Sovereign state - Knowledge

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considered as territories sufficient for statehood. The term "permanent population" defines the community that has the intention to inhabit the territory permanently and is capable to support the superstructure of the State, though there is no requirement of a minimum population. The government must be capable of exercising effective control over a territory and population (the requirement known in legal theory as "effective control test") and guarantee the protection of basic human rights by legal methods and policies. The "capacity to enter into relations with other states" reflects the entity's degree of independence.

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on which it operated, and it has not accepted the allegation that the "TRNC" courts as a whole lacked independence and/or impartiality". On 3 February 2017, The United Kingdom's High Court stated "There was no duty in the United Kingdom law upon the Government to refrain from recognizing Northern Cyprus. The United Nations itself works with Northern Cyprus law enforcement agencies and facilitates co-operation between the two parts of the island". and revealed that the co-operation between the United Kingdom police and law agencies in Northern Cyprus is legal.

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which states do not have (though their territories have a spatial position, states are distinct from their territories), and abstract objects have a position in neither time nor space, which does not fit the supposed characteristics of states either, since states do have a temporal position (they can be created at certain times and then become extinct at a future time). Therefore, it has been argued that states belong to a third category, the quasi-abstract, that has recently begun to garner philosophical attention, especially in the area of

773: 759: 117: 262:, and the charters of regional international organizations express the view that all states are juridically equal and enjoy the same rights and duties based upon the mere fact of their existence as persons under international law. The right of nations to determine their own political status and exercise permanent sovereignty within the limits of their territorial jurisdictions is widely recognized. 1897: 709:, an ontological theory that seeks to understand the role of documents in understanding all of social reality. Quasi-abstract objects, such as states, can be brought into being through document acts, and can also be used to manipulate them, such as by binding them by treaty or surrendering them as the result of a war. 190:

the international system of special internal and external security and legitimization of the dilemma. Recently, the concept of the international community has been formed to refer to a group of States that have established rules, procedures and institutions for the implementation of relations. Thus, the foundation for

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Sovereignty is a term that is frequently misused. Up until the 19th century, the radicalised concept of a "standard of civilization" was routinely deployed to determine that certain people in the world were "uncivilized", and lacking organised societies. That position was reflected and constituted in

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includes more than 200 sovereign states, most of which are represented in the United Nations. These states exist in a system of international relations, where each state takes into account the policies of other states by making its own calculations. From this point of view, States are integrated into

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on Rights and Duties of States, 1 lays down the most widely accepted formulation of the criteria of statehood in international law. It note that the state as an international person should possess the following qualifications: '(a) a permanent population; (b) a defined territory; (c) government; and

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decided that "notwithstanding the lack of international recognition of the regime in the northern area, a de facto recognition of its acts may be rendered necessary for practical purposes. Thus the adoption by the authorities of the "TRNC" of civil, administrative or criminal law measures, and their

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State practice relating to the recognition of states typically falls somewhere between the declaratory and constitutive approaches. International law does not require a state to recognise other states. Recognition is often withheld when a new state is seen as illegitimate or has come about in breach

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if it meets the following criteria: 1) a defined territory; 2) a permanent population; 3) a government and 4) a capacity to enter into relations with other states. According to declarative theory, an entity's statehood is independent of its recognition by other states, as long as the sovereignty was

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purportedly operates as a democratic republic with a president, prime minister, legislature and judiciary". On 2 September 2015, ECtHR decided that "...the court system set up in the "TRNC" was to be considered to have been "established by law" with reference to the "constitutional and legal basis"

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One of the major criticisms of this law is the confusion caused when some states recognise a new entity, but other states do not. Hersch Lauterpacht, one of the theory's main proponents, suggested that a state must grant recognition as a possible solution. However, a state may use any criteria when

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Named after the 1648 Treaty of Westphalia, the Westphalian System of state sovereignty, according to Bryan Turner, "made a more or less clear separation between religion and state, and recognized the right of princes "to confessionalize" the state, that is, to determine the religious affiliation of

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Scholars in international relations can be broken up into two different practices, realists and pluralists, of what they believe the ontological state of the state is. Realists believe that the world is one of only states and interstate relations and the identity of the state is defined before any

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said, "There exists perhaps no conception the meaning of which is more controversial than that of sovereignty. It is an indisputable fact that this conception, from the moment when it was introduced into political science until the present day, has never had a meaning, which was universally agreed

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It has been argued that one potential reason as to why the existence of states has been controversial is because states do not have a place in the traditional Platonist duality of the concrete and the abstract. Characteristically, concrete objects are those that have a position in time and space,

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Generally speaking, states are durable entities, though they can become extinguished, either through voluntary means or outside forces, such as military conquest. Violent state abolition has virtually ceased since the end of World War II. Because states are non-physical juridical entities, it has

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of international law if, and only if, it is recognised as sovereign by at least one other state. This theory of recognition was developed in the 19th century. Under it, a state was sovereign if another sovereign state recognised it as such. Because of this, new states could not immediately become

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State recognition signifies the decision of a sovereign state to treat another entity as also being a sovereign state. Recognition can be either expressed or implied and is usually retroactive in its effects. It does not necessarily signify a desire to establish or maintain diplomatic relations.

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A "territory" in the international law context consists of land territory, internal waters, territorial sea, and air space above the territory. There is no requirement on strictly delimited borders or minimum size of the land, but artificial installations and uninhabitable territories cannot be

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due to having a political system in which the sovereignty of the state was subject to limitations both internal (West Germany's federal system and the role of civil society) and external (membership in the European Community and reliance on its alliance with the United States and NATO for its

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Since the end of World War II, the number of sovereign states in the international system has surged. Some research suggests that the existence of international and regional organisations, the greater availability of economic aid, and greater acceptance of the norm of self-determination have

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Sovereignty is most commonly conceptualised as something categorical, which is either present or absent, and the coherence of any intermediate position in that binary has been questioned, especially in the context of international law. In spite of this, some authors admit the concept of a

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wrote that the "perfect equality and absolute independence of sovereigns" has created a class of cases where "every sovereign is understood to waive the exercise of a part of that complete exclusive territorial jurisdiction, which has been stated to be the attribute of every nation".

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that the increase in the number of states can partly be credited to a more peaceful world, greater free trade and international economic integration, democratisation, and the presence of international organisations that co-ordinate economic and political policies.

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In political science, sovereignty is usually defined as the most essential attribute of the state in the form of its complete self-sufficiency in the frames of a certain territory, that is its supremacy in the domestic policy and independence in the foreign one.

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International Law does not say that a State is not in existence as long as it is not recognised, but it takes no notice of it before its recognition. Through recognition only and exclusively a State becomes an International Person and a subject of International

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Since the end of the 19th century, almost the entire globe has been divided into sections (countries) with more or less defined borders assigned to different states. Previously, quite large plots of land were either unclaimed or deserted, or inhabited by

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states in World War I and explained that "since recognition of statehood is a matter of discretion, it is open to any existing State to accept as a state any entity it wishes, regardless of the existence of territory or of an established government."

