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Legal person

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1655:, 2 How. 497, 558, 11 L.Ed. 353 (1844), the U.S. Supreme Court held that for the purposes of the case at hand, a corporation is "capable of being treated as a citizen of , as much as a natural person." Ten years later, they reaffirmed the result of Letson, though on the somewhat different theory that "those who use the corporate name, and exercise the faculties conferred by it," should be presumed conclusively to be citizens of the corporation's State of incorporation. Marshall v. Baltimore & Ohio R. Co., 16 How. 314, 329, 14 L.Ed. 953 (1854). These concepts have been codified by statute, as U.S. jurisdictional statutes specifically address the domicile of corporations. 4203: 5516: 4217: 978: 2079:, Giuseppe Palmieri (who serves, jointly with his brother Marco, as King of Barataria) requests that he and his brother be also recognized individually so that they might each receive individual portions of food as they have "two independent appetites". He is, however, turned down by the Court (made up of fellow Gondolieri) because the joint rule "... is a legal person, and legal person are solemn things." 1683:, (2003) the county was accused of violating a law which forbids "any person" from falsely obtaining research funds from the government. The county received a $ 5 million grant, but used it to conduct inappropriate tests on human subjects. The county argued that it could not be held liable because it was not a person. The court held that the county could be sued under the law as a legal person. 1643:
In the common law tradition, only a person could possess legal rights. To allow them to function, the legal personality of a corporation was established to include five legal rights—the right to a common treasury or chest (including the right to own property), the right to a corporate seal (i.e., the
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newspapers to be hard to enforce, with assertions that experts do not anticipate immediate benefits, that the ruling is "hardly game changing", that experts believe "any follow-up action is unlikely", and that the "judgment is deficient to the extent it acted without hearing others (in states outside
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allowed monasteries to have a legal existence that was apart from the monks, simplifying the difficulty in balancing the need for such groups to have infrastructure though the monks took vows of personal poverty. Another effect of this was that, as a fictional person, a monastery could not be held
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Not all organizations have legal personality. For example, the board of directors of a corporation, legislature, or governmental agency typically are not legal persons in that they have no ability to exercise legal rights independent of the corporation or political body which they are a part of.
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Besides men or "natural persons," law knows persons of another kind. In particular it knows the corporation, and for a multitude of purposes it treats the corporation very much as it treats the man. Like the man, the corporation is (forgive this compound adjective) a right-and-duty-bearing
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While natural persons acquire legal personality "naturally", simply by being born, juridical persons must have legal personality conferred on them by some "unnatural", legal process, and it is for this reason that they are sometimes called "artificial" persons. In the most common case
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In part based on the principle that legal persons are simply natural persons and their organizations, and in part based on the history of statutory interpretation of the word "person", the US Supreme Court has repeatedly held that certain constitutional rights protect legal persons
2007:
is sometimes cited for this finding because the court reporter's comments included a statement the Chief Justice made before oral arguments began, telling the attorneys during pre-trial that "the court does not wish to hear argument on the question whether the provision in the
2098: 1440:, an aggregate of two or more persons to carry on a business in common for profit and created by agreement. Traditionally, partnerships did not have continuing legal personality, but many jurisdictions now treat them as having an independent legal personality. 1676:, argued that the U.S. government did not have power to enforce the act because the government was not a person. The court held that the term "person" includes the U.S. Government, and allowed the action against the collusive corporations to continue. 1928:. A shebait acts as the guardian or custodian of deity to protect the right of deity and fulfill the legal duties of the deity. Shebait is similar to a trustee in case the deity or temple does have a legally registered trust or entity. Under the 2612: 1635:
to surrounding communities. This effectively moved such liability to persons acting within the organization while protecting the structure itself, since persons were considered to have a soul and therefore capable of negligence and able to be
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Indian law defines two types of "legal person", the human beings as well as certain non-human entities which are given the same legal judicial personality as human beings. The non-human entities given the "legal person" status by the law
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In court cases regarding corporates, the shareholders are not responsible for the company's debts but the company itself being a "legal person" is liable to repay those debts or be sued for the non-repayment of debts.
2369: 2027:, a state government may not take the property of a corporation without using due process of law and providing just compensation. These protections apply to all legal entities, not just corporations. 1325:
separated from the individual holding the office (these entities have separate legal personality). Historically most corporations sole were ecclesiastical in nature (for example, the office of the
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in the specific temple was a "legal entity" entitled to be represented by their own lawyer appointed by the trustees acting on behalf of the deity. Similarly, in 2018 SC decided that the deity
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a legal "person" in a move that according to one newspaper, "could help in efforts to clean the pollution-choked rivers". As of 6 April 2017, the ruling has been commented on in
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men in law and philosophy are natural persons. This might be taken to imply there are persons of another sort. And that is a fact. They are artificial persons or corporations
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right to make and sign contracts), the right to sue and be sued (to enforce contracts), the right to hire agents (employees) and the right to make by-laws (self-governance).
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provides: "... the provisions of this Bill of Rights apply, so far as practicable, for the benefit of all legal persons as well as for the benefit of all natural persons."
2023:, Congress may not make a law restricting the free speech of a corporation or a political action group or dictating the coverage of a local newspaper, and because of the 1757:, temples, churches, mosques, hospitals, universities, colleges, banks, railways, municipalities, and gram panchayats (village councils), rivers, all animals and birds. 2381: 1672:. Section 7 of the act granted the right to sue only to persons. The corporate defendant, which was accused of illegally conspiring and colluding to raise prices on 2987: 2753: 2832: 2009: 1280:, artificial personality allows that entity to be considered under law separately from its individual members (for example in a company limited by shares, its 1834:
while laying out the norms for animal welfare, veterinary treatment, fodder and shelter, e.g. animal drawn carriages must not have more than four humans, and
4592: 2108: 1482:—are entities having certain characteristics of both a corporation and a partnership. Different types have a complex variety of advantages and disadvantages. 2532: 2406: 1400:
is a corporation constituted by a single member, in a particular capacity, and that person's successors in the same capacity, in order to give them some
1296:. Entities with legal personality may also be subjected to certain legal obligations, such as the payment of taxes. An entity with legal personality may 1647:
Since the 19th century, legal personhood has been further construed to make it a citizen, resident, or domiciliary of a state (usually for purposes of
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or advantage, particularly that of perpetuity, which a natural person could not have had. Examples are a religious officiant in that capacity, or
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set up for the purpose. In other cases it may be by primary legislation: an example is the Charity Commission in the UK. The United Nations
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to claim their legal rights and to fulfill their legal duties and responsibilities. Specific non-human entities given the status of
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property gifted or offered as rituals or donations, etc absolutely belongs to the deity and not to the shebait. Case example are
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legally speaking (they can legally do most of the things an ordinary person can do), but they are not people in a literal sense (
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must not be loaded beyond the specified limits and those limits must be halved when animals have to carry the load up a slope.
