119:
220:
158:
5507:
5091:
839:
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827:
5105:
443:(under a protocol to the Charter which was adopted in 1998 and entered into force in January 2004), the commission will have the additional task of preparing cases for submission to the Court's jurisdiction. In a July 2004 decision, the AU Assembly resolved that the future Court on Human and Peoples' Rights would be integrated with the African Court of Justice.
526:, Costa Rica, it is one of the bodies that comprise the inter-American system for the promotion and protection of human rights. The IACHR is a permanent body which meets in regular and special sessions several times a year to examine allegations of human rights violations in the hemisphere. Its human rights duties stem from three documents:
417:, tasked with promoting and protecting human rights and collective (peoples') rights throughout the African continent, as well as with interpreting the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, and considering individual complaints of violations of the Charter. The commission has three broad areas of responsibility:
405:
Pursuant to
Article 63 (whereby it was to "come into force three months after the reception by the Secretary General of the instruments of ratification or adherence of a simple majority" of the OAU's member states), the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights came into effect on 21 October 1986,
295:
Regional systems of international human rights law supplement and complement national and international human rights law by protecting and promoting human rights in specific areas of the world. There are three key regional human rights instruments which have established human rights law on a regional
746:
were defined at the first
International Workshop on National Institutions for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights in Paris from 7 to 9 October 1991, and adopted by UN Human Rights Commission Resolution 1992/54 of 1992 and General Assembly Resolution 48/134 of 1993. The Paris Principles list
665:
The
European Court of Human Rights is the only international court with jurisdiction to deal with cases brought by individuals rather than states. In early 2010, the court had a backlog of over 120,000 cases and a multi-year waiting list. About one out of every twenty cases submitted to the court is
435:
In pursuit of these goals, the commission is mandated to "collect documents, undertake studies and researches on
African problems in the field of human and peoples' rights, organise seminars, symposia and conferences, disseminate information, encourage national and local institutions concerned with
82:
A more systemic perspective explains that international humanitarian law represents a function of international human rights law; it includes general norms that apply to everyone at all time as well as specialized norms which apply to certain situations such as armed conflict between both state and
634:
The
European Convention on Human Rights has since 1950 defined and guaranteed human rights and fundamental freedoms in Europe. All 47 member states of the Council of Europe have signed this convention, and are therefore under the jurisdiction of the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg. In
383:(AU) is a supranational union consisting of 55 African countries. Established in 2001, the AU's purpose is to help secure Africa's democracy, human rights, and a sustainable economy, in particular by bringing an end to intra-African conflict and creating an effective and productive common market.
764:
is a controversial principle in international law, whereby states claim criminal jurisdiction over people whose alleged crimes were committed outside the boundaries of the prosecuting state, regardless of nationality, country of residence or any other relationship to the prosecuting country. The
450:
is intended to be the "principal judicial organ of the Union". Although it has not yet been established, it is intended to take over the duties of the
African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, as well as to act as the supreme court of the African Union, interpreting all necessary laws and
451:
treaties. The
Protocol establishing the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights entered into force in January 2004, but its merging with the Court of Justice has delayed its establishment. The Protocol establishing the Court of Justice will come into force when ratified by fifteen countries.
792:
under the universal-jurisdiction principle. Adolf
Eichmann who was the former Nazi SS lieutenant colonel accused of overseeing the transfer of Jews to Holocaust death camps also persecuted in Israel in 1961. Adolf was living in Argentina after the war. The principle is supported by
269:
2578:
808:, argue that "widespread agreement that human rights violations and crimes against humanity must be prosecuted has hindered active consideration of the proper role of international courts. Universal jurisdiction risks creating universal tyranny—that of judges".
582:, founded in 1949, is the oldest organisation working for European integration. It is an international organisation with legal personality recognised under public international law, and has observer status at the United Nations. The seat of the council is in
655:
765:
state backs its claim on the grounds that the crime committed is considered a crime against all, which any state is authorized to punish. The concept of universal jurisdiction is therefore closely linked to the idea that certain international norms are
2538:
1753:
2463:
731:
In practice, many human rights are difficult to enforce legally, due to the absence of consensus on the application of certain rights, the lack of relevant national legislation or of bodies empowered to take legal action to enforce them.
552:
The Inter-American Court of Human Rights was established in 1979 with the purpose of enforcing and interpreting the provisions of the
American Convention on Human Rights. Its two main functions are therefore adjudicatory and advisory:
1384:
739:(NHRIs) have been set up to protect, promote or monitor human rights with jurisdiction in a given country. Although not all NHRIs are compliant with the Paris Principles, the number and effect of these institutions is increasing.
705:
Although these same international bodies also hold jurisdiction over cases regarding international humanitarian law, it is crucial to recognise, as discussed above, that the two frameworks constitute different legal regimes.
2473:
283:
2558:
659:
2443:
1417:"Open Letter to the Chairman of the African Union (AU) seeking clarifications and assurances that the Establishment of an effective African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights will not be delayed or undermined"
2428:
2325:
134:
for the enforcement of international human rights law. The changes prophesied a more structured organization along with a requirement to review human rights cases every four years. The United
Nations
2438:
627:, but the latter is expected to accede to the European Convention on Human Rights. The Council includes all the member states of European Union. The EU also has a separate human rights document, the
248:
387:
2036:
In accordance with the Paris Principles and the ICC Sub-Committee Rules of Procedure, the following classifications for accreditation are used by the ICC: A: Compliance with the Paris Principles;
3806:
1070:
2196:
1391:
3726:
227:
241:
5345:
5157:
2872:
2684:
5472:
2999:
2287:
5236:
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2763:
709:
The United Nations human rights bodies do have some quasi-legal enforcement mechanisms. These include the treaty bodies attached to the seven currently active treaties, and the
2548:
2488:
2351:
207:
1828:
1416:
3301:
1719:
1682:
3316:
3306:
68:, while not legally binding, contribute to the implementation, understanding and development of international human rights law and have been recognized as a source of
3232:
5370:
3751:
2897:
2357:
643:
2573:
5150:
3746:
3731:
3296:
2677:
1003:
597:. These institutions bind the council's members to a code of human rights which, although strict, is more lenient than that of the UN Charter on human rights.
2453:
276:
79:
which governs the conduct of states and non-state armed groups during conflict, although the two branches of law are complementary and in some ways overlap.
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2852:
2753:
2483:
2395:
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538:
203:
960:
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There is currently no international court to administer international human rights law, but quasi-judicial bodies exist under some UN treaties (like the
628:
601:
5267:
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410:
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considered admissible. In 2007, the court issued 1,503 verdicts. At the current rate of proceedings, it would take 46 years for the backlog to clear.
