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this building... would have been called a Jewish synagogue without hesitation... Christian interest in the menorah dates perhaps as far back as the Book of
Revelation... Menorahs appear occasionally in obviously Christian contexts from Late Antiquity, as Marcel Simon has noted. A menorah flanked by crosses is seen on the sixth-century tombstone of a monk at Avdat in the Negev desert, for example... One issue of bronze coins dated to the Umayyad post-reform era (after 696/97) may be particularly significant for our study. A group of bronze issues shows the image of seven- and later five-branched menorahs surmounted by a crosspiece like those that appear on many Jewish menorahs, but with the Arabic legend "There is no god but Allah alone and Muhammad is Allah's messenger"—uniquely, on both faces of the coin.
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429:, who had intended to construct a center for women's studies. Inside that synagogue's ruins, a carved stone block was discovered, which had on its surface, among other ornate carvings, a depiction of the seven-lamp menorah differing markedly from the depiction on the Arch of Titus, which could possibly have been carved by an eyewitness to the actual menorah present at the time in the Temple at Jerusalem. This menorah has arms which are polygonal, not rounded, and the base is not graduated but triangular. It is notable, however, that this artifact was found a significant distance from Jerusalem and the Arch of Titus has often been interpreted as an eyewitness account of the original menorah being looted from the temple in Jerusalem.
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1300:. The Jerusalem Post describes the menorah as made "according to excruciatingly exacting Biblical specifications and prepared to be pressed into service immediately should the need arise." The menorah is made of one talent (interpreted as 45 kg) of 24 karat pure gold, hammered out of a single block of solid gold, with decorations based on the depiction of the original in the Arch of Titus and the Temple Institute's interpretation of the relevant religious texts.
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to be on one branch, three on the next branch, and the same for all six branches extending from the lampstand. And on the lampstand are to be four cups shaped like almond flowers with buds and blossoms. One bud shall be under the first pair of branches extending from the lampstand, a second bud under the second pair, and a third bud under the third pair—six branches in all. The buds and branches shall be all of one piece with the lampstand, hammered out of pure gold.
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1487:. This lampstand is a requirement for all Taoist temples, never to be extinguished. In the first 9 days of the lunar 9th month festival, an oil lamp of nine connected lamps may also be lit to honour both the Northern Dipper and two other assistant stars (collectively known as the Nine Emperor Stars), sons of
451:, only the center lamp was left burning all day, into which as much oil was put as into the others. Although all the other lights were extinguished, that light continued burning oil, in spite of the fact that it had been kindled first. This miracle, according to the Talmud, was taken as a sign that the
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It is now apparent that the image of the menorah is ubiquitous in
Samaritan visual culture of this period, to no less a degree than it is in Jewish art... The first Samaritan mosaic was uncovered in 1949, at Salbit... Were it not for the distinctly Samaritan inscription at the site, it is likely that
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One notable tradition is that the
Menorah actually never left Rome with the vandals. Orthodox Jews often cite as evidence of this the Oral Tradition, where there is a listing of Jewish treasures, which according to Jewish oral tradition are still in Rome, as they have been for centuries. According to
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and the "sanctuaries of the
Christians" there. The Menorah was therefore placed in the Nea Church located in the vicinity of what is today the Batei Makhse Square in the Old City. However, no record however exists of their arrival there, and there are no indications of pilgrimages to a shrine for the
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in the year 70 CE. In that frieze, the menorah is shown resting upon a hexagonal base, which in turn rests upon a slightly larger but concentric and identically shaped base; a stepwise appearance on all sides is thus produced. Each facet of the hexagonal base was made with two vertical stiles and two
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The objects that were crafted, and then hidden away are these: the tent of meeting and the vessels contained therein, the ark and the broken tablets, the container of manna, and the flask of anointing oil, the stick of Aaron and its almonds and flowers, the priestly garments, and the garments of the
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The menorah symbolized the ideal of universal enlightenment. The idea that the menorah symbolizes wisdom is noted in the Talmud, for example, in the following: "Rabbi Isaac said: He who desires to become wise should incline to the south . The symbol is that… the
Menorah was on the southern side ."
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Make a lampstand of pure gold. Hammer out its base and shaft, and make its flowerlike cups, buds and blossoms of one piece with them. Six branches are to extend from the sides of the lampstand—three on one side and three on the other. Three cups shaped like almond flowers with buds and blossoms are
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has noted of the original menorah, described in Exodus 25, that each of the six tributary branches coming out of the main shaft was decorated with three sets of "cups... shaped like almond blossoms... a bulb and a flower..." (Exodus 25:33, NASB). This would create three sets of three units on each
237:. Following the destruction of the Second Temple, the menorah came to be recognized as a distinctively Jewish symbol and was depicted on tomb walls, synagogue floors, sculptures and reliefs, as well as glass and metal objects. The menorah has been also used since then to distinguish synagogues and
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in the sanctuary. Though candles may be used, the traditional practice is to use olive oil in the seven-lamp lampstand. There are varying liturgical practices, and usually all seven lamps are lit for the services, though sometimes only the three centermost are lit for the lesser services. If the
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canon of scripture (containing 66 books). Moreover, Conner notes that the total decorative units on the shaft and three branches equate to 39 (the number of Old
Testament books within Protestant versions of the Bible); and the units on the remaining three branches come to 27 (the number of New
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refers to a mystery of seven golden lampstands representing seven churches. The messages to the seven churches from Jesus Christ found have at least four applications: (1) a local application to the specific cities and believers in the church; (2) to all the churches of all generations; (3) a
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is my light. "Let the light of
Divinity perceptions descend into the depths of "darkness ", into "the valley of the deepest darkness", to illuminate the lowest, so that even that light and consciousness of Divinity reaches them, so that He can heal and correct them to return them to
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The location and state of the
Menorah following the Vandal sack of Rome remains a mystery. Many scholars assume that at this point the Menorah left Rome for Carthage and further destinations, but some believe that the Menorah remains in Rome to this day.
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branch, a total of nine units per branch. The main shaft, however, had four sets of blossoms, bulbs and flowers, making a total of twelve units on the shaft (Exodus 25:34). This would create a total of 66 units, which Conner claims is a picture of the
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This is alluded to in the verses: "Though I walk through the valley of the deepest darkness, I will fear no evil, because You are with me" and "because even if I have fallen, I will rise again; even if I feel in the darkness,
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prophetic application unveiling seven distinct phases of church history from the days of the apostle John until today; (4) a personal application to individual believers who have ears to hear what the Spirit is saying.
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was not originally a "Hanukkah word" and only became associated with the holiday in the 16th century although it first appeared in the
Mishnah (c. 200 C.E.) and Talmud (c. 500 C.E.). This type of menorah is called a
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346:), held that they were straight; all other Jewish authorities, both classical (e.g. Philo and Josephus) and medieval (e.g. Ibn Ezra), who express an opinion on the subject state that the arms were round.