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If each separate office that person held had been a "corporation sole" (i.e. recognised in law as a separate legal entity)...
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John Dewey, "The Historic Background of Corporate Legal Personality", Yale Law Journal, Vol. XXXV, April 1926, pages 655–673
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is the property owned by the deity or idol as a "legal person". Humans appointed to act on behalf of deity are called the
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The Principle of the Personality of Law in the Germanic Kingdoms of Western Europe from the Fifth to the Eleventh Century
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India and New Zealand both recognised the legal rights of rivers in 2017. In court cases regarding natural entities, the
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and appointed three humans as trustees to protect the rights of rivers against the pollution caused by the humans, e.g.
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Later opinions interpreted these pre-argument comments as part of the legal decision. As a result, because of the
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European Convention on the Recognition of the Legal Personality of International Non-Governmental Organisations
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advocates for the provision of legal identity for all, including birth registration by 2030 as part of the
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There are therefore two kinds of legal entities: human and non-human. In law, a human person is called a
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or decision; this may result in a legal decision in which the rights or duties of a corporation or
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The term "legal person" can be ambiguous because it is often used as a synonym of terms that refer
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entered into force on 1 December 2009. That the EU has legal personality is a prerequisite for
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that carries on an industrial enterprise, although companies may take other forms, such as
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that can do the things a human person is usually able to do in law – such as enter into
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of the laws, applies to these corporations. We are all of the opinion that it does."
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is the characteristic of a non-living entity regarded by law as having the status of
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Commercial Contracts: A Practical Guide to Deals, Contracts, Agreements and Promises
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to non-human legal entities, specifically in contradistinction to "natural person".
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The concept of legal personhood for organizations of people is at least as old as
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state mandated that animals have the same rights as humans. In another case of
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are treated as the rights or liabilities of that corporation's members or
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a business), legal personality is usually acquired by registration with a
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Any entity that is recognised as having privileges and obligations in law
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overturned the decision of the High Court of Uttarakhand in July 2017.
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due to not having a soul, helping to protect the organization from non-
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countries, but it is also found in virtually every other legal system.
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and has certain rights, protections, privileges, responsibilities, and
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overturned the decision of the High Court of Uttarakhand in July 2017.
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Juridical persons are entities such as corporations, firms (in some
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Rowland v. California Men's Colony, Unit II Men's Advisory Council
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In court cases regarding animals, the animals have the status of
1495:, various organizations possess legal personality. These include 1443: 1419: 1285: 1054: 1042: 95: 2801:"Innovative bill protects Whanganui River with legal personhood" 1537:
Temples, in some legal systems, have separate legal personality.
1340:" refers to looking at the individual natural persons acting as 5092: 4905: 4838: 4778: 4773: 4580: 4247: 4153: 4006: 3751: 3642: 3637: 3583: 3254: 2336:
University of Pennsylvania Law Review and American Law Register
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Deiser, George F. (December 1908). "The Juristic Person. I".
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the EU to join the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)
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case in 2014 mandated that animals are also entitled to the
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operated by a group of individuals for their mutual benefit
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Juridical personhood allows one or more natural persons (
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Lewis A. Kornhauser and W. Bentley MacLeod (June 2010).
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The concept of juridical personality is not absolute. "
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are bodies corporate created by statute or charter. A
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Textbook on legal methods, legal systems and research
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List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 118
1253:. The concept of a juridical person is a fundamental 2857:
http://origin.www.supremecourt.gov/docket/08-205.htm
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existed only for natural persons, not legal persons.
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The concept of a juridical person is now central to
