Halakha - Knowledge

1568: 2587: 2752:(decree) when perceived to be inconsistent with modern requirements or views of ethics. The CJLS has used this power on a number of occasions, most famously in the "driving teshuva", which says that if someone is unable to walk to any synagogue on the Sabbath, and their commitment to observance is so loose that not attending synagogue may lead them to drop it altogether, their rabbi may give them a dispensation to drive there and back; and more recently in its decision prohibiting the taking of evidence on 9335: 3818: 9349: 8134: 7694: 53: 47: 7708: 3804: 1062: 3129: 7757: 2816: 2559:. Overall, this process allows rabbis to maintain connection of traditional Jewish law to modern life. Of course, the degree of flexibility depends on the sect of Judaism, with Reform being the most flexible, Conservative somewhat in the middle, and Orthodox being much more stringent and rigid. Modern critics, however, have charged that with the rise of movements that challenge the "divine" authority of 1342: 2368: 59: 2377: 2713: 4591:אבל האמת להוראה כבר נאמר לא בשמים היא אלא כפי שנראה להחכם אחרי שעיין כראוי לברר ההלכה בש"ס ובפוסקים כפי כחו בכובד ראש וביראה מהשי"ת ונראה לו שכן הוא פסק הדין הוא האמת להוראה ומחוייב להורות כן אף אם בעצם גליא כלפי שמיא שאינו כן הפירוש, ועל כזה נאמר שגם דבריו דברי אלקים חיים מאחר שלו נראה הפירוש כמו שפסק ולא היה סתירה לדבריו. ויקבל שכר על הוראתו אף שהאמת אינו כפירוש. 2063:("he who makes a statement", "decisor") proposes an additional interpretation of a law, that interpretation may be considered binding for the posek's questioner or immediate community. Depending on the stature of the posek and the quality of the decision, an interpretation may also be gradually accepted by other rabbis and members of other Jewish communities. 2490:

era, most Jewish religious rituals are no longer necessary, and many hold that following most Jewish laws is actually counter-productive. They propose that Judaism has entered a phase of ethical monotheism, and that the laws of Judaism are only remnants of an earlier stage of religious evolution, and need not be followed. This is considered wrong, and even

2837: 1938:: the science which defines the rules and methods for the investigation and exact determination of the meaning of the Scriptures; also includes the rules from which the Halakhot are derived and which were established by the written law. These may be seen as the rules from which early Jewish law is derived. 2793:

as "inoperative." The CJLS adopted the responsum's view that the "morality which we learn through the larger, unfolding narrative of our tradition" informs the application of Mosaic law. The responsum cited several examples of how the rabbinic sages declined to enforce punishments explicitly mandated

2623:. They were then recorded in the Mishnah, and explained in the Talmud and commentaries throughout history up until the present day. Orthodox Judaism believes that subsequent interpretations have been derived with the utmost accuracy and care. The most widely accepted codes of Jewish law are known as 2337:

Akiva devoted his attention particularly to the grammatical and exegetical rules, while Ishmael developed the logical. The rules laid down by one school were frequently rejected by another because the principles that guided them in their respective formulations were essentially different. According

3430:

is a commentary on the Shulchan Aruch, is very innovative in it's interpretation of Talmudic law and often disagrees with the writings of the author's predecessors and contemporaries, including the Turei Zahav. Even so, it was considered by a majority of Talmudists as of the highest authority, and

2525:

has a degree of flexibility in finding solutions to modern problems that are not explicitly mentioned in the Torah. From the very beginnings of Rabbinic Judaism, halakhic inquiry allowed for a "sense of continuity between past and present, a self-evident trust that their pattern of life and belief

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Humanistic Jews value the Torah as a historical, political, and sociological text written by their ancestors. They do not believe "that every word of the Torah is true, or even morally correct, just because the Torah is old". The Torah is both disagreed with and questioned. Humanistic Jews believe

2477:

believed that "Jewish life meaningless without Jewish law.", and one of the planks of the Society for the Jewish Renascence, of which Kaplan was one of the founders, stated: "We accept the halakha, which is rooted in the Talmud, as the norm of Jewish life, availing ourselves, at the same time, of

1621:

This division between revealed and rabbinic commandments may influence the importance of a rule, its enforcement and the nature of its ongoing interpretation. Halakhic authorities may disagree on which laws fall into which categories or the circumstances (if any) under which prior rabbinic rulings

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represents a personal starting-point, holding that each Jew is obligated to interpret the Torah, Talmud and other Jewish works for themselves, and this interpretation will create separate commandments for each person. Those in the liberal and classical wings of Reform believe that in this day and

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Thus, whoever has due regard for the truth will conclude that the reason the interpretation of the Torah was transmitted orally and forbidden to be written down was not to make unchanging and not to tie the hands of the sages of every generation from interpreting Scripture according to their

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decision to recognize that authority, much as a community recognizes a certain judicial system to resolve its disputes and interpret its laws." Given this covenantal relationship, rabbis are charged with connecting their contemporary community with the traditions and precedents of the past.

1466:

is developed and applied by various halakhic authorities rather than one sole "official voice", different individuals and communities may well have different answers to halakhic questions. With few exceptions, controversies are not settled through authoritative structures because during the

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holds that halakha is normative and binding, while also believing that it is an evolving concept and that the traditional halakhic system is incapable of producing a code of conduct that is meaningful for, and acceptable to, the vast majority of contemporary Jews. Reconstructionist founder

3716:. Fifteen volumes thus far, covering a wide range of subjects, from Shabbat to organ donations, and in addition to clearly posing the practical law – reflecting the customs of various communities – also discusses the spiritual foundations of the Halakhot. It is widely studied in the 2802:

has been effectively inoperative for nearly two thousand years due to deliberate rabbinic inaction. Further he suggested that the rabbis have long regarded the punishment declared by the Torah as immoral, and came to the conclusion that no court should agree to hear testimony on

2175:.) However, the Talmud states that in exceptional cases, the Sages had the authority to "uproot matters from the Torah". In Talmudic and classical Halakhic literature, this authority refers to the authority to prohibit some things that would otherwise be Biblically sanctioned ( 3595:

P'sakim U'T'shuvot, by Rabbi Aharon Aryeh Katz, the son in law of Rabbi Ben-Zion Simcha Isaac Rabinowitz, is a commentary on the Halakhic decrees of Rabbi Yosef Karo in the Yoreh De'ah section of the Shulchan Aruch, in a format almost identical to that of the Piskei

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as laid out in the Torah (five books of Moses), rabbinical laws, rabbinical decrees, and customs combined. The rabbis, who made many additions and interpretations of Jewish Law, did so only in accordance with regulations they believe were given for this purpose to

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in the Mishna Berura. Based on the collected opinions of various contemporary Acharonim, it includes practical solutions and instructions for Halakhic issues common to the modern way of life, and is generally oriented towards the decrees of the Hassidic Halakhic

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The middot seem to have been first laid down as abstract rules by the teachers of Hillel, though they were not immediately recognized by all as valid and binding. Different schools interpreted and modified them, restricted or expanded them, in various ways.

2538:

When presented with contemporary issues, rabbis go through a halakhic process to find an answer. The classical approach has permitted new rulings regarding modern technology. For example, some of these rulings guide Jewish observers about the proper use of

2311:("repeater") to whom they are first ascribed. It is certain, however, that the seven middot ("measurements", and referring to behavior) of Hillel and the thirteen of Ishmael are earlier than the time of Hillel himself, who was the first to transmit them. 2026:, being the principle recognizing non-Jewish laws and non-Jewish legal jurisdiction as binding on Jewish citizens, provided that they are not contrary to a law in Judaism. This principle applies primarily in areas of commercial, civil and criminal law. 2036:

functioned essentially as the Supreme Court and legislature (in the US judicial system) for Judaism, and had the power to administer binding law, including both received law and its own rabbinic decrees, on all Jews—rulings of the Sanhedrin became

2056:

has developed in a somewhat different fashion from Anglo-American legal systems with a Supreme Court able to provide universally accepted precedents. Generally, Halakhic arguments are effectively, yet unofficially, peer-reviewed. When a rabbinic

2045:. That court ceased to function in its full mode in 40 CE. Today, the authoritative application of Jewish law is left to the local rabbi, and the local rabbinical courts, with only local applicability. In branches of Judaism that follow 2197:. Another rare and limited form of takkanah involved overriding Torah prohibitions. In some cases, the Sages allowed the temporary violation of a prohibition in order to maintain the Jewish system as a whole. This was part of the basis for 1894:

argued that there was little pure academic legal activity at this period and that many of the laws originating at this time were produced by a means of neighbourly good conduct rules in a similar way as carried out by Greeks in the age of

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understanding. Only in this way can the eternity of Torah be understood , for the changes in the generations and their opinions, situation and material and moral condition requires changes in their laws, decrees and improvements.

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will of God. Although Orthodox Judaism acknowledges that rabbis have made many decisions and decrees regarding Jewish Law where the written Torah itself is nonspecific, they did so only in accordance with regulations received by

2743:

A key practical difference between Conservative and Orthodox approaches is that Conservative Judaism holds that its rabbinical body's powers are not limited to reconsidering later precedents based on earlier sources, but the

2981:

soon superseded the geonic codes, as it contained all the decisions and the laws then relevant, and additionally, served as an accessible Talmudic commentary; it has been printed with almost every subsequent edition of the

3462:, as well as the underlying reasoning. The work was written partly so that laymen would be able to study Jewish law. Unfortunately, most of the work was lost in a fire prior to publication. It is the basis of practice for 2663:

that a rabbi who studies the texts carefully is required to provide a halakhic decision. That decision is considered to be a true teaching, even if it is not the true teaching in according to the heavens. For instance,

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holds that modern views of how the Torah and rabbinic law developed imply that the body of rabbinic Jewish law is no longer normative (seen as binding) on Jews today. Those in the "traditionalist" wing believe that the

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can be re-examined by contemporary rabbis, but all Halakhic Jews hold that both categories exist and that the first category is immutable, with exceptions only for life-saving and similar emergency circumstances.

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Some scholars have observed a similarity between these rabbinic rules of interpretation and the hermeneutics of ancient Hellenistic culture. For example, Saul Lieberman argues that the names of rabbi Ishmael's

2563:, traditional Jews have greater reluctance to change, not only the laws themselves but also other customs and habits, than traditional Rabbinical Judaism did prior to the advent of Reform in the 19th century. 2735:

is that the Torah is not the word of God in a literal sense. However, the Torah is still held as mankind's record of its understanding of God's revelation, and thus still has divine authority. Therefore,

2350:, a combination of the archaic form of the word for "straw" and the word for "clay" – "straw and clay", referring to the obvious ) are Hebrew translations of Greek terms, although the methods of those 2740:

is still seen as binding. Conservative Jews use modern methods of historical study to learn how Jewish law has changed over time, and are, in some cases, willing to change Jewish law in the present.

2191:

on Shabbat. These examples of takkanot which may be executed out of caution lest some might otherwise carry the mentioned items between home and the synagogue, thus inadvertently violating a Sabbath

2074:, unless supported by another, relevant earlier precedent; see list below. On the other hand, another principle recognizes the responsibility and authority of later authorities, and especially the 2973:(1013–1103); it has summations of the legal material found in the Talmud. Alfasi transcribed the Talmud's halakhic conclusions verbatim, without the surrounding deliberation; he also excluded all 2764:

permits lifting rabbinic decrees (as distinct from carving narrow exceptions) on grounds of human dignity, and used this principle in a December 2006 opinion lifting all rabbinic prohibitions on

4560: 3112:

1298) – serves both as a source of analysis, as well as of decided law. Mordechai considered about 350 halakhic authorities, and was widely influential, particularly amongst the Ashkenazi and

3067:, northern France). "SeMaG" is organised around the 365 negative and the 248 positive commandments, separately discussing each of them according to the Talmud (in light of the commentaries of 2655:

was given at Sinai, Orthodox thought (and especially modern Orthodox thought) encourages debate, allows for disagreement, and encourages rabbis to enact decisions based on contemporary needs.

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in Yiddish) stated that the Oral Torah was an oral tradition by design, to allow for the creative application of halakha to each time period, and even enabling halakha to evolve. He writes:

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Piskei T'shuvot, by Rabbi Ben-Zion Simcha Isaac Rabinowitz, is a commentary on the Halakhic decrees of Rabbi Yosef Karo in the Orach Chayim section of the Shulchan Aruch and those of Rabbi

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Under this system there is a tension between the relevance of earlier and later authorities in constraining Halakhic interpretation and innovation. On the one hand, there is a principle in

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to take into account its view of contemporary society. For instance, most Conservative rabbis extend the application of certain Jewish obligations and permissible activities to women (see

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is normative and binding, and is developed as a partnership between people and God based on Sinaitic Torah. While there are a wide variety of Conservative views, a common belief is that

1912:

The boundaries of Jewish law are determined through the Halakhic process, a religious-ethical system of legal reasoning. Rabbis generally base their opinions on the primary sources of

4169: 4689: 4734: 3871: 2993:(1135–1204). This work encompasses the full range of Talmudic law; it is organized and reformulated in a logical system – in 14 books, 83 sections and 1000 chapters – with each 5317:

At the Meeting of Time and Space. Sanctification in the Here and Now: The Table and the Bed. Sanctification and the Marital Bond. The Desacralization of the Household: The Bed.

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of the Geonim, and is presented in a form that is closer to the original Talmud language and structure. (Probably since it was distributed, also, amongst the newly established

3175:

covers only those areas of Jewish law that were in force in the author's time. The code is divided into four main sections; almost all codes since this time have followed the

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now conformed to the sacred patterns and beliefs presented by scripture and tradition". According to an analysis by Jewish scholar Jeffrey Rubenstein of Michael Berger's book

2513:, also referred to as the Noahide Laws. They are a set of imperatives which, according to the Talmud, were given by God to the "children of Noah" – that is, all of humanity. 3532: 2052:

Since the days of the Sanhedrin, however, no body or authority has been generally regarded as having the authority to create universally recognized precedents. As a result,

4372:"Just as science follows the scientific method, Judaism has its own system to ensure authenticity remains intact," said Rabbi Zalman Abraham of JLI's New York headquarters. 2334:

sought to give a complete enumeration of the rules of interpretation current in his day, but that they omitted from their collections many rules which were then followed."

7869: 4094: 3640:, and reflecting the very strict Hungarian customs of the 19th century. It became immensely popular after its publication due to its simplicity, and is still popular in 5359: 1629:, and the Oral Law, laws which are believed to have been transmitted orally prior to their later compilation in texts such as the Mishnah, Talmud, and rabbinic codes. 5413: 2798:), the "law of breaking the neck of the heifer," and the application of the death penalty for the "rebellious child." Kaplan Spitz argues that the punishment of the 2330:

and their scholars especially contributed to the development or establishment of these rules. "It must be borne in mind, however, that neither Hillel, Ishmael, nor

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The Conservative approach to halakhic interpretation can be seen in the CJLS's acceptance of Rabbi Elie Kaplan Spitz's responsum decreeing the biblical category of

2547:". This notion lends rabbis a certain degree of local authority; however, for more complex questions the issue is passed on to higher rabbis who will then issue a 3046:(1250?/1259?–1328), an abstract of the Talmud, concisely stating the final halakhic decision and quoting later authorities, notably Alfasi, Maimonides, and the 3723: 4230: 2555:

that is binding. Indeed, rabbis will continuously issue different opinions and will constantly review each other's work so as to maintain the truest sense of

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The antiquity of the rules can be determined only by the dates of the authorities who quote them; in general, they cannot safely be declared older than the

1256:

is often translated as "Jewish law", although a more literal translation might be "the way to behave" or "the way of walking". The word is derived from the

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Commandments are divided into positive and negative commands, which are treated differently in terms of divine and human punishment. Positive commandments

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as less binding in day-to-day life, because it relies on rabbinic interpretation, as opposed to the authoritative, canonical text which is recorded in the

3562:, 1870–1939) is similar in scope, authority and approach to the Mishnah Berurah. This work also surveys the views of many kabbalistic sages (particularly 2478:

the method implicit therein to interpret and develop the body of Jewish Law in accordance with the actual conditions and spiritual needs of modern life."