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recognised only 39 sovereign states in the European diplomatic system, and as a result, it was firmly established that in the future new states would have to be recognised by other states, and that meant in practice recognition by one or more of the

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In the case of Northern Cyprus, recognition was withheld from a state created in Northern Cyprus. International law contains no prohibition on declarations of independence, and the recognition of a country is a political issue. On 2 July 2013,

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international relations with other states. On the other hand, pluralists believe that the state is not the only actor in international relations and interactions between states and the state is competing against many other actors.

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and Northern Cyprus are good examples of this, the former only having been recognized by South Africa, and the latter only recognized by Turkey. In the case of Rhodesia, recognition was widely withheld when the white minority

675:" is predicated upon that distinction. States are non-physical juridical entities, not organisations of any kind. However, ordinarily, only the government of a state can obligate or bind the state, for example by treaty. 339:

No definition is binding on all the members of the community of nations on the criteria for statehood. In practice, the criteria are mainly political, not legal. L.C. Green cited the recognition of the unborn Polish and

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Wilde, Ralph (2009). "From Trusteeship to Self-Determination and Back Again: The Role of the Hague Regulations in the Evolution of International Trusteeship, and the Framework of Rights and Duties of Occupying Powers".

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The Committee considers that the state is commonly defined as a community which consists of a territory and a population subject to an organized political authority; that such a state is characterized by sovereignty;

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by statute, which explicitly limits jurisdictional immunity to public acts, but not private or commercial ones, though there is no precise definition by which public acts can easily be distinguished from private ones.

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been argued that their extinction cannot be due to physical force alone. Instead, the physical actions of the military must be associated with the correct social or judiciary actions for a state to be abolished.

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Absolute sovereign immunity is no longer as widely accepted as it has been in the past, and some countries, including the United States, Canada, Singapore, Australia, Pakistan and South Africa, have introduced

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application or enforcement within that territory, may be regarded as having a legal basis in domestic law for the purposes of the Convention". On 9 October 2014, the US's Federal Court stated that "the

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subjected to a more powerful neighbour; Belarus, in its relationship with Russia, has been proposed as a contemporary example of a semi-sovereign state. In a somewhat different sense, the term

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Although the terms "state" and "government" are often used interchangeably, international law distinguishes between a non-physical state and its government; and in fact, the concept of "

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part of the international community or be bound by international law, and recognised nations did not have to respect international law in their dealings with them. In 1815, at the

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status of the state has been a subject of debate, especially, whether or not the state, being an object that no one can see, taste, touch, or otherwise detect, actually exists.

500:, and their representatives are elected in the Assembly of Northern Cyprus. As a country, Northern Cyprus became an observer member in various international organizations (the 2802: 1009:

A sovereign state is generally defined to be any nation or people, whatever may be the form of its internal constitution, which governs itself independently of foreign powers.

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Article 3 of the Montevideo Convention declares that political statehood is independent of recognition by other states, and the state is not prohibited from defending itself.

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within territorial boundaries. Based on this, the jurisprudence has developed along the lines of affording immunity from prosecution to foreign states in domestic courts. In

182:(and some of them are still not in constant contact). Additionally, there are states where de facto control is contested or where it is not exercised over their whole area. 721:

Another theory of the ontology of the state is that the state is a spiritual, or "mystical entity" with its own being, distinct from the members of the state. The German

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judging if they should give recognition and they have no obligation to use such criteria. Many states may only recognise another state if it is to their advantage.

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such as Somaliland because its government can interact diplomatically internationally in an informal way. A unrecognized state often has difficulty engaging in

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increased the desire of political units to secede and can be credited for the increase in the number of states in the international system. Harvard economist

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The President of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) Hisashi Owada (2010): "International law contains no prohibition on declarations of independence."

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The hegemony of this system, at least until recent years, is what created the possibility of a de facto state as an anomaly existing outside of it - or in

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the notion that their "sovereignty" was either completely lacking or at least of an inferior character when compared to that of the "civilized" people".

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International Law and Self-Determination: The Interplay of the Politics of Territorial Possession With Formulations of Post-Colonial National Identity

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sovereignty based on territoriality and the absence of a role for external agents in domestic structures. It is an international system of states,

3875: 646:, a state which is officially acknowledged as sovereign but whose theoretical sovereignty is significantly impaired in practice, such as by being 3252:, "Part Three. The Philosophy of the State" (Milwaukee: The Bruce Publishing Company, 1954 ). 507 pgs. 23 cm. LOC classification: JA66 .S35 497: 2267: 729:(1770–1831) was perhaps the greatest proponent of this theory. The Hegelian definition of the state is "the Divine Idea as it exists on Earth". 446:, which found that a state was defined by having a territory, a population, government, and capacity to enter into relations with other states. 3504: 2337: 3925: 826: 585:

states only according to their own law and by states that recognise them. For example, Somaliland is commonly considered to be such a state.

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are sometimes recognised as being the legitimate government of a territory over which they have no actual control. For example, during the

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Pellet, Alain (1992). "The Opinions of the Badinter Arbitration Committee A Second Breath for the Self-Determination of Peoples".

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Hoch, Tomáš (2018). "Legitimization of Statehood and its Impact on Foreign Policy in De Facto States: A Case Study of Abkhazia".

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So far as States are concerned, the traditional definitions provided for in the Montevideo Convention remain generally accepted.

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resulted in the emergence of numerous such entities, several of which, including Abkhazia, Transdniester, South Ossetia and the

4562: 2113:"Michali Toumazou, Nicolas Kantzilaris and Maroulla Tompazou versus Republic of Turkey and Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" 1437: 1023: 3242: 3182: 3112: 2919: 2612: 2537: 2498: 2424: 2250: 2210: 1972: 1841: 1796: 1684: 1648: 1499: 1421: 1332: 1307: 1054: 961: 3077: 2543: 2504: 2430: 2368: 2182: 2060: 4776: 3814: 2041: 299: 4505: 4781: 4209: 3713: 3124:"States and their international relations since 1816: introducing version 2 of the International System(s) Dataset (ISD)" 3035: 2961:

Fazal, Tanisha M.; Griffiths, Ryan D. (March 2014). "Membership Has Its Privileges: The Changing Benefits of Statehood".

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De facto states can be understood as a product of the very system that excludes the possibility of their existence: the

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Schwebel, Stephen M. (1963). "The Story of the U.N.'s Declaration on Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources".

531: 4731: 4671: 4631: 4537: 4515: 4299: 3954: 3949: 3620: 2112: 134: 17: 2720: 2090: 1467: 194:, diplomacy between officially recognized sovereign states, their organizations and formal regimes has been laid. 87:

with other sovereign states due to their lack of official international recognition. When referring to a specific

4796: 4557: 3721: 817: 621: 475: 237:, "sovereignty is neither a question of fact, nor a question of law, but a question that does not arise at all". 5238: 4791: 4040: 3971: 3150:

The International Law of Recognition, with Special Reference to Practice in Great Britain and the United States

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that were not organized into states. However, even in modern states, there are large remote areas, such as the

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Criminals fleeing British justice can no longer use Cyprus as a safe haven, judges rule, in landmark decision

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Legal opinion by the Negotiations Support Unit in the Palestinian Authority on transitional sovereignty

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as having a permanent population, defined territory, a government not under another, and the capacity

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Robinson, Edward Heath (2010). "An ontological analysis of states: Organizations vs. legal persons".

