422:) being the most popular proposal. However, amending the Geneva Conventions to add a new protection symbol requires a diplomatic conference of all 192 signatory states to the Conventions. The Swiss government organized such a conference to take place on December 5–6, 2005, to adopt a third additional protocol to the Geneva Conventions introducing the Red Crystal as an additional symbol with equal status to the Red Cross or Red Crescent. Following an unplanned extension of the conference until December 7, the protocol was adopted after a vote successfully achieved the required two-thirds majority. From the countries which attended the conference, 98 voted in favour and 27 against the protocol, while 10 countries abstained from voting.
252:. In this function, they can also be used by organizations and objects which are not part of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, for example the medical services of the armed forces, civilian hospitals, and civil defense units. As protection symbols, these emblems should be used without any additional specification (textual or otherwise) and in a prominent manner which makes them as visible and observable as possible, for example by using large white flags bearing the symbol. Four of these symbols, namely the Red Cross, the Red Crescent, the Red Lion with Sun and the Red Crystal, are defined in the Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols as symbols for protective use.
1131:(ARC) was signed into law. Section 4, which ultimately was codified as 18 U.S.C. §706, protected the Greek red cross symbol by making it a misdemeanor for any person or association to use the Red Cross name or emblem without the organization's permission. Penalties included imprisonment not to exceed one year and a fine between $ 1 and $ 500, payable to the ARC. There had been seven trademark registrations for Greek red crosses by entities unrelated to the Red Cross at the time the ARC was incorporated. The existence of these users was recognized in congressional discussion of the act. However, lawmakers took no action to prohibit the rights of these earlier users.
1168:(Public Law 109–481) was signed into law 12 January 2007, two days before Protocol III went into effect. The law, codified as 18 U.S.C. §706a, extended full legal protection to the Red Crescent and Red Crystal (but not the Red Lion and Sun) in the U.S., subject to private uses prior to the signing of Protocol III that cannot be confused with military uses; permitted the use of all appropriate emblems under the Conventions by the ICRC, the IFRC, all national Red Cross & Red Crescent societies (including MDA by this time), and "(t)he sanitary and hospital authorities of the armed forces of State Parties to the Geneva Conventions"; and permitted the
19:
306:
1232:
humanitarian programs and services. "For a multi-billion dollar drug company to claim that the Red Cross violated a criminal statute that was created to protect the humanitarian mission of the Red Cross—simply so that J&J can make more money—is obscene," said Mark
Everson, the chief executive of the charity. Johnson & Johnson responded, stating that the American Red Cross's commercial ventures were outside the scope of historically well-agreed usage, and were in direct violation of federal statutes.
63:
3014:
975:
medical units and establishments, the personnel and material protected by the present
Convention and other Conventions dealing with similar matters. The same shall apply to the emblems mentioned in Article 38, second paragraph, in respect of the countries which use them. The National Red Cross Societies and other societies designated in Article 26 shall have the right to use the distinctive emblem conferring the protection of the Convention only within the framework of the present paragraph.
338:
297:
the
Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field"). There is an unofficial agreement within the Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement that the shape of the cross should be a cross composed of five squares. However, regardless of the shape, any Red Cross on white background should be valid and must be recognized as a protection symbol in conflict. Of the 190 National Societies which are currently recognized by the ICRC, 154 are using the Red Cross as their official organization emblem.
403:
1191:
503:
273:
778:
47:
786:
495:
467:
433:, a national society can use either of the recognized symbols alone, or incorporate any of these symbols or a combination of them into the Red Crystal. Furthermore, a national society can choose to display a previously and effectively used symbol, after officially communicating this symbol to the state parties of the Geneva Conventions through Switzerland as the depositary state prior to the adoption of the proposed third additional protocol.
1236:
its name and emblem to sell such products. The court noted in particular that the
American Red Cross had been doing so for over a century, and that Johnson & Johnson had once itself sought to be a licensee of the American Red Cross. After the court rejected the substance of Johnson & Johnson's complaint, the parties ultimately settled their differences, and the American Red Cross remains free to use its emblem commercially.
31:
256:
Cross and Red
Crescent societies). In this case, they should be used with an additional specification (for example "American Red Cross") and not be displayed as prominently as when used as protection symbols. Three of these symbols, namely the Red Cross, the Red Crescent and the Red Crystal, can be used for indicative purposes by national societies for use in their home country or abroad. In addition to that, the Red
1463:"The 29th International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent has amended the Statutes of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement to incorporate the additional emblem of the red crystal, which now has the same status as the red cross and red crescent. the ICRC has now recognized the Palestine Red Crescent Society (PRCS) and the Israeli National Society, Magen David Adom (MDA)"
321:. This was officially recorded in the 1906 revision of the convention. However, according to jurist and Red Cross historian Pierre Boissier, no clear evidence of this origin has been found; the concept that the design was chosen to complement the country in which the convention at which it was adopted was held, was also promoted later to counter the objections of
979:
International Red Cross
Conferences. When those activities are carried out in time of war, the conditions for the use of the emblem shall be such that it cannot be considered as conferring the protection of the convention; the emblem shall be comparatively small in size and may not be placed on armlets or on the roofs of buildings.
486:, based on the flag and emblem of Iran. The Red Lion with Sun was formally recognized as a protection symbol in 1929, together with the Red Crescent. The symbol was introduced at Geneva in 1964. Despite the country's shift to the Red Crescent in 1980, Iran explicitly maintains the right to use the symbol.
