327:
application of the incomplete contract theory to the issue of state-owned enterprises. These authors compare a situation in which the government is in control of a firm to a situation in which a private manager is in control. The manager can invest to come up with cost-reducing and quality-enhancing innovations. The government and the manager bargain over the implementation of the innovations. If the negotiations fail, the owner can decide about the implementation. It turns out that when cost-reducing innovations do not harm quality significantly, then private firms are to be preferred. Yet, when cost-reductions may strongly reduce quality, state-owned enterprises are superior. Hoppe and
Schmitz (2010) have extended this theory in order to allow for a richer set of governance structures, including different forms of
3369:
3379:
187:
25:
689:
541:. The Belarusian state-owned economy includes enterprises that are fully state-owned, as well as others which are joint-stock companies with partial ownership by the state. Employment in state-owned or state-controlled enterprises is approximately 70% of total employment. State-owned enterprises are thus a major factor behind Belarus's high employment rate and a source of stable employment.
299:. The two main definitions of GLCs are dependent on the proportion of the corporate entity a government owns. One definition purports that a company is classified as a GLC if a government owns an effective controlling interest (more than 50%), while the second definition suggests that any corporate entity that has a government as a shareholder is a GLC.
414:(such as monitoring costs, i.e., it is more difficult and costly to govern and regulate an autonomous SOE than it is the public bureaucracy). Evidence suggests that existing SOEs are typically more efficient than government bureaucracy, but that this benefit diminishes as services get more technical and have less overt public objectives.
357:
while they can simultaneously achieve a public objective. For that reason, SOEs primarily operate in the domain of infrastructure (e.g. railway companies), strategic goods and services (e.g. postal services, arms manufacturing and procurement), natural resources and energy (e.g. nuclear facilities,
326:
and his co-authors. In a world in which complete contracts were feasible, ownership would not matter because the same incentive structure that prevails under one ownership structure could be replicated under the other ownership structure. Hart, Shleifer, and Vishny (1997) have developed the leading
396:, but finds it politically difficult to introduce new taxation. Next, SOEs can be used to improve efficiency of public service delivery or as a step towards (partial) privatization or hybridization. SOEs can also be a means to alleviate fiscal stress, as SOEs may not count towards states' budgets.
243:
The terminology around the term state-owned enterprise is murky. All three words in the term are challenged and subject to interpretation. First, it is debatable what the term "state" implies (e.g., it is unclear whether municipally owned corporations and enterprises held by regional public bodies
378:
SOEs can also help foster industries that are "considered economically desirable and that would otherwise not be developed through private investments". When nascent or 'infant' industries have difficulty getting investments from the private sector (perhaps because the good that is being produced
594:
China's SOEs perform functions such as: contributing to central and local governments revenues through dividends and taxes, supporting urban employment, keeping key input prices low, channeling capital towards targeted industries and technologies, supporting sub-national redistribution to poorer
255:
Thus, SOEs are known under many other terms: state-owned company, state-owned entity, state enterprise, publicly owned corporation, government business enterprise, government-owned company, government controlled company, government controlled enterprise, government-owned corporation,
383:
exist), the government can help these industries get on the market with positive economic effects. However, the government cannot necessarily predict which industries would qualify as such 'infant industries', and so the extent to which this is a viable argument for SOEs is debated.
653:, and membership included the Minister of Finance II, the Minister in the Prime Minister's Department in charge of the Economic Planning Unit, the Chief Secretary to the Government, Secretary General of Treasury and the heads of each of the GLICs (the Employees Provident Fund,
2167:
2896:
2666:
3444:
3334:
2020:
1990:
1895:
2811:
3595:
2651:
2015:
3560:
3344:
463:, countries adopted very similar policies and models to the USSR. Governments in Western Europe, both left and right of centre, saw state intervention as necessary to rebuild economies shattered by war. Government control over
422:
Compared to a regular enterprise, state-owned enterprises are typically expected to be less efficient due to political interference, but unlike profit-driven enterprises they are more likely to focus on government objectives.
1945:
2671:
1995:
409:
Compared to government bureaucracy, state owned enterprises might be beneficial because they reduce politicians' influence over the service. Conversely, they might be detrimental because they reduce oversight and increase
252:, without implying any special interference). Finally, the term "enterprise" is challenged, as it implies statutes in private law which may not always be present, and so the term "corporations" is frequently used instead.
644:
launched a GLC Transformation
Programme for its linked companies and linked investment companies ("GLICs") on 29 July 2005, aiming over a ten-year period to transform these businesses "into high-performing entities". The
2331:
244:
are considered state-owned). Next, it is contestable under what circumstances a SOE qualifies as "owned" by a state (SOEs can be fully owned or partially owned; it is difficult to determine categorically what level of
3303:
2261:
1835:
3408:
1885:
591:. China's state-owned enterprises generally own and operate public services, resource extraction or defense. As of 2017, China has more SOEs than any other country, and the most SOEs among large national companies.
