Corporation - Knowledge

785: 2848:, but it is also the exact name under which Harvard was legally incorporated. Nowadays, corporations in most jurisdictions have a distinct name that does not need to make reference to the members of their boards. In Canada, this possibility is taken to its logical extreme: many smaller Canadian corporations have no names at all, merely numbers based on a registration number (for example, "12345678 Ontario Limited"), which is assigned by the provincial or territorial government where the corporation incorporates. 5438: 4822: 2425: 1964: 4020:

status, but decided against it because of the huge number of corporations that would have had to change their names, and the lack of any evidence that anyone had been harmed in California by entities whose corporate status was not immediately apparent from their names. However, the 1977 drafters were able to impose the current disclosure requirement for close corporations. See Harold Marsh, Jr., R. Roy Finkle, Larry W. Sonsini, and Ann Yvonne Walker,

1744: 1756: 5490: 100: 2492:, empowered to register companies by a two-stage process. The first, provisional, stage cost £5 and did not confer corporate status, which arose after completing the second stage for another £5. For the first time in history, it was possible for ordinary people through a simple registration procedure to incorporate. The advantage of establishing a company as a 2326:, which (possibly with the motive of protecting the South Sea Company from competition) prohibited the establishment of any companies without a royal charter. The share price rose so rapidly that people began buying shares merely in order to sell them at a higher price, which in turn led to higher share prices. This was the first 2071:, political groups, and guilds of craftsmen or traders. Such bodies commonly had the right to own property and make contracts, to receive gifts and legacies, to sue and be sued, and, in general, to perform legal acts through representatives. Private associations were granted designated privileges and liberties by the emperor. 2335: 2544:

to write in 1855 that "never, perhaps, was a change so vehemently and generally demanded, of which the importance was so much overrated." The major error of this judgment was recognised by the same magazine more than 70 years later, when it claimed that, "he economic historian of the future... may be

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under an artificial form, and vested, by the policy of the law, with the capacity of acting, in several respects, as an individual, particularly of taking and granting property, of contracting obligations, and of suing and being sued, of enjoying privileges and immunities in common, and of exercising

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laws to prevent anti-competitive practices and corporations were granted more legal rights and protections. The 20th century saw a proliferation of laws allowing for the creation of corporations by registration across the world, which helped to drive economic booms in many countries before and after

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Labeled by both contemporaries and historians as "the grandest society of merchants in the universe", the English East India Company would come to symbolize the dazzlingly rich potential of the corporation, as well as new methods of business that could be both brutal and exploitative. On 31 December

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had to be carried out in the joint names of all the members and was almost impossibly cumbersome. Though Parliament would sometimes grant a private act to allow an individual to represent the whole in legal proceedings, this was a narrow and necessarily costly expedient, allowed only to established

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In most countries, corporate names include a term or an abbreviation that denotes the corporate status of the entity (for example, "Incorporated" or "Inc." in the United States) or the limited liability of its members (for example, "Limited", "Ltd.", or "LLC"). These terms vary by jurisdiction and

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Historically, corporations were created by a charter granted by the government. Today, corporations are usually registered with the state, province, or national government and regulated by the laws enacted by that government. Registration is the main prerequisite to the corporation's assumption of

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The day-to-day activities of a corporation are typically controlled by individuals appointed by the members. In some cases, this will be a single individual but more commonly corporations are controlled by a committee or by committees. Broadly speaking, there are two kinds of committee structure.

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the members are known as shareholders, and each of their shares in the ownership, control, and profits of the corporation is determined by the portion of shares in the company that they own. Thus, a person who owns a quarter of the shares of a joint-stock company owns a quarter of the company, is

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The legislation shortly gave way to a railway boom, and from then, the numbers of companies formed soared. In the later nineteenth century, depression took hold, and just as company numbers had boomed, many began to implode and fall into insolvency. Much strong academic, legislative and judicial

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California does not require corporations to indicate corporate status in their names, except for close corporations. The drafters of the 1977 revision of the California General Corporation Law considered the possibility of forcing all California corporations to have a name indicating corporate

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was the first state to adopt an "enabling" corporate law, with the goal of attracting more business to the state, in 1896. In 1899, Delaware followed New Jersey's lead with the enactment of an enabling corporate statute, but Delaware only became the leading corporate state after the enabling

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may result in a form of corporate failure, when creditors force the liquidation and dissolution of the corporation under court order, but it most often results in a restructuring of corporate holdings. Corporations can even be convicted of special criminal offenses in the UK, such as

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remains fundamentally unaddressed.... Bureaucratic overreach and environmental catastrophe are precisely the kinds of slow-moving existential challenges that democracies deal with very badly.... Finally, there is the threat du jour: corporations and the technologies they promote."

2453:) under primitive companies legislation were often scams. Without cohesive regulation, proverbial operations like the "Anglo-Bengalee Disinterested Loan and Life Assurance Company" were undercapitalized ventures promising no hope of success except for richly paid promoters. 2330:

the country had seen, but by the end of 1720, the bubble had "burst", and the share price sank from £1,000 to under £100. As bankruptcies and recriminations ricocheted through government and high society, the mood against corporations and errant directors was bitter.

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In another kind of corporation, the legal document which established the corporation or which contains its current rules will determine the requirements for membership in the corporation. What these requirements are depends on the kind of corporation involved. In a

2789:, where the company essentially buys back stock from its shareholders, which reduces its outstanding shares. This essentially becomes the equivalent of unissued capital, where it is not classified as an asset on the balance sheet (passive capital). 2901:

against real individuals and the state, and they can themselves be responsible for human rights violations. Corporations can be "dissolved" either by statutory operation, the order of the court, or voluntary action on the part of shareholders.

1885:, was limited liability. Limited liability separates control of a company from ownership and means that a passive shareholder in a corporation will not be personally liable either for contractually agreed obligations of the corporation, or for 2792:

The law of the jurisdiction in which a corporation operates will regulate most of its internal activities, as well as its finances. If a corporation operates outside its home state, it is often required to register with other governments as a

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with the government, laying out the general nature of the corporation, the amount of stock it is authorized to issue, and the names and addresses of directors. Once the articles are approved, the corporation's directors meet to create

2647:). State governments began to adopt more permissive corporate laws from the early 19th century, although these were all restrictive in design, often with the intention of preventing corporations from gaining too much wealth and power. 2930:

on the public or on other third-parties. Such critics note that the legal mandate of the corporation to focus exclusively on corporate profits and self-interest often victimizes employees, customers, the public at large, and/or the

2947:, and to break down the sharp conceptual dichotomy between the state and the people or the individual, a distinction that, on his account, is "increasingly unable to meet the demands placed on the state in the modern world". 2371:

a variety of political rights, more or less extensive, according to the design of its institution, or the powers conferred upon it, either at the time of its creation or at any subsequent period of its existence.

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of almost 150 per cent. Subsequent stock offerings demonstrated just how lucrative the company had become. Its first stock offering in 1713–1716 raised £418,000, its second in 1717–1722 raised £1.6 million.

