Natufian culture - Knowledge

1170: 2879:(ref. 7) to estimate Basal Eurasian ancestry in each Test population. We obtained the highest estimates in the earliest populations from both Iran (66±13% in the likely Mesolithic sample, 48±6% in Neolithic samples), and the Levant (44±8% in Epipalaeolithic Natufians) (Fig. 2), showing that Basal Eurasian ancestry was widespread across the ancient Near East. The idea of Natufians as a vector for the movement of Basal Eurasian ancestry into the Near East is also not supported by our data, as the Basal Eurasian ancestry in the Natufians (44±8%) is consistent with stemming from the same population as that in the Neolithic and Mesolithic populations of Iran, and is not greater than in those populations (Supplementary Information, section 4). Further insight into the origins and legacy of the Natufians could come from comparison to Natufians from additional sites, and to ancient DNA from North Africa." 1769: 1884:(or an ancient and now-extinct North African component that diverged prior to the Out-of-Africa migration) and "also argue that (...) the Taforalt people (...) contributed to the genetic composition of Natufians and not the other way around", , which, according to Lazaridis et al., would be consistent with morphological and archaeological studies that indicate a dissemination of morphological characteristics and artifacts from North Africa to the Near East, as well as explaining the presence of Y-chromosome haplogroup E in Natufians and Levantine farmers. Fregel summarizes that "More evidence will be needed to determine the specific origin of the North African Upper Paleolithic populations". 308: 1701: 1562: 2819:

Alpaslan; Lengyel, György; Bocquentin, Fanny; Gasparian, Boris; Monge, Janet M.; Gregg, Michael; Eshed, Vered; Mizrahi, Ahuva-Sivan; Meiklejohn, Christopher; Gerritsen, Fokke; Bejenaru, Luminita; Blüher, Matthias; Campbell, Archie; Cavalleri, Gianpiero; Comas, David; Froguel, Philippe; Gilbert, Edmund; Kerr, Shona M.; Kovacs, Peter; Krause, Johannes; McGettigan, Darren; Merrigan, Michael; Merriwether, D. Andrew; O'Reilly, Seamus; Richards, Martin B.; Semino, Ornella; Shamoon-Pour, Michel; Stefanescu, Gheorghe; Stumvoll, Michael; Tönjes, Anke; Torroni, Antonio; Wilson, James F.; Yengo, Loic; Hovhannisyan, Nelli A.; Patterson, Nick; Pinhasi, Ron; Reich, David (2016).

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Western Eurasia, and also stated that the ancestry of a primitive population from North Africa could not be tested because modern North Africans are largely descended from late migrant populations from Eurasia. However, Daniel Shriner (2018), using modern populations as a reference, found 28% autosomal African ancestry in Natufian samples, with 21.2% related to North Africa and 6.8% related to Omotic-speaking populations in southern Ethiopia, which reveals a plausible source for haplogroup E in Natufians; still according to Shriner, the Natufian samples had 61.2% ancestry related to Arabs and 10.8% ancestry related to West Asians.

1721: 3027: 1239: 1685: 1753: 2470: 1413: 1291: 1304: 1820: 1207:(1993) cross-analysed the craniometric traits of Natufian specimens with those of various ancient and modern groups from the Near East, Africa and Europe. The Late Pleistocene Epipalaeolithic Natufian sample was described as problematic due to its small size (consisting of only three males and one female), as well as the lack of a comparative sample from the Natufians' putative descendants in the Neolithic Near East. Brace observed that the Natufian fossils lay between those of the 1436: 1678:, which produced a sudden drought in the Levant. This would have endangered the wild cereals, which could no longer compete with dryland scrub, but upon which the population had become dependent to sustain a relatively large sedentary population. By artificially clearing scrub and planting seeds obtained from elsewhere, they began to practice agriculture. However, this theory of the origin of agriculture is controversial in the scientific community. 6517: 45: 6093: 6083: 4592:

and a sub-Saharan African component. They also argue that it is the Taforalt people who contributed to the genetic composition of Natufians and not the other way around. More evidence will be needed to determine the specific origin of the North African Upper Paleolithic populations, but the presence of an ancestral U6 lineage in the Dzudzuana people is consistent with this population being related to the back migration to Africa.

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group and the other samples used. Fig. 2 shows the plot produced by the first two canonical variates, but the same thing happens when canonical variates 1 and 3 (not shown here) are used. This placement suggests that there may have been a Sub-Saharan African element in the make-up of the Natufians (the putative ancestors of the subsequent Neolithic)

1644:). Waterfowl and freshwater fish formed part of the diet in the Jordan river valley. Animal bones from Salibiya I (12,300 – 10,800 cal BP) have been interpreted as evidence for communal hunts with nets, however, the radiocarbon dates are far too old compared to the cultural remains of this settlement, indicating contamination of the samples. 4618:

of our model is that it allows for a local North African component in the ancestry of Taforalt, rather than deriving them exclusively from Levantine and Sub-Saharan sources. ... and Taforalt, can all be modeled as a mixture of Dzudzuana and additional 'Deep' ancestry that may represent an even earlier split than the Basal Eurasians.

2871:(Natufians) with Levantine farmers, and Iranian and CHG with Iranian farmers (Fig. 1b and Extended Data Figs 1, 3). We confirm this in the Levant by showing that its early farmers share significantly more alleles with Natufians than with the early farmers of Iran" Epipaleolithic Natufians were substantially derived from the 4617:

Moreover, our model predicts that West Africans (represented by Yoruba) had 12.5±1.1% ancestry from a Taforalt related group rather than Taforalt having ancestry from an unknown Sub-Saharan African source; this may have mediated the limited Neanderthal admixture present in West Africans. An advantage

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Weinstein-Evron, Mina; Yeshurun, Reuven; Ashkenazy, Hila; Chasan, Rivka; Rosenberg, Danny; Bachrach, Noga; Boaretto, Elisabetta; Caracuta, Valentina; Kaufman, Daniel; וינשטיין-עברון, מינה; ישורון, ראובן; אשכנזי, הילה; חזן, רבקה; רוזנברג, דני; בכרך, נגה (2018). "After 80 Years – Deeper in the Natufian

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As summarized by Rosa Fregel, a later preprint from Lazaridis et al. (2018) has contested Loosdrecht's conclusion and argues for a minor sub-Saharan African component in Natufians, stating "that Taforalt can be better modeled as a mixture of a Dzudzuana component and a sub-Saharan African component"

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being best represented by the Levant Neolithic, and may be associated with the spread of Afroasiatic languages. Lazaridis et al. (2016) did not find a greater genetic affinity between Natufians and sub-Saharan Africans than that existing between sub-Saharan Africans and other ancient populations of

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However, a preprint from Lazaridis et al. (2018) has contested this conclusion based on new evidence from Paleolithic samples from the Dzudzuana site in Georgia (25,000 years BCE). When these samples are considered in the analysis, Taforalt can be better modeled as a mixture of a Dzudzuana component

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A study published in 2019 shows an advanced knowledge of lime plaster production at a Natufian cemetery in Nahal Ein Gev II site in the Upper Jordan Valley dated to 12 thousand (calibrated) years before present . Production of plaster of this quality was previously thought to have been achieved some

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Settlements occur mostly in Israel and Palestine. This could be deemed the core zone of the Natufian culture, but Israel is a place that has been excavated more frequently than other places hence the greater number of sites. During the years more sites have been found outside the core zone of Israel

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The Natufian sample from Israel is also problematic because it is so small, being constituted of three males and one female from the Late Pleistocene Epipalaeolithic (34) of Israel, and there was no usable Neolithic sample for the Near East... the small Natufian sample falls between the Niger-Congo

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technique and "microlithic forms such as arched backed bladelets and La Mouillah points." But recent research has shown that the presence of arched backed bladelets, La Mouillah points, and the use of the microburin technique was already apparent in the Nebekian industry of the Eastern Levant. And

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van de Loosdrecht, Marieke; Bouzouggar, Abdeljalil; Humphrey, Louise; Posth, Cosimo; Barton, Nick; Aximu-Petri, Ayinuer; Nickel, Birgit; Nagel, Sarah; Talbi, El Hassan; El Hajraoui, Mohammed Abdeljalil; Amzazi, Saaïd; Hublin, Jean-Jacques; Pääbo, Svante; Schiffels, Stephan; Meyer, Matthias (4 May

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is a Natufian cave site with occupation in the front part of the cave also called the terrace. Some Natufian sites were located in forest/steppe areas and others near inland mountains. The Natufian settlements appear to be the first to exhibit evidence of food storage; not all Natufian sites have

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More generally there has been discussion of the similarities of these cultures with those found in coastal North Africa. Graeme Barker notes there are: "similarities in the respective archaeological records of the Natufian culture of the Levant and of contemporary foragers in coastal North Africa

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Fig. 4. "Our data document continuity across the transition between hunter– gatherers and farmers, separately in the southern Levant and in the southern Caucasus–Iran highlands. The qualitative evidence for this is that PCA, ADMIXTURE, and outgroup f3 analysis cluster Levantine hunter–gatherers

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Fregel, Rosa; Méndez, Fernando L.; Bokbot, Youssef; Martín-Socas, Dimas; Camalich-Massieu, María D.; Santana, Jonathan; Morales, Jacob; Ávila-Arcos, María C.; Underhill, Peter A.; Shapiro, Beth; Wojcik, Genevieve; Rasmussen, Morten; Soares, André E. R.; Kapp, Joshua; Sockell, Alexandra (26 June

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Lazaridis, Iosif; Nadel, Dani; Rollefson, Gary; Merrett, Deborah C.; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Fernandes, Daniel; Novak, Mario; Gamarra, Beatriz; Sirak, Kendra; Connell, Sarah; Stewardson, Kristin; Harney, Eadaoin; Fu, Qiaomei; Gonzalez-Fortes, Gloria; Jones, Eppie R.; Roodenberg, Songül

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and the Late Neolithic Kelif el Boroud culture of North Africa, with samples associated with these early cultures all sharing a common genomic component dubbed the "Natufian component", which diverged from other West Eurasian lineages ~26,000 years ago, and is most closely linked to the Arabian

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In 2018, the world's oldest brewery was found, with the residue of 13,000-year-old beer, in a prehistoric cave near Haifa in Israel when researchers were looking for clues into what plant foods the Natufian people were eating. This is 8,000 years earlier than experts previously thought beer was

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According to Bar-Yosef and Belfer-Cohen, "It seems that certain preadaptive traits, developed already by the Kebaran and Geometric Kebaran populations within the Mediterranean park forest, played an important role in the emergence of the new socioeconomic system known as the Natufian culture."