4830: 4666: 3917: 3736:, "from the Talmudic source through modern-day halachic application", similarly studied in the Religious Zionist community (and outside Israel, through 5395: 2103:

rulings concerning electricity are derived from rulings concerning fire, as closing an electrical circuit may cause a spark. In contrast, Conservative

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stated clearly. The Mishneh Torah is very influential to this day, and several later works reproduce passages verbatim. It also includes a section on

4557: 2860:, in 200 CE, as a basic outline of the state of the Oral Law in his time. This was the framework upon which the Talmud was based; the Talmud's 7198: 4115: 2338:

to Akiva, the divine language of the Torah is distinguished from the speech of men by the fact that in the former no word or sound is superfluous.

7588: 3729: 2130:, there is no one committee or leader, but Modern US-based Orthodox rabbis generally agree with the views set by consensus by the leaders of the 4760: 1751:

in which the spiritual leadership was in the hands of five successions of "pairs" of religious teachers, and to each of these pairs themselves.

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on the Sabbath and holidays. Often, as to the applicability of the law in any given situation, the proviso is to "consult your local rabbi or

6271: 2294: 4686: 4166: 5327:

The Desacralization of the Household: The Table. Foci, Sources, and Dissemination of Uncleanness. Purification from the Pollution of Death.

2179:, "thou shall stay seated and not do"). Rabbis may rule that a specific mitzvah from the Torah should not be performed, e. g., blowing the 1305:, certain areas of Israeli family and personal status law are under the authority of the rabbinic courts, so they are treated according to 4047: 1612:, laws believed to have been transmitted orally prior to their later compilation in texts such as the Mishnah, Talmud, and rabbinic codes. 7548: 4711: 4536: 4731: 4146: 1388: 7746: 6066: 5984: 5404: 5372: 2107:

consider that switching on electrical equipment is physically and chemically more like turning on a water tap (which is permissible by

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an action to be performed and are considered to bring the performer closer to God. Negative commandments (traditionally 365 in number)

4994: 3951: 4638: 9316: 6095: 3644:

as a framework for study, if not always for practice. This work is not considered binding in the same way as the Mishneh Torah or

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of Alfasi as its starting point. Ben Asher followed Maimonides's precedent in arranging his work in a topical order, however, the

2095:

frequently extend the application of a law to new situations, but do not consider such applications as constituting a "change" in

7594: 5449: 3747: 2498:

that the entire Jewish experience, and not only the Torah, should be studied as a source for Jewish behavior and ethical values.

2049:, lay individuals make numerous ad-hoc decisions but are regarded as not having authority to decide certain issues definitively. 5445: 5381: 4091: 7998: 6694: 6148: 5417: 3760:, known for addressing situations not commonly brought in other works, and for delineating the varying approaches amongst the 2314:

The Talmud gives no information concerning the origin of the middot, although the Geonim ("Sages") regarded them as Sinaitic (

1267:

Historically, widespread observance of the laws of the Torah is first in evidence beginning in the second century BCE. In the

6689: 5898: 3780: 2948:, published two generations later (but possibly written c. 743 CE), contains extensive additional material, mainly from 2745: 2143: 578: 5498: 4431: 3416:(1586-1667) is a commentary on the Shulchan Aruch and even today is accepted as one of the highest authories on Jewish Law. 3124:(Rabbi Isaac Alfasi), it is, in fact, an independent work. It has been printed with every edition of the Talmud since 1482. 1665:

and holidays). Through the ages, various rabbinical authorities have classified some of the 613 commandments in many ways.

936: 6598: 1890:, which has been described as the formative period in the history of its development, is shrouded in obscurity. Historian 6709: 6704: 6128: 3615:(1604–1657) is a reconstituted version of the Shulkhan Arukh, written in Portuguese with the explicit purpose of helping 3256:

in which Rabbi Karo traces the development of each law from the Talmud through later rabbinical literature (examining 32

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refers to the corpus of rabbinic legal texts, or to the overall system of religious law. The term may also be related to

981: 4359: 7521: 6398: 5699: 5104: 4946: 2085:

Notwithstanding the potential for innovation, rabbis and Jewish communities differ greatly on how they make changes in

2758:

status on the grounds that implementing such a status is immoral. The CJLS has also held that the Talmudic concept of

8742: 8300: 8199: 8003: 6549: 6403: 5525: 5233: 5198: 5138: 5121: 5090: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5018: 4987: 4973: 4960: 4930: 4922: 4902: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4861: 4462: 3358:, typeset in a different script; today, "Shulchan Aruch" refers to the combined work of Karo and Isserles. Isserles' 2287: 1142: 1092: 5426: 8856: 8725: 8044: 6458: 6366: 4227: 2530:, the authority that rabbis hold "derives not from the institutional or personal authority of the sages but from a 2193: 1990:("repair" or "regulation"): "positive legislation", practices instituted by the rabbis not based (directly) on the 9391: 9311: 8658: 8559: 7623: 6817: 2003:: Customs, community practices, and customary law, as well as the exemplary deeds of prominent (or local) rabbis; 1387:, designating one or several obligations. It may be descended from hypothetical reconstructed Proto-Semitic root 5363: 8818: 8452: 8121: 8075: 7739: 6499: 6059: 5280: 5171: 2845: 1499: 4827: 4250: 3050:. This work superseded Rabbi Alfasi's and has been printed with almost every subsequent edition of the Talmud. 8171: 7983: 7600: 6921: 5860: 4663: 4523:

Satlow, Michael, and Daniel Picus. “Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.” Lecture. Providence, Brown University.

3914: 2844:

The most important codifications of Jewish law include the following; for complementary discussion, see also

2131: 3280:, together with its related commentaries, is considered by many to be the most authoritative compilation of 3195:("Teach Knowledge"): assorted ritual instructions and prohibitions, dietary laws and regulations concerning 3064: 1567: 8978: 8457: 8029: 7663: 7531: 7526: 6714: 6699: 6463: 6418: 6163: 5923: 5704: 3737: 3624: 2665: 2462:

is, and has always been, an evolving process subject to interpretation by rabbis in every time period. See

2280: 954: 2926:(c. 760), rearranges the Talmud passages in a structure manageable to the layman. (It was written in 2648:

authorities are more inclined to permit limited changes in customs and some reconsideration of precedent.

2616: 8973: 7963: 7628: 7613: 6494: 6354: 3082: 2769: 2636:

Orthodox Judaism has a range of opinions on the circumstances and extent to which change is permissible.

2441: 2315: 1413:

may draw upon the aggadic and even mystical literature, a dynamic interchange occurs between the genres.

379: 20: 8948: 8447: 7582: 7476: 7127: 7021: 6729: 6662: 6223: 6113: 5968: 4385: 3324: 3002: 2111:) than lighting a fire (which is not permissible), and therefore permitted on Shabbat. The reformative 1558:

According to one count, only 369 can be kept, meaning that 40% of mitzvot are not possible to perform.

165: 69: 3697:– interspersed with mystical insights and customs, addressed to the masses and arranged by the weekly 3401:

of the Jews of Eastern Europe. The Levush was exceptional among the codes, in that it treated certain

2070:

not to overrule a specific law from an earlier era, after it is accepted by the community as a law or

1409:, narrative, philosophical, mystical, and other "non-legal" texts. At the same time, since writers of 9411: 9401: 9031: 8138: 8019: 7953: 7879: 7813: 7732: 7698: 7638: 7536: 7516: 7386: 7311: 7171: 7038: 6724: 6684: 6052: 5840: 5799: 5709: 5655: 4757: 3761: 3701:. Its wide circulation and coverage has seen it become a standard reference work in Sephardi Halakha. 2927: 2469: 1264:

not only guides religious practices and beliefs; it also guides numerous aspects of day-to-day life.

185: 128: 4581: 1546:

of antiquity. Currently, many of the 613 commandments cannot be performed until the building of the

8826: 8808: 7988: 7978: 7808: 7618: 7449: 6748: 6623: 6012: 4408:"FAQ for Humanistic Judaism, Reform Judaism, Humanists, Humanistic Jews, Congregation, Arizona, AZ" 3836: 3530:; rules dealing with vows, agriculture, and ritual purity, are discussed in a second work known as 3452: 3354:("the Tablecloth"). His comments are now incorporated into the body of all printed editions of the 3060: 2773: 2463: 1276: 1046: 944: 667: 9160: 3445: 3292:

on three authorities – Maimonides, Asher ben Jehiel (Rosh), and Isaac Alfasi (Rif); he considered

9201: 8988: 8477: 8462: 7973: 7917: 7787: 7571: 7560: 7154: 7075: 6780: 6679: 6618: 6504: 6477: 5942: 5871: 5854: 5778: 2127: 2082:

embodies a wide range of principles that permit judicial discretion and deviation (Ben-Menahem).

2018: 1979:("declaration"): "preventative legislation" of the rabbis, intended to prevent violations of the 195: 95: 3492:, (the "Chofetz Chaim", Poland, 1838–1933) is a commentary on the "Orach Chayim" section of the 1283:, since no differentiation of them exists in classical Judaism. Since the Jewish Enlightenment ( 9406: 9256: 9241: 7927: 7803: 7607: 7577: 6640: 6007: 5785: 5636: 5151: 4790: 4708: 4044: 3515: 3441: 1575: 1184: 1161: 1036: 672: 4533: 2772:

and that this remained prohibited). Conservative Judaism also made a number of changes to the

9360: 8953: 8631: 8442: 8106: 7633: 7554: 7336: 7043: 6926: 6667: 6657: 6650: 6635: 6521: 5694: 5518: 5165: 4143: 3846: 3113: 2656: 1935: 1085: 1041: 959: 9396: 9081: 8427: 8039: 7900: 7668: 7658: 7161: 6133: 5911: 5002: 3948: 3788: 3436: 2819: 2732: 2717: 2707: 2677: 2451: 2445: 2210: 2135: 1803: 1748: 1591: 1434:("commandments") in the Torah, as developed through discussion and debate in the classical 1016: 949: 104: 1971:

Regulations and other "legislative" enactments promulgated by rabbis and communal bodies:

1916:

as well as on precedent set by previous rabbinic opinions. The major sources and genre of

8: 9236: 8376: 8293: 7316: 7284: 7210: 7119: 7065: 6672: 6472: 6206: 6171: 5948: 5606: 5126: 4644: 4558:"A journal’s new editor wants to steer the Modern Orthodox debate into the 21st century." 3787:. This scholarly work is based on the previous traditional law codes, but written from a 3784: 3612: 3105: 3077: 3055: 2139: 1877: 1795: 1435: 1290: 971: 662: 435: 271: 2619:). These regulations were transmitted orally until shortly after the destruction of the 1514: 1393:

meaning "to go", which also has descendants in Akkadian, Arabic, Aramaic, and Ugaritic.

9051: 8710: 8564: 8549: 8527: 8271: 8251: 8204: 8194: 8116: 8096: 7648: 7643: 7454: 7176: 7053: 7048: 7033: 7003: 6956: 6879: 6785: 6645: 6218: 6123: 6090: 5736: 5631: 5601: 5160: 5145: 4810: 4619: 4506: 4341: 3588: 3551: 3539: 3489: 3470:

and is quoted as authoritative by many subsequent works, Hasidic and non-Hasidic alike.

3444:(c. 1800) was an attempt to re-codify the law as it stood at that time – incorporating 3413: 3328: 2923: 2881: 2875: 2721: 2612: 2510: 2437: 2042: 1555: 1491: 1031: 361: 175: 138: 30: 6931: 6807: 9036: 8958: 8796: 8539: 8534: 8487: 8412: 8406: 8246: 8164: 8101: 7932: 7432: 7363: 7245: 7230: 7013: 6884: 6849: 6138: 5730: 5623: 5561: 5385: 5276: 5229: 5194: 5134: 5117: 5100: 5086: 5028: 5014: 4983: 4969: 4956: 4942: 4926: 4918: 4898: 4878: 4857: 4814: 4510: 4458: 3717: 3693:, 1832–1909) is a collection of the laws on everyday life – parallel in scope to the 3522:

through the perspective of the major Rishonim. The work follows the structure of the

3427: 3234: 3031: 1373: 1346: 454: 249: 157: 4332:

Daube, David (1949). "Rabbinic methods of interpretation and Hellenistic rhetoric".

9041: 9008: 8507: 8371: 8366: 8331: 7993: 7968: 7958: 7761: 7498: 7466: 7427: 7398: 7381: 7331: 7132: 6941: 6874: 6827: 6775: 6743: 6734: 6719: 6593: 6568: 6544: 6428: 6359: 6276: 6143: 6032: 6018: 5936: 5847: 5758: 5511: 4802: 4498: 3641: 3629: 3511: 3505: 3463: 3343: 3261: 3144: 3134: 3098: 3043: 2918: 2420: 2331: 2100: 1561: 1547: 1518: 1246:, and the customs and traditions which were compiled in the many books such as the 1207: 1113: 1078: 740: 639: 375: 336: 321: 77: 52: 5467: 5458: 2669: 1543: 1243: 9290: 9263: 9251: 9231: 9165: 9143: 9123: 9118: 9098: 8963: 8943: 8938: 8841: 8801: 8512: 8437: 8361: 8346: 8266: 8065: 7922: 7782: 7408: 7403: 7215: 7142: 6975: 6946: 6869: 6859: 6822: 6797: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6588: 6583: 6573: 6558: 6349: 6266: 6233: 6191: 6181: 6025: 5917: 5877: 5503: 5225: 5188: 4870: 4851: 4834: 4764: 4738: 4715: 4693: 4670: 4564: 4540: 4452: 4435: 4302: 4275: 4234: 4215: 4173: 4150: 4098: 4051: 4021: 3955: 3921: 3741: 3713: 3709: 3485: 3467: 3220: 3202: 3152: 2931: 2826: 2645: 2474: 2406: 1468: 1357: 1268: 1213: 1179: 1173: 1152: 976: 884: 778: 331: 123: 88: 4428: 2586: 1617:

Laws of human origin, including rabbinic decrees, interpretations, customs, etc.

9367: 9175: 9093: 8682: 8648: 8599: 8584: 8356: 8261: 8241: 8231: 8060: 8034: 7905: 7874: 7777: 7712: 7687: 7508: 7415: 7373: 7353: 7341: 7321: 7235: 7225: 7193: 7186: 7166: 7137: 7109: 7104: 7070: 6980: 6904: 6894: 6832: 6630: 6578: 6489: 6484: 6246: 6241: 6176: 6105: 5955: 5905: 5792: 5577: 5553: 4806: 4454:

Jews, Christians, Muslims: A Comparative Introduction to Monotheistic Religions

4212: 4194: 3856: 3809: 3753: 3659: 3547: 3378: 3308: 3240: 3192: 2945: 2898: 2760: 2637: 2629: 2481: 1960: 1851: 1625:

A second classical distinction is between the Written Law, laws written in the

1551: 1458: 1314: 1248: 1066: 840: 635: 524: 430: 326: 202: 190: 133: 116: 83: 4502: 3636:

1804–1886), a "digest", covering applicable Halakha from all four sections of

3331:

to be appended to the text of the Shulkhan Aruch for cases where Sephardi and

9385: 9221: 9180: 9066: 9046: 9018: 8968: 8933: 8907: 8902: 8895: 8846: 8786: 8626: 8616: 8574: 8497: 8492: 8422: 8381: 8305: 8091: 7910: 7481: 7326: 7253: 7060: 6994: 6967: 6916: 6864: 6837: 6812: 6802: 6563: 6509: 6443: 6423: 6413: 6408: 6381: 6327: 6256: 6201: 5545: 5333: 5268: 5258: 5248: 5238: 5217: 5207: 4907: 3841: 3831: 3698: 3655: 3573: 3339: 3272:– stating each ruling simply; this work follows the chapter divisions of the 3156: 3018: 2986: 2966: 2765: 2624: 2620: 2327: 1955: 1839: 1821:("greats" or "geniuses") presided over the two major Babylonian Academies of 1807: 1781:. Their teachings and discussions were compiled into the two versions of the 1761: 1598: 1452: 1326: 1322: 1280: 1221: 892: 807: 316: 216: 180: 46: 3890: 2768:

conduct (the opinion held that only male-male anal sex was forbidden by the

2644:(customs) must be retained, and existing precedents cannot be reconsidered. 2581: 2126:

Within certain Jewish communities, formal organized bodies do exist. Within

1653:, the law prohibiting wearing clothing made of mixtures of linen and wool), 1382: 9353: 9103: 9071: 9026: 8764: 8759: 8730: 8643: 8621: 8589: 8522: 8502: 8396: 8336: 8326: 8278: 8236: 8214: 8157: 8111: 7461: 7258: 7220: 7181: 6770: 6514: 6453: 6433: 6393: 6376: 6344: 6332: 6293: 6211: 6186: 5747: 5569: 4965: 4189: 3851: 3682: 3581: 3569: 3543: 3347: 3224: 3196: 3189:, through the course of the day, the weekly sabbath and the festival cycle. 3182: 3009:

science and metaphysics; others suggest that it is within the tradition of

2970: 2893: 2857: 2725: 2577: 2415: 2187: 1891: 1822: 1626: 1602: 1587: 1318: 1298: 1257: 1026: 1021: 966: 845: 750: 710: 657: 611: 415: 224: 4451:

Corrigan, John; Denny, Frederick; Jaffee, Martin S.; Eire, Carlos (2016).