2526: 2296:Smith, Bryant (January 1928). "Legal Personality". 2270: 1824:"entire animal kingdom including avian and aquatic" 1133:. They are treated in law as if they were persons. 1053:person" is that some legal persons are not people: 2030:A prominent component of relevant case law is the 1943: 1544:was granted legal personality in March 2017 under 2895:De La Personalité Juridique: Histoire et Théories 2378:The Collected Papers of Frederic William Maitland 2275:(7th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2060:for what it means for two entities to be separate 1852:In court cases regarding religious entities, the 5532: 2367: 2922:Corporation, Trust and Company: A Legal History 2904:Corporate Personality: A Study in Jurisprudence 2004:Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad 3002:Machen, A.W. (1910). "Corporate Personality". 2931:The Law of Persons in the Later Roman Republic 2037:Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission 1704: 1446:are corporations – the term often refers to a 4263: 3033: 2581:Thorpe, Chris P.; Bailey, John C. L. (1999). 1802:i.e. right to life, personal liberty and the 1002: 5167: 4947: 2741: 2623:Williams v The Shipping Corporation of India 2580: 2380:. Cambridge University Press. Archived from 1379:Some examples of juridical persons include: 2881:Das Problem der juristischen Persönlichkeit 2737: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2370:"Moral Personality and Legal Personality 1" 2043:Other United States points of law include: 4270: 4256: 3040: 3026: 2550: 1386:(co-ops), business organization owned and 1156:As legal personality is a prerequisite to 1009: 995: 2892: 2774: 2232: 2187: 1552:tribe regard the river as their ancestor. 5155: 4185:History of the American legal profession 2937: 2726: 2628: 2520: 2010:Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution 1760: 1658: 2527:Ministry of Justice (21 October 2008). 2266: 2264: 2057:Netscape Communications Corp. v. Konrad 1727:"through guardians and representatives" 1696:. The court held that the right to sue 1653:Louisville, C. & C.R. Co. v. Letson 5533: 2928: 2901: 2877: 2477:from the original on 12 September 2017 2333: 1860:who can engage in legal cases through 1572:) who have stakes in the matter". The 1086:), and a non-human person is called a 1049:, and so on. The reason for the term " 5154: 4511: 4251: 3021: 2919: 2847:First Nat. Bank of Boston v. Bellotti 2742:Bhattacharya, Ananya (June 7, 2019). 2295: 2114:List of legal entity types by country 1721:. Since these non-human entities are 1522:(EU) has legal personality since the 1333:are now formed as corporations sole. 2910: 2699: 2635:Roy, Eleanor Ainge (16 March 2017). 2329: 2327: 2261: 2249:from the original on 2 December 2013 2225:National Bureau of Economic Research 1841: 1604:The doctrine has been attributed to 1472:private company limited by guarantee 1424:European economic interest groupings 1186: 2948: 2634: 2535:from the original on 23 August 2021 2495: 1986:New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 1681:Cook County v. U.S. ex rel Chandler 13: 4513: 4512: 2672:from the original on 21 March 2023 2442:United Nations and the Rule of Law 2417:from the original on 14 April 2021 2064: 14: 5582: 3169:Restitution and unjust enrichment 2508:from the original on 29 July 2017 2502:LII / Legal Information Institute 2438:"Sustainable Development Goal 16" 2324: 2221:"Contracts between Legal Persons" 2200:from the original on 29 July 2017 2194:LII / Legal Information Institute 1888:, decided in 2010 that the deity 1769: 1509:Sovereign Military Order of Malta 1476:private company limited by shares 983:Business and economics portal 5515: 5514: 4277: 4216: 4215: 4201: 2913:Personality in Roman Private Law 2756:from the original on 2019-11-09. 2435: 2169:from the original on 5 July 2018 1991: 1960:as well as all water bodies are 1908:in the court case regarding the 1418:(municipalities) are created by 976: 4180:History of the legal profession 2990:from the original on 2021-01-16 2850: 2841: 2822: 2811:from the original on 2019-09-30 2793: 2760: 2693: 2684: 2658: 2647:from the original on 2017-04-01 2616: 2605: 2574: 2489: 2459: 2448:from the original on 2021-12-20 1944:Natural entities such as rivers 1810:). In another case, a court in 1798:enshrined in the Article 21 of 1497:intergovernmental organizations 1311:a distinction is drawn between 1164:), it is a prerequisite for an 1147:Sustainable Development Goal 16 5156: 2531:. publications.parliament.uk. 2496:Ash, Elliott T. (4 May 2010). 2429: 2399: 2361: 2338:. 48 New Series (3): 131–142. 2289: 2212: 2181: 2151: 1979: 1915: 1532:European Court of Human Rights 1331:number of other public offices 1329:is a corporation sole), but a 1321:, which is a public office of 1288:, enter into contracts, incur 1276:) for legal purposes. In many 1249:in law, similar to those of a 1: 2139: 1820:Punjab and Haryana High Court 1790:Animal Welfare Board of India 1725:they are legally represented 1272:) to act as a single entity ( 638:management information system 289:Chief human resources officer 2830:Noble v. Union River Logging 2271:Elizabeth A. Martin (2003). 2188:Anonymous (19 August 2010). 2144: 1970:"pilgrims's bathing rituals" 1910:entry of women to Sabarimala 1796:fundamental right to freedom 632:Enterprise resource planning 460:Financial statement analysis 7: 2884:(in German). Archived from 2768:Democratic Politics Class 9 2700:Saha, Tushar Kanti (2010). 2558:Commercial Law's Complexity 2082: 1705:Rights and responsibilities 1505:international organizations 1468:Limited liability companies 1432:Unincorporated associations 1374: 1338:Piercing the corporate veil 10: 5587: 4362:Weberian (three-component) 3847:International legal theory 3326:International slavery laws 3321:International human rights 3316:International criminal law 2865: 2643:. London, United Kingdom. 2407:"Charities Act 2006, s. 6" 2001:and other organizations). 1952:, mandated that the river 1920:Under the Indian law, the 1845: 1597:enjoyed the benefit under 1584: 1548:law because the Whanganui 1493:international legal system 1190: 1166:international organization 18: 5510: 5451: 5343: 5311: 5278: 5204: 5176: 5163: 5150: 5068: 5025: 4985: 4967: 4886: 4804: 4764: 4673: 4666: 4621: 4524: 4520: 4507: 4370: 4324: 4320: 4291: 4195: 4172: 4062: 3900:Administration of justice 3885: 3794: 3685: 3564: 3466: 3187: 3055: 2563:February 3, 2014, at the 2368:Frederic William (1911). 1804:right to die with dignity 1557:High Court of Uttarakhand 1555:Also, in March 2017, the 1499:(the United Nations, the 1257:. It is pertinent to the 294:Chief information officer 126:Limited liability company 5484:Pre-industrial East Asia 3677:Basic structure doctrine 3527:Natural and legal rights 3408:Public international law 3001: 2955: 2870: 2273:Oxford Dictionary of Law 2094:Environmental personhood 1912:shrine of Lord Ayyapan. 1874:in charge of the temple" 1709: 1666:U.S. v. The Cooper Corp. 1327:Archbishop of Canterbury 1309:common law jurisdictions 307:Chief technology officer 241:Mergers and acquisitions 211:Constitutional documents 36:Management of a business 4532:Administrative detainee 3857:Principle of typicality 3331:International trade law 3047: 2569:George Mason Law Review 1633:contractual obligations 367:Environmental economics 347:International economics 298:Chief marketing officer 284:Chief financial officer 279:Chief operating officer 275:Chief executive officer 236:International trade law 30:Business administration 5571:Management cybernetics 4948: 2893:Saleilles, R. (1922). 