3613:, a peer-reviewed art scholarship publisher, Polly Saltmarsh asserts that this is a depiction of the future Queen Mary I, who matches the miniature in several ways. The likeness has an upturned nose and blue-grey eyes, which are known features of Mary's and normally in her confirmed depictions. The miniature, by being one, is also a confirmed likeness of a royal family member, being that miniatures did not exist outside of the royal family during this time period. Finally, by being dated to roughly 1535, is identification is also accurate for Mary, because the lettering translates from the latin "XVIII" to 18. Commonly, roman numerals in Tudor miniatures and portraits would equate to either the year or the sitter's age. Mary I was turning 18 in 1534. Overall, all of these facts point toward this conclusion. It is unlikely for Katherine Howard to have been painted in 1535, being an 11 year-old girl and the daughter of an impoverished younger son of a prominent family, the Howards. To make things more plausible, it would mean changing the dating from the circa 1535 timeframe up 5 years, to roughly 1540. When comparing the two options, again, Mary I is the best fit for identification.
3426:
371:. Being the third son of a prominent family, Edmund's opportunities were limited to relying on the generosity of his wealthier family members and his own ability to pave his way. Sadly, he was both overly proud and a spendthrift. His insult to the King and further events would continue to devolve and slowly ensnare him, and by extension, his family. Edmund developed a gambling addiction that meant the ever constant threat of debtors' prison, and he went into hiding on multiple occasions. In his desperate 1527 letter to Wolsey he states, "Humbly I beseech your grace to be my good lord, for without your gracious help I am utterly undone. Sir, so it is that I am so far in danger of the King's Laws by reason of the debt that I am in, that I dare not go abroad, nor come in mine own house, and am fain to absent me from my wife and my poor children... Sir there is no help but, through your grace and your good mediation to the King's Grace."
3458:
38:
3341:
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611:
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and in response he moved onto another woman within the Queen's household. This deeply upset
Catherine, who does appear to have had some level of feelings for him at this time, for on one occasion she broke down in tears in front of her fellow maids of honor. Prior to this instance, it was she who controlled how long her relationships lasted and when they ended. During this time, word reached back to Francis Dereham of the rumored soon-to-be marriage between the pair, and he arrived at court to dispute this with them both. After being, again, told off by Catherine, he returned to the dowager duchess's household, which he requested to leave, as Catherine was no longer there. Believing this desperation was temporary and soon to blow over,
3541:, on the grounds that the lady bears a resemblance to Jane, especially around the nose and chin, and wears widow's black. The lady's sumptuous black clothing, an indication of wealth and status, did not necessarily signify mourning; her jewellery suggests otherwise. Derek Wilson observed that "In August 1537 Cromwell succeeded in marrying his son, Gregory, to Elizabeth Seymour", the queen's younger sister. He was therefore related by marriage to the king, "an event worth recording for posterity, by a portrait of his daughter-in-law." The painting was in the possession of the Cromwell family for centuries. According to Hans Holbein's most recent biographer,
627:
416:
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412:
supported by
Catherine's biographers. Evidence exists that Mannox was not yet married, and it would have been highly unusual for someone from his background at the time to not be married by his mid-thirties. He married sometime in the late 1530s, perhaps in 1539, and there is also some evidence that he was the same age as two other men serving in the household, including his cousin Edward Waldegrave, who was in his late teens or early twenties between 1536 and 1538. This evidence indicates that Mannox too was in his early to mid-twenties in 1536.
375:
birth and early years. The image this paints is of a girl likely neglected and potentially unwanted, as her birth meant a future dowry to come up with money for. Generally, Catherine's young life was filled with uncertainty and instability, so it is understandable as to why she has been often described as barely literate and generally unlearned. She clearly was not a high priority for her father, still less her education and future prospects. In 1531, help came to
Catherine indirectly through the intervention of her cousin and soon-to-be queen,
202:
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447:, a secretary of the Dowager Duchess. They allegedly became lovers, addressing each other as "husband" and "wife". Dereham also entrusted Catherine with various wifely duties, such as keeping his money when he was away on business. Many of Catherine's roommates among the Dowager Duchess's maids of honour and attendants knew of the relationship, which apparently ended in 1539 when the Dowager Duchess found out. Despite this, Catherine and Dereham may have parted with intentions to marry upon his return from
661:
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475:. In the early stages of her time at court, and prior to the arrival of Anne of Cleves, the relationship between the King and Catherine has been little remarked upon. He seems to have found her attractive, and whenever they happened to be in each other's company they publicly flirted, but little else appears to have happened. As Anne arrived and the King came to show little interest in her, an opportunity for Catherine slowly began to present itself.
593:
3598:, as a portrait of the queen. Brett Dolman has noted that the hypothesis is "seductive but inconclusive." However, it more closely matches general assumptions of Katherine's appearance, than the other non-confirmed and discredited options. This portrait is in the right timeframe and depicts a fairly young woman of wealth and high status within the social hierarchy of the Tudor era. It is also known that Katherine preferred
3602:, as depicted, and also had a love of fashion. This depiction is unique from many other portraits, in that it has no other similar likenesses, that would clearly depict the same woman. Meaning that, it is less likely to be another copy of a known person and instead, potentially someone who has not been previously identified. All of these factors make it a reasonable potential to be Katherine, based on all the evidence.
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who had always treated her so graciously. She described her punishment as "worthy and just" and asked for mercy for her family and prayers for her soul. This was typical of the speeches given by people executed during that period, most likely in an effort to protect their families, since the condemned's last words would be relayed to the King. Catherine was then beheaded with the executioner's axe.
526:, thought her "delightful". Holbein's portrait showed a young auburn-haired girl with a characteristically hooked Howard nose; Catherine was said to have a "gentle, earnest face", while Elisabeth and Agnes Strickland, who co-authored the Victorian-era biography of Kathryn Howard in "The Lives of the Queens of England: Volume IV", where she is described as petite in stature, but of a full frame.
2994:, formerly a convent, where she remained throughout the winter of 1541. She was obliged by a Privy Councillor to return the ring previously owned by Anne of Cleves, which the King had given her; it was a symbol of removal of her regal and lawful rights. The King would be at Hampton Court, but she would not see him again. Despite these actions, her marriage to Henry was never formally annulled.
2946:, telling him that his sister Mary refused to become a part of Queen Catherine's household, stating that she had witnessed the "light" ways of Queen Catherine while they were living together at Lambeth. Cranmer then interrogated Mary Lassels, who alleged that Catherine had had sexual relations while under the Duchess of Norfolk's care, before her relationship with the King.
3259:, if confirmed to be her depiction, would be the only surviving painting from life and roughly dated to the time of her queenship. The historian David Starkey has confirmed a date of roughly 1540, based on the details of her dress and the technique of the miniature. She is wearing a pendant jewel that is similar to that shown in Holbein's
3287:
versions of miniatures do not generally exist, with the exception of royalty. Unfortunately, there are no confirmed likenesses of her to compare these portraits with. Both versions have long been documented as of
Catherine Howard, since 1736 for the Buccleuch version and 1739 (or at least the 1840s) for the Windsor version.
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how the queen had "wonderfully abused the king", laid his hand on his heart and announced by his faith as a gentleman that "She hath done wonderous naughtly". Upon hearing news of
Catherine's execution, King Francis wrote a letter to Henry regretting the "lewd and naughty behaviour of the Queen" and
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in
Southwark, to question her. Even the staunch Cranmer found the teenaged Catherine's frantic, incoherent state pitiable, saying, "I found her in such lamentation and heaviness as I never saw no creature, so that it would have pitied any man's heart to have looked upon her." He ordered the guards to
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Establishing the existence of a pre-contract between
Catherine and Dereham would have had the effect of terminating Catherine's marriage to Henry, but it would also have allowed Henry to annul their marriage and banish her from court to live in poverty and disgrace instead of executing her, although
2949:
Cranmer immediately took up the case to topple his rivals, the Roman
Catholic Norfolk family. Lady Rochford was interrogated and as she feared that she would be tortured, she agreed to talk. She told how she had watched for Catherine backstairs as Culpeper had made his escapes from the Queen's room.
478:
Prior to this point, Catherine and Thomas
Culpeper had slowly entered into a quasi-relationship and one that was not sexual β although, from later testimony, Culpeper expected it to soon become so, also telling Catherine that he loved her (likely more lust than actual love). Catherine rejected this,
431:
and preying on
Catherine between 1536 and 1538; this is expanded upon in detail by Conor Byrne. Other biographers, like Gareth Russell, believe that Mannox's interactions with Catherine took place over a much shorter time, that Mannox was roughly the same age as her, but that "their relationship was
359:
in or about 1523, although the exact date is unknown. An estimated date has been determined from the wills of family members, the known birth order of her and her siblings in various dated records, and the age range of her ladies-in-waiting, being in the same age group and often, same past household
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When the Lords of the Council came for her, she allegedly panicked and screamed as they manhandled her into the barge that would escort her to the Tower on Friday 10 February 1542, her flotilla passing under London Bridge where the heads of Culpeper and Dereham were impaled (and where they remained
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Catherine severed contact with Mannox in 1538, most likely in the spring. It is not true, as is sometimes stated, that this was because she began to spend more time at the Dowager Duchess's mansion in Lambeth, as Lambeth was Mannox's home parish and he also married here, perhaps in 1538 or 1539. He
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where dozens of attendants, along with her many wardsβusually the children of aristocratic but poor relativesβresided. While sending young children to be educated and trained in aristocratic households was common among European nobles at the time, supervision at both Chesworth House and Lambeth was
382:
Whether due to her mother Joyce's death in about 1528, her family's financial problems, or Catherine nearing the age suitable for wardship, Catherine's family was broken up in 1531, when she was about 8 years of age. Two of her older half-sisters were married off, and both Catherine and her brother
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January 1540, when Anne's marriage to Henry VIII took place. The original Holbein is dated to 1535β1540, but the National Portrait Gallery dates their copy to the late 1600s. This would seem to indicate a sitter who was still a connection to be commemorated over a century later (unlike Catherine).
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There is no authenticated contemporary likeness of Catherine Howard, and there is no documentary evidence that she ever had her portrait painted. "here is a good chance that any image of Catherine would have been destroyed" after her execution, or "ignored, until their identity became a subject of
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were, "I die a Queen, but I would rather have died the wife of Culpeper", but no eyewitness accounts support this, instead reporting that she stuck to traditional final words, asking for forgiveness for her sins and acknowledging that she deserved to die "a thousand deaths" for betraying the king,
411:
In the Duchess's household at Horsham, in around 1536, Catherine began music lessons with two teachers, one of whom was Henry Mannox, and they began a relationship. Mannox's exact age at the time is unknown. It has recently been stated that he was in his late thirties, perhaps 36, but this is not
374:
If Cardinal Wolsey did assist the family in response to the letter written in 1527, which there is little evidence of, the funds arrived piecemeal and were probably not enough. The lowest point for the family came between 1524 and 1531, the period which roughly corresponds with Catherine Howard's
3521:
of 1538." John Rowlands agreed that "the portrait could certainly belong to the period c. 1535β40, but the headdress suggests a date towards its end." Herbert Norris claimed that the sitter is wearing a sleeve that follows a style set by Anne of Cleves, which would date the portrait to after 6
3286:
If this identification is correct, then the necklace and pendant may have been given to Catherine by Henry VIII on their marriage in 1540. To further bolster that these portraits are of a Tudor Queen, and potentially Katherine Howard, it is also by the fact that, for female sitters, duplicate
521:
As the King's interest in Catherine grew, so did the house of Norfolk's influence. Her youth, prettiness and vivacity were captivating for the middle-aged sovereign, who claimed he had never known "the like to any woman". Within months of her arrival at court, Henry bestowed gifts of land and
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made it treason, and punishable by death, for a queen consort to fail to disclose her sexual history to the king within 20 days of their marriage, or to incite someone to commit adultery with her. This measure retroactively solved the matter of Catherine's supposed pre-contract and made her
4860:"The painting belonged to the Cromwells for centuries, so she was probably a member of that prominent family. It has been suggested that she may be Elizabeth Seymour, daughter-in-law of Henry's powerful government minister Thomas Cromwell and sister of Henry's third wife, Jane Seymour."
