299:, and about a third of the states have specific statutes that stipulate the conditions under which that state recognizes the corporations sole that are filed with that state for acquiring, holding, and disposing of title for church and religious society property. Almost any religious society or church can qualify for filing as a corporation sole in these states. There can be no legal limitation to specific denominations, therefore a Buddhist temple or Jewish Community Center would qualify as quickly as a Christian church. Some states also recognize corporations sole for various other non-profit purposes including performing arts groups, scientific research groups, educational institutions, and cemetery societies.
236:, all of which are distinct corporations sole, even as he acts as a natural person in his private capacities separate and apart from his role filling these various offices (corporations). Likewise, the office of prime minister has use of certain properties and privileges, such as an official residence and decision-making powers, that remain with the office once the officeholder leaves, even as the officeholder may own property in a private capacity.
239:
The sovereign's status as a corporation sole ensures that all references to the king, the queen, His
Majesty, Her Majesty, and the Crown are synonymous, referring to exactly the same legal personality over time. While natural persons who serve as sovereign pass on, the sovereign never legally dies;
211:
is a nonstatutory corporation sole. Although conceptually speaking, the office and officeholder retain dual capacities in that they may act both in a corporate capacity (as monarch) and in an individual capacity (as a private person), they are inseparably fused in law; there is no legal distinction
39:
governments) to pass without interruption from one officeholder to the next, giving positions legal continuity with subsequent officeholders having identical powers and possessions to their predecessors. A corporation sole is one of two types of
527:
240:
thus the corporate nature of the office of sovereign ensures that the authority of the state continues uninterrupted. In other words, the sovereign is made a corporation sole to prevent the possibility of disruption or
386:
396:
106:
or other wrongful activity in which the priest might engage. This is, however, not the case everywhere, and legal application varies. For instance, other U.S. jurisdictions have used
185:
The corporation sole form can serve the needs of a religious organization by reducing its complexity to that of a single office and its holder, thereby eliminating the need for
1084:
216:(officeholder) may hold properties privately, distinct from property he or she possesses corporately, and may act as monarch separate from their personal acts. For example,
212:
between the office and the individual person who holds it. The Crown (state) legally acts as a person when it enters into contracts and possesses property. As a person, the
161:
685:
639:
718:
342:
1253:
545:
401:
153:
1273:
67:
The concept of corporation sole originated as a means for orderly transfer of ecclesiastical property, serving to keep the title within the
251:
As a corporation sole, the legal person of the sovereign is the personification of the state and consequently acts as a guarantor of the
749:
1183:
1133:
233:
672:
357:
The
Corporate Officer of the House of Commons, and the Corporate Officer of the House of Lords, two corporations established by the
1091:
381:
347:
813:
1330:
913:
332:
135:
1370:
1239:
851:
658:
If each separate office that person held had been a "corporation sole" (i.e. recognised in law as a separate legal entity)...
406:
878:
376:
337:
157:
814:"Royal Succession and the Canadian Crown as a Corporation Sole: A Critique of Canada's Succession to the Throne Act, 2013"
1524:
1291:"Corporate Governance Information from the Police Ombudsman for Northern Ireland - Police Ombudsman for Northern Ireland"
692:
438:
426:
411:
61:
1506:
1488:
940:
447:
280:
147:
103:
86:
The
Catholic Church continues to use corporations sole in holding titles of property: as recently as 2002, it split a
861:
327:
653:
352:
1384:
221:
1051:
267:, the sovereign in these cases also possesses capacities as distinct corporation sole in right of each of the
1572:
970:
549:
179:
1344:
The
Transfer of Functions (Secretary of State for Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Affairs) Order 2020
514:
1162:
600:
91:
1418:
560:
554:
1356:
798:
71:
or religious society. In order to keep the religious property from being treated as the estate of the
1303:
1270:
322:
1316:
930:
1545:
469:
452:
57:
1026:
586:
491:
75:
of the church, the property was titled to the office of the corporation sole. In the case of the
774:
775:"LDS Corp. — The church's long journey to stay on the right side of the law and its principles"
244:, thereby preserving the stability of the Crown (state). For this reason, at the moment of the