2069:In Act II, Scene 1 of 1974:Supreme Court of India 1950:Uttarakhand High Court 1878:Supreme Court of India 1595:collegial institutions 1574:Supreme Court of India 1480:public limited company 1416:Municipal corporations 1350:public limited company 1270:universitas personarum 1232: 1202:Artificial personality 1170:international treaties 1119: 936:International business 921:Business judgment rule 266:Chief business officer 166:Annual general meeting 146:State-owned enterprise 136:Privately held company 5489:Pre-industrial Europe 3852:Principle of legality 3611:Delegated legislation 3311:Intellectual property 2938:Guterman, S. (1990). 2129:Separate legal entity 1880:(SC), while deciding 1836:load carrying animals 1800:Constitution of India 1761:Corporates and trusts 1737:corporate personality 1659:American sample cases 1649:personal jurisdiction 1313:corporation aggregate 1206:juridical personality 612:Customer relationship 548:Business intelligence 510:Financial institution 485:International finance 435:Cash conversion cycle 342:Development economics 303:Chief product officer 51:Management accounting 5346:​ or countries 5157:By country or region 4395:Class discrimination 4070:Barristers' chambers 4012:Legal representation 3950:Justice of the peace 3296:Financial regulation 2920:Cooke, C.A. (1950). 2668:. BBC. 7 July 2017. 2089:Corporate personhood 2071:Gilbert and Sullivan 1999:such as corporations 1904:the right to privacy 1778:and humans have the 1448:business association 1210:juristic personality 1197:Corporate personhood 553:Business development 397:Economic development 159:Corporate governance 56:Financial accounting 4878:Vanniar (Chieftain) 4105:Election commission 3817:Expressive function 3346:Landlord–tenant law 3245:Consumer protection 2929:Watson, A. (1967). 2911:Duff, P.W. (1938). 2902:Hallis, F. (1930). 2878:Binder, J. (1907). 2790:, legalcrystal.com. 2611:Opinion 2/13 , nyr 2473:. 19 October 2012. 2413:. 8 November 2006. 2165:. 19 October 2012. 2134:Successor liability 1612:as it is called in 1456:unlimited companies 1410:Commonwealth realms 1168:to be able to sign 1131:government agencies 963:Business statistics 946:International trade 931:Business operations 627:Electronic business 532:Types of management 420:Financial statement 402:Economic statistics 270:Chief brand officer 226:Corporate liability 141:Sole proprietorship 121:Joint-stock company 5556:Business economics 5459:18th-century Spain 5313:Standard of living 5017:Upper middle class 5012:Lower middle class 4603:Political prisoner 4385:Chattering classes 4357:Spoon class theory 4063:Legal institutions 3930:Lawsuit/Litigation 3920:Dispute resolution 3725:Catholic canon law 3433:State of emergency 3396:Will and testament 3120:Law of obligations 3073:Constitutional law 3063:Administrative law 3005:Harvard Law Review 2956:Dewey, J. (1926). 2835:2015-04-02 at the 2828:See, for example, 2786:2019-11-09 at the 2556:Frisch D. (2011). 2471:The Law Dictionary 2411:legislation.gov.uk 2163:The Law Dictionary 2025:Due Process Clause 1984:Section 28 of the 1808:passive euthanasia 1620:, the doctrine of 1488:are legal persons. 1302:personal liability 1298:shield its members 1092:(sometimes also a 1082:(sometimes also a 926:Consumer behaviour 728:Product life-cycle 515:Capital management 480:Managerial finance 171:Board of directors 5566:Legal terminology 5528: 5527: 5506: 5505: 5502: 5501: 5339: 5338: 5146: 5145: 5142: 5141: 5138: 5137: 5040:Lumpenproletariat 4542:illegal immigrant 4503: 4502: 4415:Classless society 4245: 4244: 3905:Constitutionalism 3827:Law and economics 3665:Act of parliament 3403:Product liability 3356:Legal archaeology 3281:Environmental law 3275:Entertainment law 3115:International law 2805:www.parliament.nz 1962:"living entities" 1842:Religious deities 1745:charitable unions 1698:in forma pauperis 1693:in forma pauperis 1503:) and some other 1501:Council of Europe 1323:legal personality 1259:philosophy of law 1187:Juridical persons 1143:government agency 1111:fictitious person 1063:business entities 1019: 1018: 906:Business analysis 475:Corporate finance 445:Capital budgeting 382:Knowledge economy 176:Supervisory board 5578: 5518: 5517: 5345: 5246:Mexican-American 5174: 5173: 5165: 5164: 5152: 5151: 4953: 4896:Business magnate 4786:Knowledge worker 4671: 4670: 4559:dual or multiple 4522: 4521: 4509: 4508: 4463:Social exclusion 4458:Social cleansing 4372: 4322: 4321: 4311:Economic classes 4272: 4265: 4258: 4249: 4248: 4220: 4219: 4218: 4206: 4205: 4029:Question of fact 3910:Criminal justice 3240:Construction law 3235:Conflict of laws 3200:Agricultural law 3042: 3035: 3028: 3019: 3018: 3013: 2998: 2996: 2995: 2963:Yale Law Journal 2949:Journal articles 2943: 2934: 2925: 2916: 2907: 2898: 2889: 2859: 2854: 2848: 2845: 2839: 2826: 2820: 2819: 2817: 2816: 2797: 2791: 2778: 2772: 2771: 2764: 2758: 2757: 2739: 2724: 2723: 2697: 2691: 2688: 2682: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2662: 2656: 2655: 2653: 2652: 2632: 2626: 2620: 2614: 2609: 2603: 2602: 2578: 2572: 2554: 2548: 2547: 2542: 2540: 2524: 2518: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2493: 2487: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2463: 2457: 2456: 2454: 2453: 2433: 2427: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2403: 2397: 2396: 2390: 2389: 2365: 2359: 2358: 2331: 2322: 2321: 2298:Yale Law Journal 2293: 2287: 2286: 2268: 2259: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2236: 2216: 2210: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2185: 2179: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2155: 2049:Paul v. Virginia 2014:equal protection 1606:Pope Innocent IV 1486:Sovereign states 1398:corporation sole 1318:corporation sole 1263:corporations law 1193:Juridical person 1089:juridical person 1011: 1004: 997: 981: 980: 958:Business process 500:Financial market 337:Labour economics 332:Public economics 91:Corporation sole 26: 25: 5586: 5585: 5581: 5580: 5579: 5577: 5576: 5575: 5531: 5530: 5529: 5524: 5498: 5447: 5335: 5307: 5274: 5258:Underprivileged 5200: 5159: 5158: 5134: 5064: 5021: 4981: 4963: 4882: 4800: 4760: 4662: 4617: 4516: 4515: 4499: 4478:Social position 4468:Social mobility 4366: 4316: 4287: 4286: 4276: 4246: 4241: 4214: 4200: 4191: 4168: 4159:Political party 4132:Legal education 4120:Law enforcement 4100:Court of equity 4058: 4034:Question of law 3987:Practice of law 3967:Judicial review 3881: 3832:Legal formalism 3812:Comparative law 3807:Contract theory 3790: 3710:Legal pluralism 3681: 3670:Act of Congress 3594:Executive order 3560: 3462: 3381:Nationality law 3306:Immigration law 3230:Competition law 3183: 3051: 3046: 3016: 2993: 2991: 2951: 2946: 2873: 2868: 2863: 2862: 2855: 2851: 2846: 2842: 2837:Wayback Machine 2827: 2823: 2814: 2812: 2799: 2798: 2794: 2788:Wayback Machine 2779: 2775: 2766: 2765: 2761: 2740: 2727: 2712: 2698: 2694: 