Tekhelet - Knowledge

2965: 3627: 3464: 4339: 3976:, stating that "its blood is as black as ink", which does not seem to match the characteristics of Hexaplex. Hexaplex supporters argue that this claim has no source earlier than Rambam and seems to be based on a mistaken statement by Aristotle However, a black precipitate can indeed be derived from Hexaplex and refined into dye. Additionally, Aristotle classified the dye secretions of marine snails into two colour categories: black and red, with Tekhelet falling under the black blood category. In his "History of Animals", Aristotle writes: "There are many kinds of purpurae ... Most of them contain a black pigment; in others, it is red, and the quantity of it small." 3619: 280: 3635: 3812: 4376: 3820: 3831: 3145: 4275: 4262: 4403: 4142: 3489: 184: 32: 3504: 4006: 272: 241: 3995: 129: 73: 3922:

was claimed by Pliny and confirmed by modern researchers, while Hexaplex appears to have a yearly behavioural cycle in which it burrows in the sand in summer and emerges from swimming in winter. Other sources claim that the 70-year cycle was a miraculous occurrence which no longer occurs or else that the decrease in Hexaplex population numbers may have caused this behaviour to cease.

3478: 4223:, the Talmud rules that we should not make divisions among the Jewish people. Therefore, if a person acts differently from the rest of the Jewish people, they are creating divisions. Some have argued that one should not publicly wear tekhelet for this reason; others consider this not to be a concern. In any case it would not be relevant in many contemporary communities where 6389:

and "leek" to their Greek equivalents. This interpretation follows a recently discovered manuscript of Raavyah's commentary; previously, printed editions of the commentary had substituted פריפינין for פריסינן (an apparent corruption, though justified by the creative suggestion that it represents a novel Greek word parufaino, meaning "a robe with a hem or border of purple").

4216:). Others disagree, asserting that the principle of stringency only applies in cases such that after one acts stringently, there is no further obligation (whereas if Hexaplex is only doubtfully correct, there would remain a theoretical obligation to find the actual correct species and use it). Nevertheless, a number of Rabbis have come out to wear Tekhelet publicly. 3321:, suggesting they have similar colours. Lapis lazuli can vary between blue and purple-blue, and according to some sources the preferred shade of lapis lazuli in the Near East was purple-blue. However, Mesopotamian mythology asserted that visible sky is a layer of lapis lazuli stone underlying Heaven, suggesting a sky-blue color for the stone. 4338: 3855:(assuming a blue-purple rather than pure blue tekhelet), leading to a different result to the test. In 2003, Ziderman officially modified his stance, now maintaining that heating the violet wool in 60-80C will turn the wool to blue with a small hint of violet. This is opposed to the wool being blue with a hint of turquoise. 4322:

Like their non-Jewish neighbors, Jews of the Middle East painted their doorposts, and other parts of their homes with blue dyes; have ornamented their children with tekhelet ribbons and markings; and have used this color in protective amulets. Tekhelet has been considered especially effective against

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Chemical testing of ancient blue-dyed cloth from the appropriate time period in Israel reveals that a sea snail-based dye was used. Since murex dye was available, very long-lasting, and visibly indistinguishable from indigo-based dyes, but also not specifically prohibited as counterfeit despite being

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Tosafot holds that two full strings should be tekhelet. He is of the opinion that the coils should be in groups of three, starting with three white, then three blue alternating and ending with three white. There is another way to tie using two full strings that Schachter follows based on the opinion

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was also hunted by normal methods at other times. Some sources say the reference to "70 years" does not imply a periodic cycle, but rather simply that this phenomenon is a rare event. Hexaplex may have cycles of other lengths which inspired this statement: a seven-month cycle for harvesting Hexaplex

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and indigo are identical, no test should be able to distinguish them. However, according to Professor Otto Elsner, while Hexaplex and indigo have the same color-producing compound, they also contain other compounds which differ and may lead to a different response in the practical test. According to

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Other rabbinic sources describe tekhelet as similar to the sea or sky. An oft-repeated explanation for the Torah's choice of tekhelet went as follows: "Why is tekhelet different from all other colours? Because tekhelet is similar to the sea, and the sea is similar to the sky, and the sky is similar

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Note that this wording is not present in contemporary texts of the Jerusalem Talmud. According to Raavyah, the Jerusalem Talmud text is בין תכלת לכרתן, בין פורפרין ובין פריסינן, with פריסינן meaning "leek" similar to πράσο in modern Greek. Thus, the Jerusalem Talmud is simply translating "tekhelet"

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Maimonides holds that half of one string should be coloured blue, and it should wrap around the other seven white strings. It should wrap around three times and then leave some space and then three more and leave some more space and should continue like this for either 7 or 13 groups. The first and

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is not a snail. Hexaplex supporters argue that since Hexaplex tends to camouflage itself and hide in the sand, capturing it is a difficult process and thus (by some opinions) forbidden. There is another point of contention in that the animals permitted to catch are land-based slow-moving creatures.

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says that counterfeit tekhelet was made from both " dye and indigo", indicating that the overall color was purple. However, other sources list just "indigo" as the counterfeit, suggesting either that in their opinion the colour was purely blue, or that indigo was the main counterfeit ingredient and

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process. Only in the 1980s did modern scientists learn how to create blue Hexaplex dye using this process, leading some experts to declare that ancient dyers would not have been able to create blue tekhelet (and, therefore, that an undebrominated purple colour is more likely). However, in recent

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Second, although tekhelet came to denote the colour blue with time, the exact hue in antiquity is not definitively known. The task is made harder by the tendency of ancient writers to identify colours not so much by their hue as by other factors such as luminosity, saturation and texture. Modern

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in 639, in which the royal Byzantine dyeing industry was destroyed. Developments in the Jewish community may also have played a role, such as the proliferation of counterfeit (indigo) threads which made the procurement of genuine tekhelet difficult, and the persecution of

5829:"Ziderman, I.I.; Sasaki, Y.; Sato, M.; Sasaki, K. Thermochromic behaviour of 6-bromoindigotin: Key to understanding purple dyeing with banded dye-murex. In Proceedings of the Dyes in History and Archaeology Conference, Riggisberg, Switzerland, 23–24 October 2003" 4249:

holds that one full string should be blue, and there should be four groups of at least seven coils alternating between white and blue, both beginning and ending with blue. There are multiple other opinions of how to tie the tzitzit if one full string is blue.

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Tractate Menachot and the Rambam explain the process for making the dye for tekhelet, and neither of them mention explicitly that it needs to be placed in the sunlight. Exposing the dye to sunlight is the most commonly used method today to make the dye from

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and some suggest that had Leiner known this fact, he too would have rejected it based on his explicit criterion that the blue colour must come from the animal and that all other additives are permitted solely to aid the colour in adhering to the wool.

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interviews an Israeli scientist who also makes the claim that this mollusk is the correct animal. A demonstration of the production of the blue dye using sunlight to produce the blue colour is shown. The dye is extracted from the hypobranchial gland of

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A garment with tzitzit consists of four tassels, each containing four strings. There are three differing opinions in rabbinic literature regarding the number of strings that should be dyed with tekhelet: two strings, one string, or one-half string.

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All sea-based creatures, aside from having the Halachic status of a "fish", on a more practical level are impossible for the average person to gather without some form of trapping, and in fact, even today are caught with nets or wicker baskets.

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Decades after Herzog's death, chemist Otto Elsner proved that murex dye could in fact produce a sky-blue color by exposing the snail secretions to ultraviolet rays during the dyeing process. Sky-blue Tzitzit, then, could be made with murex

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fulfilled many of the Talmudic criteria, Herzog's inability to consistently obtain blue dye (sometimes the dye was purple) from the snail precluded him from declaring it to be the dye source. In the 1980s, Otto Elsner, a chemist from the

2956:). All Biblical mentions of tekhelet, both secular and priestly) attribute its usage to some kind of elite. This implies that it was difficult to obtain and expensive, an impression further corroborated by the later rabbinic writings. 4054:

with an organic material. In this case, the cuttlefish only supplied the organic material, which could have as easily been supplied from a vast array of organic sources (e.g., ox blood). Herzog thus rejected the cuttlefish as the

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The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia – Page 1057 Geoffrey W. Bromiley – 2007 "The most highly prized dye in the ancient world obtained from the secretions of four molluscs native to the eastern Mediterranean:

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years archaeologists have recovered several fabrics dyed blue with Hexaplex dye 1800 or more years ago, demonstrating that ancient dyers could and did make blue dye from Hexaplex. Such fabrics have been found at

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supporters argue that when alive, Hexaplex is well camouflaged and has a similar appearance to the sea floor, apparently due to algae growing on its shell. The shell colour can even be blue, similar to the sea.