3600:
3459:
2580:
2195:
2157:
588:
1900:
1795:
1985:
3000:
2922:
1950:
3610:
3555:
3093:
2686:
2529:
2306:
3570:
3550:
3522:
3479:
3339:
2969:
2965:
3489:
3298:
2544:
2496:
2393:
2388:
3590:
3545:
2005:
3585:
3565:
3308:
2726:
2501:
2353:
2162:
2000:
3253:
3218:
3173:
2961:
2826:
2631:
2506:
2010:
3143:
3138:
3033:
2841:
2731:
2661:
2453:
1890:
1840:
1800:
3263:
3238:
3153:
3133:
3083:
3043:
2901:
2821:
2786:
2771:
2756:
2711:
2646:
2423:
2383:
2363:
2343:
2246:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1820:
2952:
1955:
3349:
3223:
2776:
2534:
2358:
2134:
2079:
1960:
1875:
1850:
3454:
3293:
3198:
3178:
3168:
3068:
2876:
2851:
2696:
2676:
2641:
2626:
2554:
2539:
2486:
2438:
2433:
2408:
2266:
2124:
2114:
2099:
1925:
1860:
1830:
1805:
2524:
3605:
3504:
3268:
3183:
3163:
3048:
3038:
2948:
2939:
2930:
2861:
2831:
2816:
2801:
2781:
2746:
2741:
2691:
2636:
2611:
2463:
2413:
2373:
2326:
2321:
2291:
2286:
2271:
2256:
2251:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2104:
2084:
1940:
1935:
1865:
1845:
3580:
3499:
3148:
3128:
3118:
3078:
3063:
3058:
2871:
2866:
2806:
2761:
2721:
2616:
2549:
2491:
2428:
2378:
2348:
2316:
2276:
2109:
1880:
1870:
1810:
3494:
3484:
3474:
3464:
3354:
3273:
3233:
3208:
3188:
3088:
2926:
2846:
2796:
2751:
2736:
2716:
2706:
2681:
2621:
2443:
2368:
2338:
2094:
2053:
1930:
1855:
1771:
3575:
3527:
3449:
3193:
3158:
3113:
3108:
2856:
2766:
2656:
2119:
1825:
1316:
Quote: «The wars and depressions between 1914 and 1950 dragged the wealthy back to earth. Wars brought physical destruction of capital, nationalisation, taxation and inflation»
3415:
2587:
2202:
3007:
1617:
1297:
677:(PAGCOR) is the most profitable state-owned enterprise in the Philippines. It is the third largest contributor to government revenues, following taxes and customs.
2046:
1764:
534:; the state answers for the liabilities. Stocks of the corporation are not sold and loans have to be government-approved, as they are government liabilities.
38:
subscriptions probably needed to access much of the research, and familiarity with the technical diction common in reliable sources would be a major asset.
3258:
565:
government bought in 1988, changing its name from
Arabian American Oil Company to Saudi Arabian Oil Company. The Saudi government also owns and operates
138:
to remote locations that otherwise have trouble attracting private vendors. The national or state/provincial government will hold either all or majority
2039:
1757:
610:
As of at least 2024, an
Ethiopian SOE is Africa's largest and most profitable airline, as well as Ethiopia's largest earner of foreign exchange.
526:
A state-run enterprise may operate differently from an ordinary limited liability corporation. For example, in
Finland, state-run enterprises (
1667:
Profiles of
Existing Government CorporationsâA Study Prepared by the U.S. General Accounting Office for the Committee on Government Operations
2468:
2281:
665:. Khazanah Nasional Berhad provided the secretariat to the PCG and managed the implementation of the programme, which was completed in 2015.
1676:
1905:
903:
3401:
1488:
1141:
Hoppe, Eva I.; Schmitz, Patrick W. (2010). "Public versus private ownership: Quantity contracts and the allocation of investment tasks".
997:
Voorn, Bart; Van Thiel, Sandra; van
Genugten, Marieke (2018). "Debate: Corporatization as more than a recent crisis-driven development".
674:
598:
China's SOEs are at the forefront of global seaport-building, and most new ports constructed by them are done within the auspices of the
3203:
2573:
2188:
2993:
3283:
2836:
511:. Many large industrial corporations were also nationalized or created as government corporations, including, among many others:
3469:
1980:
1513:
595:
interior and western provinces, and aiding the state's response to natural disasters, financial crises and social instability.
3053:
1646:
1558:
1521:
1199:
3439:
3228:
3103:
1682:
1259:
1217:
260:, commercial government agency, state-privatised industry public sector undertaking, or parastatal, among others. In some
3631:
3243:
2701:
778:
629:
619:
41:
2791:
2311:
2296:
2129:
718:
432:
1439:
1389:
1342:
3636:
3313:
3248:
3213:
2458:
2448:
2418:
2403:
2398:
2301:
2089:
1815:
713:
230:
1043:
212:
3123:
3098:
3073:
582:
318:, the question of whether a firm should be owned by the state or by the private sector is studied in the theory of
1722:
1703:
553:
countries, the governments own the oil companies operating on their soil. A notable example is the Saudi
Arabian
257:
46:
328:
197:
158:
may aim to make transportation more accessible and earn profit for the government), and they can be considered
50:
530:) are governed by separate laws. Even though responsible for their own finances, they cannot be declared
1327:
Starting in the late 1970s and accelerating through the 1980s and 1990s many of these corporations were
150:
over their operations. Defining characteristics of SOEs are their distinct legal form and possession of
1673:, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1988, p. 301, GAO/AFMD-89-43FS Document: H402-4
662:
650:
472:
1547:
China and
Eurasian Powers in a Multipolar World Order 2.0: Security, Diplomacy, Economy and Cyberspace
1733:
957:"New development: Corporatization of local authorities in England in the wake of austerity 2010â2016"
512:
476:
54:
1102:
3025:
2071:
654:
599:
1734:
State-owned enterprises and the political economy of stateâstate relations in the developing world
1638:
1177:
658:
323:
208:
920:
Grossi, Giuseppe; Reichard, Christoph (2008). "Municipal corporatization in
Germany and Italy".