162:, which still stands today, famously depicts the menorah being carried away by the triumphant Romans along with other spoils of the destroyed temple. The menorah was reportedly taken to Carthage by the
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98b) brings down a dispute between two scholars on whether or not the menorah was situated north to south, or east to west. The branches are often artistically depicted as semicircular, but
306:(Chapter 8) adds that the seven lamps are to give light in front of the lampstand and reiterates that the lampstand was made in accordance with the pattern shown to Moses on the mountain.
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took away the lampstands (plural) when he pillaged the Temple. The later record of the making of "new holy vessels" may refer to the manufacture of new lampstands. According to the
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states that it is prohibited to use a seven-lamp menorah outside of the Temple. A Hanukkah menorah therefore has eight main branches, plus the raised ninth lamp set apart as the
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horizontal rails, a top rail and a bottom rail, resembling a protruding frame set against a sunken panel. These panels have some relief design set or sculpted within them.
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326:) high, or approximately 1.62 metres (5.3 ft). Although the menorah was placed in the antechamber of the Temple sanctuary, over against its southernmost wall, the
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182:, then later returned it to Jerusalem, but many other theories have been advanced for its eventual fate, and no clear evidence of its location has been recorded since
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1495:(the Three Pure Ones) to hold the Books of Life and Death of humanity. The lamps represent the illumination of the 7 stars, and lighting them are believed to absolve
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mind, searching for a happy memory from his childhood before the
Holocaust, and together they see Erik as a young child lighting his first menorah with his mother.
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Legends and theories hypothesize the Menorah may have been melted down or broken into chunks of gold by conquerors, destroyed in a fire, kept at or returned to
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Testament books). Conner connects this to Bible passages that speak of God's word as a light or lamp (e.g. Psalms 119:105; Psalms 119:130; cf. Proverbs 6:23).
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a popular interpretation the Vatican has kept the Menorah and the other mentioned Temple treasures hidden for centuries. Some claim that it has been kept in
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in the Jewish religion as the abyss of Israel's personal and collective identity, the Kohen Gadol thus insists for the "awakening" of the most distant
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of pure gold is to be used for the lampstand and all these accessories. See that you make them according to the pattern shown you on the mountain.
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Then make its seven lamps and set them up on it so that they light the space in front of it. Its wick trimmers and trays are to be of pure gold. A
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stone menorah reliefs, some with accompanying plant decorations, have been found in contemporary structures in several villages of ancient
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of the menorah used in Temple times. In addition, many synagogues display either a menorah or an artistic representation of a menorah.
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1998:, and each finger-width is estimated at 2.25 cm. This measurement does not include the step-like platform upon which it rested.
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represented by the central lamp. The menorah also symbolizes the creation in seven days, with the center light representing the
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captured the city and defeated the Vandals in 533. Belisarius removed the Menorah and the other treasures and brought them to
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Gold from the Land of Israel: A New Light on the Weekly Torah Portion - From the Writings of Rabbi Abraham Isaac HaKohen Kook
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states that three of the seven lamps were allowed to burn during the day also; however, according to one opinion in the
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of obtaining complete devotion: "darkness" is like an inaccessible place, darkness conceals the depth of the gaze; in
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Maimonides depicted them as straight in a manuscript drawing, but see Seth Mandel's alternative interpretation below.
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441:, the lamps of the menorah were lit daily from fresh, consecrated olive oil and burned from evening until morning.
1714:(1600–1681), sketch of the menorah as described in Exodus, undated. Biblioteca Statale del Monumento Nazionale di
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were poor and forced to construct the Menorah out of wood. They later upgraded it to silver and ultimately gold.
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in Rome depicts a scene of Roman soldiers carrying away the spoils of the Second Temple, including the menorah.
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951:, the spiritual measures of faith for the realization of the Kingdom of God, focus on the manifestation of the
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753:, prompted by superstitious fear that the treasures had been unlucky for Rome and Carthage, sent them back to
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Edited by Lee I. Levine and Ze’ev Weiss, 131–53. Supplement 40. Portsmouth, RI: Journal of Roman Archaeology.
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3:10 ). Figure is based on the accepted rabbinic view that there are four finger-widths to every handbreadth/
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with pottery dating from before the destruction of the Second Temple were discovered under land owned by the
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633:. Its fate is recorded by Josephus, who states that it was brought to Rome and carried along during the
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Contrary to some modern designs, the ancient menorah burned oil and did not contain anything resembling
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Williams, Margaret H. 2013. "The Menorah in a Sepulchral Context: A Protective, Apotropaic Symbol?" In
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main chamber. The weight of the lampstands forms part of the detailed instructions given to Solomon by
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3138:--. 2016. The Menorah: From the Bible to Modern Israel. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2016.
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2456:(Volume 7: Chapter XLI. From the Online Library of Liberty. The J. B. Bury edition, in 12 volumes.)
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1890:(2015). "When is a Menorah "Jewish"? On the Complexities of a Symbol under Byzantium and Islam".
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has created a life-sized menorah, designed by goldsmith Chaim Odem, intended for use in a future
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617:. The menorah is carried away by Roman soldiers, on the bottom-left corner. Oil on canvas, 1867.
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In this 1806 French print, the woman with the menorah represents the Jews being emancipated by
1319:, a chart shaped like the seven-lamp menorah is used to help students remember the role of the
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The most famous preserved representation of the menorah of the Second Temple was depicted in a
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in 455 CE, the Menorah and other assorted treasures of the Temple in Jerusalem were taken to
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257:, a nine-branched variant of the menorah, is closely associated with the Jewish festival of
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2612:"The Project Gutenberg eBook of History of the Wars, Books III and IV (of 8), by Procopius"
1765:, symbol of the Mandaean faith that represents the Light of God and seven days of creation.
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459:(Western lamp) because of the direction of its wick. This lamp was also referred to as the
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A nine-branched menorah is also a symbol closely associated with the Jewish holiday of
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The Historical Background and the Roots of the Temple Menorah as a visual motif (Heb.)
463:(lamp of God), mentioned in I Samuel 3:3. According to the Talmud, the miracle of the
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3163:, 77–88. Journal of Jewish Studies, Supplement 2. Oxford: Journal of Jewish Studies.
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Levine, Lee I. 2000. "The History and Significance of the Menorah in Antiquity." In
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Menorah there. If the Menorah arrived in Jerusalem, it may have been destroyed when
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branch on each side and the writing "ישראל" (Israel) based on its depiction on the
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Rabbinic sources teach that the menorah stood 18 handbreadths/palms (three common
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The Menorah, the Ancient Seven-Armed Candelabrum: Origin, Form, and Significance.