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probably referred to blue-purple and blue colors. The colour of tekhelet was likely to have varied in practice, as ancient dyers were generally unable to reproduce exact shades from one batch of dye to another.

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is said to come up from the sea once every 70 years. It is unclear what this is exactly referring to, but the Hexaplex has no such cycle. Hexaplex supporters note that elsewhere the Talmud makes clear that the

3257:." (In a few versions of this source, "plants" are included in this chain of similarity even though plants are not blue; though it has been suggested that these sources refer to bluish plants like hyacinth.) 3245:). This description is also somewhat ambiguous, as different varieties of indigo have colours ranging between blue and purple, but generally the colour of dyed indigo in the ancient world was blue. 3437:

Garments dyed with tekhelet and indigo have such similar appearance that only God can distinguish them. Elsewhere, one opinion says that there is no chemical test which can distinguish between

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the color is compared to both the sea and the night sky (ר' אלעזר בר"ש אומר, למה נקרא שמה תכלת ע"ש שנתכלו המצרים בבכורות. שנאמר ויהי בחצי הלילה וה' הכה כל בכור. ד"א על שם שכלו המצרים בים.)

4869:"YUTorah Online - The Techeiles Revolution: Archeology, Chemistry, Mesorah, Debate and More (Rabbi Hershel Schachter, Rabbi Aryeh Lebowitz, Rabbi Dr. David Shabtai, Rabbi Efrem Goldberg)" 6255: 3964:, in general, it is permitted to capture slow-moving animals like snails on Shabbat (as capturing them requires only a trivial effort - בחד שחיא). This contradiction suggests that the 5178: 4473:

Chumash: the five books of Moses: with Rashi's commentary Targum Onkelos and Haftaros with a commentary anthologized from classic rabbinic texts and the works of the Lubavitcher Rebge

3067:(Jewish "Babylonia"). Some have argued that the use of tekhelet persisted (at least in certain locations) for several centuries beyond the Muslim conquest, based on texts from the 4208:, when in doubt about the laws of a commandment from the Torah, one must act stringently. Some rabbis, therefore, argue that even if we are uncertain in our identification of the 3163:

was still worn. This was restored in the 20th century among all other Dura Europos paintings, so the original paint and possibly colour did not survive after all those centuries.

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The Talmud equates the colours of tekhelet and indigo but also gives a practical test to distinguish between the two fabrics. Seemingly, since the colour-producing compounds in

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put the tekhelet and Tyrian purple industries under a royal monopoly, causing independent dyers to cease their work and find other employment. The apparent final straw was the

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says that if one knows what tekhelet is, yet chooses to wear tzizit without tekhelet, they are violating this commandment. Many other rabbis do not agree with this statement.

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began wearing tzitzit with cuttlefish dye. Herzog obtained a sample of this dye and had it chemically analyzed. The chemists concluded that it was a well-known synthetic dye "

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reaction occurring when hydrogen is produced by decaying organic matter. Indigo (from a vegetable source) is more strongly reduced than the debrominated indigo found in snail

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may be recited once it is light enough to distinguish between tekhelet and leeks. Other Jewish texts comment that "the appearance which is called in the language of Ashkenaz

3213:") or the Latin equivalent. The colour of the hyacinth flower ranges from violet blue to a bluish purple (though the hyacinth species dominant in the eastern Mediterranean, 5507:

A more blue shade can be obtained if the reduced form of DBI, leuco-DBI, is exposed to sunlight whereupon it is debrominated. Then on oxidation, MBI and indigo are formed.

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Ramig, Keith, et al. (June 2015). "The nature of thermochromic effects in dyeings with indigo, 6-bromoindigo, and 6,6′-dibromoindigo, components of Tyrian purple".

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opponents suggest that in ancient times the word might have referred to a broader category of animals, perhaps including other candidate species such as the cuttlefish.

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dye as opposed to indigo, which looked the same, was because indigo faded. However, once they figured out how to make indigo endure, they stopped using

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However, having failed to consistently achieve blue dye from Hexaplex, he wrote: "If for the present all hope is to be abandoned of rediscovering the

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also both refer to the Porpura as being the source for purple and blue dyes, showing that the Murex has a long history of being used for blue dye.

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Besides the ritual uses of tekhelet, the colour blue plays various roles in Jewish culture, some of which are influenced by the role of tekhelet.

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Despite the general agreement of most of the modern English translations of the phrase, the term tekhelet itself presents several basic problems.

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The dye produced by Hexaplex has the exact same chemical composition as indigo, corresponding to the statement that only God can distinguish the

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is preferably kept alive while the dye is extracted, as killing it causes the dye to degrade. This matches both ancient descriptions of the

4177:) that a continuous tradition regarding the source of the dye, which no longer exists, was necessary in order for it to be used. However, 4110:

seems an unsuitable candidate in several ways: it was apparently only rarely used by ancient dyers; it is found far out at sea (while the

3665:(or one of the other two indigo-producing sea snails) must have been the horizon or at least deemed as acceptable to use interchangeably. 3034:

made laws that stated no one was allowed to wear purple because it was the color of royalty, and specifically he forbade goods dyed with

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was founded to educate about the dye production process and to make the dye available for all who desire to use it. The television show

3414:. "Its body is similar to the sea, and its form (ברייתו) is similar to a fish, and it comes up once every 70 years, and with its blood 5039: 1838: 3796:, nevertheless, "Of the thousands of fish and mollusks that were studied to date, no other fish has been found that can produce the 6523: 1861: 4497:

Everett Fox, The Five Books of Moses: A New Translation with Introductions, Commentary, and Notes. New York: Schocken Books, 1995

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by cracking it open, suggesting that it has a hard external shell. Just as the Hebrews' clothing did not wear out in the desert (

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Murex shells from the Iron Age II period (10th-7th centuries BCE) with ancient remains of purple on the shards seen on the right.

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being processed separately from snails of the other species, suggesting that a different color was derived from this species.

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dyeing process and also modern experience that an enzyme in the snail needed for dye production decays quickly after death.

3296:) and "green, and close to the colour of leeks", the latter commenting on a Talmudic passage according to which the morning 5920: 4170: 1347: 3558:

such as from sunlight, blue instead of purple was consistently produced. In 1988, Rabbi Eliyahu Tavger dyed tekhelet from

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was found, piles of murex shells hundreds of yards long have been found, apparently the result of dyeing operations. In

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and indigo wool, but another opinion describes such a test and tells the story of it working successfully. Trapping the

2812:, leading to the omission of tekhelet from tzitzit. In recent times, many Jews believe that experts have identified the 6508: 6440: 6421: 5297: 5241: 2011: 1961: 1926: 1620: 1485: 1352: 5444: 3759:

The word porforin, or porpora, or porphoros is used in the midrash as well as many other Jewish texts to refer to the

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puts on "blue and white" "royal clothing" in Esther. Tekhelet could be used in combination with other colours such as

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James, Matthew et al, "High prestige Royal Purple dyed textiles from the Bronze Age royal tomb at Qatna, Syria",

5032: 4536: 3310:) is within the category of green" suggesting that Rashi's language does not necessarily rule out a blue colour. 2816:

and rediscovered the process for manufacturing tekhelet, leading to the revival of its use in tzitzit. The snail

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contains more natural indigo and thus is a more natural source for blue tekhelet and archaeological finds show

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This loss appears to have been caused by a progression of historical events. Already in the first century,

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was purple (purpur) rather than blue, as in his era it was unknown how to produce blue dye from Hexaplex.

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Within his doctoral research on the subject of tekhelet, Herzog placed great hopes on demonstrating that

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While (as described in the next section) Hexaplex arguably does not fit every textual description of the

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Rashi to Brachot 9b: ירוק הוא וקרוב לצבע כרתי שקורין פור"ייש; the last word transliterates the French

4914: 3545:-hillazon is not the snail called Murex trunculus, but though unlikely, it is still possible." Though 6518: 2594: 2287: 2138: 2079: 970: 45: 5135: 3541:) as the most likely candidate for the dye's source. Herzog concluded "it is very unlikely that the 279: 6241: 4043: 4026: 4022: 2297: 2277: 1387: 867: 408: 3781:

speaks of treasures hidden in the sand; the Talmud states that the word "treasures" refers to the

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is a genus of sea snails, separate from Hexaplex. More recently, blue dye has been obtained from

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Early rabbinic sources provide indications as to the nature of the colour. Some sources describe

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is a snail rather than a fish. Hexaplex supporters argue that many forms of aquatic life (e.g.,

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Rabbinic sources describe various qualities of this creature. It was found on the coast between

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because indigo was much cheaper. That is when people stopped using it for its dye entirely.