4930:"This portrait was previously identified as Catherine Howard, fifth wife of Henry VIII. The sitter is now thought to be a member of the Cromwell family, perhaps Elizabeth Seymour (c.1518β1568), sister of Henry VIII's third wife, Jane Seymour, and wife of Thomas Cromwell's son Gregory."
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3170:", as did Francis Hackett in his 1929 biography of Henry. Weir had much the same judgement, describing her as an "empty-headed wanton". Other writers, especially those studying historical trends larger than Catherine's life, have been much more critical towards her. In his book
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439:. When questioned, Catherine was quoted as saying, "At the flattering and fair persuasions of Mannox, being but a young girl, I suffered him at sundry times to handle and touch the secret parts of my body, which neither became me with honesty to permit nor him to require."
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The night before her execution, Catherine is believed to have spent many hours practising how to lay her head upon the block, which had been brought to her at her request. She died with relative composure but looked pale and terrified; she required assistance to climb the
734:
That winter the King's bad moods deepened and grew more furious, caused in part by the pain from his ulcerous legs. He accused councillors of being "lying time-servers", and began to regret executing Cromwell. After a dark and depressed March, his mood lifted at Easter.
4781:, p. 53, pl. 62: "Though a certain resemblance may be admitted, it is nevertheless conclusive that the features are not the same as in Catherine's portrait by Holbein in the J. H. Dunn Collection, or the miniatures at Windsor and in the Buccleuch Collection.".
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3013:. Many of Catherine's relatives were also detained in the Tower, tried, found guilty of concealing treason and sentenced to life imprisonment and forfeiture of goods. Her uncle, the Duke of Norfolk, distanced himself from the scandal by retreating to
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there is no indication that Henry would have chosen that alternative. Initially Catherine made a frank confession of her relationship with Dereham, but subsequently she steadfastly denied any pre-contract, maintaining that Dereham had raped her.
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expensive cloth upon Catherine. The first administrative evidence of this was a grant made on 24 April 1540. Henry called her his 'very jewel of womanhood' (that he called her his 'rose without a thorn' is likely a myth). The French ambassador,
3503:β1655), and have provenances linking them with the Cromwell family. He argued that the portrait in the Toledo Museum of Art, "should by rights depict a lady of the Cromwell family aged 21 c. 1535β40" and suggested that the lady might be
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nonetheless inappropriate, on several levels." He believes Catherine was increasingly repulsed by Mannox's pressure to have sex with her and was angered by his gossiping with servants about the details of what had gone on between them.
297:β 1509) when she married Lord Edmund Howard, and they had another six together, Catherine being about her mother's tenth child. With little to sustain the family, her father often had to beg for the help of his more affluent relatives.
3248:
3326:. Finally, Moyle notes that, royal jewelry of the Queens of England, then and now, is property of the crown and current titleholder. As such, individual pieces would have been passed down and worn by multiple of Henry's queens.
2918:
Culpeper called Catherine "my little, sweet fool" in a love letter. It has been alleged that in spring 1541 the pair were meeting secretly. Their meetings were allegedly arranged by one of Catherine's older ladies-in-waiting,
3260:
2969:, 1 November 1541, the King arranged to be found praying in the Chapel Royal. There he received a letter describing the allegations against Catherine. On 7 November 1541, Archbishop Cranmer led a delegation of councillors to
4688:, p. 32: "The necklace, though with a different pendant, can be seen in both the full-sized portrait of Jane Seymour, Henry's third consort, and in the miniature thought to depict Henry's fifth wife, Katherine Howard".
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and George Boleyn, also lay. Other cousins were also in the crowd, including the Earl of Surrey. King Henry did not attend. Catherine's body was not one of those identified during restorations of the chapel during
3162:(2003). Several of these writers have been highly critical of Catherine's conduct, if sympathetic to her eventual fate and regarding her punishment as excessive. Baldwin Smith described Catherine's life as one of
3306:, who also married the king in 1540 (making the dating by David Starkey still accurate and confirmed with a potential re-identification). Instead, Moyle was "struck by the sitter's uncanny likeness" to Holbein's
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During the investigation a love letter written in the Queen's distinctive handwriting was found in Culpeper's chambers. This is the only letter of hers that has survived (other than her later "confession").
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712:. Little changed at court, other than the arrival of many Howards. Every day she dressed with new clothes in the French fashion bedecked with precious jewels, decorated in gold around her sleeves.
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5826:. Catalogue of an exhibition held at the galleries of Philip Mould Ltd, 6β18 March 2007. London: Philip Mould Ltd. pp. 70β75, ill. (col.), 109β124: Inventory is BL Stowe MS 599, ff. 55β68.
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3551:
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3415:, indicating that the lady was depicted at the age of twenty-one, the portrait has long been associated with Henry VIII's young queen, but she is now thought to be a member of the
773:
2911:, a young man who "had succeeded in the Queen's affections", according to Dereham's later testimony. She had considered marrying Culpeper during her time as a maid-of-honour to
4549:, p. 50: "Research on Tudor miniatures before c. 1570 indicates a sitter of exceptional importance, as duplicates in the case of women exist only as Henry VIII's queens."
3307:
451:, agreeing to a precontract of marriage. If indeed they exchanged vows before having sexual intercourse, they would have been considered married in the eyes of the Church.
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256:
in Surrey, just 19 days after the annulment of his marriage to Anne. He was 49, and it is widely accepted that she was about 17 at the time of her marriage to Henry VIII.
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Catherine was stripped of her title as queen in November 1541 and beheaded three months later on the grounds of treason for committing adultery with her distant cousin,
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3141:(2017). Each is more or less sympathetic, though they disagree on various important points involving Catherine's motivations, date of birth and overall character.
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apparently lax. The Dowager Duchess was often at Court and seems to have had little direct involvement in the upbringing of her wards and young female attendants.
3201:
also takes a kinder, modern view of the accusations against Catherine and their relation to the men who took advantage of her in her youth. In her BBC miniseries
7115:
4747:
Moyle has drawn connections between the woman shown in this miniature portrait to a 1539 portrait of Anne of Cleves in the Victoria & Albert Museum in London
3190:(Catherine's stepdaughter), Tracy Borman wrote that Catherine was "as much a sexual predator as Dereham" and blamed Catherine almost entirely for her own fate.
3566:
3545:, "One of the most striking portraits of a woman Holbein ever delivered was of Cromwell's daughter-in-law, painted probably in 1539 as she turned twenty-one."
7015:
3488:
noted that both the Toledo portrait and the National Portrait Gallery version appear in the context of a series of portraits of members of the family of the
704:, came to her chamber to report on the King's well-being. No plans were made for a coronation, yet she still travelled downriver in the royal barge into the
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Art historian Franny Moyle has amassed evidence to show that this is the face of the noblewoman whom the king married in 1540 to form a political alliance
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3290:
However, in more recent years, the traditional assumptions about these portraits are being challenged, and with reasonable evidence. The art historian,
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435:
Mannox and Catherine both confessed during her adultery inquisitions as the wife of King Henry that they had engaged in sexual contact, but not actual
3193:
Loades's and Borman's characterizations are unusually harsh, however. The general trend has been more fair to Catherine, particularly in the works of
3985:
331:. He was dismissed from his post in 1539, and died in March 1539. Catherine was the third of Henry VIII's wives to have been a member of the English
6554:
5116:, c. 1535, attributed to Lucas Horenbout, at the Yale Center for British Art, New Haven (ref. B1974.2.59), whom they identify as Catherine Howard.
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reportedly contacted her for favours in return for their silence, and some of these blackmailers may have been appointed to her royal household.
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Preparations were in place for any signs of a royal pregnancy, reported by Marillac on 15 April as "if it be found true, to have her crowned at
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5404:(5): King Henry the Eighth: Foreign Correspondence: 1537-1542. Published Under the Authority of her Majesty's Commission. London: . p.
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5075:, Plate 27: "There can be little doubt that this Holbein masterpiece, the original in Toledo, depicts Elizabeth Seymour (c 1518β1568) ..."
4209:
3021:, a poet, remained a favourite of the King. Meanwhile, the King sank further into morbidity and indulged his appetite for food and women.
419:
Agnes Howard, nΓ©e Tilney, the second wife of Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk, line engraving from 1793, based on an original from 1513.
3334:
A Holbein drawing (below) is also traditionally identified as being of Catherine Howard, but this also appears to be without foundation.
5118:
Cite error: The named reference "FOOTNOTEJames & Franco2000124, fig. 22" was defined multiple times with different content (see the
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she states that today, instead of the "good-time girl" some historians accuse her of having been, we would call her an "abused child."
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Lady Rochford was executed immediately thereafter on Tower Green. Both bodies were buried in an unmarked grave in the nearby chapel of
696:
Catherine was young, joyous and carefree. She was too young to take part in administrative matters of State. Nevertheless, every night
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423:
The details and dates of this relationship are debated among modern historians. The most popular theory, first put forward in 2004 by
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6049:
5864:. Catalogue of an exhibition held at the Victoria & Albert Museum, 9 Julyβ6 November 1983. London: Victoria & Albert Museum.
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3314:. She also makes note of the fact that Holbein, who is known for using symbolism in subtle ways, chose to mount the miniature on a
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was "a measure of her stupidity"; however, he also said that she died when she was "just 20 years old, a mere child". In her book
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and her execution was scheduled for 7:00 a.m. on Monday 13 February 1542. Arrangements for the execution were supervised by
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described Catherine as a "stupid and oversexed adolescent" who "certainly behaved like a whore", and wrote that her denial of a
727:. The King embarked on a lavish spending spree to celebrate his marriage, with extensive refurbishments and developments at the
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Her life has also been described in the five collective studies of Henry's queens that have appeared since the publication of
308:. Therefore, Catherine Howard was the first cousin of Anne Boleyn, and the first cousin once removed of Lady Elizabeth (later
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failing to find a new match, Norfolk saw an opportunity. The Howards may have sought to recreate the influence gained during
248:. Thomas Howard was a prominent politician at Henry's court. He secured her a place in the household of Henry's fourth wife,
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7120:
7085:
7060:
6750:
6587:
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3255:, have been traditionally considered to be contemporary portraits of the ill fated queen. The Royal Collection version at
689:, meaning "No other will but his". The marriage was made public on 8 August, and prayers were said in the Chapel Royal at
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on 28 July 1540, the same day Cromwell was executed. She was a teenager and he was 49. Catherine adopted the French motto
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Unfortunately Catherine did not have a good start in life, mostly due to the routinely poor decisions of her father,
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uses the common modern spelling "Catherine"; other historians use the traditional English form "Katherine", such as
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After Catherine's mother died in 1528, her father married two more times. In 1531, he was appointed Controller of
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3609:(circa 1535), has also been considered as a potential miniature of Katherine. However, upon further analysis by
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4974:, pp. 278β281: "The portrait should by rights depict a lady of the Cromwell family aged 21 c. 1535β40..."
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The King had displayed little interest in Anne from the beginning, but some historians have argued that, with
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debate to later generations." Debate continues about the identity of the sitter(s) for potential portraits.