2282: 603: 275: 213: 3489: 1898:"The Status of Unrecognized Quasi-States and Their Responsibilities Under the Montevideo Convention" 436:

A similar opinion about "the conditions on which an entity constitutes a state" is expressed by the

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Hancock, Kathleen J. (April 2006). "The Semi-Sovereign State: Belarus and the Russian Neo-Empire".

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information on tracking, evaluating and managing sovereign risk for trade and permanent investment

2242: 1299: 4579: 4439: 4417: 4182: 3774: 3521: 3328: 620:'s memorable phrase, as "temporary technical errors within the system of international law." The 574: 234: 203: 186: 127: 69: 5018: 1552: 5095: 4931: 4926: 4456: 4294: 4194: 3930: 3850: 562: 255: 80: 3193: 2189:

The Foreign Policy of Counter Secession: Preventing the Recognition of Contested States, p.149

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control over a territory but lack international recognition; these may be considered by the

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Fowler, Michael Ross; Bunck, Julie Marie (1996). "What constitutes the sovereign state?".

8: 5166: 5003: 4661: 4589: 4284: 4242: 4130: 4060: 4035: 3822: 3769: 3582: 3577: 1927: 946: 797: 672: 632:, survived in the margins of international relations for decades despite non-recognition. 629: 549:(i.e., they exist both according to law and in practice). However, states which are only 461:

of international law. Almost universal non-recognition by the international community of

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adjective ... (of a nation or state) fully independent and determining its own affairs.

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from the judicial process, derived from the concepts of sovereignty and the Westphalian

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Robinson, Edward Heath (August 2013). "The Distinction Between State and Government".

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Sovereignty has taken on a different meaning with the development of the principle of

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Núñez, Jorge Emilio (2013). "About the Impossibility of Absolute State Sovereignty".

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Great Powers and Outlaw States: Unequal Sovereigns in the International Legal Order

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Turner, Bryan S. (July 2007). "Islam, Religious Revival and the Sovereign State".

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Used by ten or more countries or having derived terms. Historical derivations in

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Rethinking Germany and Europe: Democracy and Diplomacy in a Semi-Sovereign State

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Oshisanya, An Almanac of Contemporary and Comperative Judicial Restatement, 2016

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Lassa Oppenheim, International Law 66 (Sir Arnold D. McNair ed., 4th ed. 1928)

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not gained by military force. The declarative model was expressed in the 1933

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system of sovereign and equal states covering every centimeter of the globe.

304: 3073: 2392:"The Nagorno-Karabakh Republic: The life and death of an unrecognized state" 5186: 5178: 5173: 5138: 4646: 4641: 4552: 4022: 3672: 3634: 3567: 3448: 3438: 3423: 3388: 1726:, UNESCO Series, Mohammed Bedjaoui(ed), Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1991, 1699: 914:

Philpott, Daniel (1995). "Sovereignty: An Introduction and Brief History".

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p.64: The ICJ maintained that ... the issue of recognition was apolitical.

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Elements of international law: with a sketch of the history of the science

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Policy and Politics in West Germany: The Growth of a Semi-sovereign State,

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Akweenda, Sackey (1997). "Sovereignty in cases of Mandated Territories".

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Policy and Politics in West Germany: The Growth of a Semisovereign State

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International law and the protection of Namibia's territorial integrity

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Fazal, Tanisha M. (2004). "State Death in the International System".

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James Ker-Lindsay (UN SG's Former Special Representative for Cyprus)

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Sovereignty: The Origin and Future of a Political and Legal Concept

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The recognition of states: law and practice in debate and evolution

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of several states continued to enjoy diplomatic relations with the

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described as the creation of an "illegal racist minority régime".

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Ringmar, Erik (1996). "On the Ontological Status of the State".

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Ringmar, Erik (1996). "On the ontological status of the state".

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Padgett, Stephen; Jeffery, C.; Bulmer, Simon (14 January 2014).

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The Reality of International LawEssays in Honour of Ian Brownlie

1829: 565:, notwithstanding that their countries were under occupation by 5233: 5223: 5218: 5153: 5107: 5023: 4893: 4878: 4873: 4863: 4547: 4154: 3736: 3403: 1896:

Bachmann, Sascha Dov; Prazauskas, Martinas (19 December 2019).

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List of sovereign states and dependent territories by continent

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Links to the best political risk websites, ipoliticalrisk.com

3219:(Second ed.). Macmillan International Higher Education. 2416:

Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law

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Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of International Law

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was famously applied to West Germany by political scientist

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Butcher, Charles R.; Griffiths, Ryan D. (17 January 2020).

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and the prohibition against the threat or use of force as

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and Tufts economist Enrico Spolaore argue in their book,

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Goodwin-Gill, Guy S.; Talmon, Stefan (14 October 1999).

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The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

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Sovereign Statehood: The Basis of International Society

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Czapliński, W.; Kleczkowska, A.; Scholar, W.N. (2019).

1755:, Mala Tabory eds., Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1990, 1290:

Talmon, Stefan (2001). "Recognition and its Variants".

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adj. 1. Self-governing; independent: a sovereign state.

973:(d) capacity to enter into relations with other states' 843:

List of historical unrecognized states and dependencies

79:. A sovereign state can exist without being officially 3018:

Alesina, Alberto; Spolaore, Enrico (7 November 2003).

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Arbitration Commission of the Conference on Yugoslavia

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See B. Broms, "IV Recognition of States", pp 47–48 in

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Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE)

2308:"The List: Six Reasons You May Need A New Atlas Soon" 1283: 27:

State that has the highest authority over a territory

2598: 2596: 2525: 2268:"De facto Statehood? The Strange Case of Somaliland" 1438:"Chapter IV Fundamental Rights and Duties of States" 1187: 754: 3191: 3068:(2nd printing ed.). Bruce Publishing Company. 3061: 2895: 2883: 2413:Grant, John P.; Barker, J. Craig (2 October 2009). 1669:

The State Immunity Controversy in International Law

393:said the following, regarding constitutive theory: 4836: 3275:With cases and commentary. Nathaniel Burney, 2007. 3062:Schmandt, Henry J.; Steinbicker, Paul G. (1956) . 2989:"The State of Secession in International Politics" 2232: 2091:"Property Spat Over Turk-|Controlled Cyprus Fails" 1895: 1856: 1468:"Draft Declaration on Rights and Duties of States" 1111: 687: 95:" may also refer to a constituent country such as 3316:. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). pp. 799–801. 2879: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2593: 732: 470:and attempted to form a state along the lines of 5300: 3121: 2367:. Les Nouvelles d'Addis Magazine. Archived from 1237:(4). Cambridge University Press (CUP): 381–404. 1022:(4th ed.), Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004, 514:Parliamentary Assembly of Turkic States (TURKPA) 260:Draft Declaration on Rights and Duties of States 3017: 1631:Simpson, Gerry (2004). "Sovereign Equalities". 1292:Recognition of Governments in International Law 293:, the powers of the state are considered to be 2960: 2870: 2689:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 ( 2338:Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization 2028:United Nations Security Council Resolution 541 2017:United Nations Security Council Resolution 216 1442:Charter of the Organization of American States 1350:International Journal for the Semiotics of Law 535:De facto map of control of the world, May 2019 519: 3505: 3336: 3248:Schmandt, Henry J., and Paul G. Steinbicker. 3100: 2362: 1724:International law: achievements and prospects 270:their kingdoms on the pragmatic principle of 3281:by Michael Ross Fowler and Julie Marie Bunck 3170: 5283:List of administrative divisions by country 3235:Statehood and the Law of Self-determination 3157:The Creation of States in International Law 2860:European Journal of International Relations 2851: 2747:European Journal of International Relations 2605:The Creation of States in International Law 2486: 2412: 1928:"Convention on Rights and Duties of States" 1863:. Cambridge University Press. p. 419. 1751:See Israel Yearbook on Human Rights, 1989, 1416:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 40. 1228: 1117: 3512: 3498: 3343: 3329: 2202:Unrecognised Subjects in International Law 2158:The decision of 02.09.2015. paragraph 237. 1956: 1836:. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. p. 135. 1597: 1265:"Countries Not in the United Nations 2024" 1007:. Carey, Lea & Blanchard. p. 51. 484:The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) 208:Westphalian sovereignty is the concept of 197: 3139: 2607:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. 2243:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198268376.003.0023 1830:Lassa Oppenheim, Ronald Roxburgh (2005). 1662: 1660: 1300:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199248391.003.0003 1178: 889:Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 667:Relationship between state and government 157:Learn how and when to remove this message 3550: 2904:Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (2012) . 2800: 2703: 2627: 2602: 2564: 2419:. Oxford University Press. p. 552. 2205:. Scholar Publishing House. p. 26. 2079:The decision of 02.07.2013. paragraph 29 1524: 1411: 984:. Kluwer Law International. p. 20. 913: 636: 530: 216:, and organizations that began with the 4488: 3303: 2938:. SAGE Publications. pp. 294–295. 2857: 2744: 2451: 2365:"France recognises de facto Somaliland" 1963:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 1784: 1780: 1778: 1711:Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy 1630: 1322: 1269:World Population by Country 2024 (Live) 838:List of states with limited recognition 456:List of states with limited recognition 331:List of states with limited recognition 14: 5301: 2389: 2310:. Foreign Policy Magazine. July 2007. 2265: 2088: 1788:Sourcebook on Public International Law 1666: 1657: 1603: 1584: 1289: 1160: 1103:Grant, Thomas D. (1999). "Chapter 1". 1098: 1096: 1066: 980:Jasentuliyana, Nandasiri, ed. (1995). 952:. Cambridge University Press. p. 598:in early 2024, Laurence Broers wrote: 355: 281:Before 1900, sovereign states enjoyed 4835: 4487: 3549: 3532: 3493: 3324: 3279:What constitutes the sovereign state? 3237:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2002. 3038:from the original on 17 November 2016 2999:from the original on 17 November 2016 2942:from the original on 17 November 2016 2903: 2654: 2275:Yale Journal of International Affairs 2145:from the original on 21 October 2023. 2123:from the original on 20 October 2023. 2101:from the original on 21 October 2023. 1382: 1347: 1102: 1069:European Journal of International Law 402: 3212: 3080:from the original on 15 January 2023 2546:from the original on 15 January 2023 2507:from the original on 15 January 2023 2433:from the original on 15 January 2023 2314:from the original on 13 January 2009 1987: 1877:from the original on 15 January 2023 1775: 1566:from the original on 4 December 2018 1480:from the original on 17 October 2013 1193: 1142:from the original on 15 January 2023 943: 449: 139:adding citations to reliable sources 110: 81:recognized by other sovereign states 3266:A Brief Primer on International Law 2390:Broers, Laurence (2 January 2024). 1093: 1081:10.1093/oxfordjournals.ejil.a035802 1026:from the original on 7 October 2015 678: 502:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation 24: 3350: 3094: 1386:Loy. L.A. Int'l & Comp. L. Rev 25: 5330: 3533: 3259: 3159:. Oxford University Press, 2005. 2713:The Journal of Military Geography 1448:from the original on 9 April 2012 1107:. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. 982:Perspectives on international law 883:Sovereign Military Order of Malta 506:Economic Cooperation Organization 300:The Schooner Exchange v. M'Faddon 4300:Organized incorporated territory 3195:Recognition in International Law 2936:"The SAGE Handbook of Diplomacy" 2466:10.1111/j.1743-8594.2006.00023.x 2344:from the original on 3 June 2010 2089:Abbott, Ryan (13 October 2014). 1938:from the original on 29 May 2019 1860:Recognition in International Law 1618:10.1111/j.1478-1913.2007.00187.x 1527:American Bar Association Journal 1502:. United Nations. Archived from 1473:. UN Treaty Organization. 1949. 1325:Sovereignty: Organised Hypocrisy 1121:Recognition in International Law 916:Journal of International Affairs 771: 757: 496:gained "observer status" in the 362:constitutive theory of statehood 115: 77:a sovereign state is independent 5288:Slavic administrative divisions 3101:Angie, Antony (26 April 2007). 3011: 2981: 2954: 2928: 2910:. Courier Corporation. p. 2902:, trans. J. Sibree ); see also 2896:Schmandt & Steinbicker 1956 2889: 2884:Schmandt & Steinbicker 1956 2778: 2738: 2704:Robinson, Edward Heath (2011). 2697: 2648: 2621: 2558: 2519: 2480: 2445: 2406: 2383: 2356: 2326: 2300: 2259: 2173: 2161: 2149: 2127: 2105: 2082: 2070: 2051: 2032: 2021: 2010: 1997: 1950: 1920: 1889: 1850: 1823: 1805: 1745: 1716: 1693: 1624: 1578: 1545: 1518: 1492: 1460: 1430: 1405: 1396: 1376: 1341: 1316: 1231:Review of International Studies 818:List of former sovereign states 717:The state as "spiritual entity" 688:Ontological status of the state 539:Most sovereign states are both 476:United Nations Security Council 415:declarative theory of statehood 126:needs additional citations for 75:It is commonly understood that 4837:Non-English terms or loanwords 4041:Direct-controlled municipality 3198:. Cambridge University Press. 