204:
1545:
Shahab Uddin, Shanjida (2023). "Bangladesh and Belt and Road Initiative: Strategic Rationale".
1097:
248:
would qualify an entity to be considered as state-owned since governments can also own regular
1618:
GLCs succesfully [sic] complete and graduate from 10-year GLC Transformation Programme
1717:
649:
Committee on GLC High Performance ("PCG"), which oversaw this programme, was chaired by the
2031:
1749:
753:
641:
554:
468:
319:
268:
is highlighted in the predominant local terminology, with SOEs in Canada referred to as a "
520:
8:
3323:
2145:
1588:
863:"The efficiency and effectiveness of municipally owned corporations: A systematic review"
261:
135:
123:
91:
1455:
1405:
1358:
1467:
1417:
1370:
1279:
1237:
1123:
1024:
979:
937:
836:
538:
363:
354:
151:
131:
111:
1085:
3393:
3378:
1642:
1564:
1554:
1527:
1517:
1471:
1459:
1421:
1409:
1374:
1362:
1158:
1115:
1066:
1028:
983:
941:
840:
816:
411:
358:
alternative energy delivery), politically sensitive business, broadcasting, banking,
269:
159:
2565:
2180:
1127:
1597:
1451:
1401:
1354:
1331:, though many still remain wholly or partially owned by the respective governments.
1271:
1229:
1150:
1107:
1058:
1014:
1006:
971:
929:
884:
874:
828:
817:"Local service delivery choices in Portugal: A political transaction costs network"
743:
733:
694:
464:
380:
350:
170:
139:
95:
2985:
1154:
1010:
975:
879:
862:
1440:"Market Socialism in Belarus: An Alternative to China's Socialist Market Economy"
1390:"Market Socialism in Belarus: An Alternative to China's Socialist Market Economy"
1343:"Market Socialism in Belarus: An Alternative to China's Socialist Market Economy"
723:
488:
452:
315:
303:
296:
245:
155:
99:
1743:
1688:
748:
508:
448:
444:
130:
to citizens at a lower price, implement government policies, and/or to deliver
119:
103:
1602:
1583:
1568:
1531:
933:
832:
392:
SOEs are also frequently employed in areas where the government wants to levy
3625:
3372:
1463:
1413:
1366:
1328:
1302:
1162:
1119:
1070:
728:
1111:
1507:
1062:
955:
Ferry, Laurence; Andrews, Rhys; Skelcher, Chris; Wegorowski, Piotr (2018).
907:
844:
562:
558:
480:
460:
456:
359:
273:
147:
3382:
1665:
956:
703:
496:
302:
The act of turning a part of government bureaucracy into a SOE is called
288:
127:
107:
1283:
1241:
1019:
889:
367:
292:
1584:"China, Ethiopia and the Significance of the Belt and Road Initiative"
1086:"The Proper Scope of Government: Theory and an Application to Prisons"
379:
requires very risky investments, when patenting is difficult, or when
1550:
708:
646:
265:
87:
1275:
1233:
215:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
589:
State-owned Asset Supervision and Administration Commission (SASAC)
531:
484:
393:
284:
163:
115:
83:
1509:
CPC Futures The New Era of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics
861:
Voorn, Bart; Van Genugten, Marieke L.; Van Thiel, Sandra (2017).
516:
492:
1178:"State-Owned Enterprises: Trade Effects and Policy Implications"
34:
needs attention from an expert in economics, business or law
738:
566:
166:
954:
779:"State-Owned Enterprises Catalysts for public value creation?"
1635:
The Ripple Effect: China's Complex Presence in Southeast Asia
625:
587:
China's state-owned enterprises are owned and managed by the
570:
287:, to refer to private or public (listed on a stock exchange)
249:
143:
2061:
1779:
1175:
550:
504:
500:
996:
860:
635:
661:(the armed forces pension fund), Lembaga Tabung Haji and
3423:
1489:"Explained, the role of China's state-owned companies"
1176:
Kowalski, P.; BĂŒge, M.; Sztajerowska, M.; Egeland, M.
805:
Profiles of Existing Government Corporations, pp. 1â16
2595:
2210:
1740:, 39:6, 1077â1097, DOI: 10.1080/01436597.2017.1333888
537:
State-owned enterprises are a major component of the
404:
1200:"The case against infant-industry tariff protection"
684:
162:
established to pursue financial objectives from the
3015:
1253:
1251:
1083:
417:
154:goals and developmental objectives (e.g., a state
1205:. Journal of political economy. pp. 295â305.
3623:
1620:, published 7 August 2015, accessed 29 July 2023
1248:
1209:
1732:Jewellord Nem Singh; Geoffrey C. Chen (2018), "
910:, published 17 June 2020, accessed 29 July 2023
1257:
1215:
1197:
1084:Hart, O.; Shleifer, A.; Vishny, R. W. (1997).