5143:
3894:
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3311:
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357:
for Europe of 1961, in force since 1965 (whose complaints mechanism, created in 1995 under an Additional Protocol, has been in force since 1998); and
112:
1078:
5375:
3741:
3641:
2902:
2647:
1100:
Verdross, Alfred; Simma, Bruno (2010) . "Der völkerrechltiche Schutz von Menschen" [The protection of humans in Public International Law].
476:(OAS) is an international organization headquartered in Washington, DC. Its members are the thirty-five independent nation-states of the Americas.
2224:
1904:
3736:
2518:
2363:
2273:
2075:"National Human Rights Institutions – Implementing Human Rights", Executive Director Morten Kjærum, The Danish Institute for Human Rights, 2003.
1298:
1273:
428:
399:
301:
1882:
3801:
2478:
531:
361:
169:(UDHR) is a UN General Assembly declaration that does not in form create binding international human rights law. Many legal scholars cite the
5340:
5272:
2867:
2799:
2622:
801:, which believe that certain crimes pose a threat to the international community as a whole, and that the community has a moral duty to act.
440:
234:
75:
International human rights law, which governs the conduct of a state towards its people in peacetime is traditionally seen as distinct from
3686:
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3401:
2632:
1788:
3706:
3691:
3626:
3616:
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3321:
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1992:
Web Archives is the official portal for the National Human Rights Institutions and show a list of 119 institutions that can be found at
5405:
5365:
3776:
3561:
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3376:
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2932:
2892:
2384:
2336:
2174:
Kissinger has himself been subject to calls for prosecution under universal jurisdiction. See Hitchens, Christopher, and David Rieff. "
2011:
108:
2175:
1607:
1247:
560:
Under the latter, it issues opinions on matters of legal interpretation brought to its attention by other OAS bodies or member states.
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5390:
5292:
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3501:
3481:
3476:
3346:
2956:
2917:
2819:
2433:
2379:
1944:
743:
511:
255:
127:
2040:
B: Observer Status – Not fully in compliance with the Paris Principles or insufficient information provided to make a determination;
1423:
1350:"Protocol to the African Charter on human and peoples' rights on the establishment of an African court on human and peoples' rights"
5467:
5072:
3796:
3721:
3631:
3586:
3531:
3451:
3411:
3391:
2994:
1832:
1021:
784:
passed a "law of universal jurisdiction" to give its courts jurisdiction over crimes against humanity in other countries. In 1998,
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3471:
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3336:
3326:
2814:
2056:
has developed extensive methodologies for monitoring and documenting human rights violations, and more resources can be found at
1448:
636:
52:
on social, regional, and domestic levels. As a form of international law, international human rights law is primarily made up of
2034:
ACCREDITED BY THE INTERNATIONAL COORDINATING COMMITTEE OF NATIONAL INSTITUTIONS FOR THE PROMOTION AND PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS
1314:
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3032:
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2296:
917:
877:
467:
463:
193:
181:
104:
65:
1349:
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Many countries in the Americas, including Colombia, Cuba, Mexico and Venezuela, have been accused of human rights violations.
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3611:
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3431:
3421:
2804:
2768:
2458:
2330:
1689:
1113:
983:
852:
262:
170:
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152:
88:
5395:
5297:
5221:
3656:
3646:
3511:
3506:
3436:
2922:
2824:
2748:
2060:
1177:
1129:
699:
519:
342:
5246:
3356:
2773:
2565:
2533:
1970:
1582:
710:
590:
545:
487:, the OAS made major efforts to reinvent itself to fit the new context. Its stated priorities now include the following:
315:
308:
131:
5170:
3371:
3173:
2697:
2642:
2543:
1854:
961:
https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/protocol-additional-geneva-conventions-12-august-1949-and-0
798:
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199:
1995:
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5174:
4498:
4056:
3955:
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3178:
2927:
2877:
2725:
2701:
2369:
2080:
932:
718:
328:
999:
180:
More broadly, the UDHR has become an authoritative human rights reference. It has provided the basis for subsequent
4612:
4481:
1723:
1655:
17:
5547:
5335:
5251:
5067:
4414:
4315:
3203:
3132:
3122:
2862:
2778:
515:
473:
334:
135:
5380:
5282:
4574:
3591:
3541:
2907:
2809:
2605:
2524:
Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (Maputo Protocol)
2429:
United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1514 (XV) Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples
872:
695:
594:
454:
There are many countries in Africa accused of human rights violations by the international community and NGOs.
76:
28:
436:
human and peoples' rights and, should the case arise, give its views or make recommendations to governments."
5416:
3927:
3227:
2943:
2583:
391:
341:, like the UN, have adopted treaties (albeit with weaker implementation mechanisms) containing catalogues of
270:
International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families
5135:
2662:
2038:
A(R): Accreditation with reserve – granted where insufficient documentation is submitted to confer A status;
5231:
4734:
4213:
3681:
3291:
3137:
2758:
922:
679:
4729:
3879:
3127:
2559:
Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence (Istanbul Convention)
174:
61:
5537:
5485:
4704:
4203:
3025:
1912:
817:
656:
Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse
346:
1560:
1277:
5355:
4787:
2882:
714:
557:
Under the former, it hears and rules on the specific cases of human rights violations referred to it.
2250:
1985:
728:; it is the primary responsibility of the State to make the human rights of its citizens a reality.
118:
5439:
4582:
4564:
2966:
2584:
on the Prevention, Punishment, and Eradication of Violence against Women (Belém do Pará Convention)
897:
447:
219:
4916:
1754:
European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
1225:
1035:
Koskenniemi, Martti (September 2002). "Fragmentation of International Law? Postmodern Anxieties".
5193:
4957:
4744:
4233:
4218:
3869:
3266:
2720:
2553:
2341:
1817:
691:
605:
354:
92:
84:
523:
5012:
4997:
3813:
3276:
3215:
3198:
3106:
2464:
Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families
1792:
761:
756:
675:
573:
374:
1516:
5532:
5424:
5116:
4709:
4387:
4198:
3874:
3062:
3018:
2951:
2390:
794:
210:), other treaties have been adopted at the international level. These are generally known as
2018:
4837:
4183:
3208:
3057:
2468:
2320:
1251:
927:
609:
83:
military occupation (i.e. IHL) or to certain groups of people including refugees (e.g. the
1948:
1452:
8:
4992:
4132:
4049:
3153:
2617:
2265:
1989:
617:
1017:
402:
was announced in 1979. The Charter was unanimously approved at the OAU's 1981 Assembly.