6493: 4713: 4121:, Israel, sought to investigate Herzog's suggestion that tekhelet came from the extract of 2980:(14th century BCE) tekhelet garments are listed as a precious good used for a royal dowry. 2774:

The Bible does not specify the source or production method of tekhelet. According to later

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The rarest blue: the remarkable story of an ancient color lost to history and rediscovered

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The rarest blue: the remarkable story of an ancient color lost to history and rediscovered

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A blue dye mentioned in the Hebrew Bible and prized by ancient Mediterranean civilizations

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is apparently found near the coast); and its pigment is allegedly unsuitable for dyeing.

3607:(white) solution form of dibromoindigo loses some bromines in the ultraviolet radiation. 2878: 2775: 2728: 2572: 2267: 945: 812: 715: 708: 638: 526: 401: 91: 6153: 2826:) is widely considered to be the creature responsible for producing authentic tekhelet. 6370: 5573: 4687: 4514: 4147: 3481: 3365: 3104:

denoted a colour or a source material, though it appears that at least in contemporary

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ruled otherwise, that rediscovering the dye is sufficient to perform the commandment.

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In other sources, the colour of the tekhelet is compared to the night sky. Similarly,

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led to the association of blue and white with Judaism and inspired the design of the

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Needs radical reorganisation and simplification, it reads like a rabbinical argument.

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often burrows into the sand, making it difficult to detect even by scuba divers.

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Tomasz Sikora, “Color Symbolism in the Jewish Mysticism. Prolegomena” (Polish),

4515:"Fringe Benefits – Kfar Adumim factory revives the lost commandment of tekhelet" 4197:

suggests that the messianic era is approaching, rather than suggesting that the

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for the first time in recent history. Based on this work, four years later, the

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that includes a mixture of red and blue colours, for an overall purple colour.

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Solution of the enigmas of dyeing with Tyrian purple and the Biblical tekhelet

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supporters reply that its shell somewhat resembles a fish in shape. Similarly

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The manufacture of tekhelet appears to date back to at least 1750 BCE in

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is hidden until the next world. The meaning of the term "hidden" is unclear.

4103: 4047: 4010: 3909:— of which sea snails would be an example) are also called "דגים" in Hebrew. 3811: 3423: 3407: 3258: 3254: 3019: 2984: 2941: 2882: 2764: 2547: 2542: 1748: 1675: 1201: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1030: 1008: 960: 722: 561: 466: 428: 379: 249: 103: 51: 6302: 4926: 6112: 4868: 4312: 3654: 3525:-like green in sunlight, and eventually into (dark) blue with a purple hue. 3471: 3318: 3250: 2871: 2742: 2577: 2403: 2244: 2239: 2197: 2150: 1244: 1111: 1096: 1055: 1020: 633: 475: 5638: 3117: 4809: 4261: 4102:, and the pigment molecule itself is hypothesized to be Tyrian purple or 3800:

color", which suggests that there is no more likely alternative species.

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specified that it could only be made from a sea creature known as the

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is corroborated by a Talmudic story, in which rabbis caught smuggling

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Tekhelet produced from heating via boiling, per Dr. Ziderman's method

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is considered a violation of Shabbat. In the time of the Talmud, the

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There exists a Torah commandment not to detract from any other law.

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last wrap-around should be from a white string, not a blue string.

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snails, even though this forced him to conclude that the colour of

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Raavya on Porphyrin and Prisinan - Manuscript with Highlighted Text

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in Israel, discovered that if a solution of the dye was exposed to

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While the Bible does not identify the source of tekhelet, rabbinic

3281: 3188: 3072: 3023: 2767:) attached to the corners of four-cornered garments, including the 2675: 2552: 2162: 2094: 925: 433: 384: 253: 4307:, often black or blue, are believed by some to symbolize the lost 4141: 3698:

Another Talmudic requirement is that the dye cannot fade, and the

3488: 6412:

Old wine, new flasks: reflections on science and Jewish tradition

6299: 5232:

Old wine, new flasks: reflections on science and Jewish tradition

4613:

Amir, Nina. "Lost thread of blue, tekhelet color reestablished".

4557: 4475:(Synagogue ed.). New York, N.Y.: Kol Menachem. p. 967. 4416: 4359: 4205: 4118: 3890: 3824: 3702:

dye does not fade and can only be removed from wool with bleach.

3392: 3277: 3180: 3109: 3008: 2949: 2778:, it was exclusively derived from a marine creature known as the 2759: 2528: 2494: 2363: 2157: 1146: 1141: 1013: 904: 799: 795: 791: 540: 535: 512: 494: 369: 364: 354: 332: 307: 4366:

is abundant. It is far less abundant in terrestrial environments

4193:

was hidden until the messianic era, the apparent rediscovery of

4005: 3503: 3418:

is dyed, therefore it is expensive." Dye was extracted from the

271: 6285: 5036: 4583: 4572: 4304: 4178: 3492: 3369: 3333: 3325: 3276:

who describes it as "the color of the sky as it darkens toward

3231: 3068: 2953: 2768: 2188: 2183: 2143: 2128: 1239: 1131: 551: 517: 503: 438: 240: 4265:

Tzitzit with tekhelet, tied according to a variety of opinions

3430:

does not wear out. Various animals have been suggested as the

6476:

Explanation of how tekhelet was discovered and made from the

5003: 4553: 4162: 4161:) and now only white strings are available. According to the 4132: 4029: 3994: 3894: 3865:

s body resembles the sea. This does not appear to be true of

3848: 3844: 3411: 3373: 3359:

A pure blue can only be produced from Hexaplex dye through a

3297: 3287: 3269: 3184: 3148: 3042:

under penalty of death. The idea that it was illegal to wear

2973: 1151: 580: 484: 453: 5597:"How a Chemical Test Proves Trunculus was Used for Blue Dye" 4964:

Robert Laird Harris, Gleason L. Archer and Bruce K. Waltke,

3881:

has a "form like a fish", which a snail seemingly does not.

3508: 6461: 4425:, a Biblical reddish-purple dye from the related seasnail, 3522: 3514: 3121:

referred to a colour and not a material or dyeing process.

3031: 3004: 2803: 303: 4754:

4 Seutonius, Vita Caes, p. 43, Dio Cassius, bk XLIX, p.161

4125:. After fifteen years of research, he still believes that 3847:'s writings in the 1980s, the test consists of a chemical 3744:, meaning the dye produced by Hexaplex snails. Similarly, 2846:, one refers to fringes on cornered garments of the whole 5122:"Wadi Murba'at Textiles The Authentic Tekhelet Discovery" 5101:

Staff, Biblical Archaeology Society (December 11, 2013).

3453:, though this may refer to a different species of snail. 3329:

the other ingredients not significant enough to mention.

6450:

KolRom Media, 'Techeiles - It's Not All Black and White'

6403:

Gadi Sagiv, 'Deep Blue: Notes on the Jewish Snail Fight'

4648:

Jeremiah 10:9; Ezekiel 23:6, 27:7,27:24; Esther 1:6,8:15

3925:

There are two other snails that produce the same dye as

3050:

were liable to the death penalty. In the sixth century,

3803: 6344:

wrote that any dye of the proper color could serve as

5569:"Biblical era purple dye industry discovered in Haifa" 4816:

was worn by the royalty and outlawed for other people.