919:
815:Tavares, António F.; CamÔes, Pedro J. (2007).
628:, government enterprises exist in the form of
455:throughout the 20th century, especially after
3409:
3001:
2581:
2196:
2047:
1765:
913:
814:
2169:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
1544:
1506:Pieke, Frank N.; Hofman, Bert, eds. (2022).
1258:Shleifer, Andrei; Vishny, Robert W. (1994).
1216:Shleifer, Andrei; Vishny, Robert W. (1994).
1169:
1140:
904:Institute for Democracy and Economic Affairs
808:
675:Philippines Amusement and Gaming Corporation
544:
1505:
856:
854:
146:of these enterprises, and often has direct
3416:
3402:
3008:
2994:
2588:
2574:
2203:
2189:
2054:
2040:
1772:
1758:
1744:The Public Firm with Managerial Incentives
1581:
1483:
1481:
990:
668:
283:" (GLC) is sometimes used, for example in
1601:
1101:
1018:
888:
878:
231:Learn how and when to remove this message
948:
851:
1628:
1626:
1478:
1437:
1433:
1431:
1387:
1340:
1191:
636:Government-linked companies in Malaysia
471:was the norm. Typical sectors included
3624:
1514:National University of Singapore Press
57:may be able to help recruit an expert.
3397:
2989:
2569:
2184:
2035:
1753:
1582:Yan, Hairong; Sautman, Barry (2024).
344:
1623:
1428:
1041:
387:
373:
180:
18:
1632:
1456:10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.11.4.0428
1438:Li, Yan; Cheng, Enfu (2020-12-01).
1406:10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.11.4.0428
1388:Li, Yan; Cheng, Enfu (2020-12-01).
1359:10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.11.4.0428
1341:Li, Yan; Cheng, Enfu (2020-12-01).
620:Public sector undertakings in India
605:
431:For a more comprehensive list, see
426:
339:
86:entity which is established and/or
13:
1697:
1575:
1499:
1321:
1264:The Quarterly Journal of Economics
1260:"A survey of corporate governance"
1222:The Quarterly Journal of Economics
1090:The Quarterly Journal of Economics
1044:"Incomplete Contracts and Control"
719:List of government-owned companies
433:List of government-owned companies
405:Compared to government bureaucracy
309:
14:
3648:
1444:World Review of Political Economy
1394:World Review of Political Economy
1347:World Review of Political Economy
714:List of government-owned airlines
573:as well as many other companies.
438:
3377:
3368:
3367:
2897:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
2667:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1896:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
687:
613:
583:State-owned enterprises of China
576:
185:
23:
1610:
1549:. Mher Sahakyan. New York, NY:
1538:
1381:
1334:
1290:
1134:
1077:
659:Lembaga Tabung Angkatan Tentera
418:Compared to regular enterprises
353:, because they allow capturing
258:government-sponsored enterprise
3445:Federated States of Micronesia
3335:British Indian Ocean Territory
1035:
897:
799:
771:
176:
1:
1298:"All Men Are Created Unequal"
1155:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2009.11.009
1011:10.1080/09540962.2018.1527533
999:Public Money & Management
976:10.1080/09540962.2018.1486629
964:Public Money & Management
880:10.1080/03003930.2017.1319360
760:
2021:United States Virgin Islands
1723:Resources in other libraries
765:
272:", and in New Zealand as a "
114:for the government, control
7:
1143:Journal of Public Economics
680:
329:public-private partnerships
211:the claims made and adding
96:state/provincial government
36:. The specific problem is:
10:
3653:
3632:Government-owned companies
1658:
1616:Khazanah Nasional Berhad,
663:Permodalan Nasional Berhad
630:Public Sector Undertakings
617:
580:
430:
399:
3536:
3513:
3432:
3363:
3322:
3282:
3024:
2910:
2885:
2604:
2515:
2477:
2219:
2143:
2070:
1996:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
1914:
1788:
1718:Resources in your library
1684:Malaysia GLC OpenDay 2015
1603:10.1017/S0305741023000966
934:10.1080/14719030802264275
833:10.1080/03003930701417544
545:SOEs among OPEC countries
513:British Steel Corporation
295:acquires a stake using a
281:government-linked company
3637:Types of business entity
3596:Northern Mariana Islands
3084:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
2652:Central African Republic
2016:Turks and Caicos Islands
1185:OECD Trade Policy Papers
1051:American Economic Review
922:Public Management Review
867:Local Government Studies
821:Local Government Studies
655:Khazanah Nasional Berhad
600:Belt and Road Initiative
3561:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
3425:State-owned enterprises
3345:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
3017:State-owned enterprises
2597:State-owned enterprises
2212:State-owned enterprises
2063:State-owned enterprises
1781:State-owned enterprises
1639:Oxford University Press
1218:"Politicians and firms"
1198:Baldwin, R. E. (1969).
1112:10.1162/003355300555448
669:SOEs in the Philippines
2262:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1946:British Virgin Islands
1709:State-owned enterprise
1063:10.1257/aer.107.7.1731
567:Saudi Arabian Airlines
451:, there was a massive
334:
76:state-owned enterprise
3539:and other territories
2812:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
2672:Republic of the Congo
1886:Saint Kitts and Nevis
1738:Third World Quarterly
1042:Hart, Oliver (2017).