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5110:, c. 1540β45 at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (ref. 49.7.30) seems to depict the same sitter as
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There are several spellings of "Katherine". Her one surviving signature spells it "Katheryn". Biographer
3515:. He stated that a "dated parallel for costume, notably the distinctive cut of the sleeves, is Holbein's
3267:, Vienna. It is also identical to that worn in two other portraits of Henry VIII's Queens, one being the
3105:'s reign. She is commemorated on a plaque on the west wall dedicated to all those who died in the Tower.
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James, Susan E.; Franco, Jamie S. (2000). "Susanna Horenbout, Levina Teerlinc and the Mask of Royalty".
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Catherine may have been involved during her marriage to the King with Henry's favourite male courtier,
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Unknown woman, formerly known as Catherine Howard, late 17th century, after Hans Holbein the Younger
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Original images of the Act concerning the Attainder of the late Queen Katharine and her Complices
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Anne of Cleves was queen consort from 6 January β 9 July 1540. Until 1752, the year commenced on
4732:"New Research Raises Questions About the Subject of a Celebrated Hans Holbein Miniature Portrait"
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379:, whom Edmund approached regarding a position; he was assigned to be the Comptroller at Calais.
6715:
6399:
6291:
6135:
3054:
2463:
2206:
1942:
1636:
4343:
3537:. Antonia Fraser has argued that the sitter is Jane Seymour's sister, Elizabeth, the widow of
3381:, in 1909, as Catherine Howard. The portrait (below), dated c. 1535β1540, is exhibited at the
506:
may have seen Catherine as a figurehead for their fight by expressed determination to restore
7000:
6925:
6863:
6690:
6673:
6560:
5023:
4791:
3025:
2217:
1109:
970:
135:
5405:
5395:
5250:
3669:
415:
7005:
6940:
6795:
6597:
6548:
3743:"Anne [Anne of Cleves] (1515β1557), queen of England, fourth consort of Henry VIII"
3382:
3365:
2986:
Catherine was stripped of her title as queen on 23 November 1541 and imprisoned in the new
2424:
2177:
995:
690:
8:
6915:
6838:
6785:
6730:
6705:
6642:
6627:
6617:
6577:
6526:
6521:
5780:
5547:
5282:
A Queen of New Invention: Portraits of Lady Jane Grey Dudley, England's 'Nine Days Queen'
3639:
3530:
3493:
3167:
3118:
3073:
2694:
832:
795:
782:
728:
709:
582:
537:
523:
340:
225:
6496:
6324:
5648:
The Drawings of Hans Holbein in the Collection of His Majesty the King at Windsor Castle
3318:
playing card and by doing so, it is speculated, was referring to the miniature as being
3017:
to write a letter of apology, laying all the blame on his niece and stepmother. His son
6896:
6740:
6607:
6592:
6582:
6571:
6531:
6492:
6160:
6152:
5973:
5845:
5804:
5678:
5604:
5507:
5262:
5237:
3478:
Unknown woman, formerly known as Catherine Howard, 1902, after Hans Holbein the Younger
3236:
2966:
2366:
2236:
1834:
1593:
720:
701:
697:
388:
368:
276:
233:
180:
6487:
6760:
6745:
6637:
6622:
6238:
6217:
6196:
6177:
6164:
6121:
6098:
6076:
6011:
5992:
5959:
5931:
5912:
5890:
5865:
5808:
5797:
5766:
5718:
5632:
5608:
5597:
5581:
5557:
5444:
5437:
5421:
5391:
5377:
5308:
5301:
5285:
5266:
5254:
5209:
5205:
3576:
3302:
is not a likeness of Catherine Howard. Instead, she argues that it is a depiction of
3197:, Karen Lindsey, Joanna Denny, Conor Byrne, Josephine Wilkinson, and Gareth Russell.
3077:
3042:
3029:
2970:
2934:
People who claimed to have witnessed her earlier sexual behaviour while she lived at
2877:
2413:
2402:
1559:
515:
507:
309:
5502:
5483:
6770:
6755:
6506:
6259:
6144:
5670:
5622:
5497:
3753:
3707:
3244:
1810:
738:
731:. This was followed by more expensive gifts for Christmas at Hampton Court Palace.
511:
317:
6271:
6193:
Divorced, Beheaded, Survived: Feminist Reinterpretation of the Wives of Henry VIII
5226:(July 1910). "A Portrait of Queen Catherine Howard, by Hans Holbein the Younger".
3870:
3772:
3726:
576:
6853:
6810:
6602:
6516:
6511:
6034:
5880:
5756:
5626:
5575:
5551:
5371:
3580:
3538:
3512:
3489:
3416:
3315:
3084:
2908:
2166:
682:
499:
487:
472:
468:
444:
443:
was still living in Lambeth in 1541. Shortly afterward, Catherine was pursued by
392:
260:
253:
229:
107:
4255:
364:, where Catherine would spend a large portion of her childhood and adolescence.
6868:
6780:
6725:
6667:
6657:
6375:
6353:
5674:
5659:
Potter, David (2002). "Sir John Gage, Tudor Courtier and Soldier (1479β1556)".
5367:
4191:
4158:
3643:
3526:
3319:
3303:
3272:
3256:
3194:
3102:
2943:
2939:
2912:
2715:
2561:
705:
666:
632:
464:
428:
424:
344:
328:
287:
249:
237:
190:
169:
43:
6263:
6148:
5603:. With a new introduction written by Richard Martin (new ed.). New York:
3711:
3045:, she was led to her prison cell. The next day the bill of attainder received
252:, where Howard caught the King's interest. She married him on 28 July 1540 at
6989:
6960:
6790:
6125:
5792:
5762:
5714:
5651:
5171:"Portrait of an Unknown Lady: Technical Analysis of an Early Tudor Miniature"
5097:
5095:
5093:
3757:
3155:
3010:
2031:
1265:
678:
503:
495:
280:
164:
6945:
6652:
6632:
6068:
5571:
3588:
Most recently Susan James, Jamie Franco, and Conor Byrne have identified a
3542:
3392:
3291:
3280:
3198:
3175:
3126:
3046:
2998:
2641:
616:
471:, Catherine quickly caught the eye of multiple men, including the King and
313:
5862:
Artists of the Tudor Court: The Portrait Miniature Rediscovered, 1520β1620
5696:. Survey of London. Vol. 23. British History Online. pp. 137β140
5090:
3081:
advising him that "the lightness of women cannot bend the honour of men".
660:
279:, was not wealthy, being the third son of his father β under the rules of
6891:
6647:
6090:
5223:
4703:"How Holbein Left Clever Clue in Portrait to Identify Henry VIII's Queen"
4248:"Letter of Queen Catherine Howard to Master Thomas Culpeper, Spring 1541"
3599:
3378:
3187:
3179:
3097:
3014:
2928:
2817:
2614:
716:
598:
491:
463:, found her a place at Court in the household of the King's fourth wife,
376:
305:
241:
6133:
Harris, Barbara J. (1990). "Women and Politics in Early Tudor England".
5734:"February 13th, 1542: The Execution of Catherine Howard and Jane Boleyn"
3696:
2997:
Culpeper and Dereham were arraigned at Guildhall on 1 December 1541 for
2953:
518:
with "feastings". However, Russell does not accept this interpretation.
6156:
5857:
5831:
5682:
3742:
3485:
3323:
3066:
2987:
2666:
791:
724:
5849:
5511:
5241:
4557:
4555:
3610:
794:
and all six of his wives were related through a common ancestor, King
5479:
3113:
Catherine has been the subject of contention for modern biographies,
2991:
2839:
708:
to a gun salute and some acclamation. She was settled by jointure at
644:
4178:
Histoire gΓ©nΓ©alogique et chronologique de la maison royale de France
2942:, a supporter of Cromwell, approached the Archbishop of Canterbury,
312:), Anne's daughter by Henry VIII. She also was the second cousin of
5886:
5028:
4552:
3451:, 16th century, follower of Hans Holbein the Younger (Hever Castle)
3163:
3062:
332:
321:
4460:
592:
427:, was that the relationship between them was abusive, with Mannox
6176:. Fayetteville, North Carolina: GMTA Publishing/Celestial Press.
2935:
747:
448:
404:
396:
356:
290:, already had five children from her first husband, Ralph Leigh (
159:
94:
42:
Portrait Miniature assumed to be of Catherine Howard or possibly
6429:
5460:"Howard, Sir George (by 1519β80), of London and Kidbrooke, Kent"
5251:"Wishful Thinking: Reading the Portraits of Henry VIII's Queens"
4637:
6685:
6234:
Magna Carta Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families
6213:
Magna Carta Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families
5324:"All that Glitters: Hans Holbein's Lady of the Cromwell Family"
4013:
3533:
and Derek Wilson believe that the portrait is likely to depict
3005:
on 10 December 1541, Culpeper being beheaded and Dereham being
3002:
436:
400:
336:
6237:. Vol. IV (2nd ed.). CreateSpace. pp. 107β109.
6216:. Vol. II (2nd ed.). CreateSpace. pp. 407β418.
4061:
3697:"Katherine [Catalina, Catherine, Katherine of Aragon]"
719:. The royal couple's entourage travelled on honeymoon through
715:
The Queen escaped plague-ridden London in August 1540 when on
6303:
All that Glitters: Hans Holbein's Lady of the Cromwell Family
5824:
Lost Faces: Identity and Discovery in Tudor Royal Portraiture
5138:
4870:
4868:
4866:
271:
Catherine had an aristocratic ancestry as a granddaughter of
7076:
People executed under the Tudors for treason against England
5989:
Men of Power: Court intrigue in the life of Catherine Howard
4967:
4965:
4963:
4961:
4959:
4957:
4842:
Portrait of a Lady, probably a Member of the Cromwell Family
3432:
Portrait of a Lady, probably a Member of the Cromwell Family
3388:
Portrait of a Lady, probably a Member of the Cromwell Family
3009:. According to custom, their heads were placed on spikes on
4885:
4883:
4161:(1993). "The Plantagenet Descent of Henry and his Queens".
3791:
3779:
2923:(Lady Rochford), the widow of Catherine's executed cousin,
693:. Henry "indulged her every whim" thanks to her "caprice".
6231:
Richardson, Douglas (2011). Everingham, Kimball G. (ed.).
6210:
Richardson, Douglas (2011). Everingham, Kimball G. (ed.).
5527:
4944:
4942:
4940:
4938:
4936:
4863:
4620:, Hans Holbein the Younger. Strawberry Hill ID: sh-000454"
4321:
3991:
3839:
5464:
The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1509β1558
5150:
4954:
5521:
Jaarboek Koninklijk Museum voor Schone Kunsten Antwerpen
5040:
5038:
4880:
4589:
Portrait of a Lady, perhaps Katherine Howard (1520β1542)
4282:
3973:
3827:
5785:
A Tudor Tragedy: The Life and Times of Catherine Howard
5758:
Young and Damned and Fair: the Life of Catherine Howard
5259:
Henry VIII and the Court: Art, Politics and Performance
5126:
4989:
4933:
4813:
4757:
4755:
4542:
4540:
4538:
4508:
4397:
4361:
4309:
4124:
4112:
4073:
3803:
3629:
She was forbidden to use the title on 23 November 1541.
283:, the eldest son inherited all of the father's estate.
