1299:
1177:
40:
52:
600:
1624:
343:
1479:
286:
1990:
1976:
1250:. Pashinyan said that if the CSTO's response did not align with Armenia's expectations, the country would officially withdraw from the organization. On 8 May 2024, Armenia announced it had stopped making financial contributions to the CSTO, leading Russia to state that it was still obligated to pay its membership dues. On 12 June 2024, Armenia announced that it would formally withdraw from the alliance at an unspecified later date, with Pashinyan stating, "We will leave. We will decide when to exit...Don't worry, we won't return".
662:— Russia, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan—signed the Collective Security Treaty (also referred to as the Tashkent Pact or Tashkent Treaty). Three other post-Soviet states—Azerbaijan, Belarus, and Georgia—signed in 1993 and the treaty took effect in 1994. The CST was set to last for a 5-year period unless extended. On 2 April 1999, six of the nine—all but Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Uzbekistan—agreed to renew the treaty for five more years. At the same time, Uzbekistan joined the
6753:
704:
1921:
1853:
1819:
1962:
6765:
5477:
1494:
1455:
1417:
1387:
1372:
299:
273:
251:
225:
212:
1015:
1785:
1751:
1602:
1357:
1339:
199:
186:
1572:
321:
1887:
1595:
953:
1246:, Pashinyan further stated that the CSTO is "a threat to the national security of Armenia". Responding to Pashinyan's remarks, Dmitri Peskov stated that the CSTO charter does not include provisions for a "frozen membership" status. On 12 March, Pashinyan said that the CSTO needed to clarify "what constitutes Armenia's sovereign territory", as the organization had not come to Armenia's defence when requested following
1402:
238:
4369:
1298:
64:
1143:
Azerbaijan's aggression against
Armenia", speculation arose regarding the continuation of the CSTO. Secretary General Stanislas Zas indicated that, though numerous measures in the diplomatic as well as military spheres were generally agreed upon, no consensus regarding the situation on the border could be reached. On the occasion of the meeting and in the midst of the
477:, Article 4 of the Collective Security Treaty (CST) establishes that an aggression against one signatory would be perceived as an aggression against all. The 2002 CSTO charter reaffirmed the desire of all participating states to abstain from the use or threat of force. Signatories are prohibited from joining other military alliances.
1253:
A July 2024 Gallup opinion poll noted a 7% increase in support for
Armenia's membership in NATO, with 29% of respondents believing Armenia should strive for NATO membership. Meanwhile, support for Armenia's membership in the CSTO decreased by 10%, with only 16.9% believing Armenia should maintain its
1151:
stated that many in their countries had started to discuss the possibility that the CSTO may cease to exist if Russia loses its war in
Ukraine. He later expanded on his opinion on the matter, stating that the CSTO will continue on and nobody will fall, if there is unity. Meanwhile, during the meeting
1241:
On 23 February 2024, Armenian Prime
Minister, Nikol Pashinyan, confirmed that Armenia has frozen its participation in the CSTO. Pashinyan stated, "We have now in practical terms frozen our participation in this treaty" and "membership of the CSTO was under review" during a live broadcast interview.
554:
Belarus and
Uzbekistan initially refrained from signing on to the agreement. Belarus did so because of a trade dispute with Russia, and Uzbekistan due to general concerns. Belarus signed the agreement the following October, while Uzbekistan has never done so. A source in the Russian delegation said
546:
On 4 February 2009, an agreement to create the
Collective Rapid Reaction Force (KSOR) (Russian: Коллекти́вные си́лы операти́вного реаги́рования (КСОР)) was reached by five of the seven members, with plans finalized on 14 June. The force is intended to be used to repulse military aggression, conduct
822:
could expect a similar deal and responded: "Real partnership is one thing and a declaration of intentions is another; reaching agreement on working seriously, meeting each other halfway, helping each other is one thing and making decisions about granting permanent residence to people who have lost
1199:
On 3 September 2023, during an interview, Armenian prime minister Nikol
Pashinyan stated that it was a strategic mistake for Armenia to solely rely on Russia to guarantee its security. Pashinyan stated, "Moscow has been unable to deliver and is in the process of winding down its role in the wider
924:
saying: "I think it's important to introduce CSTO police forces there, since we're unable to guarantee people's rights on our own." She also added: "I'm not seeking the CSTO's embrace and I don't feel like bringing them here to stay but the bloodletting there will continue otherwise." Only weeks
584:
The implementation of such projects on complex and unpredictable territory, where the borders of three
Central Asian republics directly converge, may give impetus to the strengthening of militarization processes and initiate all kinds of nationalistic confrontations. Also, it could lead to the
1160:
released an analysis on the current state of the CSTO, concluding that, while the alliance is in a fragile state, only few other nations could fill the void created by a possible
Russian exit and step in as a power broker in the region. Economic dependencies between the member states have also
1142:
A regular
Collective Security Council meeting took place on 23 November 2022 with the leaders of all CSTO members present to discuss matters of international and regional security. After Pashinyan refused to sign the joint declaration because it did not "reach a decision on a CSTO response to
1662:
In 2021, Uzbekistan, after becoming observer to EAEU on 11 December 2020, conducted a bilateral military exercise with Russia and trilateral military exercise with Russia and Tajikistan, while its president joined a CSTO meeting as a guest, sparking rumours about potential reentry into CSTO.
504:
The CSTO holds yearly military command exercises for the CSTO nations to have an opportunity to improve inter-organizational cooperation. The largest of such exercises was held in Southern Russia and central Asia in 2011, consisting of more than 10,000 troops and 70 combat aircraft.
513:
The Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) maintains a peacekeeping force that has been deployed to areas of conflict, including Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. The force is composed of troops from member states and is designed to provide stability and security in the region.
5362:
1114:, even stating that he saw no more hope for the CSTO. The lack of Russian support during the conflict prompted a national debate in Armenia, as an increasing percentage of the population indicated doubt as to whether it is beneficial to continue CSTO membership, calling for
799:, stating: "The economy serves as the basis for our common security. But if Belarus's closest CSTO ally is trying ... to destroy this basis and de facto put the Belarusians on their knees, how can one talk about consolidating collective security in the CSTO space?"
1200:
South Caucasus region" and "the Russian Federation cannot meet Armenia's security needs. This example should demonstrate to us that dependence on just one partner in security matters is a strategic mistake." Pashinyan accused Russian peacekeepers deployed to uphold the
751:
with Russia. After refusing to attend a CSTO summit in 2009, Lukashenko said: "Why should my men fight in Kazakhstan? Mothers would ask me why I sent their sons to fight so far from Belarus. For what? For a unified energy market? That is not what lives depend on. No!"
779:
expressed doubt about the future of the CSTO for failing to prevent Bakiyev's overthrow, stating: "What sort of organization is this one, if there is bloodshed in one of our member states and an anticonstitutional coup d'état takes place, and this body keeps silent?"
1658:
could join the CSTO saying, "The CSTO is an open organization. If Iran applies in accordance with our charter, we will consider the application". If Iran joined it would be the first state outside the former Soviet Union to become a member of the organization.
1195:
said that Armenia could consider withdrawing from the treaty due to the lack of support from Russia in the conflict. In an interview with CNN broadcast on 1 June 2023, Pashinyan stated that "Armenia is not an ally of Russia in the war in Ukraine".
603:
1139:, who concurred with the report presented by the Secretary General while also reiterating the importance for a clear political assessment of Azerbaijani aggression and a roadmap for the restoration of Armenian territorial integrity.
885:
also called for the CSTO to send troops, saying: "Our priority task right now should be to extinguish this flame of enmity. It is very likely that we will need CSTO peacekeepers to do that." The organisation was considered by some a
1156:, large groups of protestors gathered and called for the withdrawal of Armenia from the CSTO and for the country to develop closer relations with the United States and the West. In the aftermath of the meeting, the US think tank
620:
5352:
1164:
The diplomatic friction continued into January 2023, after Pashinyan refused to hold common military drills, because the organisation did not unequivocally condemn Azerbaijan over its perceived aggression. In response,
897:
said that "only in the case of a foreign intrusion and an attempt to externally seize power can we state that there is an attack against the CSTO", and that, "all the problems of Kyrgyzstan have internal roots", while
2326:
The potential reserve personnel of Russia may be as high as 20 million, depending on how the figures are counted. However, an estimated 2 million have seen military service within the last five years.
625:
4075:
1000:, Ukraine. "The CSTO has a peacekeeping capacity. Our peacekeepers continuously undergo corresponding training. If such a decision is taken by the United Nations, we stand ready to provide peacekeeping units".
8178:
7756:
3773:
3419:
3929:
2635:
3508:
4483:
2427:"Multilateral Treaty on collective security. Concluded at Tashkent on 15 May 1992. Correction of 18 May 1995 of the above-mentioned Treaty. Correction of 9 October 1995 of the above-mentioned Treaty"
964:
On 10 December 2010, the member states approved a declaration establishing a CSTO peacekeeping force and a declaration of the CSTO member states, in addition to signing a package of joint documents.
4053:
1128:
To discuss the results of the CSTO mission sent on 15 September 2022, an extraordinary session of the CSTO was held via videoconference on 28 October 2022. With the leaders of all member states and
610:
3803:
1173:
offered the deployment of a CSTO mission along the Armenia-Azerbaijan border on 2 February 2023 within one or two days, "if our Armenian allies, friends are still interested in it like before".
4728:
1698:
threats and information technology crimes in a Foreign Ministers Council meeting in Minsk, Belarus. Foreign Minister Abdrakhmanov put forward a proposal to establishing a Cyber Shield system.
3230:
8243:
3734:
3538:
4789:
7761:
3569:
905:
called the violence "purely a domestic affair". Later, however, Bordyuzha admitted that the CSTO response may have been inadequate and claimed that "foreign mercenaries" provoked the
2662:
5672:
1106:
After the CSTO mission took a rather uncommitted position in the conflict, criticism towards CSTO membership inside Armenian political circles increased, with the secretary of the
619:
1044:
Since the start of the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 there has been no CSTO involvement or official participation of other CSTO members in the conflict, apart from
5342:
4599:
967:
Since 21 December 2011, the Treaty parties can veto the establishment of new foreign military bases in the member states of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO).
8525:
5417:
3141:
5316:
463:
6076:
6059:
5357:
5014:
1204:
of failing to do their job. Pashinyan confirmed that Armenia is trying to diversify its security arrangements, most notably with the European Union and the United States.
811:
3834:
1185:
6106:
4621:
4023:
3959:
2433:
4698:
3385:
649:
4642:
4419:
3765:
491:
In order to deploy military bases of a third country in the territory of the CSTO member-states, it is necessary to obtain the official consent of all its members.
8298:
5347:
5122:
4636:"О предоставлении Парламентскому Собранию Союза Беларуси и России статуса наблюдателя при Парламентской Ассамблее Организации Договора о коллективной безопасности"
4381:
3919:
3271:
2631:
2031:
715:
Uzbekistan withdrew from GUAM in 2005 and joined the CSTO in 2006 as a full member and its membership was later ratified by the Uzbek parliament on 28 March 2008.