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Lazaridis, Iosif; Belfer-Cohen, Anna; Mallick, Swapan; Patterson, Nick; Cheronet, Olivia; Rohland, Nadin; Bar-Oz, Guy; Bar-Yosef, Ofer; Jakeli, Nino; Kvavadze, Eliso; Lordkipanidze, David; Matzkevich, Zinovi; Meshveliani, Tengiz; Culleton, Brendan J.; Kennett, Douglas J. (21 September 2018).

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Feldman, Michal; Fernández-Domínguez, Eva; Reynolds, Luke; Baird, Douglas; Pearson, Jessica; Hershkovitz, Israel; May, Hila; Goring-Morris, Nigel; Benz, Marion; Gresky, Julia; Bianco, Raffaela A.; Fairbairn, Andrew; Mustafaoğlu, Gökhan; Stockhammer, Philipp W.; Posth, Cosimo (19 March 2019).

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Sirak, Kendra; Jansen Van Rensburg, Julian; Brielle, Esther; Chen, Bowen; Lazaridis, Iosif; Ringbauer, Harald; Mah, Matthew; Mallick, Swapan; Micco, Adam; Rohland, Nadin; Callan, Kimberly; Curtis, Elizabeth; Kearns, Aisling; Lawson, Ann Marie; Workman, J. Noah (8 February 2024).

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Maher et al. state that, "Many technological nuances that have often been always highlighted as significant during the Natufian were already present during the Early and Middle EP and do not, in most cases, represent a radical departure in knowledge, tradition, or behavior."

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At the Natufian site of Ain Mallaha in Israel, dated to 12,000 BC, the remains of an elderly human and a four-to-five-month-old puppy were found buried together. At another Natufian site at the cave of Hayonim, humans were found buried with two canids.

1196:, but such suggestions are considered highly speculative until more North African archaeological evidence can be gathered. In fact, Weiss et al. have shown that the earliest known intensive usage of plants was in the Levant 23,000 years ago at the 4255:

Vallini, Leonardo; Zampieri, Carlo; Shoaee, Mohamed Javad; Bortolini, Eugenio; Marciani, Giulia; Aneli, Serena; Pievani, Telmo; Benazzi, Stefano; Barausse, Alberto; Mezzavilla, Massimo; Petraglia, Michael D.; Pagani, Luca (25 March 2024).

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Militarev A (2005) Once more about glottochronology and comparative method: the Omotic-Afrasian case, Аспекты компаративистики – 1 (Aspects of comparative linguistics – 1). FS S. Starostin. Orientalia et Classica II (Moscow), p. 339-408.

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and Iranian farmers is believed to have decreased genetic variability among later populations in the Middle East. Migrations from the Near-East also occurred towards Africa, and the West Eurasian-like ancestry among populations in the

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hosts more than a hundred kinds of cereals, fruits, nuts, and other edible parts of plants, and the flora of the Levant during the Natufian period was not the dry, barren, and thorny landscape of today, but rather

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Modern Saudi Arabian and Yemeni samples clustered tightly, overlapping with the three Natufian samples, and were close to the Levant Pre-Pottery Neolithic B and C (PPNB and PPNC) and Levant Bronze Age samples.

230:. Natufian communities may be the ancestors of the builders of the first Neolithic settlements of the region, which may have been the earliest in the world. Some evidence suggests deliberate cultivation of 3294:

Nadel, D; Piperno, DR; Holst, I; Snir, A; Weiss, E (2012). "New evidence for the processing of wild cereal grains at Ohalo II, a 23 000-year-old campsite on the shore of the Sea of Galilee, Israel".

2016: 1768: 242:, the site of earliest evidence of agriculture in the world. The world's oldest known evidence of the production of bread-like foodstuff has been found at Shubayqa 1, a 14,400-year-old site in 1192:

have built upon the little evidence available to develop scenarios of intensive usage of plants having built up first in North Africa, as a precursor to the development of true farming in the

1923:, which derive most of their ancestry from local Natufian-like hunter-gatherer peoples and have less Neolithic Anatolian ancestry than Levantines. Sirak et al. (2024) found that medieval 1700: 1109:

The period is commonly split into two subperiods: Early Natufian (12,000–10,800 BC) and Late Natufian (10,800–9,500 BC). The Late Natufian most likely occurred in tandem with the

1931:), similar to modern Saudis, Yemenis and Bedouins, have a majority component that is "maximized in Late Pleistocene (Epipaleolithic) Natufian hunter–gatherers from the Levant". 1863:

lineage. Possible bidirectional geneflow events between these groups has also been suggested, with particular evidence for affinity between the Natufians and Iberomaurusians.

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origin. Vallini et al. (2024) modeled the amount of Basal Eurasian ancestry among Natufians at roughly 15%, with the remainder being associated with West Eurasian sources.

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Ferreira, Joana C; Alshamali, Farida; Montinaro, Francesco; Cavadas, Bruno; Torroni, Antonio; Pereira, Luisa; Raveane, Alessandro; Fernandes, Veronica (4 September 2021).

1986:. Within this group, Ehret, who like Militarev believes Afroasiatic may already have been in existence in the Natufian period, would associate Natufians only with the 405:, firmly establishing the Natufian culture in the regional prehistoric chronology. As early as 1931, both Garrod and Neuville drew attention to the presence of stone 5389: 1455:

and 86 tortoises, all of which are thought to have been brought to the site during a funeral feast. The body was surrounded by tortoise shells, the pelvis of a

3867: 1720: 1134:. It is generally seen as a successor, which evolved out of elements within that preceding culture. There were also other industries in the region, such as the 1652:

A pita-like bread has been found from 12,500 BC attributed to Natufians. This bread is made of wild cereal seeds and papyrus cousin tubers, ground into flour.

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Principal component analysis of ancient West-Eurasian populations, including the Natufians. Natufians cluster together with modern Middle Eastern populations.

1736: 1541:(El-Wad, Ain Mallaha, Ain Sakhri), but the favorite subject of representative art seems to have been animals. Ostrich-shell containers have been found in the 3259:

Weiss, E; Kislev, ME; Simchoni, O; Nadel, D; Tschauner, H (2008). "Plant-food preparation area on an Upper Paleolithic brush hut floor at Ohalo II, Israel".

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analyzed the Lazaridis et al. (2016) study concluding that the Natufians, together with one Neolithic Levantine sample, clustered in the proximity to modern

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analysis of Natufian skeletal remains by Lazaridis et al. (2016) found that the specimens instead were a mix of 50% Basal Eurasian ancestral component (see

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Layers of el-Wad Terrace, Mount Carmel, Israel / לאחר שמונים שנה: סיכום עונות החפירה 2012-2007 בשכבות הנאטופיות של טרסת מערת הנחל (אל-ואד), הכרמל, ישראל".

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desert. The settlements in the Natufian culture were larger and more permanent than in preceding ones. Some Natufian sites had stone built architecture;

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The Natufian people lived by hunting and gathering. The preservation of plant remains is poor because of the soil conditions, but at some sites such as

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series included and the other samples (Near East, Europe), which he suggested may point to a Sub-Saharan influence in their constitution. Subsequent

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The population associated with the Natufian culture formed genetically by the merger of a West Eurasian-like population, sharing deep ancestry with

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has revealed derivation of later (Neolithic to Bronze Age) Levantines primarily from Natufians, besides substantial admixture from Chalcholithic

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Campana, Douglas V.; Crabtree, Pam J. (1990). "Communal Hunting in the Natufian of the Southern Levant: The Social and Economic Implications".

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Byrd, Brian F. (1 June 1989). "The Natufian: Settlement variability and economic adaptations in the Levant at the end of the Pleistocene".

2380: 2370: 2365: 2350: 2345: 2213: 2152: 2147: 7252: 6785: 6028: 5714: 2113: 2093: 2078: 2047: 2037: 1146:, which are sometimes distinguished from the Kebaran culture or believed to have been involved in the evolution of the Natufian culture. 5162:

Bar-Yosef, Ofer; Belfer-Cohen, Anna (1999). "Encoding information: unique Natufian objects from Hayonim Cave, Western Galilee, Israel".

4691:"Projecting Ancient Ancestry in Modern-Day Arabians and Iranians: A Key Role of the Past Exposed Arabo-Persian Gulf on Human Migrations" 2936:

Boyd, Brian (1999). "'Twisting the kaleidoscope': Dorothy Garrod and the 'Natufian Culture'". In Davies, William; Charles, Ruth (eds.).

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A map of the Levant with Natufian regions across present-day Israel, Palestine, Jordan, and a long arm extending into Lebanon and Syria

5852: 5087:"Archaeological and Geomorphological Investigations of the Late Epipaleolithic in West-Central Jordan: TBAS 212 in a Regional Context" 2396: 7262: 3194:

Maher, Tobias; Richter, Lisa A.; Stock, Jay T. (2012). "The Pre-Natufian Epipaleolithic: Long-Term Behavioral Trends in the Levant".

2417: 2335: 2128: 3743:"Early Cypriot Prehistory: On the Traces of the Last Hunters and Gatherers on the Island—Preliminary Results of Luminescence Dating" 5678: 5147: 4089: 2912: 2702:"Fermented beverage and food storage in 13,000 y-old stone mortars at Raqefet Cave, Israel: Investigating Natufian ritual feasting" 1451:

cave in northern Israel. Media reports referred to this person as a "shaman". The burial contained the remains of at least three

6825: 5375: 5342: 2182: 5278:"Zooarchaeological measures of hunting pressure and occupation intensity in the Natufian: Implications for agricultural origins" 6129: 2187: 2177: 2172: 1447:

In 2008, the 12,400–12,000 cal BC grave of an apparently significant Natufian female was discovered in a ceremonial pit in the

1810: 6895: 6773: 5321: 5239: 5200: 5118: 5000: 4930: 4902: 4875: 4584: 4166: 4073: 3522: 3495: 2945: 2803: 2609: 2569: 1078: 1915:. Ferreira et al. (2021) and Almarri et al. (2021) found that ancient Natufians cluster with modern Arabian groups, such as 869: 6995: 2820: 609: 2757:"'Yo-ho-ho, and a bottle of [beer]!' (R.L. Stevenson) no beer but rather cereal-Food. Commentary: Liu et al. 2018" 5940: 247: 6890: 6818: 6792: 5842: 5344:

Cultural Complexity (Hierarchical Societies [Socio-Economic-Political Inequalities]) in Mesopotamia: An Outline

4801:"Medieval DNA from Soqotra points to Eurasian origins of an isolated population at the crossroads of Africa and Arabia" 2633:

Arranz-Otaegui, Amaia; Gonzalez Carretero, Lara; Ramsey, Monica N.; Fuller, Dorian Q.; Richter, Tobias (31 July 2018).