2205:(Xeres). For general usage of takkanaot in Jewish history see the article 1668:

A different approach divides the laws into a different set of categories:

1471:, Jews lacked a single judicial hierarchy or appellate review process for 9275: 9216: 9206: 9003: 8998: 8836: 8737: 8653: 8612: 8579: 8544: 8467: 8391: 8341: 8256: 7859: 7829: 7471: 6986: 6911: 6889: 6792: 6386: 6315: 6310: 6298: 6288: 5742: 5612: 5593: 5585: 3776: 3686: 3651: 3563: 3010: 2998: 2540: 2323: 1571: 1428: 1330: 1302: 652: 109: 7724: 5435: 4623: 4607: 4345: 3431:

they applied his decisions to actual cases as the final word of the Law.

2794:

by Torah law. The examples include the trial of the accused adulteress (

58: 9339: 9268: 9148: 9086: 8831: 8752: 8747: 8705: 8687: 8675: 8636: 8482: 8472: 8432: 8417: 8401: 8351: 8288: 8283: 7565: 7272: 6854: 6448: 6196: 6118: 5884: 5752: 3823: 3245: 2990: 2836: 2603: 2428: 1901: 1765: 1609: 1447: 1229: 897: 647: 440: 235: 4968:, "Meta-Halakhah: Logic, Intuition, and the Unfolding of Jewish Law", 3504:

decisions. It has become the authoritative halakhic guide for much of

2748:(CJLS) is empowered to override Biblical and Taanitic prohibitions by 1275:

served many Jewish communities as an enforceable avenue of law – both

9246: 9211: 9153: 9128: 8993: 8890: 8878: 8863: 8851: 8779: 8697: 8670: 8554: 7486: 6951: 6842: 6753: 6371: 6305: 5109: 4580:

Feinstein, Rabbi Moshe. "Introduction to Orach Chayim Chelek Aleph".

3559: 3501: 3478: 3332: 3186: 3109: 3047: 3006: 2957: 2953: 2861: 2268: 2202: 2032: 1887: 1860: 1826: 1778: 1590:

which are believed to have been revealed by God to the Israelites at

865: 564: 410: 387: 9334: 6322: 5164: 4791:"Menasseh ben Israel's Thesouro dos Dinim: Reeducating the New Jews" 3993: 3817: 3312: 1333:

and other Jewish communities which historically lived in isolation.

9295: 9280: 8983: 8868: 8665: 8209: 7937: 7844: 7839: 7205: 7147: 7092: 7087: 6758: 6044: 5824: 5688: 5144: 3866: 3297: 3206: 3185:("The Way of Life"): worship and ritual observance in the home and 3164: 3026: 2949: 2780:, permitting women to chant from the Torah, and ordaining women as 2660: 2502: 2397: 2263: 2251: 2206: 2155: 2011: 1986: 1975: 1834: 1799: 1790: 1708:"Our Sages, may their memory be blessed"): all Jewish sages of the 1406: 1285: 922: 907: 870: 860: 855: 720: 606: 559: 545: 402: 351: 170: 143: 3662:(Poland, 1748–1820) are similar Ashkenazi works; the first covers 3128: 9185: 9133: 9113: 9061: 8791: 8607: 8569: 8517: 7854: 7849: 7420: 7304: 7299: 7289: 7277: 7097: 7026: 6961: 6936: 6899: 6763: 6438: 6337: 6261: 6153: 6079: 4938:

Legal Traditions of the World – Sustainable Diversity in Law

3690: 3633: 3555: 3397:

of Isserles, which is too brief", that particularly stresses the

3210: 3072: 2974: 2853: 2830: 2591: 2392: 2387: 2308: 2246: 2241: 2112: 1773: 1756: 1713: 1662: 1649: 1579: 1439: 1401: 1234: 1218: 1006: 912: 830: 735: 725: 680: 540: 535: 506: 494: 462: 341: 292: 287: 277: 240: 38: 7756: 4953:

Divine Law in Human Hands – Case Studies in Halakhic Flexibility

4853:

The Origins of Judaism: An Archaeological-Historical Reappraisal

4768:

Committee on Jewish Law and Standards of the Rabbinical Assembly

4697:

Committee on Jewish Law and Standards of the Rabbinical Assembly

3992:

Schiffman, Lawrence H. "Second Temple and Hellenistic Judaism".

3872:

We do not rule based on categorical inferences in monetary cases

2712: 2676:− which exists in an ideal realm−to people's lived experiences. 1954:

The post-Talmudic codificatory literature, such as Maimonides's

9285: 9138: 8883: 8774: 8769: 8715: 8386: 8024: 7864: 7491: 7358: 7294: 5990: 5962: 5929: 5818: 5725: 5681: 5674: 5665: 5649: 5642: 5291:

Faith, Thanksgiving, Enlandisement: Possession and Partnership.

3861: 3601: 3398: 3335: 3316: 3260:, beginning with the Talmud and ending with the works of Rabbi 3214: 3022: 2885: 2866: 2789: 2777: 2754: 2491: 2258: 2231: 2209:. For examples of this being used in Conservative Judaism, see 2198: 2181: 2091: 1999: 1991: 1980: 1942: 1929: 1925: 1817: 1782: 1717: 1709: 1701: 1495: 1483: 1443: 1239: 1011: 902: 850: 835: 825: 820: 793: 788: 771: 745: 730: 715: 690: 685: 601: 554: 529: 511: 425: 420: 397: 356: 346: 282: 259: 254: 5349: 1640:

a specific action, and violations create a distance from God.

9226: 9170: 9076: 8917: 8720: 8219: 7834: 7442: 7437: 7391: 7346: 7267: 7262: 6526: 6281: 6251: 5891: 5772: 5765: 5275:

The Brill Reference Library of Judaism. Leiden: E. J. Brill.

4407: 4072: 3456: 3289: 3257: 3094: 3068: 2913: 2871: 2781: 2608: 2544: 2433: 2402: 2236: 2059: 1896: 1736: 1418: 1368:

translates as "the way to walk", rather than "law". The word

1341: 1225: 1128: 1119: 917: 815: 764: 757: 621: 616: 596: 591: 586: 501: 489: 484: 479: 472: 467: 392: 264: 230: 5301:

Transcendent Transactions: Where Heaven and Earth Intersect.

5083:

Jewish Jurisprudence: Its Sources & Modern Applications

2367: 9108: 9056: 8912: 8310: 8226: 7895: 7541: 6075: 3268:(literally "set table") is, in turn, a condensation of the 2909:

was influential on both of the following, subsequent works.

2905:– exploring and addressing various questions on these. The 2681: 2159:) in general do not affect or restrict observance of Torah 1906: 1657:("judgements" – laws with obvious social implications) and 1487: 1134: 1131: 1001: 516: 5480: 2815: 2376: 8180: 3576:, is a voluminous, widely cited and contemporary work of 3385:

at a level "midway between the two extremes: the lengthy

3223:("The Breastplate of Judgement"): The administration and 2071: 5476: 3732:. Six volumes covering 300 topics from all areas of the 2870:; completed c. 500) became the basis for all later 2446:

Orthodox Judaism, Beliefs about Jewish law and tradition

2022:("the law of the king is law"): an additional aspect of 4608:"The Religious Philosophy of Rabbi Joseph Soloveitchik" 4450: 1647:("decrees" – laws without obvious explanation, such as 1550:

and the universal resettlement of the Jewish people in

8149: 4060: 4045:"Introduction to Halacha, the Jewish Legal Tradition." 3611:

Thesouro dos Dinim ("Treasury of religious rules") by

1376: 5489: 5338:

The Law of Agriculture in the Mishnah and the Tosefta

5273:

The Halakhah: An Encyclopaedia of the Law of Judaism.

5133:, Jewish Publication Society trans. Lawrence Kaplan. 4489:

Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. xii, 226 pp".

4192:(1952). "The Historical Foundations of the Halacha". 3756:. Thirty volumes on the entire spectrum of topics in 1924:

The foundational Talmudic literature (especially the

1260:

which means "to behave" (also "to go" or "to walk").

1143: 4313:. Jewish Theological Seminary of America. p. 68 4282:. Jewish Theological Seminary of America. p. 47 3799: 3791:

point of view, and not accepted among Orthodox Jews.