349:SOEs are common with
47:WikiProject Economics
3259:United Arab Emirates
1493:World Economic Forum
754:Volkseigener Betrieb
642:Malaysian government
555:national oil company
320:incomplete contracts
51:WikiProject Business
3286:limited recognition
2887:States with limited
2478:States with limited
1901:Trinidad and Tobago
1796:Antigua and Barbuda
1677:Alternate location:
1589:The China Quarterly
364:alcoholic beverages
262:Commonwealth realms
160:government entities
124:means of production
110:, in order to earn
1836:Dominican Republic
1746:by Elmer G. Wiens.
1633:Han, Enze (2024).
569:, and owns 70% of
539:economy of Belarus
465:natural monopolies
355:economies of scale
351:natural monopolies
345:Natural monopolies
289:corporate entities
196:possibly contains
3619:
3618:
3611:Wallis and Futuna
3556:Clipperton Island
3514:Associated states
3391:
3390:
3328:other territories
2983:
2982:
2914:other territories
2687:Equatorial Guinea
2563:
2562:
2178:
2177:
2150:other territories
2029:
2028:
1918:other territories
1704:Library resources
1648:978-0-19-769659-0
1560:978-1-003-35258-7
1523:978-981-18-5206-0
521:Ăguas de Portugal
412:transaction costs
388:Political reasons
381:spillover effects
374:Infant industries
270:Crown corporation
241:
240:
233:
198:original research
72:
71:
16:Government entity
3644:
3601:Pitcairn Islands
3571:French Polynesia
3551:Christmas Island
3480:Papua New Guinea
3460:Marshall Islands
3433:Sovereign states
3418:
3411:
3404:
3395:
3394:
3381:
3371:
3370:
3340:Christmas Island
3026:Sovereign states
3010:
3003:
2996:
2987:
2986:
2975:
2974:(United Kingdom)
2970:Tristan da Cunha
2966:Ascension Island
2958:
2945:
2936:
2912:Dependencies and
2605:Sovereign states
2590:
2583:
2576:
2567:
2566:
2516:Dependencies and
2220:Sovereign states
2205:
2198:
2191:
2182:
2181:
2170:
2158:Falkland Islands
2072:Sovereign states
2065:of South America
2056:
2049:
2042:
2033:
2032:
1986:Saint Barthélemy
1916:Dependencies and
1789:Sovereign states
1783:of North America
1774:
1767:
1760:
1751:
1750:
1692:
1687:, archived from
1674:
1672:
1653:
1652:
1637:. New York, NY:
1630:
1621:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1596:(257): 222â247.
1579:
1573:
1572:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1485:
1476:
1475:
1435:
1426:
1425:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1338:
1332:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1311:
1306:. 4 January 2014
1294:
1288:
1287:
1255:
1246:
1245:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1182:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1149:(3â4): 258â268.
1138:
1132:
1131:
1105:
1096:(4): 1127â1161.
1081:
1075:
1074:
1057:(7): 1731â1752.
1048:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1022:
994:
988:
987:
961:
952:
946:
945:
917:
911:
901:
895:
894:
892:
882:
858:
849:
848:
812:
806:
803:
797:
796:
794:
792:
783:
775:
744:State capitalism
734:Public ownership
697:
695:Companies portal
692:
691:
690:
606:SOEs in Ethiopia
427:Around the world
340:Economic reasons
236:
229:
225:
222:
216:
213:inline citations
189:
188:
181:
171:state capitalist
67:
64:
58:
27:
26:
19:
3652:
3651:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3622:
3621:
3620:
3615:
3538:
3532:
3515:
3509:
3490:Solomon Islands
3428:
3422:
3392:
3387:
3359:
3327:
3318:
3299:Northern Cyprus
3285:
3278:
3020:
3014:
2984:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2956:
2943:
2934:
2915:
2913:
2906:
2890:
2888:
2881:
2600:
2594:
2564:
2559:
2517:
2511:
2497:Northern Cyprus
2479:
2473:
2394:North Macedonia
2215:
2209:
2179:
2174:
2168:
2151:
2149:
2139:
2066:
2060:
2030:
2025:
1919:
1917:
1910:
1784:
1778:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1700:
1698:Further reading
1681:
1670:
1664:
1661:
1656:
1649:
1631:
1624:
1615:
1611:
1580:
1576:
1561:
1553:. p. 132.
1543:
1539:
1524:
1516:. p. 138.
1504:
1500:
1487:
1486:
1479:
1436:
1429:
1386:
1382:
1339:
1335:
1326:
1322:
1309:
1307:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1276:10.2307/2118354
1270:(4): 995â1025.
1256:
1249:
1234:10.2307/2118354
1228:(4): 995â1025.