1235:
The federal court rejected
Johnson & Johnson's position and ruled for the American Red Cross, holding that federal law authorizes the American Red Cross to use the Red Cross emblem in the sale of mission-related items like first aid and disaster preparedness kits and to license other firms to use
535:
It was not until 2006 that the ICRC officially recognized Magen David Adom. The adoption of the third protocol emblem paved the way for the recognition and admission of Magen David Adom as a full member of the
International Federation, as the rules of the third protocol allow it to continue using the
1179:
U.S. law still does not specifically protect the right of military chaplains to use the emblems under the Geneva
Conventions; however, military chaplains that are part of their armed forces' "sanitary and hospital authorities" would have the right to use the emblems in the U.S. The ARC and other Red
1155:
Until 2007, U.S. law protected only the Red Cross, and permitted its use only by the ARC and U.S. armed forces; though its use by non-U.S. organizations would normally be implied by the ARC's membership in IFRC and the standard protocols of the military and the Red Cross & Red
Crescent movement,
1134:
In 1905, when Congress was revising the ARC's charter, the issue of pre-existing rights to use the emblem was again raised. Lawmakers reiterated Congress' intent that the prohibitions on use of the Red Cross name and emblem did not make unlawful the use of the Greek red cross by those with otherwise
700:
The mission statement of the International Movement as formulated in the "Strategy 2010" document of the Federation is "to improve the lives of vulnerable people by mobilizing the power of humanity". From 1999 to 2004, the common slogan for all activities of the International Movement was "The Power
531:
four years later, as well as a wide range of other proposals, due to concerns about symbol proliferation. Israel again tried to establish the emblem as a third protection symbol in the context of the Geneva Conventions, but a respective proposal was narrowly defeated when the Geneva Conventions were
365:
assessment of equal validity to both symbols, the ICRC declared in 1878 that it should be possible in principle to adopt an additional official protection symbol for non-Christian countries. The Red Crescent was formally recognized in 1929 when the Geneva Conventions were amended (Article 19). After
1214:
infringement. The suit sought to halt the placement of the Red Cross emblem on all first aid, safety and disaster preparedness products not specifically licensed by Johnson & Johnson. The suit also asked for the destruction of all currently existing non-J&J Red Cross emblem-bearing products
1022:
the emblem of the Red Cross on a white ground, formed by reversing the federal colours of Switzerland and retained by the Geneva Convention for the Protection of War Victims of 1949 as the emblem and distinctive sign of the Medical Service of armed forces and used by the Canadian Red Cross Society,
536:
Red Shield of David when operating within Israel and provide a solution for its missions abroad. Though the organization only recently gained official recognition, it took part in many international activities, in cooperation with both the ICRC and the Federation, prior to its official recognition.
1231:
In a statement, the American Red Cross said it had worked since 2004 with several licensing partners to create first aid, preparedness and related products that bear the Red Cross emblem. The charity said that all money it received from the sale of these products to consumers was reinvested in its
978:
Art. 44. (cont.) Furthermore, National Red Cross (Red Crescent, Red Lion and Sun) Societies may, in time of peace, in accordance with their national legislation, make use of the name and emblem of the Red Cross for their other activities which are in conformity with the principles laid down by the
296:
The red cross symbolizes as an identifier for medical personnel during wartime. The Red Cross is defined as a protection symbol in Article 7 of the 1864 Geneva Convention, Chapter VII ("The distinctive emblem") and Article 38 of the 1949 Geneva Convention ("For the Amelioration of the Condition of
255:
When used as an organizational logo, these symbols only indicate that persons, vehicles, buildings, etc. which bear the symbols belong to a specific organization which is part of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement (like the ICRC, the International Federation or the national Red
1328:
After eliminating legal ramifications as a potential deterrent from appropriate use of the Red Cross symbol, the remaining explanation is simple unawareness about the formal distinction from the Swiss national flag. Until formal clarification, we will continue to encounter emergency departments
974:
Art. 44. With the exception of the cases mentioned in the following paragraphs of the present Article, the emblem of the red cross on a white ground and the words "Red Cross" or " Geneva Cross " may not be employed, either in time of peace or in time of war, except to indicate or to protect the
845:, wherein narcotics were disguised as Red Cross care packages, as a plot device), on television, and in computer software and games. Service companies, such as those for car repair or lawn maintenance, tout themselves as service "doctors" and incorporate medical symbols to promote themselves.
672:. While the organization has set up philanthropic relief projects (both domestic and international), as a religious body it is ineligible for recognition and membership into the International Committee of Red Cross and Red Crescent. The Red Swastika Society's headquarters are now in Taiwan.
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Art. 53 furthermore declares all present and future unapproved usage of said symbols illegal, even when they had been used previously. Signatories of the contract would have had three years after signing to enforce this. As a reference to Switzerland, Article 53 also forbids the use of
1227:
the Red Cross emblem to first aid and disaster preparedness product manufacturers. It issued a further press release two days later, disputing several of J&J's claims and asserting that "(t)he Red Cross has been selling first aid kits commercially in the United States since 1903."
1082:
1142:
In 1910, Congress formally established that lawful use of the Red Cross name and emblem that began prior to 5 January 1905, could continue, but only if that use was "for the same purpose and for the same class of goods." Later, the U.S. ratified the 1949 revisions to the
439:, a national society which does not use one of the recognized symbols as its emblem has to incorporate its unique symbol into the Red Crystal, based on the previously mentioned condition about communicating its unique symbol to the state parties of the Geneva Conventions.
930:, with limited exceptions for offensive or dangerous uses. (For example, a Red Cross on a building conveys a potentially false and dangerous impression of military presence in the area to enemy aircraft, although the building itself would not be attacked; thus the U.S.
902:
regarding usage of red cross on the hoods of ambulances and backpacks of paramedics in the game; the emblem was subsequently modified. In order to avoid this conflict, other generic alternatives are used, such as green cross, white cross on red background or letter H.
