Trade - Knowledge

2483: 50: 1374: 1701: 1150: 2156: 2724:. In real terms, the economy doubled in size between 1978 and 1986, doubled again by 1994, and again by 2003. On a real per capita basis, doubling from the 1978 base took place in 1987, 1996 and 2006. By 2008, the economy was 16.7 times the size it was in 1978, and 12.1 times its previous per capita levels. International trade progressed even more rapidly, doubling on average every 4.5 years. Total two-way trade in January 1998 exceeded that for all of 1978; in the first quarter of 2009, trade exceeded the full-year 1998 level. In 2008, China's two-way trade totaled US$ 2.56 trillion. 1878: 2218: 1942: 35: 2768: 4536: 1017: 27: 6272: 1541: 1358: 4534: 2709:, the new measures progressively relaxed restrictions on farming, agricultural distribution and, several years later, urban enterprises and labor. The more market-oriented approach reduced inefficiencies and stimulated private investment, particularly by farmers, which led to increased productivity and output. One feature was the establishment of four (later five) 4333: 4556: 1596:. Along the coast of the Mediterranean, researchers have found a positive relationship between how well-connected a coastal location was and the local prevalence of archaeological sites from the Iron Age. This suggests that a location's trade potential was an important determinant of human settlements. 2425:

Free trade is a policy by which a government does not discriminate against imports or exports by applying tariffs or subsidies. This policy is also known as laissez-faire policy. This kind of policy does not necessarily imply because a country will then abandon all control and taxation of imports and

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was the god of merchants, whose festival was celebrated by traders on the 25th day of the fifth month. The concept of free trade was an antithesis to the will and economic direction of the sovereigns of the ancient Greek states. Free trade between states was stifled by the need for strict internal

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also participated in the massive trading network. The maritime road is one of the most extensive sea-based trade networks of a single geological material in the prehistoric world. It was in existence for at least 3,000 years, where its peak production was from 2000 BCE to 500 CE, older than the

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was introduced as standardised money to facilitate a wider exchange of goods and services. This first stage of currency, where metals were used to represent stored value, and symbols to represent commodities, formed the basis of trade in the Fertile Crescent for over 1500 years.

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Obsidian provided the material to make cutting utensils or tools, although since other more easily obtainable materials were available, use was exclusive to the higher status of the tribe using "the rich man's flint". Interestingly, Obsidian has held its value relative to flint.

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An emporium (in Latin; "emporion" in Greek) was a settlement reserved as a trading post, usually for the Ancient Greeks, on the territory of another ancient nation, in this case, the Ancient Thracian Odrysian Kingdom (5th century BC – 1st century AD), the most powerful Thracian

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and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (later divided into the World Bank $ Bank for International Settlements). These organizations became operational in 1946 after enough countries ratified the agreement. In 1947, 23 countries agreed to the

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Even before domestication of plants and animals occurred, long-distance trading networks were prominent among some hunter-gathering societies, such as the Natufians and other sedentary populations who inhabited the Eastern Mediterranean around 12,000–10,000

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Trade in the Mediterranean during the Neolithic of Europe was greatest in this material. Networks were in existence at around 12,000 BCE Anatolia was the source primarily for trade with the Levant, Iran and Egypt according to Zarins study of 1990.

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the Danube played an extremely important role in connecting East and West before the Mediterranean became the main link between these regions. This period runs for about 25,000 years, from 35,000/30,000 to around 10,000/8,000 before the

5737:, p. ?. "I want nine out of ten people from my Ummah (nation) as traders" and "Trader, who did trading in truth, and sold the right quantity and quality of goods, he will stand along with Prophets and Martyrs, on Judgment day". 5597:

Bengal was rich in the production and export of grain, salt, fruit, liquors and wines, precious metals and ornaments besides the output of its handlooms in silk and cotton. Europe referred to Bengal as the richest country to trade

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and a near-collapse of the trade network in the western world. Trade, however, continued to flourish among the kingdoms of Africa, the Middle East, India, China, and Southeast Asia. Some trade did occur in the west. For instance,

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Turton, M. (2021). Notes from central Taiwan: Our brother to the south. Taiwan's relations with the Philippines date back millennia, so it's a mystery that it's not the jewel in the crown of the New Southbound Policy. Taiwan

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EC was transformed into the European Union, which accomplished the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) in 2002, through introducing the Euro, and creating this way a real single market between 13 member states as of January 1,

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and includes any commonly available commodity that has intrinsic value; historical examples include pigs, rare seashells, whale's teeth, and (often) cattle. In medieval Iraq, bread was used as an early form of money. In the

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at the southern tip of the African continent. Prior to this, the flow of spice into Europe from India was controlled by Islamic powers, especially Egypt. The spice trade was of major economic importance and helped spur the

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The ascendancy of free trade was primarily based on national advantage in the mid 19th century. That is, the calculation made was whether it was in any particular country's self-interest to open its borders to imports.

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due to different philosophies of trade. Whereas Portuguese traders concentrated on the accumulation of capital, in Kongo spiritual meaning was attached to many objects of trade. According to economic historian

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substantially increased in some areas from 1815 until the outbreak of World War I in 1914. Trade openness increased again during the 1920s but collapsed (in particular in Europe and North America) during the

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in which individuals and groups concentrate on a small aspect of production, but use their output in trade for other products and needs. Trade exists between regions because different regions may have a

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put a temporary embargo on Turkish products and bans any imports from Turkey on December 31, 2020. The situation is prompted by food security concerns given Turkey's hostile attitude towards Armenia.

5280: 4048: 2482: 1923:. Banking systems developed where money on account was transferred across national boundaries. Hand to hand markets became a feature of town life and were regulated by town authorities. 1794:. The Maritime Jade Road began to wane during its final centuries from 500 CE until 1000 CE. The entire period of the network was a golden age for the diverse societies of the region. 4919: 4651: 2294:

in trade policy. Ricardo and others had suggested this earlier. This was taken as evidence against the universal doctrine of free trade, as it was believed that more of the

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was restricted by the size of the market, he said that countries having access to larger markets would be able to divide labour more efficiently and thereby become more

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also play a role in promoting fair trade standards by serving as independent monitors of compliance with labeling requirements. As such, it is a form of Protectionism.

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Five types of nonstore retailing will be discussed: street peddling, direct selling, mail-order, automatic-merchandising machine operators, and electronic shopping.

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Protectionism is the policy of restraining and discouraging trade between states and contrasts with the policy of free trade. This policy often takes the form of

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The emergence of exchange networks in the Pre-Columbian societies of and near to Mexico are known to have occurred within recent years before and after 1500 BCE.

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investigated trade in the Stone Age by excavations in 1901. The first clear archaeological evidence of trade in manufactured goods is found in south west Asia.

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what they had for goods and services from each other. Anthropologists have found no evidence of barter systems that did not exist alongside systems of credit.

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later continued this vein of thought, showing that in a few circumstances tariffs might be beneficial to the host country; but never for the world at large.

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were major trade centers. They dominated trade in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, having the monopoly between Europe and the Near East for centuries.

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was a major economic recession that ran from 1929 to the late 1930s. During this period, there was a great drop in trade and other economic indicators.

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Bellwood, P., H. Hung, H., Lizuka, Y. (2011). "Taiwan Jade in the Philippines: 3,000 Years of Trade and Long-distance Interaction". Semantic Scholar.

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Tsang, Cheng-hwa (2000), "Recent advances in the Iron Age archaeology of Taiwan", Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, 20: 153–158,

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was an extensive trading network connecting multiple areas in Southeast and East Asia. Its primary products were made of jade mined from Taiwan by

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before written history began. Consequently, any story of how money first developed is mostly based on conjecture and logical inference. Letters of

5393: 3862: 3451:, a severe form of externally imposed isolation, is a blockade of all trade by one country on another. For example, the United States has had an 6221: 6059: 2310:

young industries, although only for a time necessary for them to develop full capacity. This became the policy in many countries attempting to

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used for accounting – found in Upper Euphrates valley in Syria dated to the 10th millennium BCE – is one of the earliest versions of writing.

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between locations can benefit both locations. Different types of traders may specialize in trading different kinds of goods; for example, the

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When an inefficient producer sends the merchandise it produces best to a country able to produce it more efficiently, both countries benefit.

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of the Roman empire produced a stable and secure transportation network that enabled the shipment of trade goods without fear of significant

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in Europe. Spices brought to Europe from the Eastern world were some of the most valuable commodities for their weight, sometimes rivaling

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teachings do not prohibit trade. They do prohibit fraud and dishonest measures. Historically they forbade charging interest on loans.

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involves the transfer of goods and services from one person or entity to another, often in exchange for money. Economists refer to a

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The lack of free trade was considered by many as a principal cause of the depression causing stagnation and inflation. Only during

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controls (via taxation) to maintain security within the treasury of the sovereign, which nevertheless enabled the maintenance of a

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Mahdi, Waruno (1999). "The Dispersal of Austronesian boat forms in the Indian Ocean". In Blench, Roger; Spriggs, Matthew (eds.).

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are the most significant issue upon which agreement has been the hardest to negotiate. By contrast, there was much agreement on

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Archaeological evidence of obsidian use provides data on how this material was increasingly the preferred choice rather than

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are two examples of such cargo ships. Many ports would develop their own extensive trade networks. The English port city of

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was a prominent trading center during the third millennia BCE, with a network reaching into Anatolia and north Mesopotamia.