5577:
The King's Painter: The Life and Times of Hans Holbein
5390:
5066:
4567:
4466:
4424:
4414:
4412:
4299:
4297:
4270:
4141:
4139:
4102:
4100:
3961:
3912:
3296:
The King's Painter: The Life and Times of Hans Holbein
5035:
5001:
4977:
4049:
4025:
3924:
3900:
3851:
3815:
3594:, attributed to the workshop of Hans Holbein, at the
5415:
5078:
4796:, c. 1532β43, Hans Holbein the Younger. RCIN 912218"
4752:
4561:
4535:
4228:
2974:
remove any objects she might use to commit suicide.
5878:
5019:
4496:
4484:
4472:
4448:
4436:
4409:
4373:
4349:
4294:
4216:
4136:
4097:
4085:
4037:
4001:
3888:
3391:. Two copies are extant: a 16th-century version at
5796:
5711:Holbein: The Paintings of Hans Holbein the Younger
5690:Roberts, Howard; Godfrey, Walter H., eds. (1951).
5596:
5518:
5436:
5300:
5101:
4385:
3741:
3695:
3560:, c. 1540β45, Workshop of Hans Holbein the Younger
3449:Portrait of a Lady, thought to be Catherine Howard
3398:Portrait of a Lady, thought to be Catherine Howard
244:(the second wife of Henry VIII), and the niece of
6837:Royal consorts in England and Scotland after the
4912:Unknown woman, formerly known as Catherine Howard
4591:, c. 1540, Hans Holbein the Younger. RCIN 422293"
3948:"The Marriage of Henry VIII and Catherine Howard"
3408:Unknown woman, formerly known as Catherine Howard
3218:Portrait Miniature assumed to be Katherine Howard
742:Coat of arms of Catherine Howard as queen consort
7066:People executed by Tudor England by decapitation
6987:
5822:Starkey, David (2007). Grosvenor, Bendor (ed.).
4661:, c. 1540, Hans Holbein the Younger (studio of)"
3037:unequivocally guilty. No formal trial was held.
6975:Spouses of debatable or disputed rulers are in
6287:Letter from Catherine Howard to Thomas Culpeper
5879:Wagner, John A.; Schmid, Susan Walters (2012).
3675:
3411:, dating from the late 17th century. Inscribed
3373:A contemporary portrait of a lady in black, by
2957:Letter from Catherine Howard to Thomas Culpeper
7116:Converts to Anglicanism from Roman Catholicism
6171:
6010:(revised ed.). London, UK: Random House.
5956:The Lady in The Tower: The Fall of Anne Boleyn
5202:Katherine Howard: Henry VIII's Slandered Queen
3131:Katherine Howard: Henry VIII's Slandered Queen
3088:Catherine Howard's grave, St. Peter ad Vincula
6415:
6230:
6209:
5834:(May 1967). "Holbein in England β I and II".
5104:, p. 124, fig. 22: It is suggested that
3174:, which profiles 14 consorts and sovereigns,
767:
556:
19:For other people named Catherine Howard, see
7016:Burials at the Church of St Peter ad Vincula
6258:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
6097:. London: Quercus. p. 183, pl. (col.).
6040:A Manual of Heraldry, Historical and Popular
5529:"Letters and Papers, Henry VIII (1509β1547)"
3752:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
3706:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
6252:Warnicke, Retha M. (2008) . "Katherine ".
5631:(hardback). Chalford: Amberley Publishing.
5346:
5321:
5132:
4948:
4696:
4694:
3096:, where the bodies of Catherine's cousins,
3032:, which was passed on 7 February 1542. The
7046:People convicted under a bill of attainder
6422:
6408:
6323:
5978:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5546:
5418:The Northern Renaissance: DΓΌrer to Holbein
5072:
4624:The Lewis Walpole Library, Yale University
4067:
3362:Unknown woman engraved as Catherine Howard
774:
760:
563:
549:
391:. The duchess managed large households at
224:from July 1540 until November 1541 as the
7081:People from the London Borough of Lambeth
5501:
5420:. London: Royal Collection Publications.
5168:
2977:
677:King Henry and Catherine were married by
320:was the sister of Seymour's grandmother,
6251:
6174:Catherine Howard - Henry's Fifth Failure
6008:Hans Holbein: Portrait of an Unknown Man
5885:(hardback). Vol. 3. Santa Barbara:
5708:
5298:
4995:
4691:
4276:
3739:
3212:
3083:
2952:
737:
414:
6255:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
6190:
6111:
6033:
5986:
5821:
5791:
5751:
5731:
5689:
5279:
5013:
4889:
4874:
4844:, c. 1535β40, Hans Holbein the Younger"
4700:
4685:
4643:
4573:
4502:
4454:
4327:
4055:
4031:
4019:
3979:
3967:
3945:
3941:
3939:
3930:
3906:
3857:
3845:
3833:
3821:
3809:
3797:
3749:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3740:Warnicke, Retha M (23 September 2004).
3703:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3693:
3160:The Six Wives: The Queens of Henry VIII
387:, her step-grandmother and the Dowager
6988:
6132:
6114:The Canon of Sir Thomas Wyatt's Poetry
6005:
5856:
5830:
5658:
5645:
5621:
5594:
5484:"The Fall of Anne Boleyn Reconsidered"
5443:(hardback). New York: William Morrow.
5434:
5366:
5248:
5169:Saltmarsh, Polly (30 September 2020).
5156:
5056:
5044:
5007:
4983:
4971:
4904:
4902:
4900:
4898:
4834:
4832:
4830:
4828:
4778:
4729:
4618:Portrait Miniature of Katherine Howard
4546:
4430:
4315:
4240:
4190:
4157:
3665:
347:were royalty from continental Europe.
6459:Royal consorts in Scotland until 1603
6403:
6089:
6067:
6047:
5779:
5693:Norfolk House and Old Paradise Street
5570:
5284:. Palm Springs: Old John Publishing.
5199:
5144:
5084:
4761:
4659:Portrait of Jane Seymour (1509?β1537)
4288:
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6456:Royal consorts in England until 1603
6073:Katherine Howard: A Tudor Conspiracy
5953:
5944:
5925:
5903:
5732:Russell, Gareth (13 February 2011).
5628:Jane Seymour: Henry VIII's True Love
5478:
5457:
5416:Heard, Kate; Whitaker, Lucy (2013).
5349:"Catherine Howard and the Cromwells"
5347:Fitzgerald, Teri (4 November 2019).
5222:
4819:
4527:Russell, England (director) (2016).
4514:
4490:
4478:
4442:
4418:
4403:
4391:
4379:
4367:
4355:
4339:
4303:
4254:. Englishhistory.net. Archived from
4222:
4145:
4130:
4118:
4106:
4091:
4079:
4043:
4007:
3936:
3894:
3681:
3509:Gregory Cromwell, 1st Baron Cromwell
3349:c. 1532β43, Hans Holbein the Younger
3123:Katherine Howard: A Tudor Conspiracy
3065:. According to popular folklore her
7056:Howard family (English aristocracy)
6296:, which describes Catherine's death
5930:(hardback). London: Jonathan Cape.
5799:Six Wives: The Queens of Henry VIII
5322:Fitzgerald, Teri (18 August 2019).
5117:
4895:
4825:
4175:
3377:, was identified by art historian,
3034:Royal Assent by Commission Act 1541
454:
13:
6926:Caroline of Brunswick-WolfenbΓΌttel
6311:Catherine Howard and the Cromwells
6026:
3329:
3041:until 1546). Entering through the
3024:Catherine remained in limbo until
273:Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk
246:Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk
16:Queen of England from 1540 to 1541
14:
7132:
7051:Executions at the Tower of London
6921:Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
6895:British royal consorts after the
6321:National Portrait Gallery, London
6280:
3277:Workshop of Hans Holbein portrait
3108:
2921:Jane Boleyn, Viscountess Rochford
687:"Non autre volontΓ© que la sienne"
21:Catherine Howard (disambiguation)
7091:Prisoners in the Tower of London
7071:People executed under Henry VIII
6387:28 July 1540 β 13 February 1542
6365:28 July 1540 β 13 February 1542
5410:She hath done wonderous naughtly
5392:Great Britain. Record Commission
3946:Ridgway, Claire (28 July 2010).
3565:
3550:
3470:
3456:
3441:
3424:
3354:
3339:
3028:introduced on 29 January 1542 a
2035:Baroness FitzHugh of Ravensworth
659:
643:
625:
609:
591:
575:
200:
105:13 February 1542 (aged about 19)
36:
6936:Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
6916:Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach
5991:. Glastonbury: Martin Wheeler.
5466:. Historyofparliamentonline.org
5162:
4784:
4723:
4649:
4608:
4579:
4520:
4202:
4184:
4169:
4151:
3863:
3320:Anne of Cleves, the Fourth Wife
2885:
2847:
2825:
2675:
2432:
2192:
2185:
1117:
1003:
840:
502:, the religiously conservative
383:Henry were sent to be wards of
148:
110:, London, England (decapitated)
74:28 July 1540 β 23 November 1541
6048:Byrne, Conor (1 August 2014).
6043:. London: Winsor & Newton.
5192:
3992:Letters and Papers, Henry VIII
3733:
3687:
3632:
3623:
3513:Thomas Cromwell, Earl of Essex
1:
7111:Child sexual abuse in England
6317:Portraits of Catherine Howard
6050:"Katherine Howard's Birthday"
5882:Encyclopedia of Tudor England
5662:The English Historical Review
5503:10.1093/ehr/CVII.CCCCXXIV.651
5489:The English Historical Review
4730:Selvin, Claire (3 May 2021).
4701:Alberge, Dalya (2 May 2021).
3694:Edwards, John (19 May 2011).
3653:
3497:
3405:exhibits a similar painting,
3239:by Hans Holbein the Younger,
3230:
2631:
2604:
2578:
2453:
2393:
2374:
2357:
2227:
2157:
2022:
1956:
1802:
1782:
1646:
1614:
1390:
961:
350:
291:
275:(1443β1524), but her father,
214:
122:Church of St Peter ad Vincula
87:
51:
7101:16th-century Roman Catholics
6956:Philip of Greece and Denmark
6911:George of Denmark and Norway
6874:George of Denmark and Norway
6272:UK public library membership
6195:. Cambridge: Da Capo Press.
6112:Harrier, Richard C. (1975).
5303:A Treasure of Royal Scandals
5280:Edwards, J. Stephan (2015).
3773:UK public library membership
3727:UK public library membership
3616:
3312:Victoria & Albert Museum
3208:
3166:and characterized her as a "
3019:Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey
2018:
1765:
940:
510:to England. Catholic bishop
467:. As a young and attractive
7:
7121:Household of Anne of Cleves
7086:Executed people from London
7061:Ladies of the Privy Chamber
6172:Lawrence-Young, D. (2014).
5987:Wheeler, Elisabeth (2008).
5909:The Six Wives of Henry VIII
5462:. In Bindoff, S. T. (ed.).
5373:The Six Wives of Henry VIII
5307:. New York: Penguin Books.
5113:Portrait of an Unknown Lady
4529:Six Wives with Lucy Worsley
4180:. Vol. 2. p. 741.
3607:portrait of an Unknown Lady
3573:Portrait of an Unknown Lady
3151:The Six Wives of Henry VIII
3133:by Conor Byrne (2019), and
3007:hanged, drawn and quartered
2902:
529:
266:
10:
7137:
7011:16th-century English women
6931:Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen
5947:Henry VIII: King and Court
5928:Henry VIII: King and Court
5738:Confessions of a Ci-Devant
5299:Farquhar, Michael (2001).
4467:State Papers 8 (5), p. 636
4194:(1993). "Anne of Cleves".
