670:, the authority of a legislature to pass laws covering certain conduct). Like all aspects of conflict of laws, this question is in the first instance resolved by domestic law, which may or may not incorporate relevant international treaties or other supranational legal concepts. That said, relative to the other two main subtopics of conflicts of law (enforcement of judgements, and choice of law, which are both discussed below), the theory regarding jurisdiction has developed consistent international norms. This is perhaps because, unlike the other subtopics, jurisdiction relates to the particularly thorny question of when it is appropriate for a country to exercise its coercive power at all, rather that merely how it should do so.
571:, further expounded the jurisprudence of conflict of laws. Their key conceptual contributions were twofold: First, nations are wholly sovereign within their borders and therefore cannot be compelled to enforce foreign law in their own courts. Second, in order for international conflicts of law to work rationally, nations must exercise comity in enforcing others' laws, because it is in their mutual interest to do so.Scholars began to consider ways to resolve the question of how and when formally equal sovereign States ought to recognize each other's authority. The doctrine of
3012:
838:
3026:
1458:
1441:
548:, in which the laws applicable to each individual were dictated by the group to which he or she belonged. Initially, the mode of this body of law was simply to determine which jurisdiction's law would be most fair to apply; over time, however, the law came to favor more well-defined rules. These rules were systematically summarized by law professor
576:
recognition and enforcement of another state's laws and judgments. Many states continue to recognize the principle of comity as the underpinning of private international law such as in Canada. In some countries, such as the United States of
America and Australia, the principle of comity is written into the State's constitution.
531:), conflict of laws does not regulate the relation between countries but rather how individual countries regulate internally the affairs of individuals with connections to more than one jurisdiction. To be sure, as in other contexts, domestic law can be affected by international treaties to which a country is party.
681:—A country has jurisdiction to regulate whatever occurs within its territorial boundaries. Of all bases of jurisdiction, the territoriality principle garners the strongest consensus in international law (subject to various complexities relating to actions that did not obviously occur wholly in one country).
621:
in 1893. This was followed by successive conferences in 1894, 1900, and 1904. Like their counterparts in
Montevideo, these conferences produced several multilateral agreements on various topics within conflict of laws. Thereafter, the pace of these meetings slowed, with the next conventions occurring
579:
In the United States, salient issues in the field of conflict of laws date back at least to the framing of the
Constitution. There was concern, for example, about what body of law the newly created federal courts would apply when handling cases between parties from different states (a type of case
575:
was introduced as one of the means to answer these questions. Comity has undergone various changes since its creation. However, it still refers to the idea that every State is sovereign; often, the most just exercise of one State's authority is by recognizing the authority of another through the
821:
Judges have accepted that the principle of party autonomy allows the parties to select the law most appropriate to their transaction. This judicial acceptance of subjective intent excludes the traditional reliance on objective connecting factors; it also harms consumers as vendors often impose
588:
was not yet used. The
Constitution created a "plurilegal federal union" in which conflicts are inherently abundant, and as a result, American judges encounter conflicts cases far more often—about 5,000 per year as of the mid-2010s—and have accumulated far more experience in resolving them than
495:
confusing because this body of law does not consist of laws that apply internationally, but rather is solely composed of domestic laws; the calculus only includes international law when the nation has treaty obligations (and even then, only to the extent that domestic law renders the treaty
534:
Moreover, in federal republics where substantial lawmaking occurs at the subnational level—notably in the United States—issues within conflict of laws often arise in wholly domestic contexts, relating to the laws of different states (or provinces, etc.) rather than of foreign countries.
657:
One of the key questions addressed within conflict of laws is the determination of when the legislature of a given jurisdiction may legislate, or the court of a given jurisdiction can properly adjudicate, regarding a matter that has extra-jurisdictional dimensions. This is known as
622:
in 1925 and 1928. The seventh meeting at The Hague occurred in 1951, at which point the sixteen involved states established a permanent institution for international collaboration on conflict-of-laws issues. The organization is known today as the
817:
and will be determined by the law of the state where the choice of law clause confers its competence. Oxford
Professor Adrian Briggs suggests that this is doctrinally problematic as it is emblematic of 'pulling oneself up by the bootstraps'.