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became the world's largest exporter of manufactured goods and services, the biggest export market for around 80 countries.

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traded with peoples from what is modern day Iceland, all along the western coast of France, and down to what is now Spain.

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by the first half of the first millennium AD. It continued up to historic times, later becoming the Maritime Silk Road.

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from the late Mesolithic to Neolithic, requiring exchange as deposits of obsidian are rare in the Mediterranean region.

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is the exchange of goods and services across national borders. In most countries, it represents a significant part of

3250: 3168: 2341:, intended to prevent national trade barriers, to avoid depressions. It set up rules and institutions to regulate the 1074:

Traders generally negotiate through a medium of credit or exchange, such as money. Though some economists characterize

744: 5120: 1919:, commerce developed in Europe by trading luxury goods at trade fairs. Wealth became converted into movable wealth or 5672: 5619: 5196: 5135: 5104: 5076: 5045: 5017: 4989: 4792: 4765: 4698: 4373: 4345: 4220: 4010: 3433: 3233: 3034: 2826: 2728: 1907:. There is evidence of established maritime trade with the cultures of northwestern South America and the Caribbean. 601: 4564: 4151: 3506:

Importing firms voluntarily adhere to fair trade standards or governments may enforce them through a combination of

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of the 1930s. Trade openness increased substantially again from the 1950s onward (albeit with a slowdown during the

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traded as they sailed from and to Scandinavia. Vikings sailed to Western Europe, while Varangians to Russia. The

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Western Europe established a complex and expansive trade network with cargo ships being the main carrier of goods;

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have examples of coins from the earliest large-scale societies, although these were initially unmarked lumps of

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Archaeology And History In Sardinia From The Stone Age To The Middle Ages: Shepherds, Sailors, & Conquerors

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has helped to develop the world economy but, in combination with bilateral or multilateral agreements to lower

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were traded with Egypt since 3000 BCE. Long-range trade routes first appeared in the 3rd millennium BCE, when

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Williams-Thorpe, O. (1995). "Obsidian in the Mediterranean and the Near East: A Provenancing Success Story".

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Great Adventures and Explorations: From the Earliest Times to the Present As Told by the Explorers Themselves

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showed that free trade would benefit the industrially weak as well as the strong, in the famous theory of

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network. Beginning in the 16th century, European merchants would purchase gold, spices, cloth, timber and

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Everington, K. (2017). Birthplace of Austronesians is Taiwan, capital was Taitung: Scholar. Taiwan News.

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sources produced among the most widespread trading in the Mediterranean region as known to archaeology.

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against a specific country are sometimes imposed, in order to punish that country for some action. An

3255: 3087: 3029: 3019: 2951: 2246: 2071: 1834: 1658: 1243: 904: 5385: 4889:. ABC-CLIO's understanding ancient civilizations. Santa Barbara (Calif.): ABC-CLIO. pp. 190–191. 4270: 3827: 1079: 6318: 6174: 3418: 3374: 3303: 3260: 3052: 2926: 2706: 2698: 2125:, in Kongo "giving more than receiving was a symbol of spiritual and political power and privilege." 1931: 909: 688: 630: 332: 164: 6052: 4964:

let average villagers throughout the Empire conduct day-to-day affairs without fear of armed attack.

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controls "dupery", which hurt the trading nation as a whole for the benefit of specific industries.

2155: 1995:, played a key role in trade along the Mediterranean. From the 11th to the late 15th centuries, the 6276: 4587: 4581: 3724: 3270: 3265: 3024: 2946: 2564: 2463: 2207: 1593: 1346:

In the Mediterranean region, the earliest contact between cultures involved members of the species

1317: 924: 899: 635: 345: 279: 249: 59: 5750:: "O believers! Do not devour one another’s wealth illegally, but rather trade by mutual consent." 3514:. Proposed and practiced fair trade policies vary widely, ranging from the common prohibition of 3428:

Empirical evidence for the success of trade can be seen in the contrast between countries such as

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did the recession end in the United States. Also during the war, in 1944, 44 countries signed the

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The Early Mediterranean Village: Agency, Material Culture, and Social Change in Neolithic Italy

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in the world and often referred to by Europeans as the wealthiest country with which to trade.

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Early traders traded Obsidian at distances of 900 kilometres within the Mediterranean region.

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have both historically been important in the development of a global, international economy.

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The reforms proved spectacularly successful in terms of increased output, variety, quality,

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Davenport, Eileen; Low, Will (1 January 2012). "The labour behind the (Fair Trade) label".

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Of Mice and Merchants: Connectedness and the Location of Economic Activity in the Iron Age.

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A Fistful of Shells: West Africa from the Rise of the Slave Trade to the Age of Revolution

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Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present

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The earliest use of obsidian in the Near East dates to the Lower and Middle paleolithic.

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were a medieval guild or group (the precise meaning of the word is lost to history) of

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Revista de Historia Economica – Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History

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group, a trade-promotion forum. In 2001, it also joined the World Trade Organization.

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Bown, C. P.; Crowley, M. A. (2016-01-01), Bagwell, Kyle; Staiger, Robert W. (eds.),

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scenario developed by Mill promoting the theory that the government had the duty to

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Jan David Bakker, Stephan Maurer, Jörn-Steffen Pischke and Ferdinand Rauch. 2021. "

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In the 16th and 17th centuries, the Portuguese gained an economic advantage in the

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in the Indian Ocean. This trade network expanded to reach as far as Africa and the

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contend that current levels of trade openness are the highest they have ever been.

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The first instances of money were objects with intrinsic value. This is called

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developed regular trade links across both the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans.

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During the Middle Ages, Central Asia was the economic center of the world. The

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and processed mostly in the Philippines by indigenous Filipinos, especially in

1662: 1619: 1603:, dated 1750 BCE, documents the tribulations of a copper merchant at the time. 1351: 979: 508: 503: 430: 425: 415: 269: 244: 219: 6097: 5565: 5227: 3763: 3746: 1384:" terracota vessels unearthed in the 1860s at Bolshaya Bliznitsa tumulus near 1369:(the Roman patron-god of merchants), continues in use as a symbol of commerce. 6540: 6485: 6105: 4147: 3885: 3835:, Handbook of Commercial Policy, vol. 1, North-Holland, pp. 3–108, 3782: 3523: 3484: 3476: 3414: 3240: 3145: 3135: 3072: 3067: 2981: 2976: 2876: 2836: 2628: 2511: 2370: 2311: 2307: 2279: 2238: 2221: 2099: 2039: 2027: 1941: 1631: 1622:

allowed its empire to flourish and endure. The latter Roman Republic and the

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times. Prehistoric peoples exchanged goods and services with each other in a

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published by National Maritime Historical Society 1979. Retrieved 2012-06-26

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standards for the production of goods, particularly those exported from the

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for over 40 years. Embargoes are usually on a temporary basis. For example,

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Ricardo advanced the doctrine still considered the most counterintuitive in

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modern observers have sometimes referred to obsidian as 'rich man's flint.'

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was the god of trade (commerce) and weights and measures. In ancient Rome,

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Studies in volcanic petrology: I. Talasea, New Guinea. II. Southwest Utah

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mine in the mountains of Afghanistan was the largest source for trade of

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The Doha round of World Trade Organization negotiations aimed to lower

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specialization could benefit nations just as much as firms. Since the

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Free trade advanced further in the late 20th century and early 2000s:

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Cities of The Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia

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was signed; It includes the United States and the Dominican Republic.

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The first true maritime trade network in the Indian Ocean was by the

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Dictionary of Symbolism Cultural Icons and the Meanings behind Them

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Intérêts des nations de l'Europe, dévélopés relativement au commerce

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as early as 1500 BC, ushering an exchange of material culture (like

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The earliest evidence of writing in is deeply bound up in trade, as

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Gold was an especially common form of early money, as described in

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Nature and Wealth: Overcoming Environmental Scarcity and Inequality

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in the 5th century, a financially lucrative trade brought valuable

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Storper, Michael (2000). "Globalization, localization and trade".

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ranking among their main centers in the north. They were the main

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users, or to other wholesalers and related subordinated services.

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This article is about the economic mechanism. For other uses, see

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of civility within the structures of functional community life.

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Ideas: A History of Money from Ancient Times to the Present Day

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Sea-faring Southeast Asians also established trade routes with

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Adam Smith traces the origins of commerce to the very start of

1473: 1181: 1157: 1117:

In one modern view, trade exists due to specialization and the

1075: 1064: 1016: 5711:"Free-trade zone | international trade | Britannica" 5437:

Boats of the World : From the Stone Age to Medieval Times

5189:

Early Exchange between Africa and the Wider Indian Ocean World

2176:

An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations

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trade is the traffic in goods that are sold as merchandise to

6288: 6058:. Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International e.V. 2011. 2717: 2668: 2537: 2091: 1969: 1965: 1750: 1615: 1557: 1540: 1469: 1454: 1420: 1279: 1177: 1161: 99: 6282: 6247:

Ideas: A History of Thought and Invention from Fire to Freud

6217:(Covers sea-trading over the whole world from ancient times) 6006:"On temporary ban on imports of goods having Turkish origin" 5303:

Archaeology and Language III: Artefacts languages, and texts

4009:

Stefansson, Vilhjalmur; Wilcox, Olive Rathbun, eds. (2013).

6294:

provides summary trade statistics and custom query features

5756:: "But Allah has permitted trading and forbidden interest." 3569:

Samuelson, P (1939). "The Gains from International Trade".

