1593:, p. 246:"In the beginning these designs had no special names or terms, and it is only in the Middle Ages that definite names began to be given to some of those most widely used. There is very little doubt that terms like these first became popular among the Arabs, who showed a tremendous interest in all the occult sciences, arranging and ordering them systematically long before the Practical Cabalists thought of doing so.It is not to be wondered at, therefore, that for a long time both the five-pointed and the six-pointed stars were called by one name, the "Seal of Solomon," and that no distinction was made between them. This name is obviously related to the Jewish legend of Solomon's dominion over the spirits, and of his ring with the Ineffable Name engraved on it. These legends expanded and proliferated in a marked fashion during the Middle Ages, among Jews and Arabs alike, but the name, "Seal of Solomon," apparently originated with the Arabs. This term they did not apply to any one design exclusively; they applied it to an entire series of seven seals to which they attributed extreme potency in putting to flight the forces of the Demon."
615:
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1658:, p. 251:"Then the Zionists came, seeking to restore the ancient glories—or more correctly, to change the face of their people. When they chose it as a symbol for Zionism at the Basle Congress of 1897, the Shield of David was possessed of two virtues that met the requirements of men in quest of a symbol: on the one hand, its wide diffusion during the previous century—its appearance on every new synagogue, on the stationery of many charitable organizations, etc.—had made it known to everybody; and on the other, it was not explicitly identified with a religious association in the consciousness of their contemporaries.This lack became its virtue. The symbol did not arouse memories of the past: it could be filled with hope for the future."
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1621:(Southern Bohemia), which was abandoned by the Jews in 1641, there are representations of Shields of David alternating with roses; apparently, this is the oldest synagogue outside of Prague on which this symbol is to be found. In his youth, R. Jonathan Eybeschuetz might have been able to see it on the seal of the community of EybeSchuetz. A number of communities in Moravia used as a seal the Shield of David alone, with the addition of the name of the community. Others had on their seals a lion holding the Shield of David, like the community of
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989:, the traditional Jewish prayer book, where it poetically refers to the divine protection of ancient King David and the anticipated restoration of his dynastic house, perhaps based on Psalm 18, which is attributed to David, and in which God is compared to a shield (v. 31 and v. 36). The term occurs at the end of the "Samkhaynu/Gladden us" blessing, which is recited after the reading of the Haftara portion on Saturday and holidays.
800:
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1559:, p. 244:"It is not to be found at all in medieval synagogues or on medieval ceremonial objects, although it has been found in quite a number of medieval Christian churches again, not as a Christian symbol but only as a decorative motif. The appearance of the symbol in Christian churches long before its appearance in our synagogues should warn the overzealous interpreters. "
665:
flag—and it is blue and white. The talith (prayer shawl) with which we wrap ourselves when we pray: that is our symbol. Let us take this Talith from its bag and unroll it before the eyes of Israel and the eyes of all nations. So I ordered a blue and white flag with the Shield of David painted upon it. That is how the national flag, that flew over
Congress Hall, came into being.
245:; others date her earlier) already used concepts which were later adopted by Muslim and Christian alchemists and could be graphically associated with the symbolism of the upper and lower triangles constituting the hexagram, which came into explicit use after her time. The hexagram however only becomes widespread in Jewish magical texts and amulets (
1373:
1625:
at the beginning of the 18th century. In very isolated instances the figure of the Shield of David was used in southern
Germany also, doubtless under the influence of the Prague community.In other countries, we do not generally find the Shield of David in use before the beginning of the 19th century,
228:
writes that the term "seal of
Solomon" was adopted by Jews from Islamic magic literature, while he could not assert with certainty whether the term "shield of David" originated in Islamic or Jewish mysticism. Leonora Leet argues though that not just the terminology, but the esoteric philosophy behind
664:
At the behest of our leader Herzl, I came to Basle to make preparations for the
Zionist Congress. Among many other problems that occupied me then was one that contained something of the essence of the Jewish problem. What flag would we hang in the Congress Hall? Then an idea struck me. We have a
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is written: "Each man beneath his flag according to the house of their fathers...and he will merit to bestow a bountiful gift on anyone who grasps the Shield of David." In 1592, Mordechai Maizel was allowed to affix "a flag of King David, similar to that located on the Main
Synagogue" on his
835:
since June 2006. According to the Israel
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Magen David Adom was boycotted by the International Committee of the Red Cross, which refused to grant the organization membership because "it was argued that having an emblem used by only one country was contrary to the
598:, a marker was fashionoed which separated the two communities. The Christians were identified by the cross and the Jews by the hexagram. When the Jews of Vienna were expelled in 1669, many refugees fled to other cities which in turn used the symbol for their community seal.
681:
basketball team in
Philadelphia (whose name was an acronym of its founding South Philadelphia Hebrew Association) wore a large Star of David on their jerseys to proudly proclaim their Jewish identity, as they competed in the first half of the 20th century.
644:
We have no flag, and we need one. If we desire to lead many men, we must raise a symbol above their heads. I would suggest a white flag, with seven golden stars. The white field symbolizes our pure new life; the stars are the seven golden hours of our
137:. The hexagram appears occasionally in Jewish contexts since antiquity as a decorative motif, such as a stone bearing a hexagram from the arch of the 3rd–4th century Khirbet Shura synagogue. A hexagram found in a religious context can be seen in a
218:, being an inherently simple geometric construction, has been used in various motifs throughout human history, which were not exclusively religious. It appeared as a decorative motif in both 4th-century synagogues and Christian churches in the
3073:" prayer, which was written in early Rabbinic times (around year 1, a millennium before the first documentation of the term in reference to a sixGpoint star). That term is probably based on Genesis 15:1, where God promises to shield Abraham.
858:
Since 1948, the Star of David has carried the dual significance of representing both the state of Israel and Jewish identity in general. In the United States especially, it continues to be used in the latter sense by a number of athletes.