543:
Western legal systems first recognized a core underpinning of conflict of laws—namely, that "foreign law, in appropriate instances, should be applied to foreign cases"—in the twelfth century. Prior to that, the prevailing system was that of
673:
There are five bases of jurisdiction generally recognized in international law. These are not mutually exclusive; an individual or an occurrence may be subject to simultaneous jurisdiction in more than one place. They are as follows:
705:—A country has jurisdiction over certain acts based on their intrinsic rejection by the international community (such as violent deprivations of basic human rights). This is the most controversial of the five bases of jurisdiction.
592:
Alongside domestic developments relating to conflict of laws, the nineteenth century also saw the beginnings of substantial international collaboration in the field. The first international meeting on the topic took place in
822:
one-sided contractual terms selecting a venue far from the buyer's home or workplace. Contractual clauses relating to consumers, employees, and insurance beneficiaries are regulated under additional terms set out in
597:
in 1887 and 1888; delegates from five South
American countries attended, but failed to produce an enforceable agreement. The first major multilateral agreements on the topic of conflict of laws arose from the
758:). (See also 'European Harmonization Provisions': "The concept of habitual residence is the civil law equivalent of the common law test of lex domicilii".) The court will determine the plaintiffs' legal
742:
it counts the factors that connect or link the legal issues to the laws of potentially relevant states and applies the laws that have the greatest connection, e.g. the law of nationality (
1818:
721:
to the U.S. Constitution regulates the extent to which one state can exercise jurisdiction over people domiciled in other states, or occurrences that took place in other states.
1780:
1299:
606:
from August 1888 to
February 1889. The seven South American nations represented at the Montevideo conference agreed on eight treaties, which broadly adopted the ideas of
599:
1747:
1490:
523:
Importantly, while conflict of laws generally deals with disputes of an international nature, the applicable law itself is domestic law. This is because, unlike
861:
718:
556:
1721:
610:, determining applicable law on the basis of four types of factual relations (domicile, location of object, location of transaction, location of court).
1051:
Regulation (EC) No 864/2007 of the
European Parliament and of the Council of 11 July 2007 on the law applicable to non-contractual obligations (Rome II)
709:
Countries have also developed bodies of law for adjudicating jurisdiction disputes between subnational entities. For example, in the United States, the
1604:
1241:
623:
560:
81:
584:). Within the first two decades following ratification of the Constitution, over one hundred cases dealt with these issues, though the term
1732:
1620:
866:
641:, which addressed choice-of-law rules for contract disputes within EU member states. In 2009 and 2010, respectively, the EU enacted the
453:, dealing with the rules by which a court in one jurisdiction mandates compliance with a ruling of a court in another jurisdiction; and
413:
1777:
1737:
1757:
2993:
387:
813:
may specify which laws the court or tribunal should apply to each aspect of the dispute. This matches the substantive policy of
1600:
483:
is primarily used in the United States and Canada, though it has also come into use in the United
Kingdom. Elsewhere, the term
699:—A country has jurisdiction to address threats to its own security (such as by pursuing counterfeiters of official documents).
1050:
67:
1431:, Chapter 1: State Jurisdiction in International Law: Complexities of a Basic Concept (Alexander Orakhelashvili ed. 2015).
1326:
445:, or other occurrence that has connections to more than one jurisdiction. This body of law deals with three broad topics:
776:. The law of the place where a transaction physically takes place or of the occurrence that gave rise to the litigation (
1393:
459:, which addresses the question of which substantive laws will be applied in such a case. These issues can arise in any
633:
began to take action to harmonize conflict of laws jurisprudence across its member states. The first of these was the
2419:
1977:
1876:
1810:
1271:
1379:
1120:
2533:
2402:
1716:
872:
637:
agreed in 1968, which addressed questions of jurisdiction for cross-border cases. This was followed in 1980 by the
373:
2988:
2335:
2236:
1365:
552:
in the middle of the fourteenth century, a work that came to be cited repeatedly for the next several centuries.