390:
is the region's principal human rights instrument, which emerged under the aegis of the
60:
intended to have binding legal effect between the parties that have agreed to them; and
5511:
5459:
5444:
5434:
5188:
4807:
4466:
4320:
4305:
4283:
4027:
4007:
3960:
3950:
3261:
2986:
2971:
2961:
2715:
2637:
2216:
2126:
2118:
1611:
1052:
2474:
International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance
789:
284:
International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance
5320:
4792:
4714:
4552:
4295:
4290:
4243:
4168:
4162:
4002:
3920:
3067:
2847:
2130:
2110:
2076:
1318:
1155:
1109:
1056:
979:
867:
647:
579:
338:
198:
Besides the adoption in 1966 of the two wide-ranging Covenants that form part of the
45:
2469:
International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid
184:
that form non-binding, but ultimately authoritative international human rights law.
138:
also targets the promotion of legislation and policies towards reducing inequality.
5203:
4797:
4764:
4263:
4127:
4122:
4087:
3281:
2730:
2579:
on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Persons with Disabilities
2208:
2102:
1353:
1044:
785:
660:
Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence
57:
2439:
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)
2154:"Security Council resolution 138: Question relating to the case of Adolf Eichmann"
1683:"Council of Europe – European Union: "A sole ambition for the European Continent""
951:
Human rights, A very short introduction replace this with a better reference later
5499:
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5019:
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4921:
4899:
4879:
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4854:
4719:
4699:
4694:
4597:
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4268:
4193:
4117:
4102:
4022:
2523:
2153:
2064:
1999:
1859:
973:
907:
887:
831:
805:
2057:
1933:
The Program for Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research, "Brief Primer on IHL"
1495:
1181:
1133:
616:, and are able and willing to guarantee democracy, fundamental human rights and
5315:
5123:
4931:
4849:
4438:
4404:
4355:
4340:
4112:
4017:
3997:
3987:
3256:
2842:
2261:
International Justice Resource Center – comprehensive online resources and news
1108:] (in German) (3rd. ed.). Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. p. 822.
724:
The enforcement of international human rights law is the responsibility of the
651:
624:
2106:
1048:
5521:
5165:
4977:
4936:
4822:
4802:
4774:
4724:
4689:
4663:
4658:
4651:
4602:
4542:
4382:
4372:
4330:
4253:
4248:
4178:
4137:
4061:
2692:
2326:
Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples
2114:
857:
484:
414:
395:
380:
1156:"Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women"
5167:
5109:
4859:
4827:
4782:
4520:
4515:
4486:
4399:
4377:
4345:
4278:
4258:
4152:
4092:
4082:
4034:
3992:
3970:
3913:
3096:
3052:
3041:
2694:
1993:
1971:
Enforcement of Awards for Victims of Torture and Other International Crimes
1633:
862:
725:
49:
249:
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women
5031:
4972:
4962:
4759:
4754:
4592:
4493:
4409:
4368:
4335:
4300:
4223:
4147:
4097:
4012:
3828:
3101:
3091:
2093:
Weiss, Peter (2008). "Universal Jurisdiction: Past, Present and Future".
2017:. National Human Rights Institutions Forum. November 2007. Archived from
912:
902:
892:
882:
613:
157:
5494:
2220:
2122:
1659:
826:
5473:
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC)
5095:
5024:
4904:
4842:
4587:
4508:
4503:
4461:
4443:
4431:
4392:
4238:
4228:
4188:
4173:
4157:
4107:
4044:
4039:
3000:
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC)
843:
773:
767:
687:
583:
1766:
5002:
4967:
4909:
4884:
4749:
4646:
4634:
4619:
4607:
4535:
4453:
4426:
4310:
3853:
2212:
406:
in honour of which 21 October was declared African Human Rights Day.
5090:
838:
345:, in addition to the aforementioned conventions dealing mostly with
228:
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
5051:
5036:
4739:
4624:
4421:
3965:
3286:
2444:
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
1538:
1374:
Protocol of the Court of Justice of the African Union, Article 2.2.
771:, or owed to the entire world community, as well as the concept of
683:
480:
242:
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
53:
483:, the return to democracy in Latin America, and the thrust toward
4941:
4889:
4869:
4817:
4629:
4547:
4363:
4325:
4273:
3843:
3838:
975:
International Humanitarian Law and International Human Rights Law
781:
635:
order to prevent torture and inhuman or degrading treatment, the
1315:"Mandate of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights"
788:
was arrested in London following an indictment by Spanish judge
5385:
5360:
5346:
UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA)
5237:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
5041:
4894:
4639:
4530:
4525:
4471:
4142:
3823:
3010:
2912:
2887:
2873:
UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA)
2764:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
2181:, 28 June 2001 (accessed 11 June 2013); Hitchens, Christopher.
1474:
2489:
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
2352:
Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women
208:
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
5361:
UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
4982:
4926:
4832:
4673:
4476:
3975:
2888:
UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
2308:
1720:"Historical Background to the European Court of Human Rights"
669:
2260:
1767:"About the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture"
1451:. African International Courts and Tribunals. Archived from
1203:
5331:
Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR)
5326:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)
4864:
4812:
4668:
4066:
3982:
3833:
2858:
Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR)
2853:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)
2053:
2295:
2255:
1000:"What is the difference between IHL and human rights law?"
364:
to the ACHR for the Americas of 1988, in force since 1999.
286:(ICPPED) (adopted in 2006 and entered into force in 2010).
34:
Body of international law designed to promote human rights
3936:
1813:
272:(ICRMW) (adopted in 1990 and entered into force in 2003);
2358:
Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women
2240:
644:
Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings
244:(CERD) (adopted in 1965 and entered into force in 1969);
146:
1982:
1385:"Protocol of the Court of Justice of the African Union"
608:. Membership is open to all European states which seek
290:
265:(CRC) (adopted in 1989 and entered into force in 1990);
258:(CAT) (adopted in 1984 and entered into force in 1987);
237:(CSR) (adopted in 1951 and entered into force in 1954);
3905:
2256:
Official website of the International Court of Justice
2245:
1422:. Amnesty International. 5 August 2004. Archived from
1226:"Convention on the Rights of People with Disabilities"
721:(known as the 1235 and 1503 mechanisms respectively).