3171:Dieter Grimm (21 April 2015). 3107:. Cambridge University Press. 2487:Katzenstein, Peter J. (1987). 1327:. Princeton University Press. 1046:New Oxford American Dictionary 993: 934: 907: 733:Trends in the number of states 443:Badinter Arbitration Committee 324: 13: 1: 4166:Special administrative region 3177:. Columbia University Press. 3141:10.1080/03050629.2020.1707199 2898:, p. 71 (citing Hegel's 2334:"Overview of De-facto States" 1833:International Law: A Treatise 1791:. Routledge. pp. 201–2. 944:Shaw, Malcolm Nathan (2003). 895: 700:The state as "quasi-abstract" 510:Organization of Turkic States 70:to interact with other states 4066:Mountain resort municipality 3943:Intermediate school district 3926:Educational service district 3782:Regional county municipality 3192:Lauterpacht, Hersch (2012). 2963:International Studies Review 2822:10.1080/14650045.2014.913027 2801:Robinson, Edward H. (2014). 2363:Wiren, Robert (April 2008). 1323:Krasner, Stephen D. (1999). 1118:Lauterpacht, Hersch (2012). 900: 858:Rule according to higher law 581:states. They are considered 7: 4397:Autonomous territorial unit 2788:(London: Allen & Unwin) 2759:10.1177/1354066196002004002 2671:(inactive 27 August 2024). 2493:. Temple University Press. 2237:. Oxford University Press. 1957:Castellino, Joshua (2000). 1857:Hersch Lauterpacht (2012). 750: 588:Outlining the concept of a 438:European Economic Community 419:person in international law 309:United States Supreme Court 10: 5335: 4278:National capital territory 3999:Indian reserve/reservation 3866:Indian government district 3520:Designations for types of 3254:Fundamentals of government 3250:Fundamentals of Government 3216:Modern Political Geography 3128:International Interactions 3065:Fundamentals of Government 3054: 2657:International Organization 1667:Bankas, Ernest K. (2005). 1126:Cambridge University Press 569:. Other entities may have 453: 406: 328: 214:multinational corporations 201: 106: 5268:Autonomous administration 5255: 5121: 4846: 4842: 4831: 4724: 4498: 4494: 4483: 4407: 4381: 4343: 4320: 4273:Federal capital territory 4258: 4218: 4153: 4121: 4086: 4021: 3998: 3970: 3886:Non-metropolitan district 3876:Local government district 3831: 3813: 3795: 3735: 3712: 3658: 3633: 3619: 3596: 3560: 3556: 3545: 3541: 3528: 3359: 2993:E-International Relations 2907:The Philosophy of History 2669:10.1017/S0020818304582048 2532:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. 1362:10.1007/s11196-013-9333-x 1243:10.1017/s0260210500118637 1208:10.1163/1573384X-20180406 1180:10.1177/00108367211007876 276:whose realm, his religion 229:upon." In the opinion of 176:Amazon's tropical forests 4078:Specialized municipality 3755:Consolidated city-county 3304:Barclay, Thomas (1911). 3271:10 November 2016 at the 2185:14 November 2022 at the 2168:The Telegraph 03.02.2017 2063:14 November 2022 at the 1902:The International Lawyer 1769:14 November 2022 at the 1739:14 November 2022 at the 1641:10.1017/CBO9780511494185 1167:Cooperation and Conflict 823:List of sovereign states 788:List of sovereign states 272:cuius regio eius religio 4440:Military exclusion zone 4418:Exclusive economic zone 4183:National capital region 3775:Non-metropolitan county 3522:administrative division 3313:Encyclopædia Britannica 2719:: 17–29. Archived from 2454:Foreign Policy Analysis 2281:: 60–79. Archived from 2266:Arieff, Alexis (2008). 2095:Courthouse News Service 2003:Opinion No. 10. of the 1196:Iran & the Caucasus 1003:Wheaton, Henry (1836). 575:international community 289:. First articulated by 235:High Court of Australia 204:Westphalian sovereignty 198:Westphalian sovereignty 187:international community 4457:Self-administered zone 4295:Incorporated territory 4162:Administrative region 3931:Local service district 3851:Congressional district 3213:Muir, Richard (1981). 1161:Visoka, Gëzim (2022). 634: 536: 472:Apartheid South Africa 400: 256:United Nations Charter 4428:Special economic zone 4112:Praetorian prefecture 4096:Autonomous prefecture 4056:Regional municipality 4046:District municipality 3881:Metropolitan district 3745:Administrative county 3727:Residential community 3573:Local government area 3290:1 August 2012 at the 2995:. 23 September 2016. 2900:Philosophy of History 2603:Crawford, J. (2006). 1815:Taming the Sovereigns 1785:Hillier, Tim (1998). 1705:14 April 2019 at the 1677:10.1007/3-540-27883-4 1585:Grinin, L. E (2008). 1202:(4). Brill: 382–407. 970:Montevideo Convention 637:Semi-sovereign states 618:Alexander Iskandaryan 604:post-Second World War 600: 534: 424:Montevideo Convention 417:defines a state as a 409:Montevideo Convention 395: 364:defines a state as a 46:that has the highest 5019:Njësi administrative 4051:Neutral municipality 3990:Subdivision of India 3722:Autonomous community 3611:Metropolitan borough 3551:Common English terms 3429:Night-watchman state 3364:Administrative state 2642:10.3233/AO-2010-0077 1812:Kalevi Jaakko Holsti 1591:Age of Globalization 853:Non-Aligned Movement 663:national security). 644:semi-sovereign state 559:governments-in-exile 318:restrictive immunity 135:improve this article 85:diplomatic relations 5314:Political geography 4662:Autonomous republic 4590:Enclave and exclave 4489:Other English terms 4285:Dependent territory 4131:Autonomous province 4061:Resort municipality 4036:County municipality 3823:Overseas department 3770:Metropolitan county 3583:Unincorporated area 3021:The Size of Nations 2726:on 19 February 2018 2579:2013GComp...7..556R 2288:on 13 December 2011 2044:22 May 2018 at the 1506:on 18 February 2011 1294:. pp. 44–112. 999:See the following: 940:See the following: 798:Dependent territory 673:government-in-exile 356:Constitutive theory 218:Peace of Westphalia 101:dependent territory 5278:Electoral district 4595:Federal dependency 4423:Free economic zone 4307:Overseas territory 4190:Development region 4073:Rural municipality 4006:Indian reservation 3898:Municipal district 3856:Electoral district 3696:Free imperial city 3384:Civilization state 2975:10.1111/misr.12099 2587:10.1111/gec3.12065 626:Yugoslav collapses 537: 474:, a move that the 403:Declarative theory 391:L. F. L. Oppenheim 371:Congress of Vienna 287:equality of states 242:self-determination 64:defines sovereign 5309:International law 5296: 5295: 5251: 5250: 5247: 5246: 4827: 4826: 4823: 4822: 4819: 4818: 4815: 4814: 4479: 4478: 4475: 4474: 4393:Territorial unit 4290:Federal territory 4268:Capital territory 4173:Autonomous region 4137:Overseas province 4031:City municipality 3922:Service district 3918:Sanitary district 3908:Regional district 3893:Military district 3750:Autonomous county 3683:Incorporated city 3487: 3486: 3469:Territorial state 3243:978-90-411-1890-5 3184:978-0-231-53930-2 3167:, pp. 15–24. 3155:Crawford, James. 3148:Chen, Ti-chiang. 3114:978-0-521-82892-5 2921:978-0-486-11900-7 2784:A. James (1986). 