2689: 2685: 2675: 2673: 2664: 2663: 2659: 2650: 2648: 2633: 2629: 2621: 2617: 2610: 2606: 2599: 2579: 2575: 2565:Wayback Machine 2555: 2551: 2538: 2536: 2525: 2521: 2511: 2509: 2494: 2490: 2480: 2478: 2465: 2464: 2460: 2451: 2449: 2434: 2430: 2420: 2418: 2405: 2404: 2400: 2387: 2385: 2366: 2362: 2344:10.2307/3313312 2332: 2325: 2294: 2290: 2283: 2269: 2262: 2252: 2250: 2217: 2213: 2203: 2201: 2186: 2182: 2172: 2170: 2157: 2156: 2152: 2147: 2142: 2085: 2073:'s 1889 opera, 2067: 2065:Popular culture 2021:First Amendment 1994: 1982: 1946: 1918: 1886:Ram Janmabhoomi 1850: 1844: 1832:"loco parentis" 1830:and humans are 1772: 1763: 1712: 1707: 1661: 1593:: a variety of 1587: 1542:Whanganui River 1513:religious order 1507:(including the 1377: 1286:sue and be sued 1239:juristic person 1199: 1191:Main articles: 1189: 1084:physical person 1015: 975: 968: 967: 911:Business ethics 901: 891: 890: 831: 823: 822: 533: 525: 524: 520:Venture capital 450:Commercial bank 440:Insider dealing 415: 407: 406: 357:Planned economy 322: 312: 311: 256: 254:Corporate title 246: 245: 221:Corporate crime 201: 191: 190: 186:Audit committee 161: 151: 150: 106:Holding company 86:Corporate group 81: 74:Business entity 66: 65: 46: 24: 21:Business object 17: 12: 11: 5: 5584: 5574: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5561:Business terms 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5541:Legal entities 5526: 5525: 5523: 5522: 5511: 5508: 5507: 5504: 5503: 5500: 5499: 5497: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5479:Ottoman Empire 5476: 5471: 5466: 5464:Ancient Greece 5461: 5455: 5453: 5449: 5448: 5446: 5445: 5440: 5438:United Kingdom 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5349: 5347: 5341: 5340: 5337: 5336: 5334: 5333: 5331:Home-ownership 5328: 5323: 5317: 5315: 5309: 5308: 5306: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5284: 5282: 5276: 5275: 5273: 5272: 5271: 5270: 5265: 5255: 5254: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5233: 5232: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5210: 5208: 5202: 5201: 5199: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5186:American Dream 5183: 5177: 5171: 5161: 5160: 5148: 5147: 5144: 5143: 5140: 5139: 5136: 5135: 5133: 5132: 5127: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5099: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5074: 5072: 5066: 5065: 5063: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5031: 5029: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 5003: 5002: 4991: 4989: 4983: 4982: 4980: 4979: 4973: 4971: 4965: 4964: 4962: 4961: 4954: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4929: 4928: 4923: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4892: 4890: 4884: 4883: 4881: 4880: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4810: 4808: 4802: 4801: 4799: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4782: 4781: 4770: 4768: 4762: 4761: 4759: 4758: 4753: 4752: 4751: 4746: 4745: 4744: 4729: 4728: 4727: 4722: 4714: 4713: 4712: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4691: 4690: 4679: 4677: 4668: 4664: 4663: 4661: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4629: 4627: 4619: 4618: 4616: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4598:Migrant worker 4595: 4590: 4589: 4588: 4578: 4577: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4551: 4550: 4549: 4544: 4534: 4528: 4526: 4518: 4517: 4514:By demographic 4505: 4504: 4501: 4500: 4498: 4497: 4494:Status Anxiety 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4448:Ranked society 4445: 4440: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4390:Class conflict 4387: 4382: 4376: 4374: 4373:​ topics 4368: 4367: 4365: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4347:Mudsill theory 4344: 4339: 4334: 4328: 4326: 4318: 4317: 4315: 4314: 4307: 4300: 4292: 4289: 4288: 4285: 4284: 4278: 4275: 4274: 4267: 4260: 4252: 4243: 4242: 4240: 4239: 4232: 4225: 4211: 4208:Law portal 4196: 4193: 4192: 4190: 4189: 4188: 4187: 4176: 4174: 4170: 4169: 4167: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4140: 4139: 4129: 4128: 4127: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4066: 4064: 4060: 4059: 4057: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4044:Trial advocacy 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4025: 4024: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3958: 3957: 3952: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3891: 3889: 3883: 3882: 3880: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3798: 3796: 3792: 3791: 3789: 3788: 3783: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3767: 3766: 3756: 3755: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3739: 3734: 3729: 3728: 3727: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3691: 3689: 3683: 3682: 3680: 3679: 3674: 3673: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3652: 3651: 3650: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3624: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3603: 3602: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3581: 3576: 3574:Ballot measure 3570: 3568: 3562: 3561: 3559: 3558: 3553: 3551:Legal treatise 3548: 3547: 3546: 3541: 3531: 3530: 3529: 3519: 3517:Letters patent 3514: 3509: 3508: 3507: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3478: 3472: 3470: 3468:Sources of law 3464: 3463: 3461: 3460: 3455: 3453:Unenforced law 3450: 3445: 3440: 3435: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3415: 3410: 3405: 3400: 3399: 3398: 3393: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3363: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3338: 3333: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3278: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3227: 3225:Commercial law 3222: 3217: 3212: 3207: 3202: 3197: 3191: 3189: 3185: 3184: 3182: 3181: 3176: 3171: 3166: 3165: 3164: 3154: 3149: 3144: 3143: 3142: 3137: 3127: 3122: 3117: 3112: 3107: 3102: 3097: 3092: 3091: 3090: 3080: 3075: 3070: 3065: 3059: 3057: 3053: 3052: 3045: 3044: 3037: 3030: 3022: 3015: 3014: 2999: 2976:10.2307/788782 2970:(6): 655–673. 2952: 2950: 2947: 2945: 2944: 2935: 2926: 2917: 2908: 2899: 2890: 2888:on 2011-07-20. 2874: 2872: 2869: 2867: 2864: 2861: 2860: 2849: 2840: 2821: 2792: 2773: 2759: 2725: 2710: 2692: 2683: 2657: 2627: 2615: 2604: 2597: 2591:. p. 23. 2573: 2549: 2519: 2498:"legal person" 2488: 2458: 2428: 2398: 2360: 2323: 2310:10.2307/789740 2304:(3): 283–299. 