214:. Some of the most significant include the following:
187:
5483:
5371:
UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA)
2898:
UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA)
2454:
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
2370:
Declaration on sexual orientation and gender identity
815:
277:
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
230:(CPCG) (adopted 1948 and entered into force in 1951);
141:
5227:
Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
2754:
Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
2549:
Convention for the Protection of National Minorities
2484:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
2375:
American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man
1680:
539:
American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man
204:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
629:
Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union
602:
European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
3807:of the military dictatorship in Brazil (1964-1985)
2603:
1769:. European Committee for the Prevention of Torture
589:The Council of Europe is responsible for both the
479:Over the course of the 1990s, with the end of the
311:for the Americas of 1969, in force since 1978; and
5401:Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO)
3895:United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights
2928:Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO)
1791:. Law.virginia.edu. 24 March 2008. Archived from
122:International Human Rights Day 2018 (45346105045)
113:United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
5519:
5288:European Committee for the Prevention of Torture
2815:European Committee for the Prevention of Torture
2648:Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
2194:
1722:. European Court of Human Rights. Archived from
518:, also based in Washington, D.C. Along with the
223:Processes for becoming a state party to a treaty
5468:International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)
5268:African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights
2995:International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)
2795:African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights
2364:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
2156:. United Nations Security Council. 23 June 1960
1561:"Inter-American Court on Human Rights homepage"
411:African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights
2479:Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989
2012:"Chart of the Status of National Institutions"
1600:
279:(CRPD) (entered into force on 3 May 2008); and
5151:
3921:
3026:
2678:
2623:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
2281:
1099:
235:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
2633:Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness
2519:African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
1299:African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
1102:Universelles Völkerrecht: Theorie und Praxis
429:African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
400:African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
302:African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
5406:UN Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT)
2933:UN Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT)
2628:Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees
2449:Convention on the Political Rights of Women
2042:C: Non-compliant with the Paris Principles.
1541:. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
1034:
971:
623:The Council of Europe is separate from the
5273:African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights
5158:
5144:
3928:
3914:
3033:
3019:
2800:African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights
2685:
2671:
2385:Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action
2337:Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam
2288:
2274:
1945:"Human Rights Council Complaint Procedure"
1714:
1712:
1710:
1608:"Gender and reproductive rights home page"
1309:
1307:
670:Monitoring, implementation and enforcement
441:African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights
109:Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action
5341:UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
5293:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
2868:UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
2820:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
2310:Declarations, manifestos, and resolutions
750:
682:(ICC) has jurisdiction over the crime of
512:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
424:protecting human and peoples' rights; and
413:(ACHPR) is a quasi-judicial organ of the
256:United Nations Convention Against Torture
128:United Nations Commission on Human Rights
5073:History of the American legal profession
2539:Convention for the Prevention of Torture
2251:Official UN website on International Law
1983:National Human Rights Institutions Forum
747:a number of responsibilities for NHRIs.
457:
318:for Europe of 1950, in force since 1953.
304:for Africa of 1981, in force since 1986;
218:
156:
117:
98:
5376:Commission on the Status of Women (CSW)
5366:Joint UN Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)
5351:International Labour Organization (ILO)
3727:in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
2903:Commission on the Status of Women (CSW)
2893:Joint UN Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)
2878:International Labour Organization (ILO)
2197:"The Pitfall of Universal Jurisdiction"
1707:
1304:
1204:"Convention on the Rights of the Child"
642:The Council of Europe also adopted the
637:Committee for the Prevention of Torture
14:
5520:
5391:UN Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM)
3819:List of human rights abuses by country
3307:during the Battle of Mosul (2016-2017)
3272:Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment
2918:UN Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM)
2347:Declaration of the Rights of the Child
2297:International human rights instruments
2095:Proceedings of the Asil Annual Meeting
1681:Juncker, Jean-Claude (11 April 2006).
1563:. Inter-American Court on Human Rights
1024:from the original on 14 February 2024.
1006:from the original on 21 November 2023.
918:Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project
878:International human rights instruments
514:(IACHR) is an autonomous organ of the
468:Category:Human rights in South America
464:Category:Human rights in North America
322:
194:International human rights instruments
182:international human rights instruments
105:General Assembly of the United Nations
66:international human rights instruments
5336:Organisation of American States (OAS)
5139:
3909:
3890:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
3014:
2863:Organisation of American States (OAS)
2666:
2602:
2505:
2459:Convention on the Rights of the Child
2414:
2413:
2396:Declaration on the Rights of Peasants
2331:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
2307:
2269:
2195:Kissinger, Henry (July–August 2001).
2092:
1342:
853:Declaration of Principles on Equality
503:the rights of indigenous peoples; and
448:Court of Justice of the African Union
263:Convention on the Rights of the Child
251:(CEDAW) (entered into force in 1981);
167:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
153:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
147:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
89:Convention on the Rights of the Child
5298:Inter-American Court of Human Rights
5222:Committee on the Rights of the Child
2825:Inter-American Court of Human Rights
2749:Committee on the Rights of the Child
700:Inter-American Court of Human Rights
646:in May 2005, for protection against
520:Inter-American Court of Human Rights
421:promoting human and peoples' rights;
388:Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
343:economic, social and cultural rights
291:Regional protection and institutions
5204:Truth and reconciliation commission
2731:Truth and reconciliation commission
2566:American Convention on Human Rights
1688:. Council of Europe. Archived from
1037:Leiden Journal of International Law
711:United Nations Human Rights Council
702:enforce regional human rights law.
591:European Convention on Human Rights
546:American Convention on Human Rights
316:European Convention on Human Rights
309:American Convention on Human Rights
188:International human rights treaties
132:United Nations Human Rights Council
24:
3317:during the Libyan civil war (2011)
3179:National human rights institutions
3174:List of human rights organisations
2544:European Convention on Nationality
1885:. Breakingnews.ie. 23 January 2008
1106:Universal Public International Law
737:national human rights institutions
567:
506:promoting sustainable development.
200:International Bill of Human Rights
142:International Bill of Human Rights
91:), and prisoners of war (the 1949
25:
5559:
4057:Restitution and unjust enrichment
2534:Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)
2234:
1942:
1519:. Organization of American States
933:United Kingdom constitutional law
719:United Nations Special Rapporteur
329:Human rights in the United States
5505:
5493:
5104:
5103:
5089:
3302:at Guantánamo Bay detention camp
3040:
2506:
1656:"The Council of Europe in Brief"
837:
825:
398:). The intention to draw up the
5396:UN Development Programme (UNDP)
5356:World Health Organization (WHO)
5068:History of the legal profession
3427:in Chile under Augusto Pinochet
3133:Natural rights and legal rights
3123:Claim rights and liberty rights
2923:UN Development Programme (UNDP)
2883:World Health Organization (WHO)
2246:Official United Nations website
2188:
2168:
2146:
2137:
2086:
2069:
2047:
2004:
1976:
1963:
1936:
1927:
1897:
1875:
1847:
1821:
1807:
1781:
1759:
1747:
1738:
1674:
1648:
1626:
1575:
1553:
1531:
1509:
1488:
1467:
1441:
1409:
1390:. African Union. Archived from
1377:
1368:
1333:
1292:
1266:
1250:. African Union. Archived from
1240:
1228:. United Nations. 30 March 2007
1218:
1196:
1170:
1148:
516:Organization of American States
474:Organization of American States
335:Organisation of American States
136:Sustainable Development Goal 10
111:in 1993, in terms of which the
5283:European Court of Human Rights
3297:against Palestinians by Israel
2810:European Court of Human Rights
2606:International humanitarian law
1831:. Swissinfo.ch. Archived from
1517:"Directory of OAS Authorities"
1180:. 9 March 2008. Archived from
1122:
1093:
1063:
1028:
1010:
992:
965:
954:
945:
873:International humanitarian law
696:European Court of Human Rights
612:, accept the principle of the
600:The council also promotes the
595:European Court of Human Rights
77:international humanitarian law
38:International human rights law
29:International humanitarian law
13:
1:
2574:to Prevent and Punish Torture
1132:. 30 May 2008. Archived from
939:
394:(OAU) (since replaced by the
392:Organisation of African Unity
5232:International Criminal Court
3138:Negative and positive rights
2759:International Criminal Court
2183:The Trial of Henry Kissinger
1744:Article 3 of the Convention.