3456: 2702: 2656: 2375:

Today, trade is merely a subset within a complex system of

2136:, and advocating the free movement of goods. Trade in the 2095: 2060: 1534: 1357: 1185: 5130:

Biblo & Tannen Publishers, 1933 Retrieved 2012-07-04

4633: 3966:

Barbier, Edward (2015). "The Origins of Economic Wealth".

3922: 2018:

was an alliance of trading cities that maintained a trade

6227: 6213:

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5635: 5416:

American Antiquity Vol. 43, No. 1 (Jan., 1978), pp. 35–45

4368:

University of Pennsylvania – Museum of Archaeology, 2007

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Federico, Giovanni; Tena-Junguito, Antonio (2018-07-28).

2856: 2644: 1671: 1630:, as Rome had become the sole effective sea power in the 1585: 543: 5161:

Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient

3916: 2195:. Smith said that he considered all rationalizations of 1964:

after the 4th century CE up to the 8th century CE, with

1618:

to Europe from the far east, including India and China.

1110:, while trade involving more than two traders is called 3571:

The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science

2639:. Talks have been hung over a divide between the rich 1427:. Trade in obsidian is believed to have taken place in 4672:

Early Dynastic Egypt: Strategies, Society and Security

4516:

Early Dynastic Egypt: Strategies, Society and Security

5353:"Fruits and arboriculture in the Indo-Pacific region" 4629: 4627: 4172: 3795: 3744: 5159:. "The Rādhānite Merchants and the Land of Rādhān". 4829: 2214:, partly due to the rise of competitive free trade. 5357:

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4835: 4787:Oxford University Press, 2005 Retrieved 2012-07-03 4163:

Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 1993 Retrieved 2012-06-16

3745:Federico, Giovanni; Tena-Junguito, Antonio (2019). 2140:was dominated by Portugal in the 16th century, the 4797: 4624: 4392:. Themes in World History. Routledge. p. 19. 3681:(3 ed.). Thomson/South-Western. p. 407. 1487:. The material was most largely traded during the 55:The Liberty to Trade as Buttressed by National Law 5458: 2536:Islamic teachings encourage trading (and condemn 2282:on the international market could manipulate the 1960:dominated the east–west trade route known as the 6538: 4008: 2379:which try to maximize their profits by offering 1865:, resulting in the Austronesian colonization of 1657:The fall of the Roman empire and the succeeding 6150:A Splendid Exchange: How Trade Shaped the World 6086:Critical Perspectives on International Business 4575: 4427: 3526:schemes such as those for coffee in the 1980s. 2655:and capacity building. The Doha round began in 2210:, formerly the world's largest company, became 1837:, in particular were trading in spices (mainly 5807: 5178: 5176: 5174: 4693:. University of California Press. p. 33. 3597: 1634:with the conquest of Egypt and the near east. 1522: 1328:before the innovation of modern-day currency. 1094:have greatly simplified and promoted trade as 6319: 5478:"Italian Trade Cities | Western Civilization" 5300: 3904: 3375: 2693:Beginning around 1978, the government of the 2659:, Qatar, and negotiations were continued in: 2298:of trade would accrue to a country following 2034:The Age of Sail and the Industrial Revolution 1576:were noted sea traders, traveling across the 1041: 6083: 5344: 4477: 4288: 4286: 3562: 2255:Principles of Political Economy and Taxation 6285:Resource material on trade by ACP countries 6035:"Should trade be considered a human right?" 5545: 5171: 4674:Routledge, 8 Aug 2001 Retrieved 2012-07-03 4637:The Archaeology Of Mediterranean Prehistory 4634:Emma Blake; A. Bernard Knapp (2008-04-15), 4329:P Goldberg, V T Holliday, C Reid Ferring – 3825: 3603: 2132:were the center of free trade, imposing no 6326: 6312: 5880:Division, US Census Bureau Foreign Trade. 5585:. Concept Publishing Company. p. 10. 4909: 4887:The ancient Indus valley: new perspectives 4810:, The Rosen Publishing Group, p. 44, 4084:. University of California. Archived from 3382: 3368: 1048: 1034: 6144: 5962:The Oxford Handbook of Economic Geography 5852:"Documents & Reports– The World Bank" 5319: 5294: 5260: 5003:Hermes the Thief: The Evolution of a Myth 4803: 4283: 4232: 4064:Hans Biedermann, James Hulbert (trans.), 3772: 3762: 3747:"World Trade, 1800-1938: A New Synthesis" 3624: 3568: 2631:around the world, with a focus on making 2290:, and that the response to this might be 1729:. Initiated by the indigenous peoples of 1188:, in small or individual lots for direct 1153:A busy market in Mile 12. Lagos - Nigeria 6037:. COPLA. 9 December 2008. Archived from 5609: 5550:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 4884: 4105:Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology 3923:D Abulafia; O Rackham; M Suano (2011) , 3884: 2591:cocoa beans became legitimate currency. 2563: 2481: 2216: 2154: 2086:from West African states as part of the 1940: 1896:seeds, which were also used as currency. 1876: 1699: 1539: 1372: 1356: 1148: 48: 33: 25: 5959: 5434: 5363:(The Taipei Papers (Volume 2)): 31–50. 5182: 5031:A Dictionary of the Ancient Greek World 4778:Handbook To Life In Ancient Mesopotamia 4724: 4098: 3965: 3829:The Empirical Landscape of Trade Policy 3678:Marketing principles and best practices 3674: 2553: 2474:trading status between all signatories. 2030:, between the 13th and 17th centuries. 6539: 6249:. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. 5350: 5191:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 51–76. 4683: 4640:, John Wiley & Sons, 21 Feb 2005, 4597:The natural history of Pliny, Volume 6 4471: 4292: 4202:Myths of Crete and Pre-Hellenic Europe 4077: 4041:National Maritime Historical Society. 2734: 2689:China and the World Trade Organization 2647:, and the major developing countries. 2352:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 2006:From the 8th to the 11th century, the 1168:from a very fixed location (such as a 1106:. Trade between two traders is called 6307: 6300:Preferential Trade Agreement Database 6210: 6192:Nomani, Farhad; Rahnema, Ali (1994). 5789:"Is There Slavery In Your Chocolate?" 5578: 5541: 5539: 5537: 5535: 5533: 5531: 5449: 5325: 5273:The Journal of the Polynesian Society 5266: 4975:Cross-Cultural Trade in World History 4903: 4385: 3798:"The World Trade Historical Database" 2494:Central American Free Trade Agreement 2437:lifted barriers to internal trade in 2102:which were used locally as currency. 1415:There is evidence of the exchange of 5879: 5121:Trade and Politics in Ancient Greece 4760:Routledge 2007 Retrieved 2012-07-03 4481:World History Encyclopedia, Volume 2 4122:from the original on 5 February 2021 3986:from the original on 5 February 2021 2713:located along the South-east coast. 2278:proved that a country with monopoly 1134:. In such circumstances, trading at 6351:Austronesian maritime trade network 5911:"Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation" 5507:"History of Genoa, Rival to Venice" 5396:from the original on 6 October 2018 5390:National Museum of American History 5099:Sword of the Lord Publishers, 2000 4173:Vernon Horace Rendall, ed. (1904). 4136:was traded from at least 17 000 BC. 2450:North American Free Trade Agreement 2314:and out-compete English exporters. 2162:in the 17th century, a port of the 2072:significant members of global trade 2066:From 1070 onward, kingdoms in West 1548:trade route between Europe and Asia 30:Two traders in 16th century Germany 13: 6234:, 2017, retrieved: March 8, 2021 ( 6065:from the original on 23 March 2020 5528: 5439:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 5330:. Texas A&M University Press. 5328:Wangka: Austronesian Canoe Origins 4950:Review of Economics and Statistics 4442:10.1111/j.1475-4754.1995.tb00740.x 4271:Neolithic cultures of western Asia 4148:HIH Prince Mikasa no Miya Takahito 3709: 3439: 2766: 1813:, sewn-plank boats, and paan) and 1790:in mainland Eurasia and the later 1517: 1441:HIH Prince Mikasa no Miya Takahito 1067:or network that allows trade as a 14: 6563: 6264: 6122: 5691:from the original on 5 March 2016 5464: 4984:Cambridge University Press, 1984 4804:Etheredge, Laura S., ed. (2011), 3675:Hoffman, K. Douglas, ed. (2005). 3434:export-oriented industrialization 3035:International Chamber of Commerce 2729:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation 2090:. This was often in exchange for 1857:and sailing with the help of the 1674:merchants who traded between the 1491:of Babylonia beginning 1595 BCE. 1334:history of long-distance commerce 1263:("track, way"), and cognate with 1022:Business and economics portal 6333: 6270: 5636:British Broadcasting Corporation 4406:from the original on 22 May 2020 4389:Premodern Trade in World History 4236:Premodern Trade in World History 3673:and other types of retail trade: 3635:10.1111/j.0013-0133.2004.00186.x 2505: 1903:Trade networks reached north to 1892:. It had a fixed worth of 8,000 1365:, traditionally associated with 1015: 6292:World Integrated Trade Solution 6241: 6191: 6166: 6130:. Princeton: University Press. 6116: 6077: 6045: 6027: 6016:from the original on 2021-05-01 6003: 5997: 5968: 5953: 5942:from the original on 2017-02-24 5928: 5917:from the original on 2018-09-28 5903: 5892:from the original on 2019-02-12 5873: 5862:from the original on 2020-05-26 5844: 5820: 5814: 5781: 5770: 5759: 5740: 5734: 5728: 5717:from the original on 2023-02-16 5703: 5677: 5651: 5628: 5603: 5572: 5517:from the original on 2021-11-02 5499: 5488:from the original on 2021-11-02 5470: 5443: 5428: 5408: 5378: 5367:from the original on 2021-03-08 5283:from the original on 2019-06-08 5251: 5242: 5232: 5216: 5205:from the original on 2020-07-26 5155: 5149: 5140: 5110: 5082: 5051: 5023: 4995: 4967: 4955: 4938: 4878: 4866: 4856:from the original on 2021-02-05 4770: 4718: 4677: 4664: 4654:from the original on 2021-02-05 4614:from the original on 2021-02-05 4527: 4508: 4498:from the original on 2021-02-05 4448: 4421: 4379: 4351: 4323: 4313:from the original on 2021-02-05 4263: 4253:from the original on 2021-02-05 4226: 4194: 4183:from the original on 2020-01-11 4166: 4153:Essays on Anatolian Archaeology 4141: 4092: 4071: 4058: 4035: 4002: 3958: 3943:from the original on 2021-05-11 3910: 3868:from the original on 2021-02-25 3808:from the original on 2019-10-07 3695:from the original on 2022-10-22 2528:and the onset of World War II. 2500: 2459:specified formation of the WTO. 2364: 2343:international political economy 2321: 2232: 1685: 1307:Timeline of international trade 5040:Oxford University Press, 1997 4836:M Dumper; B E Stanley (2007), 4331:Earth Sciences and Archaeology 4299:, Cambridge University Press, 3878: 3819: 3789: 3738: 3663: 3528:Non-governmental organizations 2701:. In contrast to the previous 2616: 1910: 1872: 1757:. Some were also processed in 1714:maritime trade network in the 1502:times. Apart from traditional 16:Exchange of goods and services 1: 6232:Institute of European History 6228:EGO – European History Online 5183:Manguin, Pierre-Yves (2016). 