663:
2880:
1087:
between Armenia and former member Azerbaijan on 13 September 2022, Armenia triggered Article 4 of the treaty, and a CSTO mission including CSTO Secretary General
8293:
6049:
4153:
3083:
3712:
3499:
3452:
858:
threatened to publish the transcript of a CSTO meeting where Lukashenko said that his administration would recognize Abkhazian and South Ossetian independence.
6569:
6069:
5275:
4476:
4238:
3411:
3362:
7312:
4759:
1119:
2590:
8363:
6095:
6064:
4045:
1169:, the Press Secretary of the President of Russia, stated that Armenia remains a very close ally and promised to continue the dialogue. To mend their ties,
3191:
3166:
6054:
6006:
4224:
3207:
4207:
3864:
3795:
8595:
8378:
7797:
5536:
1008:
2681:
2557:
729:
On 6 October 2007, CSTO members agreed to a major expansion of the organization that would create a CSTO peacekeeping force that could deploy under a
517:
On 6 October 2007, CSTO members agreed to a major expansion of the organization that would create a CSTO peacekeeping force that could deploy under a
6801:
6303:
4720:
4101:
3040:
3017:
2450:
Obydenkova, Anastassia (23 November 2010). "Comparative regionalism: Eurasian cooperation and European integration. The case for neofunctionalism?".
978:
In August 2014, 3,000 soldiers from the members of Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan participated in psychological and
611:
3476:
3227:
555:
Uzbekistan would not participate in the collective force on a permanent basis but would "delegate" its detachments to take part in operations on an
8625:
8615:
8610:
8510:
8413:
8238:
8095:
7771:
7705:
7169:
5007:
2931:
929:
government complained that their appeals for help from the CSTO had been ignored. The CSTO was unable to agree on providing military assistance to
3117:
1230:
to return to Russia. The Prime Minister of Armenia, Nikol Pashinyan, went further in late October saying he saw "no advantage" in the presence of
2994:
733:
mandate or without one in its member states. The expansion would also allow all members to purchase Russian weapons at the same price as Russia.
521:
mandate or without one in its member states. The expansion would also allow all members to purchase Russian weapons at the same price as Russia.
4667:
3742:
3530:
8033:
1212:
474:
4785:
1227:
8605:
8600:
8530:
8228:
7283:
6001:
5614:
3993:
3599:
2014:
1708:
1084:
643:
3561:
8620:
8484:
5667:
5422:
4927:
4521:"Парламентские делегации Республики Сербия и Исламской Республики Афганистан получили статус наблюдателей при Парламентской Ассамблее ОДКБ"
4342:
3894:
3660:
3056:
2399:
8403:
6186:
6156:
5480:
5000:
1533:
2906:
2612:
1216:
8575:
7973:
7517:
6443:
6403:
6313:
6124:
5640:
5326:
4505:
4454:
2659:
1927:
1825:
4520:
8565:
8418:
8268:
7911:
6821:
6431:
6326:
6198:
5984:
4987:
4557:
2971:
1201:
744:. Three days earlier, on 26 August, Russia recognized the independence of Georgia's breakaway regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia.
3131:
8520:
8515:
8358:
7164:
6336:
6253:
6146:
637:
565:
2548:
7496:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6276:
6083:
5950:
1310:
1306:
69:
8590:
8580:
8423:
8318:
8123:
7600:
7184:
5974:
5819:
5295:
3826:
1096:
604:
470:
8489:
8373:
8208:
6794:
6461:
5962:
5928:
5916:
5911:
5802:
5285:
4015:
2809:
6388:
3951:
1022:
In July 2021, Tajikistan appealed to members of CSTO for help in dealing with security challenges emerging from neighboring
621:
8585:
8088:
7189:
7179:
6498:
6266:
2521:
2426:
1247:
862:
823:
their job is another." The Belarusian President defended himself against this criticism by citing former Russian President
4690:
3389:
3302:
8203:
7700:
7674:
7174:
7027:
7017:
6378:
6044:
5991:
5979:
4635:
4409:
4268:
1859:
1011:
by Azerbaijani forces onto Armenian territory a "border incident", where the CSTO remained inactive during the conflict.
3263:
2091:"frozen" its membership as of February 2024, and in June announced its intention to formally withdraw from the alliance.
8438:
8218:
7838:
7781:
7554:
6944:
6934:
6426:
6421:
6141:
6089:
5549:
5023:
4076:"Russia says CSTO mission can be deployed to Armenia-Azerbaijan border in "one or two days" if greenlighted by Yerevan"
2884:
2059:
2042:
2008:
1282:
1262:
1219:
in Yerevan criticizing Russia's refusal to intervene in the offensive. Some protesters called for the rejection of the
1180:
Meeting of the Council of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Collective Security Treaty Organization in Minsk (May 2023)
659:
628:
3073:
8408:
8273:
8158:
7927:
7848:
7776:
7766:
7746:
7276:
7240:
7194:
6871:
6678:
6629:
6562:
6373:
6101:
5703:
5607:
5571:
5566:
4904:
3704:
3629:
3442:
2053:
1537:
854:, aired a documentary film which compared Lukashenko to Bakiyev. Then the Russian President's foreign policy adviser
719:
1226:
Armenia declined participating in military exercises and the CIS summit in Kyrgyzstan in October 2023 and asked for
627:
8248:
6787:
6708:
6696:
6520:
6510:
6466:
6281:
5957:
5906:
5789:
4316:
3354:
1144:
1125:
to Yerevan on 17 September 2022, largely seen as an effort to reorient the security alliance structure of Armenia.
1100:
609:
4751:
4185:
4127:
2748:
8560:
8550:
8545:
8448:
8368:
8168:
8081:
7725:
7720:
7690:
7292:
7235:
7094:
6713:
6701:
6557:
6542:
6456:
6358:
5940:
5760:
5462:
5447:
5270:
4622:"Постановление Совета Парламентской Ассамблеи Организации Договора о коллективной безопасности «О предоставлении"
4320:
3471:
2743:
2581:
1634:
1049:
846:
to cut gas supplies to Belarus in a dispute over outstanding debts. Subsequently, the Russian television channel
616:
541:
348:
2774:
2300:
The reserve military of Armenia consists mostly of ex-conscripts who have seen service within the last 15 years.
8233:
7156:
6911:
6654:
6634:
6331:
5945:
5770:
5698:
5513:
4290:
3685:
3181:
3156:
635:
showing the relationships among various supranational organisations in the territory of the former Soviet Union
420:
4259:"Pashinyan warns of potential de jure freeze of Armenia's activities in CSTO if the current process continues"
3204:
614:
613:
8443:
7858:
7486:
6725:
6552:
6416:
6368:
6129:
5923:
5797:
5780:
5576:
5378:
3856:
3332:
1672:
1651:
1129:
986:
899:
612:
608:
371:
8540:
8535:
8313:
8308:
8283:
8163:
7807:
7605:
7549:
7481:
7304:
7269:
6856:
6321:
5996:
5891:
5692:
5600:
5412:
5321:
5265:
2678:
2491:
1278:
1111:
1077:
1073:
855:
605:
3032:
3009:
2854:
8570:
8555:
7895:
7648:
7544:
7491:
7037:
6602:
6584:
6350:
6208:
6169:
6136:
5826:
5814:
5730:
5632:
5402:
3924:
3466:
3250:
2452:
2019:
1243:
1231:
1107:
1069:
708:
622:
488:
CSTO employs a "rotating presidency" system in which the country leading the CSTO alternates every year.
2939:
1707:
The following list is sourced from the 2020 edition of "The Military Balance" published annually by the
881:
denied charges that his supporters were behind the ethnic conflict and called on the CSTO to intervene.
626:
39:
8333:
7937:
7534:
7245:
7054:
6831:
6597:
6574:
6547:
5407:
5280:
3098:
2166:
1582:
1176:
1115:
1048:
which agreed to house Russian troops which then attacked Ukraine from across its border. Following the
2986:
2798:
China and Eurasian powers in a Multipolar World Order 2.0: Security, Diplomacy, Economy and Cyberspace
585:
appearance of radical extremist forces that could lead to serious destabilization in this vast region.
51:
8323:
8188:
8143:
7741:
7522:
7405:
6639:
6612:
6515:
4659:
4291:"Armenia will withdraw from Russia's answer to NATO if land lost to Azerbaijan is recognized by CSTO"
4176:"Pashinyan: Calls to abandon the Declaration of Alma-Ata are calls to abandon Armenia's independence"
1189:
624:
617:
615:
6607:
8398:
8303:
7947:
7669:
7584:
7047:
6720:
4975:
4294:
4225:"Armenian PM sees "no advantage" in Russian troop presence as ties with Moscow deteriorate further"
3827:"Putin was repeatedly snubbed at an international summit of countries meant to be Russia's friends"
2264:
2145:
607:
466:, and was then itself replaced by the successor armed forces of the respective independent states.
4443:
3985:
3591:
2700:"Russia and the West: The 21st Century Security Environment (Eurasia in the 21st Century, Vol. I)"
1281:. On 17 August 2024, it was reported that CSTO countries have neither supported nor condemned the
618:
606:
8278:
8223:
7968:
7853:
7564:
7220:
7032:
6810:
5969:
5559:
5531:
5427:
4915:
3622:"Armenia asked CSTO for military support to restore territorial integrity amid Azeri attack – PM"
2121:
2025:
1791:
1757:
1544:
in the CSTO Parliamentary Assembly in 2013, though the Islamic Republic collapsed in 2021 as the
1258:
832:
760:
623:
3886:
1037:
On 5 January 2022, CSTO peacekeepers were announced to be deployed to Kazakhstan in response to
8263:
8153:
6649:
6241:
6179:
3652:
3053:
2208:
2187:
1678:
1545:
1208:
1031:
764:
377:
4370:
New Poll Reveals 56.7% Of Armenians Support EU Membership, 80.3% Oppose Constitutional Changes
8433:
8388:
8104:
8038:
7942:
7624:
6768:
5740:
3766:"BREAKING: Extraordinary session of CSTO Collective Security Council announced for this week"
2916:
2616:
2229:
1161:
increased since the start of the invasion and would dissuade the alliance from splitting up.
1157:
8479:
8463:
8023:
7415:
7210:
7124:
6861:
6530:
6393:
6213:
6011:
5725:
4992:
4528:
2961:
2314:
2244:
1893:
1274:
1148:
1038:
946:
776:
389:
6617:
4553:
3467:"Tajikistan Reportedly Calls On Allies For Help With Security Challenges From Afghanistan"
2356:
Kremlin spokesperson "The Armenian side did not take any official actions in this regard."