888: 3991:"'Lime plaster covering burials 12,000 years ago presents a technological leap forward at the end of the Palaeolithic" 3897: 7237: 7232: 7217: 6490: 6063: 4922: 7056: 6715: 2289: 1711: 1566: 422: 4516:"Re-analysis of Whole Genome Sequence Data From 279 Ancient Eurasians Reveals Substantial Ancestral Heterogeneity" 4327:"Ancient genomes from North Africa evidence prehistoric migrations to the Maghreb from both the Levant and Europe" 1370:-rich stems of cereals, indirectly suggesting the existence of incipient agriculture. Shaft straighteners made of 7182: 6941: 6142: 1283:

storage facilities, but they have been identified at certain sites. Natufians are also suggested to have visited

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Tsakalos, Evangelos; Efstratiou, Nikos; Bassiakos, Yannis; Kazantzaki, Maria; Filippaki, Eleni (1 August 2021).

327:, on the West Bank of the Jordan River. Prior to the 1930s, the majority of archaeological work taking place in 6746: 6476: 6086: 5795: 5248:

Dubreuil, Laure (2004), "Long-term trends in Natufian subsistence: a use-wear analysis of ground stone tools",

5040:""Founder crops" v. wild plants: Assessing the plant-based diet of the last hunter-gatherers in southwest Asia" 536: 3538:

Bar-Yosef, Ofer; Belfer-Cohen, Anna (1989). "The Origins of Sedentism and Farming Communities in the Levant".

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Bar-Yosef O (1987) Pleistocene connections between Africa and SouthWest Asia: an archaeological perspective.

2872: 6954: 6780: 6705: 3154:"Interaction before Agriculture: Exchanging Material and Sharing Knowledge in the Final Pleistocene Levant" 2073: 1561: 1154:

and early Holocene boundary". According to Isabelle De Groote and Louise Humphrey, Natufians practiced the

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is an example of round stone structures. Cave sites are also seen frequently during the Natufian culture.

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Barker G (2002) Transitions to farming and pastoralism in North Africa, in Bellwood P, Renfrew C (2002),

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Over the next two decades Garrod found Natufian material at several of her pioneering excavations in the

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Epi-Palaeolithic (European Mesolithic) Natufian Culture of Israel (The History of the Ancient Near East)

1537:. Stone and bone were worked into pendants and other ornaments. There are a few human figurines made of 6931: 6729: 6566: 6162: 6122: 2488: 2001:

The Natufian culture has been documented at dozens of sites. Around 90 have been excavated, including:

1947: 1795: 1674:. The Younger Dryas was a 1,000-year-long interruption in the higher temperatures prevailing since the 6739: 5362: 5039: 2701: 417: 7212: 7009: 6541: 6482: 5887: 5788: 5478: 5398: 2519: 1814: 1432:), bones, and stone. There are pendants, bracelets, necklaces, earrings, and belt-ornaments as well. 1242: 1208: 1163: 1071: 801: 713: 542: 17: 3459:

Lazaridis, Iosif; et al. (17 June 2016). "The genetic structure of the world's first farmers".

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Liu, Li; Wang, Jiajing; Rosenberg, Danny; Zhao, Hao; Lengyel, György; Nadel, Dani (1 October 2018).

7267: 7099: 7071: 6878: 6068: 2483: 1867: 1828: 1400:, is the oldest known depiction of a couple having sex. It was found in the Ain Sakhri cave in the 1220: 602: 6710: 6700: 6561: 6546: 6446: 6400: 5976: 5970: 4184:"Late Pleistocene human genome suggests a local origin for the first farmers of central Anatolia" 3398:"The questionable contribution of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age to European craniofacial form" 2756: 2524: 1859: 1578: 1180:

has argued that there are signs of influences coming from North Africa to the Levant, citing the

973: 529: 519: 202: 77: 6734: 2635:"Archaeobotanical evidence reveals the origins of bread 14,400 years ago in northeastern Jordan" 7272: 6587: 6582: 6496: 6251: 6167: 5950: 5432: 5415: 5277: 4395:"Pleistocene North African genomes link Near Eastern and sub-Saharan African human populations" 1990: 1892: 1238: 205: 4865: 4063: 1173:

Mortars from Natufian Culture, grinding stones from Neolithic pre-pottery phase (Dagon Museum)

222:, dating to around 15,000 to 11,500 years ago. The culture was unusual in that it supported a 7104: 7026: 6926: 6768: 6751: 6678: 6556: 6454: 6296: 6115: 5882: 5409: 4892: 3920:

Kislev, ME; Hartmann, A; Bar-Yosef, O (2006). "Early domesticated fig in the Jordan Valley".

3083:"Characterizing evulsion in the Later Stone Age Maghreb: Age, sex and effects on mastication" 2532: 1344:) is characteristic for the early Natufian. In the late Natufian, the Harif-point, a typical 1246: 1028: 850: 832: 563: 489: 4574: 3698:

Boyd, Brian (1 June 2006). "On 'sedentism' in the Later Epipalaeolithic (Natufian) Levant".

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in Natufian assemblages and the possibility that this represented a very early agriculture.

7119: 6921: 6756: 6460: 6096: 5960: 5955: 5832: 5421: 5257: 5128: 5051: 4812: 4606: 4462: 4406: 4338: 4269: 4258:"The Persian plateau served as hub for Homo sapiens after the main out of Africa dispersal" 4195: 4041: 3929: 3811: 3460: 3409: 3342: 3268: 3097: 2974: 2893: 2835: 2713: 2646: 2493: 1959: 1675: 1329: 1321: 1226:

Natufians have also been described by anthropologists as a Proto-Mediterranean population.

1064: 434: 429:. Temperatures would rise again at the end of the Younger Dryas, and with the onset of the 332: 5336: 1362:

blades also appear for the first time in the Natufian lithic industry. The characteristic

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Beyond Foraging and Collecting: Evolutionary Change in Hunter-Gatherer Settlement Systems

3028:"Small game, the Younger Dryas, and the transition to agriculture in the southern Levant" 1943: 1939: 1871: 948: 826: 595: 484: 438: 5261: 5055: 4946:

Ehret, Christopher; Keita, S. O. Y.; Newman, Paul (2004). "The Origins of Afroasiatic".

4841: 4816: 4800: 4466: 4410: 4342: 4298: 4273: 4257: 4199: 4017: 3990: 3933: 3815: 3589: 3413: 3346: 3272: 3101: 2978: 2839: 2717: 2650: 638: 7081: 7031: 6990: 6850: 6838: 6763: 6724: 6688: 6551: 6525: 6183: 5915: 5300: 5179: 5151: 4971: 4775: 4750: 4723: 4690: 4666: 4631: 4550: 4515: 4491: 4450: 4369: 4326: 4237: 4224: 4183: 3953: 3842: 3799: 3742: 3723: 3680: 3644: 3601: 3555: 3432: 3397: 3311: 3219: 3176: 3121: 3003: 2962: 2916: 2856: 2776: 2737: 2677: 2634: 2615: 1091: 960: 729: 548: 328: 152: 5658: 5348: 4394: 3971: 3373: 3330: 3153: 1412: 882: 7151: 6936: 6860: 6666: 6470: 6405: 6360: 6213: 6058: 6023: 5488: 5317: 5235: 5196: 5183: 5114: 5067: 4996: 4963: 4926: 4918: 4898: 4871: 4846: 4828: 4780: 4728: 4710: 4671: 4653: 4580: 4555: 4537: 4496: 4478: 4430: 4422: 4374: 4356: 4303: 4285: 4241: 4229: 4211: 4162: 4153: 4131: 4069: 4022: 3945: 3847: 3829: 3762: 3727: 3715: 3672: 3648: 3636: 3593: 3559: 3518: 3491: 3437: 3378: 3360: 3315: 3211: 3180: 3125: 3113: 3042: 3008: 2990: 2941: 2861: 2799: 2780: 2741: 2729: 2682: 2664: 2605: 2565: 2549: 1951: 1392: 1337: 1219:) and 50% West-Eurasian Unknown Hunter Gatherer (UHG) population related to European 1189: 1135: 992: 966: 918: 781: 695: 651: 509: 504: 469: 457: 347: 342:(BSAJ) to excavate Shuqba cave, where prehistoric stone tools had been discovered by 282: 134: 5304: 5155: 5063: 5015:

Bender ML (1997), Upside Down Afrasian, Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere 50, pp. 19–34

3957: 3223: 2920: 2590:

Natufian Foragers in the Levant: Terminal Pleistocene Social Changes in Western Asia

2513: 7175: 7156: 7091: 6909: 6873: 6643: 6502: 6395: 6375: 6370: 6316: 6150: 6053: 6048: 6043: 5910: 5827: 5811: 5749: 5524: 5452: 5292: 5265: 5218: 5171: 5143: 5059: 5038:

Arranz-Otaegui, Amaia; González Carretero, Lara; Roe, Joe; Richter, Tobias (2018).

4975: 4959: 4955: 4836: 4820: 4770: 4762: 4718: 4702: 4661: 4643: 4545: 4527: 4486: 4470: 4414: 4364: 4346: 4293: 4277: 4219: 4203: 4123: 4012: 4002: 3937: 3879: 3837: 3819: 3754: 3707: 3628: 3585: 3547: 3427: 3417: 3368: 3350: 3303: 3276: 3203: 3168: 3105: 3050: 2998: 2982: 2908: 2851: 2843: 2768: 2721: 2672: 2654: 2597: 2063: 2011: 1967: 1606: 1602: 1574: 1507: 1193: 1151: 1015: 807: 792: 740: 668: 664: 239: 166: 120: 4934: 3989:

Friesem, David E.; Abadi, Itay; Shaham, Dana; Grosman, Leore (30 September 2019).

402: 335:

focused on historic periods, and little was known about the region's prehistory.

