5216:"Hancock tells me the word "gypsy" itself is an "exonym" — a term imposed upon an ethnic group by outsiders. When the Roma people moved westward from India towards the European continent, they were mistaken to be Egyptian because of their features and dark skin. We see the same phenomenon across several languages, not only English. Victor Hugo, in his epic Hunchback of Notre Dame, noted that the Medieval French term for the Roma was egyptiens. In Spanish, the word for gypsy is "gitano," which comes from the word egipcio, meaning Egyptian — in Romanian: tigan, in Bulgarian: tsiganin, in Turkish: cingene — all of which are variations of slang words for "Egyptian" in those languages."
243:
692:
3677:
2659:
1249:
128:
3937:
66:
25:
2042:, exonyms can also arise from the "egocentric" tendency of in-groups to identify themselves with "mankind in general", producing an endonym that out groups would not use, while another source is the human tendency towards neighbours to "be pejorative rather than complimentary, especially where there is a real or fancied difference in cultural level between
4274:, in the early 17th century, both names were in use. They possibly referred to different villages which were fused into the new settlement. In any case, Madras became the exonym, while more recently, Chennai became the endonym. Madrasi, a term for a native of the city, has often been used derogatorily to refer to the people of
4058:, English speakers using either romanization will not pronounce the names correctly if standard English pronunciation is used. Nonetheless, many older English speakers still refer to the cities by their older English names, and even today they are often used in their traditional associations, such as
3658:
is most commonly used. The changes to Hanyu Pinyin were not only financially costly but were unpopular with the locals, who opined that the Hanyu Pinyin versions were too difficult for non-Chinese or non-Mandarin speakers to pronounce. The government eventually stopped the changes by the 1990s, which
2643:
Time has, however, shown that initial ambitious attempts to rapidly decrease the number of exonyms were over-optimistic and not possible to realise in an intended way. The reason would appear to be that many exonyms have become common words in a language and can be seen as part of the language's
2026:
Many exonyms result from adaptations of an endonym into another language, mediated by differences in phonetics, while others may result from translation of the endonym, or as a reflection of the specific relationship an outsider group has with a local place or geographical feature.
2809:
is available, either because the language itself is unwritten (even unanalysed) or because there are competing non-standard spellings. Use of a misspelled endonym is perhaps more problematic than the respectful use of an existing exonym. Finally, an endonym may be a
1101:: "Name used in a specific language for a geographical feature situated outside the area where that language is spoken, and differing in its form from the name used in an official or well-established language of that area where the geographical feature is located."
5075:
in
Italian. However, the Canadian city called London is not translated into French and Italian in this way. Thus, as Fourment-Berni Canani concludes, a place name can be translated if the place, as a unique referent, has already been renamed in the target
2727:, which is known for its linguistic tensions between Dutch- and French-speakers, a neutral name may be preferred so as to not offend anyone. Thus, an exonym such as Brussels in English could be used instead of favoring either one of the local names (
778:
name for a group of people, individual person, geographical place, language, or dialect, meaning that it is used primarily outside the particular place inhabited by the group or linguistic community. Exonyms exist not only for
3922:
Various Native-American autonyms are sometimes explained to
English readers as having literal translations of "original people" or "normal people", with implicit contrast to other first nations as not original or not normal.
4934:. 2/11 in the series Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft / Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science (HSK) (in German). Vol. 2. Halbband+Registerband. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. p. 1012.
2758:. The endonym may include sounds and spellings that are highly unfamiliar to speakers of other languages, making appropriate usage difficult if not impossible for an outsider. Over the years, the endonym may have undergone
5139:
Matisoff, James (1986). "The languages and dialects of Tibeto-Burman: an alphabetic/genetic listing, with some prefatory remarks on ethnonymic and glossonymic complications". In McCoy, John; Light, Timothy (eds.).
4257:
Following independence from the UK in 1947, many regions and cities have been renamed in accordance with local languages, or to change the
English spelling to more closely match the indigenous local name. The name
2586:). People may also avoid exonyms for reasons of historical sensitivity, as in the case of German names for Polish and Czech places that, at one time, had been ethnically or politically German (e.g. Danzig/
4776:
2818:
usage in another language like
English, which has the propensity to use the adjectives for describing culture and language. The attempt to use the endonym thus has a bizarre-sounding result.
5185:
4930:
Harder, Kelsey B. (1996). "156. Names in
Language Contact: Exonyms (Namen im Sprachaustausch: Exonyme I Les noms dans des echanges de /angues: exonymes)". In Eichler, Ernst (ed.).
3638:
During the 1980s, the
Singapore Government encouraged the use of Hanyu Pinyin spelling for place names, especially those with Teochew, Hokkien or Cantonese names, as part of the
2354:
Some
European cities might be considered partial exceptions, in that whilst the spelling is the same across languages, the pronunciation can differ. For example, the city of
893:
4711:
3729:
Matisoff wrote, "A group's autonym is often egocentric, equating the name of the people with 'mankind in general,' or the name of the language with 'human speech'."
2850:
merged Thon Buri and Phra Nakhon, forming the new capital, Krungthep
Mahanakhon. However, outside of Thailand, the capital retained the old name and is still called
5432:
2555:
During the late 20th century, the use of exonyms often became controversial. Groups often prefer that outsiders avoid exonyms where they have come to be used in a
783:
reasons but also in consideration of difficulties when pronouncing foreign words, or from non-systematic attempts at transcribing into a different writing system.
2092:
As exonyms develop for places of significance for speakers of the language of the exonym, consequently, many
European capitals have English exonyms, for example:
3795:
peoples referred to their
Germanic neighbors as "mutes" because they could not speak the "language". The term survives to this day in the Slavic languages (e.g.
3650:(Hanyu Pinyin: Lín Yìshùn) became Yishun and the neighbourhood schools and places established following the change used the Hanyu Pinyin spelling. In contrast,
5115:
2609:
have sought to reduce the use of exonyms to avoid this kind of problem. For example, it is now common for Spanish speakers to refer to the Turkish capital as
4890:
4781:
3611:
and even Taipei itself are not spelled according to Hanyu Pinyin spelling rules. As a matter of fact, most names of Taiwanese cities are still spelled using
1085:
4832:
4359:
2384:
In earlier times, the name of the first tribe or village encountered became the exonym for the whole people beyond. Thus, the Romans used the tribal names
3592:–Pinyin spelling of the province. That is because if Pinyin were used to spell the province, it would be indistinguishable from its neighboring province
3775:
5200:
5023:. Goh, CL.: "The names of monarchs, popes, and non-contemporary authors as well as place names are commonly translated. Foreign names for geographic
4093:
respectively) also underwent changes in spelling due to changes in romanization, even though the Korean pronunciations have largely stayed the same.
4591:
871:
5175:
5027:
are called exonyms. Fourment-Berni Canani (1994) discusses the (im)possibility of translating proper names. He gives examples of the place names
4806:
4371:
4205:) in Greek, although the name was changed in Turkish to dissociate the city from its Greek past between 1923 and 1930 (the name Istanbul itself
5229:
4811:
4485:
3306:(a Lithuanianised version of the country's endonym). As a response, Georgia changed the name of Lithuania in Georgian from the Russian-derived
3225:
3785:
4354:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4349:
4301:
5729:
Jordan, Peter, Milan Orožen Adamič, and Paul Woodman, eds. 2007. "Exonyms and the International Standardisation of Geographical Names."
5775:
4796:
4416:
3464:
5350:
5320:
3834:
2361:
For places considered to be of lesser significance, attempts to reproduce local names have been made in English since the time of the
6307:
4306:
3450:
ordering the use of Türkiye (also rendered Turkiye in English) instead of exonyms in official communications, no matter the language.
4837:
1095:: "Name of a geographical feature in an official or well-established language occurring in that area where the feature is located."
6239:
4319:
3460:
2826:
Sometimes the government of a country tries to endorse the use of an endonym instead of traditional exonyms outside the country:
192:
4162:, not the Siege of St. Petersburg because at that time (1941–1944) the city was called Leningrad. Likewise, one would say that
3596:, where the pronunciations of the two provinces only differ by tones, which are usually not written down when used in English.
3274:
3157:
2762:
changes, either in the original language or the borrowing language, thus changing an endonym into an exonym, as in the case of
164:
5655:
5504:
5000:
4816:
719:
6765:
2358:
is spelled the same way in French and English, but the French pronunciation is different from the English pronunciation .
609:
171:
6244:
5831:
5440:
4801:
4526:
3694:
2680:
1270:
145:
38:
5718:
Jordan, Peter, Hubert Bergmann, Caroline Burgess, and Catherine Cheetham, eds. 2010 & 2011. "Trends in Exonym Use."