298:
in 1897, due to its usage in some Jewish communities and its lack of specifically religious connotations. It was not considered an exclusively Jewish symbol until after it began to be used on the gravestones of fallen Jewish soldiers in
332:
The hexagram does appear occasionally in Jewish contexts since antiquity, apparently as a decorative motif. For example, in Israel, there is a stone bearing a hexagram from the arch of the 3rd–4th century
Khirbet Shura synagogue in the
591:, the Jews of Prague were again granted a flag, in recognition of their contribution to the city's defense. That flag showed a yellow hexagram on a red background, with a "Swedish star" placed in the center of the hexagram.
758:, a yellow badge, in the form of a Star of David, on the left breast and on the back). If a Jew was found in public without the star, he could be severely punished. The requirement to wear the Star of David with the word
814:, depicting a blue Star of David on a white background, between two horizontal blue stripes was adopted on October 28, 1948, five months after the country's establishment. The origins of the flag's design date from the
3225:
1224:
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836:
principles of universality." Other commentators said the ICRC did not recognize the medical and humanitarian use of this Jewish symbol, a Red Shield, alongside the
Christian cross and the Muslim crescent.
825:
synagogues, and many synagogues of other Jewish movements, have the
Israeli flag with the Star of David prominently displayed at the front of the synagogues near the Ark containing the Torah scrolls.
233:'s mention of the hexagram as being engraved on Solomon's seal ring. She also shows that Jewish alchemists were the teachers of their Muslim and Christian counterparts, and that a way-opener such as
1501:"The Flag and the Emblem" (MFA). "The Star of David became the emblem of Zionist Jews everywhere. Non-Jews regarded it as representing not only the Zionist current in Judaism, but Jewry as a whole."
594:
In the 1650s, the Jews of Vienna adopted a seal with the hexagram on it, likely choosing the motif used on the seal for the Jews of Prague. When a boundary was fixed between Vienna and the Jewish
1522:"The Flag and the Emblem" (MFA). "Unlike the menora (candelabrum), the Lion of Judah, the shofar (ram's horn) and the lulav (palm frond), the Star of David was never a uniquely Jewish symbol."
831:(MDA) ("Red Star of David" or, translated literally, "Red Shield of David") is Israel's only official emergency medical, disaster, and ambulance service. It has been an official member of the
484:
he teaches that the elements of the plate for the Seder evening have to be placed in the order of the hexagram: above the three sefirot "Crown", "Wisdom", and "Insight", below the other seven.
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144:
Its association as a distinctive symbol for the Jewish people and their religion dates to 17th-century Prague. In the 19th century, the symbol began to be widely used by the
614:
2253:
780:) and was gradually introduced in other Nazi-occupied areas. Others, however, wore the Star of David as a symbol of defiance against Nazi antisemitism, as in the case of
656:(1856–1914), a businessman prominent in the early Zionist movement, was aware that the nascent Zionist movement had no official flag, and that the design proposed by
1858:
341:
which dates from 135 CE. Originally, the hexagram may have been employed as an architectural ornament on synagogues, as it is, for example, on the cathedrals of
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1319:
465:
of the masculine Zer Anpin correspond to the six items on the seder plate, while the seventh sfira being the feminine Malkhut corresponds to the plate itself.
271:
Only around one millennium later, however, did the star begin to be used as a symbol to identify Jewish communities, a tradition that seems to have started in
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539:
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was a Jewish sports club founded in Vienna, Austria, in 1909 whose teams competed with the Star of David on the chest of their uniforms, and won the 1925
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1924:
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dated 1008. Similarly, the symbol illuminates a medieval Tanakh manuscript dated 1307 belonging to Rabbi Yosef bar Yehuda ben Marvas from Toledo, Spain.
2216:
Der Judenstern besteht aus einem handtellergroßen, schwarz ausgezogenen Sechsstern aus gelbem Stoff mit der schwarzen Aufschrift 'Jude'. Er [
1636:
507:, and popular accounts associate it with the six directions of space plus the center (under the influence of the description of space found in the
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The symbol became representative of the worldwide Zionist community, and later the broader Jewish community, after it was chosen to represent the
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The use of the hexagram in a Jewish context as a possibly meaningful symbol may occur as early as the 11th century, in the decoration of the
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500:(1990) disagrees with this view, arguing that Isaac Luria talked about parallel triangles one beneath the other and not about the hexagram.
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fought with a Star of David embroidered on his boxing trunks, and also has a blue Star of David tattoo on the outside of his right calf.
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In the 19th century, it came to be adopted by European Jews as a symbol to represent Jewish religion or identity in the same manner the
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1939:
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689:(who said he felt as though he was fighting for all Jews) fought with a Star of David embroidered on his trunks in the 1910s. World
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was influential in turning the Star of David into a national Jewish emblem by teaching that the elements of the plate for the
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1061:, use the Star of David as their symbol. In the case of the Gangster Disciples this is a reference to the group's founder,
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885:, who says he is spiritually and culturally Jewish, had a Star of David tattoo put on his left hand in 2010. NFL football
978:
document as the earliest Jewish literary source to mention a symbol called "Magen Dawid" (without specifying its shape).
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had a Star of David tattooed on his left calf in 2000, with the words "strong-willed" and "strong-minded", major leaguer
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1815:
621:'s (top left) and Herzl's (top right) 1897 drafts of the Zionist flag, compared to the final version used at the 1897
167:, it was an internationally accepted symbol for the Jewish people, used on the gravestones of fallen Jewish soldiers.
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1900:
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531:, the two letters assigned to Judah. There are 12 Vav, or "men", representing the 12 tribes or patriarchs of Israel.
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922:(world champion as a lightweight, as a junior welterweight, and as a welterweight), world flyweight boxing champion
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Herzl's proposed flag, as sketched in his diaries. Although he drew a Star of David, he did not describe it as such
27:
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1532:
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551:
2194:"Polizeiverordnung über die Kennzeichnung der Juden [Police Regulation on the identification of Jews]"
923:
503:
The Star of David at least since the 20th century remains associated with the number seven and thus with the
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However, these seder-plate triangles are parallel, one above the other, and do not actually form a hexagram.
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protect you! And likewise the sign, called the "Shield of David", is placed beside the name of each angel.