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to trade in the region for thirty years. In fact, the Spanish remained hostile and let only one ship a year enter. Unaware of the problems, investors in Britain, enticed by extravagant promises of profit from

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Phillip I. Blumberg, The Multinational Challenge to Corporation Law: The Search for a New Corporate Personality, (1993) discusses the controversial nature of additional rights being granted to corporations.

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had gathered pace, pressing for legal change to facilitate business activity. The repeal was the beginning of a gradual lifting on restrictions, though business ventures (such as those chronicled by

2560:. This was subsequently consolidated with a number of other statutes in the Companies Act 1862, which remained in force for the rest of the century, up to and including the time of the decision in 2531:

were excluded from the act, though it was standard practice for insurance contracts to exclude action against individual members. Limited liability for insurance companies was allowed by the

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countries. Under this model, the board of directors is composed of both executive and non-executive directors, the latter being meant to supervise the former's management of the company.

2135:. The point was that the incorporation would survive longer than the lives of any particular member, existing in perpetuity. The alleged oldest commercial corporation in the world, the 2698:

entitled to a quarter of the profit (or at least a quarter of the profit given to shareholders as dividends) and has a quarter of the votes capable of being cast at general meetings.

2204:, were created to lead the colonial ventures of European nations in the 17th century. Acting under a charter sanctioned by the Dutch government, the Dutch East India Company defeated 2504:

However, there was still no limited liability and company members could still be held responsible for unlimited losses by the company. The next, crucial development, then, was the

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where the House of Lords confirmed the separate legal personality of the company, and that the liabilities of the company were separate and distinct from those of its owners.

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that mass corporate activity could not match private entrepreneurship, because people in charge of others' money would not exercise as much care as they would with their own.

1918:; i.e. those who are considered the owners of a non-stock corporation are persons (or other entities) who have obtained membership in the corporation and are referred to as a 2824:

theory. Instead, the two elements of a corporation that define its legislative identity and are therefore nonarbitrary delimitations to its formation and existence are which

2295:, was established in 1711 to trade in the Spanish South American colonies, but met with less success. The South Sea Company's monopoly rights were supposedly backed by the 2465: 1844:. Corporations come in many different types but are usually divided by the law of the jurisdiction where they are chartered based on two aspects: whether they can issue 2615:

and limited liability even if all the shares of the company were held by only one person. This inspired other countries to introduce corporations of this kind.

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and was limited, owing to Parliament's jealous protection of the privileges and advantages thereby granted. As a result, many businesses came to be operated as

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Aside from the infeasibility of the ableness of one corporation to supply an entire market demand, there are a number of national as well as international

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Corporations generally have a distinct name. Historically, some corporations were named after the members of their boards of directors: for example, the "

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to their investment. One of the attractive early advantages business corporations offered to their investors, compared to earlier business entities like

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Cohen-Vrignaud, Gerard; Metz, Stephanie; Dunville, Jody; Heath, Shannon; McLeod, Julia P.; Powell, Kat; Robida, Brent; Stromski, John; Haynes, Brandon.

2259:. Some corporations at this time would act on the government's behalf, bringing in revenue from its exploits abroad. Subsequently, the company became 4581: 3736: 1922:

of the corporation. Corporations chartered in regions where they are distinguished by whether they are allowed to be for-profit are referred to as

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inclined to assign to the nameless inventor of the principle of limited liability, as applied to trade corporations, a place of honour with

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regulating antitrust behaviour that are intended to restrict this type of activity by instead favouring the differentiation of markets.

2220:. Investors in the VOC were issued paper certificates as proof of share ownership, and were able to trade their shares on the original 3265: 1945:

employ the practice of workers of an enterprise having the right to vote for representatives on the board of directors in a company.

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was mainly administrative, as a unified entity under which the rights and duties of all investors and managers could be channeled.

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bought thousands of shares. By 1717, the South Sea Company was so wealthy (still having done no real business) that it assumed the

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language. In some jurisdictions, they are mandatory, and in others, such as California, they are not. Their use puts everybody on

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The British Bubble Act 1720s prohibition on establishing companies remained in force until its repeal in 1825. By this point, the

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affiliated entities to being public and private economic entities free of governmental directions. Smith wrote in his 1776 work

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These two features – a simple registration procedure and limited liability – were subsequently codified into the landmark 1856

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do. For example, a corporation can own property, and can sue or be sued for as long as it exists. Corporations can exercise

5210: 3997: 454: 398: 357: 1889:(involuntary harms) committed by the corporation against a third party (acts done by the controllers of the corporation). 4874: 2570:

opinion was opposed to the notion that businessmen could escape accountability for their role in the failing businesses.

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with English and later British military and colonial policy, just as most corporations were essentially dependent on the

336: 4517:, vol. LXVI, no. 10 (6 June 2019), pp. 52–53, 56–57. "Democracy has no clear answer for the mindless operation of 2860:

is limited: one can only collect from whatever assets the entity still controls when one obtains a judgment against it.

2631:, forming a corporation usually required an act of legislation until the late 19th century. Many private firms, such as 1941:

capacity. In most circumstances, a shareholder may also serve as a director or officer of a corporation. Countries with

4459: 124: 5462: 5155: 4838: 4732: 4657: 3441: 1281: 403: 3772: 5447: 4567: 3381: 2685:(reducing the regulation of corporate activity) often accompanied privatization as part of a laissez-faire policy. 2582: 1779: 480: 381: 4124: 2943:, and believes the idea of the corporation as legal persons can help to clarify the role of citizens as political 2871:" may refer to a partnership or some other form of collective ownership (in the United States it can be used by a 5457: 4960: 4833: 4742: 3813: 3668: 3645: 3211: 2620: 2587: 2562: 5535: 4867: 4843: 2762:

limited liability. The law sometimes requires the corporation to designate its principal address, as well as a

2557: 2485: 2433: 2766:(a person or company designated to receive legal service of process). It may also be required to designate an 5105: 5070: 4378: 2300: 1545: 1203: 306: 240: 4433:

Underdevelopment and the Development of Law: Corporations and Corporation Law in Nineteenth-century Colombia

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Mahoney, PG, "Contract or Concession? An Essay on the History of Corporate Law" (2000) 34 Ga. Law Review 873

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The last significant development in the history of companies was the 1897 decision of the House of Lords in

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to act as a single entity (a legal entity recognized by private and public law as "born out of statute"; a

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in ancient India. In medieval Europe, churches became incorporated, as did local governments, such as the

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that govern the internal functions of the corporation, such as meeting procedures and officer positions.

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recognized by local authorities and their shares are owned by shareholders whose liability is generally

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an Audio from a talk about the history of corporations and the English Law by Barrister Daniel Bennett

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Shareholders do not typically actively manage a corporation; shareholders instead elect or appoint a

1904:; one type of investment in the corporation is through stock, and owners of stock are referred to as 1841: 1374: 1061: 722: 657: 446: 316: 144: 30: 3567: 5452: 5330: 5300: 5110: 4828: 4757: 4647: 4271: 3169: 3119: 2738: 2662: 2457: 2304: 2221: 2197: 1958: 1954: 1648: 1344: 1191: 1030: 1004: 926: 871: 617: 484: 159: 119: 4970: 4416: 4287: 2939:

notes that corporate personhood forms a fundamental part of the modern history of the idea of the

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of the British government. This accelerated the inflation of the share price further, as did the

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The 1855 Act allowed limited liability to companies of more than 25 members (shareholders).