2975:
countries, however, the French version has not entered common parlance. For example, in German, the country is known as
6224:
6219:
6200:
6195:
6182:
5328:
5180:
4478:
3861:
3603:, most (but not all) street and district names shifted to Hanyu Pinyin. For example, the Sinyi District is now spelled
2636:
2598:); and Russian names for non-Russian locations that were subsequently renamed or had their spelling changed (e.g. Kiev/
2565:
2457:
as a generic name for speakers of Celtic and later (as Celts became increasingly romanised) Romance languages; thence:
3535:, etc.), Tsingtao (Qingdao), and Canton (Guangdong). In some cases the traditional English exonym is based on a local
6842:
5752:
5587:
5541:
5469:
5151:
4947:
4791:
3980:
3716:
2706:
1296:
229:
211:
109:
52:
3962:
2688:
1278:
178:
91:
6293:
6249:
6229:
4406:
2507:
1747:
6288:
6208:
4681:
3477:, many Chinese endonyms have successfully replaced English exonyms, especially city and most provincial names in
2964:
569:
5462:
Eighth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names Berlin, 27 August-5 September 2002
3767:
Exonyms often describe others as "foreign-speaking", "non-speaking", or "nonsense-speaking". One example is the
958:
922:
881:
6418:
6254:
3947:
3698:
3416:
2684:
1274:
629:
574:
347:
160:
149:
76:
5291:
6331:
6278:
6268:
6234:
4471:
3659:
has led to some place names within a locality having differing spellings. For example, Nee Soon Road and the
976:
604:
295:
5687:
5376:
5799:
5769:
3075:
should be used in all languages. The result has been rather successful in English, where the former exonym
886:
549:
415:
6383:
6283:
6078:
5958:
5793:
5252:
4436:
4252:
4031:
3612:
3028:
669:
375:
4970:
3527:). However, older English exonyms are sometimes used in certain contexts, for example: Peking (Beijing;
6301:
6273:
4955:
3642:
to promote Mandarin and discourage the use of dialects. For example, the area of Nee Soon, named after
6349:
6063:
5015:
Edelman, Loulou. 2009. "What's in a Name? Classification of proper names by language". Pp. 141–53 in
3883:
712:
659:
559:
385:
3334:). Ukrainian politicians have also suggested that Ukraine change the Ukrainian name of Georgia from
1764:
Exonyms can also be divided into native and borrowed, e.g., from a third language. For example, the
6852:
6438:
4626:
4521:
4451:
4441:
4366:
4074:(1937) uses the city's older name because that was the name of the city at the time of occurrence.
3747:
Many millennia earlier, the Greeks thought that all non-Greeks were uncultured and so called them "
3165:
2669:
1259:
564:
507:
322:
5557:
2968:
940:
6320:
6312:
6157:
5824:
4676:
4296:
3958:
3687:
3639:
3474:
3207:
2673:
2454:
2225:
2135:
1851:
1263:
664:
502:
479:
138:
87:
44:
3443:
185:
6558:
6458:
5901:
4786:
4764:
4596:
4143:
has a Dutch etymology, it was never a Dutch exonym for the city between 1914 and 1991, just as
3660:
3604:
3173:
2373:
because it was an Italian port essential to English merchants and, by the 18th century, to the
2043:
1068:
614:
581:
534:
450:
430:
410:
312:
290:
285:
4206:
6583:
6368:
6262:
5869:
5577:
4865:
4646:
4102:
2953:
requested that the country's French name be used in all languages instead of exonyms such as
2910:
2109:
1213:, for example, are English-language exonyms for the languages that are endonymously known as
390:
3954:
3584:. One exception of Pinyin standardization in mainland China is the spelling of the province
2619:. Another example, it is now common for Italian speakers to refer to some African states as
83:
6847:
6796:
6720:
6628:
6453:
6336:
6088:
6058:
6053:
5891:
5886:
5879:
4827:
3135:
2843:
2839:
2835:
1081:
780:
705:
634:
544:
425:
370:
267:
3852:
are describing Germanic people as "mutes"—in contrast to themselves, "the speaking ones".
8:
6857:
6760:
6663:
6658:
6545:
6463:
6083:
5874:
5562:
3908:
3020:
2997:
2770:
was formerly pronounced in French. Another example is the endonym for the German city of
2202:
1946:
1727:
1596:
1402:
788:
475:
405:
380:
352:
5776:
Jacek Wesołowski's Place Names in Europe, featuring endonyms and exonyms for many cities
5676:"The Names of Kōnstantinoúpolis". Dünden bugüne İstanbul ansiklopedisi. 5. Ciltli. 1994.
4154:
Old place names that have become outdated after renaming may afterward still be used as
3599:
In Taiwan, however, the standardization of Hanyu Pinyin has only seen mixed results. In
3127:
2950:
6862:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6643:
6603:
6598:
6503:
6443:
6073:
5968:
5921:
5896:
5864:
5817:
5533:
4721:
4666:
4641:
4456:
4391:
4159:
3808:
3796:
2348:
1831:
1536:
1468:
695:
674:
644:
599:
554:
522:
512:
400:
395:
3249:
3143:
3087:, has virtually died out; in other languages, exonyms are still much more common than
1309:
By their relation to endonyms, all exonyms can be divided into three main categories:
6867:
6822:
6725:
6638:
6623:
6608:
6568:
6563:
6553:
6488:
6373:
6363:
6093:
5787:
5748:
5583:
5537:
5510:
5500:
5475:
5465:
5384:
5157:
5147:
5095:
4996:
4943:
4822:
4716:
4696:
4661:
4656:
4611:
4606:
4536:
4506:
4426:
4396:
4275:
4067:
3812:
3283:
3111:
2806:
2152:
2031:
1868:
1737:
1636:
1484:
1460:
1398:
1390:
1003:
820:
691:
539:
517:
460:
3744:
is used for speakers of any language other than Basque (usually Spanish or French).
3233:
1524:
1350:
814:
800:
6817:
6695:
6690:
6573:
6132:
6115:
6105:
6001:
4935:
4581:
4556:
4511:
4106:
4071:
4051:
4011:
4007:
3804:
3800:
3768:
3573:
3540:
3263:
3179:
3122:
3084:
2815:
2732:
2442:
2427:
2320:
2256:
2216:
2126:
2069:
2053:
2010:
1996:
1960:
1938:
1910:
1896:
1842:
1803:
1765:
1707:
1697:
1654:
1614:
1584:
1472:
1464:
1456:
1452:
1406:
1386:
1354:
1197:
1173:
825:
809:
805:
760:
639:
470:
465:
440:
435:
420:
256:
5663:
5123:. New York: United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names, Second session.
2303:
do not have English exonyms, but do have exonyms in languages spoken nearby, e.g.
242:
6730:
6676:
6648:
6588:
6523:
6478:
6413:
6147:
6142:
6120:
6048:
5781:
5742:
4706:
4701:
4686:
4671:
4651:
4636:
4621:
4586:
4576:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4446:
4411:
4401:
4386:
4376:
4055:
4043:
4035:
4019:
4015:
3912:
3816:
3733:
3608:
3589:
3559:
3536:
3396:
3097:
3092:
2918:
2870:
2847:
2742:
2720:
2304:
2284:
2270:
2188:
2166:
2061:
1968:
1924:
1882:
1687:
1677:
1560:
1512:
1500:
1394:
1203:
1136:
839:
829:
251:
5604:
3286:
has been working to have the country renamed from the Russian-derived exonym of
2959:, so that Côte d'Ivoire is now the official English name of that country in the
1756:
is singular, while all the aforementioned translations except Irish are plural.
6755:
6745:
6715:
6653:
6633:
6578:
6167:
6137:
5996:
5963:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5692:
4691:
4566:
4531:
4516:
4431:
4314:
4232:
4224:
3643:
3478:
3257:
3241:
3192:
3184:
3105:
3013:
2960:
2874:
2755:
2728:
2398:
2242:
2174:
2100:
1982:
1717:
1572:
1548:
1496:
1436:
1424:
1369:
1346:
1209:
1164:
1150:
834:
763:
to identify or designate themselves, their place of origin, or their language.
484:
5625:
Sapir, Edward (1992). "Southern Paiute Dictionary". In Bright, William (ed.).
5321:"Ninth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names"
2754:
Other difficulties with endonyms have to do with pronunciation, spelling, and
1349:
into an exonym because of the corresponding language's lack of common sounds.
6811:
6735:
6700:
6493:
6433:
6408:
6403:
6172:
6127:
6021:
5948:
5928:
5558:
Erased Place Names" and Nation-building: A Case Study of Singaporean Toponyms
5514:
5388:
5099:
4749:
4726:
4631:
4616:
4601:
4571:
4561:
4381:
4291:
4271:
4163:
4148:
4144:
3869:
3756:
3752:
3663:
base Nee Soon Camp are both located in Yishun but retained the old spelling.
2914:
2891:
2591:
2560:
2057:
1789:
1327:
1061:
5479:
5161:
4054:
in the 1970s. Since the Mandarin pronunciation does not perfectly map to an
6770:
6710:
6593:
6535:
6528:
6483:
6423:
6354:
6162:
6152:
6100:
6038:
6026:
6016:
6006:
5991:
5943:
5859:
5024:
4267:
4155:
4063:
4047:
3898:
3647:
3624:
3532:
3470:
3116:
3061:
2866:
2865:
rather than Persia in official correspondence. The name of the country had
2595:
2446:
2374:
2065:
1049:
1045:
527:
317:
5494:
4939:
2719:
In some situations, the use of exonyms can be preferred. For instance, in
1179:, respectively. There are also typonyms of specific features, for example
1026:
6705:
6513:
6498:
6473:
6398:
6068:
6043:
6033:
6011:
5938:
5141:
4777:
List of countries and dependencies and their capitals in native languages
4279:
4167:
4059:
3528:
3366:
2972:
2955:
2576:
2520:
2511:
2494:
2086:
2039:
1667:
1331:
679:
654:
275:
3562:
pronunciation, with the result that many English speakers actualize the
3369:
national government officially changed the Chinese name of its capital,
1030:
6780:
6775:
6750:
6685:
6618:
6508:
5953:
5044:
4754:
4463:
3998:
Although the pronunciation for several names of Chinese cities such as
3701: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2943:
2929:
2624:
2606:
2556:
2184:
1007:
649:
332:
5493:
Lima, Susan D. (1994). Corrigan, Roberta; Iverson, Gregory K. (eds.).
1345:
Sometimes, a place name may be unable to use many of the letters when
6740:
6613:
6518:
6110:
5983:
5840:
5020:
4218:
3916:
3826:
One of the more prominent theories regarding the origin of the term "
3748:
3632:
3558:, the adoption of the exonym by media outlets quickly gave rise to a
3512:
3297:
2939:
2858:
2759:
2620:
2461:
2344:
2296:
2148:
1864:
1440:
1192:
969:
951:
933:
915:
874:
624:
619:
455:
445:
337:
327:
246:
A map demonstrating the wide diversity of exonyms for the country of
5280:, Istituto Geografico Militare, Florence 2005, p. 88-89, n. 170-171.