515:) united with the Seventh Sefirot of the Female (Nukva). Some say that one triangle represents the ruling
1993:
1218:
1639:, the motive for the widespread use of the Star of David was a wish to imitate Christianity. During the
1203:
3196:
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in 1939, there initially were different local decrees forcing Jews to wear distinct signs (e.g. in the
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255:, which is why most modern authors have seen Islamic mysticism as the source of the medieval Spanish
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1747:
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148:, ultimately coming to represent Jewish identity or religious beliefs. It became representative of
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The earliest known text related to Judaism which mentions a sign called the "Shield of David" is
985:, independent of the use of the symbol. The phrase occurs independently as a divine title in the
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fought with a Star of David on his trunks as well, notably, for the first time as he knocked out
669:
In the early 20th century, the symbol began to be used to express Jewish affiliations in sports.
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480:
191:
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1768:
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1643:, Jews needed a symbol of Judaism parallel to the cross, the universal symbol of Christianity."
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1997:
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3226:"The Curious History of the Six-Pointed Star. How the "Magen David" Became the Jewish Symbol"
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1972:
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Similarly, M. Costa wrote that M. Gudemann and other researchers in the 1920s claimed that
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105:
2802:"On the Rise: 'Hebrew Hammer' Cletus Seldin Seeks to Join Ranks of Historic Jewish Boxers"
2522:
2283:
2222:] ist sichtbar auf der linken Brustseite des Kleidungsstücks fest aufgenäht zu tragen.
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into two triangles, where they explicitly correspond to Jewish mystical concepts. The six
8:
2003:
1640:
970:
87:
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Realism for the masses: aesthetics, popular front pluralism, and U.S. culture, 1935–1947
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identified that religion's believers. The symbol became representative of the worldwide
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1326:
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has Star of David tattoos on each side of his neck, near his shoulders. Israeli golfer
781:
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743:
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395:
38:
2467:"Is Amare Stoudemire Jewish? Knick Shows Star Of David Tattoo, Wears Yarmulke (VIDEO)"
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A recruitment poster published in American Jewish magazines during WWI. Daughter of
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this official use of the symbol spread out. In 1655 it is found on the seal of the
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1403:
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1161:
1119:
1026:
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The name 'Shield of David' was used by at least the 11th century as a title of the
957:
828:
694:
511:: Up, Down, East, West, South, North, and Center), or the Six Sefirot of the Male (
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2999:
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Other boxers fought with Stars of David embroidered on their trunks include world
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had a Star of David emblazoned in the knob of his bat which is on display at the
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325:
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125:
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66:
1720:
The Magen David: How the six-pointed Star became an emblem for the Jewish People
787:
Hal Baumgarten, who wore a Star of David emblazoned on his back during the 1944
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1626:
either on community seals, or on the curtains of the Ark, or on Torah mantles."
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with a red flag on which were two Shields of David and two stars. In the first
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2492:"Are you ready for some football? » Kaplan's Korner on Jews and Sports"
1893:
Realms of Judaism. The history of the Shield of David, the birth of a symbol
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1808:
1297:
935:
904:
871:
867:
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724:
714:
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19:
This article is about the hexagram as a Jewish symbol. For other uses, see
3069:
A similar term, "Shield of Abraham" appears in the first blessing of the "
2973:"Papa Said Knock You Out: Issue 53's Zachary Wohlman Fights This Thursday"
1622:
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943:
919:
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649:. For we shall march into the Promised Land carrying the badge of honor.
512:
428:
412:
384:
260:
242:
238:
229:
it had pre-Islamic Jewish roots and provides among other arguments the
2822:
Ellis Island to Ebbets Field: Sport and the American Jewish Experience
3307:
The Messianic idea in Judaism and other essays on Jewish spirituality
1878:
Gershom Scholem shows conclusively they do not form a hexagram. See,
1135:
950:
has a tattoo of a Star of David across his stomach, and welterweight
818:
in 1897; the flag has subsequently been known as the "flag of Zion".
735:
450:
1573:
Leet, Leonora (1999). "The Hexagram and Hebraic Sacred Science" in:
606:
92:'Shield of David') is a generally recognized symbol of both
3355:
3277:
1973:"The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Jewish State, by Theodor Herzl"
1617:, in Moravia. On the wall of the old synagogue of the community of
1389:
1291:
1029:
origin, and it does not describe the shape of the sign in any way.
563:
478:
provided the hexagram with a further mystical meaning. In his book
462:
458:
439:
432:
398:
256:
215:
134:
101:
50:
20:
2225:'Jew'. visibly and firmly sewn on the left chest of the garment.]
896:
displays a blue-and-white Magen David symbol on her golf apparel.
768:
for Jew) was then extended to all Jews over the age of six in the
601:
1407:
1286:
1271:
1139:
1039:
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534:
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In the Renaissance, in the 16th-century Land of Israel, the book
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346:
287:
219:
149:
130:
97:
34:
2133:
Kirsch, George B; Harris, Othello; Nolte, Claire Elaine (2000).
705:
in 1933; Hitler never permitted Schmeling to fight a Jew again.
259:' use of the hexagram. The name "Star of David" originates from
214:, the hexagram was not originally a uniquely Jewish symbol. The
46:
3070:
1610:
1606:
1240:
986:
731:
579:
369:
320:
The Star of David in the oldest surviving complete copy of the
272:
230:
207:
3239:
2762:
Triumph: the untold story of Jesse Owens and Hitler's Olympics
1992:
870:
drew a Star of David on his baseball glove, and major leaguer
115:
The Star of David featured in the oldest complete copy of the
1383:
1331:
524:
424:
211:
1722:. Washington, D.C.: B'nai B'rith Books. pp. 26, 61–62.
457:) who arranges the traditional items on the seder plate for
435:, which has been connected to the use of the Star of David.
3278:"Shaping Time: The Choice of the National Emblem of Israel"
2228:(This policy came into full force as of September 19, 1941)
1155:
1050:
739:
559:
528:
3275:
2683:"Mom is Jewish, Dad is Italian, and Mike Rossman—the Star"
1072:
has included a hexagram since the end of the 19th century.
