Henry VIII - Knowledge

5064:, with all religious houses worth less than £200 vested by statute in the crown in January 1536. After a short pause, surviving religious houses were transferred one by one to the Crown and new owners, and the dissolution confirmed by a further statute in 1539. By January 1540 no such houses remained; 800 had been dissolved. The process had been efficient, with minimal resistance, and brought the crown some £90,000 a year. The extent to which the dissolution of all houses was planned from the start is debated by historians; there is some evidence that major houses were originally intended only to be reformed. Cromwell's actions transferred a fifth of England's landed wealth to new hands. The programme was designed primarily to create a landed gentry beholden to the crown, which would use the lands much more efficiently. Although little opposition to the supremacy could be found in England's religious houses, they had links to the international church and were an obstacle to further religious reform. 3892:, who had previously been informally engaged to her and had an affair with her prior to her marriage, as her secretary. The Privy Council was informed of her affair with Dereham whilst Henry was away; Thomas Cranmer was dispatched to investigate, and he brought evidence of Queen Catherine's previous affair with Dereham to the King's notice. Though Henry originally refused to believe the allegations, Dereham confessed. It took another meeting of the council, however, before Henry believed the accusations against Dereham and went into a rage, blaming the council before consoling himself in hunting. When questioned, the Queen could have admitted a prior contract to marry Dereham, which would have made her subsequent marriage to Henry invalid, but she instead claimed that Dereham had forced her to enter into an adulterous relationship. Dereham, meanwhile, exposed Catherine's relationship with Culpeper. Culpeper and Dereham were both executed, and Catherine too was beheaded on 13 February 1542. 3596: 7122:

France to ask for the postponement of a meeting between Henry VIII and Francis I because of Anne's condition: "being so far gone with child she could not cross the sea with the king". Chapuys backs this up in a letter dated 27 July, where he refers to Anne's pregnancy. We do not know what happened with this pregnancy as there is no evidence of the outcome. Dewhurst writes of how the pregnancy could have resulted in a miscarriage or stillbirth, but there is no evidence to support this, he therefore wonders if it was a case of pseudocyesis, a false pregnancy, caused by the stress that Anne was under – the pressure to provide a son. Chapuys wrote on 27 September 1534 "Since the king began to doubt whether his lady was enceinte or not, he has renewed and increased the love he formerly had for a beautiful damsel of the court". Muriel St Clair Byrne, editor of the Lisle Letters, believes that this was a false pregnancy too.

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rebellion. He arranged a jousting tournament at Greenwich in 1517 where he wore gilded armour and gilded horse trappings, and outfits of velvet, satin, and cloth of gold with pearls and jewels. It suitably impressed foreign ambassadors, one of whom wrote home that "the wealth and civilisation of the world are here, and those who call the English barbarians appear to me to render themselves such". Henry finally retired from jousting in 1536 after a heavy fall from his horse left him unconscious for two hours, but he continued to sponsor two lavish tournaments a year. He then started gaining weight and lost the trim, athletic figure that had made him so handsome, and his courtiers began dressing in heavily padded clothes to emulate and flatter him. His health rapidly declined near the end of his reign.

3641:. Between 30 April and 2 May, five men, including George Boleyn, were arrested on charges of treasonable adultery and accused of having sexual relationships with the Queen. Anne was arrested, accused of treasonous adultery and incest. Although the evidence against them was unconvincing, the accused were found guilty and condemned to death. On 17 May 1536, Henry and Anne's marriage was annulled by Archbishop Cranmer at Lambeth and the accused men were executed. Cranmer appears to have had difficulty finding grounds for an annulment and probably based it on the prior liaison between Henry and Anne's sister Mary, which in canon law meant that Henry's marriage to Anne was, like his first marriage, within a forbidden degree of affinity and therefore void. At 8 am on 19 May 1536, Anne was executed on 4813:. The Star Chamber's overall structure remained unchanged, but Wolsey used it to provide much-needed reform of the criminal law. The power of the court itself did not outlive Wolsey, however, since no serious administrative reform was undertaken and its role eventually devolved to the localities. Wolsey helped fill the gap left by Henry's declining participation in government (particularly in comparison to his father) but did so mostly by imposing himself in the King's place. His use of these courts to pursue personal grievances, and particularly to treat delinquents as mere examples of a whole class worthy of punishment, angered the rich, who were annoyed as well by his enormous wealth and ostentatious living. Following 962: 644: 5361: 1006: 3977: 4745: 4902:

possession of monastic lands worth £120,000 (£36 million) a year. The Crown had profited by a small amount in 1526 when Wolsey put England onto a gold, rather than silver, standard, and had debased the currency slightly. Cromwell debased the currency more significantly, starting in Ireland in 1540. The English pound halved in value against the Flemish pound between 1540 and 1551 as a result. The nominal profit made was significant, helping to bring income and expenditure together, but it had a catastrophic effect on the country's economy. In part, it helped to bring about a period of very high inflation from 1544 onwards.

3338:. These options were legitimising Henry FitzRoy, which would need the involvement of the Pope and would be open to challenge; marrying off Mary, his daughter with Catherine, as soon as possible and hoping for a grandson to inherit directly, but Mary was considered unlikely to conceive before Henry's death, or somehow rejecting Catherine and marrying someone else of child-bearing age. Probably seeing the possibility of marrying Anne, the third was ultimately the most attractive possibility to the 34-year-old Henry, and it soon became the King's absorbing desire to annul his marriage to the now 40-year-old Catherine. 4917: 4058: 4542: 3767: 3274: 3625:. Even her own uncle, the Duke of Norfolk, had come to resent her attitude to her power. The Boleyns preferred France over the Emperor as a potential ally, but the King's favour had swung towards the latter (partly because of Cromwell), damaging the family's influence. Also opposed to Anne were supporters of reconciliation with Princess Mary (among them the former supporters of Catherine), who had reached maturity. A second annulment was now a real possibility, although it is commonly believed that it was Cromwell's anti-Boleyn influence that led opponents to look for a way of having her executed. 5370: 3587:, together with parts of the northern nobility. Henry VIII promised the rebels he would pardon them and thanked them for raising the issues. Aske told the rebels they had been successful and they could disperse and go home. Henry saw the rebels as traitors and did not feel obliged to keep his promises to them, so when further violence occurred after Henry's offer of a pardon he was quick to break his promise of clemency. The leaders, including Aske, were arrested and executed for treason. In total, about 200 rebels were executed, and the disturbances ended. 5327:, his student. Scarisbrick largely kept Elton's regard for Cromwell's abilities but returned agency to Henry, who Scarisbrick considered to have ultimately directed and shaped policy. For Scarisbrick, Henry was a formidable, captivating man who "wore regality with a splendid conviction". The effect of endowing Henry with this ability, however, was largely negative in Scarisbrick's eyes: to Scarisbrick, the Henrician period was one of upheaval and destruction and those in charge worthy of blame more than praise. Even among more recent biographers, including 5178:. Technologically, Henry invested in large cannon for his warships, an idea that had taken hold in other countries, to replace the smaller serpentines in use. He also flirted with designing ships personally. His contribution to larger vessels, if any, is unknown, but it is believed that he influenced the design of rowbarges and similar galleys. Henry was also responsible for the creation of a permanent navy, with the supporting anchorages and dockyards. Tactically, Henry's reign saw the Navy move away from boarding tactics to employ gunnery instead. The 15207: 5285:. This change did, however, also allow a policy of peaceful reconciliation and expansion: the Lords of Ireland would grant their lands to the King, before being returned as fiefdoms. The incentive to comply with Henry's request was an accompanying barony, and thus a right to sit in the Irish House of Lords, which was to run in parallel with England's. The Irish law of the tribes did not suit such an arrangement, because the chieftain did not have the required rights; this made progress tortuous, and the plan was abandoned in 1543, not to be replaced. 4741:(1534), for example, was an argument for absolute obedience to the monarchy and claimed that the English church had always been independent of Rome. At the popular level, theatre and minstrel troupes funded by the crown travelled around the land to promote the new religious practices; the Pope and Catholic priests and monks were mocked as foreign devils, while Henry was hailed as the glorious King of England and as a brave and heroic defender of the true faith. Henry worked hard to present an image of unchallengeable authority and irresistible power. 13159: 3668: 5060:. In September 1535, Cromwell commissioned a more general visitation of religious institutions, to be undertaken by four appointee visitors. The visitation focused almost exclusively on the country's religious houses, with largely negative conclusions. In addition to reporting back to Cromwell, the visitors made the lives of the monks more difficult by enforcing strict behavioural standards. The result was to encourage self-dissolution. In any case, the evidence Cromwell gathered led swiftly to the beginning of the state-enforced 4821: 5163: 14907: 13003: 6955: 806:, complicated matters. Ferdinand II preferred Catherine to stay in England, but Henry VII's relations with Ferdinand had deteriorated. Catherine was therefore left in limbo for some time, culminating in Prince Henry's rejection of the marriage as soon he was able, at the age of 14. Ferdinand's solution was to make his daughter ambassador, allowing her to stay in England indefinitely. Devout, she began to believe that it was God's will that she marry the prince despite his opposition. 4999: 5343:

ruthless chauvinist. One traditional approach, favoured by Starkey and others, is to divide Henry's reign into two halves, the first Henry being dominated by positive qualities (politically inclusive, pious, athletic but also intellectual) who presided over a period of stability and calm, and the latter a "hulking tyrant" who presided over a period of dramatic, sometimes whimsical, change. Other writers have tried to merge Henry's disparate personality into a single whole;

3901: 3354:(Defender of the Faith) from Pope Leo X. The work represented a staunch defence of papal supremacy, albeit one couched in somewhat contingent terms. It is not clear exactly when Henry changed his mind on the issue as he grew more intent on a second marriage. Certainly, by 1527, he had convinced himself that Catherine had produced no male heir because their union was "blighted in the eyes of God". Indeed, in marrying Catherine, his brother's wife, he had acted contrary to 5022:, which would take until 1549 to complete. But this victory for religious conservatives did not convert into much change in personnel, and Cranmer remained in his position. Overall, the rest of Henry's reign saw a subtle movement away from religious orthodoxy, helped in part by the deaths of prominent figures from before the break with Rome, especially the executions of Thomas More and John Fisher in 1535 for refusing to renounce papal authority. Henry established a new 4863: 4777: 3743:. The birth was difficult, and Queen Jane died on 24 October 1537 from an infection and was buried in Windsor. The euphoria that had accompanied Edward's birth became sorrow, but it was only over time that Henry came to long for his wife. At the time, Henry recovered quickly from the shock. Measures were immediately put in place to find another wife for Henry, which, at the insistence of Cromwell and the Privy Council, were focused on the European continent. 5253:

past policy. For a time it looked as if peace might be restored with the return of Kildare to Ireland to manage the tribes, but the effect was limited and the Irish Parliament soon rendered ineffective. Ireland began to receive the attention of Cromwell, who had supporters of Ormond and Desmond promoted. Kildare, on the other hand, was summoned to London; after some hesitation, he departed for London in 1534, where he would face charges of treason. His son,

3758:. However, when Charles and Francis made peace in January 1539, Henry became increasingly paranoid, perhaps as a result of receiving a constant list of threats to the kingdom (real or imaginary, minor or serious) supplied by Cromwell in his role as spymaster. Enriched by the dissolution of the monasteries, Henry used some of his financial reserves to build a series of coastal defences and set some aside for use in the event of a Franco-German invasion. 493: 13477: 739:. The reason for giving such appointments to a small child was to enable his father to retain personal control of lucrative positions and not share them with established families. Not much is known about Henry's early life – save for his appointments – because he was not expected to become king, but it is known that he received a first-rate education from leading tutors. He became fluent in Latin and French and learned at least some Italian. 4563: 13066: 13054: 13884: 6983: 4773:. These included acts of diplomacy (including royal marriages), declarations of war, management of the coinage, the issue of royal pardons and the power to summon and dissolve Parliament as and when required. Nevertheless, as evident during Henry's break with Rome, the monarch stayed within established limits, whether legal or financial, that forced him to work closely with both the nobility and Parliament (representing the gentry). 4584: 9722:, the Venetian ambassador wrote to his senate in November that "The queen has been delivered of a stillborn male child of eight months to the very great grief of the whole court", Holinshed, the chronicler, reported that "in November the queen was delivered of a prince which lived not long after", and John Stow wrote "in the meantime, to Whit, the month of November, the queen was delivered of a prince which lived not long after". 6969: 3448: 3291: 13145: 3824:"Surely, my lord, I liked her before not well, but now I like her much worse! She is nothing fair, and have very evil smells about her. I took her to be no maid by reason of the closeness of her breasts and other tokens, which, when I felt them, strake me so to the heart, that I had neither will nor courage to prove the rest. I can have none appetite for displeasant airs. I have left her as good a maid and I found her." 815: 4837:

their shared aims, including Thomas Audley. By 1531, Cromwell and his associates were already responsible for the drafting of much legislation. Cromwell's first office was that of the master of the King's jewels in 1532, from which he began to invigorate the government finances. By that point, Cromwell's power as an efficient administrator, in a Council full of politicians, exceeded what Wolsey had achieved.

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month, the King was thrown from his horse in a tournament and was badly injured; it seemed for a time that his life was in danger. When news of this accident reached the Queen, she was sent into shock and miscarried a male child at about 15 weeks' gestation, on the day of Catherine's funeral, 29 January 1536. For most observers, this personal loss was the beginning of the end of this royal marriage.

4660: 3915:, in July 1543. A reformer at heart, she argued with Henry over religion. Henry remained committed to an idiosyncratic mixture of Catholicism and Protestantism; the reactionary mood that had gained ground after Cromwell's fall had neither eliminated his Protestant streak nor been overcome by it. Parr helped reconcile Henry with his daughters, Mary and Elizabeth. In 1543, the 4036:. Henry later took personal command, and Boulogne fell on 18 September 1544. However, Henry had refused Charles's request to march against Paris. Charles's own campaign fizzled, and he made peace with France that same day. Henry was left alone against France, unable to make peace. Francis attempted to invade England in the summer of 1545 but his forces reached only the 3395:, to decide in Henry's favour. This bias was perhaps the result of pressure from Emperor Charles V, Catherine's nephew, but it is not clear how far this influenced either Campeggio or the Pope. After less than two months of hearing evidence, Clement called the case back to Rome in July 1529, from which it was clear that it would never re-emerge. With the chance for an 6941: 5312:, who in 1902 presented his own, largely positive, view of the King, lauding him, "as the King and statesman who, whatever his personal failings, led England down the road to parliamentary democracy and empire". Pollard's interpretation remained the dominant interpretation of Henry's life until the publication of the doctoral thesis of G. R. Elton in 1953. 3560:, Bishop of Rochester, and Thomas More, both of whom refused to take the oath to the King. Neither Henry nor Cromwell sought at that stage to have the men executed; rather, they hoped that the two might change their minds and save themselves. Fisher openly rejected Henry as the Supreme Head of the Church, but More was careful to avoid openly breaking the 4925:

Certainly, in 1527, Henry, until then an observant and well-informed Catholic, appealed to the Pope for an annulment of his marriage to Catherine. No annulment was immediately forthcoming, since the papacy was now under the control of Charles V, Catherine's nephew. The traditional narrative gives this refusal as the trigger for Henry's rejection of

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by enemies at court, with Norfolk also able to draw on his niece Catherine's position. Cromwell was charged with treason, selling export licences, granting passports, and drawing up commissions without permission, and may also have been blamed for the failure of the foreign policy that accompanied the attempted marriage to Anne. He was subsequently

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fact, and his instinct for rule carried his country through a perilous time of change, and his very arrogance saved his people from the wars which afflicted other lands. Dimly remembering the wars of the Roses, vaguely informed as to the slaughters and sufferings in Europe, the people of England knew that in Henry they had a great king.

3334:, then a charismatic young woman of 25 in the Queen's entourage. Anne, however, resisted his attempts to seduce her, and refused to become his mistress as her sister had. It was in this context that Henry considered his three options for finding a dynastic successor and hence resolving what came to be described at court as the 5416:. c. 3) declared that it remained valid; and it continues in royal usage to the present day, as evidenced by the letters FID DEF or F.D. on all British coinage. Henry's motto was "Coeur Loyal" ("true heart"), and he had this embroidered on his clothes in the form of a heart symbol and with the word "loyal". His emblem was the 3736:(the Succession to the Crown Act 1536), which declared Henry's children by Jane to be next in the line of succession and declared both Mary and Elizabeth illegitimate, thus excluding them from the throne. The King was granted the power to further determine the line of succession in his will, should he have no further issue. 4898:, granted by Parliament to the king for life. During Henry's reign the revenues of the Crown remained constant (around £100,000), but were eroded by inflation and rising prices brought about by war. Indeed, war and Henry's dynastic ambitions in Europe exhausted the surplus he had inherited from his father by the mid-1520s. 1091:

once before and once after Francis. Charles brought his realm into war with France in 1521; Henry offered to mediate, but little was achieved and by the end of the year Henry had aligned England with Charles. He still clung to his previous aim of restoring English lands in France but sought to secure an alliance with

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alliance. Nevertheless, the French were pushed out of Italy soon after, and the alliance survived, with both parties keen to win further victories over the French. Henry then pulled off a diplomatic coup by convincing Emperor Maximilian to join the Holy League. Remarkably, Henry had secured the promised title of "

5257:, was more forthright, denouncing the King and leading a "Catholic crusade" against Henry, who was by this time mired in marital problems. Offaly had the Archbishop of Dublin murdered and besieged Dublin. Offaly led a mixture of Pale gentry and Irish tribes, although he failed to secure the support of 5302:

The respect, nay even the popularity, which he had from his people was not unmerited.... He kept the development of England in line with some of the most vigorous, though not the noblest forces of the day. His high courage – highest when things went ill – his commanding intellect, his appreciation of

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in 1524. He became Wolsey's "man of all work". Driven in part by his religious beliefs, Cromwell attempted to reform the body politic of the English government through discussion and consent, and through the vehicle of continuity, not outward change. Many saw him as the man they wanted to bring about

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On 28 July 1540 (the same day Cromwell was executed), Henry married the young Catherine Howard, a first cousin and lady-in-waiting of Anne Boleyn. He was delighted with his new queen and awarded her the lands of Cromwell and a vast array of jewellery. Soon after the marriage, however, Queen Catherine

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were burned as heretics. Cromwell, meanwhile, fell out of favour although it is unclear exactly why, for there is little evidence of differences in domestic or foreign policy. Despite his role, he was never formally accused of being responsible for Henry's failed marriage. Cromwell was now surrounded

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When Henry met Anne, however, he was much displeased with her appearance. The King was reportedly taken aback and told his courtiers "I promise you, I see no such thing as hath been shown me of her, by pictures and report. I am ashamed that men have praised her as they have done, and I love her not!"

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in October 1529, and his fall from grace was "sudden and total". Briefly reconciled with Henry (and officially pardoned) in the first half of 1530, he was charged once more in November 1530, this time for treason, but died while awaiting trial. After a short period in which Henry took government upon

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Cromwell, with his usual single-minded (and ruthless) efficiency, organised the interrogation of the accused, their trials and their executions. Cranmer was absolutely shattered by the 'revelation' of the queen's misdeeds. He wrote to the King expressing his difficulty in believing her guilt. But he

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Henry was a large, well-built athlete, over 6 feet tall, strong, and broad in proportion. His athletic activities were more than pastimes; they were political devices that served multiple goals, enhancing his image, impressing foreign emissaries and rulers, and conveying his ability to suppress any

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What is extraordinary is that Henry was usually a very good husband. And he liked women – that's why he married so many of them! He was very tender to them, we know that he addressed them as "sweetheart". He was a good lover, he was very generous: the wives were given huge settlements

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On 8 January 1536, news reached the King and Queen that Catherine of Aragon had died. The following day, Henry dressed all in yellow, with a white feather in his bonnet. Queen Anne was pregnant again, and she was aware that there might be consequences if she failed to give birth to a son. Later that

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The only evidence for a miscarriage in 1535 is a sentence from a letter from William Kingston to Lord Lisle on 24 June 1535 when Kingston says "Her Grace has as fair a belly as I have ever seen". However, Dewhurst thinks that there is an error in the dating of this letter as the editor of the Lisle

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This lack of clarity about Henry's control over events has contributed to the variation in the qualities ascribed to him: religious conservative or dangerous radical; lover of beauty or brutal destroyer of priceless artefacts; friend and patron or betrayer of those around him; chivalry incarnate or

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Henry VII had not involved Parliament in his affairs very much, but Henry VIII had to turn to Parliament during his reign for money, in particular for grants of subsidies to fund his wars. The dissolution of the monasteries provided a means to replenish the treasury, and as a result, the Crown took

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Henry's obesity hastened his death at the age of 55, on 28 January 1547 in the Palace of Whitehall, on what would have been his father's 90th birthday. The tomb he had planned (with components taken from the tomb intended for Cardinal Wolsey) was only partly constructed and was never completed (the

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for a fortnight of lavish entertainment. Both hoped for friendly relations in place of the wars of the previous decade. The strong air of competition laid to rest any hopes of a renewal of the Treaty of London, however, and conflict was inevitable. Henry had more in common with Charles, whom he met

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In 1535, Henry added the "supremacy phrase" to the royal style, which became "Henry the Eighth, by the Grace of God, King of England and France, Defender of the Faith, Lord of Ireland and of the Church of England in Earth Supreme Head". In 1536, the phrase "of the Church of England" changed to "of

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A particular focus of modern historiography has been the extent to which the events of Henry's life (including his marriages, foreign policy and religious changes) were the result of his own initiative and, if they were, whether they were the result of opportunism or of a principled undertaking by

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Although the Offaly revolt was followed by a determination to rule Ireland more closely, Henry was wary of drawn-out conflict with the tribes, and a royal commission recommended that the only relationship with the tribes was to be promises of peace, their land protected from English expansion. The

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The Desmond situation was resolved on his death in 1529, which was followed by a period of uncertainty. This was effectively ended with the appointment of Henry FitzRoy, Duke of Richmond and the King's son, as lord lieutenant. Richmond had never before visited Ireland, his appointment a break with

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was transferred to a reformed Privy Council, much smaller and more efficient than its predecessor. A difference emerged between the King's financial health and the country's, although Cromwell's fall undermined much of his bureaucracy, which required him to keep order among the many new bodies and

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Anne's downfall came shortly after she had recovered from her final miscarriage. Whether it was primarily the result of allegations of conspiracy, adultery, or witchcraft remains a matter of debate among historians. Early signs of a fall from grace included the King's new mistress, the 28-year-old

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Cromwell did much work through his many offices to remove the tasks of government from the Royal Household (and ideologically from the personal body of the King) and into a public state. But he did so in a haphazard fashion that left several remnants, not least because he needed to retain Henry's

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for England, the start of making Henry's dreams of ruling France a reality. The attack, however, following a formal declaration of war in April 1512, was not led by Henry personally and was a considerable failure; Ferdinand used it simply to further his own ends, and it strained the Anglo-Spanish

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Henry VII renewed his efforts to seal a marital alliance between England and Spain, by offering his son Henry in marriage to the widowed Catherine. Henry VII and Queen Isabella were both keen on the idea, which had arisen very shortly after Arthur's death. On 23 June 1503, a treaty was signed for

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Henry's contemporaries considered him an attractive, educated, and accomplished king. He has been described as "one of the most charismatic rulers to sit on the English throne" and his reign described as the "most important" in English history. He was an author and composer. As he aged, he became

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Eustace Chapuys wrote to Charles V on 28 January reporting that Anne was pregnant. A letter from George Taylor to Lady Lisle dated 27 April 1534 says "The queen hath a goodly belly, praying our Lord to send us a prince". In July, Anne's brother, Lord Rochford, was sent on a diplomatic mission to

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puts the date the bull was made official as November 1538. On 17 December 1538 Pope Paul III issued a further bull which began 'Cum redemptor noster', renewing the execution of the bull of 30 August 1535, which had been suspended in hope of his amendment. Both bulls are printed by Bishop Burnet,

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as well as more informal advisers and confidants. Both the rise and fall of court nobles could be swift: Henry did undoubtedly execute at will, burning or beheading two of his wives, 20 peers, four leading public servants, six close attendants and friends, one cardinal (John Fisher) and numerous

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Henry was an intellectual, the first English king with a modern humanist education. He read and wrote English, French, and Latin, and owned a large library. He annotated many books and published one of his own, and he had numerous pamphlets and lectures prepared to support the reformation of the

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was dispatched to Cleves to paint a portrait of Anne for the King. Despite speculation that Holbein painted her in an overly flattering light, it is more likely that the portrait was accurate; Holbein remained in favour at court. After seeing Holbein's portrait, and urged on by the complimentary

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The King and Queen were not pleased with married life. The royal couple enjoyed periods of calm and affection, but Anne refused to play the submissive role expected of her. The vivacity and opinionated intellect that had made her so attractive as an illicit lover made her too independent for the

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to rule on the validity of the King's marriage to Catherine of Aragon, declared the marriage of Henry and Catherine null and void. Five days later, on 28 May 1533, Cranmer declared the marriage of Henry and Anne to be valid. Catherine was formally stripped of her title as queen, becoming instead

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maintained Pollard's positive interpretation of the Henrician period as a whole, but reinterpreted Henry himself as a follower rather than a leader. For Elton, it was Cromwell and not Henry who undertook the changes in government – Henry was shrewd but lacked the vision to follow a complex plan

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Henry inherited a vast fortune and a prosperous economy from his father, who had been frugal. This fortune is estimated at £1,250,000 (the equivalent of £375 million today). By comparison, Henry VIII's reign was a near disaster financially. He augmented the royal treasury by seizing church

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has argued that one such minister, Thomas Cromwell, led a "Tudor revolution in government" independently of the King, whom Elton presented as an opportunistic, essentially lazy participant in the nitty-gritty of politics. Where Henry did intervene personally in the running of the country, Elton

5123:, relatively new innovations, and several large and expensive siege guns. The invasion force of 1544 was similarly well-equipped and organised, although command on the battlefield was laid with the dukes of Suffolk and Norfolk, which in the latter case produced disastrous results at Montreuil. 4986:

acknowledging the King as such. Similarly, following the passage of the Act of Succession 1533, all adults in the kingdom were required to acknowledge the Act's provisions (declaring Henry's marriage to Anne legitimate and his marriage to Catherine illegitimate) by oath; those who refused were

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Henry is generally credited with initiating the English Reformation – the process of transforming England from a Catholic country to a Protestant one – though his progress at the elite and mass levels is disputed, and the precise narrative not widely agreed upon.