2614:978-0-19-826002-8 2567:Geography Compass 2539:978-1-349-58924-1 2500:978-0-87722-264-4 2426:978-0-19-987491-0 2371:on 25 August 2018 2252:978-0-19-826837-6 2212:978-83-7383-964-9 1974:978-90-411-1409-9 1916:– via SSRN. 1843:978-1-58477-609-3 1798:978-1-85941-050-9 1686:978-3-540-25695-3 1650:978-0-521-82761-4 1423:978-90-411-0412-0 1334:978-0-691-00711-3 1309:978-0-19-924839-1 1056:978-0-19-517077-1 968:Article 1 of the 963:978-0-5215-3183-2 948:International law 863:Stateless society 827:by formation date 803:Exclusive mandate 658:in his 1987 book 656:Peter Katzenstein 450:State recognition 413:By contrast, the 350:international law 283:absolute immunity 252:international law 192:international law 180:indigenous people 167: 166: 159: 62:International law 36:sovereign country 16:(Redirected from 5326: 4884:Regierungsbezirk 4844: 4843: 4833: 4832: 4496: 4495: 4485: 4484: 4447:Free speech zone 4353:Charter township 4106:Super-prefecture 3950:Special district 3861:Federal district 3841:Capital district 3805:Overseas country 3678:Independent city 3649:Imperial capital 3588:Unorganized area 3558: 3557: 3547: 3546: 3543: 3542: 3530: 3529: 3514: 3507: 3500: 3491: 3490: 3369:Capitalist state 3345: 3338: 3331: 3322: 3321: 3317: 3309: 3230: 3209: 3188: 3145: 3143: 3118: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3048: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3015: 3009: 3008: 3006: 3004: 2985: 2979: 2978: 2958: 2952: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2932: 2926: 2925: 2893: 2887: 2881: 2868: 2867: 2855: 2849: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2838: 2832:. Archived from 2807: 2798: 2789: 2782: 2776: 2770: 2742: 2736: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2725: 2710: 2701: 2695: 2694: 2688: 2680: 2652: 2646: 2645: 2630:Applied Ontology 2625: 2619: 2618: 2600: 2591: 2590: 2562: 2556: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2523: 2517: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2484: 2478: 2477: 2449: 2443: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2410: 2404: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2387: 2381: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2360: 2354: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2330: 2324: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2304: 2298: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2287: 2272: 2263: 2257: 2256: 2230: 2224: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2196: 2190: 2177: 2171: 2165: 2159: 2153: 2147: 2146: 2131: 2125: 2124: 2109: 2103: 2102: 2086: 2080: 2074: 2068: 2055: 2049: 2036: 2030: 2025: 2019: 2014: 2008: 2001: 1995: 1985: 1979: 1978: 1954: 1948: 1947: 1945: 1943: 1924: 1918: 1917: 1915: 1913: 1893: 1887: 1886: 1884: 1882: 1854: 1848: 1847: 1827: 1821: 1809: 1803: 1802: 1782: 1773: 1749: 1743: 1720: 1714: 1697: 1691: 1690: 1664: 1655: 1654: 1628: 1622: 1621: 1606:The Muslim World 1601: 1595: 1594: 1582: 1576: 1575: 1573: 1571: 1565: 1549: 1543: 1542: 1522: 1516: 1515: 1513: 1511: 1496: 1490: 1489: 1487: 1485: 1479: 1472: 1464: 1458: 1457: 1455: 1453: 1434: 1428: 1427: 1409: 1403: 1400: 1394: 1393: 1380: 1374: 1373: 1345: 1339: 1338: 1320: 1314: 1313: 1287: 1281: 1280: 1278: 1276: 1261: 1255: 1254: 1226: 1220: 1219: 1191: 1185: 1184: 1182: 1158: 1152: 1151: 1149: 1147: 1115: 1109: 1108: 1100: 1091: 1088: 1063: 1038: 1033: 1031: 1011: 997: 991: 988: 975: 951: 938: 932: 931: 911: 793:Associated state 781: 776: 775: 767: 762: 761: 744:Size of Nations, 679:State extinction 555:Second World War 494:Turkish Cypriots 441:Opinions of the 303:, Chief Justice 295:suprema potestas 250:norms of modern 162: 155: 151: 148: 142: 119: 111: 21: 18:Sovereign states 5334: 5333: 5329: 5328: 5327: 5325: 5324: 5323: 5299: 5298: 5297: 5292: 5273:Census division 5243: 5117: 4838: 4811: 4762:Imperial Circle 4720: 4490: 4471: 4465:Free-trade zone 4403: 4377: 4368:Survey township 4339: 4316: 4312:Union territory 4254: 4249:Sovereign state 4214: 4205:Overseas region 4149: 4117: 4082: 4017: 4008:(United States) 3994: 3985:Police division 3980:Census division 3966: 3938:School district 3903:Police district 3827: 3809: 3791: 3731: 3708: 3703:Royal free city 3668:Autonomous city 3654: 3643:Federal capital 3629: 3615: 3592: 3552: 3537: 3524: 3518: 3488: 3483: 3464:Sovereign state 3355: 3349: 3292:Wayback Machine 3273:Wayback Machine 3262: 3227: 3206: 3185: 3152:. London, 1951. 3115: 3097: 3095:Further reading 3092: 3083: 3081: 3057: 3052: 3051: 3041: 3039: 3032: 3016: 3012: 3002: 3000: 2987: 2986: 2982: 2959: 2955: 2945: 2943: 2934: 2933: 2929: 2922: 2894: 2890: 2882: 2871: 2856: 2852: 2842: 2840: 2839:on 3 March 2016 2836: 2805: 2799: 2792: 2783: 2779: 2743: 2739: 2729: 2727: 2723: 2708: 2702: 2698: 2682: 2681: 2653: 2649: 2626: 2622: 2615: 2601: 2594: 2563: 2559: 2549: 2547: 2540: 2524: 2520: 2510: 2508: 2501: 2485: 2481: 2450: 2446: 2436: 2434: 2427: 2411: 2407: 2397: 2395: 2388: 2384: 2374: 2372: 2361: 2357: 2347: 2345: 2332: 2331: 2327: 2317: 2315: 2306: 2305: 2301: 2291: 2289: 2285: 2270: 2264: 2260: 2253: 2231: 2227: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2197: 2193: 2187:Wayback Machine 2178: 2174: 2166: 2162: 2154: 2150: 2133: 2132: 2128: 2111: 2110: 2106: 2087: 2083: 2075: 2071: 2065:Wayback Machine 2056: 2052: 2046:Wayback Machine 2037: 2033: 2026: 2022: 2015: 2011: 2002: 1998: 1986: 1982: 1975: 1955: 1951: 1941: 1939: 1926: 1925: 1921: 1911: 1909: 1894: 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32:sovereign state 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5332: 5322: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5294: 5293: 5291: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5256: 5253: 5252: 5249: 5248: 5245: 5244: 5242: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5195: 5194: 5189: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5170: 5169: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5125: 5123: 5119: 5118: 5116: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5099: 5098: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5032: 5031: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4990: 4989: 4981: 4976: 4975: 4974: 4969: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4935: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4850: 4848: 4840: 4839: 4829: 4828: 4825: 4824: 4821: 4820: 4817: 4816: 4813: 4812: 4810: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4728: 4726: 4722: 4721: 4719: 4718: 4713: 4712: 4711: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4680: 4679: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4618: 4617: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4576: 4575: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4524: 4523: 4513: 4508: 4502: 4500: 4492: 4491: 4481: 4480: 4477: 4476: 4473: 4472: 4470: 4469: 4468: 4467: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4443: 4442: 4435:Exclusion zone 4432: 4431: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4414:Economic zone 4411: 4409: 4405: 4404: 4402: 4401: 4400: 4399: 4391: 4385: 4383: 4379: 4378: 4376: 4375: 4373:Urban township 4370: 4365: 4363:Paper township 4360: 4358:Civil township 4355: 4349: 4347: 4341: 4340: 4338: 4337: 4332: 4326: 4324: 4318: 4317: 4315: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4303: 4302: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4281: 4280: 4275: 4264: 4262: 4256: 4255: 4253: 4252: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4224: 4222: 4216: 4215: 4213: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4186: 4185: 4178:Capital region 4175: 4170: 4169: 4168: 4159: 4157: 4151: 4150: 4148: 4147: 4144:Roman province 4140: 4133: 