2288: 2281: 2260: 2234:10.3386/w16049 2211: 2180: 2149: 2148: 2146: 2143: 2141: 2138: 2137: 2136: 2131: 2126: 2121: 2119:Natural person 2116: 2111: 2106: 2101: 2096: 2091: 2084: 2081: 2076:The Gondoliers 2066: 2063: 2062: 2061: 2053: 1993: 1990: 1981: 1978: 1966:"legal person" 1945: 1942: 1917: 1914: 1898:"legal person" 1872:managing board 1858:"legal person" 1843: 1840: 1826:species has a 1822:mandated that 1776:"legal person" 1771: 1770:Animal kingdom 1768: 1762: 1759: 1731:"legal person" 1711: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1702: 1701: 1684: 1677: 1660: 1657: 1638:excommunicated 1586: 1583: 1578: 1577: 1553: 1538: 1535: 1520:European Union 1516: 1489: 1483: 1441: 1435: 1429: 1428: 1427: 1391: 1388:democratically 1376: 1373: 1346:company action 1344:involved in a 1274:body corporate 1251:natural person 1188: 1185: 1158:legal capacity 1079:natural person 1017: 1016: 1014: 1013: 1006: 999: 991: 988: 987: 986: 985: 970: 969: 966: 965: 960: 955: 954: 953: 943: 941:Business model 938: 933: 928: 923: 918: 913: 908: 902: 897: 896: 893: 892: 889: 888: 883: 878: 873: 868: 863: 858: 853: 848: 843: 838: 832: 829: 828: 825: 824: 821: 820: 815: 810: 809: 808: 798: 793: 788: 783: 778: 773: 772: 771: 760: 755: 750: 745: 740: 735: 730: 725: 720: 715: 710: 709: 708: 697: 692: 691: 690: 680: 675: 670: 665: 660: 659: 658: 650:Human resource 647: 642: 641: 640: 629: 624: 619: 614: 609: 604: 599: 594: 592:Communications 589: 588: 587: 577: 576: 575: 565: 560: 555: 550: 545: 540: 534: 531: 530: 527: 526: 523: 522: 517: 512: 507: 502: 497: 492: 487: 482: 477: 472: 470:Public finance 467: 465:Financial risk 462: 457: 452: 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 416: 413: 412: 409: 408: 405: 404: 399: 394: 392:Macroeconomics 389: 387:Microeconomics 384: 379: 377:Market economy 374: 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 323: 318: 317: 314: 313: 310: 309: 300: 291: 286: 281: 272: 263: 257: 252: 251: 248: 247: 244: 243: 238: 233: 231:Insolvency law 228: 223: 218: 213: 208: 206:Commercial law 202: 197: 196: 193: 192: 189: 188: 183: 181:Advisory board 178: 173: 168: 162: 157: 156: 153: 152: 149: 148: 143: 138: 133: 128: 123: 118: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 82: 72: 71: 68: 67: 64: 63: 58: 53: 47: 42: 41: 38: 37: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5583: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5551:Financial law 5549: 5547: 5546:Corporate law 5544: 5542: 5539: 5538: 5536: 5521: 5513: 5512: 5509: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5456: 5454: 5450: 5444: 5443:United States 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5350: 5348: 5344:Other regions 5342: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5318: 5316: 5314: 5310: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5285: 5283: 5281: 5277: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5260: 5259: 5256: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5238: 5237: 5234: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5216: 5215: 5212: 5211: 5209: 5207: 5203: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5178: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5169:United States 5166: 5162: 5153: 5149: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5075: 5073: 5071: 5067: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5032: 5030: 5028: 5024: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5001: 4998: 4997: 4996: 4993: 4992: 4990: 4988: 4984: 4978: 4975: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4966: 4960: 4959: 4955: 4952: 4951: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4918: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4893: 4891: 4889: 4885: 4879: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4803: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4780: 4777: 4776: 4775: 4772: 4771: 4769: 4767: 4763: 4757: 4754: 4750: 4747: 4743: 4740: 4739: 4738: 4735: 4734: 4733: 4730: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4717: 4715: 4711: 4708: 4707: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4689: 4686: 4685: 4684: 4681: 4680: 4678: 4676: 4672: 4669: 4665: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4620: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4608:Socioeconomic 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4587: 4584: 4583: 4582: 4579: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4556: 4555: 4552: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4539: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4529: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4510: 4506: 4496: 4495: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4483:Social stigma 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4473:Social orphan 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4438: 4433: 4432: 4431:Nouveau riche 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4405:Class traitor 4403: 4401: 4400:Class society 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4377: 4375: 4369: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4337:Gilbert model 4335: 4333: 4330: 4329: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4313: 4312: 4308: 4306: 4305: 4301: 4299: 4298: 4294: 4293: 4290: 4283: 4280: 4279: 4273: 4268: 4266: 4261: 4259: 4254: 4253: 4250: 4238: 4237: 4233: 4231: 4230: 4226: 4224: 4223: 4212: 4210: 4209: 4204: 4198: 4197: 4194: 4186: 4183: 4182: 4181: 4178: 4177: 4175: 4171: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4138: 4135: 4134: 4133: 4130: 4126: 4123: 4122: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4090:Civil society 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4067: 4065: 4061: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4049:Trier of fact 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3989: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3947: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3935:Legal opinion 3933: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3915:Court-martial 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3887:Jurisprudence 3884: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3799: 3797: 3793: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3776:Statutory law 3774: 3772: 3771:Socialist law 3769: 3765: 3764:Byzantine law 3762: 3761: 3760: 3757: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3726: 3723: 3722: 3721: 3718: 3717: 3716: 3715:Religious law 3713: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3687:Legal systems 3684: 3678: 3675: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3657: 3656: 3655:Statutory law 3653: 3649: 3646: 3645: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3626: 3622: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3612: 3609: 3608: 3607: 3604: 3600: 3597: 3595: 3592: 3590: 3587: 3586: 3585: 3582: 3580: 3577: 3575: 3572: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3563: 3557: 3554: 3552: 3549: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3537: 3536: 3535: 3532: 3528: 3525: 3524: 3523: 3520: 3518: 3515: 3513: 3510: 3506: 3503: 3502: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3485:Statutory law 3482: 3479: 3477: 3474: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3465: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3443:Transport law 3441: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3419: 3416: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3397: 3394: 3392: 3389: 3388: 3387: 3384: 3382: 3379: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3362: 