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An Introduction to the Philosophy and Religion of Taoism: Pathways to Immortality
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130:, and the only source of fuel that was allowed to be used to light the lamps was
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Fine, Steven. 2010. "'The Lamps of Israel': The Menorah as a Jewish Symbol." In
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First-century Synagogue Discovered on Site of Legion’s Magdala Center in Galilee
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Kevin Conner, The Tabernacle of Moses, City Christian Publishing (1976), p43-44
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Committee for the Prevention of Destruction of Antiquities on the Temple Mount
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is also, like the menorah, a seven candleholder which is associated with the
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in this order: the Moon, Mercury, Venus, the Sun, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn.
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943:("the light of the Face") is a fundamental conception for the process called
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582:, no mention is made of the return of the menorah but only of "vessels." The
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have been recorded. Menorah images that were discovered include the coins of
159:
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From Dura to Sepphoris: Studies in Jewish Art and Society in Late Antiquity.
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Kevin Conner, The Tabernacle of Moses, City Christian Publishing (1976), p43
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the use of the menorah has been preserved, always standing on or behind the
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For centuries, the menorah and the other temple treasures were displayed as
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Raviv, Dvir (2018). "A Seven-Branched Menorah Graffito from Kafr Mukhmas".
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Art and Judaism in the Greco-Roman World: Toward a New Jewish Archaeology.
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Morals and Dogma of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry
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Avi Abrams The Search for the Lost Memorah September 15, 2024 Aish Torah}
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Taylor, Joan E. (1995). "The Asherah, the Menorah and the Sacred Tree".
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3030:[Four Samaritan Menorahs from the village of Hajjeh, Samaria].
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Many scholars consider as fact that the Menorah was carried off by the
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Edward Gibbon: The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
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1483:七星燈 is a seven-lamp oil lamp lit to represent the seven stars of the
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The use of the temple menorah as an artistic decoration during the
907:(servant) light which is used to kindle the other lights. The word
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Drawing from a prayer book depicting the lighting of the Menorah,
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became much more common in the late Roman and Byzantine periods.
1174:). The use of menorahs in Jewish art and in particular in Jewish
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Since ancient times, it has served as a symbol representing the
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1896:. Fashion Studies. Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 38–53.
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Menorah memorial of the State of Israel with memorial wreaths,
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796:
But, the spice-grinder of the family of Avtinas , the table ,
696:
512:
475:
448:
378:
323:
3270:– by Yuval Baruch, City of David: Studies of Ancient Jerusalem
3135:
By Steven Fine, 148–163. New York: Cambridge University Press.
2418:"Vatican and Rome's Jewish Museum Team Up for Menorah Exhibit"
1284:, based on the depiction of the menorah on the Arch of Titus.
1056:, the seven lamps of the golden menorah represented the seven
4573:
4394:
4263:
4253:
4207:
2524:
Art and Architecture of the Synagogue in Byzantine Palaestina
1642:
1507:
The menorah features prominently in the 2013 crypto-thriller
1269:
1106:
1068:
1004:
986:
692:(1833–1836), depicting the menorah taken away by the Vandals.
642:
547:
335:
283:
50:
1150:
is quite rare. Examples were uncovered in burial caves near
1114:
the centermost lamp of the seven lamps may remain lit as an
478:, which were unknown in the Middle East until about 400 CE.
142:
was home to ten menorahs, which were later plundered by the
3009:
Strata: Bulletin of the Anglo-Israel Archaeological Society
2980:
Service Book of the Holy Orthodox-Catholic Apostolic Church
2794:(English and Hebrew ed.). Soncino Press. p. 12a.
1843:
The Menorah: Evolving into the most important Jewish symbol
1609:
990:
956:
665:
622:
516:
390:
155:
150:
is also said to have been home to a menorah. Following the
126:
According to the Hebrew Bible, the menorah was made out of
104:
56:
41:
1248:(eternal light). This lamp represents the continually lit
539:
created ten lampstands ("menorahs"), that were put in the
286:
and describes the construction of the menorah as follows:
1893:
Age of Transition: Byzantine Culture in the Islamic World
1496:
985:
must triumph. When the risk of "fall" can do the loss of
844:
668:, or in the Imperial Palace. It was still there when the
193:
Early representation of the menorah, on a coin coined by
92:
and in later ancient sources as having been used in the
413:
with menorah that was found in the archaeological site
209:. There are no representations of the menorah from the
495:, and the Bible records it as being present until the
1539:, by W.S. Mahler. A menorah can be seen in the movie
1234:
have a continually lit lamp or light in front of the
47:
3025:
53:
1190:identity during the Byzantine and Islamic periods.
923:
44:
38:
3157:The Image and Its Prohibition in Jewish Antiquity.
2411:
2409:
1808:
1447:, Holocaust memorial commemorating deportation of
1287:
621:The menorah from the Second Temple was carried to
2642:https://aish.com/the-search-for-the-lost-menorah/
4786:
1815:. New York: Hebrew Publishing Company. pp.
1517:. It is also featured in the archaeology novels
1407:Menorah monument to the 33,771 Jews murdered at
839:The seven lamps allude to the branches of human
338:, (according to some contemporary readings) and
3026:Erlich (Zhabo), Ze’ev H.; Rotter, Meir (2021).
2894:Rev. 1. TPT version, translator's footnote 'ax'
2406:
1082:The giant menorah from the 14th century in the
781:. The above Oral Tradition is codified in the
123:'s official emblem after its founding in 1948.
1645:and menorah from the Harry S Truman collection
264:
205:The menorah is frequently used as a symbol in
4150:
3289:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1794:
760:Jerusalem was pillaged by the Persians in 614
680:Whereabouts Following the Vandal sack of Rome
241:from the places of worship and cemeteries of
225:king of Judea, as well as on the walls of an
152:Roman destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple
4805:Hebrew words and phrases in the Hebrew Bible
2872:Likutey Halajot: ORAJ JAIM Hashkamat Haboker
1084:Basilica of the Assumption of Our Lady, Brno
3253:– by Morris Jastrow Jr., Immanuel Benzinger
3038:(2). Ariel University Publishing: 188–204.
1332:The menorah is the main element in several
1308:A menorah appeared on the cap badge of the
1303:
4743:With a strong hand and an outstretched arm
4157:
4143:
3303:
3296:
3282:
3169:Journal for the Study of the Old Testament
3112:, page 213 (Sussex Academic Press, 2005).
3028:"ארבע מנורות שומרוניות בכפר חג'ה שבשומרון"
2120:
2034:See the Rebbe Menachem Mendel Schneerson,
1791:
777:, others that it is in the cellars of the
503:. When the tabernacle tent was pitched in
4738:Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy
2984:Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese
2416:Povoledo, Elisabetta (20 February 2017).