4464: 3960:

is a violation of Shabbat. However, according to some

3529:

In his doctoral thesis (London, 1913) on the subject,

4721:

Threads of Reason: A Collection of Essays on Tekhelet

4489: 3100:

First, it remains unclear to what extent the word in

3089: 2983:

At some point following the Roman destruction of the

5817:

Halakhic aspects of reviving the ritual tekhelet dye

5223: 5221: 4398: 3680: 3240: 2935: 2924: 2900: 2721: 2687: 2167: 2148: 571: 5921:"A short response to: "The Case Against the Murex"" 3610: 3223:was used to describe both blue and purple colours. 138:

may be too technical for most readers to understand

6409: 6365:does not refer exclusive to the animal from which 5229: 3075:which discuss the commandment in practical terms. 2749:, tekhelet was used to colour the clothing of the 262:-based dye – tied according to the opinion of the 6407: 5283: 5281: 5257: 5255: 5253: 5227: 5218: 4915:Purple Fabrics and Garments in Akkadian Documents 283:A contemporary tekhelet thread tied according to 6485: 4212:, we must wear the most likely dye anyway (i.e. 6254:Frankel, Ellen; Teutsch, Betsy Platkin (1992). 5177:תפארת ישראל כללי בגדי קודש של כהונה, quoted in 4617:. Clarity Digital Group LLC d/b/a Examiner.com. 4381:Structural formula of plant based or synthetic 3622:Raavya on Porphyrin and Prisinan - Manuscript 1 3591:Chemically, exposure to sunlight turns the red 6253: 5812: 5810: 5808: 5806: 5804: 5802: 5747:"Chavos Yair Writing that Techeiles is Purple" 5278: 5250: 3317:is written using the word sign, also used for 2673:) is a highly valued dye described as either " 6430: 6185: 6183: 6181: 5639:"Understanding the Criteria for the Chilazon" 5287: 4980: 4978: 4976: 4974: 4909: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4269: 4155:A midrash states that tekhelet was "hidden" ( 3740:. These translations refer to the Latin term 3649:In the area between Tyre and Haifa where the 3638:Chavos Yair manuscript where he writes Purple 3399:. Various animals have been suggested as the 2999:without tekhelet. The Talmud mentions use of 2619: 102:. Please discuss this issue on the article's 6504:Hebrew words and phrases in the Hebrew Bible 5482: 4781:Suetonius The Twelve Caesars Book Six: XXXII 4711: 4508: 4506: 4470: 4156: 4032:, researched the subject and concluded that 3686: 3305: 3291: 3235: 2930: 2783: 5799: 5541: 5539: 5537: 5535: 5188: 5186: 4954:Tekhelet: Color Perception or Apprehension? 4828: 4826: 4824: 4822: 4438: 4042:) met many of the criteria. Within a year, 3668:Hexaplex has a hard external shell, as the 3383: 3204: 2694: 863:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire 60:Learn how and when to remove these messages 6464:– A group that promotes the view that the 6408:Hoffmann, Roald; Leibowitz, Shira (1997). 6178: 5861: 5859: 5533: 5531: 5529: 5527: 5525: 5523: 5521: 5519: 5517: 5515: 5488: 5228:Hoffmann, Roald; Leibowitz, Shira (1997). 4971: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4942: 4940: 4938: 4936: 4934: 4898: 4863: 4861: 2626: 2612: 5632: 5630: 5628: 5626: 5624: 5442: 4968:, (Chicago, 1980/2013) (CD-ROM), 2510.0. 4966:Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament 4789: 4787: 4503: 3290:himself describes the colour as "green" ( 226:Learn how and when to remove this message 193:needs attention from an expert in Judaism 166:Learn how and when to remove this message 150:, without removing the technical details. 5636: 5261: 5183: 5159: 5103:"Baruch and Judy Taubes Sterman Respond" 4819: 4707: 4705: 4703: 4701: 4606: 4273: 4260: 4140: 4004: 3993: 3829: 3818: 3810: 3633: 3625: 3617: 3502: 3487: 3476: 3462: 3143: 2963: 2948:-cloth could be obtained from "isles of 2733:'light 'navy blue'', see Arabic 278: 270: 239: 6435:. Guilford, Conn.: Globe Pequot Press. 6005:"Techeiles – Methods to Get Blue Color" 5856: 5512: 5292:. Guilford, Conn.: Globe Pequot Press. 5119: 4931: 4919:Journal of Ancient Near Eastern History 4858: 4145:Tzitzit with blue thread produced from 4129:is the ancient source of the blue dye. 3763:, and this is the Greek translation of 3261:was another early author who described 6486: 6431:Sterman, Baruch; Taubes, Judy (2012). 5693: 5691: 5621: 5419:The Royal Purple and the Biblical Blue 5416: 5392: 5390: 5388: 5288:Sterman, Baruch; Taubes, Judy (2012). 4796:The Royal Purple and the Biblical Blue 4793: 4784: 4732: 4730: 4657: 4651: 3823:Dr. Israel Irving Ziderman's personal 3748:stated that tekhelet was derived from 2833: 203:may be able to help recruit an expert. 6189: 6042: 5100: 5002:; similarly Menachot 43b, Sotah 17a, 4798:. Keter Publishing House. p. 73. 4698: 4094:as a not improbable identification". 3941:, so how do we know which one is the 3456: 3376:(14th century BCE), and arguably the 3253:, and lapis lazuli is similar to the 148:make it understandable to non-experts 5867:"Techeles Hachodosh - Rabbi Reisman" 5661: 5120:Sterman, Baruch (January 26, 2016). 3987: 3470:found on Israeli coastal plain near 177: 122: 66: 25: 5688: 5545: 5385: 5315: 5215:. Various shades could be produced" 4763: 4727: 4157: 3687: 3517:, dipped into the solution for the 3306: 3292: 3236: 3230:as visually indistinguishable from 2931: 2914: 2890: 2784: 2739:ancient Mediterranean civilizations 2737:), that held great significance in 2708: 2680: 2648: 13: 6257:The Encyclopedia of Jewish Symbols 5262:Hoffmann, Roald (April 19, 2012). 5090:blue–green distinction in language 4344:Structural formula of murex-based 3352:) provide recipes for counterfeit 3140:Blue–green distinction in language 14: 6540: 6455: 6313:Bava Metzia 61a-b; Menachot 40a-b 4512: 4023:Grand Rabbi Gershon Henoch Leiner 3595:in snails into a mixture of blue 3449:was used as part of a remedy for 2838:Of the 49 or 48 uses of the word 654:Historical population comparisons 41:This article has multiple issues. 6247: 6231: 6219: 6201: 6103:, "Shnei sugei mesoret" (p. 249) 5167:A Testament to the True Tekhelet 4714:"On History, Mesorah and Nignaz" 4612: 4401: 4374: 4348:, the red-purple dye present in 4337: 4237: 3167:In the early classical sources ( 3078:The reason why royalty used the 2657:; alternative spellings include 1298:Democratic Republic of the Congo 1212:Historical population by country 182: 127: 86:to read and navigate comfortably 71: 30: 6524:Non-clerical religious clothing 6396: 6382: 6376: 6355: 6334: 6316: 6307: 6164: 6146: 6135: 6117: 6106: 6090: 6072: 6054: 6036: 6027: 6015: 5997: 5979: 5961: 5943: 5931: 5913: 5895: 5883: 5842: 5821: 5781: 5757: 5739: 5715: 5670: 5655: 5603: 5589: 5561: 5474:Dyes in history and Archaeology 5462: 5443:Robin Ngo (11 September 2013). 5436: 5425: 5410: 5399: 5374: 5363: 5351: 5333: 5306: 5171: 5146: 5128: 5113: 5094: 5079: 5067: 5056: 5045: 5026: 5013: 4993: 4958: 4885: 4843: 4802: 4775: 4757: 4748: 4658:Kosior, Wojciech (2018-07-27). 4642: 4588: 4355:before explosure to sunlight. ( 4090:we could do worse than suggest 3495:-bath with extracts from fresh 3007:(5th–6th century); however the 2866:are secular uses, such as when 49:or discuss these issues on the 6373:91a it refers to a land snail. 