5230:"Why I Will Never Again Refer to the Ukrainian Capital City as Kiev"
3965:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
3676:
2658:
2587:
1248:
127:
94:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
6428:
6393:
5094:. Slovenia: United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names.
4759:
4182:
3894:
3845:
3841:
3620:
3038:
government maintains that the capital of Ukraine should be spelled
2902:
2724:
2486:
2477:
2362:
2162:
2122:
1892:
1838:
1830:
A substantial proportion of English-language exonyms for places in
1180:
1053:
1038:
752:
748:
5408:
1313:
those derived from different roots, as in the case of Germany for
6448:
6378:
4263:
4090:
4082:
4027:
4023:
4003:
3999:
3848:" for example), meaning 'word' or 'speech'. In this context, the
3820:
3651:
3628:
3585:
3548:
3496:
3482:
3068:
3035:
3001:
2851:
2771:
2583:
2516:
2498:
2481:
2474:
the Slavic term Vlah for "Romanian", dialectally "Italian, Latin"
2465:
2378:
2366:
2083:; 'wild men', ' savage', ' rustic people'
2006:
1956:
1878:
1323:
1057:
794:
792:
is the endonym for the country that is also known by the exonyms
756:
247:
2052:"an opprobrious term indicating mixed race or parentage" is the
16:
Name variations of ethnic groups, languages, persons, and places
5933:
5720:
Proceedings of the 10th UNGEGN Working Group on Exonyms Meeting
5060:
5028:
4992:
4494:
4259:
4039:
3865:
3616:
3600:
3593:
3544:
3447:
3388:
3214:
3024:
2925:
2890:), referring to a single province which is officially known as
2831:
2811:
2610:
2503:
2469:
2422:
2409:
2336:
2332:
2300:
2280:
2266:
2238:
2212:
2198:
2096:
1978:
1934:
1920:
1785:
1775:
1365:
1338:
1127:
are the English-language exonyms corresponding to the endonyms
904:
867:
342:
5731:
Approaches towards the Resolution of an Apparent Contradiction
5499:. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Pub. Co. p. 80.
4101:
Exonyms and endonyms must not be confused with the results of
3576:
6468:
5973:
5579:
Mother-tongue and Fatherland: Language and Politics in German
5087:
4744:
4240:
4086:
4078:
3873:
3849:
3406:
3392:
3370:
2775:
2570:
2536:
2528:
2490:
2450:
2404:
2355:
1906:
1119:
1113:
1107:
5809:
3887:
5854:
3827:
3792:
3654:
is the Hanyu Pinyin spelling but the Hokkien pronunciation
2898:
2862:
2599:
2417:
2340:
2252:
1992:
1618:
744:
5201:"Why Being 'Gypped' Hurts The Roma More Than It Hurts You"
2381:, a minor port on the same sea, never received an exonym.
2295:
In contrast, historically less-prominent capitals such as
5204:
5047:
is also called Venice, but this name is not changed into
2431:
5804:
5782:"Does Juliet's Rose, by Any Other Name, Smell as Sweet?"
3831:
3782:
3772:
2942:, although the name Ceylon was retained as the name for
5794:
European geographical names infrastructure and services
759:, meaning that it is used inside a particular group or
5747:. Lanham and London: The Scarecrow Press. p. 14.
5292:"Start reading The Discovery of Iran | Ali Mirsepassi"
5253:"EXONYMS IN SPANISH Criteria and usage in cartography"
3296:. Most countries have adopted this change, except for
1666:
An example of a translated exonym is the name for the
1624:
5744:
An Alphabetical Guide to the Language of Name Studies
4898:
United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names
4782:
List of adjectival and demonymic forms of place names
3442:
In December 2021, a circular was issued by President
2873:(224–651), whereas the name Persia is descended from
2453:" to foreigners they encountered and this evolved in
2230:
2140:
1856:
1642:
1602:
1554:
1186:
1086:
United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names
5121:(Provisional agenda item 13 - submission by Austria)
4976:. London: Hutchinson university library. p. 17.
4833:
Names of places in Finland in Finnish and in Swedish
3439:). This use has now been made official within China.
3420:
1834:
are borrowed (or adapted) from French; for example:
890:
5433:"Why Turkey is now 'Turkiye', and why that matters"
5351:"Myanmar, Burma and why the different names matter"
4417:
Welsh names for other places in Britain and Ireland
4158:. For example, even today one would talk about the
2905:, although the former name's adjective in English (
2114:
1412:
1075:
152:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
5605:"Native American Indian Studies - A Note on Names"
4969:
4070:. As for Nanjing, the historical event called the
3042:in English because the traditional English exonym
3000:requested that the English name of the country be
2493:, the Celtic-speaking regions located West of the
2396:(Germanic), the Russians used the village name of
1238:
907:added to these terms are also derived from Greek:
5437:Why Turkey is now 'Turkiye', and why that matters
4911:
3915:word meaning "ancient enemies", and contemporary
3864:tribes derive from pejorative exonyms. The name "
3023:officially changed the English name of Bombay to
2430:invaders were equated with the 500-years-earlier
2021:
1376:), for example, is known by the cognate exonyms:
6809:
3301:
3247:
2933:
2797:
2790:in German, while the Italian and Spanish exonym
2434:invaders in the same territory, and were called
1731:
1590:
1337:those that are fully or partially translated (a
4807:List of European regions with alternative names
4372:Names of European cities in different languages
3356:
3349:
3342:
3335:
3171:
3163:
2534:
1530:
992:also have different applications, thus leaving
5722:. Tainach (28–30 April 2010). Hamburg (2011).
5639:
5258:. NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC INSTITUTE OF SPAIN (IGN)
5251:Luxán, Marga Azcárate; Tagle, Bárbara Alonso.
5019:, edited by E. Shohamy and D. Gorter. London:
4812:List of European rivers with alternative names
4423:African/Asian/Middle-Eastern/Eurasian exonyms
3902:
3830:" suggests that it comes from the Slavic root
3328:
3321:
3314:
3307:
3114:
1759:
1741:
1630:
1478:
5825:
5530:Toponymics: A Study of Singapore Street Names
5070:
5032:
4961:
4479:
4186:
4172:
4134:
4127:
4119:
4111:
4006:has not changed for quite some time while in
3791:("mute"); standard etymology has it that the
3433:
3426:
3382:
3375:
3287:
3272:
3266:
3255:
3239:
3205:
3198:
3190:
3182:
3133:
3125:
3054:
3047:
2988:
2982:
2791:
2614:
2073:
2047:
1822:
1806:
1779:
1769:
1711:
1701:
1648:
1608:
1578:
1446:
1380:
1220:
1214:
1148:
1142:
713:
5711:
5602:
5064:
5054:
5048:
5038:
4932:Namenforschung/Name Studies/Les noms propres
3877:
3738:
3410:
3400:
3231:
3230:) (all literally 'White Russia'), or French
3223:
3217:
3141:
3095:
2976:
2861:requested that foreign nations use the name
2814:noun and may not naturally extend itself to
2785:
2746:
2574:
2526:
2314:
2308:
1816:
1691:
1681:
1506:
1314:
1226:
1171:
1162:
1156:
5688:"It's time to end the 'Madrasi' stereotype"
5582:. Manchester University Press. p. 78.
5528:Savage, Victor R.; Yeoh, Brenda S. (2013).
5017:Linguistic landscape: expanding the scenery
4216:
4210:
4199:
4192:
4022:during the 19th century), they were called
3819:(in which case it referred specifically to
3155:
3149:
3103:
2884:
2877:
2779:
2736:
2687:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2648:
2391:
2385:
1751:
1721:
1671:
1566:
1542:
1518:
1490:
1430:
1418:
1277:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1134:
1128:
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
5832:
5818:
5796:on EuroGeoNames (archived 15 January 2009)
5527:
5409:"Turkiye - The latest news from TRT World"
5227:
4967:
4797:List of country names in various languages
4486:
4472:
3926:
3465:Chinese language romanisation in Singapore
2563:often prefer that term to exonyms such as
2525:the Polish and Hungarian names for Italy,
2519:, the German name for the french-speaking
2402:, medieval Europeans took the tribal name
1793:
747:for a group of people, individual person,
720:
706:
5800:UN document describing EuroGeoNames (PDF)
4923:
3981:Learn how and when to remove this message
3717:Learn how and when to remove this message
3666:
2707:Learn how and when to remove this message
2412:confederation (and then confused it with
1297:Learn how and when to remove this message
1033:can be divided in three main categories:
230:Learn how and when to remove this message
212:Learn how and when to remove this message
110:Learn how and when to remove this message
5640:Cordell, Linda; McBrinn, Maxine (2012).
5413:Turkiye - The latest news from TRT World
5138:
5117:Exonyms as part of the cultural heritage
5043:in French. A city in the American state
4838:List of renamed Indian cities and states
4493:
4360:German exonyms for places in Switzerland
1067:endonyms and exonyms of language names (
241:
5575:
5059:in French. Similarly, the English city
5037:has been renamed Venice in English and
4882:
4320:German names for Central European towns
4166:was born in Königsberg in 1724, not in
4125:) in 1924, and again Saint Petersburg (
3547:, where the name Amoy is closer to the
3461:Chinese language romanization in Taiwan
3027:in November 1995, following a trend of
2821:
1191:In the case of endonyms and exonyms of
845:
6810:
5250:
5113:
5085:
4986:
4929:
3029:renaming of cities and states in India
2550:
5813:
5624:
5315:
5313:
5311:
5143:Contributions to Sino-Tibetan studies
5134:
5132:
5130:
4817:List of traditional Greek place names
4467:
4355:German exonyms for places in Slovakia
4239:), named after its mythical founder,
4178:), as it has been called since 1946.