3596:Metropolitan Museum of Art
3300:Royal Collection miniature
514:entertained the couple at
403:, and at Norfolk House in
362:Dowager Duchess of Norfolk
232:. She was the daughter of
18:
6973:
6906:
6890:
6886:
6859:Henrietta Maria of France
6849:
6832:
6828:
6450:
6446:
6392:Crown of Ireland Act 1542
6382:
6367:
6358:
6345:
6338:
6149:10.1017/S0018246X00013327
5911:. New York: Grove Press.
5599:Tudor Costume and Fashion
5253:. In Betteridge, Thomas;
5107:Portrait of a Young Woman
4918:National Portrait Gallery
4646:, pp. xxvi, 650β651.
4562:Heard & Whitaker 2013
3591:Portrait of a Young Woman
3558:Portrait of a Young Woman
3403:National Portrait Gallery
3135:Young and Damned and Fair
2788:
2786:
2762:
2760:
2752:
2750:
2547:
2545:
2537:
2535:
2523:
2521:
2509:
2507:
2499:
2497:
2489:
2487:
2479:
2477:
2445:
2443:
2417:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2322:
2320:
2312:
2310:
2302:
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2290:
2282:
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2250:
2248:
2113:
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2103:
2101:
2093:
2091:
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2081:
2073:
2071:
2059:
2057:
2045:
2043:
2009:
2007:
1999:
1997:
1929:
1927:
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1907:
1899:
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1737:
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1667:
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917:
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909:
907:
905:
903:
901:
891:
887:
885:
883:
877:
875:
873:
871:
869:
867:
865:
863:
861:
859:
857:
196:
186:
176:
158:
129:
114:
101:
83:
79:
69:
62:
35:
30:
6701:Ethelreda of Northumbria
6361:Queen consort of England
6118:Harvard University Press
5675:10.1093/ehr/117.474.1109
5595:Norris, Herbert (1998).
5580:. London: Head of Zeus.
5435:Herman, Eleanor (2006).
5147:, pp. 107β115, 185.
5020:Wagner & Schmid 2012
4022:, pp. 89β90, 97β98.
3375:Hans Holbein the Younger
3298:(2021), argues that the
3265:Kunsthistorisches Museum
3261:portrait of Jane Seymour
3186:, profiling the rise of
3001:. They were executed at
220:β 13 February 1542) was
64:Queen consort of England
48:Hans Holbein the Younger
7031:English Roman Catholics
6294:Six Wives of Henry VIII
6191:Lindsey, Karen (1995).
5837:The Burlington Magazine
5709:Rowlands, John (1985).
5553:Thomas Cromwell: A Life
5458:Hyde, Patricia (1982).
5376:. London, UK: Phoenix.
5229:The Burlington Magazine
5102:James & Franco 2000
4196:The Wives of Henry VIII
4163:The Wives of Henry VIII
3788:, pp. 25, 183β187.
3172:Tudor Queens of England
1659:Countess of Westmorland
538:Six wives of Henry VIII
459:Catherine's uncle, the
7106:16th-century Anglicans
7036:Executed English women
6716:Ermengarde de Beaumont
6468:Γlfgifu of Shaftesbury
6136:The Historical Journal
6006:Wilson, Derek (2006).
5949:(ebook). Random House.
5646:Parker, K. T. (1945).
5556:. London: Allen Lane.
5533:British History Online
5249:Dolman, Brett (2013).
4800:Royal Collection Trust
4595:Royal Collection Trust
3484:In 1967 art historian
3436:(Toledo Museum of Art)
3308:1539 miniature of Anne
3275:and the other being a
3223:
3222:(Buccleuch Collection)
3089:
3055:Constable of the Tower
2978:Imprisonment and death
2958:
743:
420:
355:Catherine was born in
6864:Catherine of Braganza
6691:Ingibiorg Finnsdottir
6566:Isabella of AngoulΓͺme
6561:Berengaria of Navarre
6473:ΓthelflΓ¦d of Damerham
6264:10.1093/ref:odnb/4892
5954:Weir, Alison (2009).
5945:Weir, Alison (2011).
5926:Weir, Alison (2001).
5787:. New York: Pantheon.
5200:Byrne, Conor (2019).
4794:An unidentified woman
3875:Spartacus Educational
3800:, pp. 19, 55β60.
3712:10.1093/ref:odnb/4891
3347:An unidentified woman
3216:
3087:
2956:
2387:Countess of Wiltshire
741:
542:and years of marriage
483:denied this request.
418:
316:, as her grandmother
300:Her father's sister,
136:Henry VIII of England
6951:Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon
6941:Alexandra of Denmark
6796:Francis II of France
6598:Philippa of Hainault
6549:Eleanor of Aquitaine
6543:Geoffrey Plantagenet
6116:. Cambridge, Mass.:
6095:The Tudor Chronicles
6075:. London: Portrait.
5781:Smith, Lacey Baldwin
5548:MacCulloch, Diarmaid
5265:. pp. 115β129.
4914:, late 17th century"
4848:Toledo Museum of Art
4070:, pp. 519, 696.
3758:10.1093/ref:odnb/558
3518:Christina of Denmark
3383:Toledo Museum of Art
3366:Francesco Bartolozzi
3304:Queen Anne of Cleves
3273:Queen Catherine Parr
3253:Buccleuch Collection
3094:St. Peter ad Vincula
1795:Baroness de Clifford
1380:Countess of Flanders
1217:Countess of Flanders
974:Countess of Hereford
691:Hampton Court Palace
304:, was the mother of
286:Catherine's mother,
7096:Wives of Henry VIII
6839:Union of the Crowns
6786:Madeleine of Valois
6776:Margaret of Denmark
6731:Margaret of England
6711:Maud of Northumbria
6706:Sybilla of Normandy
6643:Catherine of Aragon
6628:Elizabeth Woodville
6618:Catherine of Valois
6578:Eleanor of Provence
6537:Matilda of Boulogne
6527:Matilda of Scotland
6522:Matilda of Flanders
5805:Chatto & Windus
5353:onthetudortrail.com
5328:queenanneboleyn.com
5175:British Art Studies
5159:, pp. 124β126.
4877:, pp. 385β387.
4822:, pp. 193β199.
4517:, pp. 457β458.
4406:, pp. 651β664.
4370:, pp. 456β457.
4330:, pp. 313β319.
4291:, pp. 170β171.
4133:, pp. 446β447.
4121:, pp. 440β441.
4082:, pp. 432β433.
3848:, pp. 137β140.
3640:Lacey Baldwin Smith
3611:British Art Studies
3539:Sir Anthony Ughtred
3531:Diarmaid MacCulloch
3494:Sir Oliver Cromwell
3237:portrait miniatures
3168:juvenile delinquent
3119:Lacey Baldwin Smith
2695:Catherine of Aragon
2240:Lady Parr of Kendal
1772:Margaret de Mowbray
1403:Countess of Arundel
1214:Margaret of Brabant
1088:Earl of Northampton
796:Edward I of England
783:wives of Henry VIII
781:Family tree of the
729:Palace of Whitehall
583:Catherine of Aragon
524:Charles de Marillac
341:Catherine of Aragon
6897:Acts of Union 1707
6741:Elizabeth de Burgh
6696:Margaret of Wessex
6608:Isabella of Valois
6593:Isabella of France
6588:Margaret of France
6583:Eleanor of Castile
6572:Blanche of Castile
6555:Margaret of France
6532:Adeliza of Louvain
6493:Sigrid the Haughty
6372:Title next held by
6350:Title last held by
6054:On the Tudor Trail
5669:(474): 1109β1146.
5605:Dover Publications
5523:. pp. 91β125.
5439:Sex with the Queen
5263:Ashgate Publishing
5255:Lipscomb, Suzannah
4258:on 10 October 2012
3871:"Catherine Howard"
3368:after Hans Holbein
3281:Queen Jane Seymour
3224:
3090:
2959:
2237:Elizabeth FitzHugh
1594:Elizabeth Mortimer
1580:Duchess of Norfolk
1577:Elizabeth Fitzalan
1420:Countess of Ulster
1400:Elizabeth Fitzalan
951:Duchess of Brabant
744:
702:Groom of the Stool
698:Sir Thomas Heneage
421:
389:Duchess of Norfolk
277:Lord Edmund Howard
234:Lord Edmund Howard
181:Lord Edmund Howard
57:(Royal Collection)
7026:English Anglicans
6983:
6982:
6969:
6968:
6882:
6881:
6824:
6823:
6819:
6818:
6761:Anabella Drummond
6751:Margaret Drummond
6746:Joan of the Tower
6638:Elizabeth of York
6623:Margaret of Anjou
6398:
6397:
6309:Teri Fitzgerald,
6301:Teri Fitzgerald,
6270:(Subscription or
5965:978-0-224-06319-7
5623:Norton, Elizabeth
5383:978-1-8421-2633-2
5334:on 6 October 2019
5206:The History Press
4892:, pp. 70β75.
4318:, pp. 81β82.
3982:, pp. 55β56.
3921:, pp. 58β60.
3836:, pp. 44β45.
3812:, pp. 16β19.
3771:(Subscription or
3725:(Subscription or
3535:Elizabeth Seymour
3505:Elizabeth Seymour
3269:Hastings portrait
3188:Queen Elizabeth I
3184:Elizabeth's Women
3078:Sir William Paget
3030:bill of attainder
2971:Winchester Palace
2900:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2414:Elizabeth of York
2403:Margery Wentworth
2207:Margaret Beaufort
1851:Earl of Salisbury
1754:Duchess of Cleves
1269:Duke of Lancaster
1245:Lionel of Antwerp
516:Winchester Palace
508:Roman Catholicism
310:Queen Elizabeth I
208:
207:
124:, Tower of London
97:, London, England
7128:
7041:Executed royalty
6996:Catherine Howard
6888:
6887:
6830:
6829:
6771:Mary of Guelders
6756:Euphemia de Ross
6736:Yolande de Dreux
6674:Guildford Dudley
6663:Catherine Howard
6507:Emma of Normandy
6453:
6452:
6448:
6447:
6424:
6417:
6410:
6401:
6400:
6384:Lady of Ireland
6336:
6335:
6327:
6275:
6267:
6248:
6227:
6206:
6187:
6168:
6129:
6108:
6086:
6064:
6062:
6060:
6044:
6035:Boutell, Charles
6021:
6002:
5983:
5977:
5969:
5950:
5941:
5922:
5900:
5875:
5853:
5844:(770): 276β281.
5827:
5818:
5802:
5788:
5776:
5748:
5746:
5744:
5728:
5705:
5703:
5701:
5686:
5655:
5642:
5618:
5602:
5591:
5567:
5543:
5541:
5539:
5524:
5515:
5505:
5496:(424): 651β664.
5475:
5473:
5471:
5454:
5442:
5431:
5412:
5387:
5363:
5361:
5359:
5343:
5341:
5339:
5330:. Archived from
5318:
5306:
5295:
5276:
5245:
5219:
5187:
5186:
5184:
5182:
5166:
5160:
5154:
5148:
5142:
5136:
5133:Fitzgerald 2019b
5130:
5124:
5123:
5099:
5088:
5082:
5076:
5070:
5064:
5054:
5048:
5042:
5033:
5017:
5011:
5005:
4999:
4993:
4987:
4981:
4975:
4969:
4952:
4949:Fitzgerald 2019a
4946:
4931:
4929:
4927:
4925:
4906:
4893:
4887:
4878:
4872:
4861:
4859:
4857:
4855:
4836:
4823:
4817:
4811:
4810:
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4788:
4782:
4776:
4765:
4759:
4750:
4749:
4744:
4742:
4727:
4721:
4720:
4715:
4713:
4698:
4689:
4683:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4672:
4653:
4647:
4641:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4630:
4612:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4601:
4583:
4577:
4571:
4565:
4559:
4550:
4544:
4533:
4532:
4524:
4518:
4512:
4506:
4500:
4494:
4488:
4482:
4476:
4470:
4464:
4458:
4452:
4446:
4440:
4434:
4428:
4422:
4416:
4407:
4401:
4395:
4389:
4383:
4377:
4371:
4365:
4359:
4353:
4347:
4337:
4331:
4325:
4319:
4313:
4307:
4301:
4292:
4286:
4280:
4274:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4263:
4252:Catherine Howard
4244:
4238:
4232:
4226:
4220:
4214:
4213:
4206:
4200:
4199:
4198:. Vintage Books.