5146:Cambridge dictionaries online 3841:10.1016/bs.hescop.2016.04.015 3466: 2697:(PRC) began an experiment in 2414: 2144:in the 17th century, and the 1506:, trading became a principal 1337: 1311: 1303:Economic history of the world 677:management information system 328:Chief human resources officer 5980:Council on Foreign Relations 5685:"EU position in world trade" 4910:Ivan Dikov (July 12, 2015). 4078:Lowder, Gary George (1970). 3926:The Mediterranean in History 3723:. 2000-02-09. Archived from 3721:Foreign Agricultural Service 3606:"Trade, Growth, and Poverty" 3604:Dollar, D; Kraay, A (2004). 3432:, which adopted a policy of 3111:Intellectual property rights 1743:Taiwanese indigenous peoples 1606:From the beginning of Greek 1601:complaint tablet to Ea-nāṣir 1552:Materials used for creating 1510:for prehistoric people, who 1227: 671:Enterprise resource planning 499:Financial statement analysis 7: 5735:Nomani & Rahnema (1994) 5450:Poole, Austin Lane (1958). 5187:. In Campbell, Gwyn (ed.). 4875:et al. – History World .net 3533: 3093:Economic and monetary union 3015:International Monetary Fund 2952:Voluntary export restraints 2531: 2347:International Monetary Fund 1976:merchants of Central Asia. 1523:Mediterranean and Near East 10: 6568: 5614:. Transaction Publishers. 5454:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 4885:McIntosh, Jane R. (2008). 4807:Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan 4737:. Routledge. p. 520. 4386:Smith, Richard L. (2008). 4280:Seminar Press, 20 Aug 1974 3419:multinational corporations 3088:Customs and monetary union 3030:World Customs Organization 3020:International Trade Centre 2738: 2695:People's Republic of China 2678: 2620: 2557: 2509: 2466:was created to facilitate 2418: 2368: 1979:From the Middle Ages, the 1689: 1300: 1296: 1207:Historically, openness to 18: 6341: 6196:. New Jersey: Zed Books. 6175:University of Wales Press 6152:. New York: Grove Press. 6098:10.1108/17422041211274200 5610:Friedman, Milton (1970). 5482:courses.lumenlearning.com 5267:Doran, Edwin Jr. (1974). 5228:10.7152/bippa.v20i0.11751 5071:Wildside Press LLC, 2008 4357:S L Dyson, R J Rowland – 3764:10.1017/S0212610918000216 3053:Preferential trading area 2727:In 1991 China joined the 2707:centrally planned economy 2671:, France, and Hong Kong. 2611: 2148:in the 18th century. The 2128:In the 16th century, the 2050:after sailing around the 1192:or use by the purchaser. 333:Chief information officer 165:Limited liability company 6521:Varangians to the Greeks 6194:Islamic Economic Systems 5582:Bengal: the unique state 5326:Doran, Edwin B. (1981). 4239:, Taylor & Francis, 3555: 3334:Balassa–Samuelson effect 3329:Ricardian trade theories 3216:Largest consumer markets 3025:World Trade Organization 2674: 2464:World Trade Organization 2208:Dutch East India Company 2046:in 1498 when he reached 1249:("track, course"), from 1121:, a predominant form of 346:Chief technology officer 280:Mergers and acquisitions 250:Constitutional documents 75:Management of a business 60:George Howard Earle, Jr. 6361:Dvaravati–Kamboja route 6211:Paine, Lincoln (2013). 6124:Beckwith, Christopher I 6004:LLC, Helix Consulting. 5856:documents.worldbank.org 5687:. European Commission. 4916:Archaeology in Bulgaria 4725:Vermaak, P. S. (2009). 4670:Toby A. H. Wilkinson – 3897:Encyclopædia Britannica 3717:"Distribution Services" 3349:Lerner symmetry theorem 2685:Chinese economic reform 2407:, has sometimes harmed 2354:to promote free trade. 2339:Bretton Woods Agreement 2042:pioneered the European 1945:A map showing the main 1761:, while the peoples of 1661:brought instability to 1529:a system of clay tokens 1256:("spoor, track"), from 1218:oil crisis of the 1970s 406:Environmental economics 386:International economics 337:Chief marketing officer 323:Chief financial officer 318:Chief operating officer 314:Chief executive officer 275:International trade law 69:Business administration 40:San Juan de Dios Market 6167:Davies, Glyn (2002) . 5828:"WTO | The Doha Round" 5657:(secondary) M Smith – 5435:McGrail, Sean (2001). 5351:Blench, Roger (2004). 5090:Filled With the Spirit 4200:Donald A. Mackenzie – 4015:. Literary Licensing. 3929:, Getty Publications, 3324:Gravity model of trade 3221:Leading trade partners 3126:Government procurement 2927:Exchange rate controls 2771: 2711:Special Economic Zones 2649:Agricultural subsidies 2575: 2490: 2470:, by mandating mutual 2229: 2166: 1953: 1897: 1718: 1610:until the fall of the 1580:, and as far north as 1549: 1445: 1412: 1392:(formerly part of the 1370: 1316:Trade originated from 1160:trade consists of the 1154: 1098:can be separated from 975:International business 960:Business judgment rule 305:Chief business officer 205:Annual general meeting 185:State-owned enterprise 175:Privately held company 62: 46: 31: 21:Trade (disambiguation) 6526:Way of the Patriarchs 6436:Polynesian navigation 6356:Canadian canoe routes 5976:"U.S.–Cuba Relations" 5882:"Foreign Trade: Data" 4478:A. J. Andrea (2011), 3304:Heckscher–Ohlin model 3299:Competitive advantage 3294:Comparative advantage 3181:Trade and development 2942:Countervailing duties 2770: 2643:, represented by the 2567: 2485: 2251:comparative advantage 2220: 2158: 2105:Founded in 1352, the 2080:Trans-Saharan trading 1944: 1880: 1727:Island Southeast Asia 1703: 1566:Harappan civilization 1543: 1448:Robert Carr Bosanquet 1433: 1404:); on exhibit at the 1376: 1360: 1152: 1128:comparative advantage 651:Customer relationship 587:Business intelligence 549:Financial institution 524:International finance 474:Cash conversion cycle 381:Development economics 342:Chief product officer 90:Management accounting 52: 37: 29: 6461:Sepik Coast exchange 6279:at Wikimedia Commons 5795:on November 28, 2005 5579:Nanda, J. N (2005). 5546:Green, Toby (2019). 5425:Retrieved 2012-06-28 5107:Retrieved 2012-06-25 5079:Retrieved 2012-06-25 5048:Retrieved 2012-06-26 5029:D Sacks, O Murray – 5020:Retrieved 2012-06-25 4992:Retrieved 2012-06-25 4735:The Babylonian world 4468:Retrieved 2012-06-09 4376:Retrieved 2012-06-28 4348:Retrieved 2012-06-28 4223:Retrieved 2012-06-09 4102:(2008). "obsidian". 3613:The Economic Journal 3319:Intra-industry trade 3047:Economic integration 2997:Economic integration 2992:Economic nationalism 2637:developing countries 2587:, under the rule of 2554:Development of money 2452:(NAFTA) took effect. 2448:January 1, 1994 the 2411:for local products. 2286:through maintaining 2173:published the paper 2038:Portuguese explorer 1951:late medieval Europe 1888:used as currency in 1723:Austronesian peoples 1278:is derived from the 592:Business development 436:Economic development 198:Corporate governance 95:Financial accounting 44:Guadalajara, Jalisco 6496:Trans-Saharan trade 6386:Incense trade route 5936:"China and the WTO" 5062:Manual of Mythology 5058:Alexander S. Murray 5012:SteinerBooks, 1990 3395:International trade 2947:Anti-dumping duties 2887:Non-tariff barriers 2832:Import substitution 2741:International trade 2735:International trade 2667:, Switzerland; and 2641:developed countries 2472:most favored nation 2457:Marrakech Agreement 2409:third-world markets 2397:international trade 2130:Seventeen Provinces 1318:human communication 1222:economic historians 1002:Business statistics 985:International trade 970:Business operations 666:Electronic business 571:Types of management 459:Financial statement 441:Economic statistics 309:Chief brand officer 265:Corporate liability 180:Sole proprietorship 160:Joint-stock company 6416:Maritime Silk Road 6411:Maritime republics 6391:Indian Ocean trade 6220:Rössner, Philipp, 6146:Bernstein, William 5664:2015-09-05 at the 5645:2019-12-24 at the 5421:2016-10-05 at the 5126:2015-09-05 at the 5117:Johannes Hasebroek 5095:2015-09-05 at the 5067:2015-09-05 at the 5036:2015-09-05 at the 5008:2015-09-05 at the 4980:2015-09-05 at the 4783:2015-09-05 at the 4690:Near Eastern Seals 4569:2015-09-05 at the 4559:2015-09-05 at the 4549:2015-09-05 at the 4539:2022-05-23 at the 4521:2022-04-08 at the 4514:T A H Wilkinson – 4464:2017-07-02 at the 4364:2015-09-05 at the 4336:2021-02-05 at the 4276:2015-09-05 at the 4233:R L Smith (2008), 4211:2021-04-11 at the 4159:2015-09-05 at the 4051:2018-09-15 at the 3314:Economic geography 3121:Competition policy 2917:Technical barriers 2897:Tariff-rate quotas 2842:Trade facilitation 2827:Export orientation 2772: 2653:trade facilitation 2576: 2491: 2230: 2189:division of labour 2183:, and argued that 2167: 1981:maritime republics 1954: 1898: 1792:Maritime Silk Road 1739:Maritime Jade Road 1719: 1696:Maritime Silk Road 1692:Maritime Jade Road 1682:of the Near East. 1678:in Europe and the 1637:In ancient Greece 1550: 1413: 1398:Cimmerian Bosporus 1371: 1220:). Economists and 1155: 1112:multilateral trade 1092:non-physical money 1080:money was invented 965:Consumer behaviour 767:Product life-cycle 554:Capital management 519:Managerial finance 210:Board of directors 63: 47: 32: 6534: 6533: 6516:Volga trade route 6441:Rome-India routes 6275:Media related to 6256:978-0-06-621064-3 6203:978-1-85649-058-0 6184:978-0-7083-1773-0 6159:978-0-8021-4416-4 6137:978-0-691-15034-5 6041:on 29 April 2011. 5659:V. Gollancz, 1996 5592:978-81-8069-149-2 5511:Odyssey Traveller 5386:"Aztec Hoe Money" 4952:103 (4): 652–665. 