6279: 6113:Notable Wearers - Blue Fringes 4577: 4566: 4547: 4529: 4151:, tied according to Vilna Gaon 4082:in some species of the genera 3679:is cognate to the Arabic word 3313:In Akkadian, the cognate word 1: 6369:was derived; for example, in 5723:"Raavya on Purfirin Prasinan" 5088:, Yoreh Deah 188:1; see also 4432: 3056:Muslim conquest of the Levant 869:Christianity and Judaism 6260:. Rowman & Littlefield. 5503:10.1016/j.dyepig.2015.01.025 5107:Biblical Archaeology Society 4117:In 2002 Dr. S. W. Kaplan of 3834:Black Murex trunculus glands 3030:dye to the governing class. 2804: 7: 6416:. New York: W. H. Freeman. 5236:. New York: W. H. Freeman. 4615:Religion & Spirituality 4446:"Techelet (Skyblue Thread)" 4394: 4063: 3705:The Talmud states that the 3681: 3241: 3219:, is violet), and the word 3157:depicted in the 3rd century 3011:(8th century) laments that 2936: 2925: 2901: 2722: 2688: 2168: 2149: 1876:Latin America and Caribbean 572: 275:The national flag of Israel 195:. The specific problem is: 94:content into sub-articles, 10: 6545: 6192:"Using Tekhelet in Tzizit" 6190:Schachter, Rabbi Hershel. 6101:Shiurim lezecher abba mori 5548:"Has Tekhelet been found?" 5445:"What Color Was Tekhelet?" 4664:Review of Rabbinic Judaism 4471:Chaim Miller, ed. (2006). 4362:: in marine environments, 4330: 4293: 4270:Tekhelet in Jewish culture 4173:argued (when debating the 4148:Hexaplex (Murex) trunculus 3845:Dr. Israel Irving Ziderman 3484:camouflated in sea fouling 3346:Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis 3137: 3133: 3090:Identifying the colour of 3026:restricted the use of the 2959: 2793: 2481:Jewish political movements 2178:Conversion to Judaism 18: 6509:Jewish religious clothing 4676:10.1163/15700704-12341342 3972:Maimonides described the 3661:known, it is argued that 3552:Shenkar College of Fibers 3205: 2709: 2649: 884:Hinduism and Judaism 6242:Ludwig August von Frankl 6154:"לא תתגודדו בלבישת תכלת" 5637:Singer, Ph.D, Mendel E. 5611:"Snail – an Arabic word" 4808:Sanhedrin 12a; see also 4227:-wearing is widespread. 3901:is a "fish" (דג), while 3537:(then known by the name 3510:Ptil Tekhelet Foundation 2989:Siege of Jerusalem in 70 2753:, the tapestries in the 710:Temple in Jerusalem 403:Bar and bat mitzvah 256:threads produced from a 6324:"Sifrei Bamidbar 115:1" 6225:Simmons, Rabbi Shraga. 6172:"Ginat Egoz - גנת אגוז" 5836:thelibrary.tekhelet.com 4927:10.1515/janeh-2017-0007 4913:Shiyanthi Thavapalan, " 4189:suggested that even if 4080:ḥillāzon shel tekhēleth 3724:translates tekhelet as 3580:The Naked Archaeologist 3521:-based dye, turns into 3380:(5th–4th century BCE). 3265:as resembling the sky. 3113:Assyrian and Babylonian 2822:(historically known as 672:Twelve Tribes of Israel 6097:Joseph B. Soloveitchik 6080:"Sifrei Devarim 354:7" 6062:"Bamidbar Rabbah 17:5" 6045:"Do We Know Tekhelet?" 5850:"Rabbi Yisroel Barkin" 5417:Herzog, Isaac (1987). 5136:"The color 'techelet'" 4794:Herzog, Isaac (1987). 4537:"Tosefta Menachot 9:6" 4291: 4266: 4152: 4133:Current status of the 4018: 4002: 3835: 3827: 3816: 3646:from indigo garments. 3639: 3631: 3623: 3526: 3500: 3485: 3474: 3164: 3125:scholars believe that 2969: 2854:). The remaining 6 in 2699:'azure'), or " 288: 276: 268: 6514:Jewish ritual objects 6238:"Zivei Eretz Yehudah" 5063:Rashi, Bemidbar 15:38 5052:Rashi, Bemidbar 15:41 5019:Numbers Rabbah 14:3; 4850:Gershon Henoch Leiner 4452:. Chabad Media Center 4421:Argaman, also called 4277: 4264: 4144: 4008: 3997: 3938:Stramonita haemastoma 3833: 3822: 3814: 3637: 3629: 3621: 3531:Yitzhak HaLevi Herzog 3513:shows how a piece of 3506: 3491: 3480: 3466: 3216:Hyacinthus orientalis 3147: 3003:in the period of Rav 2967: 2881:is made of tekhelet, 2751:High Priest of Israel 1418:São Tomé and Príncipe 1413:Republic of the Congo 807:Second Temple Judaism 678:Kingdom of Judah 649:Modern historiography 282: 274: 243: 19:For the journal, see 4854:Sefunei Temunei Chol 4812:, who describes how 3426:), the shell of the 3195:was translated into 3038:, the name used for 2520:World Agudath Israel 1661:United Arab Emirates 748:Second Temple period 738:Babylonian captivity 248:, four "tassels" or 5940:Hilchot Tzitzit 2:2 5699:"Ask Ptil Tekhelet" 5546:Epstein, Menachem. 5432:Hebrew Porphyrology 5156:83:1109–1118 (2009) 4989:Tekhelet Perception 4303:The stripes on the 4050:" made by reacting 3372:(1st century BCE), 3151:depicted wearing a 2834:Biblical references 2776:rabbinic literature 813:Hellenistic Judaism 391:Land of Israel 350:Principles of faith 201:WikiProject Judaism 6371:tractate Sanhedrin 5574:The Jerusalem Post 5006:to Numbers 15:38; 4834:"מתי נגנזה התכלת?" 4712:Rabbi Mois Navon. 4450:Tzitzit and Tallis 4292: 4267: 4153: 4044:Radziner chassidim 4019: 4003: 3836: 3828: 3817: 3806:Hexaplex trunculus 3804:Arguments against 3691:), meaning snail. 3640: 3632: 3624: 3613:Hexaplex trunculus 3593:6,6'-dibromoindigo 3527: 3519:Hexaplex trunculus 3501: 3497:Hexaplex trunculus 3486: 3482:Hexaplex trunculus 3475: 3468:Hexaplex trunculus 3458:Hexaplex trunculus 3340:), as well as the 3165: 2970: 2877:where the veil of 2819:Hexaplex trunculus 2374:Jewish Koine Greek 1916:Dominican Republic 1197:Judaism by country 876:Jews and Christmas 731:Assyrian captivity 289: 277: 269: 259:Hexaplex trunculus 6499:Color in religion 6470:H. trunculus 6340:Unusually, Rabbi 6209:"Menachot 39a:10" 6197:. pp. 51–62. 6043:Kitrossky, Levi. 6009:mywesternwall.net 5987:"Menachot 42b:10" 5871:Techeiles Chabura 5769:Techeiles Chabura 5576: ! JPost.com 5491:Dyes and Pigments 4764:Sterman, Baruch. 4630:Missing or empty 4427:Bolinus brandaris 4368: 4247:Abraham ben David 4232:Hershel Schachter 4072:H. trunculus 4035:Sepia officinalis 3989:Sepia officinalis 3982:H. trunculus 3951:H. trunculus 3947:H. trunculus 3932:Bolinus brandaris 3927:H. trunculus 3840:H. trunculus 3787:H. trunculus 3779:Deuteronomy 33:19 3700:H. trunculus 3663:H. trunculus 3586:H. trunculus 3560:H. trunculus 3547:H. trunculus 3535:H. trunculus 3507:A guide from the 3084:H. trunculus 3065:Lower Mesopotamia 3040:H. trunculus 2923: 2899: 2802: 2732: 2720: 2698: 2686: 2636: 2635: 2585: 2584: 2333: 2332: 2080:Reconstructionist 2024: 2023: 1176: 1175: 983: 982: 820:Jewish–Roman wars 768:Hasmonean dynasty 684:Kingdom of Israel 588: 587: 236: 235: 228: 218: 217: 176: 175: 168: 121: 120: 64: 6536: 6519:Mollusc products 6446: 6427: 6415: 6390: 6386: 6380: 6374: 6359: 6353: 6342:Israel Lipschitz 6338: 6332: 6331: 6320: 6314: 6311: 6305: 6297: 6283: 6272: 6271: 6251: 6245: 6235: 6229: 6223: 6217: 6216: 6205: 6199: 6198: 6196: 6187: 6176: 6175: 6168: 6162: 6161: 6160:. March 9, 2017. 