1538:
Wolesi Jirga (lower house) of the National Assembly of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
1248:
Azerbaijani troops crossing the border into Armenia's internationally recognized territory
736:
On 29 August 2008, Russia announced it would seek CSTO recognition of the independence of
8:
8458:
8198:
8018:
7695:
7579:
7574:
7134:
7129:
6992:
6757:
6486:
6291:
6220:
6028:
5877:
5755:
5677:
5650:
5541:
4940:"ASSESSING THE COLLECTIVE SECURITY TREATY ORGANIZATION: CAPABILITIES AND VULNERABILITIES"
2310:
2157:
2003:
1026:. Thousands of Afghans, including police and government troops, fled to Tajikistan after
842:
The following month, President Medvedev ordered the CEO of Russia's natural gas monopoly
548:
459:
7757:
Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC)
4939:
6965:
6624:
6535:
5852:
5765:
5655:
5645:
5506:
5491:
4499:
2719:
2469:
2048:
529:
431:
2488:"Iran, other states might become observers at CSTO parliamentary assembly — Naryshkin"
8393:
8253:
7802:
7569:
7529:
7322:
7230:
7099:
7064:
7007:
6975:
6892:
6732:
6672:
6451:
6237:
5933:
5735:
5720:
5662:
5244:
5068:
5058:
5040:
5034:
4900:
3109:
2815:
2805:
2473:
2253:
2136:
2037:
1695:
1484:
1220:
989:
902:
878:
756:
697:
423:
291:
109:
8453:
7822:
3686:"Opposition Groups Call For Armenia's Withdrawal From CSTO On Eve Of Yerevan Summit"
791:
with economic sanctions after Lukashenko's refusal to recognize the independence of
8383:
7559:
7512:
7438:
7261:
7250:
7119:
7042:
5452:
3078:
2711:
2461:
2112:
1041:. On 11 January the same year, CSTO forces began their withdrawal from Kazakhstan.
836:
363:
4154:"Armenian PM says depending solely on Russia for security was 'strategic mistake'"
3920:"Lukashenko: The CSTO will continue to exist and nobody is going to fall anywhere"
726:, to broaden cooperation on issues such as security, crime, and drug trafficking.
8328:
7539:
7465:
7453:
7079:
7074:
7069:
6987:
6644:
5857:
5809:
5715:
4979:
4449:
3412:"Bordyuzha: CSTO ready to deploy its peacekeepers to resolve conflict in Ukraine"
3234:
3211:
3060:
2685:
2666:
2199:
2178:
1975:
1967:
1541:
1192:
1136:
1092:
942:
917:
894:
874:
815:
4479:«Дружественные» Путину страны отказались осудить вторжение ВСУ в Курскую область
3294:
2465:
1527:
8343:
8288:
8193:
8133:
8054:
7993:
7978:
7874:
7817:
7812:
7458:
7400:
7395:
7347:
7342:
7337:
7317:
6876:
6664:
6592:
5872:
5862:
5437:
4964:
4414:
3952:"Lukashenko on possible dissolution of Collective Security Treaty Organization"
3136:
2274:
2220:
824:
518:
151:
8179:
Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation
4258:
2819:
8504:
8258:
8118:
7643:
7448:
7442:
6525:
5499:
4928:"COLLECTIVE SECURITY TREATY ORGANIZATION AND CONTINGENCY PLANNING AFTER 2014"
4786:"CSTO foreign ministers adopt measures to curb IT crime during Minsk meeting"
4046:"Kremlin vows to continue dialogue with Armenia after abandoning CSTO drills"
3113:
3104:
2348:"Putin did not talk with Pashinyan about Armenia's CSTO membership — Kremlin"
1995:
1305:
Map showing the CSTO members, observers and associated members. Includes the
1170:
1166:
1132:
1088:
1004:
926:
906:
866:
796:
741:
703:
681:
as a military alliance. As an attempt to develop a successor alliance to the
677:
The CSTO was founded in 2002 when the six member states agreed to create the
632:
163:
4239:"Armenia freezes participation in Russia-led security bloc - Prime Minister"
3562:"Russian troops to quit Kazakhstan, says president, taking aim at the elite"
674:, and largely seen as intending to counter Russian influence in the region.
8148:
7390:
7139:
7059:
7012:
6408:
6229:
5623:
5442:
5207:
5117:
4587:
2368:
1314:
1270:
1122:
993:
979:
882:
847:
828:
159:
8184:
Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America – Peoples' Trade Treaty
6779:
5384:
GOST (Euro-Asian Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification)
4128:"Pashinian Says Armenia Is Not Russia's Ally In Moscow's War With Ukraine"
3796:"Lukashenko to attend CSTO Collective Security Council meeting in Yerevan"
3735:"Extraordinary session of the CSTO Collective Security Council took place"
3621:
2932:"Kremlin announces that South Ossetia will join 'one united Russian state"
2739:"Uzbekistan: Tashkent Withdraws From GUUAM, Remaining Members Forge Ahead"
8353:
8128:
8073:
8013:
8008:
7762:
Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia (CICA)
7664:
7430:
7410:
7385:
7364:
7359:
7353:
7225:
7104:
7084:
6997:
6982:
6897:
6271:
6233:
6225:
5847:
5831:
5745:
5687:
5432:
5290:
5198:
5138:
5046:
4660:"Leaders Of Russia, China-Led Security Blocs Meet To Discuss Afghanistan"
3531:"Armenia says peacekeepers from Russian-led alliance to go to Kazakhstan"
2514:"Kyrgyzstan to take over CSTO presidency after Moscow summit in December"
2065:
1981:
1629:
1611:
1606:
1549:
1023:
887:
693:
In 2004 the CSTO was granted Observer status in the UN General Assembly.
682:
5238:
Former "participant" that renounced 1991 agreements and 1993 Charter (1)
4317:"Armenia Stops Financial Contributions To Russian-Led Military Alliance"
2723:
2699:
1961:
1052:, the border between Ukraine and Belarus was cleared of Russian forces.
458:, formed in 2002. The Collective Security Treaty has its origins in the
7983:
7420:
7369:
7332:
7327:
7109:
6261:
5187:
5182:
5167:
5162:
5152:
5127:
5112:
5097:
5092:
5082:
4263:
4175:
3293:
Dyomkin, Denis; Robinson, Matt (20 August 2010). Dobbie, Andrew (ed.).
3228:"CSTO Chief Says Foreign Mercenaries Provoked Race Riots In Kyrgyzstan"
3186:
2911:
2738:
1920:
1852:
1818:
1499:
1460:
1422:
1392:
1377:
1065:
957:
930:
921:
877:
to request the assistance of Russian troops to quell the disturbances.
807:
768:
577:
569:
551:
and drug trafficking, and neutralize the effects of natural disasters.
525:
455:
447:
443:
304:
278:
256:
230:
217:
5592:
4382:"Russia says it moves troop reserves to border after Ukrainian attack"
4343:"Armenia to leave Russian-led Collective Security Treaty Organisation"
2381:
Pashinyan: "We have, in effect, frozen our participation in the CSTO."
1014:
8244:
Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership
7215:
6970:
6481:
6476:
6298:
6191:
6021:
5682:
4896:
4721:"Uzbekistan, Cuba granted observer status at Eurasian Economic Union"
2801:
2715:
2833:
2347:
8338:
7710:
7022:
6960:
6939:
6471:
6016:
5750:
5710:
4588:"Afghan and Serbian parliaments acquire observer status at CSTO PA"
4347:
3447:
2404:
792:
748:
737:
723:
155:
5217:
1991 agreements parties that do not participate in the summits (2)
4887:
International Institute for Strategic Studies (14 February 2018).
3705:"Pelosi's visit fires debate in Armenia over alliance with Russia"
3325:"Meeting of the Collective Security Treaty Organisation"
3324:
2679:
Tashkent Throws Temper Tantrum over New Russian Base in Kyrgyzstan
2400:"Armenia to quit Russia's military alliance amid split with Putin"
1135:
in attendance, the meeting was chaired by Armenian Prime Minister
970:
On 28 June 2012, Uzbekistan suspended its membership in the CSTO.
6363:
5867:
5228:
5223:
5172:
5157:
5147:
5102:
5087:
5077:
4386:
4243:
4180:
4102:"Armenia's Pashinyan gives up Karabakh, abandons Russia-led CSTO"
3161:
2966:
2770:
2513:
1784:
1750:
1601:
1362:
1344:
1153:
1045:
1027:
952:
938:
934:
851:
843:
819:
803:
788:
772:
671:
667:
439:
435:
427:
204:
191:
136:
3251:
Kyrgyzstan takes decision on deploying CIS police force in South
2487:
524:
In January 2022, the CSTO deployed 2,000 of its peacekeepers to
7114:
7002:
5177:
5107:
4892:
4595:
2376:
1886:
1594:
1577:
1407:
1266:
1235:
1061:
997:
910:
870:
784:
573:
557:
451:
326:
243:
123:
119:
3443:"Apparent inaction gives rise to criticism of CSTO in Armenia"
2858:
1677:
The current secretary general is former Kazakh Prime Minister
485:
Similar to NATO, the CSTO maintains a Parliamentary Assembly.
8173:
8138:
8029:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
7998:
7963:
7932:
7751:
7089:
6846:
6286:
6164:
4691:"Iran may join security group led by Russia – Indian Express"
1528:
Non-member observer states in the CSTO Parliamentary Assembly
1321:
Member states of the Collective Security Treaty Organization:
1234:. Currently around 10,000 Russian troops are in stationed in
920:
called for the introduction of CSTO police units to southern
464:
United Armed Forces of the Commonwealth of Independent States
5022:
4444:"Moscow claims Ukraine has launched offensive inside Russia"
3887:"CSTO chief: Situation on Armenian-Azeri border complicated"
1689:
63:
8428:
8348:
8183:
8028:
7933:
Australia–New Zealand–United States Security Treaty (ANZUS)
7879:
7715:
6866:
6398:
6174:
5581:
5383:
4933:. Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces.
4921:. Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces.
3500:"Tajikistan asks Russia-led bloc for help on Afghan border"
2369:"Armenia's Membership In Russian-Led Defense Bloc 'Frozen'"
2351:
1655:
730:
98:
7 October 2002 (as Collective Security Treaty Organization)
8003:
7670:
Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC)
7146:
6383:
6203:
4208:"Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, October 11, 2023"
1612:
Parliamentary Assembly of the Union of Belarus and Russia
1552:
has observer status in the CSTO Parliamentary Assembly.
1550:
Parliamentary Assembly of the Union of Belarus and Russia
982:
exercises in Kazakhstan under war games managed by CSTO.
873:
in southern Kyrgyzstan, leading interim Kyrgyz President
8299:
GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development
7772:
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)
7706:
Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC)
5521:
4972:
4956:
4016:"Armenia says won't host CSTO military drills this year"
3031:
Solovyov, Dmitry (14 June 2009). Lawrence, Janet (ed.).
2270:
k'olekt'iuri usaprtkhoebis khelshek'rulebis organizatsia
2171:
2128:
Organizacija dogovora o kollektivnoj bezopasnosti (ODKB)
2032:
GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development
747:
In 2009, Belarus boycotted the CSTO summit due to their
658:
On 15 May 1992, six post-Soviet states belonging to the
400:
8294:
Forum for the Progress and Integration of South America
7988:
4973:
Official Site of the Parliamentary Assembly of the CSTO
4410:"Russia claims it is repelling Ukrainian border attack"
3592:"CSTO mission not arrived in Armenia yet, Kremlin says"
3182:"CSTO Faces New Wave Of Criticism Over Ineffectiveness"
2698:
Legvold, Robert; Arbatov, Alexei; Kaiser, Karl (2000).