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became the chairman of a Parliamentary Committee on Joint Stock Companies, which led to the

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a collection of many individuals united into one body, under a special denomination, having

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Early entities which carried on business and were the subjects of legal rights included the

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in the 11th–14th centuries. Particularly important in this respect were the Italian jurists

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The Multinational Challenge to Corporation Law: The Search for a New Corporate Personality

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because it is required to elevate its own interests above those of others even when this

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1600, Queen Elizabeth I granted the company a 15-year monopoly on trade to and from the

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arbitrary to its formation. Often the market defines these boundaries according to the

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Starting in the 1980s, many countries with large state-owned corporations moved toward

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Constitution and Finance of English, Scottish and Irish Joint-Stock Companies to 1720

4455: 4310: 4188: 4168: 4046: 3993: 3884: 3835: 3703: 3663: 3487: 3460: 3437: 3409: 3365: 3294: 3206: 3191: 3181: 3074: 3069: 3044: 2890: 2730: 2612: 2550: 2493: 2449: 2339: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2256: 2236: 2225: 2099: 1882: 1874: 1870: 1748: 1615: 1482: 1472: 1417: 1339: 1213: 1198: 1076: 1046: 976: 966: 901: 662: 532: 420: 295: 257: 252: 3762:"The Impact of Limited Liability on Ownership and Control: Irish Banking, 1877–1914" 3737:"The Impact of Limited Liability on Ownership and Control: Irish Banking, 1877–1914" 5494: 5205: 5135: 5055: 5050: 4677: 4534: 4156: 3742:. School of Management and Economics, Queen's University of Belfast. Archived from 3099: 3079: 3017: 2763: 2746: 2665:

creating larger corporations with dispersed shareholders. Countries began enacting

2432:(1858) satirizing the 'monster' joint-stock economy that came into being after the 2031: 1942: 1858: 1550: 1525: 1477: 1457: 1402: 1379: 1329: 1208: 1111: 1101: 1091: 1056: 946: 896: 886: 881: 740: 727: 672: 572: 70: 4321:

American Business Corporations Until 1860, with Special Reference to Massachusetts

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over a specified territory. The best-known example, established in 1600, was the

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A corporation is, at least in theory, owned and controlled by its members. In a

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World War I. Another major post World War I shift was toward the development of

2342:'s stock prices. The rapid inflation of the stock value in the 1710s led to the 1862:(a legal entity consisting of a single incorporated office occupied by a single 4702: 4342:

Joint-stock Enterprise in France: From Privileged Company to Modern Corporation

4144: 3953: 3186: 2960: 2940: 2936: 2894: 2821: 2786: 2209: 2175: 2107: 2091: 2068: 2022: 2018: 1863: 1812: 1713: 1698: 1668: 1590: 1086: 931: 921: 851: 836: 831: 2922:, have observed that a business corporation created as a "legal person" has a 2255:

granted it the exclusive right to trade with all countries to the east of the

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Reading the above, makes it possible to forget that the shareholders are the

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Equity Finance: Venture Capital, Buyouts, Restructurings and Reorganizations

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The Age of Giant Corporations: A Microeconomic History of American Business

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See, for example, the Business Corporations Act (B.C.) chapter 57, Part 10

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The Human Rights of Companies: Exploring the Structure of ECHR Protection

3905:"Company & Commercial – Netherlands: In a nutshell – one-tier boards" 3832:

Corporations and Other Business Organizations: Cases, Materials, Problems

3196: 3129: 3084: 3034: 2927: 2923: 2817: 2513: 2509: 2508:, passed at the behest of the then Vice President of the Board of Trade, 2488:, regarded as the first modern piece of company law. The Act created the 2406:

and other economists, corporations transitioned from being government or

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act granted by a monarch or passed by a parliament or legislature). Most

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The Harvard Law School Program on Corporate Governance Discussion Paper

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provisions of the 1896 New Jersey corporate law were repealed in 1913.

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Legal entity incorporated through a legislative or registration process

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The Corporation Under Russian Law: A Study in Tsarist Economic Policy

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A Comparative Bibliography: Regulatory Competition on Corporate Law

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In theory, a corporation cannot own its own stock. An exception is

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The New Corporation: How "Good" Corporations Are Bad for Democracy

4026:, 4th ed., vol. 1 (New York: Aspen Publishers, 2004), 5–15 — 5–16. 3549:

The Honorable Company: A History of the English East India Company

2710:, the members are people who have accounts with the credit union. 2063:), municipalities, and such private associations as sponsors of a 5371: 5170: 2868: 2810: 2750: 2600: 2473: 2309: 2279:. By 1711, shareholders in the East India Company were earning a 2148: 2056: 1827: 1808: 1743: 856: 195: 4394:

Business Organization and Finance: Legal and Economic Principles

3354:"D. 47,22, 1, pr.-1 and the Formation of Semi-Public "Collegia"" 5401: 4125:"The Corporation: The Pathological Pursuit of Profit and Power" 2779: 2276: 2248: 2213: 2144: 1832: 1755: 3680:

Report of the Parliamentary Committee on Joint Stock Companies

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An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations

2753:), workers elect a fixed fraction of the corporation's board. 2585:

was the leading expert on partnerships and company law in the

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A Treatise on the Law of Corporations, Stewart Kyd (1793–1794)

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Charitable incorporated organisation (England and Wales)

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Despite not being human beings, corporations have been ruled

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The Economic History of the Corporate Form in Ancient India.

2706:, the members are people who work for the cooperative. In a 2346:, which restricted the establishment of companies without a 3561: 1886: 3486:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 145–46. 3436:, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983, pp. 215–216. 791:

is one of the most recognizable corporations in the world.