3361:Legal fiction 3359: 3357: 3354: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3342: 3339: 3337: 3334: 3332: 3329: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3319: 3317: 3314: 3312: 3309: 3307: 3304: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3292: 3291:Financial law 3289: 3287: 3284: 3282: 3279: 3276: 3273: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3263: 3261: 3258: 3256: 3253: 3251: 3250:Corporate law 3248: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3228: 3226: 3223: 3221: 3218: 3216: 3213: 3211: 3208: 3206: 3203: 3201: 3198: 3196: 3193: 3192: 3190: 3186: 3180: 3177: 3175: 3174:Statutory law 3172: 3170: 3167: 3163: 3160: 3159: 3158: 3155: 3153: 3150: 3148: 3145: 3141: 3138: 3136: 3133: 3132: 3131: 3128: 3126: 3123: 3121: 3118: 3116: 3113: 3111: 3108: 3106: 3103: 3101: 3098: 3096: 3093: 3089: 3086: 3085: 3084: 3081: 3079: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3069: 3066: 3064: 3061: 3060: 3058: 3056:Core subjects 3054: 3050: 3043: 3038: 3036: 3031: 3029: 3024: 3023: 3020: 3011: 3007: 3006: 3000: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2964: 2959: 2954: 2953: 2941: 2936: 2932: 2927: 2923: 2918: 2914: 2909: 2905: 2900: 2896: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2882: 2876: 2875: 2858: 2853: 2844: 2838: 2834: 2831: 2825: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2796: 2789: 2785: 2782: 2777: 2769: 2763: 2755: 2751: 2750: 2745: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2711:9788175348936 2707: 2703: 2696: 2687: 2671: 2667: 2661: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2631: 2624: 2619: 2613: 2608: 2600: 2598:9780749428426 2594: 2590: 2586: 2585: 2577: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2559: 2553: 2546: 2534: 2530: 2523: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2492: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2462: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2432: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2402: 2395: 2384:on 2014-02-21 2383: 2379: 2375: 2374:H.A.L. Fisher 2371: 2364: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2330: 2328: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2292: 2284: 2278: 2274: 2267: 2265: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2215: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2184: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2154: 2150: 2135: 2132: 2130: 2127: 2125: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2100: 2097: 2095: 2092: 2090: 2087: 2086: 2080: 2078: 2077: 2072: 2059: 2058: 2054: 2051: 2050: 2046: 2045: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2038: 2033: 2032:Supreme Court 2028: 2026: 2022: 2017: 2015: 2011: 2006: 2005: 2000: 1992:United States 1989: 1987: 1977: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1941: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1922:"shebaitship" 1913: 1911: 1907: 1905: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1873: 1867: 1865: 1859: 1855: 1849: 1839: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1816:cow-smuggling 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1791: 1785: 1784:loco parentis 1781: 1777: 1767: 1758: 1756: 1752: 1751:trust estates 1748: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1714: 1699: 1695: 1694: 1689: 1685: 1682: 1678: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1662: 1656: 1654: 1650: 1645: 1641: 1639: 1634: 1630: 1625: 1624: 1623:persona ficta 1619: 1615: 1611: 1610:persona ficta 1607: 1602: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1582: 1575: 1571: 1566: 1562: 1559:declared the 1558: 1554: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1524:Lisbon Treaty 1521: 1517: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1414: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1402:legal benefit 1399: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1385: 1382: 1381: 1380: 1372: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1319: 1314: 1310: 1305: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1278:jurisdictions 1275: 1271: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1255:legal fiction 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1235: 1234:persona ficta 1230: 1226: 1222: 1217: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1198: 1194: 1184: 1182: 1177: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1139:incorporating 1134: 1132: 1128: 1127:jurisdictions 1123: 1121: 1120:persona ficta 1117: 1113: 1112: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1090: 1085: 1081: 1080: 1074: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1045:and be sued, 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1012: 1007: 1005: 1000: 998: 993: 992: 990: 989: 984: 979: 974: 973: 972: 971: 964: 961: 959: 956: 952: 949: 948: 947: 944: 942: 939: 937: 934: 932: 929: 927: 924: 922: 919: 917: 916:Business plan 914: 912: 909: 907: 904: 903: 900: 895: 894: 887: 884: 882: 879: 877: 874: 872: 869: 867: 864: 862: 859: 857: 854: 852: 849: 847: 846:Communication 844: 842: 839: 837: 834: 833: 827: 826: 819: 816: 814: 811: 807: 806:administrator 804: 803: 802: 799: 797: 794: 792: 789: 787: 784: 782: 779: 777: 774: 770: 767: 766: 764: 761: 759: 756: 754: 751: 749: 746: 744: 741: 739: 736: 734: 731: 729: 726: 724: 721: 719: 716: 714: 711: 707: 704: 703: 701: 698: 696: 693: 689: 688:administrator 686: 685: 684: 681: 679: 676: 674: 671: 669: 666: 664: 661: 657: 654: 653: 651: 648: 646: 643: 639: 636: 635: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 597:Configuration 595: 593: 590: 586: 583: 582: 581: 578: 574: 571: 570: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 544: 541: 539: 536: 535: 529: 528: 521: 518: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 417: 411: 410: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 352:Mixed economy 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 324: 321: 316: 315: 308: 304: 301: 299: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 280: 276: 273: 271: 267: 264: 262: 259: 258: 255: 250: 249: 242: 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 203: 200: 199:Corporate law 195: 194: 187: 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 169: 167: 164: 163: 160: 155: 154: 147: 144: 142: 139: 137: 134: 132: 129: 127: 124: 122: 119: 117: 114: 112: 109: 107: 104: 102: 99: 97: 94: 92: 89: 87: 84: 83: 79: 75: 70: 69: 62: 59: 57: 54: 52: 49: 48: 45: 40: 39: 35: 34: 31: 28: 27: 22: 5494:Soviet Union 5469:Ancient Rome 5326:Homelessness 5251:Upper Middle 5123: / 5104: / 5095: / 5060:Working poor 4956: 4943:Robber baron 4766:Intellectual 4756:Royal family 4720:Ancient Rome 4574:second-class 4492: 4435: 4434: / 4429: 4425:High society 4332:Elite theory 4309: 4302: 4295: 4282:Social class 4234: 4227: 4213: 4199: 3972:Jurisdiction 3940:Legal remedy 3895:Adjudication 3795:Legal theory 3633:Ratification 3628:Promulgation 3599:Proclamation 3579:Codification 3512:Human rights 3500:Divine right 3490:Constitution 3458:Women in law 3376:Military law 3371:Marriage law 3366:Maritime law 3265:Election law 3205:Aviation law 3195:Abortion law 3147:Property law 3083:Criminal law 3009: 3003: 2992:. Retrieved 2967: 2961: 2939: 2930: 2921: 2912: 2903: 2897:(in French). 