2495:
2129:
406:
1848:
104:
2655:
2134:
1366:"1968 Brussels Convention on jurisdiction and the enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters"
2650:
1624:
1726:
1711:
2625:
2124:
1479:
International Law and
Limitations on the Exercise of Extraterritorial Jurisdiction in U.S. Domestic Law
638:
607:
1805:
1762:
3066:
2708:
1772:
1629:
957:
399:
329:
317:
224:
2503:
2485:
524:
336:
2837:
1820:
Why the Hague Convention on jurisdiction threatens to strangle e-commerce and Internet free speech
1413:, Chapter 2: The Concept of Jurisdiction in International Law (Alexander Orakhelashvili ed. 2015).
629:
As attention to the field became more widespread in the second half of the twentieth century, the
520:, but rather refers to those portions of domestic private law that apply to international issues.
2878:
2665:
2154:
2139:
549:
2933:
2918:
1660:
1558:
802:
581:
357:
291:
267:
74:
41:
1178:
1155:
3037:
2630:
2308:
2119:
324:
251:
1261:
2758:
2104:
1788:
1693:
1257:
810:
380:
275:
112:
1605:
Private Law, Private International Law, and Judicial cooperation in the EU-US Relationship
8:
2913:
2053:
1970:
814:
794:
646:
634:
242:
215:
48:
2728:
2387:
2241:
2226:
2204:
1948:
1928:
1881:
1871:
1796:
1768:
1634:
1213:
749:
714:
642:
343:
206:
175:
2713:
2635:
2473:
2216:
2211:
2164:
2089:
2083:
1923:
1841:
1267:
1210:
The Full Faith and Credit Clause: A Reference Guide to the United States Constitution
806:
780:) will often be the controlling law selected when the matter is substantive, but the
442:
144:
1088:
Dodge, William S. (2008). "The Public-Private Distinction in the Conflict of Laws".
2718:
2685:
2184:
2048:
2008:
1546:
773:
710:
509:
197:
693:—A country has jurisdiction over a wrong of which its national is the perpetrator.
2967:
2940:
2928:
2908:
2842:
2820:
2800:
2795:
2775:
2640:
2620:
2615:
2518:
2478:
2189:
2114:
2038:
2023:
1943:
1784:
350:
3044:
2852:
2770:
2359:
2325:
2276:
2261:
2033:
1938:
1918:
1908:
1681:
763:
630:
312:
233:
161:
136:
1593:
The Rome Regulations: Commentary on the European Rules of the Conflict of Laws
3060:
2898:
2857:
2743:
2723:
2695:
2645:
2610:
2584:
2579:
2572:
2523:
2463:
2303:
2293:
2251:
2174:
2169:
2099:
2058:
1982:
1502:
Adrian Briggs, The Conflict of laws, Clarendon Law Series third edition 2013.
754:
564:
455:
283:
167:
60:
1813:
801:
clause specifying the parties' choice of venue for any litigation (called a
3030:
2780:
2748:
2703:
2441:
2436:
2407:
2320:
2298:
2266:
2199:
2179:
2073:
2013:
2003:
1955:
1913:
1891:
1834:
766:. The court will determine the law of the state in which land is situated (
759:
618:
555:
Later, in the seventeenth century, several Dutch legal scholars, including
464:
434:
307:
97:
626:(HCCH). As of December 2020, HCCH includes eighty-six member states.
449:, rules regarding when it is appropriate for a court to hear such a case;
2952:
2893:
2883:
2680:
2675:
2513:
2414:
2330:
2289:
2256:
2221:
2144:
2068:
2018:
1933:
1481:, 35 Hastings International & Comparative Law Review 323, 334 (2012).
1302:
The Birth of Modern Private International Law: The Treaties of Montevideo
851:
798:
744:
568:
517:
501:
460:
188:
182:
1545:. Utrecht, Netherlands: Utrecht University Institute for Legal Studies.
687:—A country has jurisdiction over an occurrence that harmed its national.