1222:
J&J released a statement to the public on 8 August 2007, detailing its decision to file suit, claiming prior rights to the emblem. On the same date, the American Red Cross issued a press release of its own, stating some of the reasons behind its decision to
741:(Solferino Ossuary) in close proximity to the museum, a moving display shows the horrors of war. Inside the chapel, 1,413 skulls and many more bones from thousands of French and Austrian troops who died during the battle are shown. Solferino is also host to the
517:, has used the Red Shield of David as its organization emblem since its foundation. The Red Shield of David was initially proposed as an addition to the Red Cross, Red Crescent, and Red Lion with Sun in 1931. The proposal was rejected by the ICRC, like the
109:
are to be worn by all medical and humanitarian personnel and also displayed on their vehicles and buildings while they are in an active warzone, and all military forces operating in an active warzone must not attack entities displaying these emblems. The
157:, led to the creation of the Red Crystal as the fourth protection symbol by a vote in 2005. In 2006, the movement announced that it was officially adopting the Red Crystal as a neutral symbol and that it was also granting formal recognition to Israel's
445:, only the symbols recognized by the Geneva Conventions can be used. Specifically, those national societies which do not use one of the recognized symbols as their emblem have to use the Red Crystal without incorporation of any additional symbol.
1151:
that pre-1905 Red Cross trademarks would not be disturbed as long as the Red Cross is not used on "aircraft, vessels, vehicles, buildings or other structures, or upon the ground", all of which are likely to be confused with military uses.
1135:
established rights. However, these sentiments were again not reflected in the Red Cross charter revision. At the time of the 1905 revision, the number of trademark registrations with a Greek red cross had grown to 61, including several by
883:
In 2006, the Canadian Red Cross issued a press release asking video game makers to stop using the red cross in their games; it is an especially common sight to see first aid kits and other items which restore the player character's
696:
is the primary motto of the Federation (Article 1 of the Constitution of the Federation). Both organizations acknowledge the alternative motto, and together both slogans serve as the combined motto of the International Movement.
1068:
No person shall, except with the authority of the Hong Kong Red Cross, distribute or sell or expose for sale ... any product which contains the emblem of the Geneva Convention, with or without additional words, characters or
449:
On 22 June 2006, the ICRC announced that the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement adopted the Red Crystal as an additional emblem for use by the national societies. The ICRC also announced the recognition of the
942:
expressly preserves most pre-2005 trademarks containing the Red Crystal, as long as they cannot be confused with military uses. Trademarks from after 2005 bearing the emblem are banned as there is no longer an issue of
1413:
Art. 18. Out of respect to Switzerland the heraldic emblem of the red cross on a white ground, formed by the reversal of the federal colors, is continued as the emblem and distinctive sign of the sanitary service of
284:
on white background was the original protection symbol declared at the 1864 Geneva Convention. The ideas to introduce a uniform and neutral protection symbol as well as its specific design originally came from Dr.
2745:
532:
adopted by governments in 1949. As the Red Shield of David is not a recognized protection symbol under the Geneva Conventions, Magen David Adom's recognition as a national society by the ICRC was long delayed.
425:
In the third Protocol the new symbol is referred to as "the third Protocol emblem". The rules for the use of this symbol, based on the third additional protocol to the Geneva Conventions, are the following:
361:
committed to fully respect the sanctity of all persons and facilities bearing the Red Crescent symbol, followed by a similar commitment from the Ottoman government to respect the Red Cross. After this
149:
between 1924 and 1980, were both formally recognized as protection symbols following a 1929 amendment to the Geneva Conventions. Controversy stemming from the movement's successive rejections of the
1124:
where, although the United States first ratified the Geneva Conventions in 1882, for 18 years no legislation was passed to enact treaty obligations regarding the protection of the Red Cross symbol.
2029:
754:
1784:
1766:
1748:
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of the symbols. On the other hand, these symbols are used as distinctive logos by those organizations which are part of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. This is the
2395:
1199:
742:
864:
as a replacement for the safety orange cross. The blue Star of Life has since been adopted throughout much of the world on ambulances and in other related applications. But in most
2443:
825:
832:
In order to ensure universal respect for the emblems, the Geneva Conventions obliged their signatories to forbid any other use of the names and emblems in wartime and peacetime.
954:
designed in 1862 happened to be a red cross on a white field; in 1866, when the similarity to the Red Cross flag was noted, the Tonga flag was changed to put the red cross in a
852:
cross, differing from the red cross only in its hue. Toys and paintings of ambulances commonly ignored even that nuance, instead using a red cross. After protests from the
1669:
3038:
1012:
No person shall adopt in connection with a business, as a trade-mark or otherwise, any mark consisting of, or so nearly resembling as to be likely to be mistaken for,
394:(1989) have officially changed their name and emblem from the Red Cross to the Red Crescent. The Red Crescent is used by 33 of the 190 recognized societies worldwide.
248:
As a protection symbol, they are used in armed conflicts to mark persons and objects (buildings, vehicles, etc.) which are working in compliance with the rules of the
192:
for their medicinal products. The appropriation of the symbol has led to further irritation due to the practice of hospitals, first aid teams, and ski patrols in the
2864:
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of Humanity". In December 2003, the 28th International Conference in Geneva adopted the conference motto "Protecting Human Dignity" as the new Movement slogan.
2859:
738:
2026:
264:
for indicative purposes within Israel, and, pending the approval of the respective host country, in combination with the Red Crystal when working abroad.