2117:Организация Договора о коллективной безопасности (ОДКБ)
1430:
718:
In October 2007, the CSTO signed an agreement with the
7623:
3132:"Tensions flare up between Kremlin, Belarus strongman"
3010:"Belarus leader raps Russia, may snub security summit"
2150:
8526:
Intergovernmental organizations established by treaty
5197:
Self-proclaimed "associate member" as defined in the
4916:"Collective Security Treaty Organisation 2002 – 2012"
3033:"Belarus-Russia rift widens, Minsk snubs Moscow meet"
2632:"Moscow's influence wanes in Central Asian countries"
2126:
1186:
the conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan escalated
1120:
Speaker of the United States House of Representatives
696:
During 2005, the CSTO partners conducted some common
8364:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
8034:
Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF)
7291:
3857:"Pashinyan refuses to sign CSTO document on Armenia"
3054:
Lukashenka dismisses Moscow's criticism over Bakiyev
2697:
2213:
2192:
1957:
1095:
was sent to monitor the situation along the border.
4752:"Is Uzbekistan on the Verge of Rejoining the CSTO?"
2287:
Kollektiv xavfsizlik shartnomasi tashkiloti (KXShT)
2285:
2249:
Kollektiv Təhlükəsizlik Müqaviləsi Təşkilatı (KTMT)
2234:
2141:Հավաքական անվտանգության պայմանագրի կազմակերպություն
1007:was criticised by Armenian politicians for calling
8379:Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation
7798:Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation
5537:Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation Program
4442:
3498:
3386:"Armenia to participate in Kazakhstan CSTO drills"
3295:"Russian-led bloc undecided on aid for Kyrgyzstan"
3097:
2580:
2547:
535:
3157:"Moscow-led bloc may try to quell Kyrgyz clashes"
2881:"Security alliances led by Russia, China link up"
2259:კოლექტიური უსაფრთხოების ხელშეკრულების ორგანიზაცია
2152:Havakiakan Anvtangutian pajmanagri kazmakerputiun
1242:On 28 February 2024, during a speech made in the
925:later the deputy chairman of Otubayeva's interim
8502:
8414:South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
8239:Community of Latin American and Caribbean States
6472:Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences
4925:
3628:. Armenian Telegraph Agency. 14 September 2022.
3205:"Kyrgyzstan tests Russia's regional commitments"
2579:Miller, Jonathan Berkshire (23 September 2011).
2279:Коллектив хавфсизлик шартномаси ташкилоти (КХШТ)
1635:National Assembly of the Republic of Afghanistan
30:Организация Договора о коллективной безопасности
8019:India–Brazil–South Africa Dialogue Forum (IBSA)
3292:
2796:Gärtner, Heinz (2023). "Great Power Conflict".
2660:With Russian Prodding, CSTO Begins Taking Shape
2541:
2539:
602:
8139:Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
7964:Brazil–Russia–India–China–South Africa (BRICS)
7844:Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)
7752:Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
6852:Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)
4914:Rozanov, Anatoliy A.; Douha, Alena F. (2013).
2962:"Belarus leader may snub Moscow security meet"
2257:
1694:The member states adopted measures to counter
1213:2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh
475:Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance
92:14 February 1992 (as the Unified Armed Forces)
8229:Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations
8089:
7277:
6795:
5608:
5507:
5008:
3264:"Kyrgyz Official Criticizes Foreign Partners"
2015:Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations
1709:International Institute for Strategic Studies
806:to extend Russia's lease of the Crimean port
644:
28:
5423:Customs Union of the Eurasian Economic Union
4913:
4783:
4779:
4777:
3355:"Uzbekistan Suspends Its Membership in CSTO"
2536:
2183:Ұжымдық қауіпсіздік туралы шарт ұйымы (ҰҚШҰ)
580:for the CSTO rapid reaction force, stating,
8404:Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership
6809:
5312:Collective Security Treaty (1992-1999/2002)
4518:
3741:. Hayknews. 29 October 2022. Archived from
2173:Arhanizacyja damovy ab kalektyŭnaj biaspecy
1583:National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia
1534:National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia
95:15 May 1992 (as Collective Security Treaty)
16:Military alliance of six post-Soviet states
8103:
8096:
8082:
7974:Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries
7701:Central American Integration System (SICA)
7284:
7270:
6802:
6788:
5615:
5601:
5514:
5500:
5327:Council of Ministers of Defense of the CIS
5069:1991 agreements parties and "participants"
5015:
5001:
3757:
3651:Mghdesyan, Arshaluis (26 September 2022).
2449:
2215:Jamaattıq koopsuzduq jönündö kelişim uyumu
1223:, and Armenia's withdrawal from the CSTO.
1118:instead. This coincided with a visit from
1072:. The latter has refused to recognise the
916:On 21 July 2010, interim Kyrgyz President
650:
638:
8596:United Nations General Assembly observers
8419:South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone
8349:North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
8269:Economic Community of West African States
7912:South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone
7880:North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
7716:North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
7675:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)
6867:North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
4774:
4519:Zainetdinov, Vladimir (4 December 2013).
3983:
3650:
3440:
3007:
2987:"Lukashenko Plays Coy with Russia, Again"
2834:"Collective Security Treaty Organization"
2629:
2613:"Gendarme of Eurasia – Kommersant Moscow"
2443:
2204:Жамааттык коопсуздук жөнүндө келишим уюму
2162:Арганізацыя Дамовы аб калектыўнай бяспецы
2083:
2081:
1690:Information technology and cyber security
576:to establish a military base in southern
480:
8359:Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States
7928:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
7839:Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
7782:Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat (TCS)
7747:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
7726:Union of South American Nations (UNASUR)
5024:Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
4688:
4586:Tatyana, Kudrenok, ed. (12 April 2013).
3914:
3912:
3030:
2545:
2241:Names in former member state languages:
1175:
1013:
951:
771:in April 2010, he was granted asylum in
702:
598:
8626:Military alliances involving Tajikistan
8616:Military alliances involving Kyrgyzstan
8611:Military alliances involving Kazakhstan
8511:Collective Security Treaty Organization
8214:Collective Security Treaty Organization
7849:Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)
7777:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)
7767:Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)
6872:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)
5622:
5555:Collective Security Treaty Organization
5458:Collective Security Treaty Organization
5035:Belovezh Agreement establishing the CIS
4945:. United States Army War College Press.
4926:Douhan, A.F.; Rusakovich, А.V. (2016).
4749:
4585:
3986:"Is the CSTO on the Brink of Collapse?"
3383:
3169:from the original on 15 September 2022.
3154:
3144:from the original on 15 September 2022.
3120:from the original on 15 September 2022.
3086:from the original on 15 September 2022.
3043:from the original on 15 September 2022.
3020:from the original on 15 September 2022.
2997:from the original on 15 September 2022.
2795:
2546:Radyuhin, Vladimir (22 December 2011).
2133:Names in other member state languages:
1645:
1311:Russian-occupied territories in Georgia
1307:Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine
679:Collective Security Treaty Organization
666:group, established in 1997 by Georgia,
413:Collective Security Treaty Organization
70:Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine
68:Map showing the CSTO members, with the
22:Collective Security Treaty Organization
8503:
8424:Southern African Development Community
8319:Latin American Integration Association
8124:Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization
7601:Composite Index of National Capability
5641:Index of Soviet Union–related articles
5041:Alma-Ata Protocol establishing the CIS
4648:from the original on 27 November 2022.
4504:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
4440:
4188:from the original on 21 September 2023
3979:
3977:
3763:
3632:from the original on 14 September 2022
3602:from the original on 14 September 2022
3179:
2929:
2593:from the original on 26 September 2011
2578:
2078:
471:Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty
8490:Regionalism (international relations)
8374:Organization of Ibero-American States
8209:Central European Free Trade Agreement
8077:
7721:Organization of American States (OAS)
7691:Association of Caribbean States (ACS)
7622:
7265:
6783:
5596:
5495:
4996:
4937:
4784:Orazgaliyeva, Malika (18 July 2017).
4762:from the original on 23 November 2021
4731:from the original on 23 November 2021
4581:
4579:
4577:
4575:
4560:from the original on 20 November 2021
4548:
4546:
4441:Miller, Christopher (6 August 2024).
4374:
4271:from the original on 28 February 2024
3962:from the original on 26 November 2022
3932:from the original on 30 November 2022
3909:
3897:from the original on 30 November 2022
3867:from the original on 30 November 2022
3837:from the original on 29 November 2022
3824:
3806:from the original on 30 November 2022
3702:
3680:
3678:
3657:Institute for War and Peace Reporting
3479:from the original on 22 November 2021
3365:from the original on 15 November 2012
3074:"Russia Cuts Gas Supplies to Belarus"
2984:
2751:from the original on 13 November 2020
2655:
2653:
2560:from the original on 14 February 2013
2480:
2397:
2194:Ūjymdyq qauıpsızdık turaly şart ūiymy
1740:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1717:
1701:
1681:, who took office on 1 January 2023.
1068:have deteriorated since the start of
1039:anti-government unrest in the country
1003:In July 2021, CSTO Secretary-General
508:
499:
8606:Military alliances involving Belarus
8601:Military alliances involving Armenia
8531:International military organizations
8485:Regional organizations by population
5522:Central Asian regional organizations
4750:Mashrab, Fozil (29 September 2021).
4701:from the original on 16 January 2022
4602:from the original on 24 January 2023
4469:
4056:from the original on 16 January 2023
4026:from the original on 14 January 2023
3996:from the original on 1 December 2022
3984:Strgacich, Scott (1 December 2022).
3776:from the original on 8 November 2022
3703:Gavin, Gabriel (19 September 2022).
3663:from the original on 12 October 2022
3572:from the original on 11 January 2022
3559:
3541:from the original on 18 January 2022
2736:
2623:
2439:from the original on 9 January 2022.
2393:
2391:
2389:
1666:
1431:Former member states of CST and CSTO
462:, which was replaced in 1992 by the
8621:Military alliances involving Russia
8204:Central American Integration System
7497:International relations (1814–1919)
4670:from the original on 10 August 2022
4486:from the original on 18 August 2024
3974:
3764:Roscoe, Matthew (27 October 2022).
3715:from the original on 7 October 2022
3335:from the original on 12 August 2011
3274:from the original on 12 August 2010
3194:from the original on 13 March 2022.
3008:Makhovsky, Andrei (25 April 2010).
2789:
2630:Grynszpan, Emmanuel (7 June 2022).
2236:Sozmoni Ahdomai Amniyati Dastacamûî
2225:Созмони Аҳдномаи амнияти дастаҷамъӣ
13:
8439:Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat
8219:Commonwealth of Independent States
7808:European Political Community (EPC)
6945:International relations since 1989
6935:Diplomatic history of World War II
6857:International Criminal Court (ICC)
5550:Commonwealth of Independent States
4792:from the original on 1 August 2017
4652:
4572:
4543:
4457:from the original on 7 August 2024
4422:from the original on 6 August 2024
3825:Baker, Sinéad (24 November 2022).