3029:– as well as for a growing community referred to as 1364:– "to walk" or "to go". Taken literally, therefore, 1166: 1125: 4116:"How Many of the Torah's Commandments Still Apply?" 3381:(c. 1530–1612). A ten-volume work, five discussing 2078:handling a then-current question. In addition, the 1802:Babylonia due to the suppression of Judaism in the 1122: 1116: 5533: 4788: 4022:"Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/halak- - Wiktionary" 3775:("A Guide to Jewish Religious Practice") by Rabbi 5190:A Living Tree: The Roots and Growth of Jewish Law 5001:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Archived from 4993:Messick, Brinkley; Kéchichian, Joseph A. (2009). 4992: 4940:(5th edition) ed.). Oxford University Press. 4078: 3389:of Karo on the one hand, and on the other Karo's 9383: 5253:A History of the Mishnaic Law of Appointed Times 4485:Rubenstein, Jeffrey L. (2002). "Michael Berger. 3930: 2602:is a religious system whose core represents the 1661:("testimonies" or "commemorations", such as the 1405:("the telling"), the diverse corpus of rabbinic 5159: 4612:Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought 3987: 3985: 3619:from Iberia reintergrate into halakhic Judaism. 3163:from the Torah text and the Talmud through the 4752: 4750: 4251:"TALMUD HERMENEUTICS - JewishEncyclopedia.com" 4167:"5. The 'Written Torah' and the 'Oral Torah.'” 3949:"Jewish Custom (Minhag) Versus Law (Halacha)." 3744:communities; 15 bilingual translated volumes). 2659:says in his introduction to his collection of 1760:("repeaters") were rabbis living primarily in 1531:are in the Torah, 248 positive ("thou shalt") 1486:both mean literally "the path to follow". The 8165: 7999:Union of Orthodox Hebrew Congregations (UOHC) 7740: 6060: 5519: 2288: 1747:– 30 CE, "Era of the Pairs") during the 1427:constitutes the practical application of the 1232:. Halakha is based on biblical commandments ( 1086: 5222:A History of the Mishnaic Law of Holy Things 4999:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World 4643:, translated by Yaakov Elman, archived from 4589: 3982: 3969: 3967: 3767:; for both reasons they are often reprinted. 3075:) and the other codes existent at the time. 3005:. (Some claim this section draws heavily on 2566: 1594:. These laws are composed of the following: 1336: 7549:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation 5350:Full-text resources of major halakhic works 5323:Inside the Walls of the Israelite Household 5313:Inside the Walls of the Israelite Household 5186: 4747: 4709:"Frequently Asked Questions about Masorti." 4138: 4136: 4000:Encyclopedia of the Bible and Its Reception 3116:communities. Although organised around the 2395:) and the legal divine judgment rulings of 1777:("sayers") lived in both Eretz Yisrael and 8172: 8158: 7747: 7733: 6067: 6053: 5526: 5512: 5228:: Eugene, Or: Wipf and Stock Publ., 2007, 5163:; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). 4526: 4484: 2295: 2281: 1946:– the Talmudic process of elucidating the 1768:in the form of the Mishnah; 0–200 CE. 1093: 1079: 7754: 5263:A History of the Mishnaic Law of Damages. 5212:A History of the Mishnaic Law of Purities 5187:Dorff, Elliot N.; Rosett, Arthur (1988). 4383: 4360:"Vail course explores origins of Judaism" 4300: 4273: 3964: 3319:, 1525 to 1572). Isserles noted that the 2120: 1508: 1381:, a property tax, rendered in Aramaic as 9317:History of the American legal profession 6096:Index of Jewish history-related articles 4916:Jewish Law: History, Sources, Principles 4228:"Committee on Jewish Law and Standards." 4133: 4002:. Vol. 11. De Gruyter. pp. 2–8 3127: 2888:of the halakhic material in the Talmud. 2835: 2814: 2711: 2585: 2494:, by Orthodox and Conservative Judaism. 1965: 1683:Laws about relations with other people ( 1566: 1340: 8004:International Rabbinic Fellowship (IRF) 7595:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 6232: 5597:(Stumbling block in front of the blind) 5243:A History of the Mishnaic Law of Women. 3518:(1829–1888) is a scholarly analysis of 3508:Ashkenazic Jewry in the postwar period. 2977:(non-legal, and homiletic) matter. The 2864:analysis of the content of the Mishna ( 2701: 1905:, contains a formulation of the law of 1417:also does not include the parts of the 9384: 4605: 4276:"Rabbinic interpretation of scripture" 3327:tradition, and he created a series of 3304:as the basis for their daily practice. 3013:.) It is the main source of practical 2810: 2216: 2014:, "questions and answers") literature. 1691: 1680:"between a person and the Place"), and 1478:According to some scholars, the words 8153: 7728: 6048: 5507: 5175:(1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead. 5114:Halakhic Process: A Systemic Analysis 4935: 4849: 4579: 4331: 4202:. Historical Society of Israel: 1–55. 4113: 4066: 3991: 3936: 3781:Committee on Jewish Law and Standards 3496:, discussing the application of each 2746:Committee on Jewish Law and Standards 2144:Committee on Jewish Law and Standards 1740:("pairs"), both the 200-year period ( 1687:, "between a person and his friend"). 1515:Mitzvah § Mitzvot and Jewish law 1212: 1178: 6074: 5495:A Guide to Jewish Religious Practice 5011:Contrasts in American and Jewish Law 4188: 2668:believes that the job of a halakhic 2115:in some cases explicitly interprets 1899:. For example, the first chapter of 1535:and 365 negative ("thou shalt not") 7984:Rabbinical Council of America (RCA) 5214:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. Part I–XXII. 5025:A Restatement of Rabbinic Civil Law 4664:"Halakhah in Conservative Judaism." 4636: 4590: 3915:"Halacha: The Laws of Jewish Life." 2930:, and subsequently translated into 2571: 1643:A further division is made between 1156: 13: 7542:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research 7522:American Jewish Historical Society 5899:Osek b'mitzvah patur min hamitzvah 5224:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. Part I–VI. 5180: 4789:Moreno-Goldschmidt, Aliza (2020). 3973: 14: 9423: 8301:Restitution and unjust enrichment 5344: 4744:. 14 February 1985. 8 April 2019. 4092:"The 613 Commandments (Mitzvot)." 3566:), when these impact the Halakha. 3477:, providing analysis in light of 3473:Works structured directly on the 3362:is similarly a commentary on the 3284:since the Talmud. In writing the 3089:, including additional practical 3063:(first half of the 13th century, 2901:(c. 752) discusses over 190 1838:("firsts") are the rabbis of the 1705: 1677: 1498:, with fatwas being analogous to 9348: 9347: 9333: 8133: 8132: 8117:Rabbinic authority / Da'as Torah 7755: 7706: 7693: 7692: 5872:One commandment leads to another 5255:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. Part I–V. 4570:. 7 February 2019. 8 April 2019. 4384:Cedarbaum, Daniel (6 May 2016). 4156:. 5 November 2008. 9 April 2019. 3816: 3802: 3580:, based on the rulings of Rabbi 3338:differed (based on the works of 2651:Despite the Orthodox views that 2375: 2366: 1112: 1060: 57: 51: 45: 9312:History of the legal profession 5116:, Jewish Theological Seminary. 4843: 4821: 4782: 4773: 4724: 4702: 4679: 4657: 4630: 4599: 4573: 4550: 4517: 4478: 4444: 4422: 4400: 4377: 4352: 4325: 4294: 4267: 4243: 4221: 4206: 4182: 4159: 4107: 4084: 2590:Hasidim walk to the synagogue, 2521:Despite its internal rigidity, 2385:The artistic freedom spirit of 7614:Relations with other religions 5581:(Sanctification of God's name) 5245:Leiden: E. J. Brill. Part I–V. 5172:New International Encyclopedia 4925:); Jewish Publication Society 4875:Contemporary Halakhic Problems 4721:. 25 March 2014. 8 April 2019. 4303:"The Hermeneutic Rules of the 4038: 4014: 3942: 3908: 3883: 3405:from a Kabbalistic standpoint. 3205:("The Rock of the Helpmate"): 3147:(lit. "The Four Columns"; the 2846:History of responsa in Judaism 2776:including counting women in a 2640:Jews generally hold that even 2516: 2357: 1864:("lasts") are the rabbis from 1564:divides laws into categories: 1: 7601:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust 5307:Within Israel’s Social Order. 5265:Leiden: E. J.Brill. Part I–V. 5027:(11 vols), Gefen Publishing. 4997:. In John L. Esposito (ed.). 4995:"Fatwā. Process and Function" 4640:Introduction to the דור רביעי 4311:Hellenism in Jewish Palestine 4280:Hellenism in Jewish Palestine 4079:Messick & Kéchichian 2009 3877: 3132:An illuminated manuscript of 2464:Conservative Judaism, Beliefs 2132:Rabbinical Council of America 1865: 1843: 1741: 1721: 1421:not related to commandments. 1293:, some have come to view the 1217:), is the collective body of 7532:Leo Baeck Institute New York 7527:American Sephardi Federation 4732:"Conservative Assembly ...." 3779:with contributions from the 3252:is a huge commentary on the 2716:A mixed-gender, egalitarian 2666:Rabbi Joseph B. Soloveitchik 1909:worded in the first person. 1383: 1377: 1309:. Some minor differences in 7: 7964:Central Rabbinical Congress 6355:Constantinopolitan Karaites 5557:(Desecration of God's name) 4980:Jewish Law: An Introduction 4497:(2) (2 ed.): 356–359. 4334:Hebrew Union College Annual 3974:Jacobs, Louis. "Halakhah". 3795: 3678:pertinent to everyday life. 3500:in light of all subsequent 3179:s arrangement of material. 3083:Isaac ben Joseph of Corbeil 2598:Orthodox Jews believe that 2316:Law given to Moses at Sinai 1964:with its commentaries (see 1450:"), and as codified in the 1167: 10: 9428: 8979:International legal theory 8458:International slavery laws 8453:International human rights 8448:International criminal law 7901:United Torah Judaism (UTJ) 7583:National Library of Israel 6224:Zionism, race and genetics 5193:. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. 4936:Glenn, H. Patrick (2014). 4807:10.1007/s10835-020-09360-5 4362:. Vail Daily. 13 July 2015 4255:www.jewishencyclopedia.com 3350:). The glosses are called 3300:, generally, refer to the 2705: 2575: 2413: 2185:on Shabbat, or taking the 1875: 1512: 1224:that are derived from the 18: 9327: 9304: 9194: 9032:Administration of justice 9017: 8926: 8817: 8696: 8598: 8319: 8187: 8130: 8084: 8053: 8020:Agudath Israel of America 8012: 7946: 7888: 7822: 7796: 7770: 7681: 7537:Yeshiva University Museum 7517:Center for Jewish History 7507: 7372: 7244: 7118: 7012: 6543: 6162: 6104: 6086: 6000: 5977: 5810: 5718: 5664: 5622: 5544: 4856:. Yale University Press. 4817:– via SpringerLink. 4779:Kaplan Spitz, p. 577-584. 4606:Kaplan, Lawrence (1973). 4568:Jewish Telegraphic Agency 4503:10.1017/S0364009402250114 4457:(2 ed.). Routledge. 3085:is an abridgement of the 2969:was written by the Rabbi 2582:Yeshiva § Jewish law 2567:Denominational approaches 2505:are bound by a subset of 2470:Reconstructionist Judaism 2416:Talmud § Present day 2354:are not Greek in origin. 1886:in the period before the 1672:Laws in relation to God ( 1523:According to the Talmud ( 1399:is often contrasted with 1337:Etymology and terminology 8809:Basic structure doctrine 8659:Natural and legal rights 8540:Public international law 7979:Moetzet Chachmei HaTorah 7880:Orthodox Jewish outreach 6129:Ancient Israel and Judah 5589:(Derogatory information) 5097:Understanding Jewish Law 4828:Tzurba Learning-Schedule 4588: 4388:. Reconstructing Judaism 4386:"Reconstructing Halakha" 4301:Lieberman, Saul (1962). 4274:Lieberman, Saul (1962). 3837:Baraita of Rabbi Ishmael 3533:Aruch HaShulchan he'Atid 3414:Rabbi David HaLevi Segal 3159:). This work traces the 3061:Moses ben Jacob of Coucy 2774:role of women in Judaism 1544:legislated by the rabbis 1539:, supplemented by seven 19:Not to be confused with 8989:Principle of typicality 8463:International trade law 8179: 7974:Moetzes Gedolei HaTorah 6505:North African Sephardim 6478:Jewish tribes of Arabia 5700:Forbidden relationships 4850:Adler, Yonatan (2022). 4687:"Women and the Minyan." 4637:Glasner, Moshe Shmuel, 4439:Encyclopedia Britannica 4238:The Rabbinical Assembly 3706:Contemporary "series": 3670:, as well as laws from 3550:, by the Sephardi sage 3455:– and thus stating the 3428:Rabbi Shabbatai HaKohen 3296:in inconclusive cases. 3288:, Rabbi Karo based his 3059:(The "SeMaG") of Rabbi 2944:("Great Law Book"), by 2578:Semikhah § Concept 2501:Some Jews believe that 2401:(right, represented by 2128:Modern Orthodox Judaism 21:Halakha LeMoshe MiSinai 9392:Jewish law and rituals 7928:Noam (political party) 7608:Holocaust Encyclopedia 7578:Jewish Virtual Library 5841:B'rov am hadrat melech 5539:(Jewish religious law) 5340:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. 5297:Between Israel and God 5287:Between Israel and God 5152:Encyclopedia Americana 5085:, Taylor and Francis. 4699:. OH 55:1.2002. p. 23. 3666:, the second in large 3516:Yechiel Michel Epstein 3442:Shneur Zalman of Liadi 3139: 2841: 2833: 2728: 2699: 2595: 2391:(left, represented by 1849:–1563), preceding the 1798:") lived primarily in 1601:, laws written in the 1582: 1576:Glockengasse Synagogue 1509:Commandments (mitzvot) 1349: 8984:Principle of legality 8743:Delegated legislation 8443:Intellectual property 8107:Torah im Derech Eretz 7555:Encyclopaedia Judaica 7337:Sefer Raziel HaMalakh 6522:Sephardic Bnei Anusim 6272:Udmurt and Tatar Jews 5410:Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 5095:Steven H. Resnicoff, 5005:on November 20, 2015. 4770:. EH 4.2000a. p. 586. 3976:Encyclopaedia Judaica 3847:Jewish medical ethics 3695:Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 3625:Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 3589:Yisroel Meir ha-Kohen 3490:Yisroel Meir ha-Kohen 3399:customs and practices 3131: 3104:"The Mordechai" – by 2922:("Decided Laws"), by 2839: 2818: 2715: 2706:Further information: 2694: 2680:, the chief rabbi of 2657:Rabbi Moshe Feinstein 2589: 2405:and his sons) on the 2201:'s relationship with 2008:she'eloth u-teshuvoth 1936:Talmudic hermeneutics 1932:) with commentaries; 1570: 1490:literature parallels 1344: 1301:. Under contemporary 16:Jewish rabbinical law 9202:Barristers' chambers 9144:Legal representation 9082:Justice of the peace 8428:Financial regulation 8040:World Agudath Israel 6134:Second Temple period 5912:Positive commandment 5855:Dina d'malkhuta dina 5607:You shall not murder 5392:Shulchan Aruch HaRav 5099:, LexisNexis, 2012. 5009:Daniel Pollack ed., 4756:Kaplan Spitz, Elie. 4114:Danzinger, Eliezer. 3481:material and codes: 3446:commentaries on the 3437:Shulchan Aruch HaRav 3377:("Levush") of Rabbi 3213:and other issues in 2840:Shulchan Aruch HaRav 2733:Conservative Judaism 2708:Conservative halakha 2702:Conservative Judaism 2678:Moshe Shmuel Glasner 2452:Conservative Judaism 2211:Conservative halakha 2136:Conservative Judaism 2099:. For example, many 2019:Dina d'malchuta dina 1966:#Codes of Jewish law 1804:Eastern Roman Empire 1749:Second Temple period 1685:bein adam le-chavero 1592:biblical Mount Sinai 1356:is derived from the 9237:Election commission 8949:Expressive function 8478:Landlord–tenant law 8377:Consumer protection 7918:National Union (NU) 7572:Jewish Encyclopedia 7317:Hekhalot literature 7128:Religious movements 6663:Judeo-Tripolitanian 5811:Halakhic principles 5565:(Theft of the mind) 5127:Joseph Soloveitchik 4487:Rabbinic Authority. 