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on 9 September 1513. Among the dead was the Scottish King, thus ending Scotland's brief involvement in the war. These campaigns had given Henry a taste of the military success he so desired. However, despite initial indications, he decided not to pursue a 1514 campaign. He had been supporting

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With Charles V distracted by the internal politics of his many kingdoms and external threats, and Henry and Francis on relatively good terms, domestic and not foreign policy issues had been Henry's priority in the first half of the 1530s. In 1536, for example, Henry granted his assent to the

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The 1539 alliance between Francis and Charles had soured, eventually degenerating into renewed war. With Catherine of Aragon and Anne Boleyn dead, relations between Charles and Henry improved considerably, and Henry concluded a secret alliance with the Emperor and decided to enter the

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aimed at finding solutions to any remaining issues, whilst protecting the new reforms from challenge, convincing the public of their legitimacy, and exposing and dealing with opponents. Although the canon law was dealt with at length by Cranmer and others, these acts were advanced by

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On 11 July 1533 Pope Clement VII 'pronounced sentence against the King, declaring him excommunicated unless he put away the woman he had taken to wife, and took back his Queen during the whole of October next.' Clement died on 25 September 1534. On 30 August 1535 the new pope,

3942:. As a consequence, the King was excommunicated by Pope Paul III on 17 December of the same year. In 1540, Henry sanctioned the complete destruction of shrines to saints. In 1542, England's remaining monasteries were all dissolved, and their property transferred to the Crown. 826:

Henry VII died in April 1509, and the 17-year-old Henry succeeded him as king. Soon after his father's burial on 10 May, Henry suddenly declared that he would indeed marry Catherine, leaving unresolved several issues concerning the papal dispensation and a missing part of the

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From 1514 to 1529, Thomas Wolsey, a cardinal of the established Church, oversaw domestic and foreign policy for the King from his position as Lord Chancellor. Wolsey centralised the national government and extended the jurisdiction of the conciliar courts, particularly the

12710: 5245:– one of the claimants to the Earldom of Ormond – appointed in his place. Butler proved unable to control opposition, including that of Kildare. Kildare was appointed chief governor in 1524, resuming his dispute with Butler, which had before been in a lull. Meanwhile, the 5240:

in 1520. Surrey's ambitious aims were costly but ineffective; English rule became trapped between winning the Irish lords over with diplomacy, as favoured by Henry and Wolsey, and a sweeping military occupation as proposed by Surrey. Surrey was recalled in 1521, with

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in 1534, he saw her failure to give him a son as a betrayal. As early as Christmas 1534, Henry was discussing with Cranmer and Cromwell the chances of leaving Anne without having to return to Catherine. Henry is traditionally believed to have had an affair with

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should be passed against the cardinal. The act was not needed, however, for Wolsey had also been commanded to appear before the common-law judges and answer the charge that by publishing his bulls of appointment as papal legate he had infringed the Statute of

874:

and were executed in 1510. Politically motivated executions would remain one of Henry's primary tactics for dealing with those who stood in his way. Henry returned some of the money supposedly extorted by the two ministers. By contrast, Henry's view of the

1052:, who was inclined to negotiate for peace with France, Henry signed his own treaty with Louis: his sister Mary would become Louis's wife, having previously been pledged to the younger Charles, and peace was secured for eight years, a remarkably long time. 4204:

of land and jewels – they were loaded with jewels. He was immensely considerate when they were pregnant. But, once he had fallen out of love... he just cut them off. He just withdrew. He abandoned them. They didn't even know he'd left them.

3378:

in 1527 in the hope of having his marriage to Catherine annulled, forgoing at least one less openly defiant line of attack. In going public, all hope of tempting Catherine to retire to a nunnery or otherwise stay quiet was lost. Henry sent his secretary,

5042:

was another important shift: reformers within the Church used the Commandments' emphasis on faith and the word of God, while conservatives emphasised the need for dedication to God and doing good. The reformers' efforts lay behind the publication of the

4624:

If Mary's issue failed, the crown was to go to Elizabeth, Henry's daughter by Anne Boleyn, and her heirs. Finally, if Elizabeth's line became extinct, the crown was to be inherited by the descendants of Henry VIII's deceased younger sister, Mary, the

7141:

Chapuys reported to Charles V on 10 February 1536 that Anne Boleyn had miscarried on the day of Catherine of Aragon's funeral: "On the day of the interment the concubine had an abortion which seemed to be a male child which she had not borne 3 1/2

5456:, after being advised that many Irish people regarded the Pope as the true head of their country, with the Lord acting as a mere representative. The reason the Irish regarded the Pope as their overlord was that Ireland had originally been given to 781:

in February 1504. Henry VII gave his second son few responsibilities even after the death of Arthur. Young Henry was strictly supervised and did not appear in public. As a result, he ascended the throne "untrained in the exacting art of kingship".

3463:

in England, Henry, now 41, and Anne went through a secret wedding service. She soon became pregnant, and there was a second wedding service in London on 25 January 1533. On 23 May 1533, Cranmer, sitting in judgment at a special court convened at

4841:

support, his own power, and the possibility of actually achieving the plan he set out. Cromwell made the various income streams Henry VII put in place more formal and assigned largely autonomous bodies for their administration. The role of the

4048:

on 7 June 1546. Henry secured Boulogne for eight years. The city was then to be returned to France for 2 million crowns (£750,000). Henry needed the money; the 1544 campaign had cost £650,000, and England was once again facing bankruptcy.

586:. He converted money that was formerly paid to Rome into royal revenue. Despite the money from these sources, he was often on the verge of financial ruin due to personal extravagance and costly and largely unproductive wars, particularly with 5469:

aristocrats. The style "Henry the Eighth, by the Grace of God, King of England, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith and of the Church of England and also of Ireland in Earth Supreme Head" remained in use until the end of Henry's reign.

4831:

Thomas Cromwell also came to define Henry's government. Returning to England from the continent in 1514 or 1515, Cromwell soon entered Wolsey's service. He turned to law, also picking up a good knowledge of the Bible, and was admitted to

5049:

in 1539 in English. Protestant Reformers still faced persecution, particularly over objections to Henry's annulment. Many fled abroad, including the influential Tyndale, who was eventually executed and his body burned at Henry's behest.

5126:

Henry's break with Rome incurred the threat of a large-scale French or Spanish invasion. To guard against this, in 1538 he began to build a chain of expensive, state-of-the-art defences along Britain's southern and eastern coasts, from

5067:

Response to the reforms was mixed. The religious houses had been the only support of the impoverished, and the reforms alienated much of the populace outside London, helping to provoke the great northern rising of 1536–37, known as the

3390:

Other missions concentrated on arranging an ecclesiastical court to meet in England, with a representative from Clement VII. Although Clement agreed to the creation of such a court, he never had any intention of empowering his legate,

3422:. Anne was an unusually educated and intellectual woman for her time and was keenly absorbed and engaged with the ideas of the Protestant Reformers, but the extent to which she herself was a committed Protestant is much debated. When 5347:, for example, considered him an egotistical borderline neurotic given to great fits of temper and deep and dangerous suspicions, with a mechanical and conventional, but deeply held piety, and having at best a mediocre intellect. 5261:, a sympathiser, or Charles V. What was effectively a civil war was ended with the intervention of 2,000 English troops – a large army by Irish standards – and the execution of Offaly (his father was already dead) and his uncles. 5464:

in the 12th century as a feudal territory under papal overlordship. The meeting of the Irish Parliament that proclaimed Henry VIII as King of Ireland was the first meeting attended by the Gaelic Irish chieftains as well as the

5159:, but his work mainly served to demonstrate how inadequate they were in organisation. The building works, including that at Berwick, along with the reform of the militias and musters, were eventually finished under Queen Mary. 3341:

Henry's precise motivations and intentions over the coming years are not widely agreed on. Henry himself, at least in the early part of his reign, was a devout and well-informed Catholic to the extent that his 1521 publication

5320:

through. Henry was little more, in other words, than an "ego-centric monstrosity" whose reign "owed its successes and virtues to better and greater men about him; most of its horrors and failures sprang more directly from ".

5293:

The complexities and sheer scale of Henry's legacy ensured that, in the words of Betteridge and Freeman, "throughout the centuries, Henry has been praised and reviled, but he has never been ignored". In the 1950s, historian

985:, an issue that divided his council. Certainly, war with the combined might of the two powers would have been exceedingly difficult. Shortly thereafter, however, Henry also signed a pact with Ferdinand II of Aragon. After 5228:, with merely nominal English rule. Until 1513, Henry continued the policy of his father, to allow Irish lords to rule in the King's name and accept steep divisions between the communities. However, upon the death of the 4805:

argued, he mostly did so to its detriment. The prominence and influence of faction in Henry's court is similarly discussed in the context of at least five episodes of Henry's reign, including the downfall of Anne Boleyn.

3933:

In 1538, the chief minister Thomas Cromwell pursued an extensive campaign against what the government termed "idolatry" practised under the old religion, culminating in September with the dismantling of the shrine of St.

3429:

died, Anne's influence and the need to find a trustworthy supporter of the annulment had Thomas Cranmer appointed to the vacant position. This was approved by the Pope, unaware of the King's nascent plans for the Church.

3414:

took on the role of Lord Chancellor and chief minister. Intelligent and able, but a devout Catholic and opponent of the annulment, More initially cooperated with the King's new policy, denouncing Wolsey in Parliament.

917:

Although Henry's marriage to Catherine has since been described as "unusually good", it is known that Henry took mistresses. It was revealed in 1510 that Henry had been conducting an affair with one of the sisters of

5249:, an Anglo-Irish peer, had turned his support to Richard de la Pole as pretender to the English throne; when in 1528 Kildare failed to take suitable actions against him, Kildare was once again removed from his post. 5053:

When taxes once payable to Rome were transferred to the Crown, Cromwell saw the need to assess the taxable value of the Church's extensive holdings as they stood in 1535. The result was an extensive compendium, the

4885:

Henry spent much of his wealth on maintaining his court and household, including many of the building works he undertook on royal palaces. He hung 2,000 tapestries in his palaces; by comparison, James V of Scotland

13024: 5236:, died, Henry recognised one successor for Ormond's English, Welsh and Scottish lands, whilst in Ireland another took control. Kildare's successor, the 9th Earl, was replaced as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland by the 3326:, were fathered by Henry but this has never been proven. King Henry never acknowledged them as he did in the case of Henry FitzRoy. In 1525, as Henry grew more impatient with Catherine's inability to produce the 4023:

Despite the early success with Scotland, Henry hesitated to invade France, annoying Charles. Henry finally went to France in June 1544 with a two-pronged attack. One force under Norfolk ineffectively besieged

831:. The new king maintained that it had been his father's dying wish that he marry Catherine. Whether or not this was true, it was convenient. Emperor Maximilian I had been attempting to marry his granddaughter 4105:

accident on 24 January 1536 in which he suffered a leg wound. The accident reopened and aggravated an injury he had sustained years earlier, to the extent that his doctors found it difficult to treat. The

854:

for their coronation, which took place the following day. It was a grand affair: the King's passage was lined with tapestries and laid with fine cloth. Following the ceremony, there was a grand banquet in

4941:

has argued that even if Henry had not needed an annulment, he might have come to reject papal control over the governance of England purely for political reasons. Indeed, Henry needed a son to secure

7112:

History of the Reformation of the Church of England, 1865 edition, Volume 4, pp. 318ff and in Bullarum, diplomatum et privilegiorum sanctorum Romanorum pontificum Taurinensis (1857) Volume VI, p. 195

13126: 835:, Catherine's niece, to Henry; she had now been jilted. Henry's wedding to Catherine was kept low-key and was held at the friars' church in Greenwich on 11 June 1509. Henry claimed descent from 4995:" and that Henry's "imperial crown" had been diminished by "the unreasonable and uncharitable usurpations and exactions" of the Pope. The King had much support from the Church under Cranmer. 3828:

Henry wished to annul the marriage as soon as possible so he could marry another. Anne did not argue, and confirmed that the marriage had never been consummated. Anne's previous betrothal to

5072:. Elsewhere the changes were accepted and welcomed, and those who clung to Catholic rites kept quiet or moved in secrecy. They reemerged during the reign of Henry's daughter Mary (1553–58). 13022: 3832:

provided further grounds for the annulment. The marriage was subsequently dissolved in July 1540, and Anne received the title of "The King's Sister", two houses, and a generous allowance.

4694:, and Venetian organist Dionisio Memo, and Henry himself kept a considerable collection of instruments. He was skilled on the lute and played the organ, and was a talented player of the 769:

In 1502, Arthur died at the age of 15, just 20 weeks after his marriage to Catherine. Arthur's death thrust all his duties upon his younger brother. The 10-year-old Henry became the new

802:", which took account of the possibility of consummation. Cohabitation was not possible because Henry was too young. Isabella's death in 1504, and the ensuing problems of succession in 15604: 15589: 5188:

among them), and Henry was responsible for the establishment of the "council for marine causes" to oversee the maintenance and operation of the Navy, becoming the basis for the later

5014:, whereby six major questions were all answered by asserting the religious orthodoxy, thus restraining the reform movement in England. It was followed by the beginnings of a reformed 626:

severely overweight and his health suffered. He is frequently characterised in his later life as a lustful, egotistical, paranoid, and tyrannical monarch. He was succeeded by his son

1039:, a more significant settlement, followed. Henry had led the army personally, complete with a large entourage. His absence from the country, however, had prompted his brother-in-law 4846:

prevent profligate spending that strained relations as well as finances. Cromwell's reforms ground to a halt in 1539, the initiative lost, and he failed to secure the passage of an

7011: 13919: 1137: 3992:

in favour of his new ally. An invasion of France was planned for 1543. In preparation for it, Henry moved to eliminate the potential threat of Scotland under his young nephew,

5119:

but the difference in capability was at this stage not significant, and Henry's forces had new armour and weaponry. They were also supported by battlefield artillery and the

13023: 3366:, on the other hand, had initially argued against the annulment, stating that Henry VIII could take a second wife in accordance with his teaching that the Bible allowed for 4713:. He was also known for his strong defence of conventional Christian piety. He was involved in the construction and improvement of several significant buildings, including 3564:, which (unlike later acts) did not forbid mere silence. Both men were subsequently convicted of high treason, however – More on the evidence of a single conversation with 15519: 5010:

To Cromwell's annoyance, Henry insisted on parliamentary time to discuss questions of faith, which he achieved through the Duke of Norfolk. This led to the passing of the

4987:

subject to imprisonment for life, and any publisher or printer of any literature alleging that the marriage to Anne was invalid subject to the death penalty. Finally, the

4796:

abbots. Among those who were in favour at any given point in Henry's reign, one could usually be identified as a chief minister, though one of the enduring debates in the

9687: 4894:. Tudor monarchs had to fund all government expenses out of their own income. This income came from the crown lands that Henry owned as well as from customs duties like 4948:

In any case, between 1532 and 1537, Henry instituted a number of statutes that dealt with the relationship between king and pope and hence the structure of the nascent

3820:

The marriage took place in January 1540, but it was never consummated. The morning after their wedding night, Henry complained about his new wife to Cromwell, stating:

5103:, England's standing army numbered only a few hundred men. This was increased only slightly by Henry. Henry's invasion force of 1513, some 30,000 men, was composed of 4686:. He scouted the country for choirboys, taking some directly from Wolsey's choir, and introduced Renaissance music into court. Musicians included Benedict de Opitiis, 15459: 993:

in October 1511, Henry followed Ferdinand's lead and brought England into the new League. An initial joint Anglo-Spanish attack was planned for the spring to recover

15524: 5339:, there has ultimately been little consensus on the extent to which Henry was responsible for the changes he oversaw or the assessment of those he did bring about. 4621:

of the Realm. Under provisions of the will, if Edward died childless, the throne was to pass to Mary, Henry VIII's daughter by Catherine of Aragon, and her heirs.

1095:, then a territorial possession of Charles, and the continued support of the Emperor. A small English attack in the north of France made up little ground. Charles 938:

believes there were numerous other affairs. Catherine is not known to have protested. In 1518, she fell pregnant again with another girl, who was also stillborn.

15609: 15474: 5323:

Although the central tenets of Elton's thesis have since been questioned, it has consistently provided the starting point for much later work, including that of

4000:

on 24 November 1542, and James died on 15 December. Henry now hoped to unite the crowns of England and Scotland by marrying his son Edward to James's successor,

1048:

Ferdinand and Maximilian financially during the campaign but had received little in return; England's coffers were now empty. With the replacement of Julius by

15594: 9438: 3524:

largely ceremonial role of a royal wife and it made her many enemies. For his part, Henry disliked Anne's constant irritability and violent temper. After a

3500:

and indeed by Henry himself. With this process complete, in May 1532 More resigned as Lord Chancellor, leaving Cromwell as Henry's chief minister. With the

930:. Blount is one of only two completely undisputed mistresses, considered by some to be few for a virile young king. Exactly how many Henry had is disputed: 13912: 12223: 3746:

In 1538, as part of the negotiation of a secret treaty by Cromwell with Charles V, a series of dynastic marriages were proposed: Mary would marry a son of

1130: 541: 4114:, preventing him from maintaining the level of physical activity he had previously enjoyed. The jousting accident is also believed to have caused Henry's 1099:

and could dictate peace, but he believed he owed Henry nothing. Sensing this, Henry decided to take England out of the war before his ally, signing the

13545: 5273:, who would remain in post past Henry's death. Until the break with Rome, it was widely believed that Ireland was a Papal possession granted as a mere 3595: 11194:

Davies, Jonathan (2005). "'We Do Fynde in Our Countre Great Lack of Bowes and Arrows': Tudor Military Archery and the Inventory of King Henry VIII".

9465: 7062:

For arguments in favour of the contrasting view – i.e. that Henry himself initiated the period of abstinence, potentially after a brief affair – see

4988: 945:. The young boy was made Duke of Richmond in June 1525 in what some thought was one step on the path to his eventual legitimisation. FitzRoy married 879:– potential rival claimants for the throne – was more moderate than his father's had been. Several who had been imprisoned by his father, including 15509: 13830: 4338: 4089:, with a waist measurement of 54 inches (140 cm), and had to be moved about with the help of mechanical devices. He was covered with painful, 3958: – as members of the clergy with seats in the House of Lords were known – were for the first time outnumbered by the 942: 11855: 13905: 1123: 5151:, which he visited for a few months to supervise. Wolsey had many years before conducted the censuses required for an overhaul of the system of 946: 563:. He achieved many of his political aims through his chief ministers, some of whom were banished or executed when they fell out of his favour. 9491:

Ikram, Muhammad Qaiser; Sajjad, Fazle Hakim; Salardini, Arash (2016). "The head that wears the crown: Henry VIII and traumatic brain injury".

4890:. Henry took pride in showing off his collection of weapons, which included exotic archery equipment, 2,250 pieces of land ordnance and 6,500 15619: 15579: 13303: 8305:

The king had no further use for Wolsey, who had failed to procure the annulment of his marriage, and he summoned Parliament in order that an

4962:

against all who introduced papal bulls into England, potentially exposing them to the death penalty if found guilty. Other acts included the

3840: 3459:

In the winter of 1532, Henry met with Francis I at Calais and enlisted Francis's support for his new marriage. Immediately upon returning to

7132:

Letters states that this letter is actually from 1533 or 1534 because it also refers to Christopher Garneys, a man who died in October 1534.

3919:

put them back in the line of succession after Edward. The same act allowed Henry to determine further succession to the throne in his will.

1043:

to invade England at the behest of Louis. Nevertheless, the English army, overseen by Queen Catherine, decisively defeated the Scots at the

902:

was born. After the grief of losing their first child, the couple were pleased to have a boy and festivities were held, including a two-day

13426: 7050: 910:. However, the child died seven weeks later. Catherine had two stillborn sons in 1513 and 1515, but gave birth in February 1516 to a girl, 652: 418: 4817:, Henry took full control of his government, although at court numerous complex factions continued to try to ruin and destroy each other. 14689: 13758: 9020:"Henry VIII: February 1538, 11–15 Pages 88–100 Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 13 Part 1, January–July 1538" 7093:"And if a man shall take his brother's wife, it is an unclean thing: he hath uncovered his brother's nakedness; they shall be childless." 3433:

Henry was married to Catherine for 24 years. Their divorce has been described as a "deeply wounding and isolating" experience for Henry.

12259: 3374:. Henry now believed the Pope had lacked the authority to grant a dispensation from this impediment. It was this argument Henry took to 2155: 559:. He frequently used charges of treason and heresy to quell dissent, and those accused were often executed without a formal trial using 15434: 14951: 15634: 15569: 15464: 15338: 13101: 5266: 4721:, and Westminster Abbey in London. Many of the existing buildings which he improved were properties confiscated from Wolsey, such as 1577: 1448: 5384:

Many changes were made to the royal style during his reign. Henry originally used the style "Henry the Eighth, by the Grace of God,

4698:. He could also sightread music and sing well. He was an accomplished musician, author, and poet; his best-known piece of music is " 15504: 15322: 6138: 5080: 4029: 3576: 4005: 599: 15253: 6458: 5254: 4121: 3658: 3569: 2747: 1763: 1311: 919: 3548:

Opposition to Henry's religious policies was at first quickly suppressed in England. Some dissenting monks, including the first

15574: 15469: 15419: 15414: 15330: 15012: 14741: 9694: 6166: 5258: 5246: 5229: 3517: 2211: 2019: 1940: 884: 95: 37: 13070: 9615:

Whitley, Catrina Banks; Kramer, Kyra (2010). "A New Explanation for the Reproductive Woes and Midlife Decline of Henry VIII".

3789: 1031:– a relatively minor result, but one which was seized on by the English for propaganda purposes. Soon after, the English took 15554: 15439: 15429: 15409: 12951: 12660: 12557: 12537: 12428: 12405: 12382: 12341: 12322: 12300: 12277: 12204: 12073: 11968: 11946: 11927: 11906: 11885: 11844: 11798: 11691: 11668: 11646: 11622: 11574: 11527: 11505: 11481: 11449: 11407: 11384: 11363: 11344: 11296: 11274: 11184: 11163: 11103: 11081: 11039: 10883: 10040: 8824: 8761: 8358: 8291: 8231: 8203: 7544: 7198: 7077: 5854: 4162: 4074: 923: 533: 161: 898:

girl on 31 January 1510. About four months later, Catherine again became pregnant. On 1 January 1511, New Year's Day, a son

15559: 15514: 15499: 15424: 15404: 15032: 14765: 6451: 6145: 6131: 5828: 4971: 4614: 4141:

most often due to a lack of fresh fruit and vegetables in one's diet. A 2010 study suggests that the king may have been of

3622: 13088: 15614: 15539: 15297: 15273: 13503: 10270: 4963: 4718: 3755: 2185: 2114: 1987: 1608: 880: 8839:

fell into line and pronounced the annulment of Henry's second marriage on the grounds of Anne's pre-contract to another.

13493: 13320: 5237: 4887: 4851: 4640:, rulers of Scotland – were thereby excluded from the succession. This provision ultimately failed when 3497: 2507: 1740: 990: 5031: 3504:, Catherine's daughter, Mary, was declared illegitimate; Henry's marriage to Anne was declared legitimate; and Anne's 3476:

on 1 June 1533. The Queen gave birth to a daughter slightly prematurely on 7 September 1533. The child was christened

15285: 14749: 13860: 13835: 13789: 13154: 12773: 12623: 12110: 12013: 11992: 11820: 11250: 11227: 10972: 7001: 5233: 4800:

has been the extent to which those chief ministers controlled Henry rather than vice versa. In particular, historian

2351: 1968: 1070:. These accessions left three relatively young rulers and an opportunity for a clean slate. The careful diplomacy of 949:

in 1533, but died childless three years later. At the time of his death in July 1536, Parliament was considering the

15072: 14805: 13419: 13276: 6159: 2329: 1780: 907: 611: 12454:—— (1998). "The Making of Religious Policy, 1533–1546: Henry VIII and the Search for the Middle Way". 3387:

by way of a deceptively worded draft papal bull. Knight was unsuccessful; the Pope could not be misled so easily.

742:

In November 1501, Henry played a considerable part in the ceremonies surrounding his brother Arthur's marriage to

15444: 14682: 13283: 13012: 7006: 6643: 4953: 4933:

put it, Henry's determination to annul his marriage with Catherine was the occasion rather than the cause of the

3335: 759: 712: 76: 3700:

The day after Anne's execution the 45-year-old Henry became engaged to Seymour, who had been one of the Queen's

15599: 15549: 15529: 14944: 13565: 5765: 5136: 5061: 4057: 3928: 3584: 3484: 3473: 3319: 732: 583: 537: 1002:

of France" from Julius and possibly coronation by the Pope himself in Paris, if only Louis could be defeated.

15206: 13694: 11491: 7193:

Guides and Handbooks. Vol. 4 (Revised ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 37–38.

6465: 4609:. Since Edward was then only nine years old, he could not rule directly. Instead, Henry's will designated 16 4016:

on 11 December. The result was eight years of war between England and Scotland, a campaign later dubbed "the

3792:, who was seen as an important ally in case of a Roman Catholic attack on England, for the Duke fell between 3754:

and the infant Edward would marry one of Charles's daughters. It was suggested the widowed Henry might marry

3344: 1055: 799: 5232:, governor of Ireland, fractious Irish politics combined with a more ambitious Henry to cause trouble. When 3483:

Following the marriage, there was a period of consolidation, taking the form of a series of statutes of the

961: 15584: 15544: 14579: 14542: 13768: 13763: 13753: 13748: 13743: 13461: 13111: 9019: 4070: 3989: 3549: 1005: 591: 12597:

Hoak, Dale (2005). "Politics, Religion and the English Reformation, 1533–1547: Some Problems and Issues".

9469: 4682:, and his court was a centre of scholarly and artistic innovation and glamorous excess, epitomised by the 3817:

Despite his protests, Henry knew that the situation was too far gone and he would have to wed his bride.

15564: 15357: 15246: 15102: 14829: 14304: 13680: 13412: 6444: 5385: 3829: 3751: 3513: 3512:

in 1534, Parliament recognised the King's status as head of the church in England and, together with the

763: 751: 747: 692: 643: 582:

Henry was an extravagant spender, using proceeds from the dissolution of the monasteries and acts of the

20: 14293: 12826:

Head, David M. (1997). "'If a Lion Knew His Own Strength': the Image of Henry VIII and His Historians".