4188:
4182:
4181:
4173:
4167:
4166:
4165:. Vintage Books.
4155:
4149:
4143:
4134:
4128:
4122:
4116:
4110:
4104:
4095:
4089:
4083:
4077:
4071:
4065:
4059:
4053:
4047:
4041:
4035:
4029:
4023:
4017:
4011:
4005:
3999:
3989:
3983:
3977:
3971:
3965:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3943:
3934:
3928:
3922:
3916:
3910:
3904:
3898:
3892:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3881:
3867:
3861:
3855:
3849:
3843:
3837:
3831:
3825:
3819:
3813:
3807:
3801:
3795:
3789:
3783:
3777:
3776:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3745:
3737:
3731:
3730:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3699:
3691:
3685:
3679:
3673:
3663:
3647:
3636:
3630:
3627:
3569:
3554:
3502:
3499:
3474:
3460:
3445:
3428:
3395:is exhibited as
3358:
3343:
3316:Four of Diamonds
3245:Royal Collection
2890:
2889:
2888: 1553β1558
2887:
2881:Queen of England
2875:
2852:
2851:
2850: 1547β1553
2849:
2837:
2830:
2829:
2828: 1558β1603
2827:
2821:Queen of England
2815:
2725:
2712:
2704:
2691:
2680:
2679:
2678: 1509β1547
2677:
2663:
2651:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2624:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2597:
2588:Catherine Howard
2584:
2583:
2582: 1524β1542
2580:
2571:
2558:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2437:
2436:
2435: 1485β1509
2434:
2422:
2411:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2384:Elizabeth Boleyn
2381:
2379:
2376:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2345:
2234:
2232:
2231: 1455/1465
2229:
2221:Queen of Castile
2215:
2204:
2197:
2196:
2195: 1470β1483
2194:
2189:
2188: 1461β1470
2187:
2175:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2141:
2124:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2020:
1985:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1940:
1845:
1832:
1825:Duke of Somerset
1819:
1811:Anne de Mortimer
1808:
1807:
1804:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1748:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1640:Queen of Castile
1634:
1627:Earl of Somerset
1621:
1619:
1616:
1602:
1591:
1574:
1563:Duke of Burgundy
1557:
1414:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1374:
1263:
1248:Duke of Clarence
1242:
1211:
1122:
1121:
1120: 1327β1377
1119:
1107:
1085:William de Bohun
1082:
1065:
1008:
1007:
1006: 1307β1327
1005:
993:
968:
966:
963:
945:
944:
942:
845:
844:
843: 1272β1307
842:
830:
801:
800:
776:
769:
762:
753:
752:
663:
651:Catherine Howard
647:
629:
613:
595:
579:
565:
558:
551:
543:
512:Stephen Gardiner
455:Arrival at court
318:Elizabeth Tilney
302:Elizabeth Howard
296:
293:
222:Queen of England
219:
216:
211:Catherine Howard
204:
152:
150:
118:13 February 1542
92:
89:
75:
56:
53:
40:
31:Catherine Howard
28:
27:
7136:
7135:
7131:
7130:
7129:
7127:
7126:
7125:
7021:Culpeper family
6986:
6985:
6984:
6979:
6965:
6902:
6878:
6854:Anne of Denmark
6845:
6820:
6815:
6811:Anne of Denmark
6721:Joan of England
6679:
6613:Joan of Navarre
6603:Anne of Bohemia
6517:Edith of Mercia
6512:Edith of Wessex
6488:Γlfgifu of York
6442:
6437: and
6428:
6386:
6373:
6364:
6351:
6340:English royalty
6283:
6278:
6269:
6245:
6224:
6203:
6184:
6183:978-06159-69527
6105:
6083:
6058:
6056:
6029:
6027:Further reading
6024:
6018:
5999:
5971:
5970:
5966:
5938:
5919:
5897:
5872:
5815:
5773:
5763:William Collins
5753:Russell, Gareth
5742:
5740:
5725:
5699:
5697:
5639:
5615:
5588:
5564:
5537:
5535:
5469:
5467:
5451:
5428:
5384:
5368:Fraser, Antonia
5357:
5355:
5337:
5335:
5315:
5292:
5273:
5236:(88): 193β199.
5216:
5195:
5190:
5180:
5178:
5167:
5163:
5155:
5151:
5143:
5139:
5131:
5127:
5100:
5091:
5083:
5079:
5073:MacCulloch 2018
5071:
5067:
5055:
5051:
5043:
5036:
5018:
5014:
5006:
5002:
4994:
4990:
4982:
4978:
4970:
4955:
4947:
4934:
4923:
4921:
4908:
4907:
4896:
4888:
4881:
4873:
4864:
4853:
4851:
4838:
4837:
4826:
4818:
4814:
4804:
4802:
4790:
4789:
4785:
4777:
4768:
4760:
4753:
4740:
4738:
4728:
4724:
4711:
4709:
4699:
4692:
4684:
4680:
4670:
4668:
4655:
4654:
4650:
4642:
4638:
4628:
4626:
4614:
4613:
4609:
4599:
4597:
4585:
4584:
4580:
4572:
4568:
4560:
4553:
4545:
4536:
4526:
4525:
4521:
4513:
4509:
4501:
4497:
4489:
4485:
4477:
4473:
4465:
4461:
4453:
4449:
4441:
4437:
4433:, p. 1129.
4429:
4425:
4417:
4410:
4402:
4398:
4390:
4386:
4378:
4374:
4366:
4362:
4354:
4350:
4338:
4334:
4326:
4322:
4314:
4310:
4302:
4295:
4287:
4283:
4275:
4271:
4261:
4259:
4246:
4245:
4241:
4233:
4229:
4221:
4217:
4208:
4207:
4203:
4192:Fraser, Antonia
4189:
4185:
4174:
4170:
4159:Fraser, Antonia
4156:
4152:
4144:
4137:
4129:
4125:
4117:
4113:
4105:
4098:
4090:
4086:
4078:
4074:
4068:MacCulloch 2018
4066:
4062:
4054:
4050:
4042:
4038:
4030:
4026:
4018:
4014:
4006:
4002:
3990:
3986:
3978:
3974:
3966:
3962:
3952:
3950:
3944:
3937:
3929:
3925:
3917:
3913:
3905:
3901:
3893:
3889:
3879:
3877:
3869:
3868:
3864:
3856:
3852:
3844:
3840:
3832:
3828:
3820:
3816:
3808:
3804:
3796:
3792:
3784:
3780:
3770:
3762:
3760:
3738:
3734:
3724:
3716:
3714:
3692:
3688:
3680:
3676:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3651:
3650:
3637:
3633:
3628:
3624:
3619:
3584:
3581:Lucas Horenbout
3570:
3561:
3555:
3500:
3480:
3475:
3466:
3461:
3452:
3446:
3437:
3435:
3429:
3417:Cromwell family
3379:Sir Lionel Cust
3369:
3359:
3350:
3344:
3332:
3330:Other portraits
3233:
3221:
3211:
3154:(1991)βsuch as
3115:A Tudor Tragedy
3111:
3076:, when told by
3053:in his role as
2980:
2967:All Saints' Day
2909:Thomas Culpeper
2905:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2873:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2843:King of England
2842:
2838:
2835:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2813:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2713:
2710:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2692:
2689:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2671:King of England
2670:
2664:
2661:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2639:
2634:
2630:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2612:
2607:
2603:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2559:
2556:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2428:King of England
2427:
2423:
2420:
2412:
2409:
2401:
2396:
2392:
2386:
2382:
2377:
2373:
2365:
2360:
2356:
2350:
2346:
2343:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2205:
2202:
2191:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2181:King of England
2180:
2176:
2173:
2167:Henry Wentworth
2165:
2160:
2156:
2147:Duke of Norfolk
2146:
2142:
2139:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2017:
2016:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1969:Duke of Norfolk
1968:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1850:
1848:Richard Neville
1846:
1843:
1838:King of Castile
1837:
1833:
1830:
1824:
1820:
1817:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1771:
1764:
1763:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1592:
1589:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1562:
1558:
1555:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1268:
1264:
1261:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1113:King of England
1112:
1108:
1105:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1071:Duke of Brabant
1070:
1066:
1063:
1002:
1001:
1000:
999:King of England
998:
994:
991:
973:
969:
964:
960:
950:
946:
939:
938:
839:
838:
837:
836:King of England
835:
831:
828:
780:
683:Oatlands Palace
675:
674:
673:
672:
671:
669:
664:
656:
655:
653:
648:
639:
638:
637:
635:
630:
622:
621:
619:
614:
605:
604:
603:
601:
596:
588:
587:
585:
580:
571:
570:
569:
544:
541:
540:
532:
500:Nicholas Sander
498:. According to
488:Thomas Cromwell
473:Thomas Culpeper
469:lady-in-waiting
461:Duke of Norfolk
457:
445:Francis Dereham
393:Chesworth House
353:
294:
269:
261:Thomas Culpeper
254:Oatlands Palace
230:King Henry VIII
217:
168:
154:
151: 1540)
146:
142:
139:
138:
125:
119:
108:Tower of London
106:
93:
90:
73:
58:
54:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7134:
7124:
7123:
7118:
7113:
7108:
7103:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7058:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6981:
6980:
6974:
6971:
6970:
6967:
6966:
6964:
6963:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6907:
6904:
6903:
6901:
6900:
6884:
6883:
6880:
6879:
6877:
6876:
6871:
6869:Mary of Modena
6866:
6861:
6856:
6850:
6847:
6846:
6844:
6843:
6826:
6825:
6822:
6821:
6817:
6816:
6814:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6783:
6781:Margaret Tudor
6778:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6726:Marie de Coucy
6723:
6718:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6682:
6680:
6678:
6677:
6670:
6668:Catherine Parr
6665:
6660:
6658:Anne of Cleves
6655:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6551:
6546:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6464:
6461:
6460:
6457:
6451:
6444:
6443:
6441:royal consorts
6427:
6426:
6419:
6412:
6404:
6396:
6395:
6388:
6380:
6379:
6376:Catherine Parr
6371:
6366:
6357:
6354:Anne of Cleves
6349:
6343:
6342:
6334:
6333:
6328:
6314:
6306:
6298:
6289:
6282:
6281:External links
6279:
6277:
6276:
6249:
6244:978-1460992708
6243:
6228:
6223:978-1449966386
6222:
6207:
6201:
6188:
6182:
6169:
6143:(2): 259β281.
6130:
6109:
6103:
6087:
6081:
6065:
6045:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6022:
6016:
6003:
5997:
5984:
5964:
5951:
5942:
5936:
5923:
5917:
5901:
5895:
5876:
5870:
5854:
5828:
5819:
5813:
5793:Starkey, David
5789:
5777:
5771:
5749:
5729:
5723:
5706:
5687:
5656:
5643:
5637:
5619:
5613:
5592:
5586:
5568:
5562:
5544:
5525:
5516:
5476:
5455:
5449:
5432:
5426:
5413:
5388:
5382:
5364:
5344:
5319:
5313:
5296:
5290:
5277:
5271:
5246:
5220:
5214:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5188:
5161:
5149:
5137:
5125:
5089:
5087:, p. 484.