636:
A year before the congress, Herzl had written in his 1896
275:
before the 17th century, and from there spread to much of
3192:
Consumer Culture and the Making of Modern Jewish Identity
2218:
2136:
Encyclopedia of ethnicity and sports in the United States
1925:"What is the Mystical Significance of the Star of David?"
431:. The Jews of Apulia were noted for their scholarship in
1945:, 1998/107–8, Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1999).
776:(by a decree issued on September 1, 1941, and signed by
496:
evening have to be placed in the order of the hexagram.
1999:
Emancipation through muscles: Jews and sports in Europe
1613:
community, and in 1690 on the seal of the community of
582:
in 1512, a large hexagram appears on the cover. In the
154:
chosen as the central symbol for a Jewish national flag
2256:, Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, December 8, 2005
2254:
Geneva Vote Paves the Way for MDA Red Cross Membership
2238:"Omaha the Hard Way: Conversation with Hal Baumgarten"
1596:
1584:
1455:
Jacob Newman; Gabriel Sivan; Avner Tomaschoff (1980).
1320:
Stars of David: Prominent Jews Talk About Being Jewish
3352:
Magen David: From mystical talisman to Zionist symbol
1550:
1422:
1411:
446:, but without identifying them as "Shield of David".
3342:
The Archetypal Mandala of India of the Star of David
1252:
960:
clubs still use the Star of David in their emblems.
750:, a white armband with a blue Star of David; in the
80:
2578:"Yom Kippur a No Go for Young Golfer Laetitia Beck"
2305:Beggy, Carol; Shanahan, Mark (September 24, 2004).
1651:
1649:
3304:(1971). "The Star of David: History of a Symbol".
2930:
2819:
2759:
2389:"It started as a great idea, then fate stepped in"
914:champion, world light heavyweight boxing champion
26:"Jewish Star" redirects here. For other uses, see
2307:"Sox pair weigh holiday play; councilor swept up"
2132:
558:a red flag with a hexagram. In 1460, the Jews of
543:Historical flag of the Jewish community in Prague
129:was used for decorative and mystical purposes by
3362:
3283:Culture Through Time: Anthropological Approaches
2975:. Mass Appeal. November 11, 2013. Archived from
1831:
1646:
3286:. Stanford University Press. pp. 193–226.
3276:Handelman, Don; Shamgar-Handelman, Lea (1990).
2422:. Charlotte.creativeloafing.com. Archived from
1635:"The Flag and the Emblem" (MFA). "According to
954:even boxes under the nickname "Star of David".
730:A Star of David, often yellow, was used by the
602:As a symbol of Judaism and the Jewish community
427:, which may date as early as the third century
3347:The Mystical Significance of the Star of David
3000:"Dmitriy "STAR OF DAVID" Salita in Main Event"
2523:"Cowboys add muscle on defense with Olshanksy"
2200:(in German). September 1, 1941. Archived from
535:Official usage in Central European communities
3151:
2304:
1912:Hatakh ha-Zahav, Hotam Shelomoh u-Magen-David
1880:Hatakh ha-Zahav, Hotam Shelomoh u-Magen-David
1509:
1507:
170:Today, the star is the central symbol on the
3161:The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion
2997:
2794:
2570:
2244:. February 15, 2017. Retrieved July 8, 2019.
2214:
759:
751:
190:, dated CE 973. The monastery is located in
1960:Seder Eliyahu Rabbah ve-Seder Eliyahu Ztṭa,
660:was gaining no significant support, wrote:
311:
3337:1906 Jewish Encyclopedia on Jewish symbols
2965:
2680:
2639:"Dodger-Giant Rivalry Downright Nostalgic"
2281:
1934:
1932:
1504:
1459:. World Zionist Organization. p. 116.
357:. A hexagram in this form is found on the
306:
53:colored Star of David, as depicted on the
3332:Star of David Technology in Jewelry Today
2933:A Voice Called: Stories of Jewish Heroism
2826:. Oxford University Press. 1993. p.
2596:
1695:Dan Urman & Paul V.M. Fesher (eds.).
1090:Star in the Schneider Synagogue, Istanbul
3023:Football: a sociology of the global game
2266:Magen David: Shield or Star? On Language
1488:
1486:
1484:
1042:, the "Star of David" symbol is U+2721 (
843:
833:International Committee of the Red Cross
798:
718:
613:
605:
538:
383:
315:
181:
110:
45:
3300:
3240:Silverman, B.P. Robert Stephen (2007).
3220:
3188:
2520:
2464:
2036:Encyclopedia of American Jewish history
1996:; Gideon Reuveni, Gideon, eds. (2006).
1929:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1655:
1602:
1590:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1556:
266:
3363:
2757:
1397:
1388:
411:A hexagram has been noted on a Jewish
292:chosen as the central symbol on a flag
33:"Magen David" redirects here. For the
3391:Objects believed to protect from evil
2860:
2766:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p.
2605:"Laetitia Beck, Israel's Tiger Woods"
2602:
2449:"Amar'e Stoudemire's Quest to Israel"
1943:The Israel Review of Arts and Letters
1717:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1481:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1416:
1365:
1142:, with the outline of a Star of David
3310:. Schocken Books. pp. 257–281.
3243:The Big Book of Jewish Sports Heroes
2928:
2728:Weigl Educational Publishers Limited
2498:. September 14, 2009. Archived from
2420:"Where have you gone, Sandy Koufax?"
2395:. September 29, 2005. Archived from
1958:ii. 148. Facsimile in M. Friedmann,
1661:
1562:
677:soccer championship. Similarly, The
172:national flag of the State of Israel
146:Jewish communities of Eastern Europe
16:Jewish cultural and religious symbol
2894:
2554:. November 14, 2008. Archived from
2465:Klopman, Michael (August 2, 2010).