9569: 7235: 3976: 3516:

in 1532, abolished the right of appeal to Rome. It was only then that Pope Clement VII took the step of

15494: 15479: 15122: 15112: 14845: 14837: 14675: 14589: 14267: 14235: 12447:

War, Taxation, and Rebellion in Early Tudor England: Henry VIII, Wolsey, and the Amicable Grant of 1525

4730: 4683: 1083: 966: 914:. Relations between Henry and Catherine had been strained, but they eased slightly after Mary's birth. 720: 13150: 12908: 12253: 15624: 15454: 14937: 14584: 14379: 14324: 13932: 13870: 13218: 12937: 7182: 5453: 4978:

in 1534 declared that the King was "the only Supreme Head on Earth of the Church of England" and the

4744: 4709:

Henry was an avid gambler and dice player, and excelled at sports, especially jousting, hunting, and

4699: 4664: 3747: 3638: 3470: 1431: 708: 619: 13058: 5360: 15279: 15192: 14893: 14385: 14374: 14080: 13936: 13928: 13845: 13709: 13704: 11471: 7190: 7021: 5457: 4967: 4186: 4025: 3981: 3849: 3809: 3777: 3618: 3600: 3423: 2711: 595: 587: 48: 13252: 9658: 4916: 4145:

to explain both his physical and mental deterioration, being consistent with some symptoms of the

492: 15534: 15370: 15042: 14982: 14789: 14773: 14709: 14354: 14349: 14334: 14309: 13780: 13525: 13485: 13396: 13374: 13342: 12979: 11306: 8110: 7016: 6402: 6152: 5389: 4765:

The power of Tudor monarchs, including Henry, was 'whole' and 'entire', ruling, as they claimed,

4256: 4142: 3868: 3583:, a large uprising in northern England in October 1536. Some 20,000 to 40,000 rebels were led by 3380: 2490: 1075: 899: 716: 684: 548: 398: 14016: 7162: 4541: 4125:

This suit of armour was commissioned about 1544 when Henry's midsection had a girth of 51 inches

3690:, by an unknown artist. At the time that this was painted, Henry was married to his sixth wife, 3520:

the King and Cranmer, although the excommunication was not made official until some time later.

1082:

threat, and it seemed that peace might be secured. Henry met King Francis on 7 June 1520 at the

798:

claimed, but Henry VII and the Spanish ambassador set out instead to obtain a dispensation for "

15629: 15489: 15484: 15239: 14533: 14418: 14364: 14339: 14314: 14299: 14171: 14006: 13865: 13092: 11656: 11284: 9719: 5270: 4182: 4158: 4013: 3947: 3864: 3725: 3501: 3477: 2827: 2570: 2306: 2000: 1071: 43: 14476: 12848: 10873: 10030: 8745: 4769:

alone. The crown could also rely on the exclusive use of those functions that constituted the

3860:, the Duke of Norfolk's niece. This worried Cromwell, for Norfolk was his political opponent. 3766: 3273: 15222: 15092: 14992: 14821: 14717: 14523: 14433: 14413: 14344: 14282: 14272: 14262: 14141: 14136: 14109: 14070: 14065: 13855: 13850: 13800: 13737: 13714: 12351: 12179: 9720:

John Dewhurst in The alleged miscarriages of Catherine of Aragon and Anne Boleyn: 1984, p. 52

8814: 8281: 7536: 7374:

Under Duke of Cornwall, which was his title when he succeeded his brother as Prince of Wales.

6107: 5550: 5449: 5401: 5400:, the royal style became "Henry the Eighth, by the Grace of God, King of England and France, 5019: 5003: 4766: 4722: 4133:

has been dismissed by most historians. Historian Susan Maclean Kybett ascribes his demise to

3997: 3733: 2581: 1473: 1334: 950: 836: 704: 552: 14228: 13980: 13670: 13510: 13097: 12157:

Cressy, David (1982). "Spectacle and Power: Apollo and Solomon at the Court of Henry VIII".

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Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 13 Part 2: August–December 1538

8628: 8564: 8522: 3579:, in turn, contributed to a more general resistance to Henry's reforms, most notably in the 15399: 15394: 15309: 15082: 14972: 14813: 14501: 14448: 14438: 14428: 14401: 14319: 14242: 14176: 14131: 14121: 14115: 14104: 14098: 14048: 13688: 13617: 13580: 13515: 13466: 13456: 13443: 13202: 13107: 11330: 6796: 6437: 6086: 5336: 5056: 4895: 4867: 4726: 4641: 4526: 4506: 4166: 4066: 4041: 4001: 3939: 3916: 3717: 2788: 2541: 1359: 1040: 448: 108: 11589: 11113:

Chibi, Andrew A. (1997). "Richard Sampson, His Oratio, and Henry VIII's Royal Supremacy".

8: 15389: 15315: 14733: 14528: 14481: 14423: 14359: 14156: 14146: 14126: 14092: 13897: 13888: 13699: 13555: 13498: 11830: 11459: 10271:"Competing Narratives: Recent Historiography of the English Reformation under Henry VIII" 8753: 6988: 6621: 6409: 5429: 5421: 5344: 5069: 5011: 4934: 4911: 4462: 4429: 4237: 4231: 4178: 4111: 4009: 3965: 3705: 3580: 3277: 3058: 1196: 1159: 1146: 1112: 1092: 1067: 1028: 999: 982: 862:

Two days after his coronation, Henry arrested his father's two most unpopular ministers,

743: 736: 668: 525: 513: 509: 180: 147: 134: 12983: 12355: 15449: 15002: 14725: 14565: 14203: 14151: 14075: 13611: 13451: 13328: 13158: 12487: 12479: 12394: 12048: 11982: 11770: 11762: 11611: 11563: 11396: 11013: 9640: 9524: 6173: 5278: 5096: 5023: 4930: 4306: 2730: 2600: 2198: 1957: 1100: 1063: 888: 832: 787: 724: 560: 11680: 5369: 3813:

description of Anne given by his courtiers, the 49-year-old King agreed to wed Anne.

14198: 14011: 13840: 13728: 13724: 13657: 13642: 13575: 13570: 13121: 12947: 12926: 12835: 12810:

Revolution Reassessed: Revision in the History of Tudor Government and Administration

12769: 12656: 12619: 12602: 12585: 12553: 12550:

The Tudor Revolution in Government: Administrative Changes in the Reign of Henry VIII

12533: 12516: 12512: 12491: 12471: 12424: 12401: 12378: 12337: 12318: 12296: 12273: 12200: 12193: 12166: 12145: 12128: 12120: 12106: 12069: 12062: 12052: 12040: 12009: 11988: 11964: 11942: 11923: 11902: 11881: 11840: 11834: 11816: 11808: 11794: 11782: 11774: 11687: 11664: 11642: 11636: 11618: 11584: 11570: 11558: 11546: 11523: 11501: 11477: 11445: 11437: 11425: 11403: 11380: 11359: 11340: 11318: 11292: 11270: 11246: 11239: 11223: 11203: 11180: 11159: 11142: 11130: 11099: 11077: 11035: 11025: 11005: 10968: 10879: 10036: 9644: 9632: 9574: 9516: 9508: 8820: 8757: 8354: 8287: 8227: 8199: 7550: 7540: 7194: 7073: 7066: 6124: 6093: 5772: 5445: 5409: 5324: 5208:

At the beginning of Henry's reign, Ireland was effectively divided into three zones:

5189: 5156: 4991:

was passed, and it reiterated that England had "no superior under God, but only your

4983: 4979: 4949: 4937:

so that "neither too much nor too little" should be made of the annulment. Historian

4891: 4882:

lands, but his heavy spending and long periods of mismanagement damaged the economy.

4842: 4770: 4371: 4363: 4078: 4020:". Despite several peace treaties, unrest continued in Scotland until Henry's death. 3701: 3667: 3561: 3509: 3505: 3392: 3241: 2777: 2766: 1923: 1058:, the nephew of Henry's wife Catherine, inherited a large empire in Europe, becoming 1044: 1010: 978: 974: 911: 851: 680: 529: 477: 471: 458: 382: 14059: 12616:

Divorced, Beheaded, Survived: A Feminist Reinterpretation of the Wives of Henry VIII

11017: 10274: 8569:

Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 9: August–December 1535

1027:

On 30 June 1513, Henry invaded France, and his troops defeated a French army at the

790:

was only needed for the "impediment of public honesty" if the marriage had not been

14698: 14516: 14506: 14396: 14369: 14221: 14053: 13973: 13966: 13632: 13627: 13530: 13381: 13130: 13083: 12918: 12863: 12739: 12736:

Seventeen lectures on the study of medieval and modern history and kindred subjects

12718: 12715:

Seventeen lectures on the study of medieval and modern history and kindred subjects

12508: 12463: 12228: 12032: 11754: 11717: 11122: 11058: 10995: 9624: 9528: 9500: 8306: 6946: 5861: 5162: 5039: 4975: 4478: 4328: 4045: 3857: 3845: 3805: 3801: 3713: 3465: 3375: 2951: 2174: 927: 856: 828: 803: 770: 700: 521: 324: 12240: 11732: 9589: 14960: 14919: 14511: 14256: 14086: 14038: 14028: 14022: 13637: 13349: 13259: 13227: 13209: 13031: 12969: 12965: 12941: 12706: 12003: 11917: 11896: 11495: 11374: 11334: 11264: 11174: 11071: 11029: 10032:

In the Lion's Court: Power, Ambition, and Sudden Death in the Reign of Henry VIII

7558: 6960: 6636: 5393: 5298:

summed up Henry's personality and its impact on his achievements and popularity:

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Henry. The traditional interpretation of those events was provided by historian

4333:(mistress; bore the only illegitimate child Henry VIII acknowledged as his son) 859:. As Catherine wrote to her father, "our time is spent in continuous festival". 14609: 14496: 14453: 14407: 14192: 13794: 13605: 13600: 13595: 13560: 13520: 13293: 13173: 12248: 12232: 11260: 11215: 9504: 8624: 8560: 8518: 8027: 7994: 6974: 6916: 6821: 6814: 6430: 5461: 5438:

Or (for France) and Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or (for England)

5295: 4942: 4714: 4633: 4618: 4500: 4456: 4437: 4192: 3959: 3951: 3912: 3904: 3785: 3772: 3691: 3538: 3426: 3359: 3350: 3295: 3079: 2925: 1079: 1066:

in 1519. When Louis XII of France died in 1515, he was succeeded by his cousin

986: 981:, was winning a war against Venice. Henry renewed his father's friendship with 863: 754:. As Duke of York, Henry used the arms of his father as king, differenced by a 688: 676: 576: 438: 357: 287: 12467: 12289: 12036: 11758: 11049:

Betteridge, Thomas (2005). "The Henrician Reformation and Mid-Tudor Culture".

11000: 10983: 9628: 8114: 1078:

in 1518, aimed at uniting the kingdoms of western Europe in the wake of a new

683:. Of the young Henry's six (or seven) siblings, only three – his brother 15383: 13647: 12961: 12943:

The Description of England: Classic Contemporary Account of Tudor Social Life

12930: 12839: 12606: 12589: 12520: 12475: 12310: 12252: 12170: 12044: 11956: 11873: 11550: 11429: 11322: 11207: 11134: 11091: 11062: 9636: 9512: 7554: 7231: 6479: 6472: 5435: 5405: 5332: 5309: 5027: 4938: 4833: 4820: 4792: 4781: 4626: 4196: 4107: 4037: 3935: 3872: 3835: 3679:(left) became Henry's third wife, pictured at right with Henry and the young 3634: 3534: 3493: 3418:

A year later, Catherine was banished from court, and her rooms were given to

3363: 2395: 1629: 1059: 926:. The most significant mistress for about three years, starting in 1516, was 876: 867: 603: 564: 12743: 12722: 11919:

Late Medieval Monasteries and Their Patrons: England and Wales, c. 1300–1540

11149:. History of the English Speaking Peoples. Vol. 2. Cassell and Company. 8351:

The Many Faces of Faith: A Guide to World Religions and Christian Traditions

7562: 1032: 15262: 14634: 14391: 13814: 13775: 13622: 13310: 11722: 11709: 11606: 11126: 11009: 9520: 7178: 7026: 5328: 5242: 5144: 5140: 5026:

of obedience to the crown that continued for the next decade. It reflected

4998: 4847: 4810: 4703: 4691: 4613:

to serve on a regency council until Edward reached 18. The executors chose

4423: 4294: 4118:, which may have had a dramatic effect on his personality and temperament. 4062: 4017: 3971: 3732:, uniting England and Wales into a single nation. This was followed by the 3676: 3630: 3565: 3542: 3310:

During his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, Henry conducted an affair with

3005: 931: 871: 728: 696: 254: 13986: 6954: 4862: 3900: 15182: 15172: 14885: 14877: 14639: 14624: 14209: 13806: 13675: 13590: 13435: 12681:

The Last Divine Office: Henry VIII and the Dissolution of the Monasteries

11978: 11742: 11632: 11463: 11417: 11031:

The King's Reformation: Henry VIII and the Remaking of the English Church

7167:(Fourth ed.). London: Sweet & Maxwell's Guide. 1962. p. 27. 7108: 6607: 5839: 5466: 5045: 4801: 4776: 4710: 4589: 4357: 4154: 3797: 3793: 3648: 3642: 3557: 3529: 3452: 3419: 3411: 3331: 3311: 3181: 2978: 935: 840: 791: 568: 408: 217: 5396:". In 1521, pursuant to a grant from Pope Leo X rewarding Henry for his 4791:

to maintain a royal court that included formal institutions such as the

4415:

miscarriage of a child, believed male, in the fourth month of pregnancy

3739:

On 12 October 1537, Jane gave birth to a son, Prince Edward, the future

15152: 15132: 14861: 14614: 14604: 14594: 14043: 13810: 13043: 12785:

Writing under Tyranny: English Literature and the Henrician Reformation

12576:

Head, David M. (1982). "Henry VIII's Scottish Policy: a Reassessment".

12483: 12149: 12132: 11766: 11745:(1996). "The Crisis of Obedience: God's Word and Henry's Reformation". 11710:"Violence, Colonization and Henry VIII's Conquest of France, 1544–1546" 11376:

The Burdens of Disease: Epidemics and Human Response in Western History

6996: 5417: 5179: 5175: 5108: 4958: 4115: 3405: 1049: 1014: 607: 12819:

Reassessing the Henrician Age: Humanism, Politics and Reform 1500–1550

11661:

History's Monsters: 101 Villains from Vlad the Impaler to Adolf Hitler

11442:

English Reformations: Religion, Politics, and Society under the Tudors

7107:, drew up a bull of excommunication which began 'Eius qui immobilis'. 5378:

Henry's armorial during his early reign (left) and later reign (right)

5277:

to the English king, so in 1542 Henry asserted England's claim to the

3455:, Henry's second queen; a copy of a lost original painted around 1534. 1158:

and all six of his wives were related through a common ancestor, King

934:

believes Henry had mistresses "only to a very limited extent", whilst

887:

was eventually beheaded in 1513, an execution prompted by his brother

15351: 15291: 15142: 15062: 14853: 14797: 14629: 14599: 14186: 14161: 13585: 13535: 13364: 13237: 12653:

The Pilgrimage of Grace: the Rebellion That Shook Henry VIII's Throne

12420: 12214: 12023:

Williams, James (2005). "Hunting and the Royal Image of Henry VIII".

11515: 11467: 8916: 7031: 6807: 6614: 5787: 5413: 5221: 5220:, the so-called "obedient land" of Anglo-Irish peers; and the Gaelic 5184: 5120: 4992: 4974:

required the clergy to elect bishops nominated by the Sovereign. The

4788: 4695: 4648: 4606: 4547: 4138: 3877: 3740: 3709: 3680: 3553: 3396: 3355: 3327: 3203: 994: 895: 707:

close to the palace. In 1493, at the age of two, Henry was appointed

672: 627: 413: 118: 14667: 14287: 12910:

Letters and papers, foreign and domestic, of the reign of Henry VIII

12499:

Bush, M. L. (2007). "The Tudor Polity and the Pilgrimage of Grace".

11537:—— (2006). "Will the Real Henry VIII Please Stand Up?". 8527:

Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 6: 1533

8014:

Histoire généalogique et chronologique de la maison royale de France

4877:–1547. The reverse depicts the quartered arms of England and France. 3637:, being refused the Order of the Garter, which was instead given to 894:

Soon after marrying Henry, Catherine conceived. She gave birth to a

15345: 15162: 15022: 14929: 14869: 14757: 14619: 14560: 14166: 13991: 13784: 13476: 13139: 13135: 12867: 7104: 6100: 5425: 5213: 5209: 5143:. He also strengthened existing coastal defence fortresses such as 5132: 5112: 5100: 4749: 4610: 4562: 4487:

28 July 1540; annulled 23 November 1541) beheaded 13 February 1542

4320:

stillborn in the 8th month of pregnancy or lived at least one week

4130: 4102: 4033: 3384: 3367: 517: 508:

from 22 April 1509 until his death in 1547. Henry is known for his

13079: 13065: 13053: 12794:

Before the Armada: The Growth of English Foreign Policy, 1485–1588

12766:

Bosworth Field to Bloody Mary: An Encyclopedia of the Early Tudors

11638:

The Tudors: The Complete Story of England's Most Notorious Dynasty

10187: 7236:"The Six Wives of Henry VIII. About the Series. Behind the Scenes" 4583: 3863:

Shortly after, the religious reformers (and protégés of Cromwell)

3447: 3290: 846:

On 23 June 1509, Henry led the now 23-year-old Catherine from the

14537: 14443: 13883: 13665: 6982: 5452:

change the title "Lord of Ireland" to "King of Ireland" with the

5408:

rescinded the grant of the title "Defender of the Faith", but an

5274: 5217: 5152: 5116: 5104: 5015: 4637: 3993: 3617:

Although the Boleyn family still held important positions on the

3371: 1036: 814: 433: 15231: 12892:

Rankin, Mark; Highley, Christopher; King, John N., eds. (2009),

4920:

King Henry VIII sitting with his feet upon Pope Clement VI, 1641

4605:

Upon Henry's death, he was succeeded by his only surviving son,

14329: 14277: 14001: 13996: 9277: 9265: 9253: 9205: 9163: 9098: 9086: 9074: 9062: 9000: 8952: 8750:

Catherine of Aragon: An Intimate Life of Henry VIII's True Wife

6600: 5225: 5200: 4568: 4149:, and the high mortality in the pregnancies attributed to him. 4134: 1087: 795: 403: 13404: 12375:

Mary Boleyn: The True Story of Henry VIII's Favourite Mistress

11939:

Princelie Majestie: The Court of James V of Scotland 1528–1542

10604: 5155:, but no reform resulted. In 1538–39, Cromwell overhauled the 4644:, Margaret's great-grandson, became King of England in 1603. 4101:. His obesity and other medical problems can be traced to the 3922: 3469:"princess dowager" as the widow of Arthur. In her place, Anne 14249: 9802: 5167: 4702:" ("The Kynges Ballade"), and he is reputed to have written " 4094: 4086: 3943: 3729: 3460: 903: 12894:

Henry VIII and his afterlives: literature, politics, and art

10376: 9439:"The jousting accident that turned Henry VIII into a tyrant" 7873: 7849: 7620: 7337: 7161:"Chapter Five: Table of regnal year of English Sovereigns". 4366:

25 January 1533; annulled 17 May 1536) beheaded 19 May 1536

3966:

Second invasion of France and the "Rough Wooing" of Scotland

3856:

It was soon clear that Henry had fallen for the 17-year-old

3348:("Defence of the Seven Sacraments") earned him the title of 977:, with a fragile alliance with the Holy Roman Empire in the 941:

Blount gave birth in June 1519 to Henry's illegitimate son,

14033: 13540: 12751:

Thurley, Simon (1991). "Palaces for a Nouveau Riche King".

10940: 10328: 10316: 9313: 9289: 9241: 9119: 8976: 8964: 8928: 8770: 8652: 8650: 8439: 7997:(1993). "The Plantagenet Descent of Henry and his Queens". 7885: 5282: 5174:

Henry is traditionally cited as one of the founders of the

5128: 5111:, at a time when the other European nations were moving to 4534:

All of Henry's surviving children succeeded him as monarchs

4349:

illegitimate; acknowledged by Henry VIII in 1525; no issue

4098: 13927: 10904: 10853: 10841: 10805: 10766: 10754: 10742: 10730: 10718: 9853: 9829: 9590:"Could blood group anomaly explain Henry VIII's problems?" 9337: 9325: 8403: 8074: 7608: 7392: 4945:

and avert the risk of civil war over disputed succession.

4659: 3836:

Marriage to Catherine Howard (and fall of Thomas Cromwell)

786:

their marriage, and they were betrothed two days later. A

675:, Kent, Henry Tudor was the third child and second son of 551:, expanding royal power and ushering in the theory of the 15605:

People with endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases

15590:

People associated with the Dissolution of the Monasteries

10892: 10817: 10778: 10556: 10544: 10508: 10496: 10484: 10472: 10448: 10251: 10163: 10151: 10139: 10127: 10115: 10049: 9790: 9749: 8844: 8794: 8713: 8677: 8038: 7771: 7647: 7584: 7533:

Empire and Nation in Early English Renaissance Literature

7512: 5404:

and Lord of Ireland". Following Henry's excommunication,

4982:

made it high treason, punishable by death, to refuse the

4617:, elder brother to Jane Seymour (Edward's mother), to be 4153:

sarcophagus and its base were later removed and used for

4090: 3330:

he desired, he became enamoured of Mary Boleyn's sister,

12672:

Great Harry's Navy: How Henry VIII Gave England Seapower

10928: 10694: 10669: 10657: 10215: 9841: 9419: 9407: 9361: 9050: 9038: 8856: 8782: 8647: 8499: 8451: 8379: 7747: 7404: 7349: 7266: 5034:("Honour thy father and mother"), brought to England by 4970:, which recognised Royal Supremacy over the church. The 3800:. Other potential brides included Christina of Denmark, 3541:

argues that Henry in fact had an affair with her sister

3508:

declared to be next in the line of succession. With the

661:

Henry VIII's parents, King Henry VII and Queen Elizabeth

13071:"Persecutions of Protestants by Henry VIII", in Foxe's 10984:"Henry VIII's Obesity Following Traumatic Brain Injury" 10916: 10616: 10592: 10424: 10388: 9986: 9974: 9737: 9725: 9570:"Names in the News: Henry VIII Termed Victim of Scurvy" 9229: 8541: 8475: 8415: 8391: 8240: 8129: 7975: 7936: 7924: 7912: 7861: 7825: 7798: 7448: 7325: 7164:

Sweet & Maxwell's Guide to Law Reports and Statutes

4044:. Financially exhausted, France and England signed the 3318:. There has been speculation that Mary's two children, 727:

soon after. The day after the ceremony, he was created

12971:

Luther's Correspondence and Other Contemporary Letters

11458: 10829: 10706: 10520: 10436: 9823: 9693:. Windsor Castle: College of St George. Archived from 9685: 9667: 8922: 8141: 7012:

History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom

5428:

were the same as those used by his predecessors since

4077:, marked by a stone slab in the floor. 1888 sketch by 3649:

Marriage to Jane Seymour; domestic and foreign affairs

610:, oversaw the annexation of Wales to England with the 10628: 10580: 10532: 10460: 10412: 10400: 10352: 10103: 10076: 9998: 9962: 9950: 9865: 9349: 9301: 9217: 9195: 9193: 8988: 8892: 8725: 8701: 8689: 8487: 8463: 8315: 3633:, being moved into new quarters, and Anne's brother, 12635:

The Reign of Henry VIII: Politics, Policy, and Piety

10568: 10239: 10010: 9778: 9490: 8940: 8904: 8880: 8868: 8427: 8367: 8327: 7963: 7837: 7759: 7678: 7254: 6936: 6422: 4647:

Edward VI himself would disregard the will and name

504:(28 June 1491 – 28 January 1547) was 388: 15520:

Founders of colleges of the University of Cambridge

12315:

The Reign of Henry VIII: Personalities and Politics

11520:

The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn: 'The Most Happy'

11196:

Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research

10227: 10175: 9768: 9766: 9764: 9535: 8086: 8050: 7187:

A Handbook of Dates for Students of British History

12808:Coleman, Christoper; Starkey, David, eds. (1986). 12393: 12288: 12192: 12142:Mistress Anne: The Exceptional Life of Anne Boleyn 12098: 12061: 11786: 11679: 11610: 11588: 11562: 11395: 11238: 9877: 9596:. USA: Southern Methodist University. 7 March 2011 9190: 9153: 9151: 9149: 7815: 7813: 7690: 7596: 7574: 7572: 7065: 4172: 4110:festered for the remainder of his life and became 3480:, in honour of Henry's mother, Elizabeth of York. 524:about such an annulment led Henry to initiate the 12985:The Privy Purse Expences of Henry VIII, 1529–1532 12891: 12263:. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). pp. 287–290. 11069: 9944: 8607: 8605: 3784:Having considered the matter, Cromwell suggested 15525:Founders of colleges of the University of Oxford 15381: 12552:(Revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. 11309:(1991). "Tournaments and Early Tudor Chivalry". 9761: 7207: 4339:Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Richmond and Somerset 4169:(ruled 1625–1649) was buried in the same vault. 3572:- and both were executed in the summer of 1535. 758:. He was further honoured on 9 February 1506 by 12917: 12705: 9180: 9178: 9146: 7810: 7569: 7438: 7436: 7434: 7315: 7313: 7311: 5182:was enlarged from seven ships to up to 50 (the 3911:Henry married his last wife, the wealthy widow 965:The meeting of Francis I and Henry VIII at the 953:, which could have allowed him to become king. 614:, and was the first English monarch to rule as 579:all figured prominently in his administration. 512:and his efforts to have his first marriage (to 15610:British royalty and nobility with disabilities 15475:Converts to Anglicanism from Roman Catholicism 12936: 12807: 12729: 10093: 10091: 9380: 9378: 9376: 8602: 7298: 7296: 7226: 7224: 7222: 4509:12 July 1543) Henry VIII died 28 January 1547 4165:, next to Jane Seymour. Over 100 years later, 4061:Coffins of King Henry VIII (centre, damaged), 15460:Burials at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle 15247: 14945: 14683: 13913: 13420: 12732:Parliament under Henry VIII.: (June 9, 1881.) 12618:. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co. 10795: 10793: 10066: 10064: 9614: 7953: 7951: 7722: 7720: 7707: 7705: 7668: 7666: 7664: 7662: 7465: 7463: 7382: 7380: 7283: 7281: 4814: 4052: 3895: 3761: 1131: 695: – survived infancy. He was baptised by 15595:People excommunicated by the Catholic Church 12974:. Vol. 2. Lutheran Publication Society. 12331: 12272:. Macmillan International Higher Education. 12227:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 11283: 11051:Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies 10647: 10645: 10643: 10364: 9911: 9909: 9907: 9397: 9395: 9393: 9175: 9136: 9134: 8667: 8665: 8344: 8342: 8196:Untying the Knot: A Short History of Divorce 7891: 7431: 7308: 5135:, largely built of material gained from the 4956:(passed 1533), which extended the charge of 419:Henry FitzRoy, Duke of Richmond and Somerset 14480:Monarchs of England and Scotland after the 12219:The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 11807: 11781: 11070:——; Freeman, Thomas S. (2012). 10946: 10910: 10312:. London: Methuen & Co Ltd. p. 73. 10088: 9894: 9892: 9819: 9817: 9772: 9373: 9319: 9295: 9283: 9271: 9259: 9247: 9211: 9199: 9169: 9157: 9125: 9104: 9092: 9080: 9068: 9006: 8982: 8970: 8958: 8934: 8806: 8776: 8611: 8592: 8590: 8588: 8586: 8353:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 106. 8273: 8263: 8261: 8259: 8257: 8255: 8217: 8215: 8162: 8160: 8158: 8156: 8080: 7902: 7900: 7879: 7855: 7819: 7788: 7786: 7653: 7637: 7635: 7626: 7590: 7578: 7518: 7502: 7500: 7498: 7489: 7442: 7421: 7419: 7410: 7398: 7355: 7343: 7319: 7293: 7219: 7177: 4929:, which he had previously defended. Yet as 4012:on 1 July 1543, but it was rejected by the 3923:Shrines destroyed and monasteries dissolved 3750:, Elizabeth would marry one of the sons of 3590: 3266: 956: 883:, were pardoned. Others went unreconciled; 532:from papal authority. He appointed himself 15254: 15240: 14952: 14938: 14690: 14676: 14657:Debated or disputed rulers are in italics. 13920: 13906: 13427: 13413: 13157: 12632: 11655: 11490: 11220:Reform and Reformation: England, 1509–1558 11172: 11048: 10790: 10340: 10061: 9940: 9938: 9936: 9934: 9932: 9930: 9928: 9926: 9924: 9835: 9808: 9457: 8816:A Brief History of the English Reformation 8177: 8175: 8044: 7948: 7717: 7702: 7659: 7460: 7377: 7278: 7272: 3704:. They were married ten days later at the 3436: 1138: 1124: 36: 13102:International Music Score Library Project 12883: 12874: 12711:The Reign of Henry VIII.: (June 7, 1881.) 12678: 12669: 12650: 11721: 11141: 10999: 10981: 10640: 10289: 9904: 9390: 9131: 8662: 8547: 8339: 8115:"Anne Boleyn: Fatal Attractions (review)" 8062: 7331: 5481:Henry VIII's relatives (selective chart) 5038:. The founding of royal authority on the 4752:in her honour after giving birth to a son 12886:The Routledge Companion to the Tudor Age 12846: 12532:. Sterling Publishing. pp. 78–203. 12139: 12059: 12022: 11853: 11583: 11557: 11236: 11176:The Rule of Women in Early Modern Europe 10382: 10307: 9889: 9871: 9859: 9814: 9343: 9235: 8862: 8819:. Constable & Robinson. p. 92. 8788: 8656: 8623: 8583: 8559: 8517: 8481: 8445: 8421: 8397: 8252: 8212: 8193: 8153: 7897: 7783: 7632: 7495: 7416: 6139:Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick 5199: 5161: 5079: 4997: 4915: 4861: 4819: 4775: 4743: 4658: 4209:Known children of Henry VIII of England 4120: 4056: 3975: 3899: 3839: 3765: 3594: 3577:Suppression of Religious Houses Act 1535 3556:. The most prominent resisters included 3446: 3289: 3272: 1004: 960: 813: 344: 15510:English pretenders to the French throne 12978: 12923:English Historical Documents, 1485–1558 12817:Fox, Alistair; Guy, John, eds. (1986). 12791: 12750: 12613: 12453: 12444: 12414: 12336:. British Library Publishing Division. 12309: 12247: 12224:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 12177: 11955: 11894: 11872: 11815:(2nd ed.). Yale University Press. 11730: 11153: 11090: 11024: 10922: 10394: 10370: 10346: 10334: 10322: 10209: 9921: 9743: 9731: 9553: 8743: 8505: 8493: 8469: 8457: 8409: 8279: 8172: 8147: 8105: 8103: 8101: 8068: 7737: 7735: 7614: 7530: 7485: 7386: 7302: 7287: 7063: 6459:Henry Courtenay, 1st Marquess of Exeter 5212:, where English rule was unchallenged; 3621:, Anne had many enemies, including the 920:Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham 735:. In May 1495, he was appointed to the 274: 233: 15382: 12960: 12849:"(Re)defining the English Reformation" 12816: 12782: 12763: 12690:Henry VIII and the English Reformation 12687: 12641: 12350: 12286: 12270:Henry VIII and the English Reformation 12190: 12156: 12125:Henry VIII: A Study of Power in Action 11936: 11915: 11707: 11677: 11613:Henry VIII: Court, Church and Conflict 11605: 11259: 11193: 11173:Cruz, Anne J.; Suzuki, Mihoko (2009). 10962: 10871: 10859: 10847: 10835: 10811: 10799: 10772: 10760: 10748: 10736: 10724: 10712: 10700: 10675: 10663: 10651: 10586: 10526: 10221: 10205: 10028: 9915: 9898: 9673: 9425: 9413: 9401: 9367: 9355: 9056: 9044: 8812: 8246: 8224:Sex in Christianity and Psychoanalysis 8135: 8026: 7993: 7981: 7969: 7957: 7942: 7930: 7918: 7906: 7867: 7843: 7831: 7804: 7792: 7726: 7711: 7672: 7641: 7506: 7481: 7469: 7454: 7425: 6167:Edmund de la Pole, 3rd Duke of Suffolk 1097:defeated and captured Francis at Pavia 303: 15235: 14933: 14697: 14671: 13901: 13408: 12877:The debate on the English Reformation 12696: 12527: 12377:(2nd ed.). Amberley Publishing. 12332:——; Doran, Susan (2009). 12119: 11829: 11631: 11565:The Reformation Parliament, 1529–1536 11436: 11356:The Tudors: a Very Short Introduction 11214: 11112: 10934: 10898: 10878:. Clarendon Press. pp. 442–445. 10823: 10784: 10634: 10622: 10610: 10598: 10574: 10562: 10550: 10538: 10514: 10502: 10490: 10478: 10466: 10454: 10442: 10418: 10406: 10358: 10295: 10257: 10193: 10169: 10157: 10145: 10133: 10121: 10109: 10097: 10082: 10070: 10055: 10016: 10004: 9992: 9980: 9968: 9956: 9796: 9755: 9660:The Archaeological Journal, Volume 51 9466:"King Henry VIII's Madness Explained" 9384: 9331: 9307: 9223: 9184: 9140: 8994: 8898: 8850: 8800: 8731: 8719: 8707: 8695: 8683: 8671: 8596: 8433: 8385: 8373: 8348: 8333: 8321: 8267: 8181: 8166: 8056: 7777: 7765: 7753: 7684: 7367: 6920: 6915: 6913: 6911: 6909: 6907: 6905: 6903: 6901: 6899: 6897: 6895: 6893: 6891: 6889: 6887: 6885: 6883: 6881: 6879: 6873: 6867: 6865: 6863: 6861: 6859: 6857: 6855: 6853: 6851: 6849: 6847: 6845: 6843: 6841: 6839: 6837: 6835: 6833: 6831: 6825: 6820: 6818: 6813: 6811: 6806: 6804: 6802: 6800: 6795: 6793: 6791: 6789: 6787: 6785: 6783: 6781: 6779: 6777: 6775: 6773: 6771: 6769: 6767: 6765: 6763: 6761: 6759: 6731: 6705: 6703: 6701: 6699: 6697: 6691: 6689: 6687: 6685: 6683: 6681: 6679: 6677: 6675: 6673: 6671: 6669: 6667: 6665: 6663: 6661: 6659: 6657: 6655: 6642: 6635: 6633: 6631: 6629: 6627: 6625: 6620: 6618: 6613: 6611: 6606: 6604: 6599: 6597: 6595: 6593: 6591: 6589: 6587: 6571: 6565: 6563: 6561: 6559: 6557: 6555: 6553: 6547: 6545: 6543: 6527: 6525: 6523: 6517: 6515: 6513: 6511: 6509: 6507: 6505: 6478: 6476: 6471: 6469: 6464: 6462: 6457: 6455: 6450: 6443: 6441: 6436: 6429: 6427: 6420: 6415: 6408: 6401: 6301: 6275: 6273: 6271: 6193: 6172: 6170: 6165: 6163: 6158: 6156: 6151: 6144: 6142: 6137: 6135: 6130: 6123: 6121: 6119: 6117: 6115: 6113: 6111: 6106: 6104: 6099: 6097: 6092: 6085: 6083: 6081: 5999: 5973: 5971: 5969: 5967: 5965: 5963: 5961: 5943: 5941: 5939: 5937: 5935: 5933: 5931: 5887: 5885: 5883: 5877: 5875: 5873: 5860: 5858: 5855:Elizabeth of York, Duchess of Suffolk 5853: 5851: 5849: 5847: 5845: 5843: 5838: 5836: 5834: 5832: 5827: 5825: 5823: 5821: 5819: 5817: 5815: 5813: 5811: 5809: 5807: 5805: 5803: 5801: 5799: 5797: 5795: 5793: 5791: 5786: 5784: 5782: 5780: 5778: 5776: 5771: 5764: 5670: 5582: 5580: 5578: 5576: 5574: 5572: 5570: 5568: 5566: 5564: 5562: 5560: 5558: 5549: 5547: 5545: 5543: 5541: 5539: 5537: 5535: 5533: 5531: 5529: 5527: 5525: 5523: 5521: 5519: 5517: 5515: 5513: 5511: 5509: 5507: 5505: 5503: 5501: 5499: 5497: 5495: 5493: 5491: 5489: 5473: 5084:Henry's Italian-made suit of armour, 4465:6 January 1540) annulled 9 July 1540 3236: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3198: 3196: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3154: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3073: 3071: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3018: 2993: 2991: 2966: 2964: 2940: 2938: 2919: 2913: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2839: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2805: 2803: 2783: 2772: 2770: 2755: 2753: 2736: 2734: 2719: 2717: 2706: 2688: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2610: 2589: 2587: 2576: 2574: 2565: 2563: 2536: 2534: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2485: 2479: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2405: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2359: 2357: 2346: 2344: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2312: 2301: 2295: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2221: 2206: 2204: 2193: 2191: 2180: 2178: 2163: 2161: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2109: 2103: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2057: 2055: 2053: 2051: 2049: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2035: 2029: 2008: 2006: 1995: 1993: 1976: 1974: 1963: 1961: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1918: 1902: 1896: 1894: 1892: 1886: 1884: 1882: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1848: 1842: 1840: 1838: 1836: 1834: 1828: 1822: 1816: 1814: 1812: 1806: 1804: 1802: 1796: 1794: 1792: 1790: 1788: 1786: 1775: 1773: 1771: 1769: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1746: 1735: 1709: 1685: 1683: 1681: 1679: 1677: 1675: 1673: 1667: 1665: 1663: 1661: 1659: 1653: 1651: 1649: 1647: 1645: 1639: 1624: 1622: 1620: 1618: 1616: 1614: 1603: 1601: 1599: 1597: 1595: 1589: 1587: 1585: 1583: 1572: 1546: 1520: 1518: 1516: 1514: 1512: 1506: 1504: 1502: 1500: 1498: 1492: 1468: 1466: 1464: 1462: 1460: 1458: 1456: 1454: 1443: 1441: 1439: 1437: 1426: 1420: 1414: 1412: 1410: 1408: 1406: 1404: 1402: 1400: 1398: 1392: 1390: 1388: 1386: 1384: 1378: 1354: 1352: 1350: 1348: 1346: 1344: 1342: 1340: 1323: 1321: 1319: 1317: 1301: 1257: 1215: 1191: 1189: 1187: 1185: 1183: 1181: 1179: 1177: 1175: 1173: 1171: 1169: 1167: 924:Anne Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon 598:, and the Scottish regency under the 547:Henry brought radical changes to the 534:Supreme Head of the Church of England 15620:People with traumatic brain injuries 15580:Military leaders of the Italian Wars 14959: 12825: 12596: 12575: 12498: 12438: 12391: 12213: 12001: 11977: 11536: 11514: 11416: 11393: 11372: 11305: 10245: 10233: 10181: 9847: 9784: 9541: 9463: 8946: 8910: 8886: 8874: 8221: 8109: 8098: 8092: 7741: 7732: 7696: 7602: 7372:. St Catherine's Press. p. 443. 7260: 6452:Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk 6146:Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury 6132:William Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon 5829:George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence 4972:Ecclesiastical Appointments Act 1534 4615:Edward Seymour, 1st Earl of Hertford 4240:11 June 1509; annulled 23 May 1533) 4161:). Henry was interred in a vault at 3403:bore the blame. He was charged with 843:and saw himself as their successor. 422: 370: 340: 196: 89:22 April 1509 – 28 January 1547 12828:International Social Science Review 12801: 12566: 12267: 11878:Six Wives: The Queens of Henry VIII 11741: 11497:Young Henry: The Rise of Henry VIII 11353: 11329: 10430: 9883: 8283:Tudor and Stuart Britain: 1485–1714 8011: 7230: 7213: 5139:. These were known as Henry VIII's 4964:Supplication against the Ordinaries 4854:. He was executed on 28 July 1540. 4797: 4748:Catherine of Aragon watching Henry 3844:Portrait of a woman believed to be 3756:Christina, Dowager Duchess of Milan 3575:These suppressions, as well as the 3362:used to declare the marriage null. 881:Thomas Grey, 2nd Marquess of Dorset 311: 270: 241: 204: 13: 15205: 14905: 13494:History of Christianity in Britain 13001: 12901: 12633:MacCulloch, Diarmaid, ed. (1995). 12217:(2004). "Henry VIII (1491–1547)". 12084: 12005:Henry VIII: The King and His Court 11961:The Royal Palaces of Tudor England 11793:. University of California Press. 11422:The Triumphant Reign of Henry VIII 11287:(1968) . Alexander, Sidney (ed.). 9688:"Henry VIII's final resting place" 8635:. Institute of Historical Research 8571:. Institute of Historical Research 8529:. Institute of Historical Research 5444:the Church of England and also of 5317:The Tudor Revolution in Government 5095:Apart from permanent garrisons at 4852:Proclamation by the Crown Act 1539 4632:The descendants of Henry's sister 4432:30 May 1536) died 24 October 1537 4163:St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle 4137:, which is caused by insufficient 4075:St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle 1035:and handed it over to Maximilian; 538:dissolved convents and monasteries 162:St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle 14: 15646: 15435:16th-century English male writers 15261: 13155:National Portrait Gallery, London 12994: 8629:"Henry VIII: December 1538 16–20" 7002:Cultural depictions of Henry VIII 5350: 5288: 5234:Thomas Butler, 7th Earl of Ormond 4787:In practice, Tudor monarchs used 4448:died unmarried, age 15; no issue 4199:describes Henry VIII as follows: 4081:, Surveyor to the Dean and Canons 16:King of England from 1509 to 1547 15635:English people with disabilities 15570:Lords Warden of the Cinque Ports 15465:Children of Henry VII of England 13882: 13475: 13143: 13064: 13052: 13042:Problems playing this file? See 13020: 12921:; Williams, C. H., eds. (1996), 12513:10.1111/j.1468-2281.2006.00351.x 11854:Spalding, Thomas Alfred (1894). 11737:. Longmans, Green & Company. 11522:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. 11420:(1904) . Charles Whibley (ed.). 11179:. University of Illinois Press. 10865: 10681: 10301: 10263: 10199: 10022: 9712: 9679: 9651: 9608: 9582: 9562: 9547: 9493:Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 9484: 9431: 9110: 9012: 8737: 8565:"Henry VIII: August 1535, 26–31" 7535:. Boydell & Brewer. p. 7370:The Complete Peerage, Volume III 7135: 7125: 7115: 6981: 6967: 6953: 6939: 6160:John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln 5368: 5359: 5166:Depiction of Henry embarking at 5147:and, at Dover, Moat Bulwark and 5002:A 16th-century depiction of the 4719:King's College Chapel, Cambridge 4678:Henry cultivated the image of a 4582: 4561: 4540: 3884:had an affair with the courtier 3788:, the 25-year-old sister of the 3666: 3657: 3442: 2399:Baroness FitzHugh of Ravensworth 715:. He was subsequently appointed 651: 642: 612:Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 491: 307: 237: 200: 15505:English people of Welsh descent 13957:Monarchs of Scotland until 1603 13434: 13284:Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports 13091:at the official website of the 13082:at the official website of the 12792:Wernham, Richard Bruce (1966), 12688:Slavin, Arthur J., ed. (1968). 12530:The Tudor Chronicles: 1485–1603 12090: 11836:Henry VIII: the Mask of Royalty 11156:The Kings and Queens of England 10967:. London: Cassell and Company. 10035:. Macmillan. pp. 257–260. 9468:. discovery.com. Archived from 8617: 8553: 8511: 8187: 8020: 8005: 7987: 7531:Stewart, James Mottram (2008). 7524: 7475: 7361: 7096: 7087: 7056: 7007:Family tree of English monarchs 6644:Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk 5398:Defence of the Seven Sacraments 5204:The division of Ireland in 1450 4954:Statute in Restraint of Appeals 4729:, the Palace of Whitehall, and 4654: 4594: 4573: 4552: 4393:miscarriage or false pregnancy 4173:Wives, mistresses, and children 4073:(left), vault under the choir, 3712:, London, in Anne's closet, by 3249: 3211: 3189: 3039: 2796: 2556: 2549: 1481: 1367: 1204: 760:Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I 713:Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports 366: 336: 299: 266: 229: 192: 13954:Monarchs of England until 1603 12699:Henry VIII and the Reformation 12360:. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd 12254:"Henry VIII. of England" 11941:. John Donald Publishers Ltd. 11569:. Cambridge University Press. 11291:. Princeton University Press. 10955: 8198:. Cambridge University Press. 7171: 7154: 7068:Anne Boleyn: Fatal Attractions 7043: 5766:Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond 5062:dissolution of the monasteries 4905: 4008:agreed to the marriage in the 3929:Dissolution of the monasteries 3552:, were executed and many more 809: 733:Warden of the Scottish Marches 633: 1: 15575:Male Shakespearean characters 15470:Composers of the Tudor period 15420:16th-century English monarchs 15415:16th-century English nobility 12968:; Jacobs, Charles M. (eds.). 12644:The Earlier Tudors, 1485–1558 12373:Wilkinson, Josephine (2009). 12357:Life of King Henry the Eighth 12127:. Little, Brown and Company. 12008:. Random House Digital, Inc. 10875:The Earlier Tudors, 1485–1558 9945:Betteridge & Freeman 2012 9464:Sohn, Emily (11 March 2011). 8222:Cole, William Graham (2015). 7148: 6466:Henry Pole, 1st Baron Montagu 5137:demolition of the monasteries 5085: 5030:'s new interpretation of the 4871: 4760: 4668: 4520: 4040:before being repulsed in the 3996:. The Scots were defeated at 3907:, Henry's sixth and last wife 3684: 3604: 3443:Henry VIII § Reformation 3345:Assertio Septem Sacramentorum 3299: 3281: 2995: 2968: 2942: 2817: 2757: 2738: 2721: 2591: 2521: 2386: 2320: 2166: 2146: 2010: 1978: 1754: 1325: 1018: 731:and a month or so later made 52: 15555:Knights of the Golden Fleece 15440:16th-century Roman Catholics 15430:16th-century English writers 15410:15th-century Roman Catholics 13462:Continuing Anglican movement 13151:Portraits of King Henry VIII 13127:Works by or about Henry VIII 13112:Choral Public Domain Library 12896:, Cambridge University Press 12884:——, ed. (2010), 12651:Moorhouse, Geoffrey (2003). 12241:UK public library membership 11398:The Mistresses of Henry VIII 11379:. Rutgers University Press. 11241:A Treasure of Royal Scandals 10308:Woodward, Llewellyn (1965). 10196:, pp. 215–216, 355–356. 9686:Dean and Canons of Windsor. 5265:man to lead this effort was 4798:historiography of the period 4267:died aged almost two months 4028:. The other, under Suffolk, 3537:in 1535, although historian 3383:, to appeal directly to the 2382: 2129: 1304: 1106: 756:label of three points ermine 723:at age three and was made a 667:Born on 28 June 1491 at the 592:Holy Roman Emperor Charles V 7: 15560:Lords Lieutenant of Ireland 15515:English real tennis players 15500:English classical composers 15425:16th-century Irish monarchs 15405:15th-century English people 14564:British monarchs after the 13861:Anglicanism of the Americas 13142:(public domain audiobooks) 12940:; Edelen, Georges (1995) . 12797:. History of foreign policy 12334:Henry VIII: Man and Monarch 12068:. Macmillan Publishing Co. 11984:The Six Wives of Henry VIII 11476:(3rd ed.). Macmillan. 11358:. Oxford University Press. 11115:Journal of Church and State 11076:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. 8194:Phillips, Roderick (1991). 8016:. Vol. 2. p. 741. 7368:Gibbs, Vicary, ed. (1912). 