4127: 4125: 4119: 4118: 4116: 4115: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4092: 4090: 4084: 4083: 4081: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4069: 4068: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4027: 4025: 4019: 4018: 4016: 4015: 4012:Indian reserve 4009: 4002: 4000: 3996: 3995: 3993: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3976: 3974: 3968: 3967: 3965: 3964: 3962:Urban district 3959: 3958: 3957: 3947: 3946: 3945: 3935: 3934: 3933: 3928: 3920: 3915: 3913:Rural district 3910: 3905: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3889: 3888: 3878: 3873: 3868: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3837: 3835: 3829: 3828: 3826: 3825: 3819: 3817: 3811: 3810: 3808: 3807: 3801: 3799: 3793: 3792: 3790: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3778: 3777: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3741: 3739: 3733: 3732: 3730: 3729: 3724: 3718: 3716: 3710: 3709: 3707: 3706: 3699: 3692: 3685: 3680: 3675: 3670: 3664: 3662: 3656: 3655: 3653: 3652: 3645: 3639: 3637: 3631: 3630: 3625: 3623: 3617: 3616: 3614: 3613: 3608: 3606:County borough 3602: 3600: 3594: 3593: 3591: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3564: 3562: 3554: 3553: 3539: 3538: 3526: 3525: 3517: 3516: 3509: 3502: 3494: 3485: 3484: 3482: 3481: 3476: 3471: 3466: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3446: 3441: 3436: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3406: 3401: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3360: 3357: 3356: 3348: 3347: 3340: 3333: 3325: 3319: 3318: 3301: 3295: 3282: 3276: 3261: 3260:External links 3258: 3257: 3256: 3246: 3231: 3225: 3210: 3204: 3189: 3183: 3168: 3153: 3146: 3134:(2): 291–308. 3119: 3113: 3096: 3093: 3091: 3090: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3050: 3049: 3030: 3010: 2980: 2953: 2927: 2920: 2888: 2869: 2850: 2816:(3): 461–489. 2790: 2777: 2753:(4): 439–466. 2737: 2696: 2663:(2): 311–344. 2647: 2636:(2): 109–125. 2620: 2613: 2592: 2573:(8): 556–566. 2557: 2538: 2518: 2499: 2479: 2460:(2): 117–136. 2444: 2425: 2405: 2382: 2355: 2325: 2299: 2258: 2251: 2225: 2211: 2191: 2172: 2160: 2148: 2126: 2104: 2081: 2069: 2050: 2031: 2020: 2009: 1996: 1980: 1973: 1949: 1919: 1888: 1869: 1849: 1842: 1822: 1804: 1797: 1774: 1753:Yoram Dinstein 1744: 1715: 1692: 1685: 1656: 1649: 1623: 1612:(3): 405–418. 1596: 1577: 1544: 1533:(5): 463–469. 1517: 1491: 1459: 1429: 1422: 1404: 1395: 1375: 1356:(4): 645–664. 1340: 1333: 1315: 1308: 1282: 1271:. 26 June 1945 1256: 1221: 1186: 1173:(2): 133–151. 1153: 1134: 1128:. p. 64. 1110: 1092: 1090: 1089: 1075:(1): 178–185. 1064: 1055: 1039: 1012: 992: 990: 989: 977: 962: 933: 922:(2): 353–368. 905: 904: 902: 899: 897: 894: 892: 891: 886: 880: 878:Princely state 875: 870: 865: 860: 855: 850: 845: 840: 835: 830: 820: 815: 810: 805: 800: 795: 790: 784: 783: 782: 768: 752: 749: 734: 731: 718: 715: 701: 698: 689: 686: 680: 677: 668: 665: 652:semi-sovereign 638: 635: 528: 518: 451: 448: 407:Main article: 404: 401: 357: 354: 326: 323: 202:Main article: 199: 196: 165: 164: 123: 121: 114: 108: 105: 38:, or simply a 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5331: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5306: 5304: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5263: 5262: 5260: 5254: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5184: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5168: 5165: 5164: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5126: 5124: 5120: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5097: 5094: 5093: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5030: 5027: 5026: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4988: 4985: 4984: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4964: 4963:Kommun/Kunta 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4914: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4851: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4834: 4830: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4787:Roman diocese 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4729: 4727: 4723: 4717: 4714: 4710: 4707: 4706: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4678: 4675: 4674: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4627:Neighbourhood 4625: 4623: 4620: 4616: 4613: 4612: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4574: 4571: 4570: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4522: 4519: 4518: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4506:Alpine resort 4504: 4503: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4486: 4482: 4466: 4463: 4462: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4441: 4438: 4437: 4436: 4433: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4415: 4413: 4412: 4410: 4406: 4398: 4395: 4394: 4392: 4390: 4389:Regional unit 4387: 4386: 4384: 4380: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4350: 4348: 4346: 4342: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4319: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4301: 4298: 4297: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4270: 4269: 4266: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4257: 4251: 4250: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4238:Federal state 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4225: 4223: 4221: 4217: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4184: 4181: 4180: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4167: 4164: 4163: 4161: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4152: 4146: 4145: 4141: 4139: 4138: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4120: 4114: 4113: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4101:Subprefecture 4099: 4097: 4094: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4085: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4067: 4064: 4063: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4020: 4013: 4010: 4007: 4004: 4003: 4001: 3997: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3969: 3963: 3960: 3956: 3953: 3952: 3951: 3948: 3944: 3941: 3940: 3939: 3936: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3887: 3884: 3883: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3871:Land district 3869: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3846:City district 3844: 3842: 3839: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3830: 3824: 3821: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3812: 3806: 3803: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3794: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3776: 3773: 3772: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3734: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3711: 3705: 3704: 3700: 3698: 3697: 3693: 3691: 3690: 3689:Imperial city 3686: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3669: 3666: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3657: 3651: 3650: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3622: 3618: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3604: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3595: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3565: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3535:English terms 3531: 3527: 3523: 3515: 3510: 3508: 3503: 3501: 3496: 3495: 3492: 3480: 3479:Welfare state 3477: 3475: 3472: 3470: 3467: 3465: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3440: 3437: 3435: 3432: 3430: 3427: 3425: 3422: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3412: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3394:Confederation 3392: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3382: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3361: 3358: 3354: 3346: 3341: 3339: 3334: 3332: 3327: 3326: 3323: 3315: 3314: 3308: 3307:"State" 3302: 3299: 3296: 3293: 3289: 3286: 3283: 3280: 3277: 3274: 3270: 3267: 3264: 3263: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3226:9781349860760 3222: 3218: 3217: 3211: 3207: 3205:9781107609433 3201: 3197: 3196: 3190: 3186: 3180: 3176: 3175: 3169: 3166: 3165:0-19-825402-4 3162: 3158: 3154: 3151: 3147: 3142: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3120: 3116: 3110: 3106: 3105: 3099: 3098: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3066: 3060: 3059: 3037: 3033: 3031:9780262012041 3027: 3024:. MIT Press. 