3016:
2945:
2825:
2763:
2508:
2429:
2424:
2382:
2364:
2352:
2313:
2159:
2149:
2109:
2094:
2078:
2028:
1965:
1960:
1380:"1980 Rome Convention on the law applicable to contractual obligations"
843:
797:
and other forms of legally binding agreement include a jurisdiction or
781:
603:
505:
438:
259:
121:
1550:
1461:
Offenders Abroad: The Case for Nationality-Based Criminal Jurisdiction
2923:
2888:
2830:
2805:
2670:
2567:
2555:
2540:
2528:
2456:
2374:
2347:
2231:
1800:
1579:
1429:
Research Handbook on Jurisdiction and Immunities in International Law
1411:
Research Handbook on Jurisdiction and Immunities in International Law
768:
614:
3011:
1738:
European Institute for International Law and International Relations
1543:
Fundamental Rights, Contract Law, and Protection of the Weaker Party
1216:, 2005), p. xvii; Constitution of Australia, chapter 7, section 118.
837:
2972:
2957:
2660:
2545:
2342:
1886:
735:
468:
130:
729:
Courts faced with a choice of law issue have a two-stage process:
2862:
2810:
2790:
2738:
2550:
2468:
2284:
2246:
2194:
1619:
1642:
Hay, Peter; Borchers, Patrick J.; Symeonides, Symeon C. (2010).
1347:
1230:
Joseph Story's Contribution to American Conflicts Law: A Comment
739:) to all procedural matters (including the choice of law rules);
2962:
2815:
2560:
2451:
2446:
2392:
2063:
856:
823:
572:
55:
2903:
2847:
2753:
2594:
2397:
1896:
826:, which may modify the contractual terms imposed by vendors.
1069:
2785:
2733:
2589:
1987:
1903:
594:
1763:
International Institute for the Unification of Private Law
1141:, 14 American Journal of Legal History 157, 157–60 (1970).
613:
Soon after, European nations gathered for a conference in
600:
First South American Congress of Private International Law
1857:
1752:
1688:(Fourth ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1599:
CILE Studies (Center for International Legal Education –
1799:, regarding a hedge fund's enforcement of claim against
1717:
ASIL Guide to Electronic Resources for International Law
1674:
Anglo-American Perspectives on Private International Law
487:
is commonly used. Some scholars from countries that use
1742:
1826:
1722:
British Institute of International and Comparative Law
1232:, 5 American Journal of Legal History 230, 235 (1961).
862:
List of Hague Conventions on Private International Law
1806:
United Nations Commission for International Trade Law
1641:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
972:
772:) that will be applied to determine all questions of
1712:
American Society of Comparative Law Official website
1183:
Jus Gentium – Journal of International Legal History
1160:
Jus Gentium – Journal of International Legal History
833:
1574:(Second ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1615:(Third ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1557:
1310:
1199:Morguard Investments Ltd v De Savoye, 3 SCR 1077.
516:does not imply an agreed upon international legal
1534:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1329:The Hague Conference on Private International Law
1090:Duke Journal of Comparative and International Law
958:Dicey, Morris and Collins on The Conflict of Laws
3058:
1655:(Seventh ed.). London: Sweet & Maxwell.
1630:Dicey Morris and Collins on The Conflict of Laws
1563:Restatement of the Law, Second: Conflict of Laws
1062:"International Law: Private International Law",
645:to address choice-of-law in tort cases and the
1665:Cheshire and North's Private International Law
1650:
1540:
1416:
1208:William L. Reynolds & William M. Richman,
1075:
1005:Cheshire and North's Private International Law
987:
463:context, but they are especially prevalent in
1842:
1773:for Comparative and International Private Law
1743:Hague Conference on Private International Law
1729:– News and Views in Private International Law
1252:
1250:
906:
904:
649:to address choice-of-law in divorce matters.
624:Hague Conference on Private International Law
407:
1659:
1610:
1513:Macmillan v Bishopsgate Investment Trust plc
1294:
1292:
1290:
1224:
1222:
1046:
1044:
1002:
938:
666:, the authority to hear a certain case, and
1405:
1403:
867:Place of the Relevant Intermediary Approach
733:the court will apply the law of the forum (
582:specifically assigned to the federal courts
1849:
1835:
1692:
1473:
1471:
1446:, 28 Texas International Law Journal 1, 2"
1256:
1247:
1032:
901:
414:
400:
1778:Private International Law, Research Guide
1748:International & Foreign Law Community
1611:Clarkson, C.M.V.; Hill, Jonathan (2006).