6158:דין - שאל את הרב 6150: 6144: 6139: 6133: 6132: 6125:"Yevamot 13b:17" 6121: 6115: 6110: 6104: 6094: 6088: 6087: 6076: 6070: 6069: 6058: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6040: 6034: 6031: 6025: 6019: 6013: 6012: 6001: 5995: 5994: 5983: 5977: 5976: 5965: 5959: 5958: 5955:porphyrology.com 5947: 5941: 5935: 5929: 5928: 5917: 5911: 5910: 5907:researchgate.net 5899: 5893: 5887: 5881: 5880: 5878: 5877: 5863: 5854: 5853: 5846: 5840: 5839: 5833: 5825: 5819: 5814: 5797: 5796: 5785: 5779: 5778: 5776: 5775: 5761: 5755: 5754: 5743: 5737: 5736: 5734: 5733: 5719: 5713: 5712: 5710: 5709: 5695: 5686: 5685: 5674: 5668: 5667: 5662:Hellmann, Meir. 5659: 5653: 5652: 5650: 5649: 5634: 5619: 5618: 5607: 5601: 5600: 5593: 5587: 5586: 5584: 5583: 5565: 5559: 5558: 5552: 5543: 5510: 5509: 5486: 5480: 5466: 5460: 5459: 5453: 5451: 5440: 5434: 5429: 5423: 5422: 5414: 5408: 5406:Avodah Zarah 28b 5403: 5397: 5394: 5383: 5378: 5372: 5367: 5361: 5355: 5349: 5348: 5337: 5331: 5330: 5323:"Menachot 44a:2" 5319: 5313: 5310: 5304: 5303: 5285: 5276: 5275: 5273: 5271: 5259: 5248: 5247: 5235: 5225: 5216: 5212:Purpura lapillus 5190: 5181: 5175: 5169: 5165:Efraim Vaynman, 5163: 5157: 5150: 5144: 5143: 5132: 5126: 5125: 5117: 5111: 5110: 5098: 5092: 5083: 5077: 5071: 5065: 5060: 5054: 5049: 5043: 5030: 5024: 5021:Jerusalem Talmud 5017: 5011: 4997: 4991: 4982: 4969: 4962: 4956: 4952:Efraim Vaynman, 4950: 4929: 4911: 4896: 4895:12.2 (2003): 47. 4889: 4883: 4882: 4880: 4879: 4865: 4856: 4847: 4841: 4840: 4838: 4830: 4817: 4806: 4800: 4799: 4791: 4782: 4779: 4773: 4772: 4770: 4761: 4755: 4752: 4746: 4745: 4738:"Menachot 43a:4" 4734: 4725: 4724: 4718: 4709: 4696: 4695: 4655: 4649: 4646: 4640: 4639: 4633: 4628: 4626: 4618: 4610: 4604: 4603: 4592: 4586: 4581: 4575: 4570: 4564: 4562:Asher ben Jehiel 4551: 4545: 4544: 4533: 4527: 4526: 4524: 4522: 4510: 4501: 4500: 4493: 4487: 4486: 4468: 4462: 4461: 4459: 4457: 4442: 4411: 4406: 4405: 4404: 4378: 4356: 4341: 4296:Jewish symbolism 4282:, featuring the 4280:Emblem of Israel 4256:Samuel ben Hofni 4221:Deuteronomy 14:1 4160: 4159: 4074:was the genuine 4052:iron(II) sulfate 3864: 3718:Jerusalem Talmud 3690: 3689: 3684: 3599:and blue-purple 3556:ultraviolet rays 3384:Identifying the 3342:Leyden papyrus X 3309: 3308: 3295: 3294: 3284:or dark violet. 3274:Moshe ha-Darshan 3244: 3239: 3238: 3208: 3207: 2939: 2934: 2933: 2928: 2918: 2916: 2904: 2894: 2892: 2879:Solomon's Temple 2852:Numbers 15:37–41 2848:people of Israel 2807: 2797: 2795: 2787: 2786: 2747:Jewish tradition 2727: 2725: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2696: 2693: 2691: 2685:romanized: 2684: 2682: 2653: 2651: 2628: 2621: 2614: 2477: 2476: 2358: 2179: 2173: 2154: 2118: 2117: 2065: 2012:New Zealand 1964: 1927:El Salvador 1917: 1849:Northern America 1841: 1435: 1191: 1190: 1102:Crimean Karaites 998: 997: 976: 974: 895: 893: 885: 879: 870: 858:Rabbinic Judaism 839: 833: 827: 815: 803: 769: 762:Maccabean Revolt 739: 732: 726: 718: 711: 705: 697: 679: 603: 602: 577: 472: 471: 404: 392: 291: 290: 265:Sefer ha-Chinuch 231: 224: 213: 210: 204: 186: 185: 178: 171: 164: 160: 157: 151: 131: 130: 123: 116: 113: 107: 75: 74: 67: 56: 34: 33: 26: 21:Azure (magazine) 6544: 6543: 6539: 6538: 6537: 6535: 6534: 6533: 6484: 6483: 6458: 6443: 6424: 6399: 6394: 6393: 6387: 6383: 6377: 6360: 6356: 6339: 6335: 6328:www.sefaria.org 6322: 6321: 6317: 6312: 6308: 6294:www.sefaria.org 6288: 6284: 6280: 6275: 6268: 6252: 6248: 6236: 6232: 6224: 6220: 6207: 6206: 6202: 6194: 6188: 6179: 6170: 6169: 6165: 6152: 6151: 6147: 6140: 6136: 6123: 6122: 6118: 6111: 6107: 6095: 6091: 6078: 6077: 6073: 6060: 6059: 6055: 6047: 6041: 6037: 6032: 6028: 6020: 6016: 6003: 6002: 5998: 5985: 5984: 5980: 5967: 5966: 5962: 5949: 5948: 5944: 5936: 5932: 5919: 5918: 5914: 5901: 5900: 5896: 5888: 5884: 5875: 5873: 5865: 5864: 5857: 5848: 5847: 5843: 5831: 5827: 5826: 5822: 5815: 5800: 5789:"Megillah 6a:7" 5787: 5786: 5782: 5773: 5771: 5763: 5762: 5758: 5751:bluefringes.com 5745: 5744: 5740: 5731: 5729: 5727:bluefringes.com 5721: 5720: 5716: 5707: 5705: 5697: 5696: 5689: 5682:www.sefaria.org 5678:"Shabbat 75a:6" 5676: 5675: 5671: 5660: 5656: 5647: 5645: 5635: 5622: 5609: 5608: 5604: 5595: 5594: 5590: 5581: 5579: 5567: 5566: 5562: 5550: 5544: 5513: 5487: 5483: 5467: 5463: 5449: 5447: 5441: 5437: 5430: 5426: 5415: 5411: 5404: 5400: 5395: 5386: 5379: 5375: 5370:Bava Metzia 61b 5368: 5364: 5356: 5352: 5341:"Shabbat 75a:5" 5339: 5338: 5334: 5321: 5320: 5316: 5311: 5307: 5300: 5286: 5279: 5269: 5267: 5260: 5251: 5244: 5226: 5219: 5207:Murex trunculus 5202:Murex brandaris 5191: 5184: 5176: 5172: 5164: 5160: 5151: 5147: 5142:. 4 March 2011. 5134: 5133: 5129: 5118: 5114: 5099: 5095: 5084: 5080: 5072: 5068: 5061: 5057: 5050: 5046: 5031: 5027: 5018: 5014: 4998: 4994: 4983: 4972: 4963: 4959: 4951: 4932: 4912: 4899: 4890: 4886: 4877: 4875: 4867: 4866: 4859: 4848: 4844: 4836: 4832: 4831: 4820: 4807: 4803: 4792: 4785: 4780: 4776: 4768: 4762: 4758: 4753: 4749: 4736: 4735: 4728: 4716: 4710: 4699: 4656: 4652: 4647: 4643: 4631: 4629: 4620: 4619: 4611: 4607: 4594: 4593: 4589: 4582: 4578: 4571: 4567: 4552: 4548: 4541:www.sefaria.org 4535: 4534: 4530: 4520: 4518: 4511: 4504: 4495: 4494: 4490: 4483: 4469: 4465: 4455: 4453: 4444: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4407: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4390: 4379: 4370: 4342: 4333: 4298: 4272: 4240: 4139: 4068: 3992: 3862: 3809: 3765:Murex trunculus 3616: 3539:Murex trunculus 3461: 3389: 3378:Pazyryk burials 3368:(2nd century), 3366:Wadi Murabba'at 3255:Throne of Glory 3142: 3136: 3095: 3015:has been lost. 2962: 2836: 2824:Murex trunculus 2632: 2587: 2586: 2474: 2464: 2463: 2454:Judeo-Malayalam 2434:Judaeo-Georgian 2354: 2345: 2335: 2334: 2235:Yiddish theatre 2177: 2115: 2105: 2104: 2063: 2036: 2026: 2025: 1962: 1915: 1839: 1433: 1217:Genetic studies 1188: 1178: 1177: 995: 985: 984: 972: 971: 891: 890: 883: 873: 868: 850:and Middle Ages 848:Rabbinic period 835: 829: 822: 810: 781: 767: 737: 730: 721: 713: 709: 700: 695:in Judaism 692: 677: 600: 590: 589: 469: 459: 458: 402: 390: 335: 232: 221: 220: 219: 214: 208: 205: 199: 187: 183: 172: 161: 155: 152: 144:help improve it 141: 132: 128: 117: 111: 108: 89: 76: 72: 35: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6542: 6532: 6531: 6529:Shades of blue 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6482: 6481: 6473: 6457: 6456:External links 6454: 6453: 6452: 6447: 6442:978-0762782222 6441: 6428: 6423:978-0716728993 6422: 6405: 6398: 6395: 6392: 6391: 6381: 6375: 6354: 6333: 6315: 6306: 6290:"Menachot 44a" 6277: 6276: 6274: 6273: 6266: 6246: 6230: 6227:Tallit stripes 6218: 6200: 6177: 6163: 6145: 6142:קונטרס המכתבים 6134: 6116: 6105: 6089: 6071: 6053: 6035: 6026: 6022:P'til T'khelet 6014: 6011:. 13 May 2020. 5996: 5978: 5960: 5951:"Porphyrology" 5942: 5930: 5912: 5894: 5882: 5855: 5841: 5820: 5798: 5780: 5756: 5738: 5714: 5687: 5669: 5654: 5620: 5602: 5588: 5560: 5511: 5481: 5461: 5435: 5424: 5409: 5398: 5384: 5373: 5362: 5358:Devarim Rabbah 5350: 5332: 5314: 5305: 5299:978-0762782222 5298: 5277: 5249: 5243:978-0716728993 5242: 5217: 5196:Helix ianthina 5182: 5170: 5158: 5145: 5127: 5112: 5093: 5086:Shulchan Aruch 5078: 5066: 5055: 5044: 5025: 5012: 5008:Numbers Rabbah 4992: 4985:Baruch Sterman 4970: 4957: 4930: 4897: 4893:Studia Judaica 4884: 4857: 4842: 4818: 4801: 4783: 4774: 4756: 4747: 4726: 4697: 4670:(2): 176–201. 