3023: 3022: 3014: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2984: 2976: 2972: 2969:(1): 79–106. 2968: 2964: 2957: 2941: 2937: 2931: 2923: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2908: 2901: 2897: 2892: 2885: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2865: 2861: 2854: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2804: 2797: 2795: 2787: 2781: 2774: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2741: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2707: 2700: 2692: 2686: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2651: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2624: 2616: 2610: 2606: 2599: 2597: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2561: 2545: 2541: 2535: 2531: 2530: 2522: 2506: 2502: 2496: 2492: 2491: 2483: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2448: 2432: 2428: 2422: 2418: 2417: 2409: 2393: 2386: 2370: 2366: 2359: 2343: 2340:. July 2008. 2339: 2335: 2329: 2313: 2309: 2303: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2269: 2262: 2254: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2229: 2214: 2208: 2204: 2203: 2195: 2188: 2184: 2181: 2176: 2169: 2164: 2157: 2152: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2130: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2108: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2085: 2078: 2073: 2066: 2062: 2059: 2054: 2047: 2043: 2040: 2035: 2029: 2024: 2018: 2013: 2006: 2000: 1993: 1989: 1984: 1976: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1961: 1953: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1923: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1892: 1876: 1872: 1870:9781107609433 1866: 1862: 1861: 1853: 1845: 1839: 1835: 1834: 1826: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1808: 1800: 1794: 1790: 1789: 1781: 1779: 1772: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1761:0-7923-0450-0 1758: 1754: 1748: 1742: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1732:92-3-102716-6 1729: 1725: 1719: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1701: 1700:"Recognition" 1696: 1688: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1663: 1661: 1652: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1627: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1600: 1592: 1588: 1581: 1562: 1558: 1557:www.ohchr.org 1554: 1548: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1521: 1505: 1501: 1495: 1476: 1469: 1463: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1433: 1425: 1419: 1415: 1408: 1399: 1391: 1387: 1379: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1344: 1336: 1330: 1326: 1319: 1311: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1286: 1270: 1266: 1260: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1225: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1190: 1181: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1157: 1141: 1137: 1135:9781107609433 1131: 1127: 1123: 1122: 1114: 1106: 1099: 1097: 1087: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1065: 1062: 1058: 1052: 1048: 1047: 1042:"sovereign", 1040: 1037: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1010: 1006: 1001: 1000: 996: 987: 983: 978: 974: 971: 965: 959: 955: 950: 949: 942: 941: 937: 929: 925: 921: 917: 910: 906: 890: 887: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 869: 868:Unitary state 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 849: 846: 844: 841: 839: 836: 834: 831: 828: 824: 821: 819: 816: 814: 811: 809: 806: 804: 801: 799: 796: 794: 791: 789: 786: 785: 780: 774: 769: 766: 760: 755: 748: 745: 741: 730: 728: 724: 714: 710: 708: 707:Documentality 697: 695: 685: 676: 674: 664: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 633: 631: 627: 623: 619: 614: 611: 609: 608:post-colonial 605: 599: 597: 596: 591: 586: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 543: 533: 526: 522: 517: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 490: 485: 479: 477: 473: 469: 464: 457: 447: 445: 444: 439: 434: 431: 427: 425: 420: 416: 410: 399: 394: 392: 387: 383: 381: 376: 372: 367: 363: 353: 351: 346: 343: 337: 332: 322: 319: 313: 310: 306: 305:John Marshall 302: 301: 296: 292: 288: 284: 279: 277: 273: 267: 263: 261: 257: 253: 249: 248: 243: 238: 236: 232: 227: 221: 219: 215: 211: 205: 195: 193: 188: 183: 181: 177: 173: 161: 158: 150: 140: 136: 130: 129: 124:This section 122: 118: 113: 112: 104: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 73: 71: 67: 63: 59: 57: 53: 49: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 5258: 5179:Maalaiskunta 5139:Heerlijkheid 4979:Län (Sweden) 4647:Protectorate 4642:Principality 4563:Constituency 4452:Neutral zone 4248: 4247: 4142: 4135: 4110: 4023:Municipality 3701: 3694: 3687: 3673:Charter city 3647: 3578:Special area 3568:Insular area 3463: 3449:Principality 3439:Pariah state 3424:Nation state 3389:Client state 3311: 3249: 3234: 3215: 3194: 3173: 3156: 3149: 3131: 3127: 3103: 3082:. Retrieved 3064: 3040:. Retrieved 3020: 3013: 3001:. Retrieved 2992: 2983: 2966: 2962: 2956: 2944:. Retrieved 2930: 2906: 2899: 2891: 2886:, p. 71 2863: 2859: 2853: 2843:16 September 2841:. Retrieved 2834:the original 2813: 2809: 2785: 2780: 2750: 2746: 2740: 2728:. Retrieved 2721:the original 2716: 2712: 2699: 2685:cite journal 2660: 2656: 2650: 2633: 2629: 2623: 2604: 2570: 2566: 2560: 2548:. Retrieved 2528: 2521: 2509:. Retrieved 2489: 2482: 2457: 2453: 2447: 2435:. Retrieved 2415: 2408: 2396:. Retrieved 2394:. EurasiaNet 2385: 2373:. Retrieved 2369:the original 2358: 2346:. Retrieved 2328: 2316:. Retrieved 2302: 2290:. Retrieved 2283:the original 2278: 2274: 2261: 2234: 2228: 2216:. Retrieved 2201: 2194: 2175: 2163: 2151: 2138: 2129: 2116: 2107: 2094: 2084: 2072: 2053: 2034: 2023: 2012: 1999: 1983: 1959: 1952: 1940:. Retrieved 1931: 1922: 1910:. Retrieved 1908:(3): 400–410 1905: 1901: 1891: 1879:. Retrieved 1859: 1852: 1832: 1825: 1814: 1807: 1787: 1747: 1723: 1718: 1710: 1695: 1668: 1632: 1626: 1609: 1605: 1599: 1590: 1580: 1568:. Retrieved 1556: 1547: 1530: 1526: 1520: 1508:. Retrieved 1504:the original 1494: 1482:. Retrieved 1462: 1450:. Retrieved 1441: 1432: 1413: 1407: 1398: 1389: 1385: 1378: 1353: 1349: 1343: 1324: 1318: 1291: 1285: 1273:. Retrieved 1268: 1259: 1234: 1230: 1224: 1199: 1195: 1189: 1170: 1166: 1156: 1144:. 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V. 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