4151:until 1664, is not its Dutch exonym.
3031:that has occurred since independence.
2802:closely reflects the Latin original.
2347:, with identical names in most major
1661:
1044:endonyms and exonyms of human names (
1037:endonyms and exonyms of place names (
5740:
5648:
5492:
5374:
5176:""UNGEGN-ICA webcourse on Toponymy""
4917:
4888:
4860:
4858:
4345:German exonyms for places in Hungary
4340:German exonyms for places in Estonia
4335:German exonyms for places in Denmark
4330:German exonyms for places in Croatia
4325:German exonyms for places in Belgium
4207:derives from a Medieval Greek phrase
3930:
3699:adding citations to reliable sources
3670:
3012:as the name of the inhabitants (see
3008:as the adjective of the country and
2685:adding citations to reliable sources
2652:
2627:rather than use the Italian exonyms
1275:adding citations to reliable sources
1242:
610:Conservative and innovative language
150:adding citations to reliable sources
121:
59:
18:
5770:2006 UN document discussing exonyms
5685:
5627:The Collected Works of Edward Sapir
5188:from the original on 11 March 2024.
4972:The Rendering of Geographical Names
4802:List of Latin place names in Europe
4350:German exonyms for places in Latvia
4302:English exonyms for German toponyms
4285:
3911:are also known as the "Anasazi", a
3855:
3781:, possibly deriving from plural of
3083:, still used with reference to the
3071:government argues that the endonym
2909:) was retained as the name for the
2613:rather than use the Spanish exonym
1609:
1163:
1016:The Rendering of Geographical Names
13:
5464:. New York: United Nations. 2003.
5329:United Nations Statistics Division
5308:
5198:
5181:United Nations Statistics Division
5127:
4139:) in 1991. In this case, although
4077:Likewise, many Korean cities like
3919:discourage the use of the exonym.
3469:Following the 1979 declaration of
3046:was derived from the Russian name
2637:United Nations Statistics Division
1360:
1187:Endonyms and exonyms of glossonyms
14:
6879:
5763:
5289:
5278:I perché e i nomi della geografia
5146:. Leiden: E.J. Brill. p. 6.
4855:
4792:List of alternative country names
4307:English-translated personal names
4215:, the city was known in Greek as
4034:convention, based largely on the
3860:The most common names of several
1676:in Dutch) used, respectively, in
34:This article has multiple issues.
5375:Beam, Christopher (2006-07-12).
4407:Slavic toponyms for Greek places
3935:
3872:word meaning "enemy". The name "
3807:Nemčija), and was borrowed into
3762:
3675:
3572:
2657:
2480:, the french-speaking region of
2046:." For example, Matisoff notes,
1247:
1076:Endonyms and exonyms of toponyms
690:
126:
64:
23:
5686:Bag, Ahana (October 19, 2021).
5679:
5670:
5660:University of Northern Colorado
5633:
5618:
5596:
5569:
5550:
5521:
5496:The Reality of Linguistic Rules
5486:
5454:
5425:
5401:
5368:
5343:
5283:
5270:
5244:
5221:
5192:
5168:
5092:UNGEGN Working Group on Exonyms
3993:
3907:meaning "enemy, stranger". The
3893:('foreign-speaking). The name "
3686:needs additional citations for
3454:
2965:International Olympic Committee
2838:moved the government seat from
1239:Exonyms in relation to endonyms
137:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
5114:Jordan, Peter (3–7 May 2021).
5107:
5079:
5009:
4989:African ethnonyms and toponyms
4980:
4770:
3522:
3506:
3491:
3411:
3401:
2022:Typical development of exonyms
1357:, is an example of this here.
866:are formed by adding specific
1:
5839:
5805:World map of country endonyms
5607:. University of Massachusetts
5031:and London. The Italian city
4843:
4096:
3882:, most likely derived from a
3868:" most likely derives from a
2319:(the latter being obsolete);
5642:Archaeology of the Southwest
5377:"Mumbai? What About Bombay?"
5290:Press, Stanford University.
4848:
4030:in English due to the older
3903:
2408:as emblematic for the whole
2044:the ingroup and the outgroup
970:
952:
934:
916:
875:
550:Functional discourse grammar
416:Ethnography of communication
7:
5629:. Berlin: Mouton deGruyter.
4968:Aurousseau, Marcel (1957).
4738:
4253:Renaming of cities in India
4246:
4217:
4211:
4193:
4135:
4032:Chinese postal romanization
3961:the claims made and adding
3613:Chinese postal romanization
3427:
3421:
3383:
3350:
3336:
3322:
3308:
3288:
3267:
3218:
3199:
3150:
3048:
2949:In 1985, the government of
2924:In 1972, the government of
2897:In 1949, the government of
2878:
2506:, a mostly French-speaking
2231:
2141:
2115:
2074:
2048:
1857:
1821:, which comes from Italian
1815:), which comes from Polish
1760:Native and borrowed exonyms
1643:
1625:
1603:
1413:
1341:) from the native language.
1215:
1157:
1143:
1129:
1021:
670:Second-language acquisition
90:the claims made and adding
10:
6884:
6201:Countries by ethnic groups
6196:Contemporary ethnic groups
4270:. When the city was first
4250:
4109:, which became Petrograd (
3876:", an abbreviated form of
3783:
3773:
3607:. However, districts like
3458:
2034:, who introduced the term
1056:), localised populations (
975:
957:
939:
921:
891:
880:
348:Syntax–semantics interface
6789:
6672:
6544:
6347:
6181:
5982:
5847:
5778:(archived 23 August 2000)
5712:General and cited sources
5071:
5065:
5055:
5049:
5039:
5033:
4502:
4272:settled by English people
4228:
4200:
4173:
4128:
4120:
4112:
3517:
3501:
3486:
3473:spelling as the standard
3434:
3376:
3357:
3343:
3329:
3315:
3273:
3224:
3206:
3156:
3055:
2885:
2220:
2130:
2104:
2080:
1846:
1807:
1794:
1649:
1631:
1419:
1221:
1149:
1135:
660:Philosophy of linguistics
560:Interactional linguistics
6843:Geopolitical terminology
5603:d'Errico, Peter (2005).
5228:Van der Meulen, Martin.
5086:Geršič, M., ed. (2020).
4891:"Exonyms in Cartography"
4367:List of European exonyms
4280:southern states of India
3292:in foreign languages to
2649:In preference of exonyms
2545:
1750:". However, the endonym
1326:words, diverged only in
1000:as the preferred forms.
6313:Torres Strait Islanders
6158:Ethnopsychopharmacology
5902:In-group and out-groups
5735:Wiener Osteuropastudien
5556:Yeh, Yun-Tsui. (2013) "
4297:List of English exonyms
4042:, based largely on the
3927:Confusion with renaming
3889:
3832:
3646:-Peranakan businessman
3640:Speak Mandarin Campaign
3511:), and the Province of
3475:romanisation of Chinese
2573:), and the French term
2464:, the historic name of
2455:West Germanic languages
1950:
6559:Cultural appropriation
6459:Lineage-bonded society
4787:List of language names
4765:Linguistic imperialism
4236:
4187:
4117:) in 1914, Leningrad (
4046:, became the official
3878:
3833:
3784:
3774:
3771:term for the Germans,
3739:
3667:Exonyms as pejoratives
3661:Singapore Armed Forces
3302:
3256:
3248:
3240:
3232:
3191:
3183:
3172:
3164:
3142:
3134:
3126:
3115:
3104:
3096:
2989:
2983:
2977:
2938:) changed the name to
2934:
2869:since the time of the
2798:
2792:
2786:
2780:
2747:
2737:
2646:
2615:
2575:
2535:
2527:
2392:
2386:
2315:
2309:
2288:
2274:
2260:
2246:
2206:
2192:
2178:
2170:
2156:
2068:; both the Jingpo and
2014:
2000:
1986:
1972:
1964:
1942:
1928:
1914:
1900:
1886:
1872:
1823:
1817:
1788:) are native, but the
1780:
1770:
1752:
1746:), all of which mean "
1742:
1732:
1722:
1712:
1702:
1692:
1682:
1672:
1591:
1579:
1567:
1555:
1543:
1531:
1519:
1507:
1491:
1479:
1447:
1431:
1381:
1373:
1315:
1227:
1172:
1048:), including names of
1010:, first used the term
892:
833:
819:
813:
799:
787:
781:historico-geographical
497:Theoretical frameworks
451:Philosophy of language
431:History of linguistics
260:
6584:Ethnic interest group
6419:Ethnicity in censuses
6369:Cultural assimilation
5870:Ethnolinguistic group
5741:Room, Adrian (1996).
4940:10.1515/9783110203431
4103:geographical renaming
3588:, which is the mixed
2969:name of Côte d'Ivoire
2807:standardised spelling
2641:
2072:use the Chinese word
1183:for bodies of water.
1082:geographical features
774:) is an established,
391:Conversation analysis
245:
6797:Minzu (anthropology)
6766:Separatist movements
6629:Ethnographic village
6454:Legendary progenitor
6089:Transidioethnography
5892:Hyphenated ethnicity
5887:Ethnographic realism
5880:Ethnoreligious group
4866:"Exonym and Endonym"
4828:Place names in Irish
4147:, the Dutch name of
3751:", which eventually
3695:improve this article
3444:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
2901:changed the name to
2867:internally been Iran
2844:Phra Nakhon Province
2822:Official preferences
2681:improve this section
2369:, for instance, was
1271:improve this section
1060:), and individuals (
846:Naming and etymology
832:, respectively, and
761:linguistic community
635:Internet linguistics
545:Construction grammar
161:"Endonym and exonym"
146:improve this article
6664:Multinational state
6659:Model minority myth
6546:Multiethnic society
6464:Linguistic homeland
5875:Ethnonational group
5733:. Wien and Berlin.