1214:
1210:
1202:
1196:
1192:
1180:
1174:
1170:
1139:
1135:
1103:10.1.1.318.7133
1082:
1078:
1046:
1040:
1036:
995:
991:
959:
953:
949:
918:
914:
902:
898:
859:
852:
813:
809:
804:
800:
790:
788:
781:
777:
776:
772:
768:
763:
758:
724:Nationalization
693:
688:
686:
683:
671:
638:
622:
616:
608:
585:
579:
547:
501:postal services
453:nationalization
441:
436:
429:
420:
407:
402:
390:
376:
347:
342:
337:
316:economic theory
312:
310:Economic theory
304:corporatization
297:holding company
264:, ownership by
246:state ownership
237:
226:
220:
217:
202:
190:
186:
179:
156:railway company
100:executive order
68:
62:
59:
55:WikiProject Law
45:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3650:
3640:
3639:
3634:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3591:Norfolk Island
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3546:American Samoa
3542:
3540:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3525:
3519:
3517:
3516:of New Zealand
3511:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3429:
3421:
3420:
3413:
3406:
3398:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3375:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3331:
3329:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3290:
3288:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3030:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3013:
3012:
3005:
2998:
2990:
2981:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2959:
2946:
2937:
2923:Canary Islands
2919:
2918:
2916:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2893:
2891:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2601:
2593:
2592:
2585:
2578:
2570:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2521:
2519:
2518:other entities
2513:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2483:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2469:United Kingdom
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2282:Czech Republic
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2216:
2208:
2207:
2200:
2193:
2185:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2165:
2160:
2154:
2152:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2076:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2059:
2058:
2051:
2044:
2036:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2006:Sint Eustatius
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1951:Cayman Islands
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1922:
1920:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1785:
1777:
1776:
1769:
1762:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1741:
1726:
1725:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1679:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1647:
1622:
1609:
1574:
1559:
1537:
1522:
1498:
1477:
1427:
1400:(4): 432â433.
1380:
1333:
1320:
1289:
1247:
1208:
1190:
1168:
1133:
1076:
1034:
1005:(7): 481â482.
989:
970:(6): 477â480.
947:
928:(5): 597â617.
912:
908:Know Your GLCs
896:
873:(5): 820â841.
850:
827:(4): 535â553.
807:
798:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
756:
751:
749:Statutory body
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
700:
699:
698:
682:
679:
670:
667:
651:Prime Minister
637:
634:
618:Main article:
615:
612:
607:
604:
581:Main article:
578:
575:
546:
543:
477:electric power
449:Western Europe
445:Eastern Europe
440:
439:SOEs in Europe
437:
428:
425:
419:
416:
406:
403:
401:
398:
389:
386:
375:
372:
370:(healthcare).
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
311:
308:
239:
238:
193:
191:
184:
178:
175:
120:private sector
70:
69:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3649:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3586:New Caledonia
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3566:Easter Island
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3535:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3512:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3431:
3426:
3419:
3414:
3412:
3407:
3405:
3400:
3399:
3396:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3374:
3366:
3365:
3362:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3325:
3321:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3309:South Ossetia
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3281:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3018:
3011:
3006:
3004:
2999:
2997:
2992:
2991:
2988:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2960:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2941:
2938:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2917:
2909:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2884:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2727:Guinea-Bissau
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2598:
2591:
2586:
2584:
2579:
2577:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2530:Faroe Islands
2528:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2514:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2502:South Ossetia
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2476:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2354:Liechtenstein
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2206:
2201:
2199:
2194:
2192:
2187:
2186:
2183:
2171:
2166:
2164:
2163:French Guiana
2161:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2147:
2142:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2057:
2052:
2050:
2045:
2043:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1913:
1907:
1906:United States
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1775:
1770:
1768:
1763:
1761:
1756:
1755:
1752:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1691:on 2015-10-25
1690:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1678:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1662:
1650:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1629:
1627:
1619:
1613:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1578:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1541:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1519:
1515:
1512:. Singapore:
1511:
1510:
1502:
1495:. 7 May 2019.
1494:
1490:
1484:
1482:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1434:
1432:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1384:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1337:
1330:
1324:
1317:
1305:
1304:
1303:The Economist
1299:
1293:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1254:
1252:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1212:
1201:
1194:
1186:
1179:
1172:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1137:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1080:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1045:
1038:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
993:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
958:
951:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
916:
909:
905:
900:
891:
886:
881:
876:
872:
868:
864:
857:
855:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
811:
802:
787:
780:
774:
770:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
729:Public bodies
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
701:
696:
685:
678:
676:
666:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
643:
633:
631:
627:
621:
614:SOEs in India
611:
603:
601:
596:
592:
590:
584:
577:SOEs in China
574:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
542:
540:
535:
533:
529:
524:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
434:
424:
415:
413:
397:
395:
385:
382:
371:
369:
365:
361:
360:demerit goods
356:
352:
332:
330:
325:
322:developed by
321:
317:
307:
305:
300:
298:
294:
291:in which the
290:
286:
282:
277:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
253:
251:
247:
235:
232:
224:
214:
210:
206:
200:
199:
194:This section
192:
183:
182:
174:
172:
168:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
66:
56:
52:
48:
43:
39:
35:
32:This article
30:
21:
20:
3537:Dependencies
3523:Cook Islands
3424:
3324:Dependencies
3254:Turkmenistan
3219:Saudi Arabia
3016:
2962:Saint Helena
2933:
2837:South Africa
2827:Sierra Leone
2632:Burkina Faso
2596:
2507:Transnistria
2211:
2146:Dependencies
2062:
2011:Sint Maarten
1991:Saint Martin
1780:
1737:
1708:
1689:the original
1683:
1666:
1634:
1612:
1593:
1587:
1577:
1546:
1540:
1508:
1501:
1492:
1447:
1443:
1397:
1393:
1383:
1350:
1346:
1336:
1323:
1315:
1310:27 September
1308:. Retrieved
1301:
1292:
1267:
1263:
1225:
1221:
1211:
1193:
1184:
1171:
1146:
1142:
1136:
1093:
1089:
1079:
1054:
1050:
1037:
1002:
998:
992:
967:
963:
950:
925:
921:
915:
899:
870:
866:
845:ResearchGate
843:– via
824:
820:
810:
801:
789:. Retrieved
785:
773:
673:As of 2024,
672:
639:
623:
609:
597:
593:
586:
561:, which the
559:Saudi Aramco
548:
536:
527:
525:
481:fossil fuels
461:Eastern Bloc
457:World War II
442:
421:
408:
391:
377:
348:
313:
301:
280:
278:
274:Crown entity
254:
242:
227:
218:
195:
169:and achieve
148:jurisdiction
79:
75:
73:
60:
44:for details.