5077:
5065:
5049:
5047:, p. 215.
5034:
5012:
5010:, p. 281.
5000:
4998:, p. 146.
4988:
4986:, p. 281.
4976:
4953:
4932:
4894:
4879:
4862:
4850:. Toledo, Ohio
4824:
4812:
4783:
4766:
4764:, p. 496.
4751:
4722:
4690:
4678:
4648:
4636:
4607:
4578:
4576:, p. 383.
4566:
4564:, p. 183.
4551:
4534:
4519:
4507:
4495:
4493:, p. 482.
4483:
4481:, p. 475.
4471:
4459:
4447:
4445:, p. 480.
4435:
4423:
4421:, p. 481.
4408:
4396:
4384:
4382:, p. 478.
4372:
4360:
4358:, p. 474.
4348:
4332:
4320:
4308:
4306:, p. 453.
4293:
4281:
4269:
4239:
4237:, p. 173.
4227:
4225:, p. 454.
4215:
4201:
4183:
4168:
4150:
4148:, p. 449.
4135:
4123:
4111:
4109:, p. 437.
4096:
4094:, p. 433.
4084:
4072:
4060:
4048:
4046:, p. 432.
4036:
4024:
4012:
4010:, p. 413.
4000:
3984:
3972:
3970:, p. 279.
3960:
3935:
3923:
3911:
3899:
3897:, p. 424.
3887:
3862:
3850:
3838:
3826:
3814:
3802:
3790:
3778:
3732:
3686:
3674:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3644:Antonia Fraser
3631:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3586:
3585:
3583:(1490/95β1544)
3571:
3564:
3562:
3556:
3549:
3527:Antonia Fraser
3486:Sir Roy Strong
3482:
3481:
3476:
3469:
3467:
3462:
3455:
3453:
3447:
3440:
3438:
3430:
3423:
3371:
3370:
3360:
3353:
3351:
3345:
3338:
3331:
3328:
3232:
3229:
3210:
3207:
3195:Antonia Fraser
3139:Gareth Russell
3110:
3109:Historiography
3107:
3103:Queen Victoria
3043:Traitors' Gate
2979:
2976:
2944:Thomas Cranmer
2913:Anne of Cleves
2904:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2833:
2831:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2716:Catherine Parr
2708:
2706:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2628:
2626:
2601:
2599:
2575:
2573:
2562:Anne of Cleves
2553:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2418:
2416:
2407:
2405:
2390:
2388:
2371:
2369:
2354:
2352:
2351:Duke of Cleves
2344:1490β1538/1539
2340:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2224:
2222:
2211:
2209:
2200:
2198:
2171:
2169:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2130:Duke of Cleves
2119:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1946:Duke of Cleves
1935:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1841:
1839:
1828:
1826:
1815:
1813:
1798:
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1605:Roger Mortimer
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810:
808:
806:
804:
786:
785:
779:
778:
771:
764:
756:
710:Baynard Castle
706:City of London
667:Catherine Parr
665:
658:
657:
649:
642:
641:
640:
633:Anne of Cleves
631:
624:
623:
615:
608:
607:
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589:
581:
574:
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572:
568:
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560:
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536:
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533:
531:
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465:Anne of Cleves
456:
453:
425:Retha Warnicke
352:
349:
345:Anne of Cleves
288:Joyce Culpeper
268:
265:
250:Anne of Cleves
240:, a cousin to
238:Joyce Culpeper
206:
205:
198:
194:
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191:Joyce Culpeper
188:
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44:Anne of Cleves
41:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7133:
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7119:
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6961:Camilla Shand
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6812:
6809:
6807:
6806:James Hepburn
6804:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6791:Mary of Guise
6789:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
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6772:
6769:
6767:
6766:Joan Beaufort
6764:
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6332:
6329:
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6313:
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6307:
6305:
6304:
6299:
6297:
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6285:
6284:
6273:
6265:
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6257:
6256:
6250:
6246:
6240:
6236:
6235:
6229:
6225:
6219:
6215:
6214:
6208:
6204:
6202:0-201-40823-6
6198:
6194:
6189:
6185:
6179:
6175:
6170:
6166:
6162:
6158:
6154:
6150:
6146:
6142:
6138:
6137:
6131:
6127:
6123:
6119:
6115:
6110:
6106:
6104:9781847244222
6100:
6096:
6092:
6088:
6084:
6078:
6074:
6070:
6069:Denny, Joanna
6066:
6055:
6051:
6046:
6042:
6041:
6036:
6032:
6031:
6019:
6017:9781844139187
6013:
6009:
6004:
6000:
5998:9781872882017
5994:
5990:
5985:
5981:
5975:
5967:
5961:
5957:
5952:
5948:
5943:
5939:
5937:0-224-06022-8
5933:
5929:
5924:
5920:
5918:0-8021-3683-4
5914:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5896:9781598842982
5892:
5888:
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5883:
5877:
5873:
5867:
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5859:
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5847:
5843:
5839:
5838:
5833:
5829:
5825:
5820:
5816:
5810:
5806:
5801:
5800:
5794:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5772:9780008128296
5768:
5764:
5760:
5759:
5754:
5750:
5739:
5735:
5730:
5726:
5724:9780714823584
5720:
5716:
5712:
5707:
5695:
5694:
5688:
5684:
5680:
5676:
5672:
5668:
5664:
5663:
5657:
5653:
5652:Phaidon Press
5649:
5644:
5640:
5638:9781848681026
5634:
5630:
5629:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5610:
5606:
5601:
5600:
5593:
5589:
5587:9781788541206
5583:
5579:
5578:
5573:
5572:Moyle, Franny
5569:
5565:
5563:9780141967660
5559:
5555:
5554:
5549:
5545:
5534:
5530:
5526:
5522:
5517:
5513:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5490:
5485:
5481:
5480:Ives, Eric W.
5477:
5465:
5461:
5456:
5452:
5450:0-06-084673-9
5446:
5441:
5440:
5433:
5429:
5427:9781905686827
5423:
5419:
5414:
5411:
5407:
5403:
5399:
5398:
5393:
5389:
5385:
5379:
5375:
5374:
5369:
5365:
5354:
5350:
5345:
5333:
5329:
5325:
5320:
5316:
5314:0-7394-2025-9
5310:
5305:
5304:
5297:
5293:
5291:9780986387302
5287:
5283:
5278:
5274:
5272:9781409411857
5268:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5247:
5243:
5239:
5235:
5231:
5230:
5225:
5221:
5217:
5215:9780750990608
5211:
5207:
5203:
5198:
5197:
5176:
5172:
5165:
5158:
5153:
5146:
5141:
5134:
5129:
5121:
5115:
5114:
5109:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5096:
5094:
5086:
5081:
5074:
5069:
5062:
5058:
5053:
5046:
5041:
5039:
5031:
5030:
5025:
5021:
5016:
5009:
5004:
4997:
4996:Rowlands 1985
4992:
4985:
4980:
4973:
4968:
4966:
4964:
4962:
4960:
4958:
4950:
4945:
4943:
4941:
4939:
4937:
4919:
4915:
4913:
4905:
4903:
4901:
4899:
4891:
4886:
4884:
4876:
4871:
4869:
4867:
4849:
4845:
4843:
4835:
4833:
4831:
4829:
4821:
4816:
4801:
4797:
4795:
4787:
4780:
4775:
4773:
4771:
4763:
4758:
4756:
4748:
4737:
4733:
4726:
4719:
4708:
4704:
4697:
4695:
4687:
4682:
4666:
4662:
4660:
4652:
4645:
4640:
4625:
4621:
4619:
4611:
4596:
4592:
4590:
4582:
4575:
4570:
4563:
4558:
4556:
4548:
4543:
4541:
4539:
4530:
4523:
4516:
4511:
4504:
4499:
4492:
4487:
4480:
4475:
4468:
4463:
4456:
4451:
4444:
4439:
4432:
4427:
4420:
4415:
4413:
4405:
4400:
4394:, p. 82.
4393:
4388:
4381:
4376:
4369:
4364:
4357:
4352:
4345:
4341:
4336:
4329:
4324:
4317:
4312:
4305:
4300:
4298:
4290:
4285:
4279:, p. 77.
4278:
4277:Farquhar 2001
4273:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4243:
4236:
4231:
4224:
4219:
4211:
4210:"Tudor Times"
4205:
4197:
4193:
4187:
4179:
4172:
4164:
4160:
4154:
4147:
4142:
4140:
4132:
4127:
4120:
4115:
4108:
4103:
4101:
4093:
4088:
4081:
4076:
4069:
4064:
4058:, p. 89.
4057:
4052:
4045:
4040:
4034:, p. 99.
4033:
4028:
4021:
4016:
4009:
4004:
3997:
3993:
3988:
3981:
3976:
3969:
3964:
3949:
3942:
3940:
3933:, p. 54.
3932:
3927:
3920:
3915:
3909:, p. 63.
3908:
3903:
3896:
3891:
3876:
3872:
3866:
3860:, p. 50.
3859:
3854:
3847:
3842:
3835:
3830:
3824:, p. 41.
3823:
3818:
3811:
3806:
3799:
3794:
3787:
3782:
3774:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3750:
3744:
3736:
3728:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3704:
3698:
3690:
3683:
3678:
3671:
3667:
3662:
3658:
3645:
3641:
3635:
3626:
3622:
3614:
3612:
3608:
3603:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3592:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3568:
3563:
3559:
3553:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3479:
3473:
3468:
3465:
3459:
3454:
3450:
3444:
3439:
3433:
3427:
3422:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3413:ETATIS SVΓ 21
3410:
3409:
3404:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3390:
3389:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3367:
3363:
3357:
3352:
3348:
3342:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3327:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3310:, now in the
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3288:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3228:
3219:
3215:
3206:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3156:David Starkey
3153:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3106:
3104:
3099:
3095:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3068:
3064:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3051:Sir John Gage
3048:
3044:
3038:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3011:London Bridge
3008:
3004:
3000:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2984:
2975:
2972:
2968:
2963:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2925:George Boleyn
2922:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2893:
2879:
2841:
2819:
2795:
2793:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2718:
2717:
2705:
2697:
2696:
2669:
2668:
2652:
2644:
2643:
2625:
2617:
2616:
2598:
2590:
2589:
2572:
2564:
2563:
2554:
2552:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2465:
2426:
2415:
2404:
2385:
2368:
2367:Edmund Howard
2349:
2341:
2338:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2270:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2258:
2245:
2243:
2238:
2219:
2208:
2179:
2168:
2145:
2144:Thomas Howard
2128:
2120:
2118:
2040:
2038:
2033:
2032:Alice Neville
1989:
1978:Mary Clifford
1967:
1944:
1936:
1934:
1856:
1854:
1849:
1836:
1823:
1822:John Beaufort
1812:
1793:
1752:
1744:
1742:
1664:
1662:
1657:
1656:Joan Beaufort
1638:
1625:
1624:John Beaufort
1608:Earl of March
1606:
1595:
1578:
1561:
1553:
1550:
1542:
1541:
1504:
1496:
1463:
1461:
1418:
1401:
1378:
1370:
1367:
1359:
1357:
1349:
1348:
1341:
1325:
1274:
1272:
1267:
1266:John of Gaunt
1246:
1215:
1207:
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1188:
1186:
1185:
1178:
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711:
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699:
694:
692:
688:
684:
681:of London at
680:
679:Bishop Bonner
668:
662:
652:
646:
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618:
612:
600:
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578:
566:
561:
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547:
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525:
519:
517:
513:
509:
505:
504:Howard family
501:
497:
496:queen consort
493:
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369:Edmund Howard
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281:primogeniture
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172:(by marriage)
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7001:1520s births
6976:
6946:Mary of Teck
6894:
6836:
6801:Henry Stuart
6672:
6662:
6653:Jane Seymour
6633:Anne Neville
6570:
6553:
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6091:Doran, Susan
6072:
6057:. Retrieved
6053:
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5988:
5955:
5946:
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5908:
5905:Weir, Alison
5881:
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5737:
5710:
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5692:
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5532:
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5487:
5468:. Retrieved
5463:
5438:
5417:
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5401:
5400:. Vol.