253:, Christian and Islamic communities. The
3259:– by Cyrus Adler, Judah David Eisenstein
2606:
2604:
2560:
2558:
2518:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2415:
1839:
1806:
1592:Detail of a menorah relief on a column,
1315:Sometimes when teaching learners of the
1259:
1186:The menorah was a distinctive symbol of
1130:
1077:
1020:
864:
819:
695:
683:
605:
554:, the lampstands were taken away by the
405:
364:
313:
188:
3078:"CITYsights: More than a model menorah"
2974:
2826:
2792:Babylonian Talmud: Tractate Baba Bathra
2789:
2696:
2659:Living Emblems Ancient Symbols of Faith
2570:Living Emblems Ancient Symbols of Faith
2470:
2466:
2464:
2462:
1392:Menorah monument at Jewish Cemetery of
1135:Menorah in the Cave of the Sarcophagi,
700:A reconstruction of the menorah of the
455:rested among Israel. It was called the
282:revealed the design for the menorah to
4787:
3166:
2773:, page 239 (Urim Publications, 2006).
2370:Tucci, Pier Luigi (16 November 2017).
611:Destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem
491:The original menorah was made for the
233:in Jerusalem, and objects such as the
178:recovered it in 533 and brought it to
4138:
3277:
3251:JewishEncyclopedia.com: Arch of Titus
3006:
2929:A House of David in the Land of Jesus
2769:Chanan Morrison, Abraham Isaac Kook,
2601:
2555:
2507:
2428:from the original on 22 February 2017
2369:
2349:
2100:11 September 2009 - regnumchristi.org
1730:Illustration of menorah published in
1502:
875:Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme
688:Painting on Genseric sacking Rome by
342:(in a sketch commented on by his son
79:
3694:The Western Wall Heritage Foundation
2907:by Albert Pike (L.H. Jenkins, 1871 )
2827:Johnson, George (15 November 2018).
2697:Donagan, Zechariah (November 2009).
2653:
2564:
2471:Donagan, Zechariah (November 2009).
2459:
2133:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1886:
1221:
213:, but some examples dating from the
4671:Mekhilta of Rabbi Shimon ben Yochai
3247:– by Emil G. Hirsch, Wilhelm Nowack
3245:JewishEncyclopedia.com: Candlestick
2622:from the original on 26 August 2022
966:is the "service" for God, i.e. the
869:19th century Hanukkah menorah from
854:
789:printed with the Babylonian Talmud.
522:
467:ended after the High Priesthood of
318:Maimonides' drawing of the menorah.
309:
154:in 70 CE, the menorah was taken to
69:
13:
4164:
3125:
3058:from the original on 10 March 2022
3019:
2947:NASB, The Lockman Foundation, 1995
2056:(Book iii, chapter vi, section 7).
1780:Seven-branched candelabrum (Essen)
1684:Sephardic style menorah from Spain
1455:
1376:cap badge: menorah and word קדימה
1312:of the Jewish Legion (1919–1921).
1255:
14:
4841:
3204:
2654:Garr, John D. (22 January 2007).
2565:Garr, John D. (22 January 2007).
2121:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
1499:while prolonging one's lifespan.
1394:Theresienstadt concentration camp
1268:shows a menorah surrounded by an
1063:It is also said to symbolize the
1025:Reverse of 1590 coin in honor of
745:as trophies of war. According to
4119:
4118:
3175:(66). SAGE Publications: 29–54.
3090:from the original on 3 July 2022
2751:from the original on 3 July 2022
2721:from the original on 1 July 2023
2678:from the original on 1 July 2023
2589:from the original on 1 July 2023
2543:from the original on 1 July 2023
2495:from the original on 1 July 2023
2394:from the original on 1 July 2023
2226:from the original on 3 July 2022
2185:from the original on 3 July 2022
2155:from the original on 3 July 2022
2124:"Seven-Branch Candlestick"
2077:from the original on 1 July 2023
1910:from the original on 1 July 2023
1868:from the original on 1 July 2023
1723:
1704:
1689:
1677:
1650:
1635:
1620:
1601:
1585:
1563:
1435:
1416:
1400:
1385:
1365:
1341:
1226:
1181:
924:Kabbalah and the symbol of light
779:Archbasilica of St. John Lateran
569:
401:
369:Depiction of the menorah on the
360:
138:. Biblical tradition holds that
134:. The menorah was placed in the
34:
3821:Urn for ashes of the Red Heifer
3257:JewishEncyclopedia.com: Menorah
3102:
3070:
3000:
2968:
2959:
2950:
2941:
2921:
2910:
2897:
2888:
2879:
2864:
2851:
2839:from the original on 8 May 2021
2820:
2808:
2783:
2763:
2733:
2690:
2647:
2634:
2440:
2363:
2338:
2327:
2315:
2304:
2293:
2282:
2271:
2260:
2249:
2238:
2208:
2197:
2167:
2137:
2114:
2103:
2089:
2059:
2041:
2028:
2019:
1288:Temple Institute reconstruction
1016:
997:towards the fulfillment of the
733:. They were still there when a
574:During the construction of the
269:
2982:(5th ed.). Englewood NJ:
2790:Epstein, Isadore, ed. (1976).
2519:Friedman, Asaf (24 May 2019).
2380:. Cambridge University Press.
2010:
2001:
1969:
1960:
1937:
1926:
1880:
1833:
1612:, from the collections of the
629:in 70 CE at the height of the
471:in the 3rd or 4th century BC.
1:
4081:Status quo of Holy Land sites
1785:
1529:The Last Secret of the Temple
1126:
993:in order to direct them with
486:
3996:Temple Mount Sifting Project
3235:Resources in other libraries
2870:Rabbi Nathan, Moshe Mykoff.
810:
201:king of Judea (r. 40–37 BCE)
170:in 455. Byzantine historian
7:
4022:Assassination of Abdullah I
3654:Holyland Model of Jerusalem
2931:, page 18 (Pelican, 2007).
2702:Mountains Before the Temple
2476:Mountains Before the Temple
2375:The Temple of Peace in Rome
1741:
1033:(Let your light so shine –
1029:with menorah and the legend
265:Construction and appearance
119:. It eventually became the
10:
4846:
4044:2015–2016 wave of violence
3773:Pro–Wailing Wall Committee
3659:Schick models of Jerusalem
3181:10.1177/030908929502006602
2875:Breslov Research Institute
2741:"Avot D'Rabbi Natan 41:12"
2016:Commentary on Exodus, ch 7
1614:National Library of Israel
1556:
973:During the victory of the
892:desecration of the Jewish
858:
815:
804:are still sitting in Rome.