7076: 7051: 7041: 7036: 6798: 6390: 6355: 6321: 6236: 5945: 5935: 5529: 5503: 5462: 5447: 5367: 4990: 4127: 3512: 3485: 3237: 3109: 2772: 2725: 2469: 2355: 1836: 1307:

The Ain Sakhri lovers, from Ain Sakhri, near Bethleem (British Museum:

1267: 1204: 1159: 1143: 1131: 942: 838: 573: 278: 27:

Archaeological culture of the Levant, dating to around 15,000 to 11,500 years ago

5694: 5564: 1950:, which they in turn believe has a Levantine origin. Some scholars, for example 1290: 437:. Climate and Post-Glacial expansion in the Near East, based on the analysis of 273:

Generally, though, Natufians exploited wild cereals and hunted animals, notably

7191: 7146: 7109: 7064: 6843: 6638: 6633: 6385: 6365: 6331: 6306: 5892: 5765: 5754: 4824: 4766: 4281: 4207: 2593: 2553: 2427: 1979: 1928: 1916: 1876: 1851: 1840: 1496: 1492: 1397: 1341: 1303: 1177: 1155: 997: 986: 379: 316: 288: 255: 5269: 5175: 4917:

Blench R (2006) Archaeology, Language, and the African Past, Rowman Altamira,

3711: 3329:

Weiss, Ehud; Wetterstrom, Wilma; Nadel, Dani; Bar-Yosef, Ofer (29 June 2004).

3307: 3280: 3172: 1336:, trapezes, and triangles. There are backed blades as well. A special type of 906: 7206: 7124: 6617: 6612: 6597: 6435: 6412: 6380: 6345: 6281: 6223: 6193: 6000: 5668: 5663: 5129:"The Natufian Culture in the Levant, Threshold to the Origins of Agriculture" 5071: 5026: 4832: 4714: 4657: 4648: 4541: 4532: 4482: 4426: 4360: 4289: 4215: 4042:"The Natufian Culture in the Levant, Threshold to the Origins of Agriculture" 3833: 3766: 3719: 3676: 3640: 3597: 3364: 3117: 3046: 2994: 2894:"The Natufian Culture in the Levant, Threshold to the Origins of Agriculture" 2733: 2668: 2557: 2432: 1912: 1660: 1526: 1401: 1379: 1110: 1041: 1003: 930: 499: 494: 479: 426: 383: 343: 266:, although the beer-related residues may simply be a result of a spontaneous 4605:"Paleolithic DNA from the Caucasus reveals core of West Eurasian ancestry". 4418: 4351: 3941: 3880:"Hebrew U. unearths 12,000-year-old skeleton of 'petite' Natufian priestess" 3824: 3422: 3355: 3054: 2659: 2632: 1819: 6946: 6607: 6418: 5987: 5724: 5610: 5314:

The Neolithic Revolution in the Near East: Transforming the Human Landscape

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Das, Ranajit; Wexler, Paul; Pirooznia, Mehdi; Elhaik, Eran (21 June 2017).

4559: 4500: 4434: 4378: 4307: 4233: 4135: 4026: 3949: 3851: 3487:

The Neolithic Revolution in the Near East: Transforming the Human Landscape

3441: 3382: 3215: 3012: 2865: 2686: 2619: 2585: 2320: 2157: 2133: 1963: 1955: 1904: 1727: 1468: 1464: 1371: 1363: 524: 390: 324: 267: 263: 259: 219: 67: 5222: 5037: 4706: 1435: 7113: 6885: 6868: 6311: 6271: 6203: 6198: 6005: 5819: 5647: 5574: 5569: 5363:

The genetic structure of the world's first farmers, Lazaridis et al, 2016

4114:

Balter, Michael (2010), "Archaeology: The Tangled Roots of Agriculture",

3665:

Mitekufat Haeven: Journal of the Israel Prehistoric Society / מתקופת האבן

2586:"The Natufian Chronological Scheme – New Insights and their Implications" 2475: 2083: 2031: 1900: 1671: 1425: 1417: 1275: 1212: 1103: 1095: 936: 894: 626: 394: 375: 363: 320: 292: 227: 112: 97: 4894:

Archaeology and Language IV: Language Change and Cultural Transformation

4474: 4391: 3684: 2847: 2601: 6246: 6208: 6015: 5925: 5857: 5637: 4749:

Almarri, Mohamed A.; Haber, Marc; Lootah, Reem A.; et al. (2021).

4180: 4159:

The domestic dog: its evolution, behaviour and interactions with people

4007: 3632: 3605: 3551: 3207: 2042: 2026: 1858:, the Pre-Pottery Neolithic culture of the Levant, the Early Neolithic 1181: 1054: 912: 876: 749: 707: 449: 398: 359: 351: 212: 101: 5148:

10.1002/(SICI)1520-6505(1998)6:5<159::AID-EVAN4>3.0.CO;2-7

4451:"Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East" 3661: 2986: 2913:

10.1002/(SICI)1520-6505(1998)6:5<159::AID-EVAN4>3.0.CO;2-7

2821:"Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East" 6592: 6301: 5902: 4603: 3972:"'World's oldest brewery' found in a cave in Israel, say researchers" 3740: 1987: 1629: 1594: 1538: 1534: 1488: 1345: 980: 924: 900: 761: 689: 585: 367: 355: 223: 209: 144: 92: 1846:

The Natufian population also displays ancestral ties to Paleolithic

6241: 6231: 5995: 5920: 5877: 5867: 5837: 5780: 5729: 5704: 5584: 5296: 4797: 4611: 3800:"A 12,000-year-old Shaman burial from the southern Levant (Israel)" 3781:"BBC - A History of the World - Object: Ain Sakhri lovers figurine" 3758: 3465: 2259: 2088: 2057: 1847: 1691: 1480: 1429: 1353: 1119: 1099: 1021: 1009: 862: 820: 634: 430: 148: 346:

four years earlier. She discovered a layer sandwiched between the

7046: 6107: 5930: 5872: 4688: 3883: 2963:"Mapping Post-Glacial expansions: The Peopling of Southwest Asia" 2562:

Village on the Euphrates: From Foraging to Farming at Abu Hureyra

2208: 2192: 1924: 1920: 1908: 1855: 1656: 1625: 1530: 1456: 1452: 1375: 1259: 954: 844: 767: 755: 701: 683: 677: 274: 130: 116: 44: 6648: 6602: 6276: 6261: 5709: 5579: 2961:

Zalloua, Pierre A.; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth (6 January 2017).

2218: 2098: 1975: 1832: 1637: 1633: 1598: 1586: 1582: 1503: 1367: 1359: 1333: 1284: 1279: 1263: 1114: 814: 406: 371: 311:

Dorothy Garrod (centre) discovered the Natufian culture in 1928

296: 243: 231: 215: 63: 4447: 4323: 4254: 3328: 2817: 6516: 6266: 6138: 5965: 5862: 4890: 1983: 1971: 1775: 1759: 1743: 1707: 1590: 1542: 1499: 1440: 1349: 1325: 1271: 1255: 1197: 1139: 315:

The Natufian culture was discovered by British archaeologist

226:

or semi-sedentary population even before the introduction of

181: 6256: 3331:"The broad spectrum revisited: Evidence from plant remains" 3081:

De Groote, Isabelle; Humphrey, Louise T. (22 August 2016).

1641: 1621: 1484: 1460: 425:, before temperatures dropped drastically again during the 251: 190: 187: 172: 4090:"World's oldest bread found at prehistoric site in Jordan" 2796:

Window on Humanity: A Concise Introduction to Anthropology

1866:

Contact between Natufians and other Neolithic Levantines,

1094:

places the Natufian culture at an epoch from the terminal

382:, Garrod suggested the name "the Natufian culture", after 4867:

Origins of Semiosis: Sign Evolution in Nature and Culture

4748: 4576:

Paleogenomics of the Neolithic Transition in North Africa

3988: 3576:

Belfer-Cohen, Anna (1991). "The Natufian in the Levant".

1577:

substantial amounts of plant remains discovered through

1352:. Some scholars use it to define a separate culture, the 1287:, requiring travel over significant distances of water. 1130:

The Natufian developed in the same region as the earlier

291:

coined the term Natufian based on her excavations at the

235: 4629: 3797: 3258: 378:. A year later, when she discovered similar material at 5234:(2nd ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 4632:"The Origins of Ashkenaz, Ashkenazic Jews, and Yiddish" 3919: 3517:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 132. 5195:, Ann Arbor: International Monographs in Prehistory, 5161: 4154:"Origins of the dog: domestication and early history" 4065:

After the Ice: A Global Human History, 20,000–5000 BC

3537: 3293: 1125: 250:. In addition, the oldest known evidence of possible 193: 184: 169: 4146: 4144: 3798:

Grosman, L.; Munro, N. D.; Belfer-Cohen, A. (2008).

2960: 2699: 2465: 178: 3069:

Examining the Farming/Language Dispersal Hypothesis

2938:

Dorothy Garrod and the progress of the Palaeolithic

2511: 1946:and others have linked the Natufian culture to the 1655:According to one theory, it was a sudden change in 175: 5397: 5191:Bar-Yosef, Ofer (1992), Valla, Francois R. (ed.), 4152: 3863: 3861: 2512: 4141: 3193: 3080: 2588:. In Bar-Yosef, Ofer; Valla, François R. (eds.). 2548: 7204: 4945: 3791: 3395: 1811:Genetic history of the Middle East § Levant 1348:made from a regular blade, became common in the 5208: 4935:https://books.google.com/books?doi=esFy3Po57A8C 4331:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3858: 3804:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3335:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3240:. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia 2887: 2885: 2639:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1670:to 9500 BC), which inspired the development of 1581:have been excavated. However wild cereals like 1479:At Ain Mallaha (in Northern Israel), Anatolian 3511:Fitzhugh, Ben; Habu, Junko (6 December 2012). 3238:The Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800 3035:Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für Urgeschichte 6123: 5796: 5383: 5229: 5018: 4863: 4150: 3452: 1647: 1439:Schematic human figure made of pebbles, from 1072: 603: 3575: 3510: 3249:Bellwood P (2005) Blackwell, Oxford. Page 97 3132: 2882: 246:northeastern desert, 4,000 years before the 5085:Neeley, Michael P.; Hill, J. Brett (2017). 3899:Secrets of the world's oldest funeral feast 3490:. 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Geometric microliths include 14: 7205: 5108: 5078: 4988: 4891:Roger Blench, Matthew Spriggs (2003). 4572: 4113: 4061: 3396:Brace, C. Loring; et al. (2006). 3061: 2793: 1487:valley have been found. The source of 6834:Political status of the Golan Heights 6111: 5784: 5371: 5275: 4992:Black Athena: The linguistic evidence 4039: 3870:. National Geographic 4 November 2008 3566: 3473:Table S6.1 – Y-chromosome haplogroups 3230: 3025: 2931: 2929: 2754: 1366:shows that they were used to cut the 1294:Remains of a wall of a Natufian house 1162:custom of sometimes extracting their 7258:Archaeological cultures in Palestine 7223:Archaeological cultures of West Asia 5810: 5211:Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 3697: 3618: 2935: 2533:participating institution membership 1396:, a carved stone object held at the 1378:. There are heavy ground-stone bowl 1216: 362:, a transitional period between the 3590:10.1146/annurev.an.20.100191.001123 2940:. Oxford: Oxbow. pp. 209–223. 2564:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1789: 1714:, Natufian Culture, 12,500–9500 BC 1298: 338:In 1928, Garrod was invited by the 24: 7253:Archaeological cultures in Lebanon 6137: 5843:List of Paleolithic sites in China 5193:The Natufian Culture in the Levant 5102: 4870:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 293. 3896:Hogenboom, Melissa (24 May 2016), 3484:Simmons, Alan H. 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She identified this with the 5399:Epipalaeolithic Southwest Asia 5230:Clutton-Brock, Juliet (1999), 4960:10.1126/science.306.5702.1680c 4805:Nature Ecology & Evolution 4151:Clutton-Brock, Juliet (1995), 2811: 2748: 2693: 2626: 2577: 2505: 1774:Limestone and basalt mortars, 1556: 1520: 1233: 537:Mesolithic Southeastern Europe 370:which was well-represented in 13: 1: 3578:Annual Review of Anthropology 2499: 1958:and others, contend that the 1779: 1664: 1511: 1098:to the very beginning of the 788: 736: 658: 238:, by the Natufian culture at 6974:Energy and mineral resources 6774:Supreme Constitutional Court 4995:. Rutgers University Press. 4695:Genome Biology and Evolution 4128:10.1126/science.327.5964.404 4068:. Harvard University Press. 3110:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.08.082 2773:10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.101913 2726:10.1016/j.jasrep.2018.08.008 302: 7: 6996:Water supply and sanitation 6896:Weapons of mass destruction 6799:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party 5916:Early Neolithic settlements 4312:supplementary data 1-15; 11 4157:, in Serpell, James (ed.), 3868:"Oldest Shaman Grave Found" 3621:Journal of World Prehistory 3540:Journal of World Prehistory 2461: 1934: 1443:, Early Natufian, 12,000 BC 515:Epipaleolithic Transylvania 386:that ran close to Shuqba. 10: 7289: 6891:Chief of the General Staff 6819:National Progressive Front 6491:independent First Republic 5044:Quaternary Science Reviews 4825:10.1038/s41559-024-02322-x 4767:10.1016/j.cell.2021.07.013 4282:10.1038/s41467-024-46161-7 4208:10.1038/s41467-019-09209-7 3995:Cambridge University Press 3026:Munro, Natalie D. (2003). 2794:Kottak, Conrad P. (2005), 2489:Proto-Afroasiatic language 1970:, probably in the area of 1948:proto-Afroasiatic language 1808: 1796:Origin of the domestic dog 1793: 1706:Basalt sharpening stones, 1648:Development of agriculture 1569:, Natufian, 12,500–9500 BC 1407: 1315: 1164:maxillary central incisors 1113:(10,800 to 9,500 BC). The 393:region, including el-Wad, 319:during her excavations of 7169: 7090: 7017: 7008: 6966: 6917: 6908: 6859: 6674: 6665: 6626: 6575: 6537: 6533: 6524: 6513: 6445: 6428: 6330: 6222: 6176: 6158: 6149: 6077: 6014: 5986: 5901: 5818: 5687: 5630: 5551: 5542: 5512: 5471: 5440: 5431: 5405: 5312:Simmons, Alan H. (2007), 5270:10.1016/j.jas.2004.04.003 5176:10.1017/s0003598x00088347 5136:Evolutionary Anthropology 4897:. 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New York: 2484:Prehistory of the Levant 1996: 1829:Western Hunter-Gatherers 1491:beads is still unknown. 1221:Western Hunter-Gatherers 6401:Principality of Antioch 5977:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B 5971:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A 5853:Paleolithic Mesopotamia 4989:Bernal, Martin (1987). 4419:10.1126/science.aar8380 4352:10.1073/pnas.1800851115 4062:Mithen, Steven (2006). 3942:10.1126/science.1125910 3825:10.1073/pnas.0806030105 3423:10.1073/pnas.0509801102 3356:10.1073/pnas.0402362101 2660:10.1073/pnas.1801071115 2584:Grosman, Leore (2013). 2525:Oxford University Press 1993:branch of Afroasiatic. 1565:Mortar and pestle from 1483:and shellfish from the 530:Schela Cladovei culture 520:Mesolithic Transylvania 475:Fosna–Hensbacka culture 423:Bølling–Allerød warming 279:Archaeogenetic analysis 6942:International rankings 6588:Anti-Lebanon Mountains 6252:Middle Assyrian Empire 6087:Archaeological periods 4864:Winfried Nöth (1994). 3882:. By Bradley Burston. 1824: 1617:) were the main prey. 1570: 1475:Long-distance exchange 1444: 1421: 1385: 1312: 1295: 1250: 1174: 442: 312: 206:archaeological culture 6747:Government ministries 6297:Neo-Babylonian Empire 5883:South Asian Stone Age 5223:10.1558/jmea.v3i2.223 4954:(5702): 1680.3–1680. 4636:Frontiers in Genetics 4520:Frontiers in Genetics 4262:Nature Communications 4188:Nature Communications 3142:; Chapter 5, pg 29–38 2755:Eitam, David (2019). 1887:In their 2017 paper, 1822: 1564: 1438: 1415: 1306: 1293: 1241: 1172: 1166:(upper front teeth). 564:Trialetian Mesolithic 490:Iron Gates Mesolithic 420: 310: 7059:(2011–present) 6955:Securities Exchange 6706:Council of Ministers 6461:Haj Fadel Government 5961:Neolithic South Asia 5956:Neolithic Revolution 5833:Japanese Paleolithic 5285:Current Anthropology 3978:. 15 September 2018. 3747:Current Anthropology 2596:. pp. 622–627. 2494:Afroasiatic Urheimat 2265:Mushabi IV & XIX 1960:Afroasiatic Urheimat 1860:Ifri N'Amr Ou Moussa 1676:Last Glacial Maximum 1615:Gazella subgutturosa 1330:microburin technique 1322:microlithic industry 1209:Niger–Congo-speaking 435:Neolithic Revolution 333:biblical archaeology 6735:Golan Heights claim 6292:Neo-Assyrian Empire 6287:Syro-Hittite states 6177:Prehistorical Syria 6039:Bronze Age Caucasus 6034:Bronze Age Anatolia 5262:2004JArSc..31.1613D 5056:2018QSRv..186..263A 4817:2024NatEE...8..817S 4707:10.1093/gbe/evab194 4475:10.1038/nature19310 4467:2016Natur.536..419L 4411:2018Sci...360..548V 4343:2018PNAS..115.6774F 4274:2024NatCo..15.1882V 4200:2019NatCo..10.1218F 3934:2006Sci...312.1372K 3928:(5778): 1372–1374. 3816:2008PNAS..10517665G 3810:(46): 17665–17669. 3414:2006PNAS..103..242B 3347:2004PNAS..101.9551W 3273:2008JArSc..35.2400W 3102:2016QuInt.413...50D 2979:2017NatSR...740338P 2875:lineage. "We used 2848:10.1038/nature19310 2840:2016Natur.536..419L 2718:2018JArSR..21..783L 2651:2018PNAS..115.7925A 2602:10.2307/j.ctv8bt33h 2550:Moore, Andrew M. T. 2523:(Online ed.). 1944:Vitaly Shevoroshkin 1940:Alexander Militarev 1742:Stone mortars from 1726:Bovine-rib dagger, 1690:Grinding tool from 1632:were hunted in the 1553:2,000 years later. 1328:and bladelets. The 1320:The Natufian had a 485:Maglemosian culture 466:Mesolithic cultures 439:Greenland ice cores 34: 6986:Telecommunications 6979:Petroleum industry 6483:Mandatory Republic 6429:Early modern Syria 6184:Levantine corridor 5926:Trialetian culture 5424:(15,000–11,500 BP) 5418:(19,000–15,000 BP) 5412:(25,000–19,000 BP) 4094:The Jerusalem Post 4040:Bar-Yosef, Offer. 4008:10.1017/ehs.2019.9 3633:10.1007/BF00975760 3552:10.1007/bf00975111 3208:10.1002/evan.21307 2967:Scientific Reports 2622:– via JSTOR. 