4896:978-1-57607-907-2 4849:978-1-57607-919-5 4817:978-1-61530-329-8 4685:Collon, Dominique 4647:978-0-631-23268-1 4607:978-1-85109-930-6 4600:, H G Bohn 1857, 4491:978-1-85109-930-6 4306:978-0-521-84241-9 4246:978-0-415-42476-9 3936:978-1-60606-057-5 3688:978-0-324-22519-8 3407:Industrialization 3392: 3391: 3339:Linder hypothesis 3151:Emissions trading 2629:barriers to trade 2134:exchange controls 2052:Cape of Good Hope 2001:Republic of Genoa 1997:Venetian Republic 1949:for goods within 1863:Arabian Peninsula 1578:Mediterranean Sea 1431:from 17,000 BCE. 1293:, "merchandise." 1244:Middle Low German 1123:economic activity 1119:division of labor 1058: 1057: 945:Business analysis 514:Corporate finance 484:Capital budgeting 421:Knowledge economy 215:Supervisory board 6559: 6506:Triangular trade 6381:Hiri trade cycle 6376:Hanseatic League 6366:Grand Trunk Road 6328: 6321: 6314: 6305: 6304: 6274: 6260: 6216: 6207: 6188: 6163: 6141: 6110: 6109: 6081: 6075: 6074: 6072: 6070: 6064: 6057: 6049: 6043: 6042: 6031: 6025: 6024: 6022: 6021: 6001: 5995: 5994: 5992: 5991: 5982:. Archived from 5972: 5966: 5965: 5957: 5951: 5950: 5948: 5947: 5932: 5926: 5925: 5923: 5922: 5907: 5901: 5900: 5898: 5897: 5877: 5871: 5870: 5868: 5867: 5848: 5842: 5841: 5839: 5838: 5824: 5818: 5811: 5805: 5804: 5802: 5800: 5791:. Archived from 5785: 5779: 5774: 5768: 5763: 5757: 5744: 5738: 5732: 5726: 5725: 5723: 5722: 5707: 5701: 5700: 5698: 5696: 5681: 5675: 5655: 5649: 5632: 5626: 5625: 5607: 5601: 5600: 5576: 5570: 5569: 5543: 5526: 5525: 5523: 5522: 5503: 5497: 5496: 5494: 5493: 5474: 5468: 5462: 5456: 5455: 5452:Medieval England 5447: 5441: 5440: 5432: 5426: 5412: 5406: 5405: 5403: 5401: 5382: 5376: 5375: 5373: 5372: 5348: 5342: 5341: 5323: 5317: 5316: 5298: 5292: 5291: 5289: 5288: 5269:"Outrigger Ages" 5264: 5258: 5255: 5249: 5246: 5240: 5236: 5230: 5220: 5214: 5213: 5211: 5210: 5180: 5169: 5168: 5153: 5147: 5144: 5138: 5114: 5108: 5086: 5080: 5055: 5049: 5027: 5021: 4999: 4993: 4971: 4965: 4959: 4953: 4942: 4936: 4935: 4929: 4927: 4918:. Archived from 4907: 4901: 4900: 4882: 4876: 4870: 4864: 4863: 4862: 4861: 4833: 4827: 4826: 4825: 4824: 4801: 4795: 4774: 4768: 4759: 4757: 4756: 4747:. Archived from 4731:Leick, Gwendolyn 4722: 4716: 4715: 4713: 4712: 4703:. Archived from 4681: 4675: 4668: 4662: 4661: 4660: 4659: 4631: 4622: 4621: 4620: 4619: 4579: 4573: 4531: 4525: 4512: 4506: 4505: 4504: 4503: 4475: 4469: 4459:etymology online 4452: 4446: 4445: 4425: 4419: 4418: 4413: 4411: 4383: 4377: 4355: 4349: 4327: 4321: 4320: 4319: 4318: 4290: 4281: 4267: 4261: 4260: 4259: 4258: 4230: 4224: 4198: 4192: 4191: 4189: 4188: 4170: 4164: 4145: 4139: 4138: 4129: 4127: 4100:Darvill, Timothy 4096: 4090: 4089: 4075: 4069: 4062: 4056: 4039: 4033: 4032: 4030: 4029: 4006: 4000: 3999: 3993: 3991: 3962: 3956: 3955: 3949: 3948: 3920: 3914: 3908: 3902: 3901: 3893: 3891:"Commerce" 3882: 3876: 3875: 3874: 3873: 3867: 3834: 3823: 3817: 3816: 3814: 3813: 3793: 3787: 3786: 3776: 3766: 3742: 3736: 3735: 3733: 3732: 3713: 3707: 3706: 3701: 3700: 3667: 3661: 3660: 3658: 3657: 3651: 3645:. Archived from 3628: 3619:(493): F22–F49. 3610: 3601: 3595: 3594: 3566: 3384: 3377: 3370: 3344:Leontief paradox 3309:New trade theory 2912:Export subsidies 2797:Balance of trade 2745: 2744: 2560:History of money 2548:Judeao-Christian 2526:Great Depression 2520:and restrictive 2462:January 1, 1995 2328:Great Depression 2296:economic surplus 2276:John Stuart Mill 2179:. It criticized 2164:Hanseatic League 2118:Kingdom of Kongo 2107:Bengal Sultanate 2088:triangular trade 2057:Age of Discovery 2016:Hanseatic League 1983:, in particular 1564:traded with the 1504:self-sufficiency 1443: 1410:Saint Petersburg 1406:Hermitage Museum 1394:Bosporan Kingdom 1378:Ancient Etruscan 1342: 1339: 1214:Great Depression 1170:department store 1050: 1043: 1036: 1020: 1019: 997:Business process 539:Financial market 376:Labour economics 371:Public economics 130:Corporation sole 65: 64: 6567: 6566: 6562: 6561: 6560: 6558: 6557: 6556: 6537: 6536: 6535: 6530: 6426:Penarikan Route 6337: 6332: 6267: 6257: 6223:Economy / Trade 6204: 6185: 6160: 6138: 6119: 6114: 6113: 6082: 6078: 6068: 6066: 6062: 6055: 6051: 6050: 6046: 6033: 6032: 6028: 6019: 6017: 6002: 5998: 5989: 5987: 5974: 5973: 5969: 5958: 5954: 5945: 5943: 5934: 5933: 5929: 5920: 5918: 5909: 5908: 5904: 5895: 5893: 5878: 5874: 5865: 5863: 5850: 5849: 5845: 5836: 5834: 5826: 5825: 5821: 5812: 5808: 5798: 5796: 5787: 5786: 5782: 5777:Leviticus 19:35 5775: 5771: 5766:Leviticus 19:13 5764: 5760: 5751: 5745: 5741: 5733: 5729: 5720: 5718: 5709: 5708: 5704: 5694: 5692: 5683: 5682: 5678: 5666:Wayback Machine 5656: 5652: 5647:Wayback Machine 5633: 5629: 5622: 5608: 5604: 5593: 5577: 5573: 5558: 5544: 5529: 5520: 5518: 5505: 5504: 5500: 5491: 5489: 5476: 5475: 5471: 5467:, p. xxiv. 5465:Beckwith (2011) 5463: 5459: 5448: 5444: 5433: 5429: 5423:Wayback Machine 5413: 5409: 5399: 5397: 5384: 5383: 5379: 5370: 5368: 5349: 5345: 5338: 5324: 5320: 5313: 5299: 5295: 5286: 5284: 5265: 5261: 5256: 5252: 5247: 5243: 5237: 5233: 5221: 5217: 5208: 5206: 5199: 5181: 5172: 5154: 5150: 5145: 5141: 5128:Wayback Machine 5115: 5111: 5097:Wayback Machine 5088:John R. Rice – 5087: 5083: 5069:Wayback Machine 5056: 5052: 5038:Wayback Machine 5028: 5024: 5010:Wayback Machine 5000: 4996: 4982:Wayback Machine 4972: 4968: 4960: 4956: 4943: 4939: 4925: 4923: 4922:on 12 July 2015 4908: 4904: 4897: 4883: 4879: 4871: 4867: 4859: 4857: 4850: 4834: 4830: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4802: 4798: 4785:Wayback Machine 4775: 4771: 4754: 4752: 4745: 4723: 4719: 4710: 4708: 4701: 4682: 4678: 4669: 4665: 4657: 4655: 4648: 4632: 4625: 4617: 4615: 4608: 4586:(translated by 4584:Pliny the Elder 4582:(was secondary) 4580: 4576: 4571:Wayback Machine 4561:Wayback Machine 4551:Wayback Machine 4541:Wayback Machine 4532: 4528: 4523:Wayback Machine 4513: 4509: 4501: 4499: 4492: 4476: 4472: 4466:Wayback Machine 4453: 4449: 4426: 4422: 4409: 4407: 4400: 4384: 4380: 4366:Wayback Machine 4356: 4352: 4340:Springer, 2001 4338:Wayback Machine 4328: 4324: 4316: 4314: 4307: 4293:J Robb (2007), 4291: 4284: 4278:Wayback Machine 4268: 4264: 4256: 4254: 4247: 4231: 4227: 4213:Wayback Machine 4199: 4195: 4186: 4184: 4171: 4167: 4161:Wayback Machine 4146: 4142: 4125: 4123: 4116: 4097: 4093: 4076: 4072: 4063: 4059: 4053:Wayback Machine 4040: 4036: 4027: 4025: 4023: 4007: 4003: 3989: 3987: 3980: 3963: 3959: 3946: 3944: 3937: 3921: 3917: 3913:, Introduction. 3909: 3905: 3883: 3879: 3871: 3869: 3865: 3851: 3832: 3824: 3820: 3811: 3809: 3794: 3790: 3743: 3739: 3730: 3728: 3715: 3714: 3710: 3698: 3696: 3689: 3668: 3664: 3655: 3653: 3649: 3626:10.1.1.509.1584 3608: 3602: 3598: 3567: 3563: 3558: 3536: 3469: 3445:Trade sanctions 3442: 3440:Trade sanctions 3388: 3359: 3358: 3289: 3281: 3280: 3236: 3226: 3225: 3196: 3186: 3185: 3156:Trade sanctions 3106: 3098: 3097: 3058:Free-trade area 3048: 3040: 3039: 3010: 3002: 3001: 2967: 2957: 2956: 2902:Import licenses 2872: 2862: 2861: 2822:Trade diversion 2782: 2743: 2737: 2699:economic reform 2691: 2679:Main articles: 2677: 2633:trade more fair 2625: 2619: 2614: 2580:commodity money 2562: 2556: 2534: 2514: 2508: 2503: 2423: 2417: 2393:production cost 2373: 2367: 2324: 2316:Milton Friedman 2304:infant industry 2235: 2078:traders on the 2036: 2024:Northern Europe 1913: 1875: 1855:outrigger boats 1811:outrigger boats 1698: 1690:Main articles: 1688: 1588:to manufacture 1584:for sources of 1525: 1520: 1518:Ancient History 1444: 1439: 1402:Taman Peninsula 1340: 1314: 1309: 1299: 1289:"together" and 1230: 1132:mass production 1108:bilateral trade 1054: 1014: 1007: 1006: 950:Business ethics 940: 930: 929: 870: 862: 861: 572: 564: 563: 559:Venture capital 489:Commercial bank 479:Insider dealing 454: 446: 445: 396:Planned economy 361: 351: 350: 295: 293:Corporate title 285: 284: 260:Corporate crime 240: 230: 229: 225:Audit committee 200: 190: 189: 145:Holding company 125:Corporate group 120: 113:Business entity 105: 104: 85: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6565: 6555: 6554: 6549: 6532: 6531: 6529: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6491:Tea Horse Road 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6466:Siberian Route 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6431:Manila galleon 6428: 6423: 6421:Old Salt Route 6418: 6413: 6408: 6406:Lapita culture 6403: 6398: 6396:King's Highway 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6342: 6339: 6338: 6331: 6330: 6323: 6316: 6308: 6302: 6301: 6295: 6286: 6280: 6266: 6265:External links 6263: 6262: 6261: 6255: 6239: 6218: 6208: 6202: 6189: 6183: 6164: 6158: 6142: 6136: 6118: 6115: 6112: 6111: 6092:(4): 329–348. 6076: 6044: 6026: 5996: 5967: 5952: 5927: 5902: 5872: 5843: 5819: 5806: 5780: 5769: 5758: 5739: 5727: 5702: 5676: 5650: 5627: 5620: 5602: 5591: 5571: 5557:978-0226644578 5556: 5527: 5498: 5469: 5457: 5442: 5427: 5407: 5377: 5343: 5337:978-0890961070 5336: 5318: 5311: 5293: 5279:(2): 130–140. 5259: 5250: 5241: 5231: 5215: 5197: 5170: 5148: 5139: 5109: 5081: 5050: 5022: 5001:N. O. Brown – 4994: 4966: 4954: 4937: 4902: 4895: 4877: 4865: 4848: 4828: 4816: 4796: 4769: 4744:978-1134261284 4743: 4717: 4699: 4676: 4663: 4646: 4623: 4606: 4574: 4526: 4507: 4490: 4470: 4447: 4420: 4399:978-1134095803 4398: 4378: 4350: 4322: 4305: 4282: 4262: 4245: 4225: 4206:published 1917 4193: 4179:. J. Francis. 4165: 4140: 4132:obsidian from 4115:978-0191579042 4114: 4091: 4088:on 2021-02-05. 