4650: 4641: 4605: 4600:biblesuite.com 4587: 4576: 4565: 4546: 4528: 4502: 4488: 4481: 4463: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4430: 4429: 4419: 4413: 4412: 4409:Judaism portal 4396: 4393: 4392: 4391: 4380: 4373: 4371: 4364:sodium bromide 4343: 4336: 4332: 4329: 4317:flag of Israel 4286:in white on a 4271: 4268: 4239: 4236: 4175:Radziner rebbe 4138: 4131: 4067: 4062: 3991: 3986: 3808: 3802: 3746:Yair Bacharach 3615: 3611:Arguments for 3609: 3460: 3455: 3388: 3382: 3135: 3132: 3102:biblical times 3094: 3088: 3061:Byzantine Jews 2978:Amarna letters 2961: 2958: 2844:Masoretic Text 2835: 2832: 2634: 2633: 2631: 2630: 2623: 2616: 2608: 2605: 2604: 2603: 2602: 2597: 2589: 2588: 2583: 2582: 2581: 2580: 2575: 2570: 2565: 2560: 2555: 2550: 2545: 2540: 2532: 2531: 2525: 2524: 2523: 2522: 2517: 2515:Territorialism 2512: 2507: 2502: 2497: 2492: 2484: 2483: 2475: 2470: 2469: 2466: 2465: 2462: 2461: 2456: 2451: 2446: 2441: 2436: 2431: 2426: 2421: 2416: 2411: 2406: 2401: 2399:Judaeo-Spanish 2396: 2394:Judaeo-Iranian 2391: 2386: 2381: 2376: 2371: 2366: 2361: 2360: 2359: 2346: 2341: 2340: 2337: 2336: 2331: 2330: 2329: 2328: 2323: 2318: 2310: 2309: 2303: 2302: 2301: 2300: 2295: 2290: 2285: 2280: 2275: 2270: 2265: 2257: 2256: 2250: 2249: 2248: 2247: 2242: 2237: 2232: 2224: 2223: 2217: 2216: 2215: 2214: 2209: 2201: 2200: 2194: 2193: 2192: 2191: 2186: 2181: 2174: 2165: 2160: 2155: 2146: 2141: 2136: 2131: 2123: 2122: 2116: 2111: 2110: 2107: 2106: 2103: 2102: 2097: 2092: 2087: 2082: 2077: 2072: 2067: 2060: 2059: 2058: 2053: 2048: 2037: 2032: 2031: 2028: 2027: 2022: 2021: 2020: 2019: 2014: 2009: 2004: 1999: 1991: 1990: 1984: 1983: 1982: 1981: 1976: 1971: 1966: 1959: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1912: 1907: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1879: 1878: 1872: 1871: 1870: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1851: 1850: 1846: 1845: 1844: 1843: 1840:United Kingdom 1836: 1831: 1826: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1796: 1791: 1786: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1756: 1751: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1688: 1687: 1681: 1680: 1679: 1678: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1480: 1479: 1475: 1474: 1473: 1472: 1467: 1462: 1452: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1273:Bilad-el-Sudan 1270: 1265: 1257: 1256: 1250: 1249: 1248: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1229: 1228: 1226:Land of Israel 1222: 1221: 1220: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1204: 1199: 1189: 1184: 1183: 1180: 1179: 1174: 1173: 1172: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1155: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1086: 1085: 1084:Related groups 1081: 1080: 1079: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1017: 1016: 1011: 996: 991: 990: 987: 986: 981: 980: 979: 978: 968: 963: 958: 953: 948: 943: 941:Jewish atheism 938: 933: 928: 920: 919: 915: 914: 913: 912: 907: 902: 897: 892:Islamic–Jewish 887: 880: 865: 860: 852: 851: 844: 843: 842: 841: 817: 804: 776: 771: 764: 759: 757:Yehud Medinata 751: 750: 744: 743: 742: 741: 734: 727: 719: 706: 698: 686: 681: 674: 666: 665: 663:Ancient Israel 659: 658: 657: 656: 651: 646: 641: 636: 631: 626: 621: 619:Land of Israel 616: 608: 607: 601: 596: 595: 592: 591: 586: 585: 584: 583: 578: 574:Shulchan Aruch 569: 564: 559: 554: 546: 545: 544: 543: 538: 530: 529: 523: 522: 521: 520: 515: 507: 506: 500: 499: 498: 497: 492: 487: 479: 478: 470: 465: 464: 461: 460: 457: 456: 451: 446: 441: 436: 431: 426: 421: 416: 411: 406: 399: 394: 387: 382: 377: 372: 367: 362: 352: 347: 340:God in Judaism 336: 331: 330: 327: 326: 325: 324: 319: 311: 310: 300: 299: 234: 233: 216: 215: 190: 188: 181: 174: 173: 135: 133: 126: 119: 118: 98:it, or adding 79: 77: 70: 65: 39: 38: 36: 29: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6541: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6491: 6489: 6480: 6479: 6474: 6471: 6468:is the snail 6467: 6463: 6462:Ptil Tekhelet 6460: 6459: 6451: 6448: 6444: 6438: 6434: 6429: 6425: 6419: 6414: 6413: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6400: 6385: 6379: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6358: 6351: 6347: 6343: 6337: 6329: 6325: 6319: 6310: 6304: 6301: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6282: 6278: 6269: 6267:9780876685945 6263: 6259: 6258: 6250: 6243: 6239: 6234: 6228: 6222: 6214: 6210: 6204: 6193: 6186: 6184: 6182: 6173: 6167: 6159: 6155: 6149: 6143: 6138: 6130: 6126: 6120: 6114: 6109: 6102: 6098: 6093: 6085: 6081: 6075: 6067: 6063: 6057: 6046: 6039: 6030: 6023: 6018: 6010: 6006: 6000: 5992: 5988: 5982: 5974: 5973:gutenberg.org 5970: 5964: 5956: 5952: 5946: 5939: 5938:Mishneh Torah 5934: 5926: 5925:techeiles.org 5922: 5916: 5908: 5904: 5898: 5892:Shabbat 10:20 5891: 5890:Mishneh Torah 5886: 5872: 5868: 5862: 5860: 5851: 5845: 5837: 5830: 5824: 5818: 5813: 5811: 5809: 5807: 5805: 5803: 5794: 5790: 5784: 5770: 5766: 5760: 5752: 5748: 5742: 5728: 5724: 5718: 5704: 5703:Ptil Tekhelet 5700: 5694: 5692: 5683: 5679: 5673: 5666:. p. 20. 5665: 5664:Levush Haaron 5658: 5644: 5640: 5633: 5631: 5629: 5627: 5625: 5616: 5612: 5606: 5598: 5592: 5577: 5575: 5570: 5564: 5556: 5549: 5542: 5540: 5538: 5536: 5534: 5532: 5530: 5528: 5526: 5524: 5522: 5520: 5518: 5516: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5485: 5479:(1992) p 14f. 5478: 5475: 5471: 5465: 5458: 5446: 5439: 5433: 5428: 5420: 5413: 5407: 5402: 5393: 5391: 5389: 5382: 5377: 5371: 5366: 5359: 5354: 5346: 5342: 5336: 5328: 5324: 5318: 5309: 5301: 5295: 5291: 5284: 5282: 5265: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5245: 5239: 5234: 5233: 5224: 5222: 5214: 5213: 5208: 5204: 5203: 5198: 5197: 5189: 5187: 5180: 5174: 5168: 5162: 5155: 5149: 5141: 5137: 5131: 5123: 5116: 5108: 5104: 5097: 5091: 5087: 5082: 5076: 5070: 5064: 5059: 5053: 5048: 5041: 5038: 5034: 5029: 5022: 5016: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4996: 4990: 4986: 4981: 4979: 4977: 4975: 4967: 4961: 4955: 4949: 4947: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4937: 4935: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4910: 4908: 4906: 4904: 4902: 4894: 4888: 4874: 4870: 4864: 4862: 4855: 4851: 4846: 4835: 4829: 4827: 4825: 4823: 4815: 4811: 4805: 4797: 4790: 4788: 4778: 4767: 4760: 4751: 4743: 4739: 4733: 4731: 4722: 4715: 4708: 4706: 4704: 4702: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4654: 4645: 4637: 4624: 4616: 4609: 4601: 4597: 4591: 4585: 4580: 4574: 4569: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4550: 4542: 4538: 4532: 4516: 4509: 4507: 4498: 4492: 4484: 4482:9781934152010 4478: 4474: 4467: 4451: 4447: 4441: 4437: 4428: 4424: 4423:Tyrian purple 4420: 4418: 4415: 4414: 4410: 4399: 4388: 4384: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4365: 4361: 4358:note the two 4354: 4351: 4347: 4346:tyrian purple 4340: 4335: 4334: 4328: 4326: 4320: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4301: 4297: 4289: 4288:dark sky blue 4285: 4281: 4276: 4263: 4259: 4257: 4251: 4248: 4244: 4238:Tying methods 4235: 4233: 4228: 4226: 4222: 4217: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4204:According to 4202: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4187:Yeshuot Malko 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4150: 4149: 4143: 4136: 