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in a few countries, and have many of the same rights as

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recognized a range of corporate entities under the names

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The Rise of the Business Corporation in India, 1851–1900

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Global Reach: The Power of the Multinational Corporation

3992:(2nd ed.). New York: Aspen Publishers. p. 54. 2231:

In England, the government created corporations under a

2025:(49–44 BC), and their reaffirmation during the reign of 4387:

The Development of the Business Corporation in England

3834:(Seventh ed.), LexisNexis, pp. 228–231, 241, 4289:

Essays in the Earlier History of American Corporations

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Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007

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Worker representation on corporate boards of directors

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Some jurisdictions do not allow the use of the word "

2553:, and other pioneers of the Industrial Revolution. " 1983:

word for body, or a "body of people". By the time of

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distinguishes corporations by their ability to issue

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The Company: A Short History of a Revolutionary Idea

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The Corporation in New Jersey: Business and Politics

3799:, December 18, 1926, at 1053, as quoted in Mahoney, 3723:

Re Sea Fire and Life Assurance Co., Greenwood's Case

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European Commercial Enterprise in Pre-Colonial India

2867:" alone to denote corporate status, since the word " 2844:" is the name of one of the two governing boards of 2643:, avoided the corporate model for this reason (as a 2381: 2770:or other legal representatives of the corporation. 2472:with possibly thousands of members. Any consequent 2196:Dutch and English chartered companies, such as the 1900:, corporations allowed to do so are referred to as 1840:now allow the creation of new corporations through 4187: 3958:"Governing Harvard: A Harvard Magazine Roundtable" 3830:Smiddy, Linda O.; Cunningham, Lawrence A. (2010), 3695: 2074:The concept of the corporation was revived in the 4452:Silent Coup: How Corporations Overthrew Democracy 4328:The English Business Company after the Bubble Act 3483:Ideas of Power in the Late Middle Ages, 1296–1417 3456:A History of Medieval Political Thought: 300–1450 2657:The end of the 19th century saw the emergence of 5502: 4533:. Likewise, after decades of dire warning, the 4267:(6th ed., Sweet and Maxwell, 1997), chapters 2–4 3937: 3829: 3287:"Types Of Corporations | Incorporate A Business" 2200:(also known by its Dutch initials: VOC) and the 2078:with the recovery and annotation of Justinian's 1826:Early incorporated entities were established by 69:"Corp." redirects here. Not to be confused with 62:"Corporate" redirects here. For other uses, see 4368:Corporate Personality: A Study in Jurisprudence 4258:Corporation, Trust and Company: A Legal History 3979: 3341:(2nd ed.). Bloomsbury Professional. 4.001. 2875:but this is not generally the case elsewhere). 2816:A corporation's spatio-temporal positioning is 2428:"Jack and the Giant Joint-Stock", a cartoon in 2299:, signed in 1713 as a settlement following the 4445: 4221:The Multinational Challenge to Corporation Law 3434:: The Formation of the Western Legal Tradition 1819:in a legal context) and recognized as such in 366:Scottish charitable incorporated organisation 4875: 4575: 3931:International and comparative competition law 3872: 3759: 1780: 765: 4185: 3760:Acheson, Graeme G.; Turner, John D. (2006). 2981:History of company law in the United Kingdom 2604: 2386:Due to the late 18th century abandonment of 2224:. Shareholders were also explicitly granted 4589: 4438:Micklethwait, John and Wooldridge, Adrian. 4349:A History of Corporate Governance 1602–2002 4186:Barnet, Richard; Muller, Ronald E. (1974). 3345: 2856:that they are dealing with an entity whose 2520:, but just for the unpaid portion of their 2079: 15: 4882: 4868: 4582: 4568: 3879:(4th ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 1787: 1773: 772: 758: 16: 4889: 4335:The Historical Foundations of Company Law 4035: 3734: 3401: 4143: 3985: 3536:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3336: 2842:President and Fellows of Harvard College 2832:or areas it performs activities within. 2729:A two-tiered committee structure with a 2688: 2577: 2423: 2333: 1962: 783: 24:This is an accepted version of this page 4147:(2000). "Is the State a Corporation?". 3873:Besley, Scott; Brigham, Eugene (2008). 3531: 3479: 3452: 3405:A History of the Roman Equestrian Order 3351: 2573: 2398:economic theory due to a revolution in 2059:. These included the state itself (the 1848:, or whether they are formed to make a 14: 5503: 4045:. Oxford University Press. p. 1. 3702:. Oxford University Press. p. 1. 3314: 2591:case. The landmark case confirmed the 2362:in English, defined a corporation as: 2358:, the author of the first treatise on 467:Limited liability limited partnership 382:Industrial and provident society 4863: 4563: 4407:A Treatise on the Law of Corporations 3255: 3095:Decentralized autonomous organization 2607:Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung 2538:This prompted the English periodical 2208:forces and established itself in the 564:Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung 4302:Dignam, Alan and John Lowry (2020), 3735:Acheson, Graeme G.; Turner, John D. 3546: 3459:. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 172. 2928:inflicts major risks and grave harms 2499: 2267:'s ability to control trade routes. 2162:, traders would do business through 1975:The word "corporation" derives from 4511:, "Democracy and Its Discontents", 4360:The Legal Nature of the Corporation 4207:Commentaries on the Laws of England 3933:. Cambridge University Press. 2010. 2918:Legal scholars and others, such as 48: 4179: 4023:Marsh's California Corporation Law 3319:. Pearson Education. p. 151. 2490:Registrar of Joint Stock Companies 49: 5547: 4542: 4442:. New York: Modern Library. 2003. 4228:Crane and Bromberg on Partnership 4194:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 3854:The Law of Business Organizations 3402:Davenport, Caillan (2018-12-31). 2382:Development of modern company law 1856:(the subject of this article) or 5488: 5437: 5436: 4821: 4820: 4265:Principles of Modern Company Law 4134:(New York: The Free Press, 2004) 3814:Salomon v A Salomon & Co Ltd 3258:"The Case for Investor Ordering" 2563:Salomon v A Salomon & Co Ltd 2390:economic theory and the rise of 2228:in the company's royal charter. 