511:was moved in the times of
481:
18:
4751:
4710:
4689:
4666:Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael
4638:
4612:
4544:
4478:
4405:Pillars of fire and cloud
4347:
4246:
4180:
4114:
4073:
4009:
3981:
3932:
3866:
3840:
3833:
3793:
3732:
3674:
3565:
3558:
3516:
3473:
3427:
3401:
3345:
3324:
3315:
3263:Livius.org on the Menorah
3230:Resources in your library
1955:New International Version
1840:Hachlili, Rachel (2018).
1811:A Book of Jewish Concepts
1807:Birnbaum, Philip (1975).
1776:Laws of the Temple 3:1–10
1696:A menorah on the flag of
1657:The menorah presented to
1573:period stone tablet from
1280:A menorah appears in the
1121:
769:, or lost in a shipwreck.
88:that is described in the
3899:Monastery of the Virgins
3141:Hachlili, Rachel. 2001.
1949:29 November 2019 at the
1491:appointed by the Taoist
1304:Other modern Jewish uses
1137:Beit She'arim necropolis
824:Seven-branched menorah,
800:, the curtain , and the
627:destruction of Jerusalem
564:destruction of Jerusalem
432:
421:In 2009, the ruins of a
395:destruction of Jerusalem
19:Not to be confused with
16:Ancient Hebrew lampstand
4086:Hashemite custodianship
3991:Archaeological remnants
3745:Western Wall Commission
3409:Fountain of Qasim Pasha
1110:church does not have a
1103:Eastern Orthodox Church
964:an awakening from below
601:
219:Antigonus II Mattathias
195:Antigonus II Mattathias
4506:Stations of the Exodus
4032:Al-Aqsa Mosque clashes
3524:Jerusalem Islamic Waqf
2529:. Cambridge Scholars.
2452:3 January 2008 at the
1537:The Testament of Elias
1479:, the Seven-Star Lamp
1425:KZ Mauthausen memorial
1277:
1139:
1086:
1037:
937:
877:
832:
828:(4th–5th century CE).
806:
709:
704:, manufactured by the
693:
631:First Jewish–Roman War
618:
418:
374:
319:
300:
202:
84:) is a seven-branched
4810:Jewish ritual objects
4681:In Antebellum America
4646:Sources and parallels
4294:High Priest of Israel
3763:Temple Mount Faithful
3353:Dome of the Ascension
2927:Robert Lewis Berman,
2829:"Jewish Word:Shamash"
2130:Catholic Encyclopedia
2071:penelope.uchicago.edu
2038:, vol 21, pp 168-171.
1718:, cod. 469, fol. 199v
1263:
1164:Old City of Jerusalem
1134:
1081:
1050:Clement of Alexandria
1031:SIC•LUCEAT•LUX•VESTRA
1024:
1007:is the light and the
981:almost declared that
927:
868:
823:
790:
729:, the capital of the
699:
687:
609:
427:Legionaries of Christ
409:
368:
317:
288:
192:
3758:The Temple Institute
3530:Al-Aqsa is in danger
3414:Fountain of Qayt Bay
3108:Jeaneane D. Fowler,
2700:Donagan, Zechariah,
2664:. Golden Key Press.
2575:. Golden Key Press.
2474:Donagan, Zechariah,
1992:Hil. Beit ha-Baḥirah
1242:is kept, called the
1144:Second Temple period
423:synagogue in Magdala
385:, commemorating his
215:Second Temple period
4774:Zipporah at the inn
4536:Yam Suph (Reed Sea)
4365:Ark of the Covenant
3858:Hall of Hewn Stones
3768:Platoon of the Wall
3724:Western Wall Tunnel
3684:Little Western Wall
3580:Ark of the Covenant
3383:Dome of the Spirits
3373:Dome of the Prophet
3337:Marwani Prayer Hall
3145:Leiden: E.J. Brill.
3044:10.26351/IHD/11-2/3
2373:Tucci, Pier Luigi,
2007:Rashi, Exodus 25:32
1334:Holocaust memorials
894:Temple in Jerusalem
884:. According to the
783:Avot of Rabbi Natan
702:Temple in Jerusalem
550:. According to the
533:Books of Chronicles
509:Ark of the Covenant
211:First Temple period
98:Temple in Jerusalem
4651:Textual variations
4491:Massah and Meribah
4409:Priestly clothing
4329:Pharaoh's daughter
4106:Navel of the World
4091:Entry restrictions
3778:Women for the Wall
3393:Dome of Yusuf Agha
3368:Dome of al-Khalili
3083:The Jerusalem Post
2422:The New York Times
2289:1 Chronicles 28:15
1629:Napoleon Bonaparte
1542:X-Men: First Class
1510:The Sword of Moses
1503:In popular culture
1278:
1140:
1087:
1042:Book of Revelation
1040:The New Testament
1038:
878:
833:
830:Rockefeller Museum
826:Eshtemoa synagogue
710:
694:
619:
419:
375:
320:
227:Upper City mansion
203:
174:reported that the
4782:
4781:
4531:Wilderness of Sin
4521:Battle of Refidim
4418:golden head plate
4334:Shiphrah and Puah
4132:
4131:
3977:
3976:
3919:Solomon's Stables
3829:
3828:
3783:Women of the Wall
3554:
3553:
3501:Cotton Merchants'
3474:Walls and entries
3358:Dome of the Chain
3211:Library resources
2937:978-1-58980-720-4
2616:www.gutenberg.org
1976:Babylonian Talmud
1903:978-0-300-21111-5
1853:978-90-04-37509-3
1846:. Leiden: Brill.
1698:Iglesia ni Cristo
1670:Tsarska Bistritsa
1575:Peki'in Synagogue
1449:Thessaloniki Jews
1444:Menorah in flames
1222:Modern Jewish use
1148:Bar Kokhba revolt
1058:classical planets
977:in Hanukkah, the
793:anointed priest.