923:Rule According to Higher Law
713:complaints procedures, with
680:International Criminal Court
7:
5386:UN Children's Fund (UNICEF)
3880:List of human rights awards
3752:in the United Arab Emirates
3128:Individual and group rights
2913:UN Children's Fund (UNICEF)
1583:"Human rights in Venezuela"
1475:"Human Rights Watch Africa"
978:. Oxford University Press.
811:
175:customary international law
62:customary international law
10:
5564:
5381:UN Population Fund (UNFPA)
4735:International legal theory
4214:International slavery laws
4209:International human rights
4204:International criminal law
3802:of the Marcos dictatorship
2908:UN Population Fund (UNFPA)
2570:Inter-American Convention
2434:Convention against Torture
1449:"African Court of Justice"
1018:"IHL and human rights law"
972:Ben-Naftali, Orna (2011).
799:human rights organisations
754:
571:
461:
372:
347:civil and political rights
326:
191:
150:
26:
5453:
5414:
5306:
5260:
5242:UN Human Rights Committee
5212:
5199:Human rights institutions
5181:
5083:
5060:
4950:
4788:Administration of justice
4773:
4682:
4573:
4452:
4354:
4075:
3943:
3862:
3747:in the State of Palestine
3732:in the Dominican Republic
3312:during the Gaddafi regime
3249:
3194:
3187:
3166:
3146:
3115:
3087:
3076:
3048:
2980:
2941:
2833:
2787:
2769:UN Human Rights Committee
2739:
2726:Human rights institutions
2708:
2613:
2598:
2514:
2501:
2424:
2409:
2316:
2303:
2107:10.1017/S0272503700028032
1988:15 September 2002 at the
1610:. Who.int. Archived from
1049:10.1017/S0922156502000262
1020:. ICRC. 29 October 2010.
1002:. ICRC. 22 January 2015.
715:Universal Periodic Review
658:in October 2007, and the
439:With the creation of the
368:
5543:Human rights legislation
5528:Human rights instruments
5454:ICRC – organization with
5278:African Court of Justice
4565:Basic structure doctrine
4415:Natural and legal rights
4296:Public international law
2981:ICRC – organization with
2805:African Court of Justice
2143:Ball, Gready (2007) p.70
1883:"Breaking news, Ireland"
898:Natural and legal rights
497:protecting human rights;
491:strengthening democracy;
362:Protocol of San Salvador
212:human rights instruments
27:Not to be confused with
5247:UN Human Rights Council
5194:Human rights commission
4745:Principle of typicality
4219:International trade law
3935:
3870:History of human rights
3277:Enforced disappearances
3267:Crimes against humanity
2774:UN Human Rights Council
2721:Human rights commission
2342:Declaration of Montreal
735:In over 110 countries,
692:crimes against humanity
606:European Social Charter
355:European Social Charter
93:Third Geneva Convention
85:1951 Refugee Convention
5548:Cultural globalization
3814:Incitement to genocide
3107:Universal jurisdiction
2185:. London: Verso, 2001.
762:Universal jurisdiction
757:universal jurisdiction
751:Universal jurisdiction
678:under the ICCPR). The
676:Human Rights Committee
574:Human rights in Europe
375:Human rights in Africa
224:
162:
161:Eleanor Roosevelt UDHR
130:was replaced with the
123:
5425:Amnesty International
4740:Principle of legality
4499:Delegated legislation
4199:Intellectual property
3875:List of global issues
2952:Amnesty International
2391:Yogyakarta Principles
2063:19 April 2012 at the
1905:"How the Court works"
1587:Amnesty International
795:Amnesty International
500:combating corruption;
458:Inter-American system
222:
160:
121:
99:United Nations system
56:, agreements between
5456:special status based
4958:Barristers' chambers
4900:Legal representation
4838:Justice of the peace
4184:Financial regulation
3757:in the United States
3532:in Jammu and Kashmir
3078:Fundamental concepts
2983:special status based
2321:Brazilian Resolution
1998:23 July 2011 at the
1829:"Swiss info article"
1539:"What is the IACHR?"
928:Substantive equality
610:European integration
48:designed to promote
5252:UN Security Council
4993:Election commission
4705:Expressive function
4234:Landlord–tenant law
4133:Consumer protection
3742:in the Soviet Union
3642:in Papua New Guinea
3292:Human rights abuses
3250:Human rights abuses
3154:Corporal punishment
2779:UN Security Council
2618:Genocide Convention
2227:on 14 January 2009.
2024:on 16 February 2008
1990:Library of Congress
1726:on 22 December 2007
1636:. Council of Europe
1614:on 21 December 2002
1429:on 18 February 2008
1280:on 30 December 2007
1081:on 27 November 2020
652:sexual exploitation
323:Americas and Europe
5460:Geneva Conventions
5445:Human Rights First
5435:Human Rights Watch
5189:Human rights group
4951:Legal institutions
4818:Lawsuit/Litigation
4808:Dispute resolution
4613:Catholic canon law
4321:State of emergency
4284:Will and testament
4008:Law of obligations
3961:Constitutional law
3951:Administrative law
3737:in the Philippines
3262:Crime of apartheid
2987:Geneva Conventions
2972:Human Rights First
2962:Human Rights Watch
2716:Human rights group
2638:Geneva Conventions
2058:Human Rights Tools
1915:on 15 October 2016
1863:. UK. 16 July 2008
1321:on 20 January 2008
1274:"AU in a Nutshell"
1248:"AU Member States"
494:working for peace;
225:
163:
124:
5538:International law
5481:
5480:
5321:Council of Europe
5133:
5132:
4793:Constitutionalism
4715:Law and economics
4553:Act of parliament
4291:Product liability
4244:Legal archaeology
4169:Environmental law
4163:Entertainment law
4003:International law
3903:
3902:
3885:Three generations
3245:
3244:
3162:
3161:
3008:
3007:
2848:Council of Europe
2660:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2643:Hague Conventions
2594:
2593:
2497:
2496:
2417:International law
2405:
2404:
1662:on 9 January 2008
1254:on 5 January 2008
1115:978-3-428-13296-6
1071:"Goal 10 targets"
985:978-0-19-100160-4
868:International law
648:human trafficking
639:was established.