3675:
3511:from the original on 4 August 2021
3455:from the original on 3 April 2022.
2777:from the original on 5 August 2022
2763:
2650:
2549:"CSTO tightens foreign base norms"
2060:Southeast Asia Treaty Organization
2043:North Atlantic Treaty Organization
2009:Commonwealth of Independent States
1297:
1116:realignment of the state with NATO
1055:
783:Lukashenko had previously accused
685:, the CSTO is comparatively weak.
660:Commonwealth of Independent States
14:
8637:
8576:Organizations established in 1994
8409:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
8274:Economic Cooperation Organization
8159:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
7241:International political sociology
5572:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
5567:Economic Cooperation Organization
4950:
4132:Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty
3422:from the original on 2 April 2015
3305:from the original on 5 March 2016
2974:from the original on 27 May 2018.
2386:
2054:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
831:to Russia after he was ousted as
720:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
547:anti-terrorist operations, fight
8566:Multilateral relations of Russia
8249:Council of the Baltic Sea States
7938:Melanesian Spearhead Group (MSG)
7293:Power in international relations
6764:
6763:
6751:
5476:
5475:
4864:
3560:Vaal, Tamara (11 January 2022).
3180:Kucera, Joshua (14 April 2015).
3155:Isamova, Hulkar (14 June 2010).
2915:. 8 October 2007. Archived from
2638:from the original on 7 June 2022
2524:from the original on 27 May 2013
2494:from the original on 7 June 2022
2320:
2309:Does not include Army forces of
1988:
1974:
1960:
1919:
1885:
1851:
1817:
1783:
1749:
1684:
1622:
1600:
1593:
1570:
1492:
1477:
1453:
1415:
1400:
1385:
1370:
1355:
1337:
1293:
1145:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
890:" since it failed to intervene.
341:
319:
297:
284:
271:
249:
236:
223:
210:
197:
184:
62:
50:
38:
8521:21st-century military alliances
8516:20th-century military alliances
8449:Union of South American Nations
8369:Organization of American States
8169:Association of Caribbean States
7742:Asia Cooperation Dialogue (ACD)
7236:International political economy
5463:Collective Rapid Reaction Force
5448:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
5271:Unified Team at the Paralympics
4938:Weitz, Richard (October 2018).
4880:
4852:
4840:
4828:
4816:
4804:
4743:
4713:
4689:Upadhyay, Dadan (14 May 2007).
4682:
4628:
4614:
4512:
4434:
4402:
4363:
4335:
4321:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
4309:
4283:
4251:
4231:
4217:
4200:
4168:
4146:
4120:
4094:
4068:
4038:
4008:
3944:
3879:
3849:
3818:
3788:
3727:
3696:
3653:"Armenians Decry CSTO Inaction"
3644:
3614:
3584:
3553:
3523:
3491:
3472:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
3459:
3434:
3404:
3384:Peerson, Joe (12 August 2014).
3377:
3347:
3317:
3286:
3268:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
3256:
3244:
3221:
3198:
3173:
3148:
3124:
3090:
3066:
3047:
3024:
3001:
2978:
2954:
2930:Halpin, Tony (30 August 2008).
2923:
2899:
2873:
2847:
2826:
2744:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
2730:
2691:
2672:
2605:
2572:
2506:
2398:Gavin, Gabriel (12 June 2024).
2313:, which had an Armenian-backed
2303:
2294:
1215:, demonstrators surrounded the
1050:2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive
973:
722:(SCO), in the Tajik capital of
688:
542:Collective Rapid Reaction Force
536:Collective Rapid Reaction Force
349:Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
8234:Community of Democratic Choice
7948:Polynesian Leaders Group (PLG)
7854:Eurasian Economic Union (EaEU)
3690:Radio FreeEurope/Radio Liberty
3441:Avetisyan, Ani (9 July 2021).
2737:Blua, Antoine (18 June 2002).
2419:
2361:
2340:
2269:
2103:
2094:
1:
8591:1994 establishments in Europe
8581:1994 establishments in Russia
8444:Organization of Turkic States
8199:Caribbean Community (CARICOM)
7859:Organization of Turkic States
7696:Caribbean Community (CARICOM)
7487:List of medieval great powers
6304:Political abuse of psychiatry
6096:Congress of People's Deputies
5577:Organization of Turkic States
5379:Interstate Aviation Committee
5291:CIS national rugby union team
4886:
4870:
4858:
4846:
4834:
4822:
4810:
2771:"From Treaty to Organization"
2669:Retrieved on 24 November 2009
2333:
2100:Did not sign original treaty.
1673:Secretary General of the CSTO
1313:, and the breakaway republic
1288:
960:, Kazakhstan, 8 November 2018
594:
494:
8309:Indian Ocean Rim Association
8284:European Political Community
8164:Assembly of European Regions
7606:Comprehensive National Power
7482:List of ancient great powers
7204:Related fields and subfields
5413:Eurasian Patent Organization
5322:Joint CIS Air Defense System
5286:CIS national ice hockey team
5266:Unified Team at the Olympics
4664:Radiofreeeurope/Radioliberty
2985:Kimer, James (28 May 2010).
1654:Nikolai Bordyuzha suggested
1283:Ukrainian invasion of Russia
1101:Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan border
1070:Russia's invasion of Ukraine
7:
8586:1994 establishments in Asia
7943:Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)
7896:Union for the Mediterranean
7649:Union for the Mediterranean
7492:List of modern great powers
6467:Academy of Medical Sciences
5403:Eurasian Economic Community
5363:2023 Free Trade in Services
4554:"Государства-члены ПА ОДКБ"
3359:The Gazette of Central Asia
2800:. Mher Sahakyan. New York:
2688:, EurasiaNet, 3 August 2009
2582:"Russia Launches War Games"
2466:10.1016/j.euras.2011.03.001
2453:Journal of Eurasian Studies
2286:
2235:
2214:
2193:
2172:
2151:
2127:
2109:Name in official language:
2020:Eurasian Economic Community
1953:
1228:Russian peacekeeping forces
1108:Security Council of Armenia
566:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
10:
8642:
8334:Melanesian Spearhead Group
8024:Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)
7535:Hegemonic stability theory
7246:Peace and conflict studies
6862:Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)
5408:Eurasian Patent Convention
5317:United Armed Forces (1992)
5281:CIS national football team
3253:, Itar-Tass, 21 July 2010.
3099:"It takes one to know one"
3063:, Belaplan, 25 April 2010.
1670:
1032:took control of many parts
759:was ousted from office as
589:
539:
8472:
8324:Latin American Parliament
8144:Asia Cooperation Dialogue
8111:
8047:
7956:
7920:
7904:
7888:
7867:
7831:
7790:
7734:
7683:
7657:
7636:
7632:
7618:
7593:
7505:
7474:
7429:
7378:
7303:
7299:
7203:
7155:
6953:
6910:
6885:
6839:
6830:
6817:
6745:
6689:
6663:
6583:
6506:
6497:
6442:
6349:
6312:
6252:
6155:
6117:
6037:
5899:
5890:
5840:
5788:
5779:
5631:
5527:
5471:
5393:Outside the CIS framework
5392:
5371:
5335:
5304:
5258:
5237:
5216:
5196:
5141:parties and "members" (9)
5136:
5067:
5056:
5030:
4889:The Military Balance 2018
2490:. TASS. 6 November 2014.
2278:
2258:
2224:
2203:
2182:
2161:
2140:
2116:
1490:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1348:
1232:Russian troops in Armenia
1211:that began following the
1099:also took place near the
865:broke out between ethnic
810:in return for discounted
395:
383:
369:
357:
169:
145:
129:
115:
105:
85:
77:
61:
49:
37:
29:
26:
8399:Polynesian Leaders Group
8314:Liptako–Gourma Authority
8304:Gulf Cooperation Council
7625:Organizations and groups
7585:Superpower disengagement
4978:22 February 2018 at the
4478:
4295:The New Voice of Ukraine
3329:President of Russia
2665:24 December 2014 at the
2071:
1254:membership in the CSTO.
941:, which was attended by
909:violence against ethnic
818:was asked about whether
27:
8279:Eurasian Economic Union
8224:Commonwealth of Nations
7969:Commonwealth of Nations
7803:Council of Europe (CoE)
7565:Power transition theory
7221:Foreign policy analysis
7033:International community
6811:International relations
6758:Soviet Union portal
5560:Eurasian Economic Union
5532:Central Asia plus Japan
5428:Eurasian Economic Union
5276:CIS national bandy team
4988:The Charter of the CSTO
2026:Eurasian Economic Union
1190:Armenian Prime Minister
1147:, Belarusian President
833:President of Kyrgyzstan
775:. Belarusian President
761:President of Kyrgyzstan
8561:Military of Tajikistan
8551:Military of Kyrgyzstan
8546:Military of Kazakhstan
8264:East African Community
8154:Asia-Europe Foundation
8105:Regional organizations
6650:Stalinist architecture
6404:Science and technology
6314:Ideological repression
6242:Soviet Airborne Forces
6180:Destruction battalions
5137:Additionally the 1993
3210:2 October 2012 at the
2248:
1679:Imangali Tasmagambetov
1652:CSTO secretary general
1302:
1259:Ukrainian Armed Forces
1257:On 6 August 2024, the
1209:2023 Armenian protests
1181:
1130:CSTO Secretary General
1019:
987:CSTO Secretary General
985:On 19 March 2015, the
961:
900:CSTO Secretary General
712:
655:
587:
564:On 3 August 2009, the
481:Operational procedures
378:Imangali Tasmagambetov
8434:Three Seas Initiative
8389:Pacific Islands Forum
8189:British–Irish Council
8039:Uniting for Consensus
6432:List of metro systems
5985:Collective leadership
5343:Common Economic Space
4184:. 21 September 2023.
3990:The National Interest
3598:. 14 September 2022.
2907:"Gendarme of Eurasia"
1301:
1273:and clashed with the
1179:
1158:The National Interest
1017:
955:
706:
630:
582:
8480:Regional integration
8464:Western Balkans Quad
7905:Africa–South America
7868:North America–Europe
7211:Comparative politics
6394:Net material product
6337:Censorship of images
6254:Political repression
6214:Soviet Border Troops
6147:First Deputy Premier
5731:1965 economic reform
5726:Soviet space program
4788:. The Astana Times.
4727:. 11 December 2020.
4267:. 28 February 2024.
3958:. 23 November 2022.
3928:. 23 November 2022.
3893:. 28 November 2022.
3863:. 24 November 2022.
3802:. 22 November 2022.
3331:. 10 December 2010.
2887:on 11 September 2013
2379:. 23 February 2024.
2354:. 23 February 2024.
1646:Potential membership
1279:Russian border guard
1275:Russian Armed Forces
1149:Alexander Lukashenko
1080:People's Republics.