5232:. The Low Countries
4437:Azerbaijani exonyms
3909:Ancestral Puebloans
3862:Indigenous American
3387:) derived from the
3021:Government of India
2998:government of Burma
2932:form of Portuguese
2832:King Yotfa Chulalok
2635:. According to the
2551:In avoiding exonyms
1802:) is borrowed from
887:Proto-Indo-European
570:Systemic functional
365:Applied linguistics
307:General linguistics
6644:Middleman minority
6604:Ethnic pornography
6599:Ethnic nationalism
6504:Pantribal sodality
6444:Imagined community
5969:Symbolic ethnicity
5897:Indigenous peoples
5865:Ethnographic group
5790:in exonym database
5784:by Verónica Albin.
5656:"Puebloan Culture"
5534:Marshall Cavendish
4889:Ormeling, Ferjan.
4457:Vietnamese exonyms
4392:Portuguese exonyms
4191:) is still called
4160:Siege of Leningrad
4105:as in the case of
3946:possibly contains
3373:, from the exonym
3282:The government of
3091:, for instance in
2987:and in Italian as
2978:die Elfenbeinküste
2840:Thon Buri Province
2805:In some cases, no
2796:or the Portuguese
2644:cultural heritage.
2582:(from the name of
2569:(from the name of
2559:way. For example,
2449:applied the word "
2351:, are exceptions.
2349:European languages
2085:) as the name for
1832:continental Europe
1662:Translated exonyms
1353:, having only one
1080:As it pertains to
749:geographical place
675:Theory of language
645:Origin of language
600:Autonomy of syntax
555:Grammaticalization
401:Discourse analysis
396:Corpus linguistics
261:
250:, compared to the
75:possibly contains
6805:
6804:
6726:Ethnic stereotype
6639:Indigenous rights
6624:Ethnographic film
6609:Ethnic theme park
6569:Dominant minority
6564:Diaspora politics
6554:Consociationalism
6489:National language
6374:Cultural identity
6364:Cross-race effect
6308:Aboriginal groups
5506:978-90-272-8203-3
5063:has been renamed
5002:978-92-3-101944-9
4823:Coptic placenames
4735:
4734:
4427:Afrikaans exonyms
4397:Icelandic exonyms
4068:Peking University
3991:
3990:
3983:
3948:original research
3897:" comes from the
3727:
3726:
3719:
3543:, in the case of
3320:) to the endonym
2928:(the word is the
2784:has evolved into
2717:
2716:
2709:
2605:In recent years,
2468:inhabited by the
2229:
2139:
2113:
1855:
1307:
1306:
1299:
1004:Marcel Aurousseau
730:
729:
518:Distributionalism
461:Psycholinguistics
240:
239:
232:
222:
221:
214:
196:
120:
119:
112:
77:original research
57:
6875:
6696:Ethnic cleansing
6691:Ethnic bioweapon
6574:Ethnic democracy
6183:Groups by region
6133:Ethnomethodology
6116:Ethnomathematics
6106:Ethnolinguistics
6002:Ethnoarchaeology
5834:
5827:
5820:
5811:
5810:
5758:
5724:Name & Place
5705:
5704:
5702:
5700:
5683:
5677:
5674:
5668:
5667:
5662:. Archived from
5652:
5646:
5645:
5637:
5631:
5630:
5622:
5616:
5615:
5613:
5612:
5600:
5594:
5593:
5576:Townson (1992).
5573:
5567:
5554:
5548:
5547:
5532:(3rd ed.).
5525:
5519:
5518:
5490:
5484:
5483:
5458:
5452:
5451:
5449:
5448:
5439:. Archived from
5429:
5423:
5422:
5420:
5419:
5405:
5399:
5398:
5396:
5395:
5372:
5366:
5365:
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5341:
5340:
5338:
5336:
5325:
5317:
5306:
5305:
5303:
5302:
5287:
5281:
5276:Sandro Toniolo,
5274:
5268:
5267:
5265:
5263:
5257:
5248:
5242:
5241:
5239:
5237:
5225:
5219:
5218:
5213:
5211:
5199:Challa, Janaki.
5196:
5190:
5189:
5172:
5166:
5165:
5136:
5125:
5124:
5122:
5111:
5105:
5103:
5083:
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5074:
5073:
5068:
5067:
5058:
5057:
5052:
5051:
5042:
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5036:
5035:
5013:
5007:
5006:
4984:
4978:
4977:
4975:
4965:
4959:
4953:
4927:
4921:
4915:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4904:
4895:
4886:
4880:
4879:
4877:
4876:
4862:
4488:
4481:
4474:
4465:
4464:
4452:Japanese exonyms
4442:Armenian exonyms
4286:Lists of exonyms
4278:origin from the
4230:
4222:
4214:
4203:
4202:
4201:Κωνσταντινούπολη
4196:
4190:
4176:
4175:
4141:Saint Petersburg
4138:
4131:
4130:
4123:
4122:
4115:
4114:
4107:Saint Petersburg
4072:Nanking Massacre
4012:prestige dialect
4008:Mandarin Chinese
3986:
3979:
3975:
3972:
3966:
3963:inline citations
3939:
3938:
3931:
3906:
3892:
3884:Proto-Algonquian
3881:
3856:Native Americans
3839:
3803:немцы (nemtsy),
3799:німці (nimtsi);
3790:
3789:
3780:
3779:
3742:
3722:
3715:
3711:
3708:
3702:
3679:
3671:
3583:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3560:hyperforeignised
3524:
3519:
3508:
3503:
3493:
3488:
3437:
3436:
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3424:
3414:
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3404:
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3386:
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3353:
3346:
3345:
3339:
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3325:
3318:
3317:
3311:
3305:
3300:, which adopted
3291:
3278:
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3270:
3261:
3253:
3245:
3237:
3229:
3228:
3221:
3211:
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3202:
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3177:
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3166:Fehéroroszország
3161:
3160:
3153:
3147:
3139:
3131:
3120:
3109:
3101:
3058:
3057:
3051:
2992:
2986:
2981:, in Spanish as
2980:
2944:that type of tea
2937:
2888:
2887:
2881:
2801:
2795:
2789:
2783:
2750:
2740:
2712:
2705:
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2698:
2692:
2661:
2653:
2618:
2581:
2540:
2532:
2445:invaders of the
2395:
2389:
2377:; not far away,
2318:
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2222:
2144:
2134:
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2118:
2108:
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2082:
2077:
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1434:
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1416:
1384:
1355:liquid consonant
1318:
1302:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1282:
1251:
1243:
1235:, respectively.
1230:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1177:
1168:
1167:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1132:
1006:, an Australian
979:
973:
961:
955:
943:
937:
925:
919:
898:
897:
885:, 'name'), from
884:
878:
812:, respectively,
722:
715:
708:
694:
640:LGBT linguistics
630:Internationalism
605:Compositionality
466:Sociolinguistics
441:Neurolinguistics
436:Interlinguistics
421:Ethnomethodology
263:
262:
235:
228:
217:
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206:
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130:
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108:
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95:
92:inline citations
68:
67:
60:
49:
27:
26:
19:
6883:
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6874:
6873:
6872:
6853:Language naming
6808:
6807:
6806:
6801:
6785:
6731:Ethnic violence
6679:
6677:ethnic conflict
6675:
6668:
6649:Minority rights
6589:Ethnic majority
6540:
6524:Detribalization
6479:Nation-building
6414:Ethnic religion
6357:
6353:
6343:
6250:Central America
6177:
6148:Ethnophilosophy
6143:Ethnomusicology
6121:Ethnostatistics
6079:Person-centered
6049:Autoethnography
5978:
5843:
5838:
5766:
5761:
5755:
5714:
5709:
5708:
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5174:
5173:
5169:
5154:
5137:
5128:
5120:
5112:
5108:
5084:
5080:
5053:in Italian and
5014:
5010:
5003:
4987:UNESCO (1984).
4985:
4981:
4966:
4962:
4950:
4928:
4924:
4916:
4912:
4902:
4900:
4893:
4887:
4883:
4874:
4872:
4864:
4863:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4773:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4682:Scottish Gaelic
4498:
4492:
4447:Chinese exonyms
4412:Swedish exonyms
4402:Russian exonyms
4387:Italian exonyms
4377:Finnish exonyms
4288:
4255:
4249:
4145:Nieuw Amsterdam
4136:Sankt-Peterbúrg
4129:Санкт-Петербург
4099:
4056:English phoneme
4044:Beijing dialect
4036:Nanjing dialect
4020:Beijing dialect
4016:Nanjing dialect
3996:
3987:
3976:
3970:
3967:
3952:
3940:
3936:
3929:
3858:
3817:Ottoman Turkish
3765:
3755:to the exonym "
3723:
3712:
3706:
3703:
3692:
3680:
3669:
3590:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
3575:
3571:
3554:In the case of
3551:pronunciation.