1484:
374:. From its official recognition to today, the Red Crescent became the organizational emblem of nearly every national society in countries with majority
93:
such as the red cross, red crescent, or red crystal. Attacking medical personnel, vehicles, or buildings marked with one of these protective signs is a
2730:
2292:
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inaugurated in 1959 on the centennial of the Battle of Solferino. The memorial contains stone plaques identifying each recognized national society. In
2425:
2282:
817:
111:
2994:
519:
2048:
1781:
1763:
1745:
758:
35:
2318:
524:
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2067:
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instead of the Red Cross because its government believed that the cross would alienate its Muslim soldiers. When asked by the ICRC in 1877,
2989:
2740:
2448:
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and composed of a red frame in the shape of a square on edge on a white ground, adopted for the same purpose as specified in paragraph (f);
717:, as the official annual commemoration and celebration day of the Movement. Since 1984, the official name of the celebration day has been "
2750:
2390:
1980:
2601:
2198:
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masked as Swiss embassy satellite offices (Figure 2), and ski patrollers disguised as Swiss citizens in the Rocky Mountains (Figure 1).
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of the emblems, a meaning which is defined in the statutes of the International Movement and partly in the third Additional Protocol.
1859:
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reversing the symbol to a white cross on a red background—so undoing the original idea of the Red Cross emblem, namely reversing the
2786:
2771:
2438:
2400:
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821:
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Various other countries have also lobbied for alternative symbols, which have been rejected because of concerns of territorialism.
314:
23:
2027:"Johnson & Johnson Statement on Civil Complaint Against The American National Red Cross and Commercial Licenses" Business Wire
1639:
1098:
839:, medical supplies and civilian medical services especially in walk-in clinics. Such uses appear in movies (a notable example is
1834:
570:
1035:
the third Protocol emblem — commonly known as the “Red Crystal” — referred to in Article 2, paragraph 2 of Schedule VII to the
1614:
1156:
the ARC's withholding of IFRC dues from 2000 to 2006 over the Magen David Adom (MDA) issue raised concerns. Both to implement
2881:
1435:
1695:
2811:
2631:
2346:
718:
1467:
410:
The introduction of an additional neutral protection symbol had been under discussion for a number of years, with the Red
2836:
2341:
1180:
Cross & Red Crescent entities also employ chaplains; they are entitled to use the emblems through their employment.
2806:
2560:
2223:
1112:
The unauthorised use of the Red Cross on a pantomime costume in Glasgow in 2011 resulted in a request for its removal.
865:
189:
26:, the Movement introduced its own multi-lingual logo in English, French, Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, and Russian in 2016.
1405:"Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armies in the Field. Geneva, 6 July 1906"
1139:. Concerned over potential pre-emption, commercial users lobbied for codification of their existing trademark rights.
2544:
1811:
1245:
857:
848:
Prior to 1973, ambulances in the United States and elsewhere in the Western Hemisphere were typically marked with a
217:
The symbols described below have two distinctively different meanings. On one hand, the visual symbols of the Red
2897:
2725:
2534:
2356:
1958:
1592:
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Nevertheless, the illegal usage of the emblem is widespread and it is often used as a general symbol to indicate
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in armed conflicts, a denotation which is derived from and defined in the Geneva Conventions. This is called the
2781:
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2494:
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2240:
2191:
1494:
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451:
162:
78:
1910:
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1720:
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the equivalent sign of the Red Lion and Sun used by Iran for the same purpose as specified in paragraph (f);
1029:
the emblem of the Red Crescent on a white ground adopted for the same purpose as specified in paragraph (f);
2974:
2902:
2648:
2529:
1489:
585:
346:
2001:
3053:
2816:
2776:
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1094:
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that the safety orange cross was insufficiently distinguishable from the protected Red Cross symbol, the
2979:
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2570:
2539:
1380:
746:
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stands in Geneva in close proximity to the headquarters of the ICRC. Finally, in the Swiss village of
180:
in toys, movies, and video games, outside of its defined context. After objections from the movement,
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2917:
2519:
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2184:
906:
Pre-existing trademarks are protected in the implementing legislation of other countries, including
3043:
2821:
2796:
2474:
483:
142:
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paragraph 2 of Article 2 of AP-3: "This distinctive emblem is referred to in this Protocol as the
781:
Example of unauthorized use of the Red Cross symbol, in this case, for an appliance repair company
652:) – Suggested at the Hague Peace Conference of 1949, but abandoned in favor of the Red Cross.
2927:
2235:
2122:
2093:
2064:
2045:
967:
134:
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in 2006; the U.S. formalized its ratification in March 2007) and to address these concerns, the
2907:
2735:
2484:
1932:
996:
The Red Cross, Red Crescent, Red Crystal, and Red Lion and Sun emblems are protected under the
684:("In War, Charity"). This Christian-spirited slogan was amended in 1961 with the neutral motto
1801:
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2791:
2709:
2469:
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the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the Red Crescent was first used by its successor nation
3048:
2638:
2405:
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2118:
1867:
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1161:
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841:
657:
185:
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8:
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1670:"The Red Cross Emblem: It may just be fun and games to you, but it means the world to us"
984:
766:
762:
730:
661:
318:
197:
598:), based on the Japanese flag – Founded in 1877, but adopted the Red Cross in 1887.
2479:
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2147:
1782:
Implementing Laws and Regulations, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
1647:
1618:
1615:"Protecting the Emblems in peacetime: the experiences of the British Red Cross Society"
1314:
1287:
1207:
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616:) – Proposed to unite local branches of the Red Crescent Society of Egypt and the
606:
249:
102:
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1807:
1431:
1357:
1319:
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931:
899:
811:
617:
74:
66:
1888:
1841:(official site). Geneva, Switzerland: International Committee of the Red Cross, ICRC
1404:
2831:
2684:
2218:
2207:
1640:"Protection of the red cross and red crescent emblems and the repression of misuse"
1558:
1428:
From Solferino to Tsushima: history of the International Committee of the Red Cross
1353:
1309:
1299:
1216:
894:
510:
455:
261:
226:
158:
1518:
62:
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2071:
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2033:
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against improper use of the Red Cross, Red Crescent, and Red Crystal in the U.S.