37:
33:
3470:New Zealand
3383:Asia portal
3284:States with
3204:Philippines
3144:South Korea
3139:North Korea
3034:Afghanistan
2889:recognition
2842:South Sudan
2732:Ivory Coast
2545:Isle of Man
2480:recognition
2454:Switzerland
2389:Netherlands
1981:Puerto Rico
1891:Saint Lucia
1841:El Salvador
1020:2066/197924
890:2066/176125
704:Corporatism
528:liikelaitos
368:merit goods
324:Oliver Hart
177:Terminology
128:commodities
108:legislation
3626:Categories
3427:of Oceania
3264:Uzbekistan
3239:Tajikistan
3154:Kyrgyzstan
3134:Kazakhstan
3054:Bangladesh
3044:Azerbaijan
2944:(Portugal)
2902:Somaliland
2822:Seychelles
2787:Mozambique
2772:Mauritania
2757:Madagascar
2712:The Gambia
2647:Cape Verde
2424:San Marino
2384:Montenegro
2364:Luxembourg
2344:Kazakhstan
2247:Azerbaijan
1976:Montserrat
1971:Martinique
1966:Guadeloupe
1821:Costa Rica
1569:1353290533
1532:1354535847
1450:(4): 433.
1353:(4): 432.
1329:privatized
791:16 January
761:References
473:telephones
293:government
279:The term "
205:improve it
164:commercial
126:, provide
3440:Australia
3350:Hong Kong
3304:Palestine
3229:Sri Lanka
3224:Singapore
3104:Indonesia
2777:Mauritius
2599:of Africa
2535:Gibraltar
2359:Lithuania
2214:of Europe
2135:Venezuela
2080:Argentina
1961:Greenland
1876:Nicaragua
1851:Guatemala
1551:Routledge
1472:236786906
1464:2042-8928
1422:236786906
1414:2042-8928
1375:236786906
1367:2042-891X
1163:0047-2727
1120:0033-5533
1098:CiteSeerX
1071:0002-8282
1029:158097385
984:158266874
942:153354582
841:154709321
766:Citations
709:Dirigisme
647:Putrajaya
459:. In the
394:user fees
266:The Crown
209:verifying
152:financial
142:over the
63:July 2018
53: or
42:talk page
3455:Kiribati
3373:Category
3294:Abkhazia
3244:Thailand
3199:Pakistan
3179:Mongolia
3174:Maldives
3169:Malaysia
3069:Cambodia
2968: /
2964: /
2957:(France)
2951: /
2929: /
2925: /
2877:Zimbabwe
2852:Tanzania
2702:Ethiopia
2697:Eswatini
2677:Djibouti
2642:Cameroon
2627:Botswana
2555:Svalbard
2540:Guernsey
2487:Abkhazia
2439:Slovenia
2434:Slovakia
2409:Portugal
2267:Bulgaria
2125:Suriname
2115:Paraguay
2100:Colombia
1926:Anguilla
1861:Honduras
1831:Dominica
1806:Barbados
1128:16270301
681:See also
632:(PSUs).
549:In most
532:bankrupt
493:airlines
489:railways
485:iron ore
469:industry
285:Malaysia
221:May 2023
136:services
132:products
116:monopoly
98:, by an
92:national
84:business
40:See the
3606:Tokelau
3505:Vanuatu
3269:Vietnam
3184:Myanmar
3164:Lebanon
3094:Georgia
3049:Bahrain
3039:Armenia
3019:of Asia
2953:RĂ©union
2949:Mayotte
2940:Madeira
2935:(Spain)
2931:Melilla
2862:Tunisia
2832:Somalia
2817:Senegal
2802:Nigeria
2792:Namibia
2782:Morocco
2747:Liberia
2742:Lesotho
2692:Eritrea
2662:Comoros
2637:Burundi
2612:Algeria
2464:Ukraine
2414:Romania
2374:Moldova
2332:Ireland
2327:Iceland
2322:Hungary
2312:Germany
2307:Georgia
2297:Finland
2292:Estonia
2287:Denmark
2272:Croatia
2257:Belgium
2252:Belarus
2242:Austria
2237:Armenia
2232:Andorra
2227:Albania
2130:Uruguay
2105:Ecuador
2085:Bolivia
1956:Curaçao
1941:Bonaire
1936:Bermuda
1866:Jamaica
1846:Grenada
1801:Bahamas
1659:Sources
1284:2118354
1242:2118354
517:Equinor
400:Effects
366:), and
203:Please
173:goals.