5397:State Papers
5396:
5372:
5356:. Retrieved
5352:
5336:. Retrieved
5332:the original
5327:
5302:
5281:
5258:
5233:
5227:
5224:Cust, Lionel
5201:
5179:. Retrieved
5174:
5164:
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5112:
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5080:
5068:
5052:
5027:
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4979:
4922:. Retrieved
4917:
4911:
4890:Starkey 2007
4875:Russell 2017
4852:. Retrieved
4847:
4841:
4815:
4803:. Retrieved
4799:
4793:
4786:
4746:
4739:. Retrieved
4735:
4725:
4717:
4710:. Retrieved
4707:The Guardian
4706:
4686:Edwards 2015
4681:
4669:. Retrieved
4664:
4658:
4651:
4644:Starkey 2003
4639:
4627:. Retrieved
4623:
4617:
4610:
4598:. Retrieved
4594:
4588:
4581:
4574:Russell 2017
4569:
4528:
4522:
4510:
4503:Wheeler 2008
4498:
4486:
4474:
4462:
4455:Russell 2011
4450:
4438:
4426:
4399:
4387:
4375:
4363:
4351:
4335:
4328:Russell 2017
4323:
4311:
4284:
4272:
4260:. Retrieved
4256:the original
4251:
4242:
4230:
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4195:
4186:
4177:
4171:
4162:
4153:
4126:
4114:
4087:
4075:
4063:
4056:Russell 2017
4051:
4039:
4032:Russell 2017
4027:
4020:Russell 2017
4015:
4003:
3987:
3980:Russell 2017
3975:
3968:Russell 2017
3963:
3951:. Retrieved
3931:Russell 2017
3926:
3914:
3907:Russell 2017
3902:
3890:
3878:. Retrieved
3874:
3865:
3858:Russell 2017
3853:
3846:Roberts 1951
3841:
3834:Russell 2017
3829:
3822:Russell 2017
3817:
3810:Russell 2017
3805:
3798:Russell 2017
3793:
3781:
3761:. Retrieved
3747:
3735:
3715:. Retrieved
3701:
3689:
3677:
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3634:
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3604:
3600:French hoods
3590:
3587:
3572:
3557:
3543:Franny Moyle
3524:
3517:
3483:
3477:
3463:
3448:
3434:c. 1535β1540
3431:
3412:
3407:
3397:
3393:Hever Castle
3386:
3372:
3361:
3346:
3333:
3295:
3292:Franny Moyle
3289:
3285:
3234:
3225:
3217:
3202:
3199:Lucy Worsley
3192:
3183:
3176:David Loades
3171:
3159:
3149:
3143:
3134:
3130:
3127:Joanna Denny
3122:
3114:
3112:
3091:
3072:
3059:
3047:Royal Assent
3039:
3023:
2999:high treason
2996:
2985:
2981:
2964:
2960:
2948:
2940:John Lassels
2933:
2931:'s brother.
2917:
2906:
2720:
2714:
2699:
2693:
2665:
2646:
2642:Jane Seymour
2640:
2619:
2613:
2592:
2587:
2586:
2566:
2560:
2203:1441/43β1509
1991:Duke of York
1377:Margaret III
789:
745:
733:
714:
695:
686:
676:
670:m. 1543β1547
654:m. 1540β1542
650:
620:m. 1536β1537
617:Jane Seymour
602:m. 1533β1536
586:m. 1509β1533
520:
494:'s reign as
485:
481:Agnes Howard
477:
458:
441:
434:
422:
410:
385:Agnes Howard
381:
373:
366:
354:
326:
314:Jane Seymour
299:
285:
270:
258:
210:
209:
25:
7006:1542 deaths
6648:Anne Boleyn
6497:ΕwiΔtosΕawa
5858:Strong, Roy
5832:Strong, Roy
5261:. Farnham:
5193:Works cited
5157:Dolman 2013
5057:Fraser 2002
5045:Wilson 2006
5032:, 25 March.
5008:Norris 1998
4984:Strong 1967
4972:Strong 1967
4779:Parker 1945
4667:. The Hague
4665:Mauritshuis
4547:Strong 1983
4431:Potter 2002
4316:Herman 2006
4262:31 December
3763:13 February
3717:13 February
3666:Norton 2009
3525:Historians
3501: 1562
3180:precontract
3146:Alison Weir
3015:Kenninghall
2929:Anne Boleyn
2818:Elizabeth I
2635: 1508
2615:Anne Boleyn
2608: 1507
2464:Thomas Parr
2457: 1483
2397: 1478
2378: 1480
2361: 1478
2161: 1448
2026: 1430
1966:John Howard
1960: 1425
1806: 1411
1786: 1395
1768: 1388
1650: 1379
1618: 1371
1394: 1350
965: 1282
943: 1275
748:Whitsuntide
599:Anne Boleyn
492:Anne Boleyn
377:Anne Boleyn
306:Anne Boleyn
295: 1476
242:Anne Boleyn
218: 1523
91: 1523
55: 1540
6990:Categories
6274:required.)
6082:0749950889
5958:. London.
5871:0905209346
5814:0701172983
5803:. London:
5761:. London:
5713:. Oxford:
5650:. London:
5614:0486298450
5204:. Stroud:
5145:Byrne 2019
5085:Moyle 2021
5059:, p.
5022:, p.
4762:Moyle 2021
4342:, p.
4289:Smith 1961
4235:Smith 1961
3919:Byrne 2019
3786:Byrne 2019
3775:required.)
3729:required.)
3668:, p.
3654:References
3507:, wife of
3492:'s uncle,
3324:Henry VIII
3231:Miniatures
3067:last words
3026:Parliament
2988:Syon Abbey
2667:Henry VIII
2233:βbef. 1507
2218:Isabella I
2163:β1499/1501
1110:Edward III
792:Henry VIII
725:Buckingham
351:Early life
226:fifth wife
167:(by birth)
6841:from 1603
6483:Γlfthryth
6165:154533002
6126:469897866
5974:cite book
5338:14 August
5120:help page
4820:Cust 1910
4515:Weir 2001
4491:Weir 1991
4479:Weir 1991
4443:Weir 1991
4419:Weir 1991
4404:Ives 1992
4392:Weir 2009
4380:Weir 1991
4368:Weir 2001
4356:Weir 1991
4340:Weir 1991
4304:Weir 2001
4223:Weir 2001
4176:Anselme.
4146:Weir 2001
4131:Weir 2001
4119:Weir 2001
4107:Weir 2001
4092:Weir 2011
4080:Weir 2001
4044:Weir 2011
4008:Weir 1991
3895:Weir 2001
3682:Hyde 1982
3617:Footnotes
3579:c. 1535,
3575:, Likely
3511:, son of
3490:Protector
3220:, c. 1540
3209:Portraits
3203:Six Wives
3074:Francis I
2992:Middlesex
2874:1516β1558
2840:Edward VI
2836:1537β1553
2814:1533β1603
2724:1543β1547
2722:6th wife:
2711:1512β1548
2703:1509β1533
2701:1st wife:
2690:1485β1536
2662:1491β1547
2650:1536β1537
2648:3rd wife:
2623:1533β1536
2621:2nd wife:
2596:1540β1542
2594:5th wife:
2568:4th wife:
2557:1515β1557
2425:Henry VII
2421:1457β1509
2410:1466β1503
2214:1451β1504
2178:Edward IV
2174:1442β1483
2140:1443β1524
2123:1458β1521
1984:1411β1460
1939:1419β1481
1844:1400β1460
1831:1405β1454
1818:1404β1444
1792:Elizabeth
1747:1393β1466
1637:Catherine
1633:1373β1418
1601:1374β1398
1590:1371β1417
1573:1366β1425
1556:1371β1419
1413:1355β1382
1373:1350β1405
1262:1340β1399
1241:1338β1368
1210:1323β1380
1106:1312β1377
1081:1312β1360
1064:1300β1355
996:Edward II
992:1284β1327
971:Elizabeth
829:1239β1307
197:Signature
6502:Ealdgyth
6435:Scottish
6093:(2011).
6071:(2005).
6059:19 March
6037:(1863).
5907:(1991).
5887:ABC-CLIO
5860:(1983).
5795:(2003).
5783:(1961).
5755:(2017).
5743:19 March
5700:19 March
5625:(2009).
5574:(2021).
5550:(2018).
5482:(1992).
5394:(1849).
5370:(2002).
5257:(eds.).
5029:Lady Day
4924:26 March
4920:. London
4854:11 March
4805:11 March
4736:Art News
4671:11 March
4629:26 March
4600:26 March
3953:19 March
3880:19 March
3364:, 1797,
3164:hedonism
3129:(2006),
3121:(1967),
3063:scaffold
2903:Downfall
2348:John III
1417:Philippa
1068:John III
948:Margaret
833:Edward I
717:progress
530:Marriage
429:grooming
333:nobility
322:Anne Say
267:Ancestry
6977:italics
6478:Γlfgifu
6439:British
6433:,
6431:English
6319:at the
6157:2639457
5715:Phaidon
5683:3490799
5538:24 July
5470:20 July
5358:20 July
5181:10 July
3263:at the
3257:Windsor
3251:in the
3249:another
3243:in the
2936:Lambeth
2127:John II
2021:
1988:Richard
1835:John II
721:Reading
636:m. 1540
449:Ireland
405:Lambeth
397:Horsham
360:of the
357:Lambeth
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6686:Gruoch
6369:Vacant
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3401:; the
3003:Tyburn
2878:Mary I
1943:John I
437:coitus
401:Sussex
337:gentry
329:Calais
187:Mother
177:Father
165:Howard
130:Spouse
115:Burial
70:Tenure
6161:S2CID
6153:JSTOR
5846:JSTOR
5679:JSTOR
5508:JSTOR
5238:JSTOR
4741:6 May
4712:6 May
3294:, in
2637:β1537
2610:β1536
2459:β1517
2399:β1550
2380:β1538
2363:β1539
1962:β1485
1801:1388β
1788:β1436
1652:β1440
1620:β1410
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967:β1316
790:King
170:Tudor
160:House
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6292:PBS
6239:ISBN
6218:ISBN
6197:ISBN
6178:ISBN
6122:OCLC
6099:ISBN
6077:ISBN
6061:2016
6012:ISBN
5993:ISBN
5980:link
5960:ISBN
5932:ISBN
5913:ISBN
5891:ISBN
5866:ISBN
5809:ISBN
5767:ISBN
5745:2016
5719:ISBN
5702:2016
5633:ISBN
5609:ISBN
5582:ISBN
5558:ISBN
5540:2020
5472:2020
5445:ISBN
5422:ISBN
5378:ISBN
5360:2020
5340:2023
5309:ISBN
5286:ISBN
5267:ISBN
5210:ISBN
5183:2023
5177:(17)
4926:2020
4856:2020
4807:2020
4743:2021
4714:2021
4673:2020
4631:2020
4602:2020
4264:2013
3996:1321
3955:2016
3882:2016
3765:2023
3719:2023
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3235:Two
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