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885:
415:
326:
234:
90:
86:
51:
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is still the primary motto of the ICRC (as per Article 3 of the ICRC statutes),
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came to be a recognizable generic emblem for medicine, commonly associated with
2984:
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1064:), in Section 3(c) "Unauthorized distribution of badges and products", states:
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350:
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82:
70:
34:
The symbols of the movement. The Red Cross and the Red Crescent emblems at the
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Jean S Pictet, Commentaries on the First Geneva Convention of 1949 at p 298-9
1383:(official site). International Committee of the Red Cross, ICRC. 5 March 2010
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955:
951:
873:
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559:) – Proposed by Persian delegates at the Hague Peace Conference of 1899.
552:) – Proposed by Siamese delegates at the Hague Peace Conference of 1899.
458:(MDA). On 14 January 2007, the third additional protocol entered into force.
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193:
181:
150:
1519:"The Red Cross – an emblem of the world's largest humanitarian organization"
3018:
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2943:
2854:
2699:
2565:
2265:
1323:
1304:
1266:
1250:
1157:
939:
869:
861:
801:, the four recognized emblems are to be used only to denote the following:
734:
714:
628:
479:
337:
290:
146:
1061:
737:, the long and bloody Italian struggle for independence and unity. In the
402:
2669:
2514:
919:
911:
649:
563:
528:
286:
201:
1392:
the emblem adopted was formed by reversing the colours of the Swiss flag
1190:
777:
506:
The emblem for Magen David Adom for indicative use when operating abroad
502:
272:
1173:
926:
lawfully created prior to a ban without compensating its owner through
680:
The original motto of the International Committee of the Red Cross was
591:
391:
785:
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1487:[Second period (1301-1327) Establishment and consolidation].
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877:
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379:
173:
94:
46:
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Geneva Conventions and United Nations Personnel (Protocols) Act 2009
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is used in East, South and Southeast Asia as a symbol to represent
665:
642:
635:
581:
387:
383:
362:
354:
222:
114:
recognizes four protection emblems, three of which are in use: the
30:
1696:"How the Prison Architect developers broke the Geneva Conventions"
1559:"International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies"
1200:
United States District Court for the Southern District of New York
918:
and its dependencies. In many countries, it is a violation of the
828:(IFRC), and the 190 national Red Cross and Red Crescent societies.
2046:"J&J (NYSE: JNJ) Sues Red Cross Over Use of Red Cross Emblem"
1224:
805:
facilities for the care of injured and sick armed forces members;
602:
419:
411:
230:
133:
The Red Cross was the original protection symbol declared at the
2164:
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
1465:
Singapore Red Cross Website - IFRC Press Releases - 22 June 2006
826:
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
769:
was opened to preserve the memory and legacy of Dunant himself.
573:) – Used by one of several rival societies in 1963 to 1964.
317:, the emblem adopted was formed by reversing the colours of the
212:
107:
emblems of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
2410:
790:
710:
669:
556:
514:
375:
367:
358:
322:
154:
39:
18:
1933:"Glasgow pantomime dress broke Geneva Convention 7th Jan 2011"
1721:"Using this symbol in a video game violates international law"
1183:
2626:
2591:
2524:
1093:
The use of the emblems in the United Kingdom are governed by
1073:
This restriction on the use of the emblem was added in 1995.
624:
613:
595:
577:
371:
281:
218:
966:
The protected status of these images was established in the
872:, the Red Cross still remains a symbol of medicine, used on
638:) – Founded in 1893, but adopted the Red Cross in 1906.
176:, medical services, products, or professionals; it has been
50:
The emblem of the International Committee of the Red Cross (
2755:
2305:
1088:
1000:, section 9(1), paragraphs f, g, g.1, and h, respectively:
549:
498:
Emblem of Magen David Adom for indicative use within Israel
475:
1115:
987:
as a trademark, for advertising or other similar purposes.
938:, effectively ban that use.) In recognition of this fact,
729:
In Solferino, a small museum describes the history of the
713:
in 1938 officially decided to make May 8, the birthday of
300:
153:, which was established in 1899 and has been used only in
22:
In addition to the flags of individual Societies and the
1578:
1576:
566:) – Archway design submitted in 1935, but rejected.
406:
The third protocol emblem, also known as the Red Crystal
2168:
2163:
757:
was also opened in 1959. Moreover, another museum, the
137:
in 1864. The Red Crescent, which was first used by the
2065:"American Red Cross Defends Use of Emblem and Mission"
1215:
of this type, and demanded the American Red Cross pay
1573:
961:
200:—thus inappropriately suggesting an affiliation with
2115:"Johnson & Johnson Statement on Civil Complaint"
2002:"Red Cross Is Sued by J&J Over Signature Emblem"
1288:"Swiss flag or Red Cross emblem: why the confusion?"
709:
The 16th International Conference which convened in
126:(recognized since 1929; unused since 1980), and the
81:. Whether military or civilian, they are considered
1852:
1081:The use of the emblems in Singapore is governed by
382:. The national societies of some countries such as
293:, founding members of the International Committee.
2293:International Humanitarian Fact-Finding Commission
1866:. Government of Canada. 2015-01-01. Archived from
1076:
1055:
42:. The Red Crystal emblem has recently joined them.
3039:International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
2074:, The American National Red Cross, 10 August 2007
1959:"U.S. reservations to the 1949 Geneva Convention"
1166:Geneva Distinctive Emblems Protection Act of 2006
818:International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
112:International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
3030:
2995:United Nations response to the COVID-19 pandemic
2055:, The American National Red Cross, 8 August 2007
1375:
1373:
1285:
1160:(which had received advice and consent from the
1023:or the expression “Red Cross” or “Geneva Cross”;
675:
1799:
1556:
1425:
991:
759:International Red Cross and Red Crescent Museum
36:International Red Cross and Red Crescent Museum
1764:Implementing Laws and Regulations, New Zealand
2192:
1370:
808:armed forces medical personnel and equipment;
620:, but abandoned in favor of the Red Crescent.