118:of the
82:) is a
3581:Hawaii
3500:Tuvalu
3314:Taiwan
3249:Turkey
3214:Russia
3149:Kuwait
3129:Jordan
3119:Israel
3079:Cyprus
3064:Brunei
3059:Bhutan
2972:
2955:
2942:
2872:Zambia
2867:Uganda
2807:Rwanda
2762:Malawi
2722:Guinea
2617:Angola
2550:Jersey
2492:Kosovo
2459:Turkey
2449:Sweden
2429:Serbia
2419:Russia
2404:Poland
2399:Norway
2379:Monaco
2349:Latvia
2317:Greece
2302:France
2277:Cyprus
2110:Guyana
2090:Brazil
1881:Panama
1871:Mexico
1816:Canada
1811:Belize
1706:about
1645:
1567:
1557:
1530:
1520:
1470:
1462:
1420:
1412:
1373:
1365:
1282:
1240:
1187:(147).
1161:
1126:
1118:
1100:
1069:
1027:
982:
940:
839:
739:Quango
519:, and
507:, and
362:(e.g.
167:market
144:assets
140:equity
112:profit
102:or an
3495:Tonga
3485:Samoa
3475:Palau
3465:Nauru
3355:Macau
3274:Yemen
3234:Syria
3209:Qatar
3189:Nepal
3124:Japan
3099:India
3089:Egypt
3074:China
2927:Ceuta
2847:Sudan
2797:Niger
2752:Libya
2737:Kenya
2717:Ghana
2707:Gabon
2682:Egypt
2622:Benin
2525:Ă
land
2444:Spain
2369:Malta
2339:Italy
2095:Chile
1931:Aruba
1856:Haiti
1671:(PDF)
1468:S2CID
1418:S2CID
1371:S2CID
1280:JSTOR
1238:JSTOR
1203:(PDF)
1181:(PDF)
1124:S2CID
1047:(PDF)
1025:S2CID
980:S2CID
960:(PDF)
938:S2CID
837:S2CID
782:(PDF)
626:India
571:SABIC
563:Saudi
509:water
505:banks
497:media
467:like
250:stock
122:over
90:by a
88:owned
3576:Guam
3528:Niue
3450:Fiji
3194:Oman
3159:Laos
3114:Iraq
3109:Iran
2857:Togo
2767:Mali
2657:Chad
2120:Peru
2001:Saba
1826:Cuba
1643:ISBN
1565:OCLC
1555:ISBN
1528:OCLC
1518:ISBN
1460:ISSN
1410:ISSN
1363:ISSN
1312:2015
1159:ISSN
1116:ISSN
1067:ISSN
793:2018
640:The
551:OPEC
447:and
276:".
134:and
3326:and
2148:and
1736:",
1598:doi
1594:257
1452:doi
1402:doi
1355:doi
1272:doi
1268:109
1230:doi
1226:109
1151:doi
1108:doi
1094:112
1059:doi
1055:107
1015:hdl
1007:doi
972:doi
930:doi
885:hdl
875:doi
829:doi
786:PwC
624:In
443:In
335:Use
314:In
207:by
106:of
104:act
94:or
80:SOE
3628::
1675:.
1641:.
1625:^
1592:.
1586:.
1563:.
1526:.
1491:.
1480:^
1466:.
1458:.
1448:11
1446:.
1442:.
1430:^
1416:.
1408:.
1398:11
1396:.
1392:.
1369:.
1361:.
1351:11
1349:.
1345:.
1314:.
1300:.
1278:.
1266:.
1262:.
1250:^
1236:.
1224:.
1220:.
1183:.
1157:.
1147:94
1145:.
1122:.
1114:.
1106:.
1092:.
1088:.
1065:.
1053:.
1049:.
1023:.
1013:.
1003:38
1001:.
978:.
968:38
966:.
962:.
936:.
926:10
924:.
906:,
883:.
871:43
869:.
865:.
853:^
835:.
825:33
823:.
819:.
784:.
657:,
602:.
557:,
523:.
515:,
503:,
499:,
495:,
491:,
487:,
483:,
479:,
475:,
331:.
306:.
74:A
49:,
3417:e
3410:t
3403:v
3009:e
3002:t
2995:v
2589:e
2582:t
2575:v
2204:e
2197:t
2190:v
2055:e
2048:t
2041:v
1773:e
1766:t
1759:v
1693:.
1651:.
1606:.
1600::
1571:.
1534:.
1474:.
1454::
1424:.
1404::
1377:.
1357::
1286:.
1274::
1244:.
1232::
1165:.
1153::
1130:.
1110::
1073:.
1061::
1031:.
1017::
1009::
986:.
974::
944:.
932::
893:.
887::
877::
847:.
831::
795:.
435:.
234:)
228:(
223:)
219:(
201:.
78:(
65:)
61:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.