6932: 6445:Mary Tudor, Queen of France 5075: 4857: 4085:Late in life, Henry became 3752:King Ferdinand I of Hungary 3514:Act in Restraint of Appeals 764:Knight of the Golden Fleece 752:Queen Isabella I of Castile 748:King Ferdinand II of Aragon 21:Henry VIII (disambiguation) 10: 15651: 15615:People with mood disorders 15540:Husbands of Catherine Parr 13566:Dissolution of Monasteries 12946:. Dover Publications Inc. 12856:Journal of British Studies 12697:Smith, H. Maynard (1948). 12578:Scottish Historical Review 12569:The Children of Henry VIII 12396:The Children of Henry VIII 12140:Erickson, Carolly (1984). 12101:British Kings & Queens 12060:Williams, Neville (1971). 11663:. Querkus Publishing Plc. 11237:Farquhar, Michael (2001). 9505:10.1016/j.jocn.2015.10.035 8349:Losch, Richard R. (2002). 8030:(1993). "Anne of Cleves". 5448:". In 1541, Henry had the 5195: 4909: 4737:church. Richard Sampson's 4731:Trinity College, Cambridge 4684:Field of the Cloth of Gold 4524: 4176: 4129:The theory that Henry had 4053:Physical decline and death 3969: 3926: 3896:Marriage to Catherine Parr 3762:Marriage to Anne of Cleves 3440: 3294:Portrait of Henry VIII by 1110: 1084:Field of the Cloth of Gold 967:Field of the Cloth of Gold 721:Lord Lieutenant of Ireland 18: 15367: 15269: 15216: 15203: 14967: 14916: 14903: 14705: 14652: 14575: 14559: 14555: 14492: 14475: 14471: 13948: 13944: 13879: 13871:Reformed Episcopal Church 13823: 13723: 13656: 13484: 13473: 13442: 13388: 13379: 13371: 13356: 13347: 13334: 13327: 13317: 13308: 13300: 13290: 13281: 13273: 13268: 13257: 13244: 13234: 13225: 13219:Crown of Ireland Act 1542 13207: 13199: 13194: 13167: 13108:Free scores by Henry VIII 13098:Free scores by Henry VIII 12964:(1918) . "1521–1530". In 12914:, (36 volumes, 1862–1908) 12571:, Oxford University Press 12468:10.1017/S0018246X98007778 12249:Pollard, Albert Frederick 12037:10.1080/17460260500073082 11963:. Yale University Press. 11759:10.1017/S0018246X00024687 11617:. The National Archives. 11034:. Yale University Press. 11001:10.1007/s12020-011-9581-z 10982:Ashrafian, Hutan (2011). 10208:, pp. 79–80, citing 9629:10.1017/S0018246X10000452 9556:Young and Damned and Fair 8286:. Routledge. p. 46. 7072:. Yale University Press. 6871: 6869: 6753: 6751: 6749: 6743: 6741: 6739: 6729: 6725: 6723: 6721: 6715: 6713: 6711: 6695: 6693: 6640: 6581: 6579: 6577: 6569: 6567: 6551: 6549: 6541: 6537: 6535: 6533: 6529: 6521: 6519: 6485: 6448: 6434: 6418: 6413: 6406: 6395: 6393: 6391: 6385: 6383: 6381: 6373: 6371: 6369: 6367: 6365: 6363: 6361: 6357: 6355: 6353: 6351: 6349: 6347: 6345: 6339: 6337: 6335: 6333: 6331: 6329: 6327: 6321: 6319: 6317: 6315: 6313: 6311: 6309: 6299: 6295: 6293: 6291: 6289: 6287: 6285: 6269: 6265: 6263: 6261: 6259: 6257: 6255: 6249: 6245: 6243: 6241: 6239: 6237: 6235: 6233: 6231: 6229: 6227: 6225: 6223: 6221: 6219: 6217: 6215: 6213: 6211: 6209: 6203: 6201: 6199: 6149: 6128: 6090: 6075: 6073: 6071: 6065: 6063: 6061: 6053: 6051: 6049: 6041: 6039: 6037: 6035: 6033: 6031: 6029: 6027: 6021: 6019: 6017: 6011: 6009: 6007: 5997: 5993: 5991: 5989: 5983: 5981: 5979: 5959: 5955: 5949: 5929: 5925: 5923: 5921: 5919: 5917: 5915: 5913: 5911: 5909: 5907: 5901: 5899: 5897: 5895: 5893: 5881: 5879: 5769: 5758: 5756: 5754: 5748: 5746: 5744: 5742: 5740: 5738: 5736: 5730: 5728: 5726: 5724: 5722: 5716: 5714: 5712: 5710: 5708: 5706: 5704: 5702: 5700: 5698: 5696: 5694: 5692: 5690: 5688: 5686: 5684: 5682: 5680: 5678: 5668: 5664: 5662: 5660: 5658: 5656: 5654: 5652: 5650: 5648: 5646: 5644: 5642: 5640: 5638: 5636: 5634: 5632: 5630: 5628: 5626: 5620: 5618: 5616: 5614: 5612: 5610: 5608: 5606: 5604: 5602: 5600: 5598: 5596: 5594: 5592: 5590: 5588: 5454:Crown of Ireland Act 1542 4700:Pastime with Good Company 4665:Pastime with Good Company 4513: 4496: 4491: 4474: 4469: 4452: 4419: 4411: 4400: 4389: 4353: 4324: 4316: 4289:died shortly after birth 4285: 4278:died shortly after birth 4274: 4247: 4227: 4143:Kell-positive blood type 3848:, Henry's fifth wife, by 3748:King John III of Portugal 3152: 3150: 3126: 3124: 3116: 3114: 2911: 2909: 2901: 2899: 2887: 2885: 2873: 2871: 2863: 2861: 2853: 2851: 2843: 2841: 2809: 2807: 2781: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2686: 2684: 2676: 2674: 2666: 2664: 2656: 2654: 2646: 2644: 2636: 2632: 2626: 2614: 2612: 2477: 2475: 2467: 2465: 2457: 2455: 2447: 2445: 2437: 2435: 2423: 2421: 2409: 2407: 2373: 2371: 2363: 2361: 2293: 2291: 2283: 2281: 2273: 2271: 2263: 2261: 2253: 2251: 2239: 2237: 2225: 2223: 2101: 2099: 2091: 2089: 2081: 2079: 2071: 2069: 2061: 2059: 2047: 2045: 2033: 2031: 1912: 1910: 1908: 1900: 1898: 1890: 1888: 1880: 1878: 1870: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1846: 1844: 1832: 1830: 1820: 1818: 1810: 1808: 1800: 1798: 1729: 1727: 1725: 1719: 1717: 1715: 1707: 1703: 1701: 1699: 1697: 1695: 1693: 1691: 1687: 1671: 1669: 1657: 1655: 1643: 1641: 1593: 1591: 1566: 1564: 1562: 1560: 1558: 1556: 1554: 1544: 1540: 1538: 1536: 1530: 1528: 1526: 1510: 1508: 1496: 1494: 1418: 1416: 1396: 1394: 1382: 1380: 1295: 1293: 1291: 1289: 1287: 1285: 1283: 1281: 1279: 1273: 1271: 1269: 1267: 1265: 1255: 1251: 1249: 1247: 1241: 1239: 1237: 1235: 1233: 1231: 1229: 1227: 1225: 1223: 1221: 891:siding against the King. 870:. They were charged with 709:Constable of Dover Castle 620:Crown of Ireland Act 1542 487: 464: 454: 444: 432: 381: 169: 154: 145:28 January 1547 (aged 55) 141: 128: 124: 114: 104: 94: 84: 62: 35: 30: 15371:Dukes of York and Albany 13504:Anglo-Saxon Christianity 13304:The Marquess of Berkeley 13034:attributed to Henry VIII 12980:Nicolas, Nicholas Harris 12875:O'Day, Rosemary (2015), 12847:Marshall, Peter (2009). 12764:Wagner, John A. (2003). 12730:—— (1886). " 12191:Graves, Michael (2003). 12184:Cambridge Modern History 12064:Henry VIII and his Court 11473:The London Encyclopaedia 11424:. T.C. & E.C. Jack. 11063:10.1215/10829636-35-1-91 10872:Mackie, John D. (1952). 10613:, pp. 183, 281–283. 9554:Russell, Gareth (2016). 7191:Royal Historical Society 7053:are dated from 22 April. 7037: 7022:List of English monarchs 5458:King Henry II of England 4968:Submission of the Clergy 4706:" but probably did not. 4382:never married; no issue 4187:Mistresses of Henry VIII 4157:'s tomb in the crypt of 3982:Hans Holbein the Younger 3950:lost their seats in the 3850:Hans Holbein the Younger 3810:Hans Holbein the Younger 3778:Hans Holbein the Younger 3728:, which legally annexed 3601:Hans Holbein the Younger 3591:Execution of Anne Boleyn 3424:Archbishop of Canterbury 3267:Annulment from Catherine 989:created the anti-French 957:France and the Habsburgs 746:, the youngest child of 596:King James V of Scotland 588:King Francis I of France 520:. His disagreement with 49:Hans Holbein the Younger 14983:Edward the Black Prince 13889:Christianity portal 13831:Converts to Anglicanism 13526:Augustine of Canterbury 12768:. Bloomsbury Academic. 12679:—— (2009). 12670:—— (2007). 12614:Lindsey, Karen (1995). 12445:Bernard, G. W. (1986). 12287:Ridley, Jasper (1985). 12260:Encyclopædia Britannica 12178:Gardner, James (1903). 12002:—— (2002). 11937:Thomas, Andrea (2005). 11895:—— (2008). 11880:. Chatto & Windus. 11731:Pollard, A. F. (1905). 11657:Montefiore, Simon Sebag 11354:—— (2000). 11285:Guicciardini, Francesco 11266:The Wives of Henry VIII 11096:New Worlds, Lost Worlds 10963:Arnold, Thomas (2001). 8280:Lockyer, Roger (2014). 8032:The Wives of Henry VIII 7999:The Wives of Henry VIII 7064:Bernard, G. W. (2010). 7017:Inventory of Henry VIII 6403:Arthur, Prince of Wales 5434:Quarterly, Azure three 4257:Henry, Duke of Cornwall 3437:Marriage to Anne Boleyn 3358:20:21, a justification 3280:, Henry's first queen, 2023:Countess of Westmorland 717:Earl Marshal of England 685:Arthur, Prince of Wales 549:Constitution of England 399:Henry, Duke of Cornwall 15445:16th-century Anglicans 15210: 14910: 13866:Free Church of England 13093:Royal Collection Trust 13014:Grene growith the holy 13006: 12919:Douglas, David Charles 12642:Mackie, J. D. (1952). 12548:Elton, G. R. (1962) . 12415:Wooding, Lucy (2015). 12352:Tytler, Patrick Fraser 12233:10.1093/ref:odnb/12955 11916:Stöber, Karen (2007). 11898:Henry: Virtuous Prince 11747:The Historical Journal 10965:The Renaissance at War 10273:. 1997. Archived from 10029:Wilson, Derek (2003). 9617:The Historical Journal 9024:British History Online 8813:Wilson, Derek (2012). 8523:"Henry VIII: Appendix" 8045:Cruz & Suzuki 2009 5305: 5271:Lord Deputy of Ireland 5205: 5171: 5092: 5007: 4921: 4878: 4870:of Henry VIII, minted 4828: 4784: 4753: 4675: 4636: – the 4206: 4191:English historian and 4183:Children of Henry VIII 4126: 4082: 4014:Parliament of Scotland 4004:. The Scottish regent 3984: 3908: 3853: 3826: 3804:, Louise of Guise and 3781: 3726:Laws in Wales Act 1535 3610: 3502:Act of Succession 1533 3485:Reformation Parliament 3456: 3305: 3287: 1072:Cardinal Thomas Wolsey 1024: 970: 922:, either Elizabeth or 908:Westminster Tournament 823: 584:Reformation Parliament 150:, Westminster, England 44:Portrait of Henry VIII 15600:People from Greenwich 15550:Knights of the Garter 15530:Founders of religions 15298:Richard of Shrewsbury 15223:Principality of Wales 15209: 15013:Edward of Westminster 14909: 13856:Anglican prayer beads 13738:Book of Common Prayer 13695:Lambeth Quadrilateral 13546:Medieval architecture 13467:Personal ordinariates 13253:Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair 13005: 12783:Walker, Greg (2005). 12528:Doran, Susan (2009). 12392:Weir, Alison (1996). 12268:Rex, Richard (1993). 12097:Ashley, Mike (2002). 11708:Murphy, Neil (2016). 11678:Morris, T.A. (1999). 11559:Lehmberg, Stanford E. 11402:. The History Press. 11339:. Arnold Publishers. 11154:Crofton, Ian (2006). 11073:Henry VIII in History 8744:Licence, Amy (2017). 6108:Richard, Duke of York 5551:Richard, Duke of York 5402:Defender of the Faith 5315:Elton's 1977 book on 5300: 5203: 5165: 5083: 5020:Book of Common Prayer 5001: 4952:. These included the 4919: 4865: 4823: 4779: 4747: 4723:Christ Church, Oxford 4662: 4201: 4124: 4060: 3998:Battle of Solway Moss 3979: 3903: 3843: 3822: 3769: 3734:Second Succession Act 3598: 3450: 3336:King's "great matter" 3293: 3276: 2751:Countess of Wiltshire 1008: 964: 951:Second Succession Act 837:Constantine the Great 817: 794:as Catherine and her 705:Observant Franciscans 703:, at a church of the 553:divine right of kings 14973:Edward of Caernarfon 14534:William III & II 14099:Henry the Young King 14049:Edward the Confessor 14017:Æthelred the Unready 13689:Thirty-nine Articles 13581:Apostolic succession 13457:Anglican realignment 12400:. Ballantine Books. 11831:Smith, Lacey Baldwin 11723:10.1093/pastj/gtw018 11460:Hibbert, Christopher 11394:Hart, Kelly (2009). 11373:Hays, J. N. (2010). 11289:The History of Italy 11127:10.1093/jcs/39.3.543 10310:A History Of England 9663:. 1894. p. 160. 9334:, pp. 331, 373. 8117:. Reviews in History 7780:, pp. 255, 271. 6797:Mary, Queen of Scots 6438:James IV of Scotland 5281:free from the Papal 5057:Valor Ecclesiasticus 4896:tonnage and poundage 4727:Hampton Court Palace 4642:James VI of Scotland 4527:Third Succession Act 4507:Hampton Court Palace 4042:Battle of the Solent 3954:. Consequently, the 3940:Canterbury Cathedral 3917:Third Succession Act 3888:. She also employed 3718:Bishop of Winchester 2159:Baroness de Clifford 1744:Countess of Flanders 1581:Countess of Flanders 1338:Countess of Hereford 1074:had resulted in the 1041:James IV of Scotland 449:Henry VII of England 343:; died 273:; died 137:, Greenwich, England 19:For other uses, see 15585:Musicians from Kent 15545:Knights of the Bath 15286:Richard Plantagenet 15033:Edward of Middleham 14993:Richard of Bordeaux 14482:Union of the Crowns 13556:English Reformation 13499:Celtic Christianity 13321:The Duke of Norfolk 13136:Works by Henry VIII 13118:Works by Henry VIII 12988:, London: Pickering 12501:Historical Research 12199:. Pearson Longman. 11839:. Academy Chicago. 11444:. Clarendon Press. 10901:, pp. 23, 332. 10862:, pp. 194–195. 10850:, pp. 191–192. 10826:, pp. 207–208. 10814:, pp. 187–189. 10787:, pp. 206–207. 10775:, pp. 186–187. 10763:, pp. 185–186. 10751:, pp. 181–185. 10739:, pp. 183–184. 10727:, pp. 181–182. 10691:(1968) pp. 500–501. 10565:, pp. 269–272. 10553:, pp. 254–256. 10517:, pp. 236–237. 10505:, pp. 235–236. 10493:, pp. 234–235. 10481:, pp. 233–234. 10457:, pp. 232–233. 10433:, pp. 863–894. 10325:, pp. 230–238. 10260:, pp. 312–314. 10172:, pp. 289–292. 10160:, pp. 284–286. 10148:, pp. 215–216. 10136:, pp. 216–217. 10124:, pp. 214–215. 10058:, pp. 168–170. 9850:, pp. 543–560. 9824:Hibbert et al. 2010 9799:, pp. 543–560. 9758:, pp. 332–333. 9445:. UK. 18 April 2009 9286:, pp. 432–433. 9274:, pp. 431–432. 9262:, pp. 430–431. 9214:, pp. 378–379. 9172:, pp. 372–373. 9107:, pp. 373–375. 9095:, pp. 373–374. 9083:, pp. 369–370. 9071:, pp. 368–369. 9009:, pp. 355–256. 8961:, pp. 350–351. 8923:Hibbert et al. 2010 8853:, pp. 252–253. 8803:, pp. 250–251. 8754:Amberley Publishing 8722:, pp. 261–262. 8686:, pp. 262–263. 8448:, pp. 128–131. 8412:, pp. 462–464. 8388:, pp. 175–176. 7756:, pp. 98, 104. 7617:, pp. 304–306. 6989:Christianity portal 6622:James V of Scotland 6410:Catherine of Aragon 5424:. As king, Henry's 5422:Beaufort portcullis 5345:Lacey Baldwin Smith 5255:Thomas, Lord Offaly 5230:8th Earl of Kildare 5070:Pilgrimage of Grace 5012:Act of Six Articles 4935:English Reformation 4912:English Reformation 4767:by the grace of God 4674:, composed by Henry 4463:Palace of Placentia 4430:Palace of Whitehall 4238:Palace of Placentia 4232:Catherine of Aragon 4210: 4179:Wives of Henry VIII 4159:St Paul's Cathedral 4010:Treaty of Greenwich 3830:Francis of Lorraine 3706:Palace of Whitehall 3581:Pilgrimage of Grace 3410:his own shoulders, 3278:Catherine of Aragon 3059:Catherine of Aragon 2604:Lady Parr of Kendal 2136:Margaret de Mowbray 1767:Countess of Arundel 1578:Margaret of Brabant 1452:Earl of Northampton 1160:Edward I of England 1147:wives of Henry VIII 1145:Family tree of the 1113:Wives of Henry VIII 1103:on 30 August 1525. 1029:Battle of the Spurs 1000:Most Christian King 983:Louis XII of France 737:Order of the Garter 669:Palace of Placentia 540:, for which he was 526:English Reformation 514:Catherine of Aragon 181:Catherine of Aragon 148:Palace of Whitehall 135:Palace of Placentia 15565:Lords of Glamorgan 15211: 14911: 14566:Acts of Union 1707 14529:James II & VII 14222:Kenneth I MacAlpin 14007:Edgar the Peaceful 13612:King James Version 13452:Anglican Communion 13393:Title next held by 13361:Title next held by 13339:Title last held by 13329:Peerage of England 13269:Political offices 13249:Title last held by 13007: 12567:Guy, John (2013), 12456:Historical Journal 11857:The House of Lords 11809:Scarisbrick, J. J. 11783:Scarisbrick, J. J. 11641:. Presidio Press. 11585:Lipscomb, Suzannah 11492:Hutchinson, Robert 11438:Haigh, Christopher 11336:The Tudor monarchy 11216:Elton, Geoffrey R. 11143:Churchill, Winston 10937:, pp. passim. 10687:J.J. Scarisbrick, 10385:, p. missing. 10337:, p. missing. 10298:, pp. 110–112 10212:, pp. 222–224 9811:, pp. 91–109. 9387:, pp. 306–307 9202:, pp. 376–377 9187:, pp. 289–291 9116:Weir 1991, pp. 406 8674:, pp. 192–194 8270:, pp. 109–111 8169:, pp. 103–107 8113:(September 2010). 7744:, pp. 122–123 6174:Richard de la Pole 5474:Genealogical table 5279:Kingdom of Ireland 5206: 5172: 5093: 5032:fourth commandment 5024:political theology 5008: 5006:of King Henry VIII 4922: 4879: 4829: 4785: 4754: 4676: 4663:Musical score of " 4309:in 1554; no issue 4307:Philip II of Spain 4275:17 September 1513 4208: 4127: 4083: 3985: 3980:Henry in 1540, by 3909: 3854: 3782: 3611: 3550:Carthusian Martyrs 3457: 3306: 3288: 2601:Elizabeth FitzHugh 1958:Elizabeth Mortimer 1944:Duchess of Norfolk 1941:Elizabeth Fitzalan 1784:Countess of Ulster 1764:Elizabeth Fitzalan 1315:Duchess of Brabant 1101:Treaty of the More 1064:Holy Roman Emperor 1025: 971: 824: 788:papal dispensation 725:Knight of the Bath 606:. He expanded the 561:bills of attainder 15495:English Anglicans 15480:Dukes of Cornwall 15377: 15376: 15280:Edward of Norwich 15274:Edmund of Langley 15229: 15228: 15003:Henry of Monmouth 14927: 14926: 14699:Dukes of Cornwall 14665: 14664: 14648: 14647: 14551: 14550: 14467: 14466: 14462: 14461: 14012:Edward the Martyr 13895: 13894: 13801:Books of Homilies 13643:Anglo-Catholicism 13576:Church of Ireland 13571:Church of England 13403: 13402: 13318:Succeeded by 13291:Succeeded by 13235:Succeeded by 13122:Project Gutenberg 13069:Works related to 13059:Author:Henry VIII 13057:Works related to 13025: 12953:978-0-4862-8275-6 12938:Harrison, William 12662:978-1-8421-2666-0 12559:978-0-5210-9235-7 12539:978-1-4351-0939-1 12439:Scholarly studies 12430:978-1-1388-3141-4 12407:978-0-3453-9118-6 12384:978-0-3000-7158-0 12343:978-0-7123-5025-9 12324:978-0-0994-4510-4 12302:978-0-6708-0699-7 12279:978-1-3492-2586-6 12239:(Subscription or 12206:978-0-5823-8110-0 12105:. Running Press. 12075:978-0-0262-9100-2 11970:978-0-3000-5420-0 11948:978-0-8597-6611-1 11929:978-1-8438-3284-3 11922:. Boydell Press. 11908:978-0-0072-8783-3 11901:. HarperCollins. 11887:978-0-7011-7298-5 11846:978-0-8973-3056-5 11800:978-0-5200-1130-4 11693:978-0-2039-8167-2 11670:978-1-4351-0937-7 11648:978-0-3853-4076-2 11624:978-1-9056-1542-1 11576:978-0-5210-7655-5 11529:978-1-4051-3463-7 11507:978-1-2500-1261-6 11483:978-1-4050-4925-2 11451:978-0-1982-2162-3 11409:978-0-7524-4835-0 11386:978-0-8135-4613-1 11365:978-0-1916-0651-9 11346:978-0-3406-5219-0 11298:978-0-6910-0800-4 11276:978-0-6797-3001-9 11269:. Vintage Books. 11245:. Penguin Books. 11222:. Edward Arnold. 11186:978-0-2520-7616-9 11165:978-1-8472-4141-2 11158:. Quercus Books. 11105:978-0-1401-4826-8 11083:978-1-4094-6113-5 11041:978-0-3001-0908-5 10885:978-0-1982-1706-0 10703:, pp. 84–85. 10678:, pp. 83–84. 10666:, pp. 82–83. 10625:, pp. 87–88. 10601:, pp. 32–33. 10224:, pp. 11–29. 10042:978-0-3123-0277-1 9995:, pp. 60–63. 9983:, pp. 48–49. 9862:, pp. 41–59. 9578:. 30 August 1989. 9575:Los Angeles Times 9428:, pp. 76–77. 9416:, pp. 13–51. 9370:, pp. 75–76. 9346:, pp. 28–29. 9059:, pp. 74–75. 9047:, pp. 72–73. 8826:978-1-8490-1825-8 8763:978-1-4456-5670-0 8508:, pp. 69–71. 8460:, pp. 68–71. 8360:978-0-8028-0521-8 8293:978-1-3178-6882-8 8249:, pp. 91–92. 8233:978-1-3173-5977-7 8205:978-0-5214-2370-0 8138:, pp. 88–89. 7984:, pp. 70–71. 7945:, pp. 67–68. 7933:, pp. 66–67. 7921:, pp. 65–66. 7892:Guicciardini 1968 7882:, pp. 35–36. 7870:, pp. 62–63. 7858:, pp. 33–34. 7834:, pp. 30–32. 7822:, pp. 28–231 7807:, pp. 27–28. 7629:, pp. 31–32. 7546:978-1-8438-4182-1 7457:, pp. 22–23. 7346:, pp. 14–15. 7263:, pp. 28–36. 7200:978-0-521-77095-8 7079:978-0-3001-6245-5 6930: 6929: 6926: 6925: 6125:Catherine of York 6094:Elizabeth of York 5773:Margaret Beaufort 5410:Act of Parliament 5325:J. J. Scarisbrick 4989:Peter's Pence Act 4984:Oath of Supremacy 4980:Treasons Act 1534 4950:Church of England 4943:the Tudor Dynasty 4815:Wolsey's downfall 4771:royal prerogative 4518: 4517: 4376:7 September 1533 4372:Queen Elizabeth I 4364:Westminster Abbey 4317:10 November 1518 4314:Unnamed daughter 4302:17 November 1558 4299:18 February 1516 4264:22 February 1511 4245:Unnamed daughter 4097:and possibly had 4079:Alfred Young Nutt 3702:ladies-in-waiting 3570:Solicitor General 3562:Treasons Act 1534 3510:Acts of Supremacy 3393:Lorenzo Campeggio 3264: 3263: 3260: 3259: 2778:Elizabeth of York 2767:Margery Wentworth 2571:Margaret Beaufort 2215:Earl of Salisbury 2118:Duchess of Cleves 1633:Duke of Lancaster 1609:Lionel of Antwerp 1045:Battle of Flodden 1011:Emperor Charles V 979:League of Cambrai 885:Edmund de la Pole 852:Westminster Abbey 762:, who made him a 681:Elizabeth of York 555:in opposition to 530:Church of England 528:, separating the 499: 498: 478:Church of England 472:Roman Catholicism 459:Elizabeth of York 15642: 15625:Princes of Wales 15455:British founders 15318:(1633/1644–1685) 15256: 15249: 15242: 15233: 15232: 15198: 15188: 15178: 15168: 15158: 15148: 15138: 15128: 15118: 15108: 15098: 15088: 15078: 15068: 15058: 15048: 15038: 15028: 15018: 15008: 14998: 14988: 14978: 14961:Princes of Wales 14954: 14947: 14940: 14931: 14930: 14908: 14753:(1460; disputed) 14692: 14685: 14678: 14669: 14668: 14557: 14556: 14517:Richard Cromwell 14507:The Protectorate 14497:James I & VI 14473: 14472: 14054:Harold Godwinson 13974:Edward the Elder 13967:Alfred the Great 13951: 13950: 13946: 13945: 13922: 13915: 13908: 13899: 13898: 13887: 13886: 13633:Nonjuring schism 13628:Caroline Divines 13479: 13429: 13422: 13415: 13406: 13405: 13382:Duke of Cornwall 13372:Preceded by 13301:Preceded by 13274:Preceded by 13200:Preceded by 13190: 13183: 13165: 13164: 13161: 13147: 13146: 13131:Internet Archive 13084:British monarchy 13068: 13056: 13027: 13026: 13004: 12989: 12975: 12966:Smith, Preserved 12957: 12933: 12913: 12897: 12888: 12880: 12871: 12853: 12843: 12822: 12813: 12796: 12788: 12779: 12760: 12747: 12726: 12702: 12693: 12684: 12675: 12666: 12647: 12638: 12629: 12610: 12593: 12572: 12563: 12543: 12524: 12495: 12450: 12434: 12419:(2nd ed.). 12411: 12399: 12388: 12369: 12367: 12365: 12347: 12328: 12317:. Random House. 12306: 12294: 12283: 12264: 12256: 12244: 12236: 12210: 12198: 12187: 12174: 12153: 12144:. Summit Books. 12136: 12116: 12104: 12079: 12067: 12056: 12025:Sport in History 12019: 11998: 11974: 11952: 11933: 11912: 11891: 11869: 11867: 11865: 11850: 11826: 11804: 11792: 11778: 11738: 11727: 11725: 11714:Past and Present 11704: 11702: 11700: 11685: 11682:Tudor Government 11674: 11652: 11628: 11616: 11602: 11592: 11590:"Who was Henry?" 