213:Protection symbols vs. organizational emblems
2990:Humanitarian Networks and Partnerships Weeks
1835:"1st Geneva Convention. Chapter VII. Art 44"
1746:Implementing Laws and Regulations, Australia
1457:
1257:List of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
1109:extended the protection to the Red Crystal.
631:, but rejected in favor of the Red Crescent.
184:have come to be used instead. Additionally,
1800:Kindersley Ltd., Dorling (6 January 2009).
1346:Journal of the American Medical Association
1185:Johnson & Johnson v. American Red Cross
2602:Yemen Relief and Reconstruction Foundation
2199:
2185:
2086:"Johnson & Johnson sues the Red Cross"
609:, but abandoned in favor of the Red Cross.
588:, but abandoned in favor of the Red Cross.
207:
1860:"Trade-marks Act (R.S.C., 1985, c. T-13)"
1513:
1511:
1313:
1303:
934:to the 1949 Geneva Conventions, as noted
688:or "With humanity, towards peace". While
539:
454:(PRCS) and the Israeli National Society,
2169:International Committee of the Red Cross
1644:International Committee of the Red Cross
1493:(in Persian). 2004-12-14. Archived from
1409:International Committee of the Red Cross
1189:
1127:On 6 June 1900, the bill to charter the
1089:Use of the emblems in the United Kingdom
822:International Committee of the Red Cross
784:
776:
527:) symbol of the national aid society of
501:
493:
465:
401:
336:
304:
271:
61:
45:
29:
17:
1693:
1116:Use of the emblems in the United States
1099:Geneva Conventions (Amendment) Act 1995
704:
437:For indicative use on foreign territory
301:Relationship to the flag of Switzerland
177:
3031:
2143:Claim Over Red Cross Symbol Is Settled
1508:
1298:(13). London, UK: BioMed Central: 13.
489:
56:Comité international de la croix rouge
2180:
2083:
1983:. US Government Printing Office. 2007
772:
755:International Museum of the Red Cross
482:symbol for its national society, the
289:, a Swiss surgeon, and Swiss General
89:by parties to a conflict. They use a
73:carry out humanitarian work and are "
2632:The State of the Humanitarian System
2206:
719:World Red Cross and Red Crescent Day
571:Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)
85:and may not be attacked or taken as
1694:Messner, Steven (16 January 2017).
1485:"دوره دوم(1301ـ1327) تأسيس و تثبيت"
1253:, founder of the Red Cross movement
1120:A notable exception to this is the
1060:The Hong Kong Red Cross Ordinance (
461:
414:(previously referred to as the Red
13:
2882:The State of the World's Cash 2020
2807:Central African Republic Civil War
962:International protection of images
935:
888:marked with a red cross. In 2017,
260:can be used by the Israel society
14:
3065:
2545:Koyamada International Foundation
2157:
1540:"Red Cross votes to admit Israel"
1246:Hague Conventions (1899 and 1907)
1206:(J&J) filed suit against the
858:U.S. Department of Transportation
431:Within its own national territory
3012:
1646:. 3 October 2013. Archived from
1358:10.1001/jama.1915.02580040063033
1083:Geneva Conventions Act (Cap 117)
743:International Red Cross Memorial
2898:Attacks on humanitarian workers
2357:Inter-Agency Standing Committee
2136:
2107:
2077:
2058:
2039:
2020:
1994:
1973:
1951:
1925:
1903:
1889:"Hong Kong Red Cross Ordinance"
1881:
1827:
1793:
1775:
1757:
1739:
1713:
1687:
1662:
1632:
1607:
1585:
1550:
1532:
1286:Philip F. Stahel (7 May 2013).
1269:, emblem of Daoist aid movement
1077:Use of the emblems in Singapore
1056:Use of the emblems in Hong Kong
660:was formed in China during the
332:
2913:Health Care In Danger Campaign
2812:Western African Ebola outbreak
2495:International Rescue Committee
2352:Humanitarian-Development Nexus
2241:International humanitarian law
1557:António Martins (1999-03-05).
1477:
1444:
1419:
1397:
1334:
1279:
1170:United States Attorney General
452:Palestine Red Crescent Society
397:
163:Palestine Red Crescent Society
145:, which had been used only in
79:international humanitarian law
1:
2860:Sexual exploitation and abuse
2736:German Federal Foreign Office
2314:History of the United Nations
2084:Foley, Stephen (2007-08-10).
1911:"Geneva Conventions Act 1957"
1593:"Historia(s) de la Cruz Roja"
1273:
676:Mottos and mission statements
605:) – Suggested after the
122:(recognized since 1929), the
118:(recognized since 1864), the
2975:2015 European migrant crisis
2903:Aid Worker Security Database
2777:Great Indian Famine of 1870s
2649:Global Humanitarian Overview
2121:. 2007-08-10. Archived from
1490:Iranian Red Crescent Society
1381:"The history of the emblems"
992:Use of the emblems in Canada
586:Indian independence movement
470:The Red Lion with Sun symbol
267:
182:derivatives and alternatives
7:
2490:International Medical Corps
2362:Humanitarian Cluster System
1803:Complete Flags of the World
1787:September 30, 2007, at the
1769:September 30, 2007, at the
1751:September 30, 2007, at the
1239:
1129:American National Red Cross
1095:Geneva Conventions Act 1957
10:
3070:
2980:Detention Centres in Libya
2865:Core Humanitarian Standard
2597:Network for Refugee Voices
2571:Global Refugee-Led Network
1617:. Icrc.org. Archived from
1430:. Henry Dunant Institute.
1219:and J&J's legal fees.