3789:Conservative Jewish 3785:Rabbinical Assembly 3613:Menasseh Ben Israel 3604:-oriented works of 3453:subsequent responsa 3307:The works of Rabbi 3106:Mordecai ben Hillel 3078:Sefer Mitzvot Katan 3056:Sefer Mitzvot Gadol 3003:fundamental beliefs 2811:Codes of Jewish law 2217:Historical analysis 2140:Rabbinical Assembly 1920:consulted include: 1882:The development of 1878:Rabbinic literature 1692:Sources and process 1578:(museum exhibits), 1548:Temple in Jerusalem 1436:rabbinic literature 1291:Jewish emancipation 972:Abrahamic religions 871:Selichot (S'lichot) 663:Bar and bat mitzvah 166:Principles of faith 9195:Legal institutions 9062:Lawsuit/Litigation 9052:Dispute resolution 8857:Catholic canon law 8565:State of emergency 8528:Will and testament 8252:Law of obligations 8205:Constitutional law 8195:Administrative law 7713:Judaism portal 7649:Jews and Halloween 7644:Jews and Christmas 7034:Rabbinic authority 6786:Judaeo-Piedmontese 6219:Xueta Christianity 6124:Origins of Judaism 6091:Outline of Judaism 5985:Capital punishment 5632:Corpse uncleanness 4978:Mendell Lewittes, 4912:Ha-Mishpat ha-Ivri 4833:2020-07-24 at the 4763:2019-12-27 at the 4737:2019-12-31 at the 4714:2019-06-19 at the 4692:2020-06-17 at the 4674:My Jewish Learning 4669:2019-12-24 at the 4563:2019-03-31 at the 4545:My Jewish Learning 4539:2018-12-25 at the 4534:The Shulchan Aruch 4434:2016-01-21 at the 4233:2019-05-09 at the 4172:2019-07-02 at the 4149:2019-07-02 at the 4142:Sinclair, Julian. 4097:2019-04-20 at the 4069:, pp. 183–84. 4055:My Jewish Learning 4050:2019-01-04 at the 3959:My Jewish Learning 3954:2019-12-25 at the 3925:My Jewish Learning 3920:2019-07-18 at the 3552:Yaakov Chaim Sofer 3393:together with the 3140: 2928:vernacular Aramaic 2924:Yehudai ben Nahman 2872:halakhic decisions 2842: 2834: 2729: 2617:Deuteronomy 5:8–13 2596: 2528:Rabbinic Authority 2511:Seven Laws of Noah 2030:In antiquity, the 1697:Eras of Jewish law 1583: 1552:the Land of Israel 1350: 1345:A full set of the 1067:Judaism portal 1032:Holocaust theology 9377: 9376: 9037:Constitutionalism 8959:Law and economics 8797:Act of parliament 8535:Product liability 8488:Legal archaeology 8413:Environmental law 8407:Entertainment law 8247:International law 8147: 8146: 8102:Religious Zionism 7989:Agudas HaRabbonim 7933:Jerusalem Faction 7814:Hasidic dynasties 7722: 7721: 7688:extinct languages 7589:YIVO Encyclopedia 7364:Hebrew literature 7332:Sefer HaEtz Chaim 7172:Reconstructionist 6850:Judaeo-Portuguese 6539: 6538: 6495:Eastern Sephardim 6139:Synagogal Judaism 6042: 6041: 5705:Gender separation 4982:, Jason Aronson. 4026:en.wiktionary.org 3718:Religious Zionist 3323:was based on the 3248:(1488–1575). The 3032:talmidei haRambam 2897:("Questions") by 2829:section, laws of 2731:The view held by 2442:Deuteronomy 17:11 2305: 2304: 2177:shev v'al ta'aseh 2167:refers to either 1930:Babylonian Talmud 1764:who codified the 1674:bein adam laMakom 1494:developed in the 1438:, especially the 1347:Babylonian Talmud 1214:[haˈlɔχɔ] 1180:[halaˈχa] 1165: 1103: 1102: 455:Important figures 129:Reconstructionist 9419: 9412:Rabbinic Judaism 9402:Orthodox Judaism 9352: 9351: 9350: 9338: 9337: 9161:Question of fact 9042:Criminal justice 8372:Construction law 8367:Conflict of laws 8332:Agricultural law 8174: 8167: 8160: 8151: 8150: 8141: 8136: 8135: 7994:United Synagogue 7969:Iggud HaRabbonim 7959:Edah HaChareidis 7764: 7763:Orthodox Judaism 7759: 7749: 7742: 7735: 7726: 7725: 7711: 7710: 7709: 7696: 7695: 6828:Judeo-Golpaygani 6429:Palestinian Jews 6404:Alexandrian Jews 6360:Crimean Karaites 6277:Unterlander Jews 6230: 6229: 6144:Rabbinic Judaism 6069: 6062: 6055: 6046: 6045: 5949:Toch k'dei dibur 5759:Terumat hamaaser 5573:(Theft of sleep) 5528: 5521: 5514: 5505: 5504: 5438:(search on site) 5401:Aruch HaShulchan 5204: 5176: 5168: 5156: 5148: 5006: 4955:, Magnes Press. 4941: 4867: 4838: 4825: 4819: 4818: 4801:(3–4): 325–350. 4786: 4780: 4777: 4771: 4754: 4745: 4728: 4722: 4706: 4700: 4683: 4677: 4661: 4655: 4654: 4653: 4652: 4634: 4628: 4627: 4603: 4597: 4596: 4593: 4592: 4577: 4571: 4554: 4548: 4530: 4524: 4521: 4515: 4514: 4482: 4476: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4448: 4442: 4426: 4420: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4404: 4398: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4381: 4375: 4374: 4369: 4367: 4356: 4350: 4349: 4329: 4323: 4322: 4320: 4318: 4298: 4292: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4271: 4265: 4264: 4262: 4261: 4247: 4241: 4225: 4219: 4210: 4204: 4203: 4186: 4180: 4163: 4157: 4140: 4131: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4111: 4105: 4088: 4082: 4076: 4070: 4064: 4058: 4042: 4036: 4035: 4033: 4032: 4018: 4012: 4011: 4009: 4007: 3989: 3980: 3979: 3971: 3962: 3946: 3940: 3934: 3928: 3912: 3906: 3905: 3903: 3901: 3887: 3826: 3821: 3820: 3812: 3807: 3806: 3805: 3773:Temimei Haderech 3725:Tzurba M’Rabanan 3642:Orthodox Judaism 3630:Shlomo Ganzfried 3512:Aruch HaShulchan 3464:Chabad-Lubavitch 3344:Israel Isserlein 3262:Israel Isserlein 3044:Asher ben Jehiel 2942:Halakhot Gedolot 2919:Halachot Pesukot 2912:The first legal 2572:Orthodox Judaism 2421:Orthodox Judaism 2379: 2370: 2332:Eliezer ben Jose 2297: 2290: 2283: 2221: 2220: 2142:has an official 1870: 1867: 1848: 1845: 1746: 1743: 1730: 1726: 1723: 1707: 1679: 1562:Rabbinic Judaism 1519:613 commandments 1386: 1380: 1313:are found among 1216: 1211: 1182: 1177: 1170: 1160: 1158: 1147: 1141: 1140: 1137: 1136: 1133: 1130: 1127: 1124: 1121: 1118: 1095: 1088: 1081: 1065: 1064: 1063: 337:Aruch HaShulchan 61: 55: 49: 26: 25: 9427: 9426: 9422: 9421: 9420: 9418: 9417: 9416: 9382: 9381: 9378: 9373: 9346: 9332: 9323: 9300: 9291:Political party 9264:Legal education 9252:Law enforcement 9232:Court of equity 9190: 9166:Question of law 9119:Practice of law 9099:Judicial review 9013: 8964:Legal formalism 8944:Comparative law 8939:Contract theory 8922: 8842:Legal pluralism 8813: 8802:Act of Congress 8726:Executive order 8692: 8594: 8513:Nationality law 8438:Immigration law 8362:Competition law 8315: 8183: 8178: 8148: 8143: 8139: 8126: 8080: 8066:Mishnah Berurah 8049: 8008: 7942: 7923:The Jewish Home 7884: 7818: 7792: 7766: 7762: 7753: 7723: 7718: 7707: 7705: 7677: 7503: 7368: 7240: 7114: 7008: 6823:Judeo-Borujerdi 6798:Judeo-Malayalam 6744:Judeo-Aragonese 6715:Lishanid Noshan 6547: 6535: 6267:Oberlander Jews 6228: 6158: 6100: 6082: 6073: 6043: 6038: 5996: 5973: 5806: 5726:Sabbatical year 5714: 5660: 5618: 5540: 5532: 5473:Peninei Halakha 5442:Mishnah Berurah 5352: 5347: 5201: 5183: 5181:Further reading 5166:"Halacha" 5146:"Halakah" 5143: 5081:Emanuel Quint, 5023:Emanuel Quint, 4877:(5 vols), Ktav 4871:J. David Bleich 4864: 4846: 4841: 4835:Wayback Machine 4826: 4822: 4787: 4783: 4778: 4774: 4765:Wayback Machine 4755: 4748: 4739:Wayback Machine 4729: 4725: 4716:Wayback Machine 4707: 4703: 4694:Wayback Machine 4685:Fine, David J. 4684: 4680: 4676:. 8 April 2019. 4671:Wayback Machine 4662: 4658: 4650: 4648: 4635: 4631: 4604: 4600: 4594: 4578: 4574: 4565:Wayback Machine 4555: 4551: 4547:. 8 April 2019. 4541:Wayback Machine 4532:Jacobs, Jill. " 4531: 4527: 4522: 4518: 4483: 4479: 4469: 4467: 4465: 4449: 4445: 4436:Wayback Machine 4429:"Noahide Laws." 4427: 4423: 4413: 4411: 4406: 4405: 4401: 4391: 4389: 4382: 4378: 4365: 4363: 4358: 4357: 4353: 4330: 4326: 4316: 4314: 4299: 4295: 4285: 4283: 4272: 4268: 4259: 4257: 4249: 4248: 4244: 4240:. 9 April 2019. 4235:Wayback Machine 4226: 4222: 4216:Choshen Mishpat 4211: 4207: 4187: 4183: 4179:. 9 April 2019. 4174:Wayback Machine 4165:Tauber, Yanki. 4164: 4160: 4151:Wayback Machine 4141: 4134: 4124: 4122: 4112: 4108: 4104:. 9 April 2019. 4099:Wayback Machine 4089: 4085: 4077: 4073: 4065: 4061: 4057:. 8 April 2019. 4052:Wayback Machine 4043: 4039: 4030: 4028: 4020: 4019: 4015: 4005: 4003: 3990: 3983: 3972: 3965: 3961:. 8 April 2019. 3956:Wayback Machine 3947: 3943: 3935: 3931: 3927:. 8 April 2019. 3922:Wayback Machine 3913: 3909: 3899: 3897: 3889: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3822: 3815: 3808: 3803: 3801: 3798: 3742:Modern Orthodox 3714:Eliezer Melamed 3710:Peninei Halakha 3676:Choshen Mishpat 3486:Mishnah Berurah 3221:Choshen Mishpat 3153:Jacob ben Asher 2891:An early work, 2874:and subsequent 2813: 2722:Robinson's Arch 2710: 2704: 2646:Modern Orthodox 2584: 2574: 2569: 2519: 2475:Mordecai Kaplan 2418: 2412: 2411: 2410: 2409: 2407:Knesset Menorah 2382: 2381: 2380: 2372: 2371: 2360: 2301: 2224:Rabbinical eras 2219: 2188:lulav and etrog 1880: 1874: 1871:to the present. 1868: 1846: 1744: 1728: 1724: 1698: 1694: 1521: 1513:Main articles: 1511: 1469:Jewish diaspora 1339: 1269:Jewish diaspora 1206: 1172: 1145: 1115: 1111: 1099: 1061: 1059: 1052: 1051: 997: 996: 987: 986: 977:Judeo-Christian 940: 939: 937:Other religions 928: 927: 888: 887: 876: 875: 811: 810: 799: 798: 753: 706: 705: 696: 695: 677: 643: 642: 627: 626: 582: 581: 579:Religious roles 570: 569: 532: 528: 458: 457: 446: 445: 407: 383: 382: 367: 366: 332:Mishnah Berurah 312: 311: 300: 299: 274: 227: 220: 219: 208: 207: 161: 160: 149: 148: 80: 73: 72: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9425: 9415: 9414: 9409: 9404: 9399: 9394: 9375: 9374: 9372: 9371: 9364: 9357: 9343: 9340:Law portal 9328: 9325: 9324: 9322: 9321: 9320: 9319: 9308: 9306: 9302: 9301: 9299: 9298: 9293: 9288: 9283: 9278: 9273: 9272: 9271: 9261: 9260: 9259: 9249: 9244: 9239: 9234: 9229: 9224: 9219: 9214: 9209: 9204: 9198: 9196: 9192: 9191: 9189: 9188: 9183: 9178: 9176:Trial advocacy 9173: 9168: 9163: 9158: 9157: 9156: 9151: 9146: 9141: 9136: 9131: 9126: 9116: 9111: 9106: 9101: 9096: 9091: 9090: 9089: 9084: 9074: 9069: 9064: 9059: 9054: 9049: 9044: 9039: 9034: 9029: 9023: 9021: 9015: 9014: 9012: 9011: 9006: 9001: 8996: 8991: 8986: 8981: 8976: 8971: 8966: 8961: 8956: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8936: 8930: 8928: 8924: 8923: 8921: 8920: 8915: 8910: 8905: 8900: 8899: 8898: 8888: 8887: 8886: 8881: 8876: 8871: 8866: 8861: 8860: 8859: 8844: 8839: 8834: 8829: 8823: 8821: 8815: 8814: 8812: 8811: 8806: 8805: 8804: 8799: 8794: 8784: 8783: 8782: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8757: 8756: 8755: 8750: 8745: 8735: 8734: 8733: 8728: 8723: 8713: 8708: 8706:Ballot measure 8702: 8700: 8694: 8693: 8691: 8690: 8685: 8683:Legal treatise 8680: 8679: 8678: 8673: 8663: 8662: 8661: 8651: 8649:Letters patent 8646: 8641: 8640: 8639: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8610: 8604: 8602: 8600:Sources of law 8596: 8595: 8593: 8592: 8587: 8585:Unenforced law 8582: 8577: 8572: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8532: 8531: 8530: 8525: 8515: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8495: 8490: 8485: 8480: 8475: 8470: 8465: 8460: 8455: 8450: 8445: 8440: 8435: 8430: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8404: 8399: 8394: 8389: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8357:Commercial law 8354: 8349: 8344: 8339: 8334: 8329: 8323: 8321: 8317: 8316: 8314: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8297: 8296: 8286: 8281: 8276: 8275: 8274: 8269: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8223: 8222: 8212: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8191: 8189: 8185: 8184: 8177: 8176: 8169: 8162: 8154: 8145: 8144: 8131: 8128: 8127: 8125: 8124: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8088: 8086: 8082: 8081: 8079: 8078: 8073: 8068: 8063: 8061:Shulchan Aruch 8057: 8055: 8051: 8050: 8048: 8047: 8042: 8037: 8035:Orthodox Union 8032: 8027: 8022: 8016: 8014: 8010: 8009: 8007: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7950: 7948: 7944: 7943: 7941: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7914: 7913: 7908: 7906:Agudat Yisrael 7898: 7892: 7890: 7886: 7885: 7883: 7882: 7877: 7875:Chinuch Atzmai 7872: 7870:Torah Umesorah 7867: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7826: 7824: 7820: 7819: 7817: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7800: 7798: 7794: 7793: 7791: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7774: 7772: 7768: 7767: 7752: 7751: 7744: 7737: 7729: 7720: 7719: 7717: 7716: 7702: 7682: 7679: 7678: 7676: 7675: 7674: 7673: 7672: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7655:non-Christian 7653: 7652: 7651: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7611: 7604: 7597: 7592: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7551: 7546: 7545: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7513: 7511: 7505: 7504: 7502: 7501: 7496: 7495: 7494: 7489: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7459: 7458: 7457: 7447: 7446: 7445: 7440: 7430: 7425: 7424: 7423: 7413: 7412: 7411: 7401: 7396: 7395: 7394: 7389: 7378: 7376: 7370: 7369: 7367: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7354:Shulchan Aruch 7351: 7350: 7349: 7344: 7342:Sefer Yetzirah 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7322:Pardes Rimonim 7319: 7312:Kabbalah texts 7309: 7308: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7282: 7281: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7256: 7250: 7248: 7242: 7241: 7239: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7202: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7190: 7189: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7158: 7157: 7152: 7151: 7150: 7145: 7124: 7122: 7116: 7115: 7113: 7112: 7107: 7105:Land of Israel 7102: 7101: 7100: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7079: 7078: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7057: 7056: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7030: 7029: 7018: 7016: 7010: 7009: 7007: 7006: 7001: 7000: 6999: 6998: 6997: 6992: 6991: 6990: 6983: 6981:Judeo-Alsatian 6973: 6972: 6971: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6908: 6907: 6902: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6846: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6833:Judeo-Hamedani 6830: 6825: 6820: 6810: 6808:Judaeo-Occitan 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6789: 6788: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6767: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6749:Jewish English 6746: 6741: 6740: 6739: 6738: 6737: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6680:Judaeo-Aramaic 6677: 6676: 6675: 6670: 6668:Judeo-Tunisian 6665: 6660: 6658:Judeo-Moroccan 6655: 6654: 6653: 6651:Judeo-Baghdadi 6638: 6633: 6628: 6627: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6555: 6553: 6541: 6540: 6537: 6536: 6534: 6533: 6532: 6531: 6530: 6529: 6519: 6518: 6517: 6507: 6502: 6500:Livornese Jews 6497: 6487: 6482: 6481: 6480: 6470: 6469: 6468: 6467: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6391: 6390: 6389: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6363: 6362: 6357: 6347: 6342: 6341: 6340: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6319: 6318: 6313: 6303: 6302: 6301: 6296: 6286: 6285: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6247:Afrikaner-Jode 6238: 6236: 6227: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6215: 6214: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6168: 6166: 6160: 6159: 6157: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6110: 6108: 6102: 6101: 6099: 6098: 6093: 6087: 6084: 6083: 6072: 6071: 6064: 6057: 6049: 6040: 6039: 6037: 6036: 6029: 6022: 6015: 6010: 6004: 6002: 5998: 5997: 5995: 5994: 5987: 5981: 5979: 5975: 5974: 5972: 5971: 5966: 5959: 5956:Yad soledet bo 5952: 5945: 5940: 5933: 5926: 5924:Self-sacrifice 5921: 5914: 5909: 5906:Pikuach nefesh 5902: 5895: 5888: 5881: 5874: 5869: 5858: 5851: 5844: 5837: 5822: 5814: 5812: 5808: 5807: 5805: 5804: 5797: 5790: 5783: 5776: 5769: 5762: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5733: 5728: 5722: 5720: 5716: 5715: 5713: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5685: 5678: 5670: 5668: 5662: 5661: 5659: 5658: 5656:Ritual washing 5653: 5646: 5639: 5634: 5628: 5626: 5620: 5619: 5617: 5616: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5591: 5583: 5579:Kiddush hashem 5575: 5567: 5563:Geneivat da'at 5559: 5555:Chillul hashem 5550: 5548: 5542: 5541: 5531: 5530: 5523: 5516: 5508: 5502: 5501: 5492: 5483: 5470: 5461: 5452: 5439: 5429: 5420: 5407: 5398: 5389: 5378:Shulchan Aruch 5375: 5366: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5345:External links 5343: 5342: 5341: 5336:, ed. (2005). 