2554:Hillman, Gordon C. 2109:Fazael IV & VI 1962:is to be found in 1825: 1778:, Early Natufian, 1758:Stone mortar from 1571: 1495:Natufians carried 1445: 1422: 1324:centered on short 1313: 1296: 1251: 1175: 1092:Radiocarbon dating 730:Middle Paleolithic 549:Levantine corridor 443: 348:Upper Palaeolithic 313: 153:Shepherd Neolithic 60:Geographical range 32: 7200: 7199: 7165: 7164: 7004: 7003: 6904: 6903: 6793:Political parties 6730:Foreign relations 6661: 6660: 6657: 6656: 6511: 6510: 6471:Syrian Federation 6406:County of Tripoli 6361:Ikhshidid dynasty 6214:Yarmukian culture 6105: 6104: 6059:Bronze Age Levant 6024:Andronovo culture 5931:Nemrikian culture 5778: 5777: 5774: 5773: 5538: 5537: 5479:Geometric Kebaran 5351:on 8 October 2016 5323:978-0-8165-2966-7 5256:(11): 1613–1629, 5241:978-0-521-63247-8 5202:978-1-879621-03-9 5120:978-0-7432-4360-5 5002:978-0-8135-3655-2 4931:978-0-7591-0466-2 4904:978-1-134-81623-1 4877:978-3-11-087750-2 4761:(18): 4612–4625. 4586:978-90-04-50022-8 4461:(7617): 419–424. 4405:(6388): 548–552. 4337:(26): 6774–6779. 4168:978-0-521-41529-3 4122:(5964): 404–406, 4075:978-0-674-01999-7 3886:, 5 November 2008 3700:World Archaeology 3524:978-1-4615-0543-3 3497:978-0-8165-2966-7 3341:(26): 9551–9555. 3302:(334): 990–1003. 2987:10.1038/srep40338 2947:978-1-78570-519-9 2834:(7617): 419–424. 2805:978-0-07-289028-0 2645:(31): 7925–7930. 2611:978-1-879621-45-9 2571:978-0-19-510806-4 2558:Legge, Anthony J. 2531:(Subscription or 2250:Maaleh Ramon West 2245:Maaleh Ramon East 1952:Christopher Ehret 1525:There was a rich 1467:, and skull of a 1463:, a wingtip of a 1393:Ain Sakhri lovers 1245:temporary tents ( 1190:Christopher Ehret 1136:Mushabian culture 1089: 1088: 782:Upper Paleolithic 652:Lower Paleolithic 620: 619: 510:Swiderian culture 505:Komornica culture 470:Mesolithic Europe 458:Upper Paleolithic 329:British Palestine 158: 157: 16:(Redirected from 7280: 7213:Natufian culture 7185: 7178: 7060: 7015: 7014: 6958: 6957:(stock exchange) 6950: 6915: 6914: 6828: 6821: 6812: 6810:regional command 6801: 6672: 6671: 6644:Fertile Crescent 6535: 6534: 6531: 6530: 6519: 6396:County of Edessa 6376:Mirdasid dynasty 6371:Hamdanid dynasty 6350: 6317:Palmyrene Empire 6302:Achaemenid Syria 6189:Natufian culture 6156: 6155: 6132: 6125: 6118: 6109: 6108: 6095: 6094: 6085: 6084: 6054:Bronze Age Korea 6049:Bronze Age India 6044:Bronze Age China 5921:Khiamian culture 5911:Fertile Crescent 5848:Natufian culture 5828:Dmanisi hominins 5812:Prehistoric Asia 5805: 5798: 5791: 5782: 5781: 5750:Tell Abu Hureyra 5549: 5548: 5438: 5437: 5392: 5385: 5378: 5369: 5368: 5359: 5358: 5356: 5347:, archived from 5326: 5308: 5282: 5272: 5244: 5226: 5205: 5187: 5170:(280): 402–409. 5158: 5133: 5123: 5097: 5096: 5082: 5076: 5075: 5035: 5029: 5022: 5016: 5013: 5007: 5006: 4986: 4980: 4979: 4943: 4937: 4915: 4909: 4908: 4888: 4882: 4881: 4861: 4855: 4854: 4844: 4795: 4789: 4788: 4778: 4746: 4740: 4739: 4726: 4686: 4680: 4679: 4669: 4651: 4627: 4621: 4620: 4614: 4601: 4595: 4594: 4570: 4564: 4563: 4553: 4535: 4511: 4505: 4504: 4494: 4445: 4439: 4438: 4389: 4383: 4382: 4372: 4354: 4321: 4315: 4314: 4301: 4252: 4246: 4245: 4227: 4178: 4172: 4171: 4156: 4148: 4139: 4138: 4111: 4105: 4104: 4103: 4101: 4086: 4080: 4079: 4059: 4053: 4052: 4046: 4037: 4031: 4030: 4020: 4010: 3986: 3980: 3979: 3968: 3962: 3961: 3917: 3911: 3910: 3909: 3907: 3893: 3887: 3877: 3871: 3865: 3856: 3855: 3845: 3827: 3795: 3789: 3788: 3777: 3771: 3770: 3738: 3732: 3731: 3695: 3689: 3688: 3659: 3653: 3652: 3616: 3610: 3609: 3573: 3564: 3563: 3535: 3529: 3528: 3508: 3502: 3501: 3481: 3475: 3470: 3468: 3456: 3450: 3449: 3435: 3425: 3393: 3387: 3386: 3376: 3358: 3326: 3320: 3319: 3291: 3285: 3284: 3267:(8): 2400–2414. 3256: 3250: 3247: 3241: 3234: 3228: 3227: 3191: 3185: 3184: 3158: 3149: 3143: 3136: 3130: 3129: 3087: 3078: 3072: 3065: 3059: 3058: 3032: 3023: 3017: 3016: 3006: 2958: 2952: 2951: 2933: 2924: 2923: 2898: 2889: 2880: 2869: 2859: 2825: 2815: 2809: 2808: 2791: 2785: 2784: 2752: 2746: 2745: 2697: 2691: 2690: 2680: 2662: 2630: 2624: 2623: 2581: 2575: 2574: 2546: 2537: 2536: 2528: 2516: 2509: 2478: 2473: 2472: 2275:Nahal Ein Gev II 2270:Nachcharini Cave 2069:Bawwab al Ghazal 2012:Tell Abu Hureyra 1968:Northeast Africa 1790:Domesticated dog 1784: 1783: 12,000 BC 1781: 1771: 1755: 1739: 1723: 1703: 1687: 1669: 1666: 1575:Tell Abu Hureyra 1516: 1515: 10,000 BC 1513: 1508:Fertile Crescent 1299:Material culture 1247:Şanlıurfa Museum 1194:Fertile Crescent 1188:Authors such as 1152:late Pleistocene 1081: 1074: 1067: 808:Fertile Crescent 796: 790: 744: 738: 672: 663: 660: 622: 621: 612: 605: 598: 445: 444: 240:Tell Abu Hureyra 200: 199: 196: 195: 192: 189: 186: 183: 180: 177: 174: 171: 161:Natufian culture 121:Tell Abu Hureyra 87:15,000–11,500 BP 47: 35: 33:Natufian culture 31: 21: 7288: 7287: 7283: 7282: 7281: 7279: 7278: 7277: 7268:Epipalaeolithic 7203: 7202: 7201: 7196: 7188: 7181: 7174: 7161: 7086: 7072:Public holidays 7058: 7000: 6962: 6956: 6948: 6900: 6855: 6824: 6817: 6804: 6797: 6653: 6622: 6571: 6520: 6507: 6497:Second Republic 6441: 6424: 6391:Crusader states 6356:Tulunid dynasty 6349:(Bilad al-Sham) 6348: 6346:Caliphal Syria 6340:Muslim conquest 6326: 6322:Byzantine Syria 6237:Akkadian Empire 6218: 6172: 6145: 6136: 6106: 6101: 6073: 6010: 5982: 5951:Neolithic Korea 5946:Neolithic Tibet 5941:Neolithic China 5936:Zarzian culture 5897: 5814: 5809: 5779: 5770: 5720:Hilazon Tachtit 5700:ʿAyn al-Saratan 5683: 5659:ʿUyun al-Hammam 5653:Tabaqat al-Buma 5626: 5534: 5508: 5467: 5427: 5401: 5396: 5354: 5352: 5341: 5333: 5324: 5280: 5242: 5203: 5131: 5121: 5105: 5103:Further reading 5100: 5083: 5079: 5036: 5032: 5023: 5019: 5014: 5010: 5003: 4987: 4983: 4944: 4940: 4916: 4912: 4905: 4889: 4885: 4878: 4862: 4858: 4796: 4792: 4747: 4743: 4687: 4683: 4628: 4624: 4602: 4598: 4587: 4571: 4567: 4512: 4508: 4446: 4442: 4390: 4386: 4322: 4318: 4253: 4249: 4179: 4175: 4169: 4149: 4142: 4112: 4108: 4099: 4097: 4088: 4087: 4083: 4076: 4060: 4056: 4044: 4038: 4034: 3987: 3983: 3970: 3969: 3965: 3918: 3914: 3905: 3903: 3894: 3890: 3878: 3874: 3866: 3859: 3796: 3792: 3779: 3778: 3774: 3739: 3735: 3696: 3692: 3660: 3656: 3617: 3613: 3574: 3567: 3536: 3532: 3525: 3509: 3505: 3498: 3482: 3478: 3457: 3453: 3394: 3390: 3327: 3323: 3292: 3288: 3257: 3253: 3248: 3244: 3235: 3231: 3192: 3188: 3156: 3150: 3146: 3137: 3133: 3085: 3079: 3075: 3066: 3062: 3030: 3024: 3020: 2959: 2955: 2948: 2934: 2927: 2896: 2890: 2883: 2823: 2816: 2812: 2806: 2792: 2788: 2753: 2749: 2698: 2694: 2631: 2627: 2612: 2582: 2578: 2572: 2547: 2540: 2530: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2474: 2467: 2464: 2459: 2356:Sands of Beirut 2300:Nahal Sekher VI 2295:Nahal Sekher 23 2284:Nahal Hadera IV 2199:Jebel Saaidé II 2143:Hilazon Tachtit 2138:Hayonim Terrace 1999: 1937: 1897:Mehdi Pirooznia 1854:culture of the 1837:Basal Eurasians 1817: 1809:Main articles: 1807: 1805:Archaeogenetics 1798: 1792: 1785: 1782: 1772: 1763: 1756: 1747: 1740: 1731: 1724: 1715: 1704: 1695: 1688: 1667: 1650: 1611:Gazella gazella 1559: 1523: 1514: 1477: 1459:, forearm of a 1449:Hilazon Tachtit 1410: 1388: 1318: 1301: 1268:Sinai Peninsula 1236: 1217:Archaeogenetics 1205:C. Loring Brace 1203:Anthropologist 1144:Sinai Peninsula 1132:Kebaran culture 1128: 1085: 1048: 1047: 903:(41,000-37,000) 883:Châtelperronian 797: 786: 784: 774: 773: 745: 734: 732: 722: 721: 692:(1.76–0.13 Ma) 673: 661: 656: 654: 616: 579: 578: 574:Zarzian culture 467: 415: 305: 258:, was found in 234:, specifically 168: 164: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 48: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7286: 7276: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7198: 7197: 7195: 7194: 7187: 7186: 7179: 7171: 7170: 7167: 7166: 7163: 7162: 7160: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7143: 7142: 7137: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7107: 7102: 7096: 7094: 7088: 7087: 7085: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7068: 7067: 7062: 7054: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7018: 7012: 7006: 7005: 7002: 7001: 6999: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6982: 6981: 6970: 6968: 6967:Infrastructure 6964: 6963: 6961: 6960: 6952: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6918: 6912: 6906: 6905: 6902: 6901: 6899: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6882: 6881: 6871: 6865: 6863: 6857: 6856: 6854: 6853: 6848: 6847: 6846: 6844:Syria (region) 6836: 6831: 6830: 6829: 6822: 6815: 6814: 6813: 6790: 6789: 6788: 6778: 6777: 6776: 6771: 6761: 6760: 6759: 6749: 6744: 6743: 6742: 6737: 6727: 6722: 6721: 6720: 6719: 6718: 6711:Prime Minister 6703: 6701:Vice President 6698: 6697: 6696: 6686: 6681: 6675: 6669: 6663: 6662: 6659: 6658: 6655: 6654: 6652: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6639:Southern Syria 6636: 6634:Syria (region) 6630: 6628: 6624: 6623: 6621: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6579: 6577: 6573: 6572: 6570: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6538: 6528: 6522: 6521: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6508: 6506: 6505: 6500: 6494: 6488: 6487: 6486: 6480: 6477:State of Syria 6474: 6466:French Mandate 6463: 6458: 6451: 6449: 6443: 6442: 6440: 6439: 6432: 6430: 6426: 6425: 6423: 6422: 6416: 6410: 6409: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6388: 6386:Saljuqid Syria 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6366:Zangid dynasty 6363: 6358: 6353: 6343: 6336: 6334: 6332:Medieval Syria 6328: 6327: 6325: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6307:Seleucid Syria 6304: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6228: 6226: 6220: 6219: 6217: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6180: 6178: 6174: 6173: 6171: 6170: 6168:Years in Syria 6165: 6159: 6153: 6147: 6146: 6135: 6134: 6127: 6120: 6112: 6103: 6102: 6100: 6099: 6089: 6078: 6075: 6074: 6072: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6020: 6018: 6012: 6011: 6009: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5992: 5990: 5984: 5983: 5981: 5980: 5974: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5907: 5905: 5899: 5898: 5896: 5895: 5893:Xiaochangliang 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5824: 5822: 5816: 5815: 5808: 5807: 5800: 5793: 5785: 5776: 5775: 5772: 5771: 5769: 5768: 5766:Wadi Hammeh 27 5763: 5758: 5755:Tell es-Sultan 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5691: 5689: 5685: 5684: 5682: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5634: 5632: 5628: 5627: 5625: 5624: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5606:Wadi Hammeh 26 5603: 5598: 5593: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5555: 5553: 5546: 5540: 5539: 5536: 5535: 5533: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5516: 5514: 5510: 5509: 5507: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5475: 5473: 5469: 5468: 5466: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5444: 5442: 5435: 5429: 5428: 5426: 5425: 5419: 5413: 5406: 5403: 5402: 5395: 5394: 5387: 5380: 5372: 5366: 5365: 5360: 5339: 5332: 5331:External links 5329: 5328: 5327: 5322: 5309: 5297:10.1086/422084 5273: 5245: 5240: 5227: 5217:(2): 223–243. 