580:Council of Europe
427:interpreting the
339:Council of Europe
115:was established.
87:), children (the
46:international law
44:) is the body of
16:(Redirected from
5555:
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5509:
5508:
5498:
5497:
5489:
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5153:
5146:
5137:
5136:
5108:
5107:
5106:
5094:
5093:
4917:Question of fact
4798:Criminal justice
4128:Construction law
4123:Conflict of laws
4088:Agricultural law
3930:
3923:
3916:
3907:
3906:
3657:in Punjab, India
3282:Forced migration
3192:
3191:
3085:
3084:
3080:and philosophies
3035:
3028:
3021:
3012:
3011:
2687:
2680:
2673:
2664:
2663:
2600:
2599:
2503:
2502:
2411:
2410:
2380:Paris Principles
2305:
2304:
2290:
2283:
2276:
2267:
2266:
2229:
2228:
2223:. Archived from
2213:10.2307/20050228
2192:
2186:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2150:
2144:
2141:
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2090:
2084:
2073:
2067:
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2044:
2031:
2029:
2023:
2016:
2008:
2002:
1980:
1974:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1947:. Archived from
1940:
1934:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1911:. Archived from
1901:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1842:
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1800:
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1736:
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1705:
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1687:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1658:. Archived from
1652:
1646:
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1643:
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1634:"Social Charter"
1630:
1624:
1623:
1621:
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1340:
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1328:
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1311:
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1287:
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1270:
1264:
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1152:
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1126:
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1097:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1086:
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1067:
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1025:
1014:
1008:
1007:
996:
990:
989:
969:
963:
958:
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842:
841:
830:
829:
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786:Augusto Pinochet
744:Paris Principles
58:sovereign states
21:
18:Human Rights Law
5563:
5562:
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5554:
5553:
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5261:Regional bodies
5256:
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5079:
5056:
5047:Political party
5020:Legal education
5008:Law enforcement
4988:Court of equity
4946:
4922:Question of law
4875:Practice of law
4855:Judicial review
4769:
4720:Legal formalism
4700:Comparative law
4695:Contract theory
4678:
4598:Legal pluralism
4569:
4558:Act of Congress
4482:Executive order
4448:
4350:
4269:Nationality law
4194:Immigration law
4118:Competition law
4071:
3939:
3934:
3904:
3899:
3858:
3687:in South Africa
3677:in Sierra Leone
3672:in Saudi Arabia
3402:in Burkina Faso
3357:in Azad Kashmir
3241:
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3081:
3079:
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3063:Intersex people
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2788:Regional bodies
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2201:Foreign Affairs
2193:
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2070:
2065:Wayback Machine
2052:
2048:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2005:
2000:Wayback Machine
1981:
1977:
1968:
1964:
1954:
1952:
1951:on 8 March 2009
1941:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1918:
1916:
1909:www.icc-cpi.int
1903:
1902:
1898:
1888:
1886:
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1880:
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1860:TheGuardian.com
1853:
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1515:
1514:
1510:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1458:
1456:
1455:on 26 July 2013
1447:
1446:
1442:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1400:
1398:
1397:on 24 July 2011
1394:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1359:
1357:
1356:on 2 March 2012
1348:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1324:
1322:
1313:
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1297:
1293:
1283:
1281:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1257:
1255:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1231:
1229:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1209:
1207:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1187:
1185:
1184:on 9 March 2008
1176:
1175:
1171:
1161:
1159:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1139:
1137:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1116:
1098:
1094:
1084:
1082:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1033:
1029:
1016:
1015:
1011:
998:
997:
993:
986:
970:
966:
959:
955:
950:
946:
942:
937:
908:Right of return
888:Legal certainty
848:
836:
824:
816:
814:
806:Henry Kissinger
790:Baltasar GarzĂłn
759:
753:
672:
576:
570:
568:European system
470:
460:
377:
371:
331:
325:
293:
196:
190:
173:as evidence of
155:
149:
144:
101:
35:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5561:
5551:
5550:
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5502:
5479:
5478:
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5475:
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5462:
5451:
5450:
5448:
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5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5421:
5419:
5412:
5411:
5409:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5316:European Union
5312:
5310:
5304:
5303:
5301:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5264:
5262:
5258:
5257:
5255:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5218:
5216:
5210:
5209:
5207:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5185:
5183:
5179:
5178:
5166:International
5163:
5162:
5155:
5148:
5140:
5131:
5130:
5128:
5127:
5120:
5113:
5099:
5096:Law portal
5084:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5077:
5076:
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5039:
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5029:
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5017:
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5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
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4970:
4965:
4960:
4954:
4952:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4932:Trial advocacy
4929:
4924:
4919:
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4913:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4872:
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4857:
4852:
4847:
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4820:
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4790:
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4779:
4777:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
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4727:
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4712:
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4513:
4512:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4491:
4490:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4469:
4464:
4462:Ballot measure
4458:
4456:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4446:
4441:
4439:Legal treatise
4436:
4435:
4434:
4429:
4419:
4418:
4417:
4407:
4405:Letters patent
4402:
4397:
4396:
4395:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4366:
4360:
4358:
4356:Sources of law
4352:
4351:
4349:
4348:
4343:
4341:Unenforced law
4338:
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4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
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4288:
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4166:
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4135:
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4125:
4120:
4115:
4113:Commercial law
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4079:
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4070:
4069:
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4015:
4010:
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4000:
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3809:
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3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3707:in Switzerland
3704:
3699:
3694:
3692:in South Korea
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3627:in North Korea
3624:
3619:
3617:in New Zealand
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3562:in Kyrgyzstan‎
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3447:in El Salvador
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3372:in Balochistan
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3322:in Afghanistan
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3257:Atrocity crime
3253:
3251:
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2843:European Union
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2693:International
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2562:
2561:
2556:
2554:Social Charter
2551:
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2528:
2527:
2526:
2515:
2512:
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2377:
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2301:
2300:
2293:
2292:
2285:
2278:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2236:
2235:External links
2233:
2231:
2230:
2187:
2167:
2145:
2136:
2085:
2068:
2046:
2003:
1975:
1969:See, REDRESS,
1962:
1935:
1926:
1896:
1874:
1855:"The Guardian"
1846:
1835:on 11 May 2011
1820:
1806:
1795:on 11 May 2011
1789:"Virginia Law"
1780:
1758:
1746:
1737:
1706:
1673:
1647:
1625:
1599:
1574:
1552:
1530:
1508:
1487:
1466:
1440:
1408:
1376:
1367:
1341:
1332:
1303:
1291:
1265:
1239:
1217:
1195:
1169:
1147:
1136:on 30 May 2008
1121:
1114:
1092:
1062:
1043:(3): 553–579.