11580: 11568: 11554: 11533: 11511: 11487: 11455: 11433: 11413: 11401: 11390: 11369: 11350: 11326: 11302: 11280: 11256: 11244: 11233: 11211: 11190: 11169: 11150: 11138: 11109: 11087: 11066: 11045: 11021: 11003: 10978: 10950: 10947:Scarisbrick 1968 10944: 10938: 10932: 10926: 10920: 10914: 10911:Scarisbrick 1968 10908: 10902: 10896: 10890: 10889: 10869: 10863: 10857: 10851: 10845: 10839: 10833: 10827: 10821: 10815: 10809: 10803: 10797: 10788: 10782: 10776: 10770: 10764: 10758: 10752: 10746: 10740: 10734: 10728: 10722: 10716: 10710: 10704: 10698: 10692: 10685: 10679: 10673: 10667: 10661: 10655: 10649: 10638: 10632: 10626: 10620: 10614: 10608: 10602: 10596: 10590: 10584: 10578: 10572: 10566: 10560: 10554: 10548: 10542: 10536: 10530: 10524: 10518: 10512: 10506: 10500: 10494: 10488: 10482: 10476: 10470: 10464: 10458: 10452: 10446: 10440: 10434: 10428: 10422: 10416: 10410: 10404: 10398: 10392: 10386: 10380: 10374: 10373:, pp. 70–71 10368: 10362: 10356: 10350: 10344: 10338: 10332: 10326: 10320: 10314: 10313: 10305: 10299: 10293: 10287: 10286: 10284: 10282: 10267: 10261: 10255: 10249: 10243: 10237: 10231: 10225: 10219: 10213: 10203: 10197: 10191: 10185: 10179: 10173: 10167: 10161: 10155: 10149: 10143: 10137: 10131: 10125: 10119: 10113: 10107: 10101: 10095: 10086: 10080: 10074: 10068: 10059: 10053: 10047: 10046: 10026: 10020: 10014: 10008: 10002: 9996: 9990: 9984: 9978: 9972: 9966: 9960: 9954: 9948: 9942: 9919: 9918:, pp. 19–21 9913: 9902: 9896: 9887: 9881: 9875: 9869: 9863: 9857: 9851: 9845: 9839: 9833: 9827: 9821: 9812: 9806: 9800: 9794: 9788: 9782: 9776: 9775:, pp. 15–16 9773:Scarisbrick 1997 9770: 9759: 9753: 9747: 9741: 9735: 9729: 9723: 9716: 9710: 9709: 9707: 9705: 9699: 9692: 9683: 9677: 9671: 9665: 9664: 9655: 9649: 9648: 9612: 9606: 9605: 9603: 9601: 9586: 9580: 9579: 9566: 9560: 9559: 9551: 9545: 9539: 9533: 9532: 9488: 9482: 9481: 9479: 9477: 9461: 9455: 9454: 9452: 9450: 9435: 9429: 9423: 9417: 9411: 9405: 9404:, pp. 79–80 9399: 9388: 9382: 9371: 9365: 9359: 9353: 9347: 9341: 9335: 9329: 9323: 9320:Scarisbrick 1997 9317: 9311: 9305: 9299: 9296:Scarisbrick 1997 9293: 9287: 9284:Scarisbrick 1997 9281: 9275: 9272:Scarisbrick 1997 9269: 9263: 9260:Scarisbrick 1997 9257: 9251: 9248:Scarisbrick 1997 9245: 9239: 9233: 9227: 9221: 9215: 9212:Scarisbrick 1997 9209: 9203: 9200:Scarisbrick 1997 9197: 9188: 9182: 9173: 9170:Scarisbrick 1997 9167: 9161: 9158:Scarisbrick 1997 9155: 9144: 9138: 9129: 9126:Scarisbrick 1997 9123: 9117: 9114: 9108: 9105:Scarisbrick 1997 9102: 9096: 9093:Scarisbrick 1997 9090: 9084: 9081:Scarisbrick 1997 9078: 9072: 9069:Scarisbrick 1997 9066: 9060: 9054: 9048: 9042: 9036: 9035: 9033: 9031: 9016: 9010: 9007:Scarisbrick 1997 9004: 8998: 8992: 8986: 8983:Scarisbrick 1997 8980: 8974: 8971:Scarisbrick 1997 8968: 8962: 8959:Scarisbrick 1997 8956: 8950: 8944: 8938: 8935:Scarisbrick 1997 8932: 8926: 8920: 8914: 8908: 8902: 8896: 8890: 8884: 8878: 8872: 8866: 8860: 8854: 8848: 8842: 8841: 8835: 8833: 8810: 8804: 8798: 8792: 8786: 8780: 8777:Scarisbrick 1997 8774: 8768: 8767: 8741: 8735: 8729: 8723: 8717: 8711: 8705: 8699: 8693: 8687: 8681: 8675: 8669: 8660: 8654: 8645: 8644: 8642: 8640: 8621: 8615: 8612:Scarisbrick 1997 8609: 8600: 8594: 8581: 8580: 8578: 8576: 8557: 8551: 8545: 8539: 8538: 8536: 8534: 8515: 8509: 8503: 8497: 8491: 8485: 8479: 8473: 8467: 8461: 8455: 8449: 8443: 8437: 8431: 8425: 8419: 8413: 8407: 8401: 8395: 8389: 8383: 8377: 8371: 8365: 8364: 8346: 8337: 8331: 8325: 8324:, pp. 92ff. 8319: 8313: 8312: 8307:act of attainder 8302: 8300: 8277: 8271: 8265: 8250: 8244: 8238: 8237: 8219: 8210: 8209: 8191: 8185: 8184:, pp. 75–76 8179: 8170: 8164: 8151: 8145: 8139: 8133: 8127: 8126: 8124: 8122: 8107: 8096: 8090: 8084: 8081:Scarisbrick 1997 8078: 8072: 8066: 8060: 8054: 8048: 8042: 8036: 8035: 8034:. Vintage Books. 8024: 8018: 8017: 8009: 8003: 8002: 8001:. Vintage Books. 7991: 7985: 7979: 7973: 7967: 7961: 7960:, pp. 68–69 7955: 7946: 7940: 7934: 7928: 7922: 7916: 7910: 7904: 7895: 7889: 7883: 7880:Scarisbrick 1997 7877: 7871: 7865: 7859: 7856:Scarisbrick 1997 7853: 7847: 7841: 7835: 7829: 7823: 7820:Scarisbrick 1997 7817: 7808: 7802: 7796: 7790: 7781: 7775: 7769: 7763: 7757: 7751: 7745: 7739: 7730: 7729:, pp. 47–48 7724: 7715: 7709: 7700: 7694: 7688: 7682: 7676: 7675:, pp. 48–49 7670: 7657: 7654:Scarisbrick 1997 7651: 7645: 7639: 7630: 7627:Scarisbrick 1997 7624: 7618: 7612: 7606: 7600: 7594: 7591:Scarisbrick 1997 7588: 7582: 7581:, pp. 18–19 7579:Scarisbrick 1997 7576: 7567: 7566: 7528: 7522: 7519:Scarisbrick 1997 7516: 7510: 7504: 7493: 7492:, pp. 11–12 7490:Scarisbrick 1968 7479: 7473: 7467: 7458: 7452: 7446: 7443:Scarisbrick 1997 7440: 7429: 7423: 7414: 7411:Scarisbrick 1997 7408: 7402: 7399:Scarisbrick 1997 7396: 7390: 7384: 7375: 7373: 7365: 7359: 7356:Scarisbrick 1997 7353: 7347: 7344:Scarisbrick 1997 7341: 7335: 7329: 7323: 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3253: 3252: 1553–1558 3251: 3245:Queen of England 3239: 3216: 3215: 3214: 1547–1553 3213: 3201: 3194: 3193: 3192: 1558–1603 3191: 3185:Queen of England 3179: 3089: 3076: 3068: 3055: 3044: 3043: 3042: 1509–1547 3041: 3027: 3015: 3002: 3000: 2997: 2988: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2961: 2952:Catherine Howard 2948: 2947: 2946: 1524–1542 2944: 2935: 2922: 2824: 2822: 2819: 2801: 2800: 2799: 1485–1509 2798: 2786: 2775: 2764: 2762: 2759: 2748:Elizabeth Boleyn 2745: 2743: 2740: 2728: 2726: 2723: 2709: 2598: 2596: 2595: 1455/1465 2593: 2585:Queen of Castile 2579: 2568: 2561: 2560: 2559: 1470–1483 2558: 2553: 2552: 1461–1470 2551: 2539: 2528: 2526: 2523: 2505: 2488: 2393: 2392: 2391: 2388: 2384: 2349: 2327: 2325: 2322: 2304: 2209: 2196: 2189:Duke of Somerset 2183: 2175:Anne de Mortimer 2172: 2171: 2168: 2153: 2151: 2148: 2134: 2133: 2131: 2112: 2017: 2015: 2012: 2004:Queen of Castile 1998: 1991:Earl of Somerset 1985: 1983: 1980: 1966: 1955: 1938: 1927:Duke of Burgundy 1921: 1778: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1738: 1627: 1612:Duke of Clarence 1606: 1575: 1486: 1485: 1484: 1327–1377 1483: 1471: 1449:William de Bohun 1446: 1429: 1372: 1371: 1370: 1307–1327 1369: 1357: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1309: 1308: 1306: 1209: 1208: 1207: 1272–1307 1206: 1194: 1165: 1164: 1140: 1133: 1126: 1117: 1116: 1076:Treaty of London 1023: 1020: 928:Elizabeth Blount 857:Westminster Hall 829:marriage portion 771:Duke of Cornwall 701:Bishop of Exeter 655: 646: 522:Pope Clement VII 495: 424: 392: 374: 372: 368: 348: 346: 342: 338: 325:Catherine Howard 315: 313: 309: 305: 301: 278: 276: 272: 268: 245: 243: 239: 235: 231: 208: 206: 202: 198: 194: 158:16 February 1547 90: 57: 56: 1537–1562 54: 40: 28: 27: 15650: 15649: 15645: 15644: 15643: 15641: 15640: 15639: 15380: 15379: 15378: 15373: 15369:italics denote 15363: 15323:Ernest Augustus 15265: 15260: 15230: 15225: 15212: 15201: 15191: 15181: 15171: 15161: 15151: 15141: 15131: 15121: 15111: 15101: 15091: 15081: 15073:Henry Frederick 15071: 15061: 15051: 15041: 15031: 15021: 15011: 15001: 14991: 14981: 14971: 14963: 14958: 14928: 14923: 14920:Cornwall Portal 14912: 14906: 14901: 14806:Henry Frederick 14701: 14696: 14666: 14661: 14644: 14571: 14547: 14512:Oliver Cromwell 14488: 14463: 14458: 14305:Constantine III 14214: 14039:Harold Harefoot 14029:Edmund Ironside 13940: 13935: and 13926: 13896: 13891: 13881: 13875: 13819: 13790:Liturgical year 13719: 13652: 13638:Oxford Movement 13480: 13471: 13438: 13433: 13394: 13385: 13377: 13362: 13353: 13350:Prince of Wales 13340: 13323: 13314: 13306: 13296: 13287: 13279: 13263: 13260:King of Ireland 13250: 13240: 13231: 13228:King of England 13213: 13210:Lord of Ireland 13205: 13189:28 January 1547 13184: 13178: 13177: 13170: 13144: 13073:Book of Martyrs 13049: 13048: 13040: 13038: 13037: 13036: 13035: 13032:Christmas carol 13028: 13021: 13018: 13008: 13002: 12997: 12992: 12954: 12907: 12904: 12902:Primary sources 12851: 12834:(3–4): 94–109. 12804: 12776: 12707:Stubbs, William 12663: 12626: 12599:History Compass 12560: 12547: 12540: 12441: 12431: 12408: 12385: 12372: 12363: 12361: 12344: 12325: 12303: 12280: 12238: 12207: 12113: 12096: 12093: 12087: 12085:Further reading 12082: 12076: 12016: 11995: 11987:. Grove Press. 11971: 11949: 11930: 11909: 11888: 11863: 11861: 11847: 11823: 11801: 11698: 11696: 11694: 11671: 11649: 11625: 11577: 11530: 11508: 11484: 11466:; Keay, Julia; 11452: 11410: 11387: 11366: 11347: 11299: 11277: 11261:Fraser, Antonia 11253: 11230: 11187: 11166: 11106: 11084: 11042: 10975: 10958: 10953: 10949:, pp. 529. 10945: 10941: 10933: 10929: 10925:, pp. 3–4. 10921: 10917: 10909: 10905: 10897: 10893: 10886: 10870: 10866: 10858: 10854: 10846: 10842: 10834: 10830: 10822: 10818: 10810: 10806: 10798: 10791: 10783: 10779: 10771: 10767: 10759: 10755: 10747: 10743: 10735: 10731: 10723: 10719: 10711: 10707: 10699: 10695: 10686: 10682: 10674: 10670: 10662: 10658: 10650: 10641: 10633: 10629: 10621: 10617: 10609: 10605: 10597: 10593: 10585: 10581: 10573: 10569: 10561: 10557: 10549: 10545: 10537: 10533: 10525: 10521: 10513: 10509: 10501: 10497: 10489: 10485: 10477: 10473: 10465: 10461: 10453: 10449: 10445:, p. 3177. 10441: 10437: 10429: 10425: 10417: 10413: 10405: 10401: 10393: 10389: 10381: 10377: 10369: 10365: 10357: 10353: 10345: 10341: 10333: 10329: 10321: 10317: 10306: 10302: 10294: 10290: 10280: 10278: 10277:on 15 June 2013 10269: 10268: 10264: 10256: 10252: 10244: 10240: 10232: 10228: 10220: 10216: 10204: 10200: 10192: 10188: 10180: 10176: 10168: 10164: 10156: 10152: 10144: 10140: 10132: 10128: 10120: 10116: 10108: 10104: 10096: 10089: 10081: 10077: 10069: 10062: 10054: 10050: 10043: 10027: 10023: 10015: 10011: 10003: 9999: 9991: 9987: 9979: 9975: 9967: 9963: 9955: 9951: 9947:, pp. 1–19 9943: 9922: 9914: 9905: 9897: 9890: 9882: 9878: 9870: 9866: 9858: 9854: 9846: 9842: 9836:Hutchinson 2012 9834: 9830: 9822: 9815: 9809:Betteridge 2005 9807: 9803: 9795: 9791: 9783: 9779: 9771: 9762: 9754: 9750: 9742: 9738: 9730: 9726: 9717: 9713: 9703: 9701: 9697: 9690: 9684: 9680: 9672: 9668: 9657: 9656: 9652: 9613: 9609: 9599: 9597: 9588: 9587: 9583: 9568: 9567: 9563: 9552: 9548: 9540: 9536: 9489: 9485: 9475: 9473: 9472:on 30 June 2011 9462: 9458: 9448: 9446: 9443:The Independent 9437: 9436: 9432: 9424: 9420: 9412: 9408: 9400: 9391: 9383: 9374: 9366: 9362: 9354: 9350: 9342: 9338: 9330: 9326: 9318: 9314: 9306: 9302: 9294: 9290: 9282: 9278: 9270: 9266: 9258: 9254: 9246: 9242: 9234: 9230: 9222: 9218: 9210: 9206: 9198: 9191: 9183: 9176: 9168: 9164: 9156: 9147: 9139: 9132: 9124: 9120: 9115: 9111: 9103: 9099: 9091: 9087: 9079: 9075: 9067: 9063: 9055: 9051: 9043: 9039: 9029: 9027: 9018: 9017: 9013: 9005: 9001: 8993: 8989: 8981: 8977: 8969: 8965: 8957: 8953: 8945: 8941: 8933: 8929: 8921: 8917: 8909: 8905: 8897: 8893: 8885: 8881: 8873: 8869: 8861: 8857: 8849: 8845: 8831: 8829: 8827: 8811: 8807: 8799: 8795: 8787: 8783: 8775: 8771: 8764: 8742: 8738: 8730: 8726: 8718: 8714: 8706: 8702: 8694: 8690: 8682: 8678: 8670: 8663: 8655: 8648: 8638: 8636: 8625:Gairdner, James 8622: 8618: 8610: 8603: 8595: 8584: 8574: 8572: 8561:Gairdner, James 8558: 8554: 8546: 8542: 8532: 8530: 8519:Gairdner, James 8516: 8512: 8504: 8500: 8492: 8488: 8480: 8476: 8468: 8464: 8456: 8452: 8444: 8440: 8432: 8428: 8420: 8416: 8408: 8404: 8396: 8392: 8384: 8380: 8372: 8368: 8361: 8347: 8340: 8332: 8328: 8320: 8316: 8298: 8296: 8294: 8278: 8274: 8266: 8253: 8245: 8241: 8234: 8220: 8213: 8206: 8192: 8188: 8180: 8173: 8165: 8154: 8146: 8142: 8134: 8130: 8120: 8118: 8108: 8099: 8091: 8087: 8079: 8075: 8067: 8063: 8055: 8051: 8043: 8039: 8028:Fraser, Antonia 8025: 8021: 8010: 8006: 7995:Fraser, Antonia 7992: 7988: 7980: 7976: 7968: 7964: 7956: 7949: 7941: 7937: 7929: 7925: 7917: 7913: 7905: 7898: 7890: 7886: 7878: 7874: 7866: 7862: 7854: 7850: 7842: 7838: 7830: 7826: 7818: 7811: 7803: 7799: 7791: 7784: 7776: 7772: 7764: 7760: 7752: 7748: 7740: 7733: 7725: 7718: 7710: 7703: 7695: 7691: 7683: 7679: 7671: 7660: 7652: 7648: 7640: 7633: 7625: 7621: 7613: 7609: 7601: 7597: 7589: 7585: 7577: 7570: 7547: 7529: 7525: 7517: 7513: 7505: 7496: 7480: 7476: 7468: 7461: 7453: 7449: 7441: 7432: 7424: 7417: 7409: 7405: 7401:, pp. 4–5. 7397: 7393: 7385: 7378: 7366: 7362: 7354: 7350: 7342: 7338: 7330: 7326: 7318: 7309: 7301: 7294: 7286: 7279: 7273:Montefiore 2008 7271: 7267: 7259: 7255: 7245: 7243: 7229: 7220: 7212: 7208: 7201: 7185:, eds. (2000). 7176: 7172: 7160: 7159: 7155: 7151: 7146: 7140: 7136: 7130: 7126: 7120: 7116: 7101: 7097: 7092: 7088: 7080: 7061: 7057: 7048: 7044: 7040: 6987: 6980: 6973: 6968: 6966: 6961:Monarchy portal 6959: 6952: 6945: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6637:Frances Brandon 5476: 5394:Lord of Ireland 5386:King of England 5382: 5381: 5380: 5379: 5375: 5374: 5373: 5365: 5364: 5353: 5291: 5267:Antony St Leger 5247:Earl of Desmond 5198: 5149:Archcliffe Fort 5088: 5078: 5036:William Tyndale 4927:papal supremacy 4914: 4908: 4874: 4860: 4827:in 1532 or 1533 4825:Thomas Cromwell 4763: 4688:Richard Sampson 4680:Renaissance man 4671: 4657: 4651:his successor. 4603: 4602: 4601: 4600: 4599: 4593: 4592: 4587: 4579: 4578: 4572: 4571: 4566: 4558: 4557: 4551: 4550: 4545: 4536: 4535: 4529: 4523: 4485:Oatlands Palace 4404:miscarried son 4261:1 January 1511 4189: 4175: 4147:McLeod syndrome 4055: 3974: 3968: 3956:Lords Spiritual 3931: 3925: 3898: 3890:Francis Dereham 3886:Thomas Culpeper 3838: 3764: 3698: 3697: 3696: 3695: 3687: 3673: 3672: 3671: 3663: 3662: 3651: 3623:Duke of Suffolk 3607: 3593: 3526:false pregnancy 3518:excommunicating 3498:Duke of Norfolk 3490:Thomas Cromwell 3445: 3439: 3401:Cardinal Wolsey 3324:Catherine Carey 3316:lady-in-waiting 3308: 3307: 3302: 3284: 3269: 3248: 3247: 3246: 3244: 3240: 3237: 3210: 3209: 3208: 3207:King of England 3206: 3202: 3199: 3188: 3187: 3186: 3184: 3180: 3177: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3077: 3074: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3056: 3053: 3038: 3037: 3036: 3035:King of England 3034: 3028: 3025: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3003: 2998: 2994: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2976: 2971: 2967: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2923: 2920: 2825: 2820: 2816: 2795: 2794: 2793: 2792:King of England 2791: 2787: 2784: 2776: 2773: 2765: 2760: 2756: 2750: 2746: 2741: 2737: 2729: 2724: 2720: 2714: 2710: 2707: 2603: 2599: 2594: 2590: 2584: 2580: 2577: 2569: 2566: 2555: 2554: 2548: 2547: 2546: 2545:King of England 2544: 2540: 2537: 2531:Henry Wentworth 2529: 2524: 2520: 2511:Duke of Norfolk 2510: 2506: 2503: 2493: 2489: 2486: 2398: 2394: 2389: 2381: 2380: 2354: 2350: 2347: 2333:Duke of Norfolk 2332: 2328: 2323: 2319: 2309: 2305: 2302: 2214: 2212:Richard Neville 2210: 2207: 2202:King of Castile 2201: 2197: 2194: 2188: 2184: 2181: 2173: 2169: 2164: 2158: 2154: 2149: 2145: 2135: 2128: 2127: 2117: 2113: 2110: 2022: 2018: 2013: 2009: 2003: 1999: 1996: 1990: 1986: 1981: 1977: 1971: 1967: 1964: 1956: 1953: 1943: 1939: 1936: 1926: 1922: 1919: 1783: 1779: 1776: 1766: 1762: 1757: 1753: 1743: 1739: 1736: 1632: 1628: 1625: 1611: 1607: 1604: 1580: 1576: 1573: 1480: 1479: 1478: 1477:King of England 1476: 1472: 1469: 1451: 1447: 1444: 1435:Duke of Brabant 1434: 1430: 1427: 1366: 1365: 1364: 1363:King of England 1362: 1358: 1355: 1337: 1333: 1328: 1324: 1314: 1310: 1303: 1302: 1203: 1202: 1201: 1200:King of England 1199: 1195: 1192: 1144: 1115: 1109: 1021: 959: 848:Tower of London 820:Meynnart Wewyck 812: 779:Earl of Chester 775:Prince of Wales 665: 664: 663: 662: 658: 657: 656: 648: 647: 636: 616:King of Ireland 573:Thomas Cromwell 557:papal supremacy 506:King of England 483: 428: 386: 385: 377: 376: 364: 360: 350: 334: 330: 327: 317: 297: 293: 290: 280: 264: 260: 257: 247: 227: 223: 220: 210: 190: 186: 183: 165: 159: 146: 133: 88: 80: 72:King of Ireland 66: 64:King of England 58: 55: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 15648: 15638: 15637: 15632: 15627: 15622: 15617: 15612: 15607: 15602: 15597: 15592: 15587: 15582: 15577: 15572: 15567: 15562: 15557: 15552: 15547: 15542: 15537: 15535:House of Tudor 15532: 15527: 15522: 15517: 15512: 15507: 15502: 15497: 15492: 15487: 15482: 15477: 15472: 15467: 15462: 15457: 15452: 15447: 15442: 15437: 15432: 15427: 15422: 15417: 15412: 15407: 15402: 15397: 15392: 15375: 15374: 15368: 15365: 15364: 15362: 15361: 15360:(1986–present) 15355: 15349: 15343: 15335: 15327: 15319: 15313: 15307: 15301: 15295: 15292:Edward of York 15289: 15283: 15277: 15270: 15267: 15266: 15259: 15258: 15251: 15244: 15236: 15227: 15226: 15217: 15214: 15213: 15204: 15202: 15200: 15199: 15196:(2022–present) 15189: 15179: 15169: 15159: 15149: 15139: 15129: 15119: 15109: 15099: 15089: 15079: 15069: 15059: 15049: 15039: 15029: 15019: 15009: 14999: 14989: 14979: 14968: 14965: 14964: 14957: 14956: 14949: 14942: 14934: 14925: 14924: 14917: 14914: 14913: 14904: 14902: 14900: 14899: 14897:(2022–present) 14891: 14883: 14875: 14867: 14859: 14851: 14843: 14835: 14827: 14819: 14811: 14803: 14795: 14787: 14779: 14771: 14763: 14755: 14747: 14739: 14731: 14723: 14715: 14706: 14703: 14702: 14695: 14694: 14687: 14680: 14672: 14663: 14662: 14660: 14659: 14653: 14650: 14649: 14646: 14645: 14643: 14642: 14637: 14632: 14627: 14622: 14617: 14612: 14607: 14602: 14597: 14592: 14587: 14582: 14576: 14573: 14572: 14570: 14569: 14553: 14552: 14549: 14548: 14546: 14545: 14540: 14531: 14526: 14521: 14520: 14519: 14514: 14504: 14499: 14493: 14490: 14489: 14487: 14486: 14469: 14468: 14465: 14464: 14460: 14459: 14457: 14456: 14451: 14446: 14441: 14436: 14431: 14426: 14421: 14416: 14411: 14408:Edward Balliol 14404: 14399: 14394: 14389: 14382: 14377: 14372: 14367: 14362: 14357: 14352: 14347: 14342: 14337: 14332: 14327: 14322: 14317: 14312: 14307: 14302: 14297: 14290: 14285: 14280: 14275: 14270: 14268:Constantine II 14265: 14260: 14253: 14246: 14239: 14232: 14225: 14217: 14215: 14213: 14212: 14207: 14196: 14189: 14184: 14179: 14174: 14169: 14164: 14159: 14154: 14149: 14144: 14139: 14134: 14129: 14124: 14119: 14112: 14107: 14102: 14095: 14090: 14083: 14078: 14073: 14068: 14063: 14060:Edgar Ætheling 14056: 14051: 14046: 14041: 14036: 14031: 14026: 14019: 14014: 14009: 14004: 13999: 13994: 13989: 13984: 13977: 13970: 13962: 13959: 13958: 13955: 13949: 13942: 13941: 13925: 13924: 13917: 13910: 13902: 13893: 13892: 13880: 13877: 13876: 13874: 13873: 13868: 13863: 13858: 13853: 13848: 13843: 13838: 13833: 13827: 13825: 13824:Related topics 13821: 13820: 13818: 13817: 13804: 13797: 13795:Biblical canon 13792: 13787: 13785:Evening Prayer 13778: 13773: 13772: 13771: 13766: 13761: 13756: 13751: 13746: 13733: 13731: 13721: 13720: 13718: 13717: 13712: 13707: 13702: 13697: 13692: 13685: 13684: 13683: 13678: 13673: 13662: 13660: 13654: 13653: 13651: 13650: 13645: 13640: 13635: 13630: 13625: 13620: 13615: 13608: 13603: 13598: 13593: 13588: 13583: 13578: 13573: 13568: 13563: 13558: 13553: 13548: 13543: 13538: 13533: 13528: 13523: 13518: 13513: 13508: 13507: 13506: 13501: 13490: 13488: 13482: 13481: 13474: 13472: 13470: 13469: 13464: 13459: 13454: 13448: 13446: 13440: 13439: 13432: 13431: 13424: 13417: 13409: 13401: 13400: 13392: 13387: 13378: 13373: 13369: 13368: 13360: 13355: 13346: 13338: 13332: 13331: 13325: 13324: 13319: 13316: 13307: 13302: 13298: 13297: 13294:Edward Poyning 13292: 13289: 13280: 13275: 13271: 13270: 13266: 13265: 13256: 13248: 13242: 13241: 13236: 13233: 13223: 13222: 13215: 13206: 13201: 13197: 13196: 13195:Regnal titles 13192: 13191: 13174:House of Tudor 13171: 13168: 13163: 13162: 13148: 13133: 13124: 13115: 13105: 13095: 13086: 13077: 13062: 13039: 13029: 13019: 13011: 13010: 13009: 13000: 12999: 12998: 12996: 12995:External links 12993: 12991: 12990: 12982:, ed. (1827), 12976: 12962:Luther, Martin 12958: 12952: 12934: 12915: 12903: 12900: 12899: 12898: 12889: 12881: 12879:(2nd ed.) 12872: 12868:10.1086/600128 12862:(3): 564–585. 12844: 12823: 12814: 12803: 12802:Historiography 12800: 12799: 12798: 12789: 12780: 12774: 12761: 12748: 12727: 12703: 12694: 12685: 12676: 12667: 12661: 12648: 12639: 12630: 12624: 12611: 12594: 12573: 12564: 12558: 12545: 12538: 12525: 12507:(207): 47–72. 12496: 12462:(2): 321–349. 12451: 12440: 12437: 12436: 12435: 12429: 12412: 12406: 12389: 12383: 12370: 12348: 12342: 12329: 12323: 12311:Starkey, David 12307: 12301: 12284: 12278: 12265: 12245: 12211: 12205: 12188: 12186:. Vol. 2. 12175: 12165:(Oct): 16–22. 12154: 12137: 12117: 12111: 12092: 12089: 12088: 12086: 12083: 12081: 12080: 12074: 12057: 12020: 12014: 11999: 11993: 11975: 11969: 11957:Thurley, Simon 11953: 11947: 11934: 11928: 11913: 11907: 11892: 11886: 11874:Starkey, David 11870: 11851: 11845: 11827: 11821: 11805: 11799: 11779: 11753:(4): 863–894. 11739: 11728: 11716:(233): 13–51. 11705: 11692: 11675: 11669: 11653: 11647: 11629: 11623: 11603: 11581: 11575: 11555: 11534: 11528: 11512: 11506: 11488: 11482: 11456: 11450: 11434: 11414: 11408: 11391: 11385: 11370: 11364: 11351: 11345: 11327: 11317:(6): 543–560. 11303: 11297: 11281: 11275: 11257: 11251: 11234: 11228: 11212: 11202:(333): 11–29. 11191: 11185: 11170: 11164: 11151: 11139: 11121:(3): 543–560. 11110: 11104: 11092:Brigden, Susan 11088: 11082: 11067: 11046: 11040: 11026:Bernard, G. W. 11022: 10994:(1): 218–219. 10979: 10973: 10959: 10957: 10954: 10952: 10951: 10939: 10927: 10915: 10903: 10891: 10884: 10864: 10852: 10840: 10838:, p. 191. 10828: 10816: 10804: 10789: 10777: 10765: 10753: 10741: 10729: 10717: 10715:, p. 180. 10705: 10693: 10680: 10668: 10656: 10639: 10637:, p. 391. 10627: 10615: 10603: 10591: 10579: 10567: 10555: 10543: 10541:, p. 238. 10531: 10529:, p. 190. 10519: 10507: 10495: 10483: 10471: 10469:, p. 233. 10459: 10447: 10435: 10423: 10421:, p. 297. 10411: 10409:, p. 291. 10399: 10397:, p. 195. 10387: 10375: 10363: 10361:, p. 185. 