956:The CSTO meeting in
947:Alexander Lukashenko
814:, Russian President
812:natural gas supplies
777:Alexander Lukashenko
572:criticized plans by
390:Alexander Lukashenko
72:shown in light green
8541:Military of Belarus
8536:Military of Armenia
8459:West Nordic Council
8055:United Nations (UN)
7823:Visegrád Group (V4)
7813:European Union (EU)
7580:Superpower collapse
7575:Sphere of influence
7550:Philosophy of power
6993:Collective security
6877:United Nations (UN)
6462:Academy of Sciences
6277:Population transfer
6221:Soviet Armed Forces
6084:Congress of Soviets
6065:Presidium/Politburo
6029:Soviet anti-Zionism
5878:West Siberian Plain
5756:Revolutions of 1989
5693:Great Patriotic War
5678:New Economic Policy
5542:Central Asian Union
4247:. 23 February 2023.
4052:. 10 January 2023.
4022:. 11 January 2023.
3692:. 23 November 2022.
3233:6 July 2010 at the
3059:7 July 2011 at the
2942:on 3 September 2008
2919:on 1 February 2014.
2861:on 27 February 2014
2684:16 May 2010 at the
2619:on 1 February 2014.
2004:Soviet Armed Forces
1561:Participating Body
1447:Year of withdrawal
1184:In May 2023, after
1083:After the start of
549:transnational crime
460:Soviet Armed Forces
23:
8571:Post-Soviet states
8556:Military of Russia
7889:Africa–Asia–Europe
6107:Military Collegium
5975:Capital punishment
5853:Caucasus Mountains
5766:Post-Soviet states
5646:Russian Revolution
5353:1994 FTA Agreement
5296:CIS Cup (football)
4965:CSTO Official Site
4957:CSTO Official Site
4227:. 31 October 2023.
4213:. 11 October 2023.
3745:on 8 November 2022
3537:. 5 January 2022.
3270:. 11 August 2010.
3140:. 15 August 2010.
2049:Post-Soviet states
1702:Military personnel
1303:
1182:
1060:Relations between
1020:
992:offered to send a
962:
893:Russian President
713:
698:military exercises
670:, Azerbaijan, and
656:
509:Peacekeeping force
500:Military exercises
432:post-Soviet states
430:consisting of six
359:Official language
21:
8498:
8497:
8394:Paneuropean Union
8254:Council of Europe
8071:
8070:
8067:
8066:
8063:
8062:
7614:
7613:
7570:Second Superpower
7530:Deterrence theory
7259:
7258:
7231:International law
7100:Right of conquest
7065:National interest
7008:Deterrence theory
6906:
6905:
6893:League of Nations
6777:
6776:
6741:
6740:
6733:Hammer and sickle
6675:and their groups
6673:Soviet dissidents
6452:Communist Academy
6369:Economic planning
6345:
6344:
6238:Soviet Air Forces
6157:Security services
6077:General Secretary
6060:Central Committee
6002:Political parties
5934:Brezhnev Doctrine
5929:Foreign relations
5886:
5885:
5827:Autonomous okrugs
5741:Soviet–Afghan War
5721:Sino-Soviet split
5663:Russian Civil War
5590:
5589:
5546:
5489:
5488:
5254:
5253:
4418:. 6 August 2024.
4082:. 2 February 2023
3392:on 14 August 2014
2811:978-1-003-35258-7
2804:. pp. xxiv.
2284:
2233:
2212:
2191:
2170:
2149:
2125:
2038:Military alliance
1951:
1950:
1727:Reserve military
1667:Secretary General
1650:In May 2007, the
1643:
1642:
1546:Taliban took over
1525:
1524:
1428:
1427:
1244:National Assembly
1221:Alma-Ata Protocol
1103:throughout 2022.
990:Nikolai Bordyuzha
903:Nikolai Bordyuzha
879:Kurmanbek Bakiyev
827:'s invitation of
802:During a trip to
757:Kurmanbek Bakiyev
424:military alliance
421:intergovernmental
409:
408:
372:Secretary General
335:1 former observer
110:Military alliance
8633:
8384:Pacific Alliance
8098:
8091:
8084:
8075:
8074:
7634:
7633:
7620:
7619:
7560:Power projection
7545:Internationalism
7518:Balance of power
7513:American decline
7301:
7300:
7286:
7279:
7272:
7263:
7262:
7251:Security studies
7043:Internationality
7038:Internationalism
6837:
6836:
6804:
6797:
6790:
6781:
6780:
6767:
6766:
6756:
6755:
6754:
6504:
6503:
6412:
6267:Collectivization
6012:Marxism–Leninism
5897:
5896:
5786:
5785:
5617:
5610:
5603:
5594:
5593:
5544:
5516:
5509:
5502:
5493:
5492:
5479:
5478:
5453:New Union Treaty
5418:EU Technical Aid
5065:
5064:
5017:
5010:
5003:
4994:
4993:
4984:
4969:
4961:
4946:
4944:
4934:
4932:
4922:
4920:
4910:
4874:
4868:
4862:
4856:
4850:
4844:
4838:
4832:
4826:
4820:
4814:
4808:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4797:
4781:
4772:
4771:
4769:
4767:
4747:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4736:
4717:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4706:
4686:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4675:
4656:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4640:
4632:
4626:
4625:
4618:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4607:
4583:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4565:
4550:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4536:
4527:. Archived from
4516:
4510:
4509:
4503:
4495:
4493:
4491:
4477:"Archived copy"
4473:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4462:
4446:
4438:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4427:
4406:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4395:
4378:
4372:
4367:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4356:
4339:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4328:
4313:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4302:
4287:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4276:
4255:
4249:
4248:
4235:
4229:
4228:
4221:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4204:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4193:
4172:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4150:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4139:
4124:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4106:www.euractiv.com
4098:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4087:
4072:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4042:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4012:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4001:
3981:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3948:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3937:
3916:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3883:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3831:Business Insider
3822:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3792:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3761:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3682:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3648:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3618:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3527:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3502:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3388:. Archived from
3381:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3361:. 29 June 2012.
3351:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3260:
3254:
3248:
3242:
3225:
3219:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3108:. 22 July 2010.
3101:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3082:. 20 June 2010.
3079:Voice of America
3070:
3064:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2991:Robert Amsterdam
2982:
2976:
2975:
2970:. 13 June 2009.
2958:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2938:. Archived from
2927:
2921:
2920:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2883:. Archived from
2877:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2857:. Archived from
2851:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2716:10.2307/20049696
2695:
2689:
2676:
2670:
2657:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2615:. Archived from
2609:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2584:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2551:
2543:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2431:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2395:
2384:
2383:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2344:
2327:
2324:
2318:
2307:
2301:
2298:
2292:
2289:
2283:romanized:
2282:
2280:
2271:
2268:
2261:
2260:
2238:
2228:
2226:
2217:
2207:
2205:
2196:
2186:
2184:
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2098:
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1998:
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1991:
1984:
1979:
1978:
1970:
1965:
1964:
1924:
1923:
1890:
1889:
1856:
1855:
1822:
1821:
1788:
1787:
1754:
1753:
1724:Active military
1715:
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1628:
1626:
1625:
1605:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1576:
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1555:
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1391:
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1388:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1343:
1341:
1340:
1325:
1324:
1085:renewed fighting
1034:of Afghanistan.
1018:CSTO Summit 2022
933:at a meeting in
856:Sergei Prikhodko
837:Tulip Revolution
835:during the 2005
654:
652:
646:
640:
601:
530:the local unrest
405:
402:
347:
345:
344:
325:
323:
322:
303:
301:
300:
290:
288:
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265:3 former members
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66:
54:
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24:
20:
8641:
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8636:
8635:
8634:
8632:
8631:
8630:
8501:
8500:
8499:
8494:
8468:
8329:Lublin Triangle
8107:
8102:
8072:
8059:
8043:
7952:
7921:Oceania–Pacific
7916:
7900:
7884:
7863:
7827:
7786:
7730:
7679:
7653:
7628:
7610:
7589:
7540:Multilateralism
7501:
7470:
7425:
7374:
7295:
7290:
7260:
7255:
7199:
7190:Postcolonialism
7151:
7080:Non-state actor
7075:Non-belligerent
7070:Neutral country
7055:Interventionism
6988:Co-belligerence
6949:
6902:
6881:
6826:
6813:
6808:
6778:
6773:
6752:
6750:
6737:
6685:
6659:
6579:
6493:
6438:
6410:
6384:Internet domain
6379:Five-year plans
6341:
6308:
6248:
6151:
6113:
6045:Communist Party
6033:
5992:Passport system
5882:
5858:European Russia
5836:
5775:
5716:Khrushchev Thaw
5695:(World War II)
5673:Creation treaty
5627:
5621:
5591:
5586:
5523:
5520:
5490:
5485:
5467:
5388:
5367:
5358:2011 FTA Treaty
5331:
5300:
5250:
5233:
5212:
5192:
5132:
5052:
5026:
5021:
4982:
4980:Wayback Machine
4967:
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4531:on 23 July 2013
4517:
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4460:
4458:
4450:Financial Times
4439:
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4408:
4407:
4403:
4393:
4391:
4390:. 6 August 2024
4380:
4379:
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4340:
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4315:
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4297:. 12 March 2024
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3507:. 7 July 2021.
3497:
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3480:
3475:. 7 July 2021.
3465:
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3249:
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3235:Wayback Machine
3226:
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3218:, 15 June 2010.