68:
1436:
1402:
1115:
1450:
1197:
654:"S.I. 2008/1957: extract from the explanatory memorandum prepared by the Ministry of Justice"
580:
421:
276:
229:
32:
1290:
741:
1567:
540:
391:
1464:
8:
1147:
569:
501:
485:
272:
268:
245:
143:
123:
1525:"ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION AND BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION ACT 1999 - SECT 514A Continuation"
1225:
1211:
1038:
of the states, with explicit statutory provisions for corporations sole in about a third
591:
474:
371:
225:
204:
171:
936:
857:
432:
366:
167:
111:
1343:
565:
119:
27:
consisting of a single ("sole") incorporated office, occupied by a single ("sole")
519:
1277:
102:
becoming his own corporation sole, thus limiting the diocese's liability for any
80:
76:
1000:
955:
574:
416:
28:
596:
The
Catholic Bishop of Chicago, A Corporation Sole- The Archdiocese of Chicago
1561:
457:
292:
255:
and the fount of all executive authority behind the state's institutions. As
127:
99:
60:), although some political offices of the United Kingdom (e.g., many of the
612:
107:
36:
24:
1085:"The execution of deeds and documents by or on behalf of bodies corporate"
495:
252:
241:
217:
175:
41:
1027:"The Modern Corporation Sole (from 93 DICKINSON LAW REVIEW, FALL 1988)"
1001:
Interpretation Act, R.S.C., 1985, c. I-21, as it appeared on 2020‑03‑05
296:
264:
139:
131:
95:
441:(various; most recently Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Affairs)
302:
956:
Interpretation Act, R.S.C. 1985, c I-21, as it appeared on 2020‑03‑05
719:"Detroit Archdiocese transfers assets; critics say it's a shell game"
313:
256:
208:
198:
1013:
McAteer et al. v. Attorney
General of Canada, 2013 ONSC 5895 (CanLII
115:
213:
186:
87:
1163:"Review of the Office of the Children's Commissioner (England)"
508:
479:
260:
849:
72:
915:
Commentaries on the Laws of
England: In Four Books, Volume 1
220:
as a natural person holds several separate offices, such as
56:
Most corporations sole are church-related (for example, the
1198:"Commissioner for Older People Act (Northern Ireland) 2011"
1012:
853:
British
Government and the Constitution: Text and Materials
286:
879:"The Queen of Canada is dead; long live the British Queen"
533:
1465:"Part 4: Client Service Performance of the Māori Trustee"
1148:"Apprenticeships, Skills, Children and Learning Act 2009"
248:, a successor is immediately and automatically in place.
277:
His
Majesty the King of Australia in Right of Queensland
64:), Canada, and the United States are corporations sole.
319:
Administrator of
Japanese Property (no longer exists)
83:, who serves in the office of the corporation sole.
1489:"2014 Annual Report: A signal year for privacy law"
651:
444:
Solicitor for the affairs of the Duchy of Lancaster
303:
Examples of corporations sole in the United Kingdom
203:Within most constitutional monarchies, notably the
126:, a Catholic bishop is not a corporation sole, and
79:, ecclesiastical property is usually titled to the
635:
633:
631:
629:
627:
343:Commissioner for Older People for Northern Ireland
281:His Majesty the King of Canada in Right of Alberta
98:into many smaller corporations sole and with each
1079:
1077:
876:
382:Mayor (of London)'s Office for Policing and Crime
1559:
833:
831:
528:New Zealand's Office of the Privacy Commissioner
691:. Cabinet Office. December 2010. Archived from
624:
546:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
316:(sometimes regarded as a corporation aggregate)
162:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
154:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
1074:
742:"Phoenix parishes to be separate corporations"
668:
666:
601:Southern Electricity Supply of New South Wales
988:
899:
828:
811:
427:Receiver for the Metropolitan Police District
928:
509:Examples of corporations sole in New Zealand
170:was registered as corporation sole with the
110:at multiple levels. In the jurisdictions of
31:. This structure allows corporations (often
982:
856:. Cambridge University Press. p. 348.
739:
663:
463:
387:Judicial Appointments and Conduct Ombudsman
1049:
911:
905:
837:
439:secretaries of state in the United Kingdom
1469:Office of the Auditor-General New Zealand
1331:"Metropolitan Police (Receiver) Act 1861"
1226:"Parliamentary Corporate Bodies Act 1992"
1212:"Parliamentary Corporate Bodies Act 1992"
1116:"The Japanese Treaty of Peace Order 1952"
893:
812:Lagassé, Philippe; Bowden, James (2014).
799:"Iglesia Ni Cristo Registration Document"
234:supreme governor of the Church of England
51:
348:Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis
287:Secular application in the United States
1517:
1385:"Governance - London Fire Commissioner"
1160:
918:. London: A. Strahan. pp. 474–475.
652:Ministry of Justice (21 October 2008).
645:
534:Examples of corporations sole elsewhere
359:Parliamentary Corporate Bodies Act 1992
1560:
1419:"Ecclesiastical Corporations Act 1832"
1024:
935:. London: Butterworths. pp. 4–5.