2894: 2886:the original 2880: 2852: 2843: 2824: 2813:. Retrieved 2804: 2795: 2776: 2767: 2762: 2747: 2701: 2695: 2686: 2674:. Retrieved 2660: 2649:. Retrieved 2641:The Guardian 2640: 2630: 2622: 2618: 2607: 2583: 2576: 2568: 2552: 2544: 2537:. Retrieved 2522: 2510:. Retrieved 2501: 2491: 2479:. Retrieved 2470: 2461: 2450:. Retrieved 2441: 2436:Doss, Eric. 2431: 2419:. Retrieved 2410: 2401: 2392: 2386:. Retrieved 2382:the original 2377: 2363: 2355: 2335: 2301: 2297: 2291: 2272: 2251:. Retrieved 2224: 2214: 2202:. Retrieved 2193: 2183: 2171:. Retrieved 2162: 2153: 2074: 2068: 2055: 2047: 2042: 2035: 2029: 2018: 2002: 1995: 1983: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1947: 1937: 1933: 1925: 1921: 1919: 1901: 1897: 1882:Ayodhya case 1869: 1861: 1857: 1851: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1792:vs Nagaraja" 1787: 1775: 1773: 1764: 1741:body politic 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1697: 1691: 1687: 1680: 1665: 1652: 1646: 1642: 1621: 1609: 1603: 1591:Ancient Rome 1588: 1579: 1561:Ganges River 1452:trade unions 1438:Partnerships 1394:Corporations 1384:Cooperatives 1378: 1358: 1335: 1322: 1316: 1312: 1306: 1284:). They may 1282:shareholders 1273: 1269: 1267: 1238: 1233: 1224: 1220: 1218: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1200: 1180: 1178: 1155: 1135: 1129:), and many 1124: 1110: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1087: 1083: 1077: 1075: 1071:human beings 1066: 1062: 1059:corporations 1050: 1047:own property 1035:legal entity 1034: 1027:legal person 1026: 1020: 836:Architecture 830:Organization 796:Supply chain 622:Earned value 495:Stock market 372:Open economy 362:Econometrics 101:Conglomerate 73: 5413:New Zealand 5130:Untouchable 5055:Proletariat 5045:Pea-pickers 4995:Bourgeoisie 4683:Aristocracy 4569:naturalized 4564:native-born 4144:Legislature 4075:Bureaucracy 3872:Rule of man 3867:Rule of law 3842:Libertarian 3705:Chinese law 3606:Legislation 3556:Regulations 3544:Law reports 3522:Natural law 3418:Reparations 3413:Refugee law 3336:Jurimetrics 3277:(Media law) 3215:Banking law 3210:Amnesty law 3188:Disciplines 3125:Private law 2781:shebaitship 2481:10 February 2421:22 November 2173:10 February 2104:Institution 1980:New Zealand 1916:Shebaitship 1812:Uttarakhand 1782:to act as " 1749:as well as 1723:"voiceless" 1670:Sherman Act 1570:Uttarakhand 1546:New Zealand 1470:—be they a 1361:Western law 1247:liabilities 1172:in its own 1162:obligations 1151:2030 Agenda 951:Trade route 866:Engineering 861:Development 713:Performance 656:development 617:Distributed 490:Liquidation 131:Partnership 116:Corporation 111:Cooperative 5535:Categories 5403:Luxembourg 5293:Inequality 4958:Superclass 4749:Hereditary 4725:Post-Roman 4716:Patrician 4586:adolescent 4410:Classicide 4137:Law school 4017:Prosecutor 3955:Magistrate 3742:Jewish law 3700:Common law 3621:Rulemaking 3616:Regulation 3566:Law making 3505:Divine law 3481:Legal code 3428:Sports law 3351:Law of war 3301:Health law 3286:Family law 3270:Energy law 3220:Bankruptcy 3157:Punishment 3152:Public law 2994:2020-09-10 2815:2022-09-03 2651:2017-03-16 2589:Kogan Page 2452:2020-09-25 2388:2013-06-07 2282:0198607563 2140:References 2124:Personhood 1846:See also: 1780:legal duty 1627:guilty of 1365:common-law 1292:, and own 1243:legal name 1225:artificial 1214:personhood 1102:artificial 818:Technology 700:Operations 580:Commercial 573:innovation 563:Capability 455:Derivative 44:Accounting 5428:Sri Lanka 5321:Education 5288:Household 5181:Affluence 5116:Rat tribe 5078:Ant tribe 5050:Precariat 5035:Lazzaroni 4977:Bohemians 4938:Overclass 4933:Old money 4869:Spartiate 4844:Kshatriya 4834:Hashashin 4791:Professor 4732:Political 4705:Oligarchy 4695:Hanseaten 4613:Stateless 4593:Convicted 4525:By status 4488:Subaltern 4420:Euthenics 4352:New class 4115:Judiciary 4110:Executive 4085:The bench 4022:Solicitor 3997:Barrister 3877:Sociology 3862:Pseudolaw 3802:Anarchist 3759:Roman law 3747:Parsi law 3732:Hindu law 3720:Canon law 3695:Civil law 3648:Concordat 3539:Precedent 3448:Trust law 3423:Space law 3260:Drugs law 3130:Procedure 3068:Civil law 2720:892043129 2539:23 August 2145:Citations 2034:decision 1930:Hindu Law 1926:"shebait" 1848:Hindu law 1618:canon law 1599:Roman law 1444:Companies 1406:The Crown 1369:civil-law 1354:directors 1221:juridical 1055:companies 1039:contracts 886:Structure 871:Hierarchy 791:Strategic 678:Materials 668:Knowledge 645:Financial 585:Marketing 430:Factoring 425:Insurance 327:Commodity 320:Economics 5520:Category 5452:Historic 5373:Colombia 5363:Cambodia 5298:Personal 5196:Mobility 5125:Freedman 5111:Plebeian 5097:Prisoner 5083:Commoner 4969:Creative 4950:Seigneur 4916:Nobility 4874:Vanniyar 4859:Pendekar 4819:Cossacks 4453:Snobbery 4325:Theories 4222:Category 4164:Tribunal 4149:Military 3992:Attorney 3962:Judgment 3822:Feminist 3737:Jain law 3534:Case law 3255:Cyberlaw 3162:Corporal 3140:Criminal 3110:Evidence 3100:Doctrine 3078:Contract 2988:Archived 2833:Archived 2809:Archived 2784:Archived 2770:. NCERT. 2754:Archived 2676:21 March 2670:Archived 2645:Archived 2561:Archived 2533:Archived 2506:Archived 2475:Archived 2446:Archived 2415:Archived 2247:Archived 2243:35849538 2198:Archived 2190:"Entity" 2167:Archived 2083:See also 1894:Ayyappan 1864:trustees 1733:include 1426:(EEIGs). 1420:statutes 1375:Examples 1363:in both 1307:In some 1294:property 1241:) has a 1227:person ( 1098:juristic 876:Patterns 856:Conflict 841:Behavior 781:Security 758:Resource 743:Property 706:services 663:Incident 602:Conflict 558:Capacity 261:Chairman 216:Contract 5423:Romania 5418:Nigeria 5303:Poverty 5206:Classes 5191:History 5102:Peasant 5088:Outcast 5027:Working 5007:Burgher 4864:Samurai 4854:Ocēlōtl 4814:Chhetri 4806:Warrior 4796:Scholar 4710:Russian 4700:Magnate 4688:Aristoi 4667:By type 4554:Citizen 4547:refugee 4443:Poverty 4437:Parvenu 4371:Related 4342:Marxian 4304:Stratum 4236:Outline 4173:History 4080:The bar 4054:Verdict 4002:Counsel 3982:Justice 3837:History 3660:Statute 3476:Charter 3438:Tax law 3386:Probate 2866:Sources 2512:28 July 2376:(ed.). 2352:3313312 2204:28 July 1972:. 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Index

Business object
Business administration
Accounting
Management accounting
Financial accounting
Audit
Business entity
list
Corporate group
Corporation sole
Company
Conglomerate
Holding company
Cooperative
Corporation
Joint-stock company
Limited liability company
Partnership
Privately held company
Sole proprietorship
State-owned enterprise
Corporate governance
Annual general meeting
Board of directors
Supervisory board
Advisory board
Audit committee
Corporate law
Commercial law
Constitutional documents

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