584:book of Maccabees
437:According to the
239:Jewish cemeteries
81:[menoˈʁa]
4837:
4820:Fire in religion
4769:Ten Commandments
4764:Plagues of Egypt
4639:Textual analysis
4390:Incense offering
4360:Ark of bulrushes
4159:
4152:
4145:
4136:
4135:
4122:
4121:
3884:Antonia Fortress
3874:Foundation Stone
3838:
3837:
3834:Other components
3749:Advocacy groups
3740:Kotel compromise
3575:Solomon's Temple
3563:
3562:
3541:Al-Aqsa massacre
3428:Other structures
3378:Dome of the Rock
3363:Dome of al-Khidr
3322:
3321:
3298:
3291:
3284:
3275:
3274:
3216:Menorah (Temple)
3200:
3120:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3023:
3017:
3016:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2972:
2966:
2963:
2957:
2954:
2948:
2945:
2939:
2925:
2919:
2914:
2908:
2901:
2895:
2892:
2886:
2883:
2877:
2868:
2862:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2824:
2818:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2787:
2781:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2704:(2009), pp.66–67
2694:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2651:
2645:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2608:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2562:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2522:Friedman, Asaf,
2516:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2468:
2457:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2413:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2367:
2361:
2353:
2347:
2345:1 Maccabees 4:49
2342:
2336:
2334:1 Maccabees 1:21
2331:
2325:
2319:
2313:
2308:
2302:
2300:2 Chronicles 4:7
2297:
2291:
2286:
2280:
2275:
2269:
2264:
2258:
2253:
2247:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2212:
2206:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2175:"Menachot 86b:8"
2171:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2126:
2118:
2112:
2107:
2101:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2063:
2057:
2045:
2039:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2008:
2005:
1999:
1973:
1967:
1964:
1958:
1941:
1935:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1917:
1915:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1814:
1804:
1727:
1708:
1693:
1681:
1666:Jewish community
1654:
1639:
1624:
1605:
1589:
1567:
1551:Erik Lehnsherr's
1466:African American
1439:
1420:
1404:
1389:
1369:
1345:
1294:Temple Institute
1282:Emblem of Israel
1266:Emblem of Israel
1160:Herodian Quarter
861:Hanukkah menorah
855:Hannukah Menorah
706:Temple Institute
594:, the returning
552:Book of Jeremiah
544:Solomon's Temple
523:Solomon's Temple
387:triumphal parade
310:In other sources
255:Hanukkah menorah
140:Solomon's Temple
83:
78:
71:
63:
62:
59:
58:
55:
52:
49:
46:
43:
40:
21:Hanukkah menorah
4845:
4844:
4840:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4835:
4834:
4785:
4784:
4783:
4778:
4747:
4706:
4685:
4676:Song of the Sea
4634:
4608:
4540:
4474:
4343:
4314:Nadab and Abihu
4242:
4176:
4175:
4163:
4133:
4128:
4110:
4069:
4005:
3973:
3928:
3909:Ptolemaic Baris
3894:Hasmonean Baris
3862:
3825:
3816:Robinson's Arch
3811:Boaz and Jachin
3789:
3728:
3699:Mughrabi Bridge
3670:
3627:Temple treasury
3617:Solomon's Porch
3559:Jewish elements
3550:
3512:
3469:
3423:
3397:
3341:
3311:
3302:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3219:
3218:
3214:
3207:
3128:
3126:Further reading
3123:
3107:
3103:
3093:
3091:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3061:
3059:
3024:
3020:
3005:
3001:
2994:
2993:978-148104918-4
2986:. p. xxx.
2976:Hapgood, Isabel
2973:
2969:
2964:
2960:
2955:
2951:
2946:
2942:
2926:
2922:
2915:
2911:
2902:
2898:
2893:
2889:
2884:
2880:
2869:
2865:
2856:
2852:
2842:
2840:
2833:Moment Magazine
2825:
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2707:. Xulon Press.
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2657:Garr, John D.,
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2481:. Xulon Press.
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2145:"Shabbat 22b:2"
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1944:Exodus 25:31-40
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1485:Northern Dipper
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682:
670:city was sacked
662:Temple of Peace
615:Francesco Hayez
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132:fresh olive oil
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1146:and up to the
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1112:sanctuary lamp
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859:Main article:
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767:Constantinople
763:
743:Constantinople
737:under General
735:Byzantine army
731:Vandal Kingdom
681:
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660:either at the
603:
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580:Return to Zion
578:following the
571:
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562:following the
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469:Simon the Just
465:ner hama'aravi
457:ner hama'aravi
439:Book of Exodus
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393:following the
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184:late antiquity
180:Constantinople
176:Byzantine army
113:Land of Israel
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4101:Well of Souls
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3889:Birket Israel
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3853:Southern Wall
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3704:Placing notes
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3592:Second Temple
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3546:Al-Aqsa Flood
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2750:
2746:
2742:
2736:
2720:
2716:
2714:9781615795307
2710:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2693:
2677:
2673:
2671:9780979451416
2667:
2663:
2662:
2661:(2009), p. 68
2658:
2650:
2643:
2637:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2607:
2605:
2588:
2584:
2582:9780979451416
2578:
2574:
2573:
2572:(2009), p. 68
2569:
2561:
2559:
2542:
2538:
2536:9781527535053
2532:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2494:
2490:
2488:9781615795307
2484:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2455:
2451:
2448:
2443:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2412:
2410:
2393:
2389:
2387:9781108548816
2383:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2366:
2359:
2358:
2357:Rosh Hashanah
2352:
2346:
2341:
2335:
2330:
2323:
2318:
2312:
2307:
2301:
2296:
2290:
2285:
2279:
2274:
2268:
2263:
2257:
2252:
2246:
2241:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2216:"Yoma 39a:15"
2211:
2205:
2200:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2140:
2132:
2131:
2125:
2117:
2111:
2106:
2099:
2098:
2092:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2062:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2037:
2031:
2022:
2013:
2004:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1966:Numbers 8:1-4
1963:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1940:
1934:
1929:
1922:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1883:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1849:
1845:
1844:
1836:
1828:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1812:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1790:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1770:Mishneh Torah
1767:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1753:Lachish Ewer
1751:
1749:
1748:Star of David
1746:
1745:
1735:
1734:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1716:Monte Cassino
1713:
1707:
1702:
1699:
1692:
1687:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1664:
1660:
1653:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1633:
1630:
1623:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1604:
1599:
1596:, 1st century
1595:
1588:
1583:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1571:Second Temple
1566:
1561:
1560:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1525:David Gibbins
1522:
1521:
1520:Crusader Gold
1516:
1512:
1511:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1438:
1433:
1430:
1426:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1403:
1398:
1395:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1374:Jewish Legion
1368:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1344:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1311:
1310:First Judeans
1301:
1299:
1295:
1285:
1283:
1275:
1274:Arch of Titus
1271:
1267:
1262:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1227:In synagogues
1219:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1182:Samaritan art
1179:
1177:
1173:
1172:Magdala Stone
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1138:
1133:
1119:
1117:
1116:eternal flame
1113:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1096:
1091:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1054:Philo Judaeus
1051:
1048:According to
1046:
1043:
1036:
1028:
1023:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
971:
969:
965:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
936:
933:
921:
919:
918:Modern Hebrew
915:
910:
906:
902:
897:
895:
891:
887:
883:
876:
872:
867:
862:
852:
850:
846:
842:
837:
831:
827:
822:
805:
803:
799:
788:
785:, one of the
784:
780:
776:
771:
768:
764:
761:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
715:
714:
707:
703:
698:
691:
690:Karl Bryullov
686:
677:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
654:
652:
651:Arch of Titus
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
616:
612:
608:
599:
597:
593:
589:
586:records that
585:
581:
577:
576:Second Temple
570:Second Temple
567:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
542:
538:
534:
530:
527:According to
520:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
479:
477:
472:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
440:
430:
428:
424:
416:
412:
408:
402:Magdala Stone
399:
396:
392:
388:
384:
383:Arch of Titus
380:
372:
371:Arch of Titus
367:
361:Arch of Titus
358:
356:
352:
347:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
316:
307:
305:
299:
297:
292:
287:
285:
281:
277:
262:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
235:Magdala stone
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
200:
196:
191:
187:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
160:Arch of Titus
157:
153:
149:
148:Second Temple
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
124:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
105:Jewish people
101:
99:
95:
91:
87:
82:
74:
67:
61:
31:
26:
22:
4800:Gold objects
4697:Nash Papyrus
4469:
4380:Burning bush
4375:Bronze laver
4370:Asherah pole
4168:
4064:2023 clashes
4060:2022 clashes
4040:2009 clashes
3952:Huldah Gates
3848:Eastern Wall
3676:Western Wall
3666:Third Temple
3621:
3528:
3325:Prayer halls
3305:Temple Mount
3225:Online books
3215:
3172:
3168:
3161:Sarah Pearce
3156:
3149:
3142:
3132:
3109:
3104:
3092:. Retrieved
3081:
3072:
3060:. Retrieved
3035:
3031:
3021:
3012:
3008:
3002:
2979:
2970:
2961:
2952:
2943:
2928:
2923:
2912:
2904:
2899:
2890:
2885:Rev. 1:12,20
2881:
2871:
2866:
2857:
2853:
2841:. Retrieved
2832:
2822:
2810:
2791:
2785:
2770:
2765:
2753:. Retrieved
2744:
2735:
2723:. Retrieved
2703:
2699:
2692:
2680:. Retrieved
2660:
2656:
2649:
2636:
2624:. Retrieved
2615:
2591:. Retrieved
2571:
2567:
2545:. Retrieved
2526:(2019), p.31
2525:
2521:
2497:. Retrieved
2478:(2009), p.66
2477:
2473:
2442:
2430:. Retrieved
2421:
2396:. Retrieved
2377:(2017), p.10
2376:
2372:
2365:
2356:
2351:
2340:
2329:
2317:
2306:
2295:
2284:
2278:1 Kings 7:49
2273:
2267:1 Samuel 5:1
2262:
2256:1 Samuel 3:3
2251:
2240:
2228:. Retrieved
2219:
2210:
2204:1 Samuel 3:3
2199:
2187:. Retrieved
2178:
2169:
2157:. Retrieved
2148:
2139:
2128:
2116:
2110:Exodus 27:21
2105:
2096:
2091:
2079:. Retrieved
2070:
2061:
2051:
2043:
2035:
2030:
2021:
2012:
2003:
1991:
1988:Mishne Torah
1971:
1962:
1954:
1939:
1928:
1919:
1912:. Retrieved
1892:
1888:Fine, Steven
1882:
1870:. Retrieved
1842:
1835:
1810:
1773:
1768:
1731:
1540:
1536:
1533:Paul Sussman
1528:
1518:
1508:
1506:
1481:qi xing deng
1480:
1474:
1468:festival of
1459:
1443:
1377:
1352:outside the
1331:
1320:
1314:
1307:
1298:Third Temple
1291:
1279:
1249:
1243:
1240:Torah scroll
1238:, where the
1230:
1198:, including
1185:
1176:funerary art
1141:
1100:
1090:Kevin Conner
1088:
1065:burning bush
1062:
1047:
1039:
1017:Christianity
1002:
983:divine light
982:
972:
963:
952:
948:
940:
939:In Kabbalah
938:
928:
913:
908:
904:
898:
888:, after the
879:
838:
834:
797:
791:
775:Vatican City
723:Sack of Rome
711:
658:war trophies
655:
620:
610:
588:Antiochus IV
573:
540:
526:
501:Jordan River
499:crossed the
490:
473:
464:
460:
456:
443:
436:
420:
376:
351:Roman-Jewish
348:
331:
321:
302:The Book of
301:
293:
289:
278:states that
276:Hebrew Bible
273:
270:Hebrew Bible
231:Jason's Tomb
204:
125:
111:in both the
102:
90:Hebrew Bible
72:
29:
27:
25:
4723:Baal-zephon
4690:Manuscripts
4516:Pi-Ramesses
4511:Pi-HaHiroth
4501:Mount Sinai
4496:Mount Horeb
4413:breastplate
4385:Golden calf
4355:Aaron's rod
4056:2021 crisis
4048:2017 crisis
3983:Excavations
3957:Lions' Gate
3947:Golden Gate
3867:Antiquities
3496:Inspector's
2322:Ezra 1:9–10
2245:Joshua 18:1
2053:Antiquities
1914:29 December
1327:Hebrew verb
1212:Kafr Qaddum
1204:Kafr Abbush
1073:Mount Horeb
1067:as seen by
1035:Matt. 5:16)
979:Kohen Gadol
798:the menorah
721:during the
676:in 455 CE.
560:Nebuzaradan
221:, the last
197:, the last
144:Babylonians
96:and in the
86:candelabrum
4830:7 (number)
4795:Candelabra
4789:Categories
4759:The Exodus
4728:El Shaddai
4702:Papyrus 18
4460:Tabernacle
4400:Mercy seat
4259:Israelites
4036:1990 riots
4027:1969 arson
3942:Al-Mawazin
3914:Royal Stoa
3806:Mercy seat
3644:Tisha B'Av
3612:Molten Sea
3585:Tabernacle
3486:Al-Mawazin
3463:Khatuniyya
3458:Uthmaniyya
3453:Tankiziyya
3448:Ashrafiyya
3159:Edited by
1984:Maimonides
1872:1 December
1862:1033561712
1826:088482876X
1786:References
1358:Parliament
1250:ner Elohim
1232:Synagogues
1208:Kafr Zibad
1192:Repurposed
1158:), in the
1127:Jewish art
1095:Protestant
947:. All the
802:head-plate
739:Belisarius
647:bas relief
625:after the
596:Hasmoneans
556:Babylonian
497:Israelites
493:tabernacle
487:Tabernacle
461:ner Elohim
353:historian
340:Maimonides
243:Christians
207:Jewish art
166:after the
136:Tabernacle
94:Tabernacle
77:pronounced
4579:Mishpatim
4569:Beshalach
4450:Showbread
4010:Conflicts
3801:Shekhinah
3689:Dung Gate
3602:Sanctuary
3536:Murabitat
3444:Madrasas
3402:Fountains
3197:170422840
3189:0309-0892
3052:245363335
3032:במעבה ההר
2978:(1975) .