5206: 5201: 5188: 5159: 5142:(5): 159–177, 5124: 5119: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5098: 5077: 5030: 5017: 5008: 5001: 4981: 4938: 4910: 4903: 4883: 4876: 4856: 4811:(4): 817–829. 4790: 4741: 4701:(9): evab194. 4681: 4622: 4612:10.1101/423079 4596: 4585: 4565: 4506: 4440: 4384: 4316: 4247: 4173: 4167: 4140: 4106: 4081: 4074: 4054: 4032: 3981: 3963: 3912: 3888: 3872: 3857: 3790: 3772: 3759:10.1086/716100 3753:(4): 412–425. 3733: 3706:(2): 164–178. 3690: 3654: 3627:(2): 159–197. 3611: 3565: 3546:(4): 447–498. 3530: 3523: 3503: 3496: 3476: 3466:10.1101/059311 3451: 3408:(1): 242–247. 3388: 3321: 3286: 3251: 3242: 3229: 3186: 3144: 3131: 3073: 3060: 3018: 2953: 2946: 2925: 2907:(5): 159–177, 2881: 2873:Basal Eurasian 2810: 2804: 2786: 2747: 2692: 2625: 2610: 2594:Berghahn Books 2576: 2570: 2538: 2503: 2501: 2498: 2497: 2496: 2491: 2486: 2480: 2479: 2463: 2460: 2458: 2457: 2451: 2446: 2441: 2435: 2430: 2428:Wadi Hammeh 27 2425: 2420: 2415: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2388: 2383: 2378: 2373: 2368: 2363: 2358: 2353: 2348: 2343: 2338: 2333: 2328: 2323: 2318: 2312: 2307: 2305:Nahr el Homr 2 2302: 2297: 2292: 2287: 2280:Nahal Hadera I 2277: 2272: 2267: 2262: 2257: 2255:Moghr el Ahwal 2252: 2247: 2242: 2237: 2232: 2226: 2224:Kefar Vitkin 3 2221: 2216: 2211: 2206: 2201: 2196: 2190: 2185: 2180: 2175: 2170: 2165: 2160: 2155: 2150: 2145: 2140: 2131: 2126: 2121: 2116: 2111: 2106: 2101: 2096: 2091: 2086: 2081: 2076: 2071: 2066: 2061: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2029: 2024: 2019: 2014: 2009: 2003: 1998: 1995: 1980:Horn of Africa 1936: 1933: 1929:Soqotri people 1917:Saudi Arabians 1877:Horn of Africa 1852:Iberomaurusian 1806: 1803: 1791: 1788: 1787: 1786: 1773: 1766: 1764: 1757: 1750: 1748: 1741: 1734: 1732: 1725: 1718: 1716: 1705: 1698: 1696: 1689: 1682: 1649: 1646: 1620:Additionally, 1558: 1555: 1522: 1519: 1497:parthenocarpic 1493:Epipaleolithic 1476: 1473: 1409: 1406: 1398:British Museum 1387: 1384: 1342:Helwan retouch 1317: 1314: 1300: 1297: 1235: 1232: 1178:Ofer Bar-Yosef 1156:Iberomaurusian 1127: 1124: 1087: 1086: 1084: 1083: 1076: 1069: 1061: 1058: 1057: 1050: 1049: 1046: 1045: 1039: 1026: 1025: 1019: 1013: 1007: 1001: 995: 990: 987:Iberomaurusian 984: 971: 970: 964: 958: 952: 946: 945:(15.5–13.1 ka) 940: 934: 928: 922: 916: 910: 904: 898: 892: 886: 880: 867: 866: 865:(12.2–10.8 ka) 860: 859:(14.5–11.5 ka) 854: 848: 842: 836: 830: 824: 818: 805: 804: 798: 780: 779: 776: 775: 772: 771: 765: 759: 753: 746: 728: 727: 724: 723: 720: 719: 718: 717: 711: 705: 699: 687: 681: 674: 650: 649: 646: 645: 630: 629: 618: 617: 615: 614: 607: 600: 592: 589: 588: 581: 580: 577: 576: 567: 566: 557: 556: 551: 540: 539: 534: 533: 532: 527: 517: 512: 507: 502: 497: 492: 487: 482: 477: 468: 465: 464: 461: 460: 453: 452: 414: 411: 380:el-Wad Terrace 317:Dorothy Garrod 304: 301: 289:Dorothy Garrod 203:Epipaleolithic 156: 155: 142: 138: 137: 128: 124: 123: 109: 105: 104: 95: 89: 88: 85: 81: 80: 78:Epipaleolithic 75: 71: 70: 61: 57: 56: 49: 42: 41: 40: 39: 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7285: 7274: 7273:Younger Dryas 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7210: 7208: 7193: 7190: 7189: 7184: 7180: 7177: 7173: 7172: 7168: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7132: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7115: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7097: 7095: 7093: 7089: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7049: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7019: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7007: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6980: 6977: 6976: 6975: 6972: 6971: 6969: 6965: 6959: 6953: 6951: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6919: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6907: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6880: 6877: 6876: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6866: 6864: 6862: 6858: 6852: 6849: 6845: 6842: 6841: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6827: 6823: 6820: 6816: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6802: 6800: 6796: 6795: 6794: 6791: 6787: 6784: 6783: 6782: 6779: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6766: 6765: 6762: 6758: 6755: 6754: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6732: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6717: 6714: 6713: 6712: 6709: 6708: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6695: 6692: 6691: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6676: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6664: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6631: 6629: 6625: 6619: 6618:Syrian Desert 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6598:Golan Heights 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6580: 6578: 6574: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6539: 6536: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6523: 6518: 6504: 6501: 6498: 6495: 6492: 6489: 6484: 6481: 6478: 6475: 6472: 6469: 6468: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6456: 6453: 6452: 6450: 6448: 6444: 6437: 6436:Ottoman Syria 6434: 6433: 6431: 6427: 6420: 6417: 6414: 6413:Ayyubid Syria 6411: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6393: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6381:Fatimid Syria 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6351: 6344: 6341: 6338: 6337: 6335: 6333: 6329: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6282:Aram-Damascus 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6229: 6227: 6225: 6224:Ancient Syria 6221: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6194:Halaf culture 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6181: 6179: 6175: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6160: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6133: 6128: 6126: 6121: 6119: 6114: 6113: 6110: 6098: 6090: 6088: 6080: 6079: 6076: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6021: 6019: 6017: 6013: 6007: 6004: 6002: 6001:Halaf culture 5999: 5997: 5994: 5993: 5991: 5989: 5985: 5979:(Mesopotamia) 5978: 5975: 5973:(Mesopotamia) 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5908: 5906: 5904: 5900: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5825: 5823: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5806: 5801: 5799: 5794: 5792: 5787: 5786: 5783: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5725:ʿIraq ed-Dubb 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5692: 5690: 5686: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5669:Wadi Jilat 22 5667: 5665: 5664:Wadi Jilat 10 5662: 5660: 5657: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5635: 5633: 5629: 5622: 5621:Yutil al-Hasa 5619: 5617: 5616:Wadi Madamagh 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5560: 5559:Ain al-Buhira 5557: 5556: 5554: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5541: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5517: 5515: 5511: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5476: 5474: 5470: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5445: 5443: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5430: 5423: 5420: 5417: 5414: 5411: 5408: 5407: 5404: 5400: 5393: 5388: 5386: 5381: 5379: 5374: 5373: 5370: 5364: 5361: 5350: 5346: 5345: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5334: 5325: 5319: 5315: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5279: 5274: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5246: 5243: 5237: 5233: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5207: 5204: 5198: 5194: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5160: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5130: 5125: 5122: 5116: 5112: 5107: 5106: 5094: 5093: 5088: 5081: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5034: 5028: 5021: 5012: 5004: 4998: 4994: 4993: 4985: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4942: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4923:0-7591-0466-2 4920: 4914: 4906: 4900: 4896: 4895: 4887: 4879: 4873: 4869: 4868: 4860: 4852: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4794: 4786: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4745: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4685: 4677: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4626: 4619: 4613: 4608: 4600: 4593: 4588: 4582: 4578: 4577: 4569: 4561: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4510: 