3537:Chinese variety
3481:, for example:
3467:
3457:
3085:Soviet Republic
2984:Costa de Marfil
2971:). In most non-
2919:conjoined twins
2871:Sassanid Empire
2848:Thai government
2824:
2723:cities such as
2713:
2702:
2696:
2693:
2678:
2662:
2651:
2553:
2548:
2024:
1792:name of Paris,
1762:
1664:
1561:Scottish Gaelic
1363:
1361:Cognate exonyms
1322:those that are
1303:
1292:
1286:
1283:
1268:
1252:
1241:
1189:
1078:
1024:
872:Greek root word
848:
770:(also known as
740:) is a common,
736:(also known as
726:
685:
684:
595:
587:
586:
498:
490:
489:
485:Writing systems
376:Anthropological
366:
358:
357:
308:
300:
252:German language
236:
225:
224:
223:
218:
207:
201:
198:
155:
153:
143:
131:
116:
105:
99:
96:
81:
69:
65:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6881:
6871:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6803:
6802:
6800:
6799:
6793:
6791:
6787:
6786:
6784:
6783:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6756:Indigenization
6753:
6748:
6746:Ethnosymbolism
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6718:
6716:Ethnic penalty
6713:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6682:
6680:
6673:
6670:
6669:
6667:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6654:Model minority
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6634:Ethnopluralism
6631:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6579:Ethnic enclave
6576:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6550:
6548:
6542:
6541:
6539:
6538:
6533:
6532:
6531:
6526:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6360:
6358:
6348:
6345:
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6342:
6341:
6340:
6339:
6334:
6324:
6317:
6316:
6315:
6310:
6298:
6297:
6296:
6291:
6289:Southeast Asia
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6259:
6258:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6212:
6205:
6204:
6203:
6198:
6187:
6185:
6179:
6178:
6176:
6175:
6170:
6168:Ethnosemiotics
6165:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6138:Ethnomuseology
6135:
6130:
6125:
6124:
6123:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6097:
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6051:
6041:
6036:
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6030:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6004:
5999:
5997:Ethnic studies
5994:
5988:
5986:
5980:
5979:
5977:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5964:Supraethnicity
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5925:
5924:
5917:Minority group
5914:
5912:Metroethnicity
5909:
5907:Meta-ethnicity
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5883:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5857:
5851:
5849:
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5844:
5837:
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5822:
5814:
5808:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5791:
5785:
5779:
5773:
5765:
5764:External links
5762:
5760:
5759:
5753:
5738:
5727:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5707:
5706:
5693:Madras Courier
5678:
5669:
5666:on 2010-07-09.
5647:
5632:
5617:
5595:
5588:
5568:
5549:
5542:
5520:
5505:
5485:
5470:
5453:
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5400:
5367:
5342:
5307:
5282:
5269:
5243:
5220:
5191:
5167:
5152:
5126:
5106:
5088:"Introduction"
5078:
5069:in French and
5008:
5001:
4995:. p. 67.
4979:
4960:
4948:
4922:
4910:
4881:
4853:
4852:
4850:
4847:
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4842:
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4779:
4772:
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4714:
4709:
4704:
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4674:
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4509:
4503:
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4483:
4476:
4468:
4462:
4461:
4460:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4432:Arabic exonyms
4429:
4421:
4420:
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4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4364:
4363:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4315:German exonyms
4311:
4310:
4309:
4304:
4294:
4287:
4284:
4268:a special case
4251:Main article:
4248:
4245:
4212:Constantinople
4194:Constantinople
4098:
4095:
4010:(although the
3995:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3943:
3941:
3934:
3928:
3925:
3857:
3854:
3764:
3761:
3725:
3724:
3683:
3681:
3674:
3668:
3665:
3479:mainland China
3456:
3453:
3452:
3451:
3440:
3363:
3280:
3219:rusia albayda'
3174:Hvíta-Rússland
3065:
3032:
3017:
3014:names of Burma
2994:
2990:Costa d'Avorio
2961:United Nations
2947:
2922:
2895:
2855:
2846:. In 1972 the
2823:
2820:
2715:
2714:
2665:
2663:
2656:
2650:
2647:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
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2523:
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2501:
2484:
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2472:
2293:
2292:
2278:
2264:
2250:
2236:
2210:
2196:
2182:
2160:
2146:
2120:
2032:James Matisoff
2023:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2004:
1990:
1976:
1954:
1932:
1918:
1904:
1890:
1876:
1862:
1761:
1758:
1663:
1660:
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1600:
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1540:
1528:
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1476:
1444:
1428:
1410:
1362:
1359:
1347:transliterated
1343:
1342:
1335:
1320:
1305:
1304:
1255:
1253:
1246:
1240:
1237:
1195:(glossonyms),
1193:language names
1188:
1185:
1103:
1102:
1096:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1065:
1062:personal names
1042:
1023:
1020:
982:
981:
963:
962:, 'self'); and
945:
927:
847:
844:
786:For instance,
743:
728:
727:
725:
724:
717:
710:
702:
699:
698:
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677:
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665:Prescriptivism
662:
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617:
612:
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438:
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408:
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367:
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282:
279:
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272:
271:
238:
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220:
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134:
132:
125:
118:
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72:
70:
63:
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32:
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29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6880:
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6798:
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6782:
6779:
6777:
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6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6736:Ethnocentrism
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6701:Ethnic hatred
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6671:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6551:
6549:
6547:
6543:
6537:
6534:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6521:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6494:National myth
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6434:Folk religion
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6409:Ethnic origin
6407:
6405:
6404:Ethnic option
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6329:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6322:
6318:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6305:
6304:
6303:
6299:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6279:Northern Asia
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6266:
6265:
6264:
6260:
6256:
6255:South America
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6240:United States
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6217:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6210:
6206:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6193:
6192:
6189:
6188:
6186:
6184:
6180:
6174:
6173:Ethnotaxonomy
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6128:Ethnomedicine
6126:
6122:
6119:
6118:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6064:Institutional
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6046:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6022:Ethnomycology
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6009:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5989:
5987:
5985:
5981:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5949:Polyethnicity
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5929:Monoethnicity
5927:
5923:
5920:
5919:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5862:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5852:
5850:
5846:
5842:
5835:
5830:
5828:
5823:
5821:
5816:
5815:
5812:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5795:
5792:
5789:
5786:
5783:
5780:
5777:
5774:
5771:
5768:
5767:
5756:
5754:9780810831698
5750:
5746:
5745:
5739:
5736:
5732:
5728:
5725:
5721:
5717:
5716:
5695:
5694:
5689:
5682:
5673:
5665:
5661:
5657:
5651:
5644:(3 ed.).
5643:
5636:
5628:
5621:
5606:
5599:
5591:
5589:9780719034398
5585:
5581:
5580:
5572:
5565:
5564:
5559:
5553:
5545:
5543:9789814408356
5539:
5535:
5531:
5524:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5502:
5498:
5497:
5489:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5471:92-1-100915-4
5467:
5463:
5457:
5443:on 2023-02-09
5442:
5438:
5434:
5428:
5414:
5410:
5404:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5378:
5371:
5356:
5352:
5346:
5331:
5330:
5322:
5316:
5314:
5312:
5297:
5293:
5286:
5279:
5273:
5254:
5247:
5231:
5224:
5217:
5206:
5202:
5195:
5187:
5183:
5182:
5177:
5171:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5153:90-04-07850-9
5149:
5145:
5144:
5135:
5133:
5131:
5119:
5118:
5110:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5082:
5062:
5046:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5012:
5004:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4983:
4974:
4973:
4964:
4957:
4951:
4949:9783110148794
4945:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4926:
4920:, p. 14.
4919:
4914:
4899:
4892:
4885:
4871:
4867:
4861:
4859:
4854:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4750:Emic and etic
4748:
4746:
4743:
4742:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4647:Luxembourgish
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4501:
4496:
4489:
4484:
4482:
4477:
4475:
4470:
4469:
4466:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4382:Greek exonyms
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4368:
4365:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4317:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4292:Latin exonyms
4290:
4289:
4283:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4254:
4244:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4226:
4221:
4220:
4213:
4208:
4204:
4195:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4177:
4169:
4165:
4164:Immanuel Kant
4161:
4157:
4152:
4150:
4149:New York City
4146:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4124:
4116:
4108:
4104:
4094:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4075:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4014:shifted from
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3985:
3982:
3974:
3971:December 2022
3964:
3960:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3944:This section
3942:
3933:
3932:
3924:
3920:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3896:
3891:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3853:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3838:
3837:
3836:
3829:
3824:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3778:
3777:
3770:
3763:Slavic people
3760:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3740:erdara/erdera
3735:
3730:
3721:
3718:
3710:
3700:
3696:
3690:
3689:
3684:This section
3682:
3678:
3673:
3672:
3664:
3662:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3636:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3597:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3581:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3552:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3525:
3514:
3510:
3509:
3498:
3494:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3466:
3462:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3438:
3429:
3423:
3418:
3408:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3372:
3368:
3365:In 2006, the
3364:
3361:
3352:
3347:
3338:
3333:
3324:
3319:
3310:
3304:
3299:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3281:
3276:
3269:
3265:
3260:
3259:
3252:
3251:
3246:, Portuguese
3244:
3243:
3236:
3235:
3227:
3226:روسيا البيضاء
3220:
3216:
3212:
3209:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3175:
3168:
3167:
3162:), Hungarian
3159:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3138:
3137:
3130:
3129:
3128:Hvítarussland
3124:
3119:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3107:
3100:
3099:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3063:
3059:
3050:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2996:In 1989, the
2995:
2991:
2985:
2979:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2951:Côte d'Ivoire
2948:
2945:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2893:
2892:Fars Province
2889:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2800:
2794:
2788:
2782:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2756:word category
2752:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2711:
2708:
2700:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2666:This section
2664:
2660:
2655:
2654:
2645:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2608:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2594:and Karlsbad/
2593:
2589:
2585:
2580:
2578:
2572:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2561:Romani people
2558:
2539:
2538:
2531:
2530:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2424:
2420:, to produce
2419:
2416:, a word for
2415:
2411:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2400:
2394:
2388:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2357:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2317:
2311:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2227:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2137:
2128:
2124:
2121:
2117:
2111:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2058:Jingpo people
2055:
2050:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2030:According to
2028:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1853:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1828:
1825:
1819:
1814:
1805:
1801:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1757:
1754:
1749:
1748:Low Countries
1744:
1743:Țările de Jos
1739:
1734:
1733:Países Baixos
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1656:
1645:
1641:
1638:
1627:
1623:
1620:
1616:
1605:
1601:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1426:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1328:pronunciation
1325:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1301:
1298:
1290:
1287:November 2023
1280:
1276:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1256:This section
1254:
1250:
1245:
1244:
1236:
1234:
1229:
1217:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1199:
1194:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1176:
1175:
1166:
1159:
1152:
1145:
1138:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1121:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1109:
1105:For example,
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1050:ethnic groups
1047:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
999:
995:
991:
987:
980:, 'foreign').