1027:
1009:
991:
984:
964:
953:
943:
941:
938:
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935:
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925:
920:
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910:
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895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
849:
847:
846:
834:
813:
810:
755:Main article:
752:
749:
671:
668:
625:European Union
572:Main article:
569:
566:
562:
561:
558:
550:
549:
542:
535:
508:
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373:Main article:
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192:Main article:
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2:
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5440:Emergency NGO
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5407:
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5334:
5332:
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5319:
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5307:Multi-lateral
5305:
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5289:
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5279:
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5238:
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5228:
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5223:
5220:
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5217:
5213:International
5211:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
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5187:
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5180:
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5171:organisations
5169:
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5149:
5147:
5142:
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5119:
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5018:
5014:
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5010:
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5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4978:Civil society
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4955:
4953:
4949:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4937:Trier of fact
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
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4888:
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4858:
4856:
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4851:
4848:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4835:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4823:Legal opinion
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4803:Court-martial
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4780:
4778:
4776:
4775:Jurisprudence
4772:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
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4728:
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4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4681:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4664:Statutory law
4662:
4660:
4659:Socialist law
4657:
4653:
4652:Byzantine law
4650:
4649:
4648:
4645:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
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4614:
4611:
4610:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4604:
4603:Religious law
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4576:
4575:Legal systems
4572:
4566:
4563:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4544:
4543:Statutory law
4541:
4537:
4534:
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4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4510:
4507:
4505:
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4500:
4497:
4496:
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4492:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
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4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4455:
4451:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4433:
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4428:
4425:
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4423:
4420:
4416:
4413:
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4411:
4408:
4406:
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4401:
4398:
4394:
4391:
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4384:
4381:
4379:
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4373:Statutory law
4370:
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4365:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4353:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4331:Transport law
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
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4289:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4249:Legal fiction
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
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4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4179:Financial law
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4138:Corporate law
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4074:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4062:Statutory law
4060:
4058:
4055:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3944:Core subjects
3942:
3938:
3931:
3926:
3924:
3919:
3917:
3912:
3911:
3908:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3861:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3777:in Uzbekistan
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3667:in the Russia
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3547:in Kazakhstan
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3377:in Bangladesh
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3362:in Azerbaijan
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3248:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3228:South America
3226:
3224:
3222:
3221:North America
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3186:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3167:Organizations
3165:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3075:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3043:
3036:
3031:
3029:
3024:
3022:
3017:
3016:
3013:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2979:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2967:Emergency NGO
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2940:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2834:Multi-lateral
2832:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2740:International
2738:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2698:organisations
2696:
2688:
2683:
2681:
2676:
2674:
2669:
2668:
2665:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2601:
2597:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2513:
2509:
2504:
2500:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2418:
2412:
2408:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2311:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2291:
2286:
2284:
2279:
2277:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2191:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2171:
2155:
2149:
2140:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2089:
2082:
2081:87-90744-72-1
2078:
2072:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2043:
2020:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1979:
1972:
1966:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1930:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1900:
1884:
1878:
1862:
1861:
1856:
1850:
1834:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1815:
1810:
1794:
1790:
1784:
1768:
1762:
1755:
1750:
1741:
1725:
1721:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1695:on 1 May 2011
1691:
1684:
1677:
1661:
1657:
1651:
1635:
1629:
1613:
1609:
1603:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1562:
1556:
1540:
1534:
1518:
1512:
1497:
1491:
1476:
1470:
1454:
1450:
1444:
1425:
1418:
1412:
1393:
1386:
1380:
1371:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1336:
1320:
1316:
1310:
1308:
1300:
1295:
1279:
1275:
1269:
1253:
1249:
1243:
1227:
1221:
1205:
1199:
1183:
1179:
1173:
1157:
1151:
1135:
1131:
1125:
1117:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1096:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1066:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1031:
1023:
1019:
1013:
1005:
1001:
995:
987:
981:
977:
976:
968:
962:
957:
948:
944:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
858:Global Rights
856:
854:
851:
850:
845:
840:
835:
833:
828:
823:
822:
819:
809:
807:
804:Others, like
802:
800:
796:
791:
787:
783:
778:
776:
775:
770:
769:
763:
758:
748:
745:
740:
738:
733:
729:
727:
722:
720:
716:
712:
707:
703:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
667:
663:
662:in May 2011.
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
640:
638:
632:
630:
626:
621:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
598:
596:
592:
587:
585:
581:
575:
565:
559:
556:
555:
554:
547:
543:
540:
536:
533:
529:
528:
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
505:
502:
499:
496:
493:
490:
489:
488:
486:
485:globalisation
482:
477:
475:
469:
465:
455:
452:
449:
444:
442:
437:
430:
426:
423:
420:
419:
418:
416:
415:African Union
412:
407:
403:
401:
397:
396:African Union
393:
389:
384:
382:
381:African Union
376:
363:
359:
356:
352:
351:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
330:
317:
313:
310:
306:
303:
299:
298:
297:
285:
281:
278:
274:
271:
267:
264:
260:
257:
253:
250:
246:
243:
239:
236:
232:
229:
221:
217:
216:
215:
213:
209:
205:
201:
195:
185:
183:
178:
176:
172:
168:
159:
154:
139:
137:
133:
129:
126:In 2006, the
120:
116:
114:
110:
106:
96:
94:
90:
86:
80:
78:
73:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
30:
19:
5533:Human rights
5215:institutions
5175:institutions
5168:human rights
5122:
5115:
5101:
5087:
4860:Jurisdiction
4828:Legal remedy
4783:Adjudication
4683:Legal theory
4521:Ratification
4516:Promulgation
4487:Proclamation
4467:Codification
4400:Human rights
4388:Divine right
4378:Constitution
4346:Women in law
4264:Military law
4259:Marriage law
4254:Maritime law
4208:
4153:Election law
4093:Aviation law
4083:Abortion law
4035:Property law
3971:Criminal law
3782:in Venezuela
3697:in Sri Lanka
3577:in Lithuania
3502:in Indonesia
3482:in Hong Kong
3477:in Guatemala
3347:in Australia
3337:in Argentina
3188:By continent
3116:Distinctions
3097:Positive law
3042:Human rights
2742:institutions
2702:institutions
2695:human rights
2604:
2508:Regional law
2507:
2416:
2415:
2309:
2225:the original
2207:(4): 86–96.