850:Colin Turpin and Adam Tomkins (2007).
805:
1413:
1411:
877:Lagassé, Philippe (3 February 2013).
716:
407:Police Ombudsman for Northern Ireland
1264:
769:
767:
752:from the original on 13 January 2019
740:Long-Garcia, J.D. (27 March 2008).
412:Public Services Ombudsman for Wales
333:Children's Commissioner for England
295:recognizes corporations sole under
156:uses the corporation sole form for
13:
1437:"I can reassure my hon. Friend on"
1408:
1403:Dawat-e-Hadiyah (England) Act 1993
1254:"Data Protection Act 2018 (c. 12)"
717:Allen, Robert (14 December 2018).
14:
1584:
1161:Dunford, John (1 November 2010).
764:
686:"Draft Cabinet Manual (para 102)"
592:Office of the sovereign of Canada
402:Immigration Services Commissioner
338:Children's Commissioner for Wales
328:Chief Executive of Skills Funding
134:, a tradition dating back to the
1451:"Parsonages Act 1838 (repealed)"
1271:OG38 A1 – WHAT IS A CORPORATION?
912:Blackstone, Sir William (1809).
397:Official Custodian for Charities
392:Lord Mayor of the City of London
1539:
1499:
1481:
1457:
1443:
1429:
1395:
1377:
1363:
1349:
1337:
1323:
1309:
1297:
1283:
1246:
1232:
1218:
1204:
1190:
1176:
1154:
1140:
1126:
1108:
1043:
1018:
1006:
994:
968:"Crown and Crown Proceedings".
961:
949:
922:
870:
843:
353:Comptroller and Auditor General
307:
1134:"Government of Wales Act 2006"
791:
733:
710:
678:
656:. publications.parliament.uk.
599:(Former) Administrator of the
160:, which is legally listed as "
1:
1371:"Treasury Solicitor Act 1876"
1357:"Duchy of Lancaster Act 1920"
1052:"The Modern Corporation Sole"
642:, Insolvencydirect.bis.gov.uk
618:
265:federal systems of government
978:(Fifth ed.): 8–9. 2014.
192:
7:
606:
58:archbishopric of Canterbury
10:
1589:
1240:"Dawat-e-Hadiyah Act 1993"
971:Halsbury's Laws of England
566:Minister of the Government
561:Governor General of Canada
555:Director of National Parks
515:New Zealand Public Trustee
222:king of the United Kingdom
196:
189:and a board of directors.
180:People's Republic of China
136:suppression of Catholicism
1507:"Hong Kong e-Legislation"
1184:"Care Standards Act 2000"
1050:O'Hara, James B. (1988).
989:Lagassé & Bowden 2014
900:Lagassé & Bowden 2014
323:Auditor General for Wales
504:in the Church of England
498:in the Church of England
488:of the Church of England
482:of the Church of England
470:Archbishop of Canterbury
464:In the Church of England
453:London Fire Commissioner
377:Information Commissioner
1527:. Australian government
1511:www.elegislation.gov.hk
1317:"Pubs Code Adjudicator"
557:, Australian government
548:, in the office of its
246:demise of the sovereign
1546:Governor General’s Act
1389:www.london-fire.gov.uk
587:Archbishop of New York
52:Ecclesiastical origins
33:religious corporations
1306:, Ministry of Justice
929:Lordon, Paul (1991).
779:The Salt Lake Tribune
422:Pubs Code Adjudicator
178:in 1914 and with the
46:corporation aggregate
1573:Corporations by type
1552:, 1985, c. G-9, § 2.
1401:Incorporated by the
1280:, Charity Commission
1056:Dickinson Law Review
881:. Maclean's Magazine
818:Constitutional Forum
721:. Detroit Free Press
581:Archbishop of Manila
541:Diocese of Hong Kong
62:secretaries of state
44:, the other being a
16:Type of legal entity
1495:. 28 November 2014.
570:Republic of Ireland
363:The Dawat-e-Hadiyah
291:Every state of the
205:Commonwealth realms
144:English Reformation
124:Republic of Ireland
1276:2012-08-23 at the
1120:legislation.gov.uk
475:Archbishop of York
448:Treasury Solicitor
275:; for example, as
273:Canadian provinces
172:Insular Government
130:is held by way of
1025:O'Hara, James B.
673:Practice Guide 08
433:Registrar General
372:Duke of Lancaster
269:Australian states
230:king of Australia
168:Iglesia ni Cristo
112:England and Wales
1580:
1553:
1551:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1475:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1425:. 3 August 1832.
1415:
1406:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1319:. 4 August 2023.