10351: 10339: 10327: 10315: 10300: 10288: 10262: 10250: 10248:, p. 393. 10238: 10226: 10214: 10198: 10186: 10174: 10162: 10150: 10138: 10126: 10114: 10112:, p. 214. 10102: 10087: 10085:, p. 174. 10075: 10060: 10048: 10041: 10021: 10009: 10007:, p. 212. 9997: 9985: 9973: 9971:, p. 407. 9961: 9959:, p. 323. 9949: 9920: 9903: 9888: 9876: 9864: 9852: 9840: 9838:, p. 202. 9828: 9813: 9801: 9789: 9787:, p. 131. 9777: 9760: 9748: 9746:, p. 553. 9736: 9734:, p. 160. 9724: 9711: 9678: 9676:, p. 207. 9666: 9650: 9607: 9581: 9561: 9558:. p. 130. 9546: 9534: 9483: 9456: 9430: 9418: 9406: 9389: 9372: 9360: 9348: 9336: 9324: 9322:, p. 457. 9312: 9310:, p. 301. 9300: 9298:, p. 456. 9288: 9276: 9264: 9252: 9250:, p. 430. 9240: 9228: 9226:, p. 290. 9216: 9204: 9189: 9174: 9162: 9145: 9130: 9128:, p. 370. 9118: 9109: 9097: 9085: 9073: 9061: 9049: 9037: 9011: 8999: 8997:, p. 275. 8987: 8985:, p. 355. 8975: 8973:, p. 353. 8963: 8951: 8949:, p. 344. 8939: 8937:, p. 350. 8927: 8915: 8913:, p. 330. 8903: 8901:, p. 253. 8891: 8889:, p. 332. 8879: 8877:, p. 306. 8867: 8865:, p. 142. 8855: 8843: 8825: 8805: 8793: 8791:, p. 141. 8781: 8779:, p. 348. 8769: 8762: 8736: 8734:, p. 262. 8724: 8712: 8710:, p. 261. 8700: 8698:, p. 260. 8688: 8676: 8661: 8659:, p. 138. 8646: 8627:, ed. (1893). 8616: 8601: 8582: 8563:, ed. (1886). 8552: 8548:Churchill 1966 8540: 8521:, ed. (1882). 8510: 8498: 8486: 8484:, p. 136. 8474: 8462: 8450: 8438: 8436:, p. 178. 8426: 8424:, p. 124. 8414: 8402: 8400:, p. 123. 8390: 8378: 8376:, p. 123. 8366: 8359: 8338: 8336:, p. 116. 8326: 8314: 8292: 8272: 8251: 8239: 8232: 8211: 8204: 8186: 8171: 8152: 8150:, p. 114. 8140: 8128: 8097: 8095:, p. 160. 8085: 8083:, p. 154. 8073: 8061: 8049: 8047:, p. 132. 8037: 8019: 8004: 7986: 7974: 7962: 7947: 7935: 7923: 7911: 7896: 7894:, p. 280. 7884: 7872: 7860: 7848: 7836: 7824: 7809: 7797: 7782: 7770: 7768:, p. 255. 7758: 7746: 7731: 7716: 7701: 7689: 7687:, p. 103. 7677: 7658: 7646: 7631: 7619: 7607: 7595: 7583: 7568: 7545: 7523: 7511: 7494: 7488:, p. 43; 7484:, p. 17; 7474: 7459: 7447: 7430: 7415: 7403: 7391: 7376: 7360: 7348: 7336: 7332:Churchill 1966 7324: 7307: 7292: 7277: 7275:, p. 129. 7265: 7253: 7232:Starkey, David 7218: 7206: 7199: 7183:Jones, Michael 7170: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7144: 7134: 7124: 7114: 7095: 7086: 7078: 7055: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7035: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6993: 6992: 6978: 6975:England portal 6964: 6950: 6934: 6931: 6928: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6921: 6919: 6917:James VI and I 6914: 6912: 6910: 6908: 6906: 6904: 6902: 6900: 6898: 6896: 6894: 6892: 6890: 6888: 6886: 6884: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6874: 6872: 6870: 6868: 6866: 6864: 6862: 6860: 6858: 6856: 6854: 6852: 6850: 6848: 6846: 6844: 6842: 6840: 6838: 6836: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6826: 6824: 6819: 6817: 6815:Catherine Grey 6812: 6810: 6805: 6803: 6801: 6799: 6794: 6792: 6790: 6788: 6786: 6784: 6782: 6780: 6778: 6776: 6774: 6772: 6770: 6768: 6766: 6764: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6756: 6754: 6752: 6750: 6748: 6746: 6744: 6742: 6740: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6732: 6730: 6728: 6726: 6724: 6722: 6720: 6718: 6716: 6714: 6712: 6710: 6708: 6706: 6704: 6702: 6700: 6698: 6696: 6694: 6692: 6690: 6688: 6686: 6684: 6682: 6680: 6678: 6676: 6674: 6672: 6670: 6668: 6666: 6664: 6662: 6660: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6646: 6641: 6639: 6634: 6632: 6630: 6628: 6626: 6624: 6619: 6617: 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5520: 5518: 5516: 5514: 5512: 5510: 5508: 5506: 5504: 5502: 5500: 5498: 5496: 5494: 5492: 5490: 5483: 5482: 5475: 5472: 5462:Pope Adrian IV 5377: 5376: 5367: 5366: 5358: 5357: 5356: 5355: 5354: 5352: 5351:Style and arms 5349: 5296:John D. Mackie 5290: 5289:Historiography 5287: 5238:Earl of Surrey 5197: 5194: 5170:, c. 1520 5099:, Calais, and 5077: 5074: 4931:E. L. Woodward 4910:Main article: 4907: 4904: 4859: 4856: 4843:King's Council 4762: 4759: 4715:Nonsuch Palace 4656: 4653: 4634:Margaret Tudor 4619:Lord Protector 4588: 4581: 4580: 4567: 4560: 4559: 4546: 4539: 4538: 4537: 4533: 4532: 4531: 4530: 4522: 4519: 4516: 4515: 4511: 4510: 4501:Catherine Parr 4494: 4493: 4489: 4488: 4472: 4471: 4467: 4466: 4457:Anne of Cleves 4450: 4449: 4446: 4443: 4440: 4438:King Edward VI 4434: 4433: 4417: 4416: 4413: 4410: 4406: 4405: 4402: 4399: 4395: 4394: 4391: 4388: 4384: 4383: 4380: 4379:24 March 1603 4377: 4374: 4368: 4367: 4351: 4350: 4347: 4344: 4341: 4335: 4334: 4322: 4321: 4318: 4315: 4311: 4310: 4303: 4300: 4297: 4291: 4290: 4287: 4286:November 1514 4284: 4280: 4279: 4276: 4273: 4269: 4268: 4265: 4262: 4259: 4253: 4252: 4249: 4246: 4242: 4241: 4225: 4224: 4221: 4218: 4215: 4193:House of Tudor 4174: 4171: 4167:King Charles I 4067:King Charles I 4054: 4051: 4046:Treaty of Camp 3970:Main article: 3967: 3964: 3960:Lords Temporal 3952:House of Lords 3927:Main article: 3924: 3921: 3913:Catherine Parr 3905:Catherine Parr 3897: 3894: 3880:and beheaded. 3869:William Jerome 3837: 3834: 3790:Duke of Cleves 3773:Anne of Cleves 3763: 3760: 3692:Catherine Parr 3675: 3674: 3665: 3664: 3656: 3655: 3654: 3653: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3639:Nicholas Carew 3592: 3589: 3539:Antonia Fraser 3438: 3435: 3427:William Warham 3381:William Knight 3360:Thomas Cranmer 3351:Fidei Defensor 3314:, Catherine's 3296:Joos van Cleve 3271: 3270: 3268: 3265: 3262: 3261: 3258: 3256: 3255: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3197: 3195: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3158: 3156: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3094: 3092: 3091: 3080:Catherine Parr 3072: 3070: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3017: 2992: 2990: 2965: 2963: 2939: 2937: 2926:Anne of Cleves 2917: 2915: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2837: 2836: 2834: 2831: 2830: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2782: 2780: 2771: 2769: 2754: 2752: 2735: 2733: 2718: 2716: 2715:Duke of Cleves 2708:1490–1538/1539 2704: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2608: 2606: 2605: 2588: 2586: 2575: 2573: 2564: 2562: 2535: 2533: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2494:Duke of Cleves 2483: 2481: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2403: 2401: 2400: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2356: 2345: 2343: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2317: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2310:Duke of Cleves 2299: 2297: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2219: 2217: 2216: 2205: 2203: 2192: 2190: 2179: 2177: 2162: 2160: 2143: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2107: 2105: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2054: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2027: 2025: 2024: 2007: 2005: 1994: 1992: 1975: 1973: 1969:Roger Mortimer 1962: 1960: 1951: 1949: 1947: 1945: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1916: 1915: 1913: 1911: 1909: 1907: 1904: 1903: 1901: 1899: 1897: 1895: 1893: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1879: 1877: 1875: 1873: 1871: 1869: 1867: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1839: 1837: 1835: 1833: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1824: 1823: 1821: 1819: 1817: 1815: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1805: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1793: 1791: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1774: 1772: 1770: 1768: 1751: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1733: 1732: 1730: 1728: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1720: 1718: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1710: 1708: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1700: 1698: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1690: 1688: 1686: 1684: 1682: 1680: 1678: 1676: 1674: 1672: 1670: 1668: 1666: 1664: 1662: 1660: 1658: 1656: 1654: 1652: 1650: 1648: 1646: 1644: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1634: 1623: 1621: 1619: 1617: 1615: 1613: 1602: 1600: 1598: 1596: 1594: 1592: 1590: 1588: 1586: 1584: 1582: 1570: 1569: 1567: 1565: 1563: 1561: 1559: 1557: 1555: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1547: 1545: 1543: 1541: 1539: 1537: 1535: 1533: 1531: 1529: 1527: 1525: 1523: 1521: 1519: 1517: 1515: 1513: 1511: 1509: 1507: 1505: 1503: 1501: 1499: 1497: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1487: 1467: 1465: 1463: 1461: 1459: 1457: 1455: 1453: 1442: 1440: 1438: 1436: 1424: 1422: 1421: 1419: 1417: 1415: 1413: 1411: 1409: 1407: 1405: 1403: 1401: 1399: 1397: 1395: 1393: 1391: 1389: 1387: 1385: 1383: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1373: 1353: 1351: 1349: 1347: 1345: 1343: 1341: 1339: 1322: 1320: 1318: 1316: 1299: 1298: 1296: 1294: 1292: 1290: 1288: 1286: 1284: 1282: 1280: 1278: 1276: 1274: 1272: 1270: 1268: 1266: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1258: 1256: 1254: 1252: 1250: 1248: 1246: 1244: 1242: 1240: 1238: 1236: 1234: 1232: 1230: 1228: 1226: 1224: 1222: 1220: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1210: 1190: 1188: 1186: 1184: 1182: 1180: 1178: 1176: 1174: 1172: 1170: 1168: 1150: 1149: 1143: 1142: 1135: 1128: 1120: 1111:Main article: 1108: 1105: 987:Pope Julius II 958: 955: 864:Richard Empson 811: 808: 773:, and the new 687:, and sisters 677:King Henry VII 660: 659: 650: 649: 641: 640: 639: 638: 637: 635: 632: 618:following the 577:Thomas Cranmer 542:excommunicated 497: 496: 489: 485: 484: 482: 481: 475: 468: 466: 462: 461: 456: 452: 451: 446: 442: 441: 436: 430: 429: 427: 426: 416: 411: 406: 401: 395: 393: 379: 378: 362: 358:Catherine Parr 356: 355: 354: 353: 332: 328: 323: 322: 321: 320: 295: 291: 288:Anne of Cleves 286: 285: 284: 283: 262: 258: 253: 252: 251: 250: 225: 221: 216: 215: 214: 213: 188: 184: 179: 178: 177: 176: 173: 171: 167: 166: 160: 156: 152: 151: 143: 139: 138: 130: 126: 125: 122: 121: 116: 112: 111: 106: 102: 101: 98: 92: 91: 86: 82: 81: 74: 60: 59: 41: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15647: 15636: 15633: 15631: 15630:Sons of kings 15628: 15626: 15623: 15621: 15618: 15616: 15613: 15611: 15608: 15606: 15603: 15601: 15598: 15596: 15593: 15591: 15588: 15586: 15583: 15581: 15578: 15576: 15573: 15571: 15568: 15566: 15563: 15561: 15558: 15556: 15553: 15551: 15548: 15546: 15543: 15541: 15538: 15536: 15533: 15531: 15528: 15526: 15523: 15521: 15518: 15516: 15513: 15511: 15508: 15506: 15503: 15501: 15498: 15496: 15493: 15491: 15490:Earls Marshal 15488: 15486: 15485:Dukes of York 15483: 15481: 15478: 15476: 15473: 15471: 15468: 15466: 15463: 15461: 15458: 15456: 15453: 15451: 15448: 15446: 15443: 15441: 15438: 15436: 15433: 15431: 15428: 15426: 15423: 15421: 15418: 15416: 15413: 15411: 15408: 15406: 15403: 15401: 15398: 15396: 15393: 15391: 15388: 15387: 15385: 15372: 15366: 15359: 15356: 15353: 15350: 15347: 15344: 15342: 15340: 15336: 15334: 15332: 15328: 15326: 15324: 15320: 15317: 15314: 15311: 15308: 15305: 15302: 15299: 15296: 15293: 15290: 15287: 15284: 15281: 15278: 15275: 15272: 15271: 15268: 15264: 15263:Dukes of York 15257: 15252: 15250: 15245: 15243: 15238: 15237: 15234: 15224: 15220: 15215: 15208: 15197: 15194: 15190: 15187: 15184: 15180: 15177: 15174: 15170: 15167: 15164: 15160: 15157: 15154: 15153:Albert Edward 15150: 15147: 15144: 15140: 15137: 15134: 15130: 15127: 15124: 15120: 15117: 15114: 15110: 15107: 15104: 15100: 15097: 15094: 15090: 15087: 15084: 15080: 15077: 15074: 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14251: 14247: 14245: 14244: 14240: 14238: 14237: 14236:Constantine I 14233: 14231: 14230: 14226: 14224: 14223: 14219: 14218: 14216: 14211: 14208: 14206: 14205: 14200: 14197: 14195: 14194: 14190: 14188: 14185: 14183: 14180: 14178: 14175: 14173: 14170: 14168: 14165: 14163: 14160: 14158: 14155: 14153: 14150: 14148: 14145: 14143: 14140: 14138: 14135: 14133: 14130: 14128: 14125: 14123: 14120: 14118: 14117: 14113: 14111: 14108: 14106: 14103: 14101: 14100: 14096: 14094: 14091: 14089: 14088: 14084: 14082: 14079: 14077: 14074: 14072: 14069: 14067: 14064: 14062: 14061: 14057: 14055: 14052: 14050: 14047: 14045: 14042: 14040: 14037: 14035: 14032: 14030: 14027: 14025: 14024: 14020: 14018: 14015: 14013: 14010: 14008: 14005: 14003: 14000: 13998: 13995: 13993: 13990: 13988: 13985: 13983: 13982: 13978: 13976: 13975: 13971: 13969: 13968: 13964: 13963: 13961: 13960: 13956: 13953: 13952: 13947: 13943: 13938: 13934: 13930: 13923: 13918: 13916: 13911: 13909: 13904: 13903: 13900: 13890: 13885: 13878: 13872: 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13505: 13502: 13500: 13497: 13496: 13495: 13492: 13491: 13489: 13487: 13483: 13478: 13468: 13465: 13463: 13460: 13458: 13455: 13453: 13450: 13449: 13447: 13445: 13441: 13437: 13430: 13425: 13423: 13418: 13416: 13411: 13410: 13407: 13399: 13398: 13391: 13384: 13383: 13376: 13370: 13367: 13366: 13359: 13352: 13351: 13345: 13344: 13337: 13333: 13330: 13326: 13322: 13313: 13312: 13305: 13299: 13295: 13286: 13285: 13278: 13277:William Scott 13272: 13267: 13262: 13261: 13255: 13254: 13247: 13243: 13239: 13230: 13229: 13224: 13221: 13220: 13216: 13212: 13211: 13204: 13198: 13193: 13188: 13181: 13176: 13175: 13166: 13160: 13156: 13152: 13149: 13141: 13137: 13134: 13132: 13128: 13125: 13123: 13119: 13116: 13113: 13109: 13106: 13103: 13099: 13096: 13094: 13090: 13087: 13085: 13081: 13078: 13076:at Wikisource 13075: 13074: 13067: 13063: 13061:at Wikisource 13060: 13055: 13051: 13050: 13047: 13045: 13033: 13017: 13015: 12987: 12986: 12981: 12977: 12973: 12972: 12967: 12963: 12959: 12955: 12949: 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12349: 12345: 12339: 12335: 12330: 12326: 12320: 12316: 12312: 12308: 12304: 12298: 12293: 12292: 12285: 12281: 12275: 12271: 12266: 12262: 12261: 12255: 12250: 12246: 12242: 12234: 12230: 12226: 12225: 12220: 12216: 12212: 12208: 12202: 12197: 12196: 12189: 12185: 12181: 12176: 12172: 12168: 12164: 12160: 12159:History Today 12155: 12151: 12147: 12143: 12138: 12134: 12130: 12126: 12122: 12118: 12114: 12112:0-7867-1104-3 12108: 12103: 12102: 12095: 12094: 12077: 12071: 12066: 12065: 12058: 12054: 12050: 12046: 12042: 12038: 12034: 12030: 12026: 12021: 12017: 12015:0-3454-3708-X 12011: 12007: 12006: 12000: 11996: 11994:0-8021-3683-4 11990: 11986: 11985: 11980: 11976: 11972: 11966: 11962: 11958: 11954: 11950: 11944: 11940: 11935: 11931: 11925: 11921: 11920: 11914: 11910: 11904: 11900: 11899: 11893: 11889: 11883: 11879: 11875: 11871: 11860:. T. F. Unwin 11859: 11858: 11852: 11848: 11842: 11838: 11837: 11832: 11828: 11824: 11822:0-3000-7158-2 11818: 11814: 11810: 11806: 11802: 11796: 11791: 11790: 11784: 11780: 11776: 11772: 11768: 11764: 11760: 11756: 11752: 11748: 11744: 11740: 11736: 11735: 11729: 11724: 11719: 11715: 11711: 11706: 11695: 11689: 11686:. Routledge. 11684: 11683: 11676: 11672: 11666: 11662: 11658: 11654: 11650: 11644: 11640: 11639: 11634: 11630: 11626: 11620: 11615: 11614: 11608: 11607:Loades, David 11604: 11600: 11596: 11595:History Today 11591: 11586: 11582: 11578: 11572: 11567: 11566: 11560: 11556: 11552: 11548: 11544: 11540: 11539:History Today 11535: 11531: 11525: 11521: 11517: 11513: 11509: 11503: 11500:. Macmillan. 11499: 11498: 11493: 11489: 11485: 11479: 11475: 11474: 11469: 11465: 11461: 11457: 11453: 11447: 11443: 11439: 11435: 11431: 11427: 11423: 11419: 11415: 11411: 11405: 11400: 11399: 11392: 11388: 11382: 11378: 11377: 11371: 11367: 11361: 11357: 11352: 11348: 11342: 11338: 11337: 11332: 11328: 11324: 11320: 11316: 11312: 11311:History Today 11308: 11304: 11300: 11294: 11290: 11286: 11282: 11278: 11272: 11268: 11267: 11262: 11258: 11254: 11252:0-7394-2025-9 11248: 11243: 11242: 11235: 11231: 11229:0-7131-5952-9 11225: 11221: 11217: 11213: 11209: 11205: 11201: 11197: 11192: 11188: 11182: 11178: 11177: 11171: 11167: 11161: 11157: 11152: 11148: 11147:The New World 11144: 11140: 11136: 11132: 11128: 11124: 11120: 11116: 11111: 11107: 11101: 11097: 11093: 11089: 11085: 11079: 11075: 11074: 11068: 11064: 11060: 11057:(1): 91–109. 11056: 11052: 11047: 11043: 11037: 11033: 11032: 11027: 11023: 11019: 11015: 11011: 11007: 11002: 10997: 10993: 10989: 10985: 10980: 10976: 10974:0-3043-5270-5 10970: 10966: 10961: 10960: 10948: 10943: 10936: 10931: 10924: 10919: 10913:, p. 17. 10912: 10907: 10900: 10895: 10887: 10881: 10877: 10876: 10868: 10861: 10856: 10849: 10844: 10837: 10832: 10825: 10820: 10813: 10808: 10802:, p. 187 10801: 10796: 10794: 10786: 10781: 10774: 10769: 10762: 10757: 10750: 10745: 10738: 10733: 10726: 10721: 10714: 10709: 10702: 10697: 10690: 10684: 10677: 10672: 10665: 10660: 10653: 10648: 10646: 10644: 10636: 10631: 10624: 10619: 10612: 10607: 10600: 10595: 10589:, p. 82. 10588: 10583: 10577:, p. 32. 10576: 10571: 10564: 10559: 10552: 10547: 10540: 10535: 10528: 10523: 10516: 10511: 10504: 10499: 10492: 10487: 10480: 10475: 10468: 10463: 10456: 10451: 10444: 10439: 10432: 10427: 10420: 10415: 10408: 10403: 10396: 10391: 10384: 10383:Lehmberg 1970 10379: 10372: 10367: 10360: 10355: 10348: 10343: 10336: 10331: 10324: 10319: 10311: 10304: 10297: 10292: 10276: 10272: 10266: 10259: 10254: 10247: 10242: 10236:, p. 64. 10235: 10230: 10223: 10218: 10211: 10207: 10202: 10195: 10190: 10184:, p. 13. 10183: 10178: 10171: 10166: 10159: 10154: 10147: 10142: 10135: 10130: 10123: 10118: 10111: 10106: 10100:, p. 213 10099: 10094: 10092: 10084: 10079: 10073:, p. 172 10072: 10067: 10065: 10057: 10052: 10044: 10038: 10034: 10033: 10025: 10019:, p. 64. 10018: 10013: 10006: 10001: 9994: 9989: 9982: 9977: 9970: 9965: 9958: 9953: 9946: 9941: 9939: 9937: 9935: 9933: 9931: 9929: 9927: 9925: 9917: 9912: 9910: 9908: 9900: 9895: 9893: 9886:, p. 78. 9885: 9880: 9873: 9872:Lipscomb 2009 9868: 9861: 9860:Williams 2005 9856: 9849: 9844: 9837: 9832: 9826:, p. 928 9825: 9820: 9818: 9810: 9805: 9798: 9793: 9786: 9781: 9774: 9769: 9767: 9765: 9757: 9752: 9745: 9740: 9733: 9728: 9721: 9718:According to 9715: 9700:on 2 May 2013 9696: 9689: 9682: 9675: 9670: 9662: 9661: 9654: 9646: 9642: 9638: 9634: 9630: 9626: 9622: 9618: 9611: 9595: 9591: 9585: 9577: 9576: 9571: 9565: 9557: 9550: 9544:, p. 68. 9543: 9538: 9530: 9526: 9522: 9518: 9514: 9510: 9506: 9502: 9498: 9494: 9487: 9471: 9467: 9460: 9444: 9440: 9434: 9427: 9422: 9415: 9410: 9403: 9398: 9396: 9394: 9386: 9381: 9379: 9377: 9369: 9364: 9358:, p. 75. 9357: 9352: 9345: 9344:Spalding 1894 9340: 9333: 9328: 9321: 9316: 9309: 9304: 9297: 9292: 9285: 9280: 9273: 9268: 9261: 9256: 9249: 9244: 9238:, p. 75. 9237: 9236:Farquhar 2001 9232: 9225: 9220: 9213: 9208: 9201: 9196: 9194: 9186: 9181: 9179: 9171: 9166: 9160:, p. 373 9159: 9154: 9152: 9150: 9143:, p. 289 9142: 9137: 9135: 9127: 9122: 9113: 9106: 9101: 9094: 9089: 9082: 9077: 9070: 9065: 9058: 9053: 9046: 9041: 9025: 9021: 9015: 9008: 9003: 8996: 8991: 8984: 8979: 8972: 8967: 8960: 8955: 8948: 8943: 8936: 8931: 8925:, p. 60. 8924: 8919: 8912: 8907: 8900: 8895: 8888: 8883: 8876: 8871: 8864: 8863:Williams 1971 8859: 8852: 8847: 8840: 8828: 8822: 8818: 8817: 8809: 8802: 8797: 8790: 8789:Williams 1971 8785: 8778: 8773: 8765: 8759: 8755: 8751: 8747: 8740: 8733: 8728: 8721: 8716: 8709: 8704: 8697: 8692: 8685: 8680: 8673: 8668: 8666: 8658: 8657:Williams 1971 8653: 8651: 8634: 8630: 8626: 8620: 8614:, p. 361 8613: 8608: 8606: 8599:, p. 282 8598: 8593: 8591: 8589: 8587: 8570: 8566: 8562: 8556: 8550:, p. 51. 8549: 8544: 8528: 8524: 8520: 8514: 8507: 8502: 8496:, p. 69. 8495: 8490: 8483: 8482:Williams 1971 8478: 8472:, p. 68. 8471: 8466: 8459: 8454: 8447: 8446:Williams 1971 8442: 8435: 8430: 8423: 8422:Williams 1971 8418: 8411: 8406: 8399: 8398:Williams 1971 8394: 8387: 8382: 8375: 8370: 8362: 8356: 8352: 8345: 8343: 8335: 8330: 8323: 8318: 8311: 8308: 8295: 8289: 8285: 8284: 8276: 8269: 8264: 8262: 8260: 8258: 8256: 8248: 8243: 8235: 8229: 8226:. Routledge. 8225: 8218: 8216: 8207: 8201: 8197: 8190: 8183: 8178: 8176: 8168: 8163: 8161: 8159: 8157: 8149: 8144: 8137: 8132: 8116: 8112: 8106: 8104: 8102: 8094: 8089: 8082: 8077: 8070: 8065: 8059:, p. 70. 8058: 8053: 8046: 8041: 8033: 8029: 8023: 8015: 8008: 8000: 7996: 7990: 7983: 7978: 7972:, p. 69. 7971: 7966: 7959: 7954: 7952: 7944: 7939: 7932: 7927: 7920: 7915: 7908: 7903: 7901: 7893: 7888: 7881: 7876: 7869: 7864: 7857: 7852: 7846:, p. 62. 7845: 7840: 7833: 7828: 7821: 7816: 7814: 7806: 7801: 7794: 7789: 7787: 7779: 7774: 7767: 7762: 7755: 7750: 7743: 7738: 7736: 7728: 7723: 7721: 7714:, p. 220 7713: 7708: 7706: 7699:, p. 27. 7698: 7693: 7686: 7681: 7674: 7669: 7667: 7665: 7663: 7656:, p. 18. 7655: 7650: 7643: 7638: 7636: 7628: 7623: 7616: 7611: 7605:, p. 17. 7604: 7599: 7593:, p. 19. 7592: 7587: 7580: 7575: 7573: 7564: 7560: 7556: 7552: 7548: 7542: 7538: 7534: 7527: 7521:, p. 12. 7520: 7515: 7508: 7503: 7501: 7499: 7491: 7487: 7483: 7478: 7471: 7466: 7464: 7456: 7451: 7444: 7439: 7437: 7435: 7427: 7422: 7420: 7412: 7407: 7400: 7395: 7389:, p. 126 7388: 7383: 7381: 7371: 7364: 7357: 7352: 7345: 7340: 7334:, p. 24. 7333: 7328: 7321: 7316: 7314: 7312: 7305:, p. 129 7304: 7299: 7297: 7290:, p. 128 7289: 7284: 7282: 7274: 7269: 7262: 7257: 7241: 7237: 7233: 7227: 7225: 7223: 7216:, p. 41. 