4130: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4115: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4104:aplysioviolin 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4066: 4061: 4058: 4053: 4049: 4048:Prussian blue 4045: 4041: 4037: 4036: 4031: 4028: 4024: 4016: 4012: 4011:Prussian blue 4007: 4001: 3996: 3990: 3985: 3983: 3977: 3975: 3970: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3956:Trapping the 3954: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3939: 3934: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3875: 3872: 3868: 3861: 3856: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3841: 3832: 3826: 3821: 3813: 3807: 3801: 3799: 3795: 3790: 3788: 3785:. Similarly, 3784: 3780: 3776: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3757: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3720:as quoted by 3719: 3714: 3712: 3708: 3703: 3701: 3696: 3694: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3671: 3666: 3664: 3658: 3656: 3652: 3647: 3645: 3636: 3628: 3620: 3614: 3608: 3606: 3602: 3601:6-bromoindigo 3598: 3594: 3589: 3587: 3582: 3581: 3576: 3574: 3573:Ptil Tekhelet 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3511: 3505: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3483: 3479: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3459: 3454: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3435: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3404: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3387: 3381: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3362: 3361:debromination 3357: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3330: 3327: 3322: 3320: 3316: 3311: 3303: 3299: 3289: 3285: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3266: 3264: 3260: 3259:Jose ben Jose 3256: 3252: 3246: 3243: 3233: 3229: 3224: 3222: 3218: 3217: 3212: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3141: 3131: 3128: 3122: 3120: 3119: 3114: 3111: 3108:sources, the 3107: 3103: 3098: 3093: 3087: 3085: 3081: 3076: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3020:Julius Caesar 3016: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2992: 2986: 2985:Second Temple 2981: 2979: 2975: 2966: 2957: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2938: 2927: 2921: 2912: 2908: 2903: 2897: 2888: 2884: 2883:Tyrian purple 2880: 2876: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2831: 2827: 2825: 2821: 2820: 2815: 2811: 2806: 2800: 2791: 2790:Ancient Greek 2781: 2777: 2772: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2761: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2730: 2724: 2718: 2706: 2702: 2690: 2678: 2677: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2646: 2642: 2641: 2629: 2624: 2622: 2617: 2615: 2610: 2609: 2607: 2606: 2601: 2598: 2596: 2593: 2592: 2591: 2590: 2579: 2576: 2574: 2571: 2569: 2566: 2564: 2561: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2551: 2549: 2546: 2544: 2541: 2539: 2536: 2535: 2534: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2526: 2521: 2518: 2516: 2513: 2511: 2508: 2506: 2503: 2501: 2498: 2496: 2493: 2491: 2488: 2487: 2486: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2478: 2473: 2468: 2467: 2460: 2457: 2455: 2452: 2450: 2447: 2445: 2442: 2440: 2439:Judeo-Aramaic 2437: 2435: 2432: 2430: 2429:Judeo-Italian 2427: 2425: 2422: 2420: 2417: 2415: 2412: 2410: 2409:Ghardaïa Sign 2407: 2405: 2402: 2400: 2397: 2395: 2392: 2390: 2387: 2385: 2382: 2380: 2377: 2375: 2372: 2370: 2367: 2365: 2362: 2357: 2353: 2352: 2351: 2348: 2347: 2344: 2339: 2338: 2327: 2324: 2322: 2319: 2317: 2314: 2313: 2312: 2311: 2308: 2305: 2304: 2299: 2296: 2294: 2291: 2289: 2286: 2284: 2281: 2279: 2276: 2274: 2271: 2269: 2266: 2264: 2261: 2260: 2259: 2258: 2255: 2252: 2251: 2246: 2243: 2241: 2238: 2236: 2233: 2231: 2228: 2227: 2226: 2225: 2222: 2219: 2218: 2213: 2210: 2208: 2205: 2204: 2203: 2202: 2199: 2196: 2195: 2190: 2187: 2185: 2182: 2180: 2175: 2172: 2171: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2152: 2147: 2145: 2142: 2140: 2137: 2135: 2132: 2130: 2127: 2126: 2125: 2124: 2120: 2119: 2114: 2109: 2108: 2101: 2098: 2096: 2093: 2091: 2088: 2086: 2083: 2081: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2071: 2068: 2066: 2061: 2057: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2043: 2042: 2039: 2038: 2035: 2034:Denominations 2030: 2029: 2018: 2015: 2013: 2010: 2008: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1994: 1993: 1992: 1989: 1986: 1985: 1980: 1977: 1975: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1960: 1958: 1955: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1882: 1881: 1880: 1877: 1874: 1873: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1862:United States 1860: 1858: 1855: 1854: 1853: 1852: 1848: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1825: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1691: 1690: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1682: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1483: 1482: 1481: 1477: 1476: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1460: 1456: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1348:Guinea-Bissau 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1260: 1259: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1251: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1232: 1231: 1230: 1227: 1224: 1223: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1202:Lists of Jews 1200: 1198: 1195: 1194: 1193: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1181: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1129: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1089: 1088: 1087: 1083: 1082: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1006: 1005: 1002: 1001: 1000: 999: 994: 989: 988: 977: 969: 967: 964: 962: 961:The Holocaust 959: 957: 954: 952: 949: 947: 944: 942: 939: 937: 934: 932: 929: 927: 924: 923: 922: 921: 917: 916: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 896: 888: 886: 881: 877: 871: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 855: 854: 853: 849: 846: 845: 838: 832: 826: 821: 818: 814: 808: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 765: 763: 760: 758: 755: 754: 753: 752: 749: 746: 745: 740: 735: 733: 728: 724: 720: 717: 712: 707: 703: 699: 696: 690: 687: 685: 682: 680: 675: 673: 670: 669: 668: 667: 664: 661: 660: 655: 652: 650: 647: 645: 642: 640: 637: 635: 632: 630: 627: 625: 622: 620: 617: 615: 612: 611: 610: 609: 605: 604: 599: 594: 593: 582: 579: 576: 575: 570: 568: 565: 563: 562:Mishneh Torah 560: 558: 555: 553: 550: 549: 548: 547: 542: 539: 537: 534: 533: 532: 531: 528: 525: 524: 519: 516: 514: 511: 510: 509: 508: 505: 502: 501: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 482: 481: 480: 477: 474: 473: 468: 463: 462: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 400: 398: 395: 393: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 366: 363: 360: 356: 353: 351: 348: 345: 341: 338: 337: 334: 329: 328: 323: 322:Who is a Jew? 320: 318: 315: 314: 313: 312: 309: 305: 302: 301: 297: 293: 292: 286: 281: 273: 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