3212:Wayback Machine
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2704:Foreign Affairs
2696:
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2686:Wayback Machine
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1994:
1989:
1987:
1980:
1973:
1968:Politics portal
1966:
1959:
1956:
1918:
1884:
1850:
1816:
1782:
1748:
1742:
1741:Per 1000 capita
1737:
1736:Per 1000 capita
1704:
1692:
1687:
1675:
1669:
1648:
1623:
1621:
1599:
1592:
1571:
1569:
1542:observer status
1530:
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1454:
1452:
1433:
1416:
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1401:
1399:
1386:
1384:
1371:
1369:
1356:
1354:
1338:
1336:
1296:
1291:
1217:Russian embassy
1193:Nikol Pashinyan
1137:Nikol Pashinyan
1112:Armen Grigoryan
1093:Anatoly Sidorov
1058:
1056:2023 to present
976:
943:Roza Otunbayeva
918:Roza Otunbayeva
895:Dmitry Medvedev
875:Roza Otunbayeva
816:Dmitry Medvedev
763:as a result of
711:leaders in 2006
691:
636:
629:
599:
597:
592:
544:
538:
511:
502:
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8492:
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8456:
8454:Visegrád Group
8451:
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8441:
8436:
8431:
8426:
8421:
8416:
8411:
8406:
8401:
8396:
8391:
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8366:
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8344:Nordic Council
8341:
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8331:
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8316:
8311:
8306:
8301:
8296:
8291:
8289:European Union
8286:
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8211:
8206:
8201:
8196:
8194:Bucharest Nine
8191:
8186:
8181:
8176:
8171:
8166:
8161:
8156:
8151:
8146:
8141:
8136:
8134:Arctic Council
8131:
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7886:
7885:
7883:
7882:
7877:
7875:Arctic Council
7871:
7869:
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7862:
7861:
7856:
7851:
7846:
7841:
7835:
7833:
7829:
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7818:Nordic Council
7815:
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7201:
7200:
7198:
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7170:English school
7167:
7165:Constructivism
7161:
7159:
7153:
7152:
7150:
7149:
7144:
7143:
7142:
7137:
7135:Non-aggression
7132:
7127:
7122:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7072:
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6439:
6437:
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6435:
6434:
6429:
6427:Rail transport
6424:
6422:Railway system
6414:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6355:
6353:
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6340:
6339:
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6329:
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6183:
6182:
6172:
6167:
6161:
6159:
6153:
6152:
6150:
6149:
6144:
6142:Deputy Premier
6139:
6134:
6133:
6132:
6125:Heads of state
6121:
6119:
6115:
6114:
6112:
6111:
6110:
6109:
6099:
6093:
6090:Supreme Soviet
6087:
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6079:
6074:
6073:
6072:
6067:
6057:
6052:
6041:
6039:
6035:
6034:
6032:
6031:
6026:
6025:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6007:State ideology
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5988:
5987:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5966:
5965:
5955:
5954:
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5926:
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5914:
5903:
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5894:
5888:
5887:
5884:
5883:
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5880:
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5873:Ural Mountains
5870:
5865:
5863:North Caucasus
5860:
5855:
5850:
5844:
5842:
5838:
5837:
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5834:
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5807:
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5768:
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5504:
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5487:
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5484:
5483:
5472:
5469:
5468:
5466:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5438:Russian Empire
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5396:
5394:
5390:
5389:
5387:
5386:
5381:
5375:
5373:
5369:
5368:
5366:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5348:Economic Court
5345:
5339:
5337:
5333:
5332:
5330:
5329:
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4598:: inform.kz.
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4156:. reuters.com
4155:
4149:
4134:. 2 June 2023
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4108:. 23 May 2023
4107:
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4080:Artsakh Press
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2027:
2024:
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2018:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2005:
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1996:Europe portal
1986:
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1730:Paramilitary
1720:
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1685:Policy agenda
1682:
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1441:Organisation
1440:
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1398:
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1379:
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1294:Member states
1286:
1284:
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1197:
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1171:Sergey Lavrov
1168:
1167:Dmitry Peskov
1162:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1133:Stanislav Zas
1131:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1089:Stanislav Zas
1086:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1035:
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1029:
1025:
1016:
1012:
1010:
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1005:Stanislav Zas
1001:
999:
995:
991:
988:
983:
981:
980:cyber warfare
971:
968:
965:
959:
954:
950:
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923:
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891:
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884:
880:
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868:
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849:
845:
840:
838:
834:
830:
826:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
800:
798:
797:South Ossetia
794:
790:
787:of punishing
786:
781:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
753:
750:
745:
743:
742:South Ossetia
739:
734:
732:
727:
725:
721:
716:
710:
705:
701:
699:
694:
686:
684:
680:
675:
673:
669:
665:
661:
653:
647:
641:
634:
633:Euler diagram
586:
581:
579:
575:
571:
567:
562:
560:
559:
552:
550:
543:
533:
531:
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306:
295:
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282:
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258:
247:
245:
234:
232:
221:
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208:
206:
195:
193:
182:
181:
174:
168:
165:
164:Northern Asia
161:
157:
153:
150:
144:
138:
135:
134:
132:
128:
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121:
118:
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111:
108:
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88:
84:
80:
76:
71:
65:
60:
53:
48:
41:
36:
25:
19:
8213:
8149:Asia Council
7957:Non–regional
7843:
7352:
7130:Multilateral
7060:Isolationism
7013:Expansionism
6851:
6749:
6521:Demographics
6511:Antisemitism
6364:Central Bank
6282:Forced labor
6230:Spetsnaz GRU
6050:organisation
5958:Human rights
5907:Constitution
5790:Subdivisions
5668:Russian SFSR
5624:Soviet Union
5554:
5457:
5443:Soviet Union
5372:Organization
5311:
5208:Turkmenistan
5118:Turkmenistan
5059:Participants
4983:(in Russian)
4968:(in English)
4960:(in Russian)
4888:
4881:Bibliography
4866:
4854:
4842:
4830:
4818:
4806:
4794:. Retrieved
4764:. Retrieved
4755:
4745:
4733:. Retrieved
4725:eng.belta.by
4724:
4715:
4703:. Retrieved
4694:
4684:
4672:. Retrieved
4663:
4654:
4630:
4616:
4604:. Retrieved
4591:
4562:. Retrieved
4533:. Retrieved
4529:the original
4524:
4514:
4488:. Retrieved
4471:
4459:. Retrieved
4448:
4436:
4424:. Retrieved
4413:
4404:
4392:. Retrieved
4385:
4376:
4365:
4353:. Retrieved
4346:
4337:
4325:. Retrieved
4323:. 8 May 2024
4311:
4299:. Retrieved
4285:
4273:. Retrieved
4262:
4253:
4242:
4233:
4219:
4202:
4192:21 September
4190:. Retrieved
4179:
4170:
4158:. Retrieved
4148:
4136:. Retrieved
4131:
4122:
4110:. Retrieved
4105:
4096:
4084:. Retrieved
4079:
4070:
4058:. Retrieved
4049:
4040:
4028:. Retrieved
4019:
4010:
3998:. Retrieved
3989:
3964:. Retrieved
3955:
3946:
3934:. Retrieved
3923:
3899:. Retrieved
3890:
3881:
3869:. Retrieved
3860:
3851:
3839:. Retrieved
3830:
3820:
3808:. Retrieved
3799:
3790:
3778:. Retrieved
3769:
3759:
3747:. Retrieved
3743:the original
3738:
3729:
3717:. Retrieved
3708:
3698:
3689:
3665:. Retrieved
3656:
3646:
3636:14 September
3634:. Retrieved
3625:
3616:
3606:14 September
3604:. Retrieved
3595:
3586:
3574:. Retrieved
3565:
3555:
3543:. Retrieved
3534:
3525:
3513:. Retrieved
3504:
3493:
3481:. Retrieved
3470:
3461:
3446:
3436:
3424:. Retrieved
3415:
3406:
3394:. Retrieved
3390:the original
3379:
3367:. Retrieved
3358:
3349:
3337:. Retrieved
3328:
3319:
3307:. Retrieved
3298:
3288:
3276:. Retrieved
3267:
3258:
3246:
3238:
3223:
3215:
3200:
3185:
3175:
3160:
3150:
3135:
3126:
3103:
3092:
3077:
3068:
3049:
3036:
3026:
3013:
3003:
2990:
2980:
2965:
2956:
2944:. Retrieved
2940:the original
2935:
2925:
2917:the original
2910:
2901:
2889:. Retrieved
2885:the original
2875:
2863:. Retrieved
2859:the original
2849:
2837:. Retrieved
2828:
2797:
2791:
2779:. Retrieved
2765:
2753:. Retrieved
2742:
2732:
2707:
2703:
2693:
2674:
2640:. Retrieved
2634:. Le Monde.
2625:
2617:the original
2607:
2597:26 September
2595:. Retrieved
2587:The Diplomat
2586:
2574:
2562:. Retrieved
2553:
2526:. Retrieved
2517:
2508:
2496:. Retrieved
2482:
2457:
2451:
2445:
2421:
2409:. Retrieved
2403:
2380:
2373:azatutyun.am
2372:
2363:
2355:
2342:
2322:
2305:
2296:
2105:
2096:
2088:
2087:Armenia has
1706:
1705:
1693:
1676:
1661:
1649:
1548:. Also, the
1531:
1320:
1319:
1315:Transnistria
1304:
1271:Kursk Oblast
1261:launched an
1256:
1252:
1240:
1225:
1206:
1198:
1183:
1163:
1141:
1127:
1123:Nancy Pelosi
1105:
1082:
1059:
1043:
1036:
1021:
1009:an incursion
1002:
994:peacekeeping
984:
977:
974:2013 to 2022
969:
966:
963:
915:
913:minorities.
892:
883:Askar Akayev
860:
841:
829:Askar Akayev
801:
782:
754:
746:
735:
728:
717:
714:
695:
692:
689:2003 to 2012
678:
676:
657:
631:A clickable
583:
563:
556:
553:
545:
523:
516:
512:
503:
490:
487:
484:
468:
416:
412:
410:
171:Membership
160:Central Asia
116:Headquarters
78:Abbreviation
18:
8354:Open Balkan
8129:Arab League
7665:Arab League
7658:Africa–Asia
7431:Geopolitics
7406:Least Great
7354:Realpolitik
7226:Geopolitics
7105:Sovereignty
7085:Imperialism
6998:Colonialism
6983:Appeasement
6898:Warsaw Pact
6625:Phraseology
6570:Prohibition
6558:Linguistics
6543:Drug policy
6536:1989 census
6457:Cybernetics
6359:Agriculture
6272:Great Purge
6234:Soviet Navy
6226:Soviet Army
6098:(1989–1991)
6092:(1938–1991)
6086:(1922–1936)
6070:Secretariat
5941:Gun control
5848:Caspian Sea
5832:Closed city
5761:Dissolution
5746:Perestroika
5688:Great Purge
5433:Union State
5247:(1993–2009)
5199:CIS Charter
5139:CIS Charter
5047:CIS Charter
4766:23 November
4564:20 November
4160:1 September
3966:26 November
3936:30 November
3901:30 November
3871:30 November
3841:30 November
3810:30 November
2865:24 December
2755:13 November
2564:22 December
2245:Azerbaijani
2066:Warsaw Pact
1982:Asia portal
1630:Afghanistan
1607:Union State
1207:During the
1030:insurgents
1024:Afghanistan
996:mission to
945:as well as
888:paper tiger
683:Warsaw Pact
469:Similar to
8505:Categories
7180:Liberalism
7125:Friendship
7110:Suzerainty
6665:Opposition
6655:Television
6635:Propaganda
6608:Literature
6482:Naukograds
6477:Sharashkas
6411:(currency)
6389:Inventions
6332:Censorship
6262:Red Terror
5946:Government
5820:Autonomous
5803:Autonomous
5736:Stagnation
5699:Evacuation
5545:(proposed)
5188:Uzbekistan
5183:Tajikistan
5168:Kyrgyzstan
5163:Kazakhstan
5153:Azerbaijan
5128:Uzbekistan
5113:Tajikistan
5098:Kyrgyzstan
5093:Kazakhstan
5083:Azerbaijan
4264:Armenpress
4086:3 February
4060:15 January
4030:15 January
4000:2 December
3956:Yahoo News
3780:8 November
3770:EuroWeekly
3749:8 November
3719:12 October
3667:12 October
3626:Armenpress
3576:18 January
3545:18 January
3339:20 January
3216:GlobalPost
3187:Eurasianet
2912:Kommersant
2820:1353290533
2781:12 January
2710:(2): 622.