7215: 7210: 7202: 7196: 7192: 7188: 7184: 7180: 7179:Cheney, C. R. 7174: 7166: 7165: 7157: 7153: 7138: 7128: 7118: 7110: 7106: 7099: 7090: 7081: 7075: 7070: 7069: 7059: 7052: 7046: 7042: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6994: 6990: 6984: 6979: 6976: 6965: 6962: 6956: 6951: 6948: 6937: 6923: 6918: 6878: 6876: 6830: 6828: 6823: 6816: 6809: 6798: 6758: 6755: 6747: 6745: 6737: 6735: 6734: 6727: 6719: 6717: 6709: 6707: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6648: 6645: 6638: 6623: 6616: 6609: 6602: 6586: 6583: 6575: 6574: 6539: 6531: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6497: 6495: 6493: 6491: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6481: 6480:Geoffrey Pole 6474: 6473:Reginald Pole 6467: 6460: 6453: 6446: 6439: 6432: 6425: 6424: 6411: 6404: 6400: 6397: 6389: 6387: 6379: 6377: 6375: 6359: 6343: 6341: 6325: 6323: 6307: 6305: 6304: 6297: 6283: 6281: 6279: 6277: 6267: 6253: 6251: 6247: 6207: 6205: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6185: 6183: 6181: 6179: 6178: 6175: 6168: 6161: 6154: 6147: 6140: 6133: 6126: 6109: 6102: 6095: 6088: 6080: 6077: 6069: 6067: 6059: 6057: 6055: 6047: 6045: 6043: 6025: 6023: 6015: 6013: 6005: 6003: 6002: 5995: 5987: 5985: 5977: 5975: 5957: 5953: 5951: 5947: 5945: 5927: 5905: 5903: 5891: 5889: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5866: 5863: 5856: 5841: 5830: 5789: 5774: 5767: 5763: 5760: 5752: 5750: 5734: 5732: 5720: 5718: 5676: 5674: 5673: 5666: 5624: 5622: 5586: 5584: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5488: 5485: 5484: 5480: 5479: 5471: 5468: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5441: 5439: 5437: 5436:fleurs-de-lys 5431: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5406:Pope Paul III 5403: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5371: 5362: 5348: 5346: 5340: 5338: 5334: 5333:David Starkey 5330: 5326: 5321: 5318: 5313: 5311: 5310:A. F. Pollard 5304: 5299: 5297: 5286: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5262: 5260: 5256: 5250: 5248: 5244: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5202: 5193: 5191: 5187: 5186: 5181: 5177: 5169: 5164: 5160: 5158: 5157:shire musters 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5124: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5082: 5073: 5071: 5065: 5063: 5059: 5058: 5051: 5048: 5047: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5028:Martin Luther 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5005: 5000: 4996: 4994: 4990: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4960: 4955: 4951: 4946: 4944: 4940: 4939:A. F. Pollard 4936: 4932: 4928: 4918: 4913: 4903: 4899: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4888:hung just 200 4883: 4869: 4864: 4855: 4853: 4849: 4844: 4838: 4835: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4816: 4812: 4806: 4803: 4799: 4794: 4793:Privy Council 4790: 4783: 4782:Thomas Wolsey 4778: 4774: 4772: 4768: 4758: 4751: 4746: 4742: 4740: 4734: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4707: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4666: 4661: 4652: 4650: 4645: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4630: 4628: 4622: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4591: 4585: 4570: 4564: 4549: 4543: 4528: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4503: 4502: 4495: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4481: 4480: 4473: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4459: 4458: 4451: 4447: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4426: 4425: 4418: 4414: 4408: 4407: 4403: 4397: 4396: 4392: 4386: 4385: 4381: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4360: 4359: 4352: 4348: 4346:23 July 1536 4345: 4343:15 June 1519 4342: 4340: 4337: 4336: 4332: 4331: 4330: 4323: 4319: 4313: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4292: 4288: 4282: 4281: 4277: 4271: 4270: 4266: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4254: 4250: 4244: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4234: 4233: 4226: 4222: 4219: 4216: 4213: 4212: 4205: 4200: 4198: 4197:David Starkey 4194: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4170: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4150: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4123: 4119: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4108:chronic wound 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4059: 4050: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4038:Isle of Wight 4035: 4031: 4027: 4021: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3963: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3936:Thomas Becket 3930: 3920: 3918: 3914: 3906: 3902: 3893: 3891: 3887: 3881: 3879: 3874: 3873:Thomas Garret 3870: 3866: 3865:Robert Barnes 3861: 3859: 3851: 3847: 3842: 3833: 3831: 3825: 3821: 3818: 3814: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3779: 3775: 3774: 3768: 3759: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3744: 3742: 3737: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3721: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3693: 3682: 3681:Prince Edward 3678: 3669: 3660: 3646: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3635:George Boleyn 3632: 3626: 3624: 3620: 3619:Privy Council 3615: 3602: 3597: 3588: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3573: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3546: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3535:Madge Shelton 3531: 3527: 3521: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3494:Thomas Audley 3491: 3486: 3481: 3479: 3475: 3474:queen consort 3472: 3467: 3462: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3434: 3431: 3428: 3425: 3421: 3416: 3413: 3408: 3407: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3388: 3386: 3382: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3364:Martin Luther 3361: 3357: 3353: 3352: 3347: 3346: 3339: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3297: 3292: 3279: 3275: 3257: 3243: 3205: 3183: 3159: 3157: 3095: 3093: 3090: 3082: 3081: 3069: 3061: 3060: 3033: 3032: 3016: 3008: 3007: 2989: 2981: 2980: 2962: 2954: 2953: 2936: 2928: 2927: 2918: 2916: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2832: 2829: 2790: 2779: 2768: 2749: 2732: 2731:Edmund Howard 2713: 2705: 2702: 2694: 2692: 2691: 2634: 2630: 2628: 2624: 2622: 2609: 2607: 2602: 2583: 2572: 2543: 2532: 2509: 2508:Thomas Howard 2492: 2484: 2482: 2404: 2402: 2397: 2396:Alice Neville 2353: 2342:Mary Clifford 2331: 2308: 2300: 2298: 2220: 2218: 2213: 2200: 2187: 2186:John Beaufort 2176: 2157: 2116: 2108: 2106: 2028: 2026: 2021: 2020:Joan Beaufort 2002: 1989: 1988:John Beaufort 1972:Earl of March 1970: 1959: 1942: 1925: 1917: 1914: 1906: 1905: 1868: 1860: 1827: 1825: 1782: 1765: 1742: 1734: 1731: 1723: 1721: 1713: 1712: 1705: 1689: 1638: 1636: 1631: 1630:John of Gaunt 1610: 1579: 1571: 1568: 1552: 1550: 1549: 1542: 1534: 1532: 1524: 1522: 1491: 1489: 1475: 1450: 1433: 1425: 1423: 1377: 1375: 1361: 1336: 1313: 1300: 1297: 1277: 1275: 1263: 1261: 1260: 1253: 1245: 1243: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1198: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1157: 1152: 1151: 1148: 1141: 1136: 1134: 1129: 1127: 1122: 1121: 1119: 1118: 1114: 1104: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1060:king of Spain 1057: 1053: 1051: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1016: 1012: 1007: 1003: 1001: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 968: 963: 954: 952: 948: 944: 943:Henry FitzRoy 939: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 915: 913: 909: 906:known as the 905: 901: 897: 892: 890: 886: 882: 878: 877:House of York 873: 869: 868:Edmund Dudley 865: 860: 858: 853: 849: 844: 842: 838: 834: 830: 821: 816: 807: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 783: 780: 776: 772: 767: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 740: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 654: 645: 631: 629: 623: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 604:Mary of Guise 601: 600:Earl of Arran 597: 593: 589: 585: 580: 578: 574: 570: 566: 565:Thomas Wolsey 562: 558: 554: 550: 545: 544:by the pope. 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 510:six marriages 507: 503: 494: 490: 486: 479: 476: 473: 470: 469: 467: 463: 460: 457: 453: 450: 447: 443: 440: 437: 435: 431: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 396: 394: 391: 390: 384: 380: 359: 352: 351: 326: 319: 318: 289: 282: 281: 256: 249: 248: 219: 212: 211: 182: 175: 174: 172: 168: 163: 157: 153: 149: 144: 140: 136: 131: 127: 123: 120: 117: 113: 110: 107: 103: 99: 97: 93: 87: 83: 78: 73: 69: 65: 61: 50: 46: 45: 39: 34: 29: 26: 22: 15337: 15329: 15321: 15303: 15218: 15195: 15185: 15175: 15165: 15155: 15145: 15135: 15125: 15115: 15105: 15095: 15085: 15075: 15065: 15055: 15052: 15045: 15035: 15025: 15015: 15005: 14995: 14985: 14975: 14918: 14896: 14888: 14880: 14872: 14864: 14856: 14848: 14840: 14832: 14824: 14816: 14808: 14800: 14792: 14784: 14781: 14776: 14768: 14760: 14752: 14744: 14736: 14728: 14720: 14712: 14656: 14635:Elizabeth II 14563: 14479: 14406: 14384: 14375:Alexander II 14292: 14255: 14248: 14241: 14234: 14227: 14220: 14202: 14191: 14181: 14114: 14097: 14085: 14058: 14021: 13979: 13972: 13965: 13815:Broad church 13813: / 13809: / 13799: 13783: / 13776:Anglican Use 13736: 13687: 13610: 13550: 13395: 13389: 13380: 13363: 13357: 13348: 13341: 13335: 13311:Earl Marshal 13309: 13282: 13258: 13251: 13245: 13226: 13217: 13208: 13186: 13182:28 June 1491 13179: 13172: 13114:(ChoralWiki) 13072: 13041: 13013: 12984: 12970: 12942: 12922: 12909: 12893: 12885: 12876: 12859: 12855: 12831: 12827: 12818: 12809: 12793: 12784: 12765: 12756: 12752: 12735: 12714: 12698: 12689: 12680: 12671: 12652: 12643: 12634: 12615: 12598: 12581: 12577: 12568: 12549: 12529: 12504: 12500: 12459: 12455: 12446: 12416: 12395: 12374: 12362:. Retrieved 12356: 12333: 12314: 12290: 12269: 12258: 12222: 12218: 12194: 12183: 12180:"Henry VIII" 12162: 12158: 12141: 12124: 12100: 12091:Biographical 12063: 12031:(1): 41–59. 12028: 12024: 12004: 11983: 11979:Weir, Alison 11960: 11938: 11918: 11897: 11877: 11862:. Retrieved 11856: 11835: 11812: 11788: 11750: 11746: 11743:Rex, Richard 11733: 11713: 11697:. Retrieved 11681: 11660: 11637: 11633:Meyer, G. J. 11612: 11598: 11594: 11564: 11545:(2): 28–36. 11542: 11538: 11519: 11496: 11472: 11464:Weinreb, Ben 11441: 11421: 11418:Hall, Edward 11397: 11375: 11355: 11335: 11314: 11310: 11307:Gunn, Steven 11288: 11265: 11240: 11219: 11199: 11195: 11175: 11155: 11146: 11118: 11114: 11095: 11072: 11054: 11050: 11030: 10991: 10987: 10964: 10942: 10930: 10923:Starkey 2008 10918: 10906: 10894: 10874: 10867: 10855: 10843: 10831: 10819: 10807: 10780: 10768: 10756: 10744: 10732: 10720: 10708: 10696: 10688: 10683: 10671: 10659: 10654:, p. 82 10630: 10618: 10606: 10594: 10582: 10570: 10558: 10546: 10534: 10522: 10510: 10498: 10486: 10474: 10462: 10450: 10438: 10426: 10414: 10402: 10395:Bernard 2005 10390: 10378: 10371:Bernard 2005 10366: 10354: 10349:, p. 71 10347:Bernard 2005 10342: 10335:Bernard 2005 10330: 10323:Pollard 1905 10318: 10309: 10303: 10291: 10279:. 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Phoenix. 12584:(1): 1–24. 12215:Ives, E. W. 12121:Bowle, John 11098:. Penguin. 10956:Works cited 10860:Loades 2009 10848:Loades 2009 10836:Loades 2009 10812:Loades 2009 10800:Loades 2009 10773:Loades 2009 10761:Loades 2009 10749:Loades 2009 10737:Loades 2009 10725:Loades 2009 10713:Loades 2009 10701:Loades 2009 10676:Loades 2009 10664:Loades 2009 10652:Loades 2009 10587:Arnold 2001 10527:Stöber 2007 10222:Davies 2005 10206:Thomas 2005 9916:Morris 1999 9901:, p. 2 9899:Morris 1999 9674:Loades 2009 9426:Loades 2009 9414:Murphy 2016 9402:Loades 2009 9368:Loades 2009 9356:Loades 2009 9057:Loades 2009 9045:Loades 2009 9030:11 December 9026:. 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Elton 4711:real tennis 4672: 1513 4590:Elizabeth I 4358:Anne Boleyn 4155:Lord Nelson 4116:mood swings 3990:Italian War 3798:Catholicism 3794:Lutheranism 3688: 1545 3643:Tower Green 3608: 1537 3585:Robert Aske 3558:John Fisher 3530:miscarriage 3471:was crowned 3453:Anne Boleyn 3420:Anne Boleyn 3412:Thomas More 3332:Anne Boleyn 3320:Henry Carey 3312:Mary Boleyn 3303: 1531 3285: 1520 3182:Elizabeth I 2999: 1508 2979:Anne Boleyn 2972: 1507 2828:Thomas Parr 2821: 1483 2761: 1478 2742: 1480 2725: 1478 2525: 1448 2390: 1430 2330:John Howard 2324: 1425 2170: 1411 2150: 1395 2132: 1388 2014: 1379 1982: 1371 1758: 1350 1329: 1282 1307: 1275 1022: 1520 1009:Henry with 991:Holy League 947:Mary Howard 936:Alison Weir 841:King Arthur 810:Early reign 792:consummated 634:Early years 569:Thomas More 480:(1534–1547) 474:(1491–1534) 409:Elizabeth I 218:Anne Boleyn 164:, Berkshire 105:Predecessor 15390:Henry VIII 15384:Categories 14615:Edward VII 14605:William IV 14595:George III 14524:Charles II 14419:Robert III 14365:Malcolm IV 14340:Donald III 14315:Malcolm II 14300:Kenneth II 14182:Henry VIII 14142:Richard II 14137:Edward III 14071:William II 14044:Harthacnut 13700:Sacraments 13551:Henry VIII 13511:Æthelberht 13444:Communions 13386:1502–1509 13354:1504–1509 13315:1494–1509 13288:1493–1509 13264:1542–1547 13232:1509–1547 13214:1509–1542 13089:Henry VIII 13080:Henry VIII 13044:media help 12744:Q107248047 12723:Q107248000 12417:Henry VIII 12295:. Viking. 12291:Henry VIII 12243:required.) 12195:Henry VIII 12150:B002RTJWA6 12133:B000OJX9RI 11813:Henry VIII 11789:Henry VIII 11734:Henry VIII 11516:Ives, Eric 11468:Keay, John 10935:Smith 1971 10899:Elton 1977 10824:Elton 1977 10785:Elton 1977 10689:Henry VIII 10635:Elton 1977 10623:Elton 1977 10611:Elton 1977 10599:Elton 1977 10575:Elton 1977 10563:Meyer 2010 10551:Meyer 2010 10539:Elton 1977 10515:Elton 1977 10503:Elton 1977 10491:Elton 1977 10479:Elton 1977 10467:Elton 1977 10455:Elton 1977 10443:Elton 1977 10419:Elton 1977 10407:Elton 1977 10359:Elton 1977 10296:Elton 1977 10258:Elton 1977 10194:Elton 1977 10170:Elton 1977 10158:Elton 1977 10146:Elton 1977 10134:Elton 1977 10122:Elton 1977 10110:Elton 1977 10098:Elton 1977 10083:Elton 1977 10071:Elton 1977 10056:Elton 1977 10017:Elton 1977 10005:Elton 1977 9993:Elton 1977 9981:Elton 1977 9969:Elton 1977 9957:Elton 1977 9797:Chibi 1997 9756:Elton 1977 9623:(4): 827. 9600:6 February 9385:Elton 1977 9332:Elton 1977 9308:Elton 1977 9224:Elton 1977 9185:Elton 1977 9141:Elton 1977 8995:Elton 1977 8899:Elton 1977 8851:Elton 1977 8801:Elton 1977 8732:Elton 1977 8720:Elton 1977 8708:Elton 1977 8696:Elton 1977 8684:Elton 1977 8672:Elton 1977 8639:9 November 8597:Elton 1977 8575:9 November 8533:9 November 8434:Elton 1977 8386:Elton 1977 8374:Elton 1977 8334:Elton 1977 8322:Haigh 1993 8268:Elton 1977 8182:Elton 1977 8167:Elton 1977 8057:Smith 1971 7778:Elton 1977 7766:Elton 1977 7754:Elton 1977 7685:Elton 1977 7149:References 6997:Cestui que 6416:Henry VIII 5418:Tudor rose 5259:Lord Darcy 5180:Tudor navy 5176:Royal Navy 5109:longbowmen 5004:Parliament 4959:praemunire 4834:Gray's Inn 4761:Government 4525:See also: 4521:Succession 4251:stillborn 4177:See also: 4071:Queen Anne 4063:Queen Jane 4030:laid siege 4006:Lord Arran 3441:See also: 3406:praemunire 3031:Henry VIII 2597:–bef. 1507 2582:Isabella I 2527:–1499/1501 1474:Edward III 1156:Henry VIII 1050:Pope Leo X 1033:Thérouanne 1017:(centre), 1015:Pope Leo X 608:Royal Navy 502:Henry VIII 306:; 236:; 199:; 96:Coronation 31:Henry VIII 15450:Annulment 15339:Frederick 15123:Frederick 14846:Frederick 14630:George VI 14600:George IV 14590:George II 14502:Charles I 14484:from 1603 14434:James III 14414:Robert II 14370:William I 14345:Duncan II 14273:Malcolm I 14263:Donald II 14187:Edward VI 14177:Henry VII 14162:Edward IV 14132:Edward II 14122:Henry III 14105:Richard I 14066:William I 13987:Æthelstan 13705:Eucharist 13618:Charles I 13586:Edward VI 13536:Hygeberht 13238:Edward VI 13203:Henry VII 12931:247046009 12840:0278-2308 12709:(1886). " 12607:1478-0542 12590:0036-9241 12521:0950-3471 12492:159952187 12476:0018-246X 12421:Routledge 12364:17 August 12171:0018-2753 12053:161663183 12045:1746-0263 11775:159649932 11551:0018-2753 11430:644934802 11331:Guy, John 11323:0018-2753 11208:0037-9700 11135:0021-969X 10988:Endocrine 10246:Weir 2002 10234:Weir 2002 10182:Weir 2002 9848:Gunn 1991 9785:Weir 2002 9645:159499333 9637:0018-246X 9542:Hays 2010 9513:0967-5868 9499:: 16–19. 9449:25 August 8947:Weir 2002 8911:Weir 1991 8887:Weir 1991 8875:Ives 2005 8093:Weir 2002 8012:Anselme. 7742:Weir 1991 7697:Hart 2009 7603:Hall 1904 7563:23187213M 7555:213307973 7261:Ives 2006 7032:Mouldwarp 6822:Mary Grey 6808:Jane Grey 6615:Edward VI 6087:Henry VII 5788:Edward IV 5414:35 Hen. 8 5222:Connaught 5190:Admiralty 5185:Mary Rose 5121:war wagon 5113:hand guns 4789:patronage 4780:Cardinal 4696:virginals 4649:Jane Grey 4611:executors 4607:Edward VI 4548:Edward VI 4514:no issue 4505:(married 4492:no issue 4483:(married 4470:no issue 4461:(married 4428:(married 4362:(married 4236:(married 4139:vitamin C 4112:ulcerated 4065:(right), 4026:Montreuil 3878:attainted 3741:Edward VI 3710:Whitehall 3554:pilloried 3478:Elizabeth 3397:annulment 3356:Leviticus 3328:male heir 3238:1516–1558 3204:Edward VI 3200:1537–1553 3178:1533–1603 3088:1543–1547 3086:6th wife: 3075:1512–1548 3067:1509–1533 3065:1st wife: 3054:1485–1536 3026:1491–1547 3014:1536–1537 3012:3rd wife: 2987:1533–1536 2985:2nd wife: 2960:1540–1542 2958:5th wife: 2932:4th wife: 2921:1515–1557 2789:Henry VII 2785:1457–1509 2774:1466–1503 2578:1451–1504 2542:Edward IV 2538:1442–1483 2504:1443–1524 2487:1458–1521 2348:1411–1460 2303:1419–1481 2208:1400–1460 2195:1405–1454 2182:1404–1444 2156:Elizabeth 2111:1393–1466 2001:Catherine 1997:1373–1418 1965:1374–1398 1954:1371–1417 1937:1366–1425 1920:1371–1419 1777:1355–1382 1737:1350–1405 1626:1340–1399 1605:1338–1368 1574:1323–1380 1470:1312–1377 1445:1312–1360 1428:1300–1355 1360:Edward II 1356:1284–1327 1335:Elizabeth 1193:1239–1307 1107:Marriages 1068:Francis I 1056:Charles V 995:Aquitaine 973:In 1510, 896:stillborn 744:Catherine 673:Greenwich 628:Edward VI 488:Signature 414:Edward VI 119:Edward VI 115:Successor 109:Henry VII 15219:See also 14620:George V 14610:Victoria 14585:George I 14454:James VI 14439:James IV 14429:James II 14402:David II 14397:Robert I 14386:Margaret 14320:Duncan I 14229:Donald I 14167:Edward V 14157:Henry VI 14147:Henry IV 14127:Edward I 14093:Henry II 13992:Edmund I 13981:Ælfweard 13939:monarchs 13933:Scottish 13841:Ministry 13836:Heraldry 13658:Theology 13531:Paulinus 13140:LibriVox 12740:Wikidata 12719:Wikidata 12354:(1837). 12313:(2002). 12251:(1911). 12123:(1964). 11981:(1991). 11959:(1993). 11876:(2003). 11833:(1971). 11811:(1997). 11785:(1968). 11699:20 March 11659:(2008). 11635:(2010). 11609:(2009). 11587:(2009). 11561:(1970). 11518:(2005). 11494:(2012). 11470:(2010). 11440:(1993). 11333:(1997). 11263:(1994). 11218:(1977). 11145:(1966). 11094:(2000). 11028:(2005). 11018:37447368 11010:22169966 10431:Rex 1996 10281:14 April 9884:Guy 1997 9704:12 March 9594:SMU News 9521:26857293 9476:25 March 7214:Guy 2000 7142:months". 7105:Paul III 7049:Henry's 6933:See also 6101:Edward V 5430:Henry IV 5420:and the 5337:John Guy 5214:Leinster 5210:the Pale 5133:Cornwall 5101:Carlisle 5076:Military 4966:and the 4892:handguns 4858:Finances 4750:jousting 4305:married 4131:syphilis 4103:jousting 4093:-filled 4034:Boulogne 3496:and the 3385:Holy See 3370:but not 3368:polygamy 2712:John III 1781:Philippa 1432:John III 1312:Margaret 1197:Edward I 1093:Burgundy 800:affinity 689:Margaret 518:annulled 465:Religion 15310:Charles 15193:William 15183:Charles 15093:Charles 15083:Charles 14894:William 14886:Charles 14822:Charles 14814:Charles 14750:Richard 14718:Richard 14538:Mary II 14444:James V 14424:James I 14360:David I 14325:Macbeth 14257:Eochaid 14152:Henry V 14087:Matilda 14081:Stephen 14076:Henry I 13937:British 13931:, 13929:English 13781:Morning 13729:worship 13725:Liturgy 13666:Trinity 13606:James I 13561:Cranmer 13486:History 13153:at the 13129:at the 13110:in the 13104:(IMSLP) 13100:at the 12484:2640109 11767:2639860 9529:4394559 8832:13 July 8299:13 July 8121:5 April 7246:17 July 5446:Ireland 5275:fiefdom 5218:Munster 5196:Ireland 5153:militia 5117:pikemen 5105:billmen 5097:Berwick 5016:liturgy 4638:Stuarts 4195:expert 3994:James V 3372:divorce 2491:John II 2385: 2352:Richard 2199:John II 1080:Ottoman 1037:Tournai 969:in 1520 889:Richard 833:Eleanor 804:Castile 389:more... 375: 363: 349: 333: 329: 316: 296: 292: 279: 263: 259: 246: 226: 222: 209: 189: 185: 170:Spouses 77:more... 15358:Andrew 15352:Albert 15346:George 15331:Edward 15173:Edward 15163:George 15143:George 15133:George 15113:George 15106:(1688) 15063:Edward 15043:Arthur 15023:Edward 14878:Edward 14870:George 14854:George 14838:George 14798:Edward 14793:(1511) 14774:Arthur 14766:Edward 14758:Edward 14742:Edward 14710:Edward 14449:Mary I 14330:Lulach 14294:Amlaíb 14288:Cuilén 14278:Indulf 14204:Philip 14199:Mary I 14002:Eadwig 13997:Eadred 13715:Saints 13671:Father 13601:Hooker 13596:Parker 13390:Vacant 13375:Arthur 13358:Vacant 13343:Arthur 13336:Vacant 13246:Vacant 13185: 13016:(0:31) 12950: 12929: 12838: 12772: 12742: 12721: 12659: 12622: 12605: 12588: 12556: 12536: 12519: 12490: 12482: 12474: 12427: 12404: 12381: 12340: 12321: 12299: 12276: 12237: 12203: 12169: 12148: 12131: 12109: 12072: 12051: 12043: 12012: 11991: 11967: 11945: 11926: 11905: 11884: 11864:9 June 11843: 11819: 11797: 11773: 11765: 11690: 11667: 11645: 11621: 11573: 11549: 11526: 11504: 11480: 11448: 11428: 11406: 11383: 11362: 11343: 11321: 11295: 11273: 11249: 11226: 11206: 11183: 11162: 11133: 11102: 11080: 11038: 11016: 11008: 10971: 10882: 10039: 9643: 9635: 9527: 9519: 9511: 8823: 8760: 8357: 8290: 8230: 8202: 7561: 7553: 7543: 7197: 7076: 6601:Mary I 5390:France 5335:, and 5226:Ulster 4850:, the 4739:Oratio 4569:Mary I 4223:Notes 4220:Death 4217:Birth 4185:, and 4135:scurvy 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