2356:
2102:Philadelphia Jewish life, 1940–2000
1686:Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs
1575:The Secret Doctrine of the Kabbalah
1334:, a make of German beer which uses
794:
774:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
587:synagogue in Prague. Following the
442:show hexagrams among the tables of
70:
13:
3269:
3133:Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs
2901:. Vol. II. Human Kinetics 1.
2417:
2357:Ain, Stewart (September 8, 2006).
1706:
1463:
1158:(representing the Jewish people):
1070:Trinidad and Tobago Police Service
1009:Seven names of angels precede the
862:In baseball, Jewish major leaguer
471:According to G. S. Oegema (1996):
379:
337:. It also appears on a temple on
14:
3417:
3325:
3280:. In Emiko Ohnuki-Tierney (ed.).
2603:Sagui, Miki (September 7, 2011).
2105:. Temple University Press. 2006.
1765:"The Star of David - Magen David"
687:Benny "the Ghetto Wizard" Leonard
3235:. Vol. 8. pp. 243–251.
2681:Pat Putnam (December 18, 1978).
2662:. Vol. 39. 2006. p. 32
2548:"Tenacious D – by Nisha Gopalan"
2521:Whisler, John (August 1, 2009).
1856:"Tzav-Passover: The Seder Plate"
1832:Yirmiyahu Ullman (May 5, 2008).
1492:"The Flag and the Emblem" (MFA).
1255:
1232:
1217:
1202:
1190:
1174:
1147:
1127:
1111:
1095:
1083:
1032:
905:Mike "The Jewish Bomber" Rossman
839:
708:
519:and the other the former ruling
453:conveys the Kabbalah of Ha-Ari (
28:The Jewish Star (disambiguation)
3120:
3104:The Trinidad Guardian Newspaper
3092:
3076:
3063:
3047:
3014:
2991:
2922:
2888:
2854:
2812:
2751:
2714:
2705:
2674:
2648:
2632:
2619:
2540:
2514:
2484:
2458:
2438:
2411:
2381:
2359:"Fast Balls Keep Flying At Mel"
2350:
2324:
2298:
2275:
2259:
2247:
2231:
2186:
2173:
2160:
2126:
2093:
2060:
2027:
1986:
1965:
1948:
1917:
1905:
1885:
1872:
1848:
1825:
1801:
1783:
1757:
1736:
1689:
1629:
3246:. New York, NY: S.P.I. Books.
2998:Isaac Barrio (July 19, 2006).
2867:. Univ. Press of Mississippi.
1956:Scriptores Rerum Hungaricarum,
1525:
1516:
1495:
1448:
1355:
1300:, an identical Japanese symbol
1057:and those affiliated with the
1005:, in the mid-12th century CE:
938:, light welterweight champion
926:, world bantamweight champion
359:ancient synagogue at Capernaum
139:manuscript of the Hebrew Bible
1:
2284:"Uni Watch: Passover edition"
1914:(Poalim, 1990, Hebrew) p. 156
1442:
1065:, also known as "King David".
2937:. Gefen Publishing. p.
2282:Paul Lukas (April 2, 2007).
1895:(Peter Lang, Germany, 1996)
1811:The Laws of Pesach: A Digest
1384:
1013:: Michael, Gabriel, etc. ...
963:
948:Zachary "Kid Yamaka" Wohlman
934:super welterweight champion
7:
1478:Berlin, ed. (2011). p. 463.
1423:
1412:
1294:, an identical Hindu symbol
1248:
1197:Stained glass Star of David
81:
10:
3422:
3197:Cambridge University Press
2006:. pp. 111, 119, 122.
1923:Rabbi Naftali Silberberg,
1882:(Poalim, Hebrew) 1990:156.
1718:Plaut, W. Gunther (1991).
1581:. Re-accessed 5 June 2022.
1390:[maːˈɣeːndaːˈwiːð]
1076:
712:
32:
25:
18:
3129:"The Flag and the Emblem"
3060:, retrieved May 28, 2010.
3026:. Wiley-Blackwell. 1999.
2215:
2069:Outside the box: a memoir
1869:, retrieved May 28, 2010.
1822:, retrieved May 28, 2010.
1814:2010: Chap. 9. See also:
1754:, retrieved May 28, 2010.
1682:October 16, 2013, at the
942:, and light middleweight
339:Bar Kokhba Revolt coinage
141:from 11th-century Cairo.
100:. Its shape is that of a
3189:Reuveni, Gideon (2017).
1861:August 10, 2014, at the
1746:, vol. 14:111. Cited in
1348:
1164:must have you! Join the
932:World Boxing Association
578:prayer book, printed in
312:Early use as an ornament
177:
3165:Oxford University Press
2758:Schaap, Jeremy (2007).
2139:. Bloomsbury Academic.
1854:Simon Jacobson, op-ed,
1818:March 17, 2016, at the
1432:
1418:[ˈmɔɡɛɪnˈdɔvɪd]
1104:Ari Ashkenazi Synagogue
868:Mike "Superjew" Epstein
589:Battle of Prague (1648)
523:. It is also seen as a
307:History of Jewish usage
290:community after it was
2898:Sport in America eBook
2496:New Jersey Jewish News
1795:July 22, 2011, at the
1513:Reuveni (2017). p. 43.
1399:[mɔˈɣendɔˈwið]
1367:[maˈɡendaˈvid]
1185:aircraft, 1948–present
1019:
855:
816:First Zionist Congress
807:
760:
752:
727:
667:
651:
631:First Zionist Congress
626:
623:First Zionist Congress
611:
572:King Matthias Corvinus
544:
486:
408:
329:
296:First Zionist Congress
195:
158:First Zionist Congress
120:
104:: the compound of two
58:
3135:(MFA). Archived from
2861:Vials, Chris (2009).
2789:skater star of david.
2625:Silverman (2007). p.
2399:on September 25, 2009
2336:Cleveland Jewish News
2179:Silverman (2007). p.
2166:Silverman (2007). p.