2334:References
2158:Belarusian
1928:Tajikistan
1907:3,874,000
1901:2,000,000
1898:1,320,000
1860:Kyrgyzstan
1826:Kazakhstan
1500:Uzbekistan
1461:Azerbaijan
1423:Tajikistan
1393:Kyrgyzstan
1378:Kazakhstan
1289:Membership
1066:Kazakhstan
958:Nur-Sultan
931:Kyrgyzstan
922:Kyrgyzstan
808:Sevastopol
769:Kyrgyzstan
595:Foundation
578:Kyrgyzstan
570:Uzbekistan
526:Kazakhstan
495:Activities
456:Tajikistan
448:Kyrgyzstan
444:Kazakhstan
313:1 observer
305:Uzbekistan
279:Azerbaijan
257:Tajikistan
231:Kyrgyzstan
218:Kazakhstan
7627:by region
7416:Potential
7216:Diplomacy
7120:Bilateral
7018:Grey-zone
6971:Coalition
6930:1919–1939
6925:1814–1919
6920:1648–1814
6726:Republics
6714:Republics
6702:Republics
6553:Languages
6417:Transport
6299:Holodomor
6192:Militsiya
6130:President
6022:Stalinism
5924:Elections
5798:Republics
5781:Geography
5771:Nostalgia
5683:Stalinism
5336:Economics
4897:Routledge
4873:, pp. 207
4871:IISS 2018
4861:, pp. 192
4859:IISS 2018
4849:, pp. 190
4847:IISS 2018
4837:, pp. 188
4835:IISS 2018
4825:, pp. 185
4823:IISS 2018
4813:, pp. 181
4811:IISS 2018
4756:Jamestown
4592:Казинформ
4500:cite news
4490:17 August
4020:Mehr News
3739:Aravot.am
3396:13 August
3114:0013-0613
2946:30 August
2936:The Times
2891:6 October
2839:29 August
2802:Routledge
2554:The Hindu
2528:2 January
2474:153643844
2460:(2): 91.
2265:romanized
2230:romanized
2209:romanized
2188:romanized
2167:romanized
2146:romanized
2122:romanized
2022:(EURASEC)
1743:(active)
1738:(total).
1263:incursion
850:, run by
707:CSTO and
528:to quell
401:odkb-csto
178:6 members
86:Formation
8339:Mercosur
7711:Mercosur
7684:Americas
7555:Polarity
7523:European
7439:American
7401:Emerging
7396:Regional
7348:Politics
7343:National
7338:Maritime
7318:Economic
7175:Feminism
7028:Idealism
7023:Hegemony
6976:Military
6961:Alliance
6954:Concepts
6940:Cold War
6822:Glossary
6769:Category
6322:Religion
6209:Chairmen
6055:Congress
6017:Leninism
5997:Propiska
5892:Politics
5751:Glasnost
5711:Cold War
5651:February
5481:Category
5305:Military
4976:Archived
4790:Archived
4760:Archived
4729:Archived
4705:15 April
4699:Archived
4674:9 August
4668:Archived
4643:Archived
4606:9 August
4600:Archived
4558:Archived
4535:13 April
4484:Archived
4461:6 August
4455:Archived
4426:6 August
4420:Archived
4394:6 August
4348:Euronews
4301:16 March
4269:Archived
4186:Archived
4054:Archived
4024:Archived
3994:Archived
3960:Archived
3930:Archived
3895:Archived
3865:Archived
3835:Archived
3804:Archived
3774:Archived
3713:Archived
3709:Politico
3661:Archived
3630:Archived
3600:Archived
3570:Archived
3539:Archived
3515:4 August
3509:Archived
3483:4 August
3477:Archived
3453:Archived
3448:OC Media
3426:21 March
3420:Archived
3363:Archived
3333:Archived
3303:Archived
3272:Archived
3231:Archived
3208:Archived
3192:Archived
3167:Archived
3142:Archived
3118:Archived
3084:Archived
3057:Archived
3041:Archived
3018:Archived
2995:Archived
2972:Archived
2775:Archived
2749:Archived
2724:20049696
2682:Archived
2663:Archived
2636:Archived
2591:Archived
2558:Archived
2522:Archived
2492:Archived
2434:Archived
2405:Politico
2254:Georgian
2137:Armenian
2089:de facto
1954:See also
1941:617,000
1935:600,000
1904:554,000
1873:333,000
1867:300,500
1839:270,000
1833:132,000
1830:108,000
1805:775,750
1802:110,000
1799:580,750
1771:284,900
1765:210,000
1721:Country
1558:Country
1536:and the
1438:Country
1328:Country
1076:and the
793:Abkhazia
749:Milk War
738:Abkhazia
724:Dushanbe
473:and the
419:) is an
385:Chairman
156:Caucasus
130:Location
7832:Eurasia
7594:Studies
7475:History
7466:Pacific
7454:Chinese
7313:Climate
7195:Realism
7185:Marxism
7048:Liberal
6966:Entente
6912:History
6840:Present
6690:Symbols
6603:Fashion
6585:Culture
6499:Society
6444:Science
6409:Rouble
6351:Economy
6327:Science
6137:Premier
6118:Offices
5980:Leaders
5900:General
5868:Siberia
5841:Regions
5815:Oblasts
5656:October
5633:History
5399:Georgia
5245:Georgia
5229:Ukraine
5224:Moldova
5173:Moldova
5158:Belarus
5148:Armenia
5123:Ukraine
5103:Moldova
5088:Belarus
5078:Armenia
4796:31 July
4387:Reuters
4355:13 June
4275:4 March
4244:Reuters
4181:News.am
4112:23 June
3566:Reuters
3535:Reuters
3505:Reuters
3369:29 June
3309:1 April
3299:Reuters
3278:1 April
3162:Reuters
3037:Reuters
3014:Reuters
2967:Reuters
2411:12 June
2311:Artsakh
2232::
2211::
2190::
2169::
2148::
2124::
2113:Russian
2062:(SEATO)
1864:23,000
1836:30,000
1796:85,000
1792:Belarus
1762:70,600
1758:Armenia
1485:Georgia
1363:Belarus
1345:Armenia
1154:Yerevan
1078:Luhansk
1074:Donetsk
1046:Belarus
1028:Taliban
939:Armenia
935:Yerevan
852:Gazprom
844:Gazprom
820:Belarus
804:Ukraine
789:Belarus
773:Belarus
672:Moldova
668:Ukraine
590:History
561:basis.
440:Belarus
436:Armenia
428:Eurasia
396:Website
364:Russian
292:Georgia
205:Belarus
192:Armenia
137:Eurasia
8473:Topics
8112:Bodies
8048:Global
7791:Europe
7637:Africa
7506:Theory
7459:Indian
7391:Middle
7379:Status
7323:Energy
7157:Theory
7115:Treaty
7003:Crisis
6709:Emblem
6697:Anthem
6645:Sports
6598:Cinema
6593:Ballet
6575:Racism
6548:Family
6038:Bodies
5626:topics
5259:Sports
5178:Russia
5108:Russia
5061:" (11)
5049:(1993)
5043:(1991)
5037:(1991)
4903:
4893:London
4735:1 June
4596:Moscow
4138:4 June
3112:
2855:"IIS7"
2818:
2808:
2722:
2642:7 June
2498:7 June
2472:
2377:RFE/RL
2256::
2200:Kyrgyz
2179:Kazakh
2045:(NATO)
2034:(GUAM)
2028:(EAEU)
1938:7,500
1932:9,500
1894:Russia
1870:9,500
1768:4,300
1733:Total
1627:
1578:Serbia
1575:
1497:
1482:
1458:
1420:
1408:Russia
1405:
1390:
1375:
1360:
1342:
1309:, the
1267:Russia
1236:Gyumri
1188:, the
1062:Russia
998:Donbas
927:Kyrgyz
907:Kyrgyz
871:Uzbeks
867:Kyrgyz
785:Russia
755:After
574:Russia
558:ad hoc
454:, and
452:Russia
346:
327:Serbia
324:
302:
289:
276:
254:
244:Russia
241:
228:
215:
202:
189:
124:Russia
120:Moscow
44:Emblem
8174:AUKUS
7449:Asian
7421:Super
7411:Great
7386:Small
7365:Smart
7360:Sharp
7305:Types
7140:Peace
7095:Power
7090:Peace
6847:BRICS
6640:Radio
6618:Opera
6613:Music
6516:Crime
6287:Gulag
6165:Cheka
5810:Krais
4943:(PDF)
4931:(PDF)
4919:(PDF)
4646:(PDF)
4639:(PDF)
4327:8 May
4211:(PDF)
3925:Belta
3416:BelTA
2720:JSTOR
2470:S2CID
2437:(PDF)
2430:(PDF)
2275:Uzbek
2221:Tajik
2072:Notes
2056:(SCO)
2011:(CIS)
1944:72.9
1910:27.2
1876:57.5
1842:13.8
1808:81.2
1777:23.2
1774:93.6
1718:Flag
1639:2013
1616:2010
1587:2013
1521:2012
1518:2006
1515:CSTO
1510:1999
1507:1994
1471:1999
1468:1994
1349:1994
1265:into
911:Uzbek
765:riots
8429:TAKM
7999:G8+5
7735:Asia
7370:Soft
7333:Hard
7328:Food
6886:Past
6721:Flag
6679:List
6487:List
6399:OGAS
6292:List
6175:NKVD
5963:LGBT
5951:List
5917:1977
5912:1936
5582:TAKM
5071:(11)
4901:ISBN
4798:2017
4768:2021
4737:2021
4707:2021
4676:2022
4608:2022
4566:2021
4537:2013
4506:link
4492:2024
4463:2024
4428:2024
4396:2024
4357:2024
4329:2024
4303:2024
4277:2024
4194:2023
4162:2023
4140:2023
4114:2023
4088:2023
4062:2023
4032:2023
4002:2022
3968:2022
3938:2022
3903:2022
3873:2022
3843:2022
3812:2022
3782:2022
3751:2022
3721:2022
3669:2022
3638:2022
3608:2022
3578:2022
3547:2022
3517:2021
3485:2021
3428:2015
3398:2014
3371:2012
3341:2011
3311:2023
3280:2023
3110:ISSN
2948:2008
2893:2007
2867:2014
2841:2023
2816:OCLC
2806:ISBN
2783:2022
2757:2020
2644:2022
2599:2011
2566:2011
2530:2013
2518:TASS
2500:2022
2413:2024
2352:TASS
2315:army
1947:1.1
1913:9.3
1845:5.5
1811:8.9
1656:Iran
1532:The
1504:CST
1465:CST
1277:and
1091:and
1064:and
869:and
795:and
740:and
731:U.N.
709:EAEC
664:GUAM
417:CSTO
411:The
403:.org
106:Type
81:CSTO
56:Flag
8014:G77
8009:G24
8004:G20
7443:Pax
7147:War
6204:KGB
6199:MGB
6187:MVD
6170:GPU
5970:Law
5201:(1)
2712:doi
2462:doi
1269:'s
1152:in
848:NTV
767:in
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