1511:Rome I Regulation Article 3(1). See also
1463:, 17 Yale Journal of International Law 42
1287:
1219:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1041:
910:Restatement of the Law—Conflict of Laws,
512:. In this form of legal system, the term
2994:History of the American legal profession
1680:
1646:(Fifth ed.). St. Paul, Minn.: West.
1590:
1517:Golden Ocean Group v Salgocar Mining Ltd
1400:
1017:
890:
888:
474:
1794:Republic of Argentina v NML Capital Ltd
1651:McClean, David; Beevers, Kisch (2009).
1528:Rome I Regulation, Article 5-Article 8.
1468:
1176:
1153:
953:
16:Law for cases in multiple jurisdictions
3059:
1667:(13th ed.). London: Butterworths.
1601:University of Pittsburgh School of Law
1569:
1394:"COUNCIL REGULATION (EU) No 1259/2010"
1100:
923:
912:§2: Subject Matter of Conflict of Laws
805:). In the EU, this is governed by the
1830:
1149:
1147:
1087:
885:
68:Conflict of laws in the United States
1671:
1584:International Commercial Arbitration
1578:
1515:1 WLR 387 per Staughton LJ 391–392;
1331:, 2 Hague Justice Journal 75 (2007)"
1492:Dow Jones and Company Inc v Gutnick
1266:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
691:Nationality (or active personality)
496:obligations enforceable). The term
13:
1814:Private International Law Database
1758:International Court of Arbitration
1698:American Private International Law
1676:. Lewiston, N.Y.: E. Mellen Press.
1304:, Oxford Public International Law"
1144:
1125:, 65 Michigan Law Review 9 (1965)"
1035:American Private International Law
973:Hay; Borchers; Symeonides (2010).
14:
3078:
1978:Restitution and unjust enrichment
1753:International Chamber of Commerce
1705:
1444:The Passive Personality Principle
3025:
3024:
3010:
873:Microsoft Corp. v. Motorola Inc.
836:
784:has become a more common choice.
724:
433:) is the set of rules or laws a
374:Enforcement of foreign judgments
2989:History of the legal profession
1522:
1505:
1496:
1484:
1452:
1434:
1386:
1372:
1358:
1340:
1235:
1202:
1193:
1170:
1139:Bartolo on the Conflict of Laws
1131:
1081:
1056:
1026:
962:. p. 36 (paras. 1-087 et seq.).
652:
1633:(Fifteenth ed.). London:
1591:Calliess, Gralf-Peter (2010).
1535:References and further reading
1011:
996:
981:
966:
947:
932:
917:
914:(American Law Institute 1971).
1:
1541:Cherednychenko, Olha (2007).
589:anywhere else in the world.
788:
7:
1686:Collier's Conflicts of Laws
1020:Collier's Conflicts of Laws
829:
662:(sometimes subdivided into
10:
3083:
2656:International legal theory
2135:International slavery laws
2130:International human rights
2125:International criminal law
1427:Alexander Orakhelashvili,
608:Friedrich Carl von Savigny
538:
3004:
2981:
2871:
2709:Administration of justice
2694:
2603:
2494:
2373:
2275:
1996:
1864:
1783:November 3, 2016, at the
1189:(2): 36 – via SSRN.
1166:(2): 35 – via SSRN.
988:McClean; Beevers (2009).
668:prescriptive jurisdiction
664:adjudicative jurisdiction
514:private international law
498:private international law
493:private international law
485:private international law
431:private international law
225:Lex loci delicti commissi
29:private international law
2486:Basic structure doctrine
2336:Natural and legal rights
2217:Public international law
1733:EEC Rome convention 1980
1663:; Fawcett, J.J. (1999).
1242:U.S. Const. Art. III, §2
1177:Schultz, Thomas (2019).
1154:Schultz, Thomas (2019).
992:. pp. 4–5 (para. 1-006).
879:
527:(better known simply as
525:public international law
2666:Principle of typicality
2140:International trade law
1856:
1570:Briggs, Adrian (2008).
1179:"The History of Comity"
1156:"The History of Comity"
1003:North; Fawcett (1999).
939:Clarkson; Hill (2006).
550:Bartolus de Saxoferrato
300:Substantive legal areas
1559:American Law Institute
1064:Black's Law Dictionary
1037:. pp. 15–16 (para. 2).