1807:Rabbi Blumenkrantz, "
1673:"King Solomon-s Seal"
1533:"King Solomon's Seal"
1309:Star of David theorem
1181:Roundel displayed on
1007:
974:cites a 12th-century
876:Baseball Hall of Fame
847:
802:
722:
662:
642:
617:
609:
542:
473:
438:Medieval Kabbalistic
404:Sefer Raziel HaMalakh
387:
319:
186:Star of David at the
185:
114:
106:equilateral triangles
49:
3002:. Hardcoreboxing.net
2960:star of david boxer.
2929:Katz, Yossi (2010).
2645:, September 24, 1978
2643:The Spokesman-Review
1605:, p. 250:"From
1068:The insignia of the
930:, and more recently
924:Victor "Young" Peres
881:NBA basketball star
789:invasion of Normandy
267:Use as Jewish emblem
241:(2nd or 3rd century
194:, modern-day Turkey.
123:A derivation of the
3100:"The star of David"
2471:The Huffington Post
2004:U of Nebraska Press
1940:"The National Flag"
1752:Jewish Encyclopedia
1227:headstone emblem 44
971:Jewish Encyclopedia
742:. After the German
562:(Buda, now part of
263:of ancient Israel.
3058:Jewish Encyclopida
2806:Algemeiner Journal
2687:Sports Illustrated
2582:Algemeiner Journal
2453:The New York Times
2447:and Harvey Araton
2039:. ABC-CLIO. 2007.
1790:www.markfoster.net
1771:on October 7, 2011
1742:Herbert M. Adler,
1697:Ancient Synagogues
1327:Unicursal hexagram
1212:headstone emblem 3
1055:Gangster Disciples
899:In boxing, Jewish
856:
808:
782:United States Army
748:General Government
744:invasion of Poland
728:
679:Philadelphia Sphas
627:
612:
545:
409:
330:
196:
121:
59:
39:David HaLevi Segal
3089:, 12th century CE
2979:on March 31, 2014
2808:. August 3, 2012.
2711:Silverman (2007).
2584:. October 7, 2011
2527:Houston Chronicle
2286:. ESPN. p. 2
2268:, by Philologos,
1938:Kashani, Reuven.
1867:A Meaningful Life
1304:Star of Bethlehem
1183:Israeli Air Force
916:Battling Levinsky
901:light heavyweight
883:Amar'e Stoudemire
851:, footballer for
778:Reinhard Heydrich
554:approved for the
521:tribe of Benjamin
455:Rabbi Isaac Luria
91:
79:
37:commentator, see
3413:
3386:Heraldic charges
3321:
3302:Scholem, Gershom
3297:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3236:
3230:
3222:Scholem, Gershom
3217:
3215:
3213:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3163:(2nd ed.).
3148:
3146:
3144:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3096:
3090:
3080:
3074:
3067:
3061:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3018:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3007:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2955:
2936:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2895:Wiggins, David.
2892:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2844:
2825:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2784:
2765:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2718:
2712:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2693:on June 28, 2011
2689:. Archived from
2678:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2652:
2646:
2636:
2630:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2502:on July 14, 2011
2488:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2462:
2456:
2455:, August 3, 2010
2442:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2369:on July 17, 2011
2365:. Archived from
2354:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2338:. April 16, 2010
2328:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2311:The Boston Globe
2302:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2279:
2273:
2263:
2257:
2251:
2245:
2235:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2211:
2209:
2204:on July 22, 2011
2190:
2184:
2177:
2171:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2072:. Rodale. 2006.
2064:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2020:
1994:Brenner, Michael
1990:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1969:
1963:
1952:
1946:
1936:
1927:
1921:
1915:
1909:
1903:
1889:
1883:
1876:
1870:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1829:
1823:
1805:
1799:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1767:. Archived from
1761:
1755:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1715:
1704:
1693:
1687:
1670:
1659:
1653:
1644:
1633:
1627:
1600:
1594:
1588:
1582:
1571:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1529:
1523:
1520:
1514:
1511:
1502:
1499:
1493:
1490:
1479:
1476:
1461:
1460:
1452:
1436:
1433:Estreya de David
1426:
1420:
1415:
1404:Ashkenazi Hebrew
1401:
1392:
1387:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1369:
1359:
1337:
1282:G2 (mathematics)
1265:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1236:
1221:
1206:
1194:
1178:
1151:
1131:
1120:Magen David Adom
1115:
1099:
1087:
1053:, including the
1045:
1021:This book is of
829:Magen David Adom
795:Contemporary use
763:
757:
693:boxing champion
372:manuscript, the
135:Kabbalistic Jews
86:
84:
74:
72:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3361:
3360:
3328:
3318:
3294:
3272:
3270:Further reading
3267:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3228:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3167:. p. 463.
3142:
3140:
3139:on May 13, 2019
3127:
3123:
3118:
3108:
3106:
3098:
3097:
3093:
3083:Eshkol Ha-Kofer
3081:
3077:
3068:
3064:
3052:
3048:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3020:
3019:
3015:
3005:
3003:
2996:
2992:
2982:
2980:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2927:
2923:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2893:
2889:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2859:
2855:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2756:
2752:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2710:
2706:
2696:
2694:
2679:
2675:
2665:
2663:
2656:"The Commander"
2654:
2653:
2649:
2637:
2633:
2624:
2620:
2610:
2608:
2601:
2597:
2587:
2585:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2561:
2559:
2558:on July 4, 2011
2552:Tablet Magazine
2546:
2545:
2541:
2531:
2529:
2519:
2515:
2505:
2503:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2475:
2473:
2463:
2459:
2445:Isabel Kershner
2443:
2439:
2429:
2427:
2426:on July 8, 2011
2418:Salkin, Allen.