5334:Neusner, Jacob 5331: 5330: 5329: 5319: 5309: 5303: 5293: 5269:Neusner, Jacob 5266: 5259:Neusner, Jacob 5256: 5249:Neusner, Jacob 5246: 5239:Neusner, Jacob 5236: 5218:Neusner, Jacob 5215: 5208:Neusner, Jacob 5205: 5199: 5182: 5179: 5178: 5177: 5157: 5141: 5124: 5107: 5105:978-1422490204 5093: 5079: 5021: 5007: 4990: 4976: 4963: 4949: 4947:978-0199669837 4933: 4905: 4868: 4862: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4839: 4837:, mizrachi.org 4820: 4795:Jewish History 4781: 4772: 4746: 4742:New York Times 4730:Goldman, Ari. 4723: 4701: 4678: 4656: 4629: 4598: 4572: 4549: 4525: 4516: 4477: 4463: 4443: 4441:. 3 July 2019. 4421: 4399: 4376: 4351: 4324: 4293: 4266: 4242: 4220: 4205: 4181: 4158: 4132: 4106: 4090:Hecht, Mendy. 4083: 4071: 4059: 4037: 4013: 3981: 3963: 3941: 3929: 3907: 3895:Dictionary.com 3881: 3879: 3876: 3875: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3828: 3827: 3813: 3810:Judaism portal 3797: 3794: 3793: 3792: 3770: 3769: 3768: 3754:Gavriel Zinner 3745: 3734:Shulchan Aruch 3730:Benzion Algazi 3721: 3704: 3703: 3702: 3679: 3660:Avraham Danzig 3649: 3646:Shulchan Aruch 3638:Shulchan Aruch 3620: 3599: 3598: 3597: 3593: 3585: 3567: 3537: 3528:Shulchan Aruch 3509: 3494:Shulchan Aruch 3475:Shulchan Aruch 3471: 3468:Hasidic groups 3448:Shulchan Aruch 3432: 3417: 3406: 3391:Shulchan Aruch 3379:Mordecai Yoffe 3375:Levush Malkhut 3371: 3356:Shulchan Aruch 3321:Shulchan Aruch 3309:Moshe Isserles 3305: 3302:Shulchan Aruch 3298:Sephardic Jews 3286:Shulchan Aruch 3278:Shulchan Aruch 3266:Shulchan Aruch 3241:Shulchan Aruch 3230: 3229: 3228: 3218: 3200: 3190: 3126: 3125: 3102: 3051: 3036: 2983: 2963: 2962: 2961: 2946:Simeon Kayyara 2939: 2910: 2899:Ahai of Shabha 2879: 2856:, composed by 2823:Shulchan Aruch 2812: 2809: 2761:Kavod HaBriyot 2703: 2700: 2630:Shulchan Aruch 2573: 2570: 2568: 2565: 2518: 2515: 2482:Reform Judaism 2384: 2383: 2374: 2373: 2365: 2364: 2363: 2362: 2361: 2359: 2356: 2303: 2302: 2300: 2299: 2292: 2285: 2277: 2274: 2273: 2272: 2271: 2266: 2261: 2256: 2255: 2254: 2249: 2244: 2239: 2226: 2225: 2218: 2215: 2028: 2027: 2015: 2004: 1996: 1995: 1994: 1983: 1969: 1961:Shulchan Aruch 1952: 1951: 1950: 1939: 1873: 1872: 1856: 1852:Shulchan Aruch 1830: 1813: 1812: 1811: 1786: 1769: 1752: 1745: 170 BCE 1725: 250 BCE 1696: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1689: 1688: 1681: 1619: 1618: 1615: 1614: 1613: 1606: 1525:Tractate Makot 1510: 1507: 1492:rabbinical law 1459:Shulchan Aruch 1338: 1335: 1315:Ashkenazi Jews 1249:Shulchan Aruch 1238:), subsequent 1222:religious laws 1185:transliterated 1101: 1100: 1098: 1097: 1090: 1083: 1075: 1072: 1071: 1070: 1069: 1054: 1053: 1050: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1004: 998: 995:Related topics 994: 993: 992: 989: 988: 985: 984: 979: 974: 969: 963: 962: 957: 952: 947: 941: 935: 934: 933: 930: 929: 926: 925: 920: 915: 910: 905: 900: 895: 889: 885:Major holidays 883: 882: 881: 878: 877: 874: 873: 868: 863: 858: 853: 848: 843: 841:Birkat Hamazon 838: 833: 828: 823: 818: 812: 806: 805: 804: 801: 800: 797: 796: 791: 785: 784: 783: 782: 775: 768: 761: 748: 743: 738: 733: 728: 723: 718: 713: 707: 704:Ritual objects 703: 702: 701: 698: 697: 694: 693: 688: 683: 676: 675: 670: 665: 660: 655: 650: 644: 634: 633: 632: 629: 628: 625: 624: 619: 614: 609: 604: 599: 594: 589: 583: 577: 576: 575: 572: 571: 568: 567: 562: 557: 551: 550: 549: 548: 543: 538: 525:Rabbinic sages 520: 519: 514: 509: 504: 498: 497: 492: 487: 482: 476: 475: 470: 465: 459: 453: 452: 451: 448: 447: 444: 443: 438: 433: 431:Chevra kadisha 428: 423: 418: 413: 406: 405: 400: 395: 390: 384: 374: 373: 372: 369: 368: 365: 364: 359: 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 327:Shulchan Aruch 324: 319: 313: 307: 306: 305: 302: 301: 298: 297: 296: 295: 290: 285: 280: 268: 267: 262: 257: 252: 246: 245: 244: 243: 238: 233: 221: 215: 214: 213: 210: 209: 206: 205: 203:Musar movement 200: 199: 198: 188: 183: 178: 173: 168: 162: 156: 155: 154: 151: 150: 147: 146: 141: 136: 131: 126: 120: 119: 114: 113: 112: 101: 100: 99: 98: 93: 92: 91: 74: 68: 67: 66: 63: 62: 42: 41: 35: 34: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9424: 9413: 9410: 9408: 9407:Religious law 9405: 9403: 9400: 9398: 9395: 9393: 9390: 9389: 9387: 9380: 9370: 9369: 9365: 9363: 9362: 9358: 9356: 9355: 9344: 9342: 9341: 9336: 9330: 9329: 9326: 9318: 9315: 9314: 9313: 9310: 9309: 9307: 9303: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9289: 9287: 9284: 9282: 9279: 9277: 9274: 9270: 9267: 9266: 9265: 9262: 9258: 9255: 9254: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9222:Civil society 9220: 9218: 9215: 9213: 9210: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9200: 9199: 9197: 9193: 9187: 9184: 9182: 9181:Trier of fact 9179: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9155: 9152: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9130: 9127: 9125: 9122: 9121: 9120: 9117: 9115: 9112: 9110: 9107: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9079: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9067:Legal opinion 9065: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9047:Court-martial 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9025: 9024: 9022: 9020: 9019:Jurisprudence 9016: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8931: 8929: 8925: 8919: 8916: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8908:Statutory law 8906: 8904: 8903:Socialist law 8901: 8897: 8896:Byzantine law 8894: 8893: 8892: 8889: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8858: 8855: 8854: 8853: 8850: 8849: 8848: 8847:Religious law 8845: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8824: 8822: 8820: 8819:Legal systems 8816: 8810: 8807: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8790: 8789: 8788: 8787:Statutory law 8785: 8781: 8778: 8777: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8744: 8741: 8740: 8739: 8736: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8718: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8703: 8701: 8699: 8695: 8689: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8668: 8667: 8664: 8660: 8657: 8656: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8638: 8635: 8634: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8617:Statutory law 8614: 8611: 8609: 8606: 8605: 8603: 8601: 8597: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8575:Transport law 8573: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8520: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8493:Legal fiction 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8423:Financial law 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8382:Corporate law 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8324: 8322: 8318: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8306:Statutory law 8304: 8302: 8299: 8295: 8292: 8291: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8264: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8221: 8218: 8217: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8192: 8190: 8188:Core subjects 8186: 8182: 8175: 8170: 8168: 8163: 8161: 8156: 8155: 8152: 8142: 8129: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8092:Torah Judaism 8090: 8089: 8087: 8083: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8058: 8056: 8052: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8017: 8015: 8013:Organizations 8011: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7951: 7949: 7945: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7912: 7911:Degel HaTorah 7909: 7907: 7904: 7903: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7893: 7891: 7887: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7827: 7825: 7821: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7804:Orthodox Jews 7802: 7801: 7799: 7795: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7775: 7773: 7769: 7765: 7758: 7750: 7745: 7743: 7738: 7736: 7731: 7730: 7727: 7715: 7714: 7703: 7701: 7700: 7691: 7690: 7689: 7685: 7680: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7656: 7654: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7639:Protestantism 7637: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7621: 7620: 7617: 7616: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7609: 7605: 7603: 7602: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7590: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7573: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7556: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7519: 7518: 7515: 7514: 7512: 7510: 7506: 7500: 7497: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7484: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7456: 7453: 7452: 7451: 7448: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7435: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7422: 7419: 7418: 7417: 7414: 7410: 7407: 7406: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7384: 7383: 7380: 7379: 7377: 7375: 7371: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7327:Sefer HaBahir 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7314: 7313: 7310: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7287: 7286: 7283: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7265: 7264: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7254:Sifrei Kodesh 7252: 7251: 7249: 7247: 7243: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7188: 7185: 7184: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7156: 7153: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7140: 7139: 7136: 7135: 7134: 7131: 7130: 7129: 7126: 7125: 7123: 7121: 7117: 7111: 7110:Who is a Jew? 7108: 7106: 7103: 7099: 7096: 7095: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7077: 7074: 7073: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7055: 7052: 7051: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7039:Chosen people 7037: 7035: 7032: 7028: 7025: 7024: 7023: 7020: 7019: 7017: 7015: 7011: 7005: 7002: 6996: 6995:Scots-Yiddish 6993: 6989: 6988: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6978: 6977: 6974: 6970: 6969: 6968:Klezmer-loshn 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6949: 6948: 6945: 6944: 6943: 6940: 6939: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6897: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6838:Judeo-Shirazi 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6815: 6814: 6813:Judeo-Persian 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6803:Judeo-Marathi 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6787: 6784: 6783: 6782: 6781:Judeo-Italian 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6751: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6736: 6733: 6732: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6682: 6681: 6678: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6652: 6649: 6648: 6647: 6644: 6643: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6636:Judeo-Amazigh 6634: 6632: 6629: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6561: 6560: 6557: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6546: 6542: 6528: 6525: 6524: 6523: 6520: 6516: 6513: 6512: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6492: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6479: 6476: 6475: 6474: 6471: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6459:Hadhrami Jews 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6446: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6424:Mountain Jews 6422: 6420: 6419:Egyptian Jews 6417: 6415: 6414:Bukharan Jews 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6396: 6395: 6392: 6388: 6385: 6384: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6352: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6339: 6336: 6335: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6308: 6307: 6304: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6291: 6290: 6287: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6244: 6243: 6240: 6239: 6237: 6235: 6231: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6213: 6210: 6209: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6202:Lists of Jews 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6169: 6167: 6165: 6161: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6111: 6109: 6107: 6103: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6088: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6070: 6065: 6063: 6058: 6056: 6051: 6050: 6047: 6035: 6034: 6030: 6028: 6027: 6023: 6021: 6020: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6008:High Holidays 6006: 6005: 6003: 6001:Related boxes 5999: 5993: 5992: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5982: 5980: 5976: 5970: 5969:Relative hour 5967: 5965: 5964: 5960: 5958: 5957: 5953: 5951: 5950: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5938: 5937:Shomea k'oneh 5934: 5932: 5931: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5919: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5907: 5903: 5901: 5900: 5896: 5894: 5893: 5889: 5887: 5886: 5882: 5880: 5879: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5857: 5856: 5852: 5850: 5849: 5845: 5843: 5842: 5838: 5836: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5821: 5820: 5816: 5815: 5813: 5809: 5803: 5802: 5798: 5796: 5795: 5791: 5789: 5788: 5784: 5782: 5781: 5777: 5775: 5774: 5770: 5768: 5767: 5763: 5761: 5760: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5738: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5723: 5721: 5719:Agrarian laws 5717: 5711: 5710:Homosexuality 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5690: 5686: 5684: 5683: 5679: 5677: 5676: 5672: 5671: 5669: 5667: 5663: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5651: 5647: 5645: 5644: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5629: 5627: 5625: 5624:Ritual purity 5621: 5615: 5614: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5596: 5592: 5590: 5588: 5584: 5582: 5580: 5576: 5574: 5572: 5568: 5566: 5564: 5560: 5558: 5556: 5552: 5551: 5549: 5547: 5543: 5538: 5537: 5529: 5524: 5522: 5517: 5515: 5510: 5509: 5506: 5500: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5465: 5464:Chochmat Adam 5462: 5460: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5440: 5437: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5393: 5390: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5370: 5369:Arba'ah Turim 5367: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5356:Mishneh Torah 5354: 5353: 5339: 5335: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5308: 5304: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5283: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5267: 5264: 5261:(1983–1985). 5260: 5257: 5254: 5251:(1981–1983). 5250: 5247: 5244: 5241:(1979–1980). 5240: 5237: 5235: 5234:1-55635-349-9 5231: 5227: 5223: 5220:(1979–1980). 5219: 5216: 5213: 5210:(1974–1977). 