2204:
2200:
2190:
2182:
2178:
2170:
2158:. Retrieved
2148:
2139:
2098:
2094:
2088:
2071:
2049:
2033:
2026:. Retrieved
2019:the original
2006:
1978:
1965:
1953:. Retrieved
1949:the original
1938:
1929:
1919:17 September
1917:. Retrieved
1913:the original
1908:
1899:
1887:. Retrieved
1877:
1865:. Retrieved
1858:
1849:
1837:. Retrieved
1833:the original
1823:
1809:
1797:. Retrieved
1793:the original
1783:
1771:. Retrieved
1761:
1749:
1740:
1728:. Retrieved
1724:the original
1697:. Retrieved
1690:the original
1676:
1664:. Retrieved
1660:the original
1650:
1638:. Retrieved
1628:
1616:. Retrieved
1612:the original
1602:
1590:. Retrieved
1586:
1577:
1565:. Retrieved
1555:
1543:. Retrieved
1533:
1521:. Retrieved
1511:
1499:. Retrieved
1490:
1478:. Retrieved
1469:
1457:. Retrieved
1453:the original
1443:
1431:. Retrieved
1424:the original
1411:
1401:22 September
1399:. Retrieved
1392:the original
1379:
1370:
1358:. Retrieved
1354:the original
1344:
1335:
1323:. Retrieved
1319:the original
1294:
1282:. Retrieved
1278:the original
1268:
1256:. Retrieved
1252:the original
1242:
1230:. Retrieved
1220:
1208:. Retrieved
1198:
1186:. Retrieved
1182:the original
1172:
1160:. Retrieved
1150:
1138:. Retrieved
1134:the original
1124:
1105:
1101:
1095:
1085:23 September
1083:. Retrieved
1079:the original
1074:
1065:
1040:
1036:
1030:
1012:
994:
974:
967:
956:
947:
863:Human rights
803:
779:
772:
766:
760:
741:
734:
730:
726:nation state
723:
708:
704:
673:
664:
641:
633:
622:
599:
588:
577:
563:
551:
509:
478:
471:
453:
445:
438:
434:
408:
404:
385:
378:
332:
294:
211:
202:(namely the
197:
179:
164:
125:
107:adopted the
102:
81:
74:
72:obligation.
69:
50:human rights
41:
37:
36:
5512:Switzerland
5032:Legislature
4963:Bureaucracy
4760:Rule of man
4755:Rule of law
4730:Libertarian
4593:Chinese law
4494:Legislation
4444:Regulations
4432:Law reports
4410:Natural law
4306:Reparations
4301:Refugee law
4224:Jurimetrics
4165:(Media law)
4103:Banking law
4098:Amnesty law
4076:Disciplines
4013:Private law
3829:Persecution
3797:in Zimbabwe
3722:in Thailand
3632:in Pakistan
3587:in Malaysia
3452:in Ethiopia
3412:in Cambodia
3392:in Botswana
3204:Middle East
3102:Sovereignty
3092:Natural law
2101:: 406–409.
913:Rule of law
903:Refugee law
893:Natural law
883:Jus gentium
614:rule of law
586:in France.
532:OAS Charter
522:, based in
5522:Categories
5025:Law school
4905:Prosecutor
4843:Magistrate
4630:Jewish law
4588:Common law
4509:Rulemaking
4504:Regulation
4454:Law making
4393:Divine law
4369:Legal code
4316:Sports law
4239:Law of war
4189:Health law
4174:Family law
4158:Energy law
4108:Bankruptcy
4045:Punishment
4040:Public law
3854:War crimes
3787:in Vietnam
3772:in Ukraine
3662:in Romania
3622:in Nigeria
3607:in Myanmar
3602:in Morocco
3592:in Manipur
3567:in Lebanon
3542:in Kashmir
3517:in Ireland
3472:in Germany
3407:in Burundi
3387:in Bolivia
3382:in Belarus
3367:in Bahrain
3352:in Austria
3342:in Armenia
3327:in Algeria
2160:13 October
1955:6 February
1433:4 December
940:References
797:and other
774:jus cogens
768:erga omnes
688:war crimes
584:Strasbourg
462:See also:
5003:Judiciary
4998:Executive
4973:The bench
4910:Solicitor
4885:Barrister
4765:Sociology
4750:Pseudolaw
4690:Anarchist
4647:Roman law
4635:Parsi law
4620:Hindu law
4608:Canon law
4583:Civil law
4536:Concordat
4427:Precedent
4336:Trust law
4311:Space law
4148:Drugs law
4018:Procedure
3956:Civil law
3767:in Uganda
3762:in Turkey
3717:in Taiwan
3652:in Poland
3637:in Panama
3597:in Mexico
3582:in Malawi
3557:in Kuwait
3522:in Israel
3457:in France
3417:in Canada
3397:in Brazil
3332:in Angola
2530:European
2131:159412931
2115:0272-5037
2083:, page 6.
2028:6 January
1973:May, 2006
1889:29 August
1867:29 August
1839:29 August
1799:29 August
1773:4 January
1730:4 January
1699:4 January
1666:4 January
1640:4 January
1618:29 August
1567:3 January
1545:3 January
1523:3 January
1501:3 January
1480:3 January
1459:3 January
1360:3 January
1325:3 January
1284:3 January
1258:3 January
1232:9 October
1210:9 October
1188:9 October
1162:9 October
1140:9 October
1057:146783448
780:In 1993,
70:political
5500:Politics
5110:Category
5052:Tribunal
5037:Military
4880:Attorney
4850:Judgment
4710:Feminist
4625:Jain law
4422:Case law
4143:Cyberlaw
4050:Corporal
4028:Criminal
3998:Evidence
3988:Doctrine
3966:Contract
3792:in Yemen
3712:in Syria
3702:in Sudan
3682:in Sindh
3612:in Nepal
3572:in Libya
3552:in Kenya
3537:in Japan
3527:in Italy
3497:in India
3492:in Haiti
3487:in Egypt
3467:in Ghana
3462:in Gabon
3442:in Egypt
3432:in China
3422:in Chile
3287:Genocide
3058:Children
2398:(UNDROP)
2366:(UNDRIP)
2221:20050228
2179:Prospect
2123:25660324
2061:Archived
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