4070: 4057: 4046:, Issues 13–25 4034: 4022:978-1258868482 4021: 4001: 3979:978-1137403391 3978: 3957: 3935: 3915: 3903: 3888:, ed. (1911). 3886:Chisholm, Hugh 3877: 3850:978-0444632807 3849: 3818: 3788: 3737: 3708: 3687: 3662: 3596: 3583:10.2307/137133 3577:(2): 195–205. 3560: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3553: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3535: 3532: 3512:commercial law 3468: 3465: 3441: 3438: 3411:transportation 3390: 3389: 3387: 3386: 3379: 3372: 3364: 3361: 3360: 3357: 3356: 3354:Terms of trade 3351: 3346: 3341: 3336: 3331: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3290: 3287: 3286: 3283: 3282: 3279: 3278: 3273: 3268: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3248: 3246:Trading nation 3243: 3237: 3232: 3231: 3228: 3227: 3224: 3223: 3218: 3213: 3208: 3203: 3197: 3192: 3191: 3188: 3187: 3184: 3183: 3178: 3177: 3176: 3171: 3166: 3158: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3113: 3107: 3104: 3103: 3100: 3099: 3096: 3095: 3090: 3085: 3080: 3078:Economic union 3075: 3070: 3065: 3063:Currency union 3060: 3055: 3049: 3046: 3045: 3042: 3041: 3038: 3037: 3032: 3027: 3022: 3017: 3011: 3008: 3007: 3004: 3003: 3000: 2999: 2994: 2989: 2984: 2979: 2974: 2968: 2963: 2962: 2959: 2958: 2955: 2954: 2949: 2944: 2939: 2934: 2929: 2924: 2919: 2914: 2909: 2907:Customs duties 2904: 2899: 2894: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2877:Trade barriers 2873: 2868: 2867: 2864: 2863: 2860: 2859: 2854: 2852:Domestic trade 2849: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2829: 2824: 2819: 2817:Trade creation 2814: 2809: 2804: 2799: 2794: 2789: 2783: 2778: 2777: 2774: 2773: 2763: 2762: 2756: 2755: 2739:Main article: 2736: 2733: 2676: 2673: 2621:Main article: 2618: 2615: 2613: 2610: 2606:precious metal 2558:Main article: 2555: 2552: 2533: 2530: 2510:Main article: 2507: 2504: 2502: 2499: 2498: 2497: 2479: 2475: 2460: 2455:1994 The GATT 2453: 2446: 2435:European Union 2419:Main article: 2416: 2413: 2403:or to achieve 2395:. A system of 2366: 2363: 2359:European Union 2323: 2320: 2284:terms of trade 2269: 2268: 2247:Robert Torrens 2234: 2231: 2150:Spanish Empire 2142:Dutch Republic 2111:trading nation 2035: 2032: 1912: 1909: 1874: 1871: 1799:Southern India 1708:proto-historic 1687: 1684: 1663:Western Europe 1620:Roman commerce 1524: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1489:Kassite period 1437: 1400:, present-day 1341: 150,000 1313: 1310: 1298: 1295: 1270:("to tread"). 1258:Proto-Germanic 1237:Middle English 1229: 1226: 1056: 1055: 1053: 1052: 1045: 1038: 1030: 1027: 1026: 1025: 1024: 1009: 1008: 1005: 1004: 999: 994: 993: 992: 982: 980:Business model 977: 972: 967: 962: 957: 952: 947: 941: 936: 935: 932: 931: 928: 927: 922: 917: 912: 907: 902: 897: 892: 887: 882: 877: 871: 868: 867: 864: 863: 860: 859: 854: 849: 848: 847: 837: 832: 827: 822: 817: 812: 811: 810: 799: 794: 789: 784: 779: 774: 769: 764: 759: 754: 749: 748: 747: 736: 731: 730: 729: 719: 714: 709: 704: 699: 698: 697: 689:Human resource 686: 681: 680: 679: 668: 663: 658: 653: 648: 643: 638: 633: 631:Communications 628: 627: 626: 616: 615: 614: 604: 599: 594: 589: 584: 579: 573: 570: 569: 566: 565: 562: 561: 556: 551: 546: 541: 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 509:Public finance 506: 504:Financial risk 501: 496: 491: 486: 481: 476: 471: 466: 461: 455: 452: 451: 448: 447: 444: 443: 438: 433: 431:Macroeconomics 428: 426:Microeconomics 423: 418: 416:Market economy 413: 408: 403: 398: 393: 388: 383: 378: 373: 368: 362: 357: 356: 353: 352: 349: 348: 339: 330: 325: 320: 311: 302: 296: 291: 290: 287: 286: 283: 282: 277: 272: 270:Insolvency law 267: 262: 257: 252: 247: 245:Commercial law 241: 236: 235: 232: 231: 228: 227: 222: 220:Advisory board 217: 212: 207: 201: 196: 195: 192: 191: 188: 187: 182: 177: 172: 167: 162: 157: 152: 147: 142: 137: 132: 127: 121: 111: 110: 107: 106: 103: 102: 97: 92: 86: 81: 80: 77: 76: 72: 71: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6564: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6544: 6542: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6486:Brouwer Route 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6343: 6340: 6336: 6329: 6324: 6322: 6317: 6315: 6310: 6309: 6306: 6299: 6296: 6293: 6290: 6287: 6284: 6281: 6278: 6273: 6269: 6268: 6258: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6243:Watson, Peter 6240: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6225: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6205: 6199: 6195: 6190: 6186: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6171: 6165: 6161: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6120: 6107: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6080: 6061: 6054: 6048: 6040: 6036: 6030: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6000: 5986:on 2015-05-11 5985: 5981: 5977: 5971: 5963: 5956: 5941: 5937: 5931: 5916: 5912: 5906: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5876: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5847: 5833: 5829: 5823: 5816: 5815:Davies (2002) 5810: 5794: 5790: 5784: 5778: 5773: 5767: 5762: 5755: 5749: 5743: 5736: 5731: 5716: 5712: 5706: 5690: 5686: 5680: 5674: 5673:0-575-06150-2 5670: 5667: 5663: 5660: 5654: 5648: 5644: 5641: 5637: 5631: 5623: 5621:9780202309699 5617: 5613: 5606: 5599: 5594: 5588: 5584: 5583: 5575: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5553: 5549: 5542: 5540: 5538: 5536: 5534: 5532: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5502: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5473: 5466: 5461: 5453: 5446: 5438: 5431: 5424: 5420: 5417: 5411: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5381: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5347: 5339: 5333: 5329: 5322: 5314: 5308: 5304: 5297: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5263: 5254: 5245: 5235: 5229: 5225: 5219: 5204: 5200: 5198:9783319338224 5194: 5190: 5186: 5179: 5177: 5175: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5152: 5143: 5137: 5136:0-8196-0150-0 5133: 5129: 5125: 5122: 5118: 5113: 5106: 5105:0-87398-255-X 5102: 5098: 5094: 5091: 5085: 5078: 5077:1-4344-7028-8 5074: 5070: 5066: 5063: 5059: 5054: 5047: 5046:0-19-511206-7 5043: 5039: 5035: 5032: 5026: 5019: 5018:0-940262-26-6 5015: 5011: 5007: 5004: 4998: 4991: 4990:0-521-26931-8 4987: 4983: 4979: 4976: 4973:P D Curtin – 4970: 4963: 4958: 4951: 4947: 4941: 4934: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4906: 4898: 4892: 4888: 4881: 4874: 4869: 4855: 4851: 4845: 4841: 4840: 4832: 4819: 4813: 4809: 4808: 4800: 4794: 4793:0-19-518364-9 4790: 4786: 4782: 4779: 4773: 4767: 4766:1-134-26128-4 4763: 4751:on 2015-09-05 4750: 4746: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4721: 4707:on 2022-08-07 4706: 4702: 4700:0-520-07308-8 4696: 4692: 4691: 4686: 4680: 4673: 4667: 4653: 4649: 4643: 4639: 4638: 4630: 4628: 4613: 4609: 4603: 4599: 4598: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4578: 4572: 4568: 4565: 4562: 4558: 4555: 4552: 4548: 4545: 4542: 4538: 4535: 4530: 4524: 4520: 4517: 4511: 4497: 4493: 4487: 4483: 4482: 4474: 4467: 4463: 4460: 4456: 4451: 4443: 4439: 4436:(2): 217–48. 4435: 4431: 4424: 4417: 4405: 4401: 4395: 4391: 4390: 4382: 4375: 4374:1-934536-02-4 4371: 4367: 4363: 4360: 4354: 4347: 4346:0-306-46279-6 4343: 4339: 4335: 4332: 4326: 4312: 4308: 4302: 4298: 4297: 4289: 4287: 4279: 4275: 4272: 4266: 4252: 4248: 4242: 4238: 4237: 4229: 4222: 4221:1-60506-375-4 4218: 4214: 4210: 4207: 4203: 4197: 4182: 4178: 4177: 4176:The Athenaeum 4169: 4162: 4158: 4155: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4137: 4135: 4121: 4117: 4111: 4107: 4106: 4101: 4095: 4087: 4083: 4082: 4074: 4067: 4061: 4054: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4038: 4024: 4018: 4014: 4013: 4005: 3998: 3985: 3981: 3975: 3971: 3970: 3961: 3954: 3942: 3938: 3932: 3928: 3927: 3919: 3912: 3911:Watson (2005) 3907: 3899: 3898: 3892: 3887: 3881: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3831: 3830: 3822: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3792: 3784: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3741: 3727:on 2006-05-15 3726: 3722: 3718: 3712: 3705: 3694: 3690: 3684: 3680: 3679: 3672: 3666: 3652:on 2004-03-07 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3607: 3600: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3565: 3561: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3537: 3531: 3529: 3525: 3524:price support 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3504: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3493:Second Worlds 3490: 3486: 3482: 3481:environmental 3478: 3474: 3464: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3437: 3435: 3431: 3426: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3415:globalization 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3385: 3380: 3378: 3373: 3371: 3366: 3365: 3363: 3362: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3345: 3342: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3330: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3300: 3297: 3295: 3292: 3291: 3285: 3284: 3277: 3274: 3272: 3269: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3252: 3251:United States 3249: 3247: 3244: 3242: 3241:Trade mission 3239: 3238: 3235: 3230: 3229: 3222: 3219: 3217: 3214: 3212: 3209: 3207: 3204: 3202: 3199: 3198: 3195: 3190: 3189: 3182: 3179: 3175: 