5209: 5206: 5202: 5200:0-88706-459-0 5196: 5192: 5191: 5185: 5184: 5174: 5173: 5167: 5162: 5161:Gilman, D. C. 5158: 5154: 5153: 5147: 5142: 5140: 5139:0-8276-0397-5 5136: 5132: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5122:0-87334-035-3 5119: 5115: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5092: 5091:3-7186-0293-8 5088: 5084: 5080: 5078: 5077:965-229-375-X 5074: 5073:965-229-323-7 5070: 5069:965-229-322-9 5066: 5065:0-7657-9969-3 5062: 5061:1-56821-907-5 5058: 5057:1-56821-319-0 5054: 5053:1-56821-167-8 5050: 5049:0-87668-197-6 5046: 5045:0-87668-396-0 5042: 5041:0-87668-678-1 5038: 5037:0-87668-799-0 5034: 5033:0-87668-765-6 5030: 5026: 5022: 5020: 5019:0-88125-750-8 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4991: 4989: 4988:1-56821-302-6 4985: 4981: 4977: 4975: 4974:1-56821-901-6 4971: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4961:965-223-980-1 4958: 4954: 4950: 4948: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4932: 4931:0-8276-0537-4 4928: 4924: 4923:0-8276-0389-4 4920: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4908:Menachem Elon 4906: 4904: 4903:1-56871-353-3 4900: 4896: 4895:0-87068-275-X 4892: 4891:0-88125-315-4 4888: 4887:0-88125-474-6 4884: 4883:0-87068-450-7 4880: 4876: 4872: 4869: 4865: 4863:9780300254907 4859: 4855: 4854: 4848: 4847: 4836: 4832: 4829: 4824: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4785: 4776: 4769: 4766: 4762: 4759: 4753: 4751: 4743: 4740: 4736: 4733: 4727: 4720: 4719:Masorti Olami 4717: 4713: 4710: 4705: 4698: 4695: 4691: 4688: 4682: 4675: 4672: 4668: 4665: 4660: 4647:on 2023-04-17 4646: 4642: 4641: 4633: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4602: 4595: 4586:(in Hebrew). 4585: 4584: 4576: 4569: 4566: 4562: 4559: 4553: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4535: 4529: 4520: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4481: 4466: 4464:9780205018253 4460: 4456: 4455: 4447: 4440: 4437: 4433: 4430: 4425: 4409: 4403: 4387: 4380: 4373: 4361: 4355: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4328: 4312: 4308: 4306: 4297: 4281: 4277: 4270: 4256: 4252: 4246: 4239: 4236: 4232: 4229: 4224: 4217: 4214: 4209: 4201: 4198:(in Hebrew). 4197: 4196: 4191: 4185: 4178: 4175: 4171: 4168: 4162: 4155: 4152: 4148: 4145: 4139: 4137: 4121: 4117: 4110: 4103: 4100: 4096: 4093: 4087: 4080: 4075: 4068: 4063: 4056: 4053: 4049: 4046: 4041: 4027: 4023: 4017: 4001: 3997: 3996: 3988: 3986: 3978:(2 ed.). 3977: 3970: 3968: 3960: 3957: 3953: 3950: 3945: 3938: 3933: 3926: 3923: 3919: 3916: 3911: 3896: 3892: 3886: 3882: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3842:Jewish ethics 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3832:Antinomianism 3830: 3829: 3825: 3819: 3814: 3811: 3800: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3771: 3766: 3764: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3750: 3749:Nitei Gavriel 3746: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3726: 3722: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3708: 3707: 3705: 3700: 3699:Torah portion 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3656:Chochmat Adam 3653: 3650: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3626: 3621: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3609: 3607: 3603: 3600: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3574:Yitzhak Yosef 3571: 3568: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3546:and parts of 3545: 3541: 3538: 3535: 3534: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3510: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3482: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3460: 3454: 3450: 3449: 3443: 3439: 3438: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3418: 3415: 3412:(The Taz) by 3411: 3407: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3360:Darkhei Moshe 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3340:Yaakov Moelin 3337: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3294:the Mordechai 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3242: 3237: 3236: 3231: 3227:of civil law. 3226: 3222: 3219: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3201: 3198: 3194: 3191: 3188: 3184: 3181: 3180: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3157:Toledo, Spain 3154: 3150: 3146: 3145:Arba'ah Turim 3142: 3141: 3137: 3136: 3135:Arba'ah Turim 3130: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3100: 3096: 3093:, as well as 3092: 3088: 3084: 3081:("SeMaK") by 3080: 3079: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3057: 3052: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3034: 3033: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3019:Yemenite Jews 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2987:Mishneh Torah 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2967:Hilchot HaRif 2964: 2960:communities.) 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2940: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2920: 2915: 2911: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2895: 2890: 2889: 2887: 2883: 2882:Codifications 2880: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2868: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2850: 2849: 2847: 2838: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2821: 2817: 2808: 2806: 2801: 2797: 2792: 2791: 2785: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2762: 2757: 2756: 2751: 2747: 2741: 2739: 2734: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2714: 2709: 2698: 2693: 2691: 2688:in German or 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2649: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2634: 2632: 2631: 2626: 2625:Mishneh Torah 2622: 2621:Second Temple 2618: 2614: 2610: 2605: 2601: 2593: 2588: 2583: 2579: 2564: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2551:, which is a 2550: 2546: 2542: 2536: 2533: 2529: 2524: 2514: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2499: 2495: 2493: 2488: 2483: 2479: 2476: 2471: 2467: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2417: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2399: 2394: 2390: 2389: 2378: 2369: 2355: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2339: 2335: 2333: 2329: 2328:Rabbi Ishmael 2325: 2319: 2317: 2312: 2310: 2298: 2293: 2291: 2286: 2284: 2279: 2278: 2276: 2275: 2270: 2267: 2265: 2262: 2260: 2257: 2253: 2250: 2248: 2245: 2243: 2240: 2238: 2235: 2234: 2233: 2230: 2229: 2228: 2227: 2223: 2222: 2214: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2195: 2190: 2189: 2184: 2183: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2163:. (Sometimes 2162: 2158: 2157: 2152: 2147: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2124: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2093: 2088: 2083: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2064: 2062: 2061: 2055: 2050: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2035: 2034: 2025: 2021: 2020: 2016: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2002: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1988: 1984: 1982: 1978: 1977: 1973: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1963: 1962: 1957: 1956:Mishneh Torah 1953: 1949: 1945: 1944: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1933: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1922: 1921: 1919: 1915: 1910: 1908: 1904: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1879: 1863: 1862: 1857: 1854: 1853: 1841: 1840:late medieval 1837: 1836: 1831: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1808:Theodosius II 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1792: 1787: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1775: 1770: 1767: 1763: 1762:Eretz Yisrael 1759: 1758: 1753: 1750: 1739: 1738: 1733: 1732: 1729: 625 CE 1719: 1715: 1711: 1703: 1700: 1699: 1686: 1682: 1675: 1671: 1670: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1639: 1635: 1630: 1628: 1623: 1616: 1611: 1607: 1604: 1600: 1599:Written Torah 1596: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1584: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1563: 1559: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1520: 1516: 1506: 1504: 1503: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1476: 1474: 1470: 1465: 1461: 1460: 1455: 1454: 1453:Mishneh Torah 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1432: 1426: 1422: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1403: 1398: 1394: 1392: 1391: 1385: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1348: 1343: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1323:Sephardi Jews 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1287: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1265: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1250: 1245: 1244:rabbinic laws 1241: 1237: 1236: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1220: 1215: 1209: 1204: 1203: 1198: 1197: 1192: 1191: 1186: 1181: 1175: 1169: 1163: 1154: 1150: 1149: 1139: 1109: 1108: 1096: 1091: 1089: 1084: 1082: 1077: 1076: 1074: 1073: 1068: 1058: 1057: 1056: 1055: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 999: 991: 990: 983: 980: 978: 975: 973: 970: 968: 965: 964: 961: 958: 956: 953: 951: 948: 946: 943: 942: 938: 932: 931: 924: 921: 919: 916: 914: 911: 909: 906: 904: 901: 899: 896: 894: 893:Rosh Hashanah 891: 890: 886: 880: 879: 872: 869: 867: 864: 862: 859: 857: 854: 852: 849: 847: 844: 842: 839: 837: 834: 832: 829: 827: 824: 822: 819: 817: 814: 813: 809: 803: 802: 795: 792: 790: 787: 786: 781: 780: 776: 774: 773: 769: 767: 766: 762: 760: 759: 755: 754: 752: 749: 747: 744: 742: 739: 737: 734: 732: 729: 727: 724: 722: 719: 717: 714: 712: 709: 708: 700: 699: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 678: 674: 671: 669: 666: 664: 661: 659: 656: 654: 651: 649: 646: 645: 641: 637: 631: 630: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 584: 580: 574: 573: 566: 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 552: 547: 544: 542: 539: 537: 534: 533: 531: 527: 526: 522: 521: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 499: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 477: 474: 471: 469: 466: 464: 461: 460: 456: 450: 449: 442: 439: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 408: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 385: 381: 377: 371: 370: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 317:Mishneh Torah 315: 314: 310: 304: 303: 294: 291: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 275: 273: 270: 269: 266: 263: 261: 258: 256: 253: 251: 248: 247: 242: 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 228: 226: 223: 222: 218: 212: 211: 204: 201: 197: 194: 193: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 169: 167: 164: 163: 159: 153: 152: 145: 142: 140: 137: 135: 132: 130: 127: 125: 122: 121: 118: 115: 111: 108: 107: 106: 103: 102: 97: 94: 90: 87: 86: 85: 82: 81: 79: 76: 75: 71: 65: 64: 60: 54: 48: 44: 43: 40: 37: 36: 32: 28: 27: 22: 9379: 9366: 9359: 9345: 9331: 9104:Jurisdiction 9072:Legal remedy 9027:Adjudication 8927:Legal theory 8873: 8765:Ratification 8760:Promulgation 8731:Proclamation 8711:Codification 8644:Human rights 8632:Divine right 8622:Constitution 8590:Women in law 8508:Military law 8503:Marriage law 8498:Maritime law 8397:Election law 8337:Aviation law 8327:Abortion law 8279:Property law 8215:Criminal law 8137: 8112:Torah Umadda 8085:Philosophies 8070: 8045:Young Israel 7760: 7704: 7697: 7683: 7606: 7599: 7587: 7570: 7553: 7387:perspectives 7221:Samaritanism 7182:Neo-Hasidism 7162:Conservative 7082: 7076:Names of God 6985: 6966: 6776:Judaeo-Greek 6771:Judeo-Gascon 6710:Lishán Didán 6705:Lishana Deni 6673:Judeo-Yemeni 6641:Judeo-Arabic 6515:Meshuchrarim 6434:Persian Jews 6367:Kurdish Jews 6345:Kaifeng Jews 6294:Beta Abraham 6257:Galitzianers 6212:Antisemitism 6187:Israeli Jews 6172:Assimilation 6031: 6024: 6017: 5989: 5961: 5954: 5947: 5935: 5928: 5918:Sfeka d'yoma 5916: 5904: 5897: 5890: 5883: 5878:Ikar v'tafel 5876: 5865: 5861: 5853: 5846: 5839: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5817: 5800: 5793: 5786: 5779: 5771: 5764: 5757: 5748:Second tithe 5735: 5687: 5680: 5673: 5648: 5641: 5611: 5602:Noahide laws 5594: 5586: 5578: 5571:Gezel sheina 5570: 5562: 5554: 5535: 5534: 5494: 5486:Yalkut Yosef 5485: 5472: 5463: 5454: 5441: 5431: 5423:Ben Ish Chai 5422: 5409: 5400: 5391: 5388:(incomplete) 5377: 5368: 5355: 5337: 5326: 5322: 5316: 5312: 5306: 5300: 5296: 5290: 5286: 5272: 5262: 5252: 5242: 5221: 5211: 5189: 5170: 5150: 5131:Halakhic Man 5130: 5113: 5096: 5082: 5024: 5010: 5003:the original 4998: 4979: 4966:Moshe Koppel 4952: 4951:Jacob Katz, 4937: 4915: 4911: 4874: 4852: 4844:Bibliography 4823: 4798: 4794: 4784: 4775: 4767: 4741: 4726: 4718: 4704: 4696: 4681: 4673: 4659: 4649:, retrieved 4645:the original 4639: 4632: 4618:(2): 43–64. 4615: 4611: 4601: 4587: 4583:Iggrot Moshe 4582: 4575: 4567: 4556:Sokol, Sam. 4552: 4544: 4528: 4519: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4480: 4468:. Retrieved 4453: 4446: 4438: 4424: 4412:. Retrieved 4410:. Oradam.org 4402: 4390:. Retrieved 4379: 4371: 4364:. Retrieved 4354: 4337: 4333: 4327: 4315:. Retrieved 4310: 4304: 4296: 4284:. Retrieved 4279: 4269: 4258:. Retrieved 4254: 4245: 4237: 4223: 4208: 4199: 4193: 4184: 4176: 4161: 4153: 4123:. Retrieved 4119: 4109: 4101: 4086: 4074: 4062: 4054: 4040: 4029:. Retrieved 4025: 4016: 4004:. Retrieved 3999: 3994: 3975: 3958: 3944: 3932: 3924: 3910: 3898:. Retrieved 3894: 3885: 3852:Mishpat Ivri 3772: 3762: 3757: 3748: 3740:in numerous 3733: 3724: 3694: 3683:Ben Ish Chai 3675: 3672:Even Ha'ezer 3671: 3667: 3663: 3645: 3637: 3623: 3616: 3605: 3592:authorities. 3584:(1920–2013). 3582:Ovadia Yosef 3577: 3570:Yalkut Yosef 3544:Orach Chayim 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3497: 3493: 3474: 3458: 3447: 3435: 3423: 3420:Siftei Cohen 3419: 3409: 3402: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3374: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3348:Israel Bruna 3320: 3301: 3293: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3253: 3249: 3239: 3233: 3225:adjudication 3203:Even Ha'ezer 3183:Orach Chayim 3176: 3172: 3168: 3160: 3155:(1270–1343, 3148: 3133: 3121: 3117: 3090: 3086: 3076: 3054: 3039: 3038:The work of 3030: 3014: 3007:Aristotelian 2994: 2978: 2971:Isaac Alfasi 2941: 2935: 2917: 2906: 2902: 2892: 2865: 2858:Judah haNasi 2843: 2827:Even Ha'ezer 2822: 2804: 2799: 2795: 2788: 2786: 2759: 2753: 2749: 2742: 2737: 2730: 2726:Western Wall 2718:Conservative 2695: 2689: 2685: 2673: 2672:is to apply 2652: 2650: 2641: 2635: 2628: 2599: 2597: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2537: 2531: 2527: 2522: 2520: 2506: 2500: 2496: 2486: 2480: 2468: 2459: 2455: 2450: 2424: 2419: 2396: 2386: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2340: 2336: 2320: 2313: 2306: 2192: 2186: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2154: 2150: 2148: 2125: 2116: 2108: 2104: 2096: 2090: 2086: 2084: 2079: 2075: 2067: 2065: 2058: 2053: 2051: 2046: 2038: 2031: 2029: 2023: 2017: 2007: 1998: 1992:commandments 1985: 1981:commandments 1974: 1959: 1947: 1941: 1917: 1913: 1911: 1900: 1892:Yitzhak Baer 1883: 1881: 1859: 1850: 1833: 1816: 1789: 1772: 1755: 1735: 1684: 1673: 1667: 1658: 1654: 1648: 1644: 1642: 1637: 1633: 1631: 1627:Hebrew Bible 1624: 1620: 1603:Hebrew Bible 1588:Law of Moses 1560: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1522: 1501: 1479: 1477: 1472: 1463: 1457: 1451: 1430: 1424: 1423: 1414: 1410: 1400: 1396: 1395: 1389: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1353: 1351: 1319:Mizrahi Jews 1310: 1306: 1299:Hebrew Bible 1294: 1284: 1272: 1266: 1261: 1253: 1247: 1233: 1201: 1200: 1195: 1194: 1189: 1188: 1106: 1105: 1104: 1027:Anti-Judaism 1022:Antisemitism 967:Samaritanism 945:Christianity 846:Shehecheyanu 777: 770: 763: 756: 751:Four species 658:Pidyon haben 612:Rosh yeshiva 523: 416:Beth midrash 362:Noahide laws 308: 105:Conservative 9397:Legal codes 9276:Legislature 9207:Bureaucracy 9004:Rule of man 8999:Rule of law 8974:Libertarian 8837:Chinese law 8738:Legislation 8688:Regulations 8676:Law reports 8654:Natural law 8550:Reparations 8545:Refugee law 8468:Jurimetrics 8409:(Media law) 8347:Banking law 8342:Amnesty law 8320:Disciplines 8257:Private law 7860:Bais Yaakov 7830:Torah study 7629:Catholicism 7211:Hellenistic 7049:Eschatology 6987:Lachoudisch 6912:Lotegorisch 6890:Lachoudisch 6880:Koiné Greek 6793:Judeo-Latin 6730:Palestinian 6624:Palestinian 6473:Mustaʿravim 6399:Afghan Jews 6387:Berber Jews 6311:Bene Israel 6299:Falash Mura 6289:Beta Israel 6207:Persecution 6149:Middle Ages 5743:First tithe 5637:Handwashing 5613:Yetzer hara 5595:Lifnei iver 5587:Lashon hara 5455:Chayei Adam 5432:Kaf HaChaim 4897:; Feldheim 4758:"Mamzerut." 