820:organizations such as the
747:Castiglione delle Stiviere
724:
584:design proposed after the
513:, the national society of
3008:
2967:
2949:International development
2936:
2918:Kunduz hospital airstrike
2890:
2845:
2764:
2718:
2657:
2614:
2579:
2553:
2520:Norwegian Refugee Council
2462:
2424:
2383:
2374:
2337:World Humanitarian Summit
2327:
2303:
2256:
2249:
2214:
1521:. Seiyaku.com. 1945-03-10
1342:"Queries and Minor Notes"
1292:Patient Safety in Surgery
1198:On 9 August 2007, in the
898:, have been contacted by
892:, creators of indie game
130:(recognized since 2005).
2822:South Sudanese Civil War
2797:2011 East Africa drought
2510:Médecins Sans Frontières
2475:Catholic Relief Services
2092:. London. Archived from
1806:. Penguin. p. 235.
1426:Pierre Boissier (1985).
694:Per Humanitatem ad Pacem
686:Per Humanitatem ad Pacem
627:) – Proposed after
484:Red Lion and Sun Society
168:In popular culture, the
2928:Dolo hospital airstrike
2772:Chinese Famine of 1870s
2319:1951 Refugee Convention
2236:Humanitarian principles
1470:10 January 2008 at the
968:First Geneva Convention
349:from 1877 to 1878, the
341:The Red Crescent symbol
208:Symbols of the movement
135:First Geneva Convention
2908:World Humanitarian Day
2782:Ethiopian famine 1980s
2615:Analysis and reporting
2485:Danish Refugee Council
2463:International agencies
1305:10.1186/1754-9493-7-13
1195:
1101:and several Orders as
1071:
1037:Geneva Conventions Act
794:
782:
540:Other proposed symbols
507:
499:
471:
407:
342:
310:
277:
141:in the 1870s, and the
98:
59:
55:
43:
27:
2870:Sphere (organization)
2792:2010 Haiti earthquake
2710:Rachel Kiddell-Monroe
2470:Action Against Hunger
2444:The Federation (IFRC)
2277:A Memory of Solferino
2119:Johnson & Johnson
1452:third Protocol emblem
1204:Johnson & Johnson
1194:Flag of the Red Cross
1193:
1137:Johnson & Johnson
1103:Statutory Instruments
1066:
924:intellectual property
890:Introversion Software
868:, inherited from the
866:post-Soviet countries
788:
780:
505:
497:
469:
405:
340:
308:
275:
190:registered the symbol
186:Johnson & Johnson
65:
49:
33:
21:
2639:The New Humanitarian
1981:"Public Law 109-481"
1864:Justice Laws Website
1162:United States Senate
842:The Living Daylights
797:As specified by the
749:, a small town near
739:Ossario di Solferino
705:Annual commemoration
658:Red Swastika Society
325:that the flag was a
276:The Red Cross symbol
2923:Airstrikes on Yemen
2271:Battle of Solferino
1595:. Mundocruzroja.org
860:developed the blue
767:Henry Dunant Museum
731:Battle of Solferino
634:Sapa Unalom Daeng (
490:Red Shield of David
474:From 1924 to 1980,
378:populations except
319:flag of Switzerland
235:protection markings
3054:Medical neutrality
2719:Donors and funding
2454:Protective Emblems
2449:National Societies
2426:Red Cross Movement
2288:Geneva Conventions
2283:Red Cross Movement
2257:1850s, Creation of
2148:The New York Times
2070:2007-08-18 at the
2051:2008-03-07 at the
2032:2016-03-09 at the
1621:on 15 October 2007
1208:American Red Cross
1196:
1145:Geneva Conventions
854:American Red Cross
812:military chaplains
799:Geneva Conventions
795:
783:
773:Use of the emblems
690:Inter Arma Caritas
682:Inter Arma Caritas
607:Lebanese Civil War
508:
500:
472:
443:For protective use
408:
343:
311:
278:
250:Geneva Conventions
103:Geneva Conventions
99:
60:
44:
28:
3026:
3025:
3000:Aid effectiveness
2891:Aid worker safety
2827:Rohingya genocide
2765:Major emergencies
2675:Christos Christou
2610:
2609:
2535:Save the Children
2505:Médecins du Monde
2434:Seville Agreement
2370:
2369:
2224:in conflict zones
1727:. 17 January 2017
1650:on 28 August 2009
1437:978-2-88044-012-1
900:British Red Cross
618:British Red Cross
347:Russo-Turkish War
313:According to the
151:Red Star of David
75:protected persons
67:Medical personnel
3061:
3019:World portal
3017:
3016:
2968:Related articles
2837:Yemeni Civil War
2832:Syrian civil war
2685:Martin Griffiths
2381:
2380:
2254:
2253:
2219:Humanitarian aid
2208:Humanitarian aid
2201:
2194:
2187:
2178:
2177:
2152:
2151:, June 18, 2008.
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2008:. 10 August 2007
1998:
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1939:. 7 January 2011
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1674:Red Cross Canada
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1546:. June 22, 2006.
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1352:(4): 354. 1915.