1313:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1287:
1281:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1167:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1102:
1096:
1090:. Archived from
1089:
1081:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1022:
1016:
1010:
1004:
998:
992:
991:, pp. 18–19
986:
980:
979:
965:
959:
953:
947:
946:
926:
920:
919:
909:
903:
897:
891:
890:
888:
886:
874:
868:
867:
847:
841:
835:
826:
825:
809:
803:
802:
795:
789:
788:
786:
785:
771:
762:
761:
759:
757:
737:
731:
730:
728:
726:
714:
708:
707:
705:
703:
698:on 26 April 2012
697:
690:
682:
676:
670:
661:
660:
649:
643:
640:Technical Manual
637:
550:Presiding Bishop
367:Duke of Cornwall
120:Northern Ireland
21:corporation sole
1588:
1587:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1530:
1528:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1473:
1471:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1417:
1416:
1409:
1400:
1396:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1342:
1338:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1302:
1298:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1278:Wayback Machine
1269:
1265:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1165:
1159:
1155:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1075:
1065:
1063:
1048:
1044:
1031:
1029:
1023:
1019:
1011:
1007:
999:
995:
987:
983:
967:
966:
962:
954:
950:
943:
927:
923:
910:
906:
898:
894:
884:
882:
875:
871:
864:
848:
844:
838:Blackstone 1809
836:
829:
810:
806:
801:. 14 July 1914.
797:
796:
792:
783:
781:
773:
772:
765:
755:
753:
746:Catholic Online
738:
734:
724:
722:
715:
711:
701:
699:
695:
688:
684:
683:
679:
675:, Land Registry
671:
664:
650:
646:
638:
625:
621:
609:
536:
511:
466:
310:
305:
289:
201:
195:
81:diocesan bishop
77:Catholic Church
54:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1586:
1576:
1575:
1570:
1555:
1554:
1538:
1516:
1498:
1493:privacy.org.nz
1480:
1456:
1442:
1428:
1407:
1394:
1376:
1362:
1348:
1336:
1322:
1308:
1304:Public Trustee
1296:
1282:
1263:
1245:
1231:
1217:
1203:
1189:
1175:
1153:
1139:
1125:
1107:
1073:
1042:
1017:
1005:
993:
981:
960:
948:
942:978-0409893861
941:
921:
904:
892:
869:
862:
842:
827:
804:
790:
763:
732:
709:
677:
662:
644:
622:
620:
617:
616:
615:
608:
605:
604:
603:
597:
594:
589:
583:
577:
575:Public Trustee
572:
563:
558:
552:
543:
535:
532:
531:
530:
524:
523:
517:
510:
507:
506:
505:
499:
489:
483:
477:
472:
465:
462:
461:
460:
455:
450:
445:
442:
435:
430:
424:
419:
417:Public Trustee
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
361:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
317:
309:
306:
304:
301:
288:
285:
226:king of Canada
197:Main article:
194:
191:
53:
50:
29:natural person
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1585:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1547:
1542:
1526:
1520:
1512:
1508:
1502:
1494:
1490:
1484:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1452:
1446:
1438:
1432:
1424:
1420:
1414:
1412:
1404:
1398:
1390:
1386:
1380:
1372:
1366:
1358:
1352:
1345:
1340:
1332:
1326:
1318:
1312:
1305:
1300:
1292:
1286:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1267:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1241:
1235:
1227:
1221:
1213:
1207:
1199:
1193:
1185:
1179:
1171:
1164:
1157:
1149:
1143:
1135:
1129:
1121:
1117:
1111:
1097:on 2012-08-10
1093:
1086:
1080:
1078:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1046:
1039:
1028:
1021:
1014:
1009:
1002:
997:
990:
985:
977:
973:
972:
964:
957:
952:
944:
938:
934:
933:
925:
917:
916:
908:
901:
896:
880:
873:
865:
863:9781139465366
859:
855:
854:
846:
840:, p. 469
839:
834:
832:
823:
819:
815:
808:
800:
794:
780:
776:
770:
768:
751:
747:
743:
736:
720:
713:
694:
687:
681:
674:
669:
667:
659:
655:
648:
641:
636:
634:
632:
630:
628:
623:
614:
611:
610:
602:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
584:
582:
578:
576:
573:
571:
567:
564:
562:
559:
556:
553:
551:
547:
544:
542:
538:
537:
529:
526:
525:
522:, New Zealand
521:
520:Māori Trustee
518:
516:
513:
512:
503:
500:
497:
493:
490:
487:
484:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
467:
459:
458:Dai al-Mutlaq
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
443:
440:
436:
434:
431:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
362:
360:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
318:
315:
312:
311:
300:
298:
294:
293:United States
284:
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