2178:were also often involved in the 1937:to control the corporation in a 1807:—usually a group of people or a 1754: 1742: 609:Société à responsabilité limitée 98: 4418:Corporate Life in Ancient India 4399:Kocaoglu, Kagan (Cahn Kojaolu) 4137: 4117: 4105: 4096: 4087: 4074: 4029: 4013: 3968:from the original on 2021-04-16 3923: 3897: 3866: 3847: 3806: 3790: 3728: 3716: 3689: 3673: 3651: 3646:Bubble Companies, etc. Act 1825 3638: 3635:(1776), Book V, ch 1, para 107. 3623: 3612:from the original on 2010-07-31 3594: 3582: 3555: 3540: 3525: 3506:Vikramaditya S. Khanna (2005). 3500: 3384:from the original on 2020-11-12 3268:from the original on 2021-01-17 3225: 3212:Unlimited liability corporation 2773:Generally, a corporation files 2419: 2185: 2003:. Following the passage of the 4236:The History of the Corporation 3473: 3446: 3422: 3408:. Cambridge University Press. 3395: 3330: 3308: 3279: 3249: 2722:is the method favored in most 2718:A single committee known as a 2516:were still liable directly to 2486:Joint Stock Companies Act 1844 2434:Joint Stock Companies Act 1844 13: 1: 4379:In Defense of the Corporation 3242: 2878: 2301:War of the Spanish Succession 2047:required the approval of the 1869:Registered corporations have 1546:Critique of political economy 1204:Critique of political economy 4514:The New York Review of Books 3986:Bartlett, Joseph W. (1995). 3684:British Parliamentary Papers 3564:"British East India Company" 3339:The Law of Private Companies 3337:Courtney, Thomas B. (2002). 3110:Government-owned corporation 2756: 2621:Salomon v. Salomon & Co. 2588:Salomon v. Salomon & Co. 2460:was possible only through a 2212:in order to profit from the 1930:corporations, respectively. 1596:Periodizations of capitalism 491:Massachusetts business trust 57:Corporation (disambiguation) 7: 4961:Counterproductive behaviour 4337:(Sweet and Maxwell 1923) 21 4263:Davies, PL, and LCB Gower, 4251:Corporations in Perspective 3699:Introduction to Company Law 3696:Paul Lyndon Davies (2010). 3256:Hirst, Scott (2018-07-01). 3202:United States antitrust law 2966:United States corporate law 2950: 2593:distinct corporate identity 2470:unincorporated associations 1292:Simple commodity production 678:Piercing the corporate veil 374:Community interest company 349:UK / Ireland / Commonwealth 337:Economic interest grouping 10: 5552: 4415:Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra. 4084:Sect.8, especially Art.(4) 4082:South African Constitution 4036:Emberland, Marius (2006). 3602:"Adam Smith Laissez-Faire" 3115:History of competition law 3030:Community interest company 2986:United Kingdom company law 2882: 2506:Limited Liability Act 1855 2354:In the late 18th century, 2281:return on their investment 2189: 2133:City of London Corporation 2057:authorized as legal bodies 1952: 1948: 1601:Perspectives on capitalism 447:Limited liability company 64:Corporate (disambiguation) 53: 5435: 5354: 4898: 4816: 4598: 4382:. Hoover Institute. 1979. 4149:Government and Opposition 3140:Multinational corporation 3125:Limited liability company 2935:. The political theorist 2835: 2775:articles of incorporation 2558:Joint Stock Companies Act 2180:regulation of competition 2090:and their successors the 1971:mine, dated June 16, 1288 658:Internal affairs doctrine 653:and estoppel corporations 5463:Aspects of organizations 5111:Hostile work environment 4839:Aspects of organizations 3725:(1854) 3 De GM&G 459 3480:Canning, Joseph (2011). 3453:Canning, Joseph (1996). 3218: 3170:Professional corporation 3120:Incorporation (business) 2924:psychopathic personality 2222:Amsterdam Stock Exchange 2198:Dutch East India Company 1959:List of oldest companies 1955:Collegium (ancient Rome) 872:Economic interventionism 82:This article is part of 31:latest accepted revision 5448:Aspects of corporations 5236:Quality of working life 4926:Artificial intelligence 4733:Social entrepreneurship 4527:artificial intelligence 4454:. Bloomsbury Academic. 4431:Means, Robert Charles. 4351:(Brussels et al., 2003) 4308:Oxford University Press 4161:10.1111/1477-7053.00014 3769:Economic History Review 2998:Anti-corporate activism 2261:increasingly integrated 2096:Bartolus de Saxoferrato 1541:Criticism of capitalism 328:Societas unius personae 190:General corporate forms 5458:Aspects of occupations 4834:Aspects of occupations 4242:Cadman, John William. 4212:Blumberg, Phillip I., 3551:. New York: MacMillan. 3520:University of Michigan 3428:Harold Joseph Berman, 3315:Pettet, B. G. (2005). 3176:Public limited company 3155:Organizational culture 2971:European corporate law 2913:corporate manslaughter 2605: 2596: 2436: 2379: 2351: 2080: 1972: 1916:non-stock corporations 1571:Exploitation of labour 1282:Primitive accumulation 792: 789:McDonald's Corporation 640:Business judgment rule 5536:Types of organization 5196:Performance appraisal 4946:Computer surveillance 4844:Aspects of workplaces 4743:Social responsibility 4535:environmental problem 4475:Rungta, Radhe Shyam. 4319:Dodd, Edwin Merrick. 3876:Principles of Finance 3606:political-economy.com 3150:Nonprofit corporation 2689:Ownership and control 2635:'s steel company and 2581: 2494:separate legal person 2441:Industrial Revolution 2427: 2413:The Wealth of Nations 2364: 2337: 1966: 1823:for certain purposes. 1749:Capitalism portal 1561:Culture of capitalism 1516:Capitalist propaganda 1272:Industrial Revolution 1262:Commercial Revolution 787: 584:Naamloze vennootschap 574:Kabushiki gaisha 391:Limited company 5341:Workplace harassment 5331:Work–family conflict 5046:Employee recognition 3532:Prakash, Om (1998). 3352:de Ligt, L. (2001). 3065:Corporate propaganda 3050:Corporate governance 2885:Corporate personhood 2574:Further developments 2392:classical liberalism 2368:perpetual succession 2239:with the grant of a 2202:Hudson's Bay Company 2166:constructs, such as 2139:mining community in 2082:Corpus Juris Civilis 2009:during the reign of 1879:sole proprietorships 1724:Right-libertarianism 1654:Classical liberalism 1621:Venture philanthropy 1257:Capitalism and Islam 1252:Age of Enlightenment 847:Capital accumulation 708:Beneficial ownership 645:Corporate governance 481:Delaware corporation 308:Societas cooperativa 55:For other uses, see 5211:Positive psychology 5106:Health surveillance 5036:Employee monitoring 5031:Employee experience 5026:Employee engagement 5021:Employee assistance 5006:Effects of overtime 4911:Abusive supervision 4523:technological power 4396:. Foundation. 2002. 4366:Hallis, Frederick. 4363:(1897), MCMaster.ca 4340:Freedman, Charles. 3944:Chait, Richard P.; 3570:on 20 December 2016 3547:Keay, John (1991). 