1338:
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1331:
1317:
1307:
1283:
1217:punitive damages
1147:with a specific
1005:Prohibited marks
895:Prison Architect
612:Red Rhinoceros (
562:Mehrab-e-Ahmar (
511:Magen David Adom
462:Red Lion and Sun
456:Magen David Adom
327:Christian symbol
262:Magen David Adom
170:red cross symbol
159:Magen David Adom
143:Red Lion and Sun
124:Red Lion and Sun
87:prisoners of war
3069:
3068:
3064:
3063:
3062:
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3044:Medical symbols
3029:
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3027:
3022:
3011:
3004:
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2932:
2886:
2875:Sphere Handbook
2847:
2841:
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2690:Jemilah Mahmood
2680:Winnie Byanyima
2653:
2606:
2575:
2549:
2458:
2420:
2376:
2366:
2330:reform attempts
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2231:Humanitarianism
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2090:The Independent
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2072:Wayback Machine
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1262:Protective sign
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998:Trade-marks Act
994:
964:
945:retroactive law
775:
727:
707:
678:
580:) – Hindu
542:
492:
464:
400:
335:
303:
270:
258:Shield of David
215:
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178:unlawfully used
91:protective sign
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2959:Neocolonialism
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2500:Islamic Relief
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2158:External links
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1561:. Crwflags.com
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1097:as amended by
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1051:
1050:
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990:
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970:which states:
963:
960:
928:eminent domain
916:United Kingdom
874:first-aid kits
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648:Red Triangle (
646:
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589:
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541:
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520:Mehrab-e-Ahmar
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396:
370:, followed by
351:Ottoman Empire
334:
331:
309:The Swiss flag
302:
299:
269:
266:
243:indicative use
239:protective use
214:
211:
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161:alongside the
139:Ottoman Empire
83:non-combatants
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194:United States
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2855:CHS Alliance
2848:power, abuse
2787:2004 tsunami
2700:Peter Maurer
2561:NEAR Network
2540:World Vision
2453:
2375:Humanitarian
2347:Localisation
2328:21st-century
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2266:Henry Dunant
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2094:the original
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2005:
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1975:
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1883:
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1868:the original
1863:
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1838:
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1648:the original
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1619:the original
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1587:
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1495:the original
1488:
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1474:, 22-06-2006
1459:
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1361:. Retrieved
1349:
1345:
1336:
1327:
1295:
1291:
1281:
1267:Red Swastika
1251:Henri Dunant
1234:
1230:
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1178:
1165:
1158:Protocol III
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940:Protocol III
932:reservations
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893:
882:
870:Soviet Union
862:Star of Life
847:
840:
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824:(ICRC), the
796:
735:Risorgimento
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715:Henry Dunant
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693:
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629:World War II
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480:Lion and Sun
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424:
409:
390:(1975), and
344:
333:Red Crescent
312:
295:
291:Henri Dufour
279:
254:
247:
242:
238:
229:and the Red
216:
169:
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132:
127:
123:
120:Red Crescent
119:
115:
106:
100:
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3049:Red symbols
2670:Jan Egeland
2554:Consortiums
2515:Mercy Corps
2384:UN agencies
1679:25 November
1174:injunctions
1149:reservation
920:rule of law
912:New Zealand
733:and of the
662:Warlord era
656:In 1922, a
650:Netherlands
601:Red Cedar (
576:Red Wheel (
564:Afghanistan
548:Red Flame (
529:Afghanistan
525:Red Archway
478:used a Red
398:Red Crystal
353:used a Red
345:During the
287:Louis Appia
202:Switzerland
128:Red Crystal
3033:Categories
2846:Standards,
2129:2010-05-01
2100:2010-05-01
2012:30 October
1987:2018-03-16
1965:30 October
1961:. Icrc.org
1943:30 October
1917:30 October
1895:30 October
1891:. Hklii.hk
1874:2016-05-18
1845:2014-11-29
1654:30 October
1625:2007-10-08
1599:30 October
1565:30 October
1525:2009-04-14
1501:2007-08-14
1387:2009-04-14
1363:2018-03-16
1274:References
1172:to obtain
914:, and the
878:ambulances
641:Red Star (
623:Red Palm (
592:Hakuai Sha
569:Red Lamb (
392:Bangladesh
225:, the Red
221:, the Red
198:Swiss flag
101:Under the
69:during an
2746:ECHO (EU)
2741:FCDO (UK)
2695:Hugo Slim
2665:Degan Ali
2644:ReliefWeb
1731:29 August
1705:29 August
1212:trademark
1210:alleging
1062:Cap. 1129
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908:Australia
837:first aid
751:Solferino
555:Red Sun (
380:Indonesia
268:Red Cross
233:serve as
174:first aid
116:Red Cross
95:war crime
2817:Iraq War
2068:Archived
2049:Archived
2030:Archived
1937:BBC News
1839:ICRC.org
1819:9 August
1785:Archived
1767:Archived
1749:Archived
1725:Mashable
1700:PC Gamer
1544:BBC News
1468:Archived
1324:23648084
1240:See also
985:its flag
666:swastika
643:Zimbabwe
636:Thailand
582:swastika
388:Malaysia
386:(1974),
384:Pakistan
363:de facto
355:Crescent
280:The Red
223:Crescent
77:" under
2250:History
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1315:3663670
1225:license
1069:designs
793:in 2015
725:Museums
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420:Diamond
418:or Red
416:Lozenge
412:Crystal
231:Crystal
2751:Turkey
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886:health
791:Moscow
765:, the
763:Heiden
753:, the
711:London
670:Dharma
664:. The
557:Persia
515:Israel
376:Muslim
368:Turkey
359:Russia
323:Turkey
155:Israel
105:, the
52:French
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2731:USAID
2627:ALNAP
2592:Adeso
2525:Oxfam
2391:UNHCR
2304:Post
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1010:9 (1)
936:below
625:Syria
614:Sudan
596:Japan
578:India
372:Egypt
282:Cross
219:Cross
2756:OECD
2726:CERF
2587:BRAC
2566:CALP
2480:CARE
2439:ICRC
2396:OCHA
2306:WWII
2014:2014
1967:2014
1945:2014
1919:2014
1897:2014
1821:2014
1808:ISBN
1733:2023
1707:2023
1681:2016
1656:2014
1601:2014
1567:2014
1432:ISBN
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950:The
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550:Siam
476:Iran
315:ICRC
188:has
147:Iran
24:ICRC
2622:ODI
2416:WHO
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2006:WSJ
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