneca 4552:Cayuga 4544:Oneida 4540:Mohawk 4525:45,000 4520:Canada 4517: 4505:80,000 4497: 4432:People 4193:, 1871 4181:Wampum 4108:chiefs 4046:Oneida 3720:orenda 3716:orenda 3712:Orenda 3708:squash 3706:, and 3438:e'yose 3433:calico 3429:muslin 3328:duffel 3262:, and 3252:Ramson 3247:hominy 3233:squash 3231:, and 3162:Moiety 3154:Moiety 3149:Mohawk 3141:Moiety 3135:Moiety 3130:Oneida 3122:Moiety 3116:Moiety 3103:Moiety 3097:Moiety 3092:Seneca 3084:Moiety 3078:Moiety 3065:Moiety 3059:Moiety 3054:Cayuga 2830:, and 2824:Oneida 2786:Seneca 2778:Cayuga 2770:Oneida 2766:Mohawk 2752:, and 2736:, and 2595:Persia 2591:Panama 2579:Geneva 2510:Canada 2453:, and 2389:, and 2216:Mohawk 1875:Seneca 1867:galley 1749:Hurons 1745:French 1658:Sokoki 1650:Lenape 1560:Jesuit 1494:Lenape 1453: 1451: 1444: 1442: 1414:Siouan 1313:Mohawk 1215:Tutelo 1207:Quapaw 1199:Siouan 1129:Seneca 1127:, and 1125:Cayuga 1121:Oneida 1113:Mohawk 956:Jesuit 834:, and 832:Cayuga 824:Oneida 820:Mohawk 719:, and 704:kwédač 695:, and 692:iriniȣ 686:irinou 668:irokue 619:iakwai 615:Cayuga 526:Mohawk 461:Canada 444:, and 438:Wendat 412:, and 391:Seneca 389:, and 387:Cayuga 379:Oneida 375:Mohawk 171: 88:Status 14403:Bands 14301:Inuit 14065:S2CID 14036:JSTOR 13840:JSTOR 13740:JSTOR 13594:S2CID 13363:JSTOR 13304:S2CID 13296:JSTOR 13258:JSTOR 13146:(PDF) 13121:(PDF) 13114:(PDF) 13097:(PDF) 12939:S2CID 12333:(PDF) 12195:JSTOR 12007:(PDF) 11349:JSTOR 10986:JSTOR 10916:(1). 10856:S2CID 10708:JSTOR 10633:(PDF) 10515:JSTOR 9895:S2CID 9598:(PDF) 9591:(PDF) 9511:(PDF) 9504:(PDF) 9431:(PDF) 9424:(PDF) 9377:(PDF) 9370:(PDF) 9281:(PDF) 9274:(PDF) 8548:(PDF) 8541:(PDF) 7756:S2CID 6665:(PDF) 6538:(PDF) 6470:(PDF) 6214:name. 6143:Notes 5919:Tonto 5911:actor 5909:Métis 5368:in a 5291:Eel ( 5225:Eagle 5190:Heron 5049:Snipe 4798:clans 4783:Clans 4734:From 4110:) or 3704:maize 3700:beans 3427:) of 3305:Dress 3229:beans 3214:maple 2754:Texas 2373:, at 2064:west. 2036:Mingo 2024:North 1577:clans 1545:Dutch 1510:Petun 1496:, or 1492:(the 1482:Petun 1478:Huron 1308:Gaspé 782:When 739:Iroqu 605:Huron 471:Names 14532:Flag 14296:Innu 14291:Cree 14200:2019 14111:ISBN 14082:ISBN 14005:ISBN 13990:2014 13977:ISBN 13952:ISBN 13897:ISBN 13878:ISBN 13857:ISBN 13787:ISBN 13766:ISBN 13701:2013 13656:ISBN 13563:ISBN 13544:ISBN 13523:ISBN 13498:ISBN 13477:ISBN 13443:ISBN 13422:ISBN 13401:ISBN 13380:ISBN 13338:2015 13325:ISBN 13218:ISBN 13199:ISBN 13187:1328 13129:2015 13029:2011 12878:ISSN 12785:2024 12712:2011 12686:2011 12649:2019 12591:2019 12542:2011 12530:.com 12490:ISBN 12458:ISBN 12431:2019 12400:2011 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