3008:Blocker corporation 2873:sole proprietorship 2854:constructive notice 2795:foreign corporation 2695:joint-stock company 2529:Insurance companies 1987:(reigned 527–565), 1811:—authorized by the 1761:Business portal 877:Economic liberalism 867:Competitive markets 723:Corporate registers 683:Rochdale Principles 437:Benefit corporation 263:Sole proprietorship 21:Page version status 5241:Queen bee syndrome 4825:See also templates 4491:2011-07-06 at the 4424:2011-07-06 at the 4392:Klein and Coffee. 4295:2011-06-10 at the 4279:2011-06-11 at the 4249:Conard, Alfred F. 4226:Bromberg, Alan R. 4155:(1): 90, 103–104. 4130:2021-07-30 at the 3911:on 16 January 2014 3863:, Cengage Learning 3859:2023-01-05 at the 3515:2009-03-27 at the 3430:Law and Revolution 2976:German company law 2846:Harvard University 2745:In countries with 2720:board of directors 2704:worker cooperative 2597: 2533:Companies Act 1862 2437: 2352: 2328:speculative bubble 2245:East India Company 1973: 1935:board of directors 1902:stock corporations 1883:joint partnerships 1521:Capitalist realism 912:Goods and services 892:Fictitious capital 793: 524:Aktiengesellschaft 496:Nevada corporation 27: 5476: 5475: 5201:Personality clash 5146:Kiss up kick down 4857: 4856: 4538:(pp. 56–57.) 4446:Provost, Claire; 4315:978-0-19-928936-3 4286:Davis, Joseph S. 4052:978-0-19-928983-7 3956:(May–June 2006). 3946:Daniel, D. Ronald 3890:978-0-324-65588-9 3841:978-1-4224-7659-8 3709:978-0-19-960132-5 3664:Martin Chuzzlewit 3493:978-1-107-01141-0 3466:978-0-415-39415-4 3415:978-1-108-75017-2 3207:Unlimited company 3192:South Sea Company 3182:Shelf corporation 3075:Corporate welfare 3070:Corporate warfare 3045:Corporate finance 2933:natural resources 2731:supervisory board 2659:holding companies 2613:legal personality 2500:Limited liability 2482:William Gladstone 2450:Martin Chuzzlewit 2340:South Sea Company 2316:company promoters 2297:Treaty of Utrecht 2293:South Sea Company 2289:chartered company 2257:Cape of Good Hope 2253:Queen Elizabeth I 2237:Act of Parliament 2226:limited liability 2182:between traders. 2100:Baldus de Ubaldis 1967:1/8 share of the 1871:legal personality 1797: 1796: 1616:Spontaneous order 1586:History of theory 1229:New institutional 1199:Market monetarism 1134:Economic theories 967:Supply and demand 902:Free price system 782: 781: 663:Limited liability 625: 624: 534:Ansvarlig selskap 421:Unlimited company 258:Shelf corporation 253:Shell corporation 241:Limited liability 39:18 September 2024 18: 5543: 5493: 5492: 5491: 5484: 5440: 5439: 5156:Machiavellianism 5101:Health promotion 5056:Employee surveys 5051:Employee silence 4884: 4877: 4870: 4861: 4860: 4849:Corporate titles 4824: 4823: 4658:Machiavellianism 4584: 4577: 4570: 4561: 4560: 4549:US Corporate Law 4465: 4195: 4193: 4173: 4172: 4141: 4135: 4121: 4115: 4109: 4103: 4100: 4094: 4091: 4085: 4078: 4072: 4071: 4069: 4067: 4061: 4055:. 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Archived from 3283: 3277: 3276: 3274: 3273: 3253: 3236: 3233:competition laws 3229: 3100:Evil corporation 3080:Corporation sole 3018:Co-determination 2813:, and the like. 2764:registered agent 2747:co-determination 2611:with a separate 2610: 2377: 2210:Moluccan Islands 2176:livery companies 2137:Stora Kopparberg 2106:to describe the 2085: 2032:Princeps senatus 1969:Stora Kopparberg 1943:co-determination 1789: 1782: 1775: 1759: 1758: 1747: 1746: 1551:Critique of work 1526:Capitalist state 1209:Critique of work 1092:Regulated market 994:Economic systems 947:Private property 897:Financial market 887:Entrepreneurship 882:Economic surplus 795: 794: 774: 767: 760: 728:Registered agent 673:Drag-along right 613: 598: 588: 578: 568: 558: 548: 538: 528: 518: 487: 470: 450: 394: 385: 377: 369: 361: 350: 340: 332: 322: 318:Societas privata 312: 302: 283: 282: 102: 79: 78: 74: 67: 60: 5551: 5550: 5546: 5545: 5544: 5542: 5541: 5540: 5501: 5500: 5499: 5489: 5487: 5479: 5477: 5472: 5453:Aspects of jobs 5431: 5392:Labour movement 5350: 5291:Toxic workplace 5261:Robotics safety 5191:Parkinson's law 5181:Office politics 5166:Micromanagement 5041:Employee morale 5011:Emotional labor 4996:Divide and rule 4971:Culture of fear 4894: 4888: 4858: 4853: 4829:Aspects of jobs 4812: 4594: 4588: 4545: 4493:Wayback Machine 4462: 4426:Wayback Machine 4297:Wayback Machine 4281:Wayback Machine 4270:Davis, John P. 4205:Blackstone, W. 4182: 4180:Further reading 4177: 4176: 4145:Runciman, David 4142: 4138: 4132:Wayback Machine 4122: 4118: 4110: 4106: 4101: 4097: 4092: 4088: 4079: 4075: 4065: 4063: 4062:on 17 June 2012 4059: 4053: 4042: 4034: 4030: 4018: 4014: 4004: 4002: 4000: 3984: 3980: 3971: 3969: 3954:Rosovsky, Henry 3942: 3938: 3929: 3928: 3924: 3914: 3912: 3903: 3902: 3898: 3891: 3871: 3867: 3861:Wayback Machine 3852: 3848: 3842: 3828: 3821: 3811: 3807: 3795: 3791: 3781: 3779: 3775: 3764: 3752: 3750: 3746: 3739: 3733: 3729: 3721: 3717: 3710: 3694: 3690: 3678: 3674: 3656: 3652: 3648:, 6 Geo 4, 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B. 4324: 4317: 4300: 4284: 4268: 4261: 4254: 4247: 4240: 4233:Brown, Bruce. 4231: 4224: 4219:Blumberg, PI, 4217: 4210: 4209:(1765) 455–473 4203: 4196: 4181: 4178: 4175: 4174: 4136: 4116: 4104: 4095: 4086: 4073: 4051: 4028: 4012: 3998: 3978: 3950:Lorsch, Jay W. 3936: 3922: 3896: 3889: 3865: 3846: 3840: 3819: 3805: 3789: 3727: 3715: 3708: 3688: 3672: 3650: 3637: 3622: 3593: 3581: 3554: 3539: 3524: 3499: 3492: 3472: 3465: 3445: 3421: 3414: 3394: 3364:(2): 346–349. 3344: 3329: 3307: 3278: 3247: 3246: 3244: 3241: 3238: 3237: 3223: 3222: 3220: 3217: 3215: 3214: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3187:Small business 3184: 3179: 3173: 3167: 3162: 3157: 3152: 3147: 3142: 3137: 3132: 3127: 3122: 3117: 3112: 3107: 3102: 3097: 3092: 3087: 3082: 3077: 3072: 3067: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3037: 3032: 3027: 3026: 3025: 3015: 3010: 3005: 3000: 2989: 2988: 2983: 2978: 2973: 2968: 2963: 2961:Commercial law 2954: 2952: 2949: 2937:David Runciman 2883:Main article: 2880: 2877: 2837: 2834: 2822:invisible hand 2787:treasury stock 2758: 2755: 2743: 2742: 2735:managing board 2727: 2690: 2687: 2661:and corporate 2575: 2572: 2501: 2498: 2421: 2418: 2383: 2380: 2373: 2187: 2184: 2160:medieval times 2065:religious cult 2023:Roman Republic 1950: 1947: 1928:not-for-profit 1864:natural person 1795: 1794: 1792: 1791: 1784: 1777: 1769: 1766: 1765: 1764: 1763: 1751: 1736: 1735: 1732: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1714:Ordoliberalism 1711: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1640: 1637: 1636: 1633: 1632: 1629: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1591:Market economy 1588: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1507: 1505:Related topics 1504: 1503: 1500: 1499: 1496: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1394: 1391: 1390: 1387: 1386: 1383: 1382: 1377: 1375:State monopoly 1372: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1306: 1303: 1302: 1299: 1298: 1295: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1254: 1248: 1245: 1244: 