896:Black's Law Dictionary
803:forum selection clause
713:rule derived from the
358:Hague Trust Convention
292:Forum selection clause
268:Lex loci celebrationis
75:Public policy doctrine
2661:Principle of legality
2420:Delegated legislation
2120:Intellectual property
1811:U.S. State Department
1694:Symeonides, Symeon C.
1442:"Geoffrey R. Watson,
1137:J.A. Clarence Smith,
811:Choice of law clauses
475:Scope and terminology
381:Anti-suit injunctions
252:Lex loci protectionis
90:Definitional elements
2879:Barristers' chambers
2821:Legal representation
2759:Justice of the peace
2105:Financial regulation
1789:Peace Palace Library
1769:Max Planck Institute
1727:CONFLICT OF LAWS.NET
1653:The Conflict of Laws
1613:The Conflict of Laws
1572:The Conflict of Laws
1459:Geoffrey R. Watson,
990:The Conflict of Laws
941:The Conflict of Laws
926:The Conflict of Laws
894:"Conflict of Laws",
719:Fourteenth Amendment
602:, which was held in
276:Choice of law clause
113:Forum non conveniens
2914:Election commission
2626:Expressive function
2155:Landlord–tenant law
2054:Consumer protection
1823:, by Chris Sprigman
1672:Reed, Alan (2003).
1635:Sweet & Maxwell
1228:Kurt H. Nadelmann,
1123:The Comity Doctrine
1121:"Hessel E. Yntema,
1076:Cherednychenko 2007
1033:Symeonides (2008).
815:freedom of contract
685:Passive personality
647:Rome III Regulation
635:Brussels Convention
557:Christian Rodenburg
243:Lex loci solutionis
216:Lex loci contractus
49:Incidental question
2872:Legal institutions
2739:Lawsuit/Litigation
2729:Dispute resolution
2534:Catholic canon law
2242:State of emergency
2205:Will and testament
1929:Law of obligations
1882:Constitutional law
1872:Administrative law
1382:. August 13, 1998.
1258:Symeonides, Symeon
750:habitual residence
715:Due Process Clause
643:Rome II Regulation
491:consider the term
207:Lex loci rei sitae
176:Habitual residence
154:Connecting factors
3054:
3053:
2714:Constitutionalism
2636:Law and economics
2474:Act of parliament
2212:Product liability
2165:Legal archaeology
2090:Environmental law
2084:Entertainment law
1924:International law
1700:. Wolters Kluwer.
1621:Collins, Lawrence
1409:Cedric Ryngaert,
1018:Rogerson (2013).
1007:. pp. 13–14.
807:Rome I Regulation
529:international law
510:civil law systems
451:foreign judgments
424:
423:
145:Lis alibi pendens
3074:
3067:Conflict of laws
3029:
3028:
3027:
3015:
3014:
2838:Question of fact
2719:Criminal justice
2049:Construction law
2044:Conflict of laws
2009:Agricultural law
1851:
1844:
1837:
1828:
1827:
1701:
1689:
1677:
1668:
1656:
1647:
1644:Conflict of Laws
1638:
1625:Harris, Jonathan
1616:
1596:
1587:
1575:
1566:
1554:
1529:
1526:
1520:
1509:
1503:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1482:
1477:Dan E. Stigall,
1475:
1466:
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1327:"Hans van Loon,
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1066:(11th ed. 2019).
1060:
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975:Conflict of Laws
970:
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954:Collins (2006).
951:
945:
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936:
930:
929:
921:
915:
908:
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898:(11th ed. 2019).
892:
846:
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748:) or the law of
711:minimum contacts
586:conflict of laws
489:conflict of laws
481:conflict of laws
427:Conflict of laws
416:
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198:Lex loci arbitri
82:Hague Conference
42:Characterisation
25:Conflict of laws
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2968:Political party
2941:Legal education
2929:Law enforcement
2909:Court of equity
2867:
2843:Question of law
2796:Practice of law
2776:Judicial review
2690:
2641:Legal formalism
2621:Comparative law
2616:Contract theory
2599:
2519:Legal pluralism
2490:
2479:Act of Congress
2403:Executive order
2369:
2271:
2190:Nationality law
2115:Immigration law
2039:Competition law
1992:
1860:
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1785:Wayback Machine
1708:
1682:Rogerson, Pippa
1627:, eds. (2017).