978:
972:
967:
964:
960:
954:
949:
946:
944:, 'outside');
942:
936:
931:
928:
924:
918:
913:
910:
909:
908:
906:
901:
899:
896:
895:
888:
883:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
843:
841:
837:
836:
831:
827:
823:
822:
817:
816:
811:
807:
803:
802:
797:
796:
791:
790:
784:
782:
777:
773:
769:
764:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
741:
739:
735:
723:
718:
716:
711:
709:
704:
703:
701:
700:
697:
693:
689:
688:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
615:Descriptivism
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
597:
591:
590:
583:
582:Structuralism
580:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
565:Prague circle
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
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546:
543:
541:
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429:
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422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
411:Documentation
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
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389:
387:
386:Computational
384:
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216:
213:
205:
202:December 2022
194:
191:
187:
184:
180:
177:
173:
170:
166:
163: –
162:
158:
157:Find sources:
151:
147:
141:
140:
135:This article
133:
129:
124:
123:
114:
111:
103:
100:December 2022
93:
89:
85:
79:
78:
73:This article
71:
62:
61:
56:
54:
47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
6771:Xenocentrism
6721:Ethnic slurs
6711:Ethnic party
6674:Ideology and
6594:Ethnic media
6536:White ethnic
6529:Neotribalism
6484:Nation state
6424:Ethnofiction
6388:
6355:ethnogenesis
6326:
6319:
6300:
6269:Central Asia
6261:
6214:
6207:
6190:
6163:Ethnoscience
6153:Ethnopoetics
6101:Ethnohistory
6039:Ethnogeology
6027:Ethnozoology
6017:Ethnoecology
6007:Ethnobiology
5992:Anthropology
5944:Panethnicity
5860:Ethnic group
5743:
5734:
5730:
5723:
5719:
5697:. Retrieved
5691:
5681:
5672:
5664:the original
5659:
5650:
5641:
5635:
5626:
5620:
5609:. Retrieved
5598:
5578:
5571:
5561:
5552:
5529:
5523:
5495:
5488:
5461:
5456:
5445:. Retrieved
5441:the original
5436:
5427:
5416:. Retrieved
5412:
5403:
5392:. Retrieved
5380:
5370:
5359:. Retrieved
5357:. 2021-02-02
5354:
5345:
5333:. Retrieved
5327:
5299:. Retrieved
5295:
5285:
5277:
5272:
5262:18 September
5260:. Retrieved
5246:
5236:18 September
5234:. Retrieved
5223:
5215:
5210:18 September
5208:. Retrieved
5194:
5179:
5170:
5142:
5116:
5109:
5091:
5081:
5025:proper names
5016:
5011:
4988:
4982:
4971:
4963:
4931:
4925:
4913:
4901:. Retrieved
4897:
4884:
4873:. Retrieved
4869:
4497:per language
4256:
4209:). Prior to
4198:
4180:
4171:
4156:historicisms
4153:
4140:
4126:
4118:
4110:
4100:
4076:
4064:Peking opera
4048:romanization
3997:
3994:In East Asia
3977:
3968:
3945:
3921:
3879:Nadouessioux
3859:
3825:
3766:
3746:
3737:
3731:
3728:
3713:
3704:
3693:Please help
3688:verification
3685:
3655:
3648:Lim Nee Soon
3637:
3615:, including
3598:
3567:
3563:
3555:
3553:
3521:
3516:
3505:
3500:
3490:
3471:Hanyu Pinyin
3468:
3455:Hanyu Pinyin
3432:
3374:
3367:South Korean
3355:
3341:
3327:
3313:
3293:
3250:Bielorrússia
3204:
3170:, Icelandic
3144:Weißrussland
3136:Valko-Venäjä
3098:Hviderusland
3088:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3062:Name of Kyiv
3053:
3043:
3039:
3009:
3005:
2954:
2906:
2883:
2825:
2804:
2778:original of
2774:, where the
2767:
2766:, where the
2763:
2753:
2721:multilingual
2718:
2703:
2694:
2679:Please help
2667:
2642:
2632:
2628:
2604:
2596:Karlovy Vary
2590:, Auschwitz/
2564:
2554:
2541:respectively
2447:Roman Empire
2440:
2435:
2421:
2413:
2403:
2397:
2390:(Greek) and
2383:
2375:British Navy
2370:
2360:
2353:
2328:
2324:
2294:
2091:
2079:
2035:
2029:
2025:
1829:
1812:
1799:
1763:
1713:Países Bajos
1665:
1368:(originally
1364:
1344:
1308:
1293:
1284:
1269:Please help
1257:
1232:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1170:
1124:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1079:
1046:anthroponyms
1025:
1015:
1014:in his work
1011:
1002:
997:
993:
989:
985:
983:
965:
947:
929:
926:, 'within');
911:
902:
889:
863:
859:
855:
851:
849:
793:
785:
775:
771:
767:
765:
737:
733:
731:
528:Glossematics
508:Constituency
480:interpreting
318:Lexicography
255:
226:
208:
199:
189:
182:
175:
168:
156:
144:Please help
139:verification
136:
106:
97:
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
6848:Human names
6706:Ethnic joke
6514:Tribal name
6499:Origin myth
6474:Mythomoteur
6399:Ethnic flag
6384:Development
6069:Netnography
6044:Ethnography
6034:Ethnocinema
6012:Ethnobotany
5939:Nationality
5296:www.sup.org
4903:27 February
4771:Other lists
4527:Azerbaijani
4174:Калининград
4168:Kaliningrad
4060:Peking duck
4050:method for
3736:, the term
3539:instead of
3419::
3409::
3399::
3303:Sakartvelas
3258:Bielorrusia
3242:Bielorussia
3234:Biélorussie
3193:Beyaz Rusya
3185:Vitryssland
3106:Wit-Rusland
3077:Byelorussia
2973:Francophone
2956:Ivory Coast
2607:geographers
2537:Olaszország
2521:Switzerland
2512:Switzerland
2497:-dominated
2495:Anglo-Saxon
2426:), and the
2087:Lisu people
2066:Chin people
2040:linguistics
1703:Paesi Bassi
1683:Niederlande
1668:Netherlands
1332:orthography
1316:Deutschland
1174:Deutschland
789:Deutschland
680:Terminology
655:Orthography
575:Usage-based
476:Translating
371:Acquisition
276:Linguistics
257:Deutschland
254:endonym of
6858:Onomastics
6812:Categories
6781:Xenophobia
6776:Xenophilia
6751:Indigenism
6686:Allophilia
6619:Ethnocracy
6509:Statistext
6439:Historical
6332:Indigenous
6284:South Asia
6220:Indigenous
5954:Population
5788:Looking up
5611:2020-10-07
5447:2022-01-02
5418:2022-01-02
5394:2024-03-11
5361:2024-03-11
5301:2024-03-11
5076:language."
5045:California
4991:. France:
4875:2022-11-16
4844:References
4755:Shibboleth
4722:Vietnamese
4667:Portuguese
4642:Lithuanian
4185:(Turkish:
4181:Likewise,
4097:In Eurasia
4085:(formerly
3955:improve it
3749:barbarians
3459:See also:
3358:Сакартвело
3351:Sakartvelo
3275:Белорусија
3268:Belorusija
3254:, Spanish
3238:, Italian
3200:Bái'èluósī
3197:, Chinese
3189:, Turkish
3158:Λευκορωσία
3151:Lefkorosía
3132:, Finnish
3081:Belorussia
3069:Belarusian
2930:anglicized
2816:adjectival
2625:Seychelles
2557:pejorative
2517:Welschland
2436:Hungarians
2203:Portuguese
2185:Copenhagen
1947:Neapolitan
1728:Portuguese
1723:An Ísiltír
1597:Vietnamese
1403:Portuguese
1233:Nederlands
1069:glossonyms
1018:(1957).