4340:: 239–264. 4190:Baer, I. F. 4144:"D'Oraita." 3857:Se'if katan 3777:Isaac Klein 3687:Yosef Chaim 3668:Yoreh De'ah 3664:Orach Chaim 3652:Chayei Adam 3572:, by Rabbi 3564:Isaac Luria 3548:Yoreh De'ah 3540:Kaf HaChaim 3410:Turei Zahav 3258:authorities 3193:Yoreh De'ah 3167:, with the 3151:) by Rabbi 3011:Saadia Gaon 2999:Metaphysics 2936:Hilkhot Riu 2720:service at 2686:Klausenberg 2613:Mount Sinai 2541:electricity 2517:Flexibility 2509:called the 2454:holds that 2438:Mount Sinai 2423:holds that 2358:Views today 2348:kal vahomer 2324:Rabbi Akiva 2153:(plural of 2089:. Notably, 1869: 1500 1847: 1038 1829:; 650–1038. 1572:Sefer Torah 1303:Israeli law 711:Sefer Torah 673:Bereavement 653:Zeved habat 436:Holy Temple 376:Holy cities 110:Conservadox 9386:Categories 9269:Law school 9149:Prosecutor 9087:Magistrate 8874:Jewish law 8832:Common law 8753:Rulemaking 8748:Regulation 8698:Law making 8637:Divine law 8613:Legal code 8560:Sports law 8483:Law of war 8433:Health law 8418:Family law 8402:Energy law 8352:Bankruptcy 8289:Punishment 8284:Public law 7947:Rabbinates 7624:Anabaptism 7566:Jew (word) 7433:Leadership 7246:Literature 7231:Secularism 7177:Humanistic 7044:Conversion 7014:Philosophy 6855:Judeo-Urdu 6619:Babylonian 6464:Saada Jews 6449:Adeni Jews 6242:Ashkenazim 6197:Samaritans 6164:Population 6119:Israelites 5978:Punishment 5885:Marit ayin 5753:Poor tithe 5325:. Part B. 5315:. Part A. 5299:. Part B. 5281:9004116176 4651:2023-05-09 4491:AJS Review 4470:10 October 4414:10 October 4392:30 January 4366:10 October 4317:10 October 4286:10 October 4260:2019-09-25 4218:Chapter 25 4177:Chabad.org 4102:Chabad.org 4067:Glenn 2014 4031:2020-10-23 4006:10 October 3937:Adler 2022 3900:10 October 3878:References 3824:Law portal 3720:community. 3466:and other 3387:Beit Yosef 3368:Beit Yosef 3270:Beit Yosef 3250:Beit Yosef 3246:Yosef Karo 3235:Beit Yosef 2991:Maimonides 2954:Monographs 2766:homosexual 2690:קלויזנבורג 2576:See also: 2429:divine law 2414:See also: 2149:Note that 1902:Bava Kamma 1876:See also: 1810:; 500–650. 1785:; 200–500. 1766:Oral Torah 1727: – c. 1610:Oral Torah 1462:. Because 1448:Oral Torah 1407:exegetical 1230:Oral Torah 1208:Ashkenazic 898:Yom Kippur 441:Tabernacle 186:Chosenness 158:Philosophy 139:Humanistic 9247:Judiciary 9242:Executive 9217:The bench 9154:Solicitor 9129:Barrister 9009:Sociology 8994:Pseudolaw 8934:Anarchist 8891:Roman law 8879:Parsi law 8864:Hindu law 8852:Canon law 8827:Civil law 8780:Concordat 8671:Precedent 8580:Trust law 8555:Space law 8392:Drugs law 8262:Procedure 8200:Civil law 8122:Anarchism 7823:Education 7686:indicate 7634:Mormonism 7619:Christian 7499:Symbolism 7487:Synagogue 7467:Mythology 7428:Education 7399:Astronomy 7382:Astrology 7199:relations 7004:Zarphatic 6952:Galitzish 6754:Yeshivish 6631:Catalanic 6594:Samaritan 6569:Ashkenazi 6550:Diasporic 6545:Languages 6490:Sephardim 6485:Romaniote 6372:Krymchaks 6306:Desi Jews 6182:Buddhists 5943:Testimony 5866:derabanan 5862:De'oraita 5787:Sicaricon 5695:Sexuality 5289:. Part A. 5110:Joel Roth 4815:225559599 4511:161130964 3891:"Halacha" 3752:by Rabbi 3728:by Rabbi 3712:by Rabbi 3628:of Rabbi 3617:conversos 3596:Teshuvot. 3560:Jerusalem 3514:by Rabbi 3502:Acharonic 3488:of Rabbi 3479:Acharonic 3440:of Rabbi 3333:Ashkenazi 3325:Sephardic 3311:("Rema"; 3244:of Rabbi 3199:impurity. 3197:menstrual 3187:synagogue 3138:from 1435 3110:Nuremberg 3108:(d. 3101:material. 3048:Tosafists 3021:– mainly 3017:for many 2958:Ashkenazi 2907:She'iltot 2894:She'iltot 2862:dialectic 2594:, Israel. 2492:heretical 2269:Acharonim 2203:Ahasuerus 2134:. Within 2033:Sanhedrin 1888:Maccabees 1861:Acharonim 1827:Pumbedita 1796:reasoners 1779:Babylonia 1655:mishpatim 1500:rabbinic 1352:The word 1331:Ethiopian 1281:religious 1174:Sephardic 1162:romanized 1017:Criticism 982:Pluralism 960:Mormonism 866:Kol Nidre 640:education 565:Acharonim 411:Synagogue 388:Jerusalem 70:Movements 9354:Category 9296:Tribunal 9281:Military 9124:Attorney 9094:Judgment 8954:Feminist 8869:Jain law 8666:Case law 8387:Cyberlaw 8294:Corporal 8272:Criminal 8242:Evidence 8232:Doctrine 8210:Contract 8140:Category 8097:Hasidism 8076:Responsa 8030:Mizrachi 7954:Rabbanut 7938:Sikrikim 7889:Politics 7845:Chavurah 7840:Chavrusa 7771:Branches 7699:Category 7669:Hinduism 7659:Buddhism 7561:Genetics 7477:Politics 7450:Marriage 7409:Holidays 7404:Calendar 7285:Rabbinic 7261:/Hebrew 7206:Haymanot 7133:Orthodox 7120:Branches 7093:Kabbalah 7088:Haskalah 7066:Holiness 6942:dialects 6922:Shassagh 6885:Krymchak 6865:Kayliñña 6759:Yinglish 6735:Galilean 6725:Talmudic 6720:Biblical 6695:Betanure 6614:Biblical 6609:Mishnaic 6604:Medieval 6589:Tiberian 6584:Yemenite 6574:Sephardi 6510:Paradesi 6454:Ḥabbanim 6444:Teimanim 6409:Baghdadi 6382:Maghrebi 6350:Karaites 6328:Gruzínim 6316:Kochinim 6234:Diaspora 6192:Karaites 6177:Atheists 6114:Timeline 6013:Passover 5830:beshogeg 5826:Bemeizid 5801:Kil'ayim 5780:Bikkurim 5689:Mechitza 5321:Vol. 5: 5311:Vol. 4: 5305:Vol. 3: 5295:Vol. 2: 5285:Vol. 1: 5271:(2000). 5013:, Ktav. 4914:(trans. 4831:Archived 4761:Archived 4735:Archived 4712:Archived 4690:Archived 4667:Archived 4624:23257361 4561:Archived 4537:Archived 4432:Archived 4346:23506588 4231:Archived 4170:Archived 4147:Archived 4095:Archived 4048:Archived 3995:Halakhah 3952:Archived 3918:Archived 3867:Theonomy 3796:See also 3765:branches 3758:halachah 3738:Mizrachi 3526:and the 3506:Orthodox 3457:decided 3403:Halakhot 3366:and the 3352:ha-Mapah 3238:and the 3207:marriage 3165:Rishonim 3071:and the 3042:, Rabbi 3040:the Rosh 3027:Dor Daim 2950:Responsa 2916:proper, 2805:mamzerut 2750:takkanah 2661:responsa 2642:minhagim 2627:and the 2604:revealed 2553:responsa 2532:communal 2503:gentiles 2398:Halakhah 2346:(e. g., 2264:Rishonim 2252:Savoraim 2207:Takkanah 2173:takkanot 2169:gezeirot 2165:takkanah 2156:takkanah 2151:takkanot 2101:Orthodox 2043:Oral law 2012:responsa 1987:Takkanah 1976:Gezeirah 1958:and the 1928:and the 1842:period ( 1835:Rishonim 1800:Sassanid 1791:Savoraim 1556:Messiah. 1502:responsa 1442:and the 1374:Akkadian 1327:Yemenite 1286:Haskalah 1240:Talmudic 1196:halakhah 1183:), also 1047:Muhammad 950:Hinduism 923:Hanukkah 861:Tachanun 856:Havdalah 721:Tefillin 668:Marriage 560:Rishonim 546:Savoraim 403:Tiberias 352:Tzedakah 272:Rabbinic 171:Kabbalah 144:Haymanot 78:Orthodox 31:a series 29:Part of 9368:Outline 9305:History 9212:The bar 9186:Verdict 9134:Counsel 9114:Justice 8969:History 8792:Statute 8608:Charter 8570:Tax law 8518:Probate 8071:Halakha 7855:Mesivta 7850:Yeshiva 7783:Hasidic 7684:Italics 7509:Studies 7455:Divorce 7421:Kashrut 7416:Cuisine 7374:Culture 7305:Midrash 7300:Tosefta 7290:Mishnah 7278:Ketuvim 7273:Nevi'im 7236:Schisms 7226:Science 7216:Karaite 7187:Renewal 7148:Litvaks 7143:Hasidic 7098:Sefirot 7083:Halakha 7054:Messiah 7027:Mitzvah 7022:Beliefs 6976:Western 6962:Poylish 6957:Litvish 6947:Eastern 6937:Yiddish 6932:Shuadit 6917:Qwareña 6905:Tetuani 6900:Haketia 6875:Knaanic 6870:Kivruli 6818:Bukhori 6764:Heblish 6700:Hulaulá 6690:Barzani 6646:Yahudic 6579:Mizrahi 6439:Urfalim 6394:Mizrahi 6338:Neofiti 6333:Italkim 6262:Lita'im 6154:Zionism 6106:History 6080:Judaism 6033:Kashrut 6019:Shabbat 5737:Terumah 5666:Modesty 5536:Halakha 5481:English 5450:English 5418:English 5386:English 5364:English 5226:Reprint 5155:. 1920. 4305:Aggadah 4125:3 March 3783:of the 3763:Hasidic 3691:Baghdad 3634:Hungary 3606:halakha 3578:halakha 3556:Baghdad 3520:halakha 3498:halakha 3459:halakha 3383:halakha 3336:customs 3329:glosses 3290:rulings 3282:halakha 3264:). The 3211:divorce 3169:Hilchot 3161:halakha 3122:the Rif 3118:Hilchot 3114:Italian 3099:ethical 3095:aggadic 3091:halakha 3073:Tosafot 3015:halakha 2995:halakha 2982:Talmud. 2979:Hilchot 2975:aggadic 2903:mitzvot 2884:by the 2854:Mishnah 2831:Ketubot 2820:Page of 2738:halakha 2674:halakha 2670:decisor 2653:halakha 2600:halakha 2592:Rehovot 2561:halakha 2557:halakha 2549:teshuva 2523:halakha 2507:halakha 2487:halakha 2460:halakha 2456:halakha 2427:is the 2425:halakha 2393:Solomon 2388:Aggadah 2247:Amoraim 2242:Tannaim 2194:melakha 2161:mitzvot 2117:halakha 2113:Judaism 2109:halakha 2097:halakha 2087:halakha 2080:halakha 2068:halakha 2054:halakha 2047:halakha 2039:halakha 2024:halakha 1968:below); 1948:halakha 1918:halakha 1914:halakha 1884:halakha 1774:Amoraim 1757:Tannaim 1714:Tosefta 1663:Shabbat 1650:shatnez 1634:require 1580:Cologne 1554:by the 1541:mitzvot 1537:mitzvot 1533:mitzvot 1529:mitzvot 1527:), 613 1480:halakha 1473:halakha 1464:halakha 1440:Mishnah 1431:mitzvot 1425:Halakha 1415:Halakha 1411:halakha 1402:aggadah 1397:Halakha 1390:*halak- 1370:halakha 1366:halakha 1354:halakha 1311:halakha 1307:halakha 1295:halakha 1273:halakha 1262:Halakha 1254:Halakha 1235:mitzvot 1226:Written 1202:halocho 1190:halacha 1164:: 1157:הֲלָכָה 1107:Halakha 1007:Zionism 913:Shavuot 831:Kaddish 808:Prayers 741:Menorah 736:Mezuzah 726:Tzitzit 681:Yeshiva 636:Culture 541:Amoraim 536:Tannaim 507:Rebecca 495:Solomon 463:Abraham 342:Kashrut 293:Tosefta 288:Midrash 278:Mishnah 260:Piyutim 241:Ketuvim 236:Nevi'im 176:Messiah 134:Renewal 124:Karaite 89:Hasidic 39:Judaism 9286:Police 9257:Agency 9139:Lawyer 8884:Sharia 8775:Treaty 8770:Repeal 8716:Decree 8627:Custom 8523:Estate 8473:Labour 8237:Equity 8025:Dirshu 7865:Kollel 7809:Rabbis 7797:People 7788:Modern 7778:Haredi 7492:Hazzan 7482:Prayer 7359:Siddur 7295:Talmud 7259:Tanakh 7194:Neolog 7167:Reform 7155:Modern 7138:Haredi 7061:Ethics 6927:Shassi 6895:Ladino 6860:Karaim 6843:Juhuri 6685:Targum 6599:Signed 6564:Modern 6559:Hebrew 6527:Xuetes 6323:Dönmeh 6282:Yekkes 6026:Sukkot 5991:Kareth 5963:Zmanim 5930:Shinuy 5848:Chumra 5834:beones 5832:, and 5819:Aveira 5794:Hallah 5731:Tithes 5682:Yichud 5675:Negiah 5650:Niddah 5643:Mikveh 5546:Ethics 5499:Hebrew 5490:Hebrew 5477:Hebrew 5468:Hebrew 5459:Hebrew 5446:Hebrew 5436:Hebrew 5427:Hebrew 5414:Hebrew 5405:Hebrew 5396:Hebrew 5382:Hebrew 5373:Hebrew 5360:Hebrew 5279: 5232: 5197: 5137: 5120: 5103: 5089: 5031: 5017: 4986: 4972: 4959: 4945: 4929: 4921: 4901: 4881: 4860: 4813: 4622: 4509: 4461: 4344: 4154:The JC 4120:chabad 3862:Sharia 3602:Layman 3451:, and 3395:Mappah 3346:, and 3317:Poland 3313:Kraków 3276:. The 3215:family 3023:Baladi 2932:Hebrew 2886:Geonim 2867:gemara 2800:mamzer 2790:mamzer 2782:rabbis 2778:minyan 2755:mamzer 2638:Haredi 2580:, and 2444:. See 2440:, see 2352:middot 2344:middot 2259:Geonim 2232:Chazal 2199:Esther 2182:shofar 2138:, the 2105:poskim 2092:poskim 2041:; see 2000:Minhag 1943:Gemara 1926:Mishna 1818:Geonim 1806:under 1783:Gemara 1720:eras ( 1718:Talmud 1710:Mishna 1702:Chazal 1659:eduyot 1645:chukim 1638:forbid 1517:, and 1496:Talmud 1484:sharia 1446:(the " 1444:Talmud 1384:halakh 1362:halakh 1358:Hebrew 1289:) and 1219:Jewish 1199:, and 1168:hălāḵā 1153:Hebrew 1012:Israel 908:Pesach 903:Sukkot 851:Hallel 836:Minyan 826:Aleinu 821:Amidah 794:Gartel 789:Kittel 772:Hadass 746:Shofar 731:Kippah 716:Tallit 691:Cheder 686:Kollel 602:Hazzan 555:Geonim 530:Chazal 512:Rachel 426:Sukkah 421:Mikveh 398:Hebron 380:places 357:Niddah 347:Tzniut 283:Talmud 255:Siddur 250:Ḥumash 225:Tanakh 181:Ethics 117:Reform 96:Modern 84:Haredi 56: 50: 9361:Index 9227:Court 9171:Trial 9077:Judge 8918:Yassa 8721:Edict 8267:Civil 8220:Crime 7835:Shiur 7664:Islam 7472:Names 7462:Music 7443:Rebbe 7438:Rabbi 7392:Monen 7347:Zohar 7268:Torah 7263:Bible 6377:Lemba 6252:Chuts 5892:Neder 5773:Orlah 5766:Demai 4811:S2CID 4620:JSTOR 4507:S2CID 4342:JSTOR 3426:) by 3424:Shach 3422:(The 3087:SeMaG 3069:Rashi 3065:Coucy 2914:codex 2876:codes 2796:sotah 2770:Bible 2615:(see 2609:Moses 2545:posek 2434:Moses 2403:Aaron 2309:tanna 2237:Zugot 2121:below 2076:posek 2060:posek 1907:torts 1897:Solon 1737:Zugot 1419:Torah 1360:root 1277:civil 1042:Jesus 1037:Music 955:Islam 918:Purim 816:Shema 779:Arava 765:Lulav 758:Etrog 622:Kohen 617:Mohel 607:Dayan 597:Posek 592:Rebbe 587:Rabbi 502:Sarah 490:David 485:Aaron 480:Moses 473:Jacob 468:Isaac 393:Safed 265:Zohar 231:Torah 217:Texts 196:Names 9109:Jury 9057:Fiqh 8913:Xeer 8311:Tort 8227:Deed 8054:Laws 7896:Shas 6078:and 6076:Jews 5864:and 5277:ISBN 5230:ISBN 5195:ISBN 5135:ISBN 5118:ISBN 5101:ISBN 5087:ISBN 5029:ISBN 5015:ISBN 4984:ISBN 4970:ISBN 4957:ISBN 4943:ISBN 4927:ISBN 4919:ISBN 4899:ISBN 4879:ISBN 4858:ISBN 4472:2018 4459:ISBN 4416:2018 4394:2020 4368:2018 4319:2018 4288:2018 4213:Rema 4195:Zion 4127:2021 4008:2018 3902:2018 3681:The 3674:and 3654:and 3622:The 3558:and 3484:The 3434:The 3408:The 3373:The 3232:The 3217:law. 3177:Tur' 3143:The 3097:and 3053:The 3025:and 3001:and 2985:The 2965:The 2952:and 2852:The 2682:Cluj 2326:and 2006:The 1858:The 1832:The 1825:and 1823:Sura 1815:The 1788:The 1771:The 1754:The 1734:The 1716:and 1706:lit. 1678:lit. 1608:The 1597:The 1586:The 1488:fiqh 1482:and 1456:and 1429:613 1378:ilku 1279:and 1258:root 1242:and 1228:and 1148:-khə 1144:hah- 1002:Jews 648:Brit 638:and 517:Leah 8181:Law 7071:God 4803:doi 4543:." 4499:doi 3685:by 3658:by 3542:on 3524:Tur 3364:Tur 3274:Tur 3254:Tur 3173:Tur 3149:Tur 3120:of 2989:by 2934:as 2611:on 2436:on 2318:). 2171:or 2123:). 2072:vow 1731:). 1574:at 1187:as 1146:LAW 322:Tur 309:Law 191:God 9388:: 8615:/ 5828:, 5497:: 5488:: 5479:; 5475:: 5466:: 5457:: 5448:; 5444:: 5434:: 5425:: 5416:; 5412:: 5403:: 5394:: 5384:; 5380:: 5371:: 5362:; 5358:: 5169:. 5149:. 5129:, 5112:, 5075:, 5071:, 5067:, 5063:, 5059:, 5055:, 5051:, 5047:, 5043:, 5039:, 5035:, 4910:, 4893:, 4889:, 4885:, 4873:, 4809:. 4799:33 4797:. 4793:. 4749:^ 4616:14 4614:. 4610:. 4505:. 4495:26 4493:. 4370:. 4338:22 4336:. 4309:. 4278:. 4253:. 4200:17 4135:^ 4118:. 4024:. 3998:. 3984:^ 3966:^ 3893:. 3608:: 3342:, 3315:, 3209:, 2938:.) 2848:. 2825:; 2807:. 2784:. 2724:, 2633:. 2466:. 2448:. 2213:. 2146:. 1866:c. 1844:c. 1794:(" 1742:c. 1722:c. 1712:, 1676:, 1505:. 1475:. 1329:, 1325:, 1321:, 1317:, 1271:, 1252:. 1193:, 1171:, 1159:, 1155:: 1151:; 1129:ɔː 1120:ɑː 33:on 8173:e 8166:t 8159:v 7748:e 7741:t 7734:v 6552:) 6548:( 6068:e 6061:t 6054:v 5527:e 5520:t 5513:v 5203:. 4866:. 4805:: 4626:. 4513:. 4501:: 4474:. 4418:. 4396:. 4348:. 4321:. 4307:" 4290:. 4263:. 4129:. 4081:. 4034:. 4010:. 3939:. 3904:. 3689:( 3648:. 3632:( 3554:( 3536:. 3370:. 3035:. 2878:. 2684:( 2296:e 2289:t 2282:v 2010:( 1855:. 1704:( 1605:. 1210:: 1205:( 1176:: 1138:/ 1135:ə 1132:x 1126:l 1123:ˈ 1117:h 1114:/ 1110:( 1094:e 1087:t 1080:v 378:/ 23:.

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