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1027:
1022:. pp. 3–4.
1016:
1012:
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997:
986:
982:
977:. pp. 1–3.
971:
967:
952:
948:
943:. pp. 2–3.
937:
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928:. pp. 2–3.
924:Briggs (2008).
922:
918:
909:
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893:
886:
882:
842:
835:
832:
791:
727:
655:
639:Rome Convention
541:
500:comes from the
477:
420:
351:Forced heirship
28:
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12:
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3017:Law portal
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2524:Religious law
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2100:Financial law
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1983:Statutory law
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1078:, p. 22.
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2514:Chinese law
2415:Legislation
2365:Regulations
2353:Law reports
2331:Natural law
2227:Reparations
2222:Refugee law
2145:Jurimetrics
2086:(Media law)
2024:Banking law
2019:Amnesty law
1997:Disciplines
1934:Private law
1797:EWCA Civ 41
1565:. St. Paul.
852:A. V. Dicey
799:arbitration
745:lex patriae
569:Ulrik Huber
561:Paulus Voet
502:private law
461:private-law
443:transaction
366:Enforcement
189:Lex patriae
183:Nationality
2946:Law school
2826:Prosecutor
2764:Magistrate
2551:Jewish law
2509:Common law
2430:Rulemaking
2425:Regulation
2375:Law making
2314:Divine law
2290:Legal code
2237:Sports law
2160:Law of war
2110:Health law
2095:Family law
2079:Energy law
2029:Bankruptcy
1966:Punishment
1961:Public law
1765:(UNIDROIT)
1580:Born, Gary
1551:1874/20945
1350:About HCCH
1096:: 371–394.
844:Law portal
782:proper law
697:Protective
604:Montevideo
506:public law
260:Proper law
122:Lex causae
2924:Judiciary
2919:Executive
2894:The bench
2831:Solicitor
2806:Barrister
2686:Sociology
2671:Pseudolaw
2611:Anarchist
2568:Roman law
2556:Parsi law
2541:Hindu law
2529:Canon law
2504:Civil law
2457:Concordat
2348:Precedent
2257:Trust law
2232:Space law
2069:Drugs law
1939:Procedure
1877:Civil law
1801:Argentina
1595:. Kluwer.
1586:. Kluwer.
1279:March 18,
795:contracts
789:Contracts
769:lex situs
703:Universal
615:The Hague
479:The term
105:Procedure
3061:Category
3031:Category
2973:Tribunal
2958:Military
2801:Attorney
2771:Judgment
2631:Feminist
2546:Jain law
2343:Case law
2064:Cyberlaw
1971:Corporal
1949:Criminal
1919:Evidence
1909:Doctrine
1887:Contract
1781:Archived
1696:(2008).
1684:(2013).
1582:(2009).
1260:(2016).
830:See also
764:capacity
736:lex fori
469:tort law
344:Property
330:Marriage
318:Contract
313:Capacity
284:Dépeçage
162:Domicile
131:Lex fori
3045:Outline
2982:History
2889:The bar
2863:Verdict
2811:Counsel
2791:Justice
2646:History
2469:Statute
2285:Charter
2247:Tax law
2195:Probate
1561:(ed.).
1348:"HCCH,
1214:Praeger
717:of the
539:History
337:Divorce
2963:Police
2934:Agency
2816:Lawyer
2561:Sharia
2452:Treaty
2447:Repeal
2393:Decree
2304:Custom
2200:Estate
2150:Labour
1914:Equity
1270:
857:Comity
824:Rome I
760:status
573:comity
567:, and
518:corpus
308:Status
56:Renvoi
3038:Index
2904:Court
2848:Trial
2754:Judge
2595:Yassa
2398:Edict
1944:Civil
1897:Crime
1334:(PDF)
880:Notes
793:Many
774:title
2786:Jury
2734:Fiqh
2590:Xeer
1988:Tort
1904:Deed
1281:2023
1268:ISBN
762:and
595:Lima
467:and
439:case
325:Tort
27:and
1858:Law
1547:hdl
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