1008:geographer
984:The terms
850:The terms
776:non-native
650:Orismology
535:Functional
523:Generative
513:Dependency
333:Pragmatics
323:Morphology
313:Diachronic
172:newspapers
84:improve it
39:improve it
6863:Semantics
6838:Etymology
6833:Ethnonyms
6828:Ethnicity
6741:Ethnocide
6614:Ethnoburb
6519:Tribalism
6302:Australia
6294:West Asia
6274:East Asia
6245:Caribbean
6230:Greenland
6111:Ethnology
5984:Ethnology
5922:Influence
5841:Ethnicity
5563:Sociology
5515:746747262
5389:1091-2339
5100:2536-1732
5021:Routledge
4918:Room 1996
4870:ThoughtCo
4849:Citations
4717:Ukrainian
4697:Slovenian
4662:Norwegian
4657:Old Norse
4612:Icelandic
4607:Hungarian
4537:Bulgarian
4507:Afrikaans
4276:Dravidian
4266:, may be
4237:Byzantium
4229:Βυζάντιον
4219:Byzantion
4121:Ленинград
4113:Петроград
3959:verifying
3917:Puebloans
3809:Hungarian
3797:Ukrainian
3753:gave rise
3707:July 2020
3633:Kaohsiung
3523:Guǎngdōng
3513:Guangdong
3298:Lithuania
3140:, German
3117:Valgevene
3036:Ukrainian
2940:Sri Lanka
2859:Reza Shah
2857:In 1935,
2830:In 1782,
2748:Bruxelles
2697:July 2020
2668:does not
2621:Mauritius
2462:Wallachia
2345:Amsterdam
2297:Ljubljana
2226:romanized
2193:København
2171:Bruxelles
2157:București
2149:Bucharest
2136:romanized
2110:romanized
2064:name for
2056:name for
1873:București
1865:Bucharest
1852:romanized
1753:Nederland
1673:Nederland
1537:Icelandic
1469:Sardinian
1441:Afrikaans
1374:Londinium
1258:does not
1181:hydronyms
1088:defines:
1054:ethnonyms
821:Allemagne
625:Iconicity
620:Etymology
540:Cognitive
503:Formalist
456:Phonetics
446:Philology
338:Semantics
328:Phonology
88:verifying
45:talk page
6868:Toponymy
6823:Demonyms
6761:Nativism
6429:Ethnonym
6394:Ethnarch
6350:Identity
6337:European
6215:Americas
6059:Critical
6054:Clinical
5848:Concepts
5480:52095159
5335:11 March
5186:Archived
5162:15093829
4821:List of
4760:Metonymy
4739:See also
4627:Japanese
4582:Estonian
4557:Croatian
4522:Armenian
4512:Albanian
4313:List of
4247:In India
4188:İstanbul
4183:Istanbul
4052:Mandarin
3904:kɨmantsi
3895:Comanche
3890:-a·towe·
3846:Slovenia
3842:Slovakia
3840:(hence "
3813:Romanian
3621:Taichung
3541:Mandarin
3422:Hanseong
3384:Hànchéng
3323:Liet’uva
3148:, Greek
3112:Estonian
3102:, Dutch
2963:and the
2903:Thailand
2760:phonetic
2725:Brussels
2633:Seicelle
2629:Maurizio
2592:Oświęcim
2579:, bohème
2577:bohémien
2487:Cornwall
2478:Wallonia
2443:Germanic
2414:Tartarus
2410:Mongolic
2393:Germanus
2363:Crusades
2329:Zagabria
2289:Warszawa
2163:Brussels
2153:Romanian
2123:Belgrade
2060:and the
1973:Nafarroa
1893:Florence
1869:Romanian
1839:Belgrade
1768:exonyms
1738:Romanian
1693:Pays-Bas
1637:Armenian
1592:Luân Đôn
1568:Llundain
1556:Lunnainn
1532:Lundúnir
1485:Albanian
1461:Romanian
1399:Galician
1391:Filipino
1216:Zhōngwén
1144:Zhōngguó
1058:demonyms
1039:toponyms
1027:Endonyms
1022:Typology
905:prefixes
894:*h₃nómn̥
868:prefixes
815:Alemania
801:Germania
753:language
426:Forensic
406:Distance
353:Typology
268:a series
266:Part of
6818:Exonyms
6790:Related
6449:Kinship
6389:Endonym
6379:Demonym
6327:Oceania
6084:Salvage
5699:25 July
5355:AP News
5066:Londres
5050:Venezia
5034:Venezia
4712:Turkish
4707:Swedish
4702:Spanish
4687:Serbian
4677:Russian
4672:Romansh
4652:Maltese
4637:Latvian
4622:Italian
4587:Finnish
4577:English
4552:Cornish
4547:Chinese
4542:Catalan
4495:Exonyms
4264:Chennai
4083:Incheon
4028:Nanking
4004:Nanjing
4000:Beijing
3953:Please
3844:" and "
3821:Austria
3805:Slovene
3801:Russian
3656:au-kang
3652:Hougang
3644:Teochew
3629:Keelung
3625:Taitung
3586:Shaanxi
3568:Beijing
3556:Beijing
3549:Hokkien
3507:Qīngdǎo
3497:Qingdao
3492:Běijīng
3483:Beijing
3428:Shŏu'ér
3330:ლიეტუვა
3294:Georgia
3284:Georgia
3264:Serbian
3180:Swedish
3123:Faroese
3089:Belarus
3073:Belarus
3060:) (see
3004:, with
3002:Myanmar
2907:Siamese
2852:Bangkok
2799:Colónia
2793:Colonia
2781:Colonia
2772:Cologne
2738:Brussel
2733:Flemish
2689:removed
2674:sources
2584:Bohemia
2499:England
2482:Belgium
2466:Romania
2432:Hunnish
2399:Chechen
2387:Graecus
2379:Rapallo
2371:Leghorn
2367:Livorno
2325:Lubiana
2321:Italian
2310:Laibach
2257:Italian
2228::
2217:Russian
2179:Brussel
2142:Beograd
2138::
2131:Београд
2127:Serbian
2112::
2070:Burmese
2054:Palaung
2036:autonym
2015:Sevilla
2011:Spanish
2007:Seville
1997:Italian
1965:Navarra
1961:Spanish
1957:Navarre
1939:Italian
1929:München
1911:Italian
1901:Firenze
1897:Italian
1879:Cologne
1858:Beograd
1854::
1847:Београд
1843:Serbian
1804:Russian
1781:Benetke
1766:Slovene
1708:Spanish
1698:Italian
1655:Chinese
1615:Persian
1585:Finnish
1544:Londain
1473:Turkish
1465:Romansh
1457:Maltese
1453:Italian
1420:Λονδίνο
1414:Londino
1407:Spanish
1387:Catalan
1382:Londres
1324:cognate
1279:removed
1264:sources
1228:Deutsch
1198:Chinese
1169:), and
1125:Germany
1093:Endonym
1031:exonyms
994:endonym
990:xenonym
986:autonym
966:xenonym
948:autonym
912:endonym
870:to the
864:xenonym
856:endonym
852:autonym
826:Spanish
810:Italian
806:English
795:Germany
772:xenonym
757:dialect
738:autonym
734:endonym
381:Applied
291:History
286:Outline
248:Germany
186:scholar
82:Please
6321:Europe
6235:Mexico
6225:Canada
6209:Africa
6074:Online
5934:Nation
5751:
5586:
5540:
5513:
5503:
5478:
5468:
5387:
5160:
5150:
5098:
5072:Londra
5061:London
5056:Venise
5040:Venise
5029:Venice
4999:
4993:UNESCO
4946:
4692:Slovak
4597:German
4592:French
4567:Danish
4532:Basque
4517:Arabic
4262:, now
4260:Madras
4091:Inchǒn
4066:, and
4040:Pinyin
4024:Peking
3913:Navajo
3886:term,
3866:Apache
3815:, and
3793:Slavic
3776:nemtsi
3769:Slavic
3757:Berber
3734:Basque
3631:, and
3617:Taipei
3609:Tamsui
3601:Taipei
3594:Shanxi
3545:Xiamen
3448:Turkey
3415:;
3405:;
3397:Korean
3395:name (
3389:Joseon
3344:Грузія
3337:Hruzia
3309:Lit’va
3289:Gruzia
3262:, and
3215:Arabic
3093:Danish
3025:Mumbai
3006:Myanma
2935:Ceilão
2926:Ceylon
2886:Περσίς
2879:Persis
2812:plural
2743:French
2616:Angora
2611:Ankara
2588:Gdańsk
2529:Włochy
2508:canton
2504:Wallis
2470:Vlachs
2428:Magyar
2423:Tartar
2343:, and
2337:Berlin
2333:Madrid
2305:German
2301:Zagreb
2285:Polish
2281:Warsaw
2277:); and
2271:German
2267:Vienna
2239:Prague
2232:Moskva
2221:Москва
2213:Moscow
2207:Lisboa
2199:Lisbon
2189:Danish
2167:French
2116:Athína
2097:Athens
2062:Jingpo
2003:); and
1979:Prague
1969:Basque
1951:Napule
1943:Napoli
1935:Naples
1925:German
1921:Munich
1915:Milano
1883:German
1824:Parigi
1813:Parizh
1800:Parizh
1786:Venice
1778:) and
1776:Vienna
1736:) and
1688:French
1678:German
1644:Lúndūn
1632:Լոնդոն
1626:London
1617:, and
1604:Landan
1580:Lontoo
1520:Rānana
1513:Polish
1508:Londyn
1501:Slovak
1492:Londýn
1480:Londër
1448:Londra
1432:Londen
1405:, and
1395:French
1366:London
1339:calque
1231:, and
1207:, and
1204:German
1130:Bhārat
1123:, and
1099:Exonym
1084:, the
1012:exonym
998:exonym
930:exonym
860:exonym
840:Polish
835:Niemcy
830:French
768:exonym
742:native
696:Portal
594:Topics
343:Syntax
188:
181:
174:
167:
159:
6469:Mores
6191:World
6094:Video
5974:Tribe
5772:(PDF)
5381:Slate
5324:(PDF)
5256:(PDF)
4894:(PDF)
4745:-onym
4727:Welsh
4632:Latin
4617:Irish
4602:Greek
4572:Dutch
4562:Czech
4241:Byzas
4233:Latin
4225:Greek
4087:Pusan
4079:Busan
3901:word
3888:*
3874:Sioux
3850:Slavs
3835:slovo
3605:Xinyi
3533:opera
3435:首爾/首尔
3425:) to
3407:Hanja
3393:Hanja
3377:漢城/汉城
3371:Seoul
3348:) to
3316:ლიტვა
3049:Kiyev
3010:Bamar
2967:(see
2875:Greek
2776:Latin
2764:Paris
2729:Dutch
2571:Egypt
2566:Gypsy
2546:Usage
2491:Wales
2451:Walha
2405:Tatar
2356:Paris
2316:Agram
2247:Praha
2243:Czech
2175:Dutch
2105:Αθήνα
2101:Greek
2075:yeren
2049:Khang
2038:into
1987:Praha
1983:Czech
1907:Milan
1818:Paryż
1808:Париж
1795:Париж
1771:Dunaj
1718:Irish
1653:) in
1635:) in
1613:) in
1573:Welsh
1549:Irish
1525:Māori
1497:Czech
1437:Dutch
1425:Greek
1423:) in
1370:Latin
1351:Māori
1210:Dutch
1120:Egypt
1114:China
1108:India
977:ξένος
971:xénos
959:αὐτός
953:autós
923:ἔνδον
917:éndon
882:ὄνομα
876:ónoma
755:, or
296:Index
193:JSTOR
179:books
6263:Asia
5959:Race
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