1241: 1240: 1237: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1195: 1194: 1189: 1184: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1158: 1157: 1147: 1142: 1136: 1133: 1132: 1129: 1128: 1125: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1027: 1022: 1017: 1012: 1007: 1002: 996: 993: 992: 989: 988: 985: 984: 979: 974: 969: 964: 959: 954: 949: 944: 939: 934: 932:Liberalization 929: 924: 922:Invisible hand 919: 914: 909: 904: 899: 894: 889: 884: 879: 874: 869: 864: 859: 854: 849: 844: 839: 837:Businessperson 834: 832:Business cycle 829: 824: 818: 815: 814: 811: 810: 804: 803: 780: 779: 777: 776: 769: 762: 754: 751: 750: 749: 748: 743: 741:Company portal 735: 734: 731: 730: 725: 720: 715: 710: 704: 701: 700: 697: 696: 693: 692: 685: 680: 675: 670: 665: 660: 655: 647: 642: 636: 633: 632: 629: 628: 623: 622: 621: 620: 615: 605: 600: 590: 580: 570: 560: 550: 540: 530: 520: 506: 505: 501: 500: 499: 498: 493: 488: 477: 472: 464: 459: 458: 457: 455:Low-profit LLC 444: 439: 431: 430: 426: 425: 424: 423: 418: 417: 416: 411: 406: 401: 387: 379: 371: 363: 352: 351: 345: 344: 343: 342: 334: 324: 314: 304: 290: 289: 287:European Union 281: 274: 273: 270: 269: 266: 265: 260: 255: 250: 245: 244: 243: 238: 233: 223: 218: 213: 208: 203: 198: 192: 189: 188: 185: 184: 181: 180: 179: 178: 173: 166:European Union 162: 157: 152: 147: 142: 137: 135:Cayman Islands 132: 127: 122: 117: 111: 108: 107: 104: 103: 95: 94: 88: 87: 50: 28: 22: 19: 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5548: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5521:Corporate law 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5508: 5506: 5496: 5486: 5485: 5482: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5445: 5443: 5434: 5428: 5427:Whistleblower 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5417:Strike action 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5359: 5357: 5353: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5266:Role conflict 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5251:Relationships 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4956:Control freak 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4903: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4885: 4880: 4878: 4873: 4871: 4866: 4865: 4862: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4819: 4818: 4815: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4633:Entertainment 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4618:Communication 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4608:Appointeeship 4606: 4604: 4601: 4600: 4597: 4593: 4585: 4580: 4578: 4573: 4571: 4566: 4565: 4562: 4556: 4553: 4550: 4547: 4546: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4515: 4510: 4507: 4504: 4500: 4499:Sobel, Robert 4497: 4494: 4490: 4487: 4486: 4482:Scott, W. R. 4481: 4478: 4474: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4448:Kennard, Matt 4444: 4441: 4437: 4434: 4430: 4427: 4423: 4420: 4419: 4414: 4411: 4408: 4404: 4402: 4398: 4395: 4391: 4388: 4384: 4381: 4380: 4375: 4372: 4369: 4365: 4362: 4361: 4356: 4355:Freund, Ernst 4353: 4350: 4347:Frentrop, P, 4346: 4343: 4339: 4336: 4332: 4329: 4325: 4322: 4318: 4316: 4312: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4298: 4294: 4291: 4290: 4285: 4282: 4278: 4275: 4274: 4269: 4266: 4262: 4259: 4256:Cooke, C.A., 4255: 4252: 4248: 4245: 4241: 4238: 4237: 4232: 4229: 4225: 4222: 4218: 4215: 4211: 4208: 4204: 4201: 4198:Bakan, Joel. 4197: 4192: 4191: 4184: 4183: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4140: 4133: 4129: 4126: 4120: 4114: 4108: 4099: 4090: 4083: 4077: 4058: 4054: 4048: 4041: 4040: 4032: 4025: 4024: 4016: 4001: 3995: 3991: 3990: 3982: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3940: 3932: 3926: 3910: 3906: 3900: 3892: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3877: 3869: 3862: 3858: 3855: 3850: 3843: 3837: 3833: 3826: 3824: 3816: 3815: 3809: 3802: 3798: 3793: 3778:on 2012-01-11 3774: 3770: 3763: 3749:on 2012-01-13 3745: 3738: 3731: 3724: 3719: 3711: 3705: 3701: 3700: 3692: 3685: 3681: 3676: 3670: 3666: 3665: 3660: 3654: 3647: 3641: 3634: 3633: 3626: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3597: 3590: 3585: 3569: 3565: 3558: 3550: 3543: 3535: 3528: 3521: 3518: 3514: 3511: 3510: 3503: 3495: 3489: 3485: 3484: 3476: 3468: 3462: 3458: 3457: 3449: 3443: 3442:0-674-51776-8 3439: 3435: 3431: 3425: 3417: 3411: 3407: 3406: 3398: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3348: 3340: 3333: 3326: 3324: 3318: 3311: 3297:on 2017-10-15 3296: 3292: 3288: 3282: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3252: 3248: 3234: 3228: 3224: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3180: 3177: 3174: 3171: 3168: 3166: 3165:Privatization 3163: 3161: 3158: 3156: 3153: 3151: 3148: 3146: 3143: 3141: 3138: 3136: 3133: 3131: 3128: 3126: 3123: 3121: 3118: 3116: 3113: 3111: 3108: 3106: 3105:Good standing 3103: 3101: 3098: 3096: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3086: 3083: 3081: 3078: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3041: 3038: 3036: 3033: 3031: 3028: 3024: 3021: 3020: 3019: 3016: 3014: 3011: 3009: 3006: 3004: 3001: 2999: 2996: 2995: 2994: 2993: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2969: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2959: 2958: 2957: 2948: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2916: 2914: 2910: 2905: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2891:legal persons 2886: 2876: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2861: 2859: 2855: 2849: 2847: 2843: 2833: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2818:legislatively 2814: 2812: 2811:civil actions 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2790: 2788: 2783: 2781: 2776: 2771: 2769: 2765: 2754: 2752: 2748: 2740: 2737:is common in 2736: 2732: 2728: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2716: 2715: 2711: 2709: 2705: 2699: 2696: 2686: 2684: 2680: 2679:privatization 2675: 2673: 2672:conglomerates 2668: 2664: 2660: 2655: 2652: 2648: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2629:United States 2625: 2623: 2622: 2616: 2614: 2609: 2608: 2602: 2594: 2590: 2589: 2584: 2580: 2571: 2567: 2565: 2564: 2559: 2554: 2552: 2548: 2543: 2542: 2541:The Economist 2536: 2534: 2530: 2525: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2497: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2478: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2462:royal charter 2459: 2458:incorporation 2454: 2452: 2451: 2446: 2442: 2435: 2431: 2426: 2417: 2415: 2414: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2396:laissez-faire 2393: 2389: 2372: 2369: 2363: 2361: 2360:corporate law 2357: 2349: 2348:royal charter 2345: 2341: 2338:Chart of the 2336: 2332: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2312: 2311: 2306: 