2416:
2412:
2402:
2400:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2372:
2370:
2363:The Jewish Week
2355:
2351:
2341:
2339:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2315:
2313:
2303:
2299:
2289:
2287:
2280:
2276:
2264:
2260:
2252:
2248:
2236:
2232:
2207:
2205:
2198:Verfassungen.de
2192:
2191:
2187:
2178:
2174:
2165:
2161:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2131:
2127:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2018:
2016:
2014:
1991:
1987:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1953:
1949:
1937:
1930:
1922:
1918:
1910:
1906:
1890:
1886:
1877:
1873:
1863:Wayback Machine
1853:
1849:
1839:
1837:
1830:
1826:
1820:Wayback Machine
1806:
1802:
1797:Wayback Machine
1788:
1784:
1774:
1772:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1741:
1737:
1730:
1716:
1707:
1694:
1690:
1684:Wayback Machine
1671:
1662:
1654:
1647:
1634:
1630:
1601:
1597:
1589:
1585:
1572:
1563:
1555:
1551:
1541:
1539:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1482:
1477:
1464:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1439:
1380:Biblical Hebrew
1371:
1370:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1342:Seal of Solomon
1335:
1314:Star of Lakshmi
1261:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1244:
1237:
1228:
1222:
1213:
1207:
1198:
1195:
1186:
1179:
1170:
1166:Jewish regiment
1152:
1143:
1134:A synagogue in
1132:
1123:
1116:
1107:
1100:
1091:
1088:
1079:
1063:David Barksdale
1043:
1035:
1027:Rabbinic Jewish
995:Eshkol Ha-Kofer
966:
946:. Welterweight
928:Alphonse Halimi
903:world champion
842:
823:Modern Orthodox
797:
717:
711:
675:Austrian League
654:David Wolffsohn
619:Max Bodenheimer
604:
549:King of Bohemia
537:
498:Gershom Scholem
407:, 13th century)
382:
380:Kabbalistic use
374:Leningrad Codex
326:Leningrad Codex
314:
309:
284:Christian cross
269:
251:) in the early
226:Gershom Scholem
188:Oshki Monastery
180:
126:seal of Solomon
94:Jewish identity
42:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3419:
3409:
3408:
3406:Jewish culture
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3376:Jewish symbols
3373:
3359:
3358:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3327:
3326:External links
3324:
3323:
3322:
3316:
3298:
3292:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3252:
3237:
3218:
3205:
3199:. p. 43.
3186:
3173:
3155:, ed. (2011).
3149:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3091:
3075:
3062:
3046:
3032:
3013:
2990:
2964:
2947:
2921:
2907:
2887:
2873:
2853:
2849:star of david.
2836:
2811:
2793:
2777:978-0618688227
2776:
2750:
2736:
2713:
2704:
2673:
2647:
2631:
2618:
2595:
2569:
2539:
2513:
2483:
2457:
2437:
2410:
2393:Jewish Tribune
2380:
2349:
2332:"Jewish Stars"
2323:
2297:
2274:
2258:
2246:
2242:Historynet.com
2230:
2185:
2172:
2159:
2145:
2125:
2111:
2092:
2078:
2059:
2045:
2026:
2012:
1985:
1964:
1947:
1928:
1916:
1904:
1891:G. S. Oegema,
1884:
1871:
1847:
1836:. Ohr Samayach
1824:
1800:
1782:
1756:
1735:
1728:
1705:
1688:
1660:
1645:
1628:
1595:
1583:
1561:
1549:
1537:www.mfa.gov.il
1524:
1515:
1503:
1494:
1480:
1462:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1347:
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1051:criminal gangs
1047:
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1015:Tetragrammaton
965:
962:
952:Dmitriy Salita
890:Igor Olshansky
841:
838:
812:flag of Israel
805:flag of Israel
796:
793:
713:Main article:
710:
707:
638:Der Judenstaat
603:
600:
556:Jews of Prague
536:
533:
517:tribe of Judah
394:in a medieval
381:
378:
368:of the famous
322:Masoretic text
313:
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277:Eastern Europe
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163:By the end of
117:Masoretic text
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3170:
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3157:"Magen David"
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3153:Berlin, Adele
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3087:Judah Hadassi
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3054:"Magen Dawid"
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2015:
2013:9780803205420
2009:
2005:
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1968:
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1954:Schwandtner,
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1901:3-631-30192-8
1898:
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1834:"Magen David"
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1748:"Magen David"
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1729:0-910250-17-0
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1362:Modern Hebrew
1358:
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1338:as its symbol
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1033:Miscellaneous
1030:
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1025:, and not of
1024:
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1003:Judah Hadassi
1001:
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983:God of Israel
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891:
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887:defensive end
884:
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854:
853:Hakoah Vienna
850:
849:Béla Guttmann
846:
840:Use in sports
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709:The Holocaust
706:
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703:Max Schmeling
700:
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671:Hakoah Vienna
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509:Sefer Yetsira
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63:Star of David
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
29:
22:
3381:Star symbols
3306:
3282:
3259:February 17,
3257:. Retrieved
3242:
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3210:. Retrieved
3191:
3178:. Retrieved
3160:
3141:. Retrieved
3137:the original
3121:Bibliography
3107:. Retrieved
3103:
3094:
3082:
3078:
3065:
3057:
3049:
3039:February 17,