1663:Bulgarian
1661:from the
1411:, Ukraine
1380:(forward)
1356:(Israeli
1245:ner tamid
1236:Torah ark
1188:Samaritan
1166:, and in
1154:(ancient
1027:Urban VII
1011:is a lamp
961:Chassidut
914:hanukkiah
841:knowledge
811:Symbolism
755:Jerusalem
751:Justinian
747:Procopius
639:Vespasian
453:Shechinah
251:Samaritan
223:Hasmonean
199:Hasmonean
172:Procopius
128:pure gold
4825:Oil lamp
4620:Priestly
4599:Vayakhel
4594:Ki Tissa
4589:Tetzaveh
4465:Tefillin
4339:Zipporah
4181:Chapters
4124:Category
4074:See also
3649:Replicas
3517:See also
3481:Minarets
3088:Archived
3062:25 March
3056:Archived
3015:: 87–99.
2917:Exodus 3
2837:Archived
2749:Archived
2725:16 March
2719:Archived
2682:16 March
2676:Archived
2620:Archived
2593:16 March
2587:Archived
2547:16 March
2541:Archived
2499:16 March
2493:Archived
2450:Archived
2426:Archived
2398:16 March
2392:Archived
2224:Archived
2183:Archived
2153:Archived
2075:Archived
2048:Josephus
1947:Archived
1908:Archived
1866:Archived
1742:See also
1409:Babi Yar
1322:binyanim
1216:Kafr Jit
1170:(on the
975:Kedushah
953:Or Panim
949:Kavvanot
941:Or Panim
890:Seleucid
882:Hanukkah
727:Carthage
558:general
531:and the
445:Josephus
355:Josephus
259:Hanukkah
117:Diaspora
115:and the
70:מְנוֹרָה
4711:Phrases
4630:Elohist
4625:Jahwist
4613:Sources
4604:Pekudei
4584:Terumah
4559:Va'eira
4348:Objects
4324:Pharaoh
4319:Oholiab
4299:Ithamar
4284:Gershom
4274:Eliezer
4269:Bezalel
3440:Library
3317:Al-Aqsa
3309:Al-Aqsa
2843:5 April
2815:Menahot
2081:27 June
1980:Menahot
1817:366–367
1763:Drabsha
1557:Gallery
1545:, when
1493:Trinity
1470:Kwanzaa
1429:Austria
1354:Knesset
1325:of the
1196:Samaria
1168:Magdala
1162:in the
1156:Michmas
1152:Mukhmas
1101:In the
1009:Mitzvah
999:Mitzvot
995:Kavanah
909:shamash
905:shamash
849:Sabbath
816:Judaism
719:Vandals
674:Vandals
649:on the
635:triumph
541:heikal,
537:Solomon
529:2 Kings
482:History
476:candles
415:Magdala
381:on the
373:in Rome
344:Avraham
332:Menahot
304:Numbers
164:Vandals
109:Judaism
30:menorah
4752:Events
4554:Shemot
4479:Places
4438:turban
4309:Miriam
4289:Jethro
4247:People
3753:HaLiba
3733:Prayer
3567:Temple
3213:about
3195:
3187:
3116:
3094:4 July
3050:
2990:
2935:
2903:p.10,
2798:
2777:
2755:4 July
2711:
2668:
2626:4 July
2579:
2533:
2485:
2432:18 May
2384:
2230:4 July
2189:4 July
2159:4 July
1982:28b);
1900:
1860:
1850:
1823:
1774:Avodah
1736:, 1709
1579:Israel
1549:reads
1535:, and
1489:Dou Mu
1477:Taoism
1462:kinara
1378:Kadima
1122:In art
968:Avodah
945:Tikkun
932:Hashem
901:Talmud
886:Talmud
645:. The
592:Talmud
513:Samuel
505:Shiloh
449:Talmud
379:frieze
328:Talmud
324:cubits
296:talent
247:pagans
158:; the
146:; the
73:mənōrā
66:Hebrew
4574:Yitro
4486:Egypt
4433:tunic
4395:Manna
4304:Marah
4264:Aaron
4254:Moses
4238:38–40
4233:35–38
4228:30–34
4223:27–30
4218:25–27
4213:21–24
4208:18–20
4203:13–17
4198:10–13
3934:Gates
3841:Walls
3794:Other
3597:Altar
3506:Chain
3491:Gates
3346:Domes
3193:S2CID
3048:S2CID
1643:Kippa
1531:, by
1523:, by
1270:olive
1107:altar
1069:Moses
1005:Torah
991:souls
987:faith
643:Titus
548:David
433:Usage
411:Stone
336:Rashi
284:Moses
4526:Shur
4428:sash
4423:robe
4279:Elim
4017:1929
3879:Acra
3185:ISSN
3114:ISBN
3096:2022
3064:2022
2988:ISBN
2933:ISBN
2845:2021
2796:ISBN
2775:ISBN
2757:2022
2727:2023
2709:ISBN
2684:2023
2666:ISBN
2628:2022
2595:2023
2577:ISBN
2549:2023
2531:ISBN
2501:2023
2483:ISBN
2434:2017
2400:2023
2382:ISBN
2360:24b.
2232:2022
2191:2022
2161:2022
2083:2016
1996:palm
1916:2022
1898:ISBN
1874:2023
1858:OCLC
1848:ISBN
1821:ISBN
1610:1738
1497:sins
1460:The
1372:The
1348:The
1292:The
1264:The
1214:and
1052:and
957:hope
935:Him.
899:The
666:Rome
641:and
623:Rome
602:Rome
517:Saul
515:and
391:Rome
349:The
274:The
245:and
229:and
156:Rome
107:and
28:The
4193:6–9
4188:1–6
3177:doi
3040:doi
2817:28b
1513:by
1475:In
1071:on
916:in
845:God
672:by
664:in
637:of
613:by
389:in
280:God
100:.
4791::
4564:Bo
4062:,
4058:,
4054:,
4050:,
4046:,
4042:,
4038:,
3307:/
3191:.
3183:.
3173:20
3171:.
3086:.
3080:.
3054:.
3046:.
3036:11
3034:.
3013:36
3011:.
2835:.
2831:.
2747:.
2743:.
2717:.
2674:.
2618:.
2614:.
2603:^
2585:.
2557:^
2539:.
2509:^
2491:.
2461:^
2424:.
2420:.
2408:^
2390:.
2222:.
2218:.
2181:.
2177:.
2151:.
2147:.
2127:.
2073:.
2069:.
2050:,
1986:,
1953:,
1918:.
1906:.
1864:.
1856:.
1819:.
1793:^
1577:,
1527:,
1427:,
1360:).
1329:.
1218:.
1210:,
1206:,
1202:,
1118:.
1013:.
1001::
970:.
920:.
873:.
851:.
566:.
535:,
519:.
261:.
186:.
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2996:.
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