2305:Great Britain 2303:, which gave 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2285: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2268: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2233:royal charter 2229: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2193: 2183: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2156: 2154: 2150: 2147:, obtained a 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2129:Maurya Empire 2126: 2125: 2120: 2116: 2111: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2084: 2083: 2077: 2072: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2033: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2011:Julius Caesar 2008: 2007: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1956: 1946: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1931: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1912: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1890: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1860: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1838:jurisdictions 1835: 1834: 1830:(i.e., by an 1829: 1825: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1790: 1785: 1783: 1778: 1776: 1771: 1770: 1768: 1767: 1762: 1757: 1752: 1750: 1745: 1740: 1739: 1738: 1737: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1704:Neoliberalism 1702: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1649:Authoritarian 1647: 1645: 1642: 1641: 1635: 1634: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1576:Globalization 1574: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1536:Crisis theory 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1508: 1502: 1501: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1395: 1392:Intellectuals 1389: 1388: 1381: 1380:Technological 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1307: 1301: 1300: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1249: 1243: 1242: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1193: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1179: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1172:Institutional 1170: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1156: 1153: 1152: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1137: 1131: 1130: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1032: 1031:Laissez-faire 1028: 1026: 1023: 1021: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1005:Authoritarian 1003: 1001: 998: 997: 991: 990: 983: 980: 978: 975: 973: 972:Surplus value 970: 968: 965: 963: 960: 958: 955: 953: 952:Privatization 950: 948: 945: 943: 940: 938: 935: 933: 930: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 898: 895: 893: 890: 888: 885: 883: 880: 878: 875: 873: 870: 868: 865: 863: 860: 858: 855: 853: 850: 848: 845: 843: 840: 838: 835: 833: 830: 828: 825: 823: 820: 819: 813: 812: 809: 806: 805: 801: 797: 796: 790: 786: 775: 770: 768: 763: 761: 756: 755: 753: 752: 747: 744: 742: 739: 738: 737: 736: 729: 726: 724: 721: 719: 716: 714: 711: 709: 706: 705: 702:Related areas 699: 698: 691: 690: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 674: 671: 669: 666: 664: 661: 659: 656: 654: 652: 648: 646: 643: 641: 638: 637: 631: 630: 619: 616: 614: 610: 606: 604: 601: 599: 595: 591: 589: 585: 581: 579: 575: 571: 569: 565: 561: 559: 555: 551: 549: 545: 541: 539: 535: 531: 529: 525: 521: 519: 514: 510: 509: 508: 507: 503: 502: 497: 494: 492: 489: 486: 482: 478: 476: 475:S corporation 473: 471: 465: 463: 460: 456: 453: 452: 451: 445: 443: 442:C corporation 440: 438: 435: 434: 433: 432: 429:United States 428: 427: 422: 419: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 396: 395: 388: 386: 380: 378: 372: 370: 364: 362: 356: 355: 354: 353: 347: 346: 341: 335: 333: 329: 325: 323: 319: 315: 313: 309: 305: 303: 298: 294: 293: 292: 291: 288: 285: 284: 279: 272: 271: 264: 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 242: 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 228: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 199: 197: 194: 193: 187: 186: 177: 174: 172: 169: 168: 167: 163: 161: 158: 156: 155:United States 153: 151: 148: 146: 143: 141: 138: 136: 133: 131: 128: 126: 123: 121: 118: 116: 113: 112: 106: 105: 101: 97: 96: 93: 92:Corporate law 90: 89: 85: 81: 80: 77: 72: 65: 58: 40: 36: 32: 25: 20: 5526:Corporations 5516:Business law 5407:Organization 5397:Labor rights 5377:Headquarters 5361: 5296:Toxic leader 5276:Spirituality 5141:Kick the cat 5131:Intervention 5071:Feminisation 4921:Anti-pattern 4788:Transparency 4738:Social media 4592:corporations 4591: 4551:at Wikibooks 4519:bureaucratic 4512: 4502: 4484: 4476: 4469: 4451: 4439: 4432: 4417: 4406: 4393: 4386: 4377: 4367: 4359: 4348: 4341: 4334: 4333:Formoy, RR, 4327: 4320: 4303: 4288: 4273:Corporations 4272: 4264: 4257: 4250: 4243: 4235: 4227: 4220: 4213: 4206: 4199: 4189: 4152: 4148: 4139: 4123:Joel Bakan, 4119: 4107: 4098: 4089: 4076: 4064:. 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VII 3682:(1844) in 3616:2017-06-10 3574:19 January 3388:2021-06-18 3301:2017-06-10 3272:2020-11-16 3243:References 2920:Joel Bakan 2904:Insolvency 2879:Personhood 2799:employment 2741:countries. 2724:common law 2651:New Jersey 2583:Lindley LJ 2551:Stephenson 2474:litigation 2404:Adam Smith 2287:A similar 2265:Royal Navy 2206:Portuguese 2190:See also: 2164:common law 2151:from King 2088:glossators 2041:Roman Army 1953:See also: 1924:for-profit 1689:Liberalism 1674:Humanistic 1659:Democratic 1638:Ideologies 1473:Schumpeter 1219:Monetarist 1150:Chartalism 1097:Regulatory 1072:Neoliberal 1025:Humanistic 808:Capitalism 746:Law portal 594:Osakeyhtiö 513:Aktiebolag 462:Series LLC 5511:Companies 5495:Companies 5441:Templates 5226:Profanity 5221:Probation 5161:Menopause 5151:Listening 5091:Happiness 4991:Diversity 4976:Democracy 4966:Coworking 4653:Liability 4628:Despotism 4169:143599471 3803:, at 875. 3797:Economist 3659:C Dickens 3629:A Smith, 3591:at p. 113 3370:0023-8856 2858:liability 2807:contracts 2757:Formation 2739:civil law 2667:antitrust 2599:In 1892, 2518:creditors 2430:Town Talk 2400:economics 2155:in 1347. 2115:collegium 2037:Imperator 2006:Lex Julia 2001:collegium 1989:Roman law 1985:Justinian 1939:fiduciary 1894:local law 1854:aggregate 1729:Third Way 1719:Privatism 1679:Inclusive 1664:Dirigisme 1458:von Mises 1345:Illiberal 1325:Corporate 1320:Community 1267:Feudalism 1177:Keynesian 1167:Classical 1010:Corporate 822:Austerity 634:Doctrines 404:by shares 120:Australia 5355:See also 5346:Workwear 5336:Workload 5326:Wellness 5316:Violence 5306:Turnover 5301:Training 5281:Strategy 5271:Sabotage 5246:Rat race 5186:Overwork 5016:Emotions 4981:Deviance 4951:Conflict 4931:Bullying 4773:Taxonomy 4748:Sourcing 4728:Services 4723:Security 4718:Scandals 4708:Recovery 4688:Promoter 4643:Identity 4531:robotics 4505:. 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