3037:. Retrieved
3022:
3016:
3006:February 17,
3004:. Retrieved
2993:
2981:. Retrieved
2977:the original
2967:
2959:
2954:February 19,
2952:. Retrieved
2932:
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2914:February 17,
2912:. Retrieved
2897:
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2880:February 17,
2878:. Retrieved
2863:
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2841:. Retrieved
2821:
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2788:
2783:February 17,
2781:. Retrieved
2761:
2753:
2743:February 17,
2741:. Retrieved
2722:
2716:
2707:
2697:February 17,
2695:. Retrieved
2691:the original
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2659:
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2598:
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2581:
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2562:February 17,
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2556:the original
2551:
2542:
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2530:. Retrieved
2526:
2516:
2506:February 17,
2504:. Retrieved
2500:the original
2495:
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2440:
2430:February 17,
2428:. Retrieved
2424:the original
2413:
2403:February 17,
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2397:the original
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2373:February 17,
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2367:the original
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2335:
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2202:the original
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2135:
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2118:February 17,
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2101:
2095:
2085:February 17,
2083:. Retrieved
2068:
2062:
2052:February 17,
2050:. Retrieved
2035:
2029:
2019:February 17,
2017:. Retrieved
1998:
1988:
1976:. Retrieved
1967:
1962:Vienna, 1901
1959:
1955:
1950:
1942:
1919:
1911:
1907:
1892:
1887:
1879:
1874:
1866:
1850:
1838:. Retrieved
1827:
1810:
1809:The Seder",
1803:
1785:
1773:. Retrieved
1769:the original
1759:
1751:
1743:
1738:
1719:
1696:
1691:
1656:Scholem 1949
1641:Emancipation
1631:
1603:Scholem 1949
1598:
1591:Scholem 1949
1586:
1574:
1557:Scholem 1949
1552:
1542:December 12,
1540:. Retrieved
1536:
1527:
1518:
1497:
1456:
1450:
1413:Mogein Dovid
1357:
1318:
1298:Kagome crest
1162:Old New Land
1159:
1102:Star in the
1020:
1008:
993:
991:
980:
969:
967:
956:
936:Yuri Foreman
909:
898:
880:
872:Ron Blomberg
861:
857:
827:
820:
809:
738:to identify
729:
725:yellow badge
715:Yellow badge
699:Nazi Germany
684:
668:
663:
652:
643:
635:
628:
593:
546:
502:
487:
479:
474:
470:
467:
448:
437:
423:in Southern
410:
402:
389:
363:
331:
281:
270:
246:
224:
197:
169:
162:
143:
124:
122:
71:מָגֵן דָּוִד
62:
60:
43:
2270:The Forward
1623:Weiskirchen
1579:pp. 212–217
1457:Judaism A–Z
1424:Mogen Dovid
1385:Māḡēn Dāwīḏ
1323:, 2005 book
1277:Chai symbol
1243:embroidery
1241:horse cover
1059:Folk Nation
944:Boyd Melson
920:Barney Ross
912:lightweight
864:Gabe Kapler
772:and in the
734:during the
691:heavyweight
685:In boxing,
647:working-day
570:) received
490:Isaac Luria
476:Isaac Luria
396:Kabbalistic
366:carpet page
351:Marktkirche
343:Brandenburg
301:World War I
253:Middle Ages
198:Unlike the
165:World War I
82:Magen David
3365:Categories
3233:Commentary
2607:. Ynetnews
1443:References
552:Charles IV
513:Zeir Anpin
481:Etz Chayim
451:Ets Khayim
261:King David
257:Kabbalists
239:Alexandria
3401:Talismans
3143:April 18,
3109:April 18,
2983:March 31,
2723:The 1930s
2208:March 27,
1978:April 18,
1136:Karlsruhe
964:Etymology
754:Warthegau
736:Holocaust
633:in 1897.
547:In 1354,
440:grimoires
413:tombstone
160:in 1897.
76:romanized
3356:Ynetnews
3224:(1949).
2730:. 2000.
2660:New York
1859:Archived
1816:Archived
1793:Archived
1680:Archived
1615:Kremsier
1611:Viennese
1395:Tiberian
1292:Shatkona
1249:See also
1239:Morocco
695:Max Baer
625:(bottom)
584:colophon
564:Budapest
459:Passover
433:Kabbalah
399:grimoire
388:Page of
222:region.
216:hexagram
210:and the
102:hexagram
51:Tekhelet
35:halakhic
21:Hexagram
3396:Amulets
3212:June 5,
3180:June 5,
1840:May 28,
1775:May 11,
1677:credits
1675:, with
1637:Scholem
1619:Budweis
1408:Yiddish
1287:Merkaba
1272:Anahata
1140:Germany
1106:, Safed
1077:Gallery
1040:Unicode
1023:Karaite
1011:mezuzah
1000:Karaite
998:by the
976:Karaite
958:Maccabi
785:private
568:Hungary
505:Menorah
444:segulot
417:Taranto
391:segulot
355:Hanover
347:Stendal
335:Galilee
294:at the
288:Zionist
248:segulot
220:Galilee
200:menorah
156:at the
150:Zionism
131:Muslims
98:Judaism
90:
78::
3314:
3290:
3250:
3203:
3171:
3071:Amidah
3030:
2945:
2905:
2871:
2834:
2774:
2734:
2143:
2109:
2076:
2043:
2010:
1899:
1726:
1607:Prague
1429:Ladino
1122:emblem
987:Siddur
766:German
596:ghetto
580:Prague
576:Hebrew
463:sfirot
421:Apulia
370:Tanakh
324:, the
273:Prague
231:Talmud
208:shofar
206:, the
202:, the
67:Hebrew
3371:David
3229:(PDF)
1699:, p.
1349:Notes
1332:Zoigl
1160:Your
1049:Some
821:Many
770:Reich
732:Nazis
701:hero
525:dalet
494:Seder
425:Italy
212:lulav
178:Roots
3312:ISBN
3288:ISBN
3261:2011
3248:ISBN
3214:2022
3201:ISBN
3182:2022
3169:ISBN
3145:2016
3111:2016
3041:2011
3028:ISBN
3008:2011
2985:2014
2956:2011
2943:ISBN
2916:2011
2903:ISBN
2882:2011
2869:ISBN
2845:2011
2832:ISBN
2785:2011
2772:ISBN
2745:2011
2732:ISBN
2699:2011
2668:2011
2613:2013
2590:2013
2564:2011
2534:2011
2508:2011
2478:2011
2432:2011
2405:2011
2375:2011
2344:2011
2318:2011
2292:2011
2210:2015
2154:2011
2141:ISBN
2120:2011
2107:ISBN
2087:2011
2074:ISBN
2054:2011
2041:ISBN
2021:2011
2008:ISBN
1980:2016
1897:ISBN
1842:2010
1777:2011
1724:ISBN
1544:2021
1406:and
1225:USVA
1210:USVA
1156:Zion
1118:The
968:The
810:The
803:The
761:Jude
740:Jews
723:The
560:Ofen
527:and
345:and
133:and
96:and
88:lit.
61:The
3085:by
2828:120
2627:103
2219:sic
2181:218
2168:208
1744:JQR
1701:612
1421:or
1038:In
529:yud
415:in
353:at
237:of
192:Tao
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