3172: 3170: 3167: 3165: 3162: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3154: 3152: 3149: 3147: 3146:Trade justice 3144: 3142: 3139: 3137: 3136:Globalization 3134: 3132: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3122: 3119: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3108: 3102: 3101: 3094: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3079: 3076: 3074: 3073:Single market 3071: 3069: 3068:Customs union 3066: 3064: 3061: 3059: 3056: 3054: 3051: 3050: 3044: 3043: 3036: 3033: 3031: 3028: 3026: 3023: 3021: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3012: 3009:Organizations 3006: 3005: 2998: 2995: 2993: 2990: 2988: 2985: 2983: 2982:Laissez-faire 2980: 2978: 2977:Protectionism 2975: 2973: 2970: 2969: 2966: 2961: 2960: 2953: 2950: 2948: 2945: 2943: 2940: 2938: 2935: 2933: 2930: 2928: 2925: 2923: 2920: 2918: 2915: 2913: 2910: 2908: 2905: 2903: 2900: 2898: 2895: 2893: 2892:Import quotas 2890: 2888: 2885: 2883: 2880: 2878: 2875: 2874: 2871: 2866: 2865: 2858: 2855: 2853: 2850: 2848: 2845: 2843: 2840: 2838: 2837:Trade finance 2835: 2833: 2830: 2828: 2825: 2823: 2820: 2818: 2815: 2813: 2810: 2808: 2805: 2803: 2800: 2798: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2785: 2784: 2781: 2776: 2775: 2769: 2765: 2764: 2761: 2758: 2757: 2754: 2752: 2747: 2746: 2742: 2732: 2730: 2725: 2723: 2719: 2714: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2672: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2624: 2609: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2596: 2592: 2590: 2586: 2581: 2574: 2571: 2566: 2561: 2551: 2549: 2545: 2543: 2539: 2529: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2513: 2512:Protectionism 2506:Protectionism 2495: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2458: 2454: 2451: 2447: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2431: 2430: 2427: 2422: 2412: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2372: 2371:Globalization 2362: 2360: 2355: 2353: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2331: 2329: 2319: 2317: 2313: 2312:industrialize 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2280:pricing power 2277: 2273: 2267: 2264: 2263: 2262: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2239:David Ricardo 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2213: 2209: 2206:In 1799, the 2204: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2177: 2172: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2126: 2124: 2119: 2114: 2112: 2108: 2103: 2101: 2100:cowrie shells 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2064: 2062: 2058: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2040:Vasco da Gama 2031: 2029: 2025: 2022:over most of 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2004: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1977: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1952: 1948: 1943: 1939: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1924: 1922: 1918: 1908: 1906: 1901: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1870: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1795: 1793: 1789: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1706: 1702: 1697: 1693: 1683: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1664: 1660: 1655: 1653: 1652: 1646: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1633: 1632:Mediterranean 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1604: 1602: 1597: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1547: 1544:A map of the 1542: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1530: 1515: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1492: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1477: 1475: 1471: 1465: 1462: 1458: 1456: 1451: 1449: 1442: 1436: 1432: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 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Retrieved 6047: 6039:the original 6029: 6018:. Retrieved 6009: 5999: 5988:. Retrieved 5984:the original 5979: 5970: 5961: 5955: 5944:. Retrieved 5930: 5919:. Retrieved 5905: 5894:. Retrieved 5885: 5875: 5864:. Retrieved 5855: 5846: 5835:. Retrieved 5831: 5822: 5809: 5799:November 24, 5797:. Retrieved 5793:the original 5783: 5772: 5761: 5742: 5730: 5719:. Retrieved 5705: 5693:. Retrieved 5679: 5653: 5634:(secondary) 5630: 5612:Price Theory 5611: 5605: 5596: 5581: 5574: 5547: 5519:. Retrieved 5510: 5501: 5490:. Retrieved 5481: 5472: 5460: 5451: 5445: 5436: 5430: 5414:K G Hirth – 5410: 5398:. Retrieved 5389: 5380: 5369:. Retrieved 5360: 5356: 5346: 5327: 5321: 5302: 5296: 5285:. Retrieved 5276: 5272: 5262: 5253: 5244: 5234: 5218: 5207:. Retrieved 5188: 5164: 5160: 5151: 5142: 5112: 5084: 5053: 5025: 4997: 4969: 4957: 4949: 4940: 4931: 4924:. 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2623:Doha round 2492:2005, the 2468:free trade 2421:Free trade 2415:Free trade 2405:free trade 2369:See also: 2300:reciprocal 2243:James Mill 2193:productive 2171:Adam Smith 2123:Toby Green 2012:Varangians 1867:Madagascar 1859:Westerlies 1823:sandalwood 1807:catamarans 1676:Christians 1668:Radhanites 1624:Pax Romana 1429:New Guinea 1386:Phanagoria 1332:dates the 1312:Prehistory 1301:See also: 1283:commercium 1209:free trade 857:Technology 739:Operations 619:Commercial 612:innovation 602:Capability 494:Derivative 83:Accounting 58:(1909) by 6511:Via Maris 6471:Silk Road 6451:Salt road 6401:Kula ring 6283:Agritrade 6230:, Mainz: 6126:(2011) . 6106:1742-2043 5400:6 October 5167:(3): 299. 4592:H T Riley 4588:J Bostock 3964:Compare: 3859:204484666 3802:VoxEU.org 3783:0212-6109 3621:CiteSeerX 3550:Economics 3256:Argentina 3174:Trade war 3116:Smuggling 2802:Trade law 2589:Montezuma 2426:exports. 2377:companies 2259:economics 2237:In 1817, 2169:In 1776, 1962:Silk Road 1886:axe money 1851:catamaran 1831:sugarcane 1815:cultigens 1803:Sri Lanka 1788:Silk Road 1779:Indonesia 1771:Singapore 1659:Dark Ages 1644:Mercurius 1558:Sumerians 1546:Silk Road 1425:Stone Age 1382:aryballoi 1251:Old Saxon 1228:Etymology 1198:retailers 1194:Wholesale 925:Structure 910:Hierarchy 830:Strategic 717:Materials 707:Knowledge 684:Financial 624:Marketing 469:Factoring 464:Insurance 366:Commodity 359:Economics 6456:Sea lane 6371:Hærvejen 6245:(2005). 6148:(2008). 6069:23 March 6060:Archived 6014:Archived 5940:Archived 5915:Archived 5890:Archived 5860:Archived 5715:Archived 5689:Archived 5662:Archived 5643:Archived 5515:Archived 5486:Archived 5419:Archived 5394:Archived 5365:Archived 5281:Archived 5203:Archived 5124:Archived 5093:Archived 5065:Archived 5034:Archived 5006:Archived 4978:Archived 4854:archived 4781:Archived 4687:(1990). 4652:archived 4612:archived 4567:Archived 4557:Archived 4547:Archived 4537:Archived 4519:Archived 4496:archived 4462:Archived 4455:D Harper 4404:Archived 4362:Archived 4334:Archived 4311:archived 4274:Archived 4251:archived 4209:Archived 4181:Archived 4157:Archived 4120:Archived 4068:, p. 54. 4049:Archived 3984:Archived 3953:present. 3941:archived 3863:archived 3806:Archived 3693:Archived 3671:peddling 3669:Compare 3643:62781399 3545:Business 3540:Commerce 3534:See also 3455:against 3261:Pakistan 2751:a series 2749:Part of 2595:Currency 2573:denarius 2542:interest 2532:Religion 2385:services 2381:products 2226:Timbuktu 2212:bankrupt 2185:economic 2026:and the 2020:monopoly 1999:and the 1958:Sogdians 1882:Tajadero 1839:cinnamon 1819:coconuts 1783:Cambodia 1775:Thailand 1763:Malaysia 1733:and the 1712:historic 1512:bartered 1438:— 1417:obsidian 1363:caduceus 1275:Commerce 1235:is from 1202:business 1174:boutique 915:Patterns 895:Conflict 880:Behavior 820:Security 797:Resource 782:Property 745:services 702:Incident 641:Conflict 597:Capacity 300:Chairman 255:Contract 6552:Society 6277:Trading 5695:7 March 5640:history 4733:(ed.). 4134:Talasea 3495:to the 3461:Armenia 3453:embargo 3449:embargo 3271:Vietnam 3266:Romania 3211:Tariffs 3206:Exports 3201:Imports 2965:History 2932:Embargo 2922:Bribery 2882:Tariffs 2705:-style 2518:tariffs 2401:tariffs 2387:to the 2308:protect 2288:tariffs 2146:British 2070:became 2048:Calicut 2008:Vikings 1974:caravan 1936:Bristol 1921:capital 1845:) with 1827:bananas 1759:Vietnam 1755:Palawan 1747:Batanes 1680:Muslims 1651:modicum 1594:emporia 1582:Britain 1568:of the 1554:jewelry 1508:faculty 1367:Mercury 1297:History 1285:, from 1104:earning 1100:selling 890:Culture 840:Systems 825:Service 804: 792:Records 787:Quality 777:Project 772:Product 762:Process 741: 722:Network 691: 673: 646:Content 453:Finance 135:Company 6253: 6200: 6181: 6156: 6134: 6104: 5752:Quran 5746:Quran 5671: 5618: 5589: 5564: 5554: 5334: 5309: 5239:Times. 5195: 5134: 5103: 5075: 5044: 5016: 4988: 4933:state. 4893: 4846: 4814: 4791: 4764: 4741: 4697: 4644: 4604: 4543:+ ] + 4488: 4396: 4372: 4344: 4303: 4243: 4219: 4112: 4019: 3976: 3933: 3857: 3847: 3781: 3685: 3641: 3623: 3591:137133 3589: 3485:social 3477:labour 3421:, and 3288:Theory 3105:Issues 2792:Export 2787:Import 2780:Policy 2722:demand 2703:Soviet 2687:, and 2665:Geneva 2661:Cancún 2612:Trends 2522:quotas 2489:(1766) 2443:labour 2389:market 2345:: the 2228:, 1853 2222:Berber 2201:export 2197:import 2160:Danzig 2084:slaves 2076:Muslim 2068:Africa 2028:Baltic 1985:Venice 1849:using 1843:cassia 1829:, and 1817:(like 1781:, and 1767:Brunei 1753:, and 1737:, the 1731:Taiwan 1672:Jewish 1639:Hermes 1628:piracy 1590:bronze 1572:. 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