4502: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4444: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4388: 4380: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4320: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4251: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4177: 4170: 4164: 4160: 4155: 4147: 4145: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4110: 4095: 4091: 4085: 4077: 4071: 4067: 4066: 4058: 4050: 4043: 4036: 4028: 4024: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3985: 3977: 3973: 3967: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3916: 3901: 3900: 3892: 3885: 3881: 3876: 3869: 3864: 3862: 3853: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3794: 3786: 3785:www.bbc.co.uk 3782: 3776: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3737: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3694: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3658: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3615: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3572: 3570: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3534: 3526: 3520: 3516: 3515: 3507: 3499: 3493: 3489: 3488: 3480: 3474: 3467: 3462: 3455: 3448: 3443: 3439: 3434: 3429: 3424: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3392: 3384: 3380: 3375: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3357: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3325: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3290: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3255: 3246: 3239: 3236:Ehret (2002) 3233: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3190: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3155: 3148: 3141: 3135: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3084: 3077: 3071:, pp 151–161. 3070: 3064: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3029: 3022: 3014: 3010: 3005: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2957: 2949: 2943: 2939: 2932: 2930: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2895: 2888: 2886: 2878: 2874: 2867: 2863: 2858: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2822: 2814: 2807: 2801: 2797: 2790: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2751: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2696: 2688: 2684: 2679: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2661: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2629: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2580: 2573: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2545: 2543: 2534: 2526: 2522: 2521: 2515: 2508: 2504: 2495: 2492: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2481: 2477: 2471: 2466: 2455: 2454:Yutil al Hasa 2452: 2450: 2447: 2445: 2442: 2439: 2436: 2434: 2433:Wadi Jilat 22 2431: 2429: 2426: 2424: 2423:Upper Besor 6 2421: 2419: 2416: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2387: 2384: 2382: 2379: 2377: 2376:Shukhbah Cave 2374: 2372: 2369: 2367: 2364: 2362: 2361:Shluhat Harif 2359: 2357: 2354: 2352: 2349: 2347: 2344: 2342: 2339: 2337: 2334: 2332: 2329: 2327: 2324: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2313: 2311: 2308: 2306: 2303: 2301: 2298: 2296: 2293: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2281: 2278: 2276: 2273: 2271: 2268: 2266: 2263: 2261: 2258: 2256: 2253: 2251: 2248: 2246: 2243: 2241: 2240:Kosak Shamali 2238: 2236: 2235:Khirbat Janba 2233: 2230: 2229:Khallat Anaza 2227: 2225: 2222: 2220: 2217: 2215: 2212: 2210: 2207: 2205: 2202: 2200: 2197: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2174: 2171: 2169: 2168:Iraq ez Zigan 2166: 2164: 2163:Iraq el Barud 2161: 2159: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2135: 2132: 2130: 2127: 2125: 2122: 2120: 2119:Givat Hayil I 2117: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2100: 2097: 2095: 2092: 2090: 2087: 2085: 2082: 2080: 2077: 2075: 2072: 2070: 2067: 2065: 2062: 2060:(Ain Saratan) 2059: 2056: 2054: 2053:Antelias Cave 2051: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2023: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2013: 2010: 2008: 2005: 2004: 2002: 1994: 1992: 1991:Proto-Semitic 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1932: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1913:Yemenite Jews 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1885: 1881: 1878: 1873: 1869: 1864: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1844: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1821: 1816: 1812: 1802: 1797: 1777: 1770: 1765: 1761: 1754: 1749: 1745: 1738: 1733: 1729: 1722: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1702: 1697: 1693: 1686: 1681: 1680: 1679: 1677: 1673: 1668: 10,800 1662: 1661:Younger Dryas 1658: 1653: 1645: 1643: 1640:and caprids ( 1639: 1636:, as well as 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1618: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1568: 1563: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1527:bone industry 1518: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1472: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1442: 1437: 1433: 1431: 1427: 1419: 1414: 1405: 1403: 1402:Judean desert 1399: 1395: 1394: 1383: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1310: 1305: 1292: 1288: 1286: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1231: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1201: 1199: 1198:Ohalo II site 1195: 1191: 1186: 1183: 1179: 1171: 1167: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1147: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1123: 1121: 1116: 1112: 1111:Younger Dryas 1107: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1082: 1077: 1075: 1070: 1068: 1063: 1062: 1060: 1059: 1056: 1052: 1051: 1043: 1042:Afontova Gora 1040: 1037: 1036:Mal'ta–Buret' 1034: 1033: 1032: 1030: 1023: 1020: 1017: 1014: 1011: 1008: 1005: 1002: 999: 996: 994: 991: 988: 985: 982: 979: 978: 977: 975: 968: 965: 962: 959: 956: 953: 950: 947: 944: 941: 938: 935: 932: 931:Epigravettian 929: 926: 923: 920: 917: 914: 911: 908: 905: 902: 899: 896: 893: 890: 887: 884: 881: 878: 875: 874: 873: 871: 864: 861: 858: 855: 852: 849: 846: 843: 840: 837: 834: 831: 828: 825: 822: 819: 816: 813: 812: 811: 809: 803: 800: 799: 794: 783: 778: 777: 769: 766: 763: 760: 757: 754: 751: 748: 747: 742: 731: 726: 725: 715: 712: 709: 706: 703: 700: 697: 694: 693: 691: 688: 685: 682: 679: 676: 675: 670: 666: 653: 648: 647: 643: 642: 636: 632: 631: 628: 624: 623: 613: 608: 606: 601: 599: 594: 593: 591: 590: 587: 583: 582: 575: 572: 571: 570: 565: 562: 561: 560: 555: 552: 550: 547: 546: 545: 544: 538: 535: 531: 528: 526: 523: 522: 521: 518: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 500:Narva culture 498: 496: 495:Kunda culture 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 480:Komsa culture 478: 476: 473: 472: 471: 463: 462: 459: 455: 454: 451: 447: 446: 440: 436: 432: 428: 427:Younger Dryas 424: 419: 410: 408: 404: 403:René Neuville 400: 396: 392: 387: 385: 384:Wadi an-Natuf 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 336: 334: 330: 326: 325:Judaean Hills 322: 318: 309: 300: 298: 294: 290: 286: 284: 280: 276: 271: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 214: 211: 207: 204: 198: 162: 154: 150: 146: 143: 139: 136: 132: 129: 125: 122: 118: 114: 111:Shuqba cave, 110: 106: 103: 99: 96: 94: 90: 86: 82: 79: 76: 72: 69: 65: 62: 58: 46: 36: 30: 19: 7105:Coat of arms 7027:Demographics 6927:Central Bank 6808: / 6769:High council 6752:Human rights 6679:Constitution 6557:Governorates 6455:Arab kingdom 6447:Modern Syria 6419:Mamluk Syria 6347: 6188: 6097:Time periods 5988:Chalcolithic 5847: 5761:Tell Qarassa 5695:ʿAin Mallaha 5611:Wadi Jilat 6 5565:ʿAyn Qasiyya 5519: 5353:, retrieved 5349:the original 5343: 5313: 5288: 5284: 5253: 5249: 5231: 5214: 5210: 5192: 5167: 5163: 5139: 5135: 5110: 5092:ResearchGate 5090: 5080: 5047: 5043: 5033: 5020: 5011: 4991: 4984: 4951: 4947: 4941: 4913: 4893: 4886: 4866: 4859: 4808: 4804: 4793: 4758: 4754: 4744: 4736: 4698: 4694: 4684: 4639: 4635: 4625: 4616: 4599: 4590: 4575: 4568: 4523: 4519: 4509: 4458: 4454: 4443: 4402: 4398: 4387: 4334: 4330: 4319: 4311: 4265: 4261: 4250: 4191: 4187: 4176: 4158: 4119: 4115: 4109: 4098:, retrieved 4093: 4084: 4064: 4057: 4048: 4035: 3998: 3994: 3984: 3975: 3966: 3925: 3921: 3915: 3904:, retrieved 3902:, earth, BBC 3898: 3891: 3875: 3807: 3803: 3793: 3784: 3775: 3750: 3746: 3736: 3703: 3699: 3693: 3668: 3664: 3657: 3624: 3620: 3614: 3581: 3577: 3543: 3539: 3533: 3513: 3506: 3486: 3479: 3454: 3445: 3405: 3401: 3391: 3338: 3334: 3324: 3299: 3295: 3289: 3264: 3260: 3254: 3245: 3232: 3202:(2): 69–81. 3199: 3195: 3189: 3164: 3160: 3147: 3139: 3134: 3093: 3089: 3076: 3068: 3063: 3038: 3034: 3021: 2970: 2966: 2956: 2937: 2904: 2900: 2876: 2831: 2827: 2813: 2795: 2789: 2764: 2760: 2750: 2709: 2705: 2695: 2642: 2638: 2628: 2589: 2579: 2561: 2518: 2507: 2438:Wadi Judayid 2412:Tor at Tariq 2326:Rosh Horesha 2321:Raqefet Cave 2158:Iraq ed Dubb 2134:Hayonim Cave 2124:Har Harif K7 2104:Erq el Ahmar 2000: 1988:Near Eastern 1964:North Africa 1956:Roger Blench 1938: 1905:Palestinians 1886: 1882: 1865: 1845: 1826: 1799: 1728:HaYonim Cave 1654: 1651: 1619: 1614: 1610: 1572: 1551: 1547: 1529:, including 1524: 1478: 1469:beech marten 1465:golden eagle 1446: 1423: 1391: 1389: 1372:ground stone 1364:sickle-gloss 1358: 1319: 1309:1958,1007.1 1252: 1228: 1225: 1202: 1187: 1176: 1148: 1129: 1108: 1090: 1027: 972: 951:(14–12.8 ka) 885:(44.5–36 ka) 868: 856: 847:(18–12.5 ka) 806: 716:(400–220 ka) 710:(424–400 ka) 704:(500–130 ka) 686:(2.6–1.7 Ma) 640: 568: 558: 553: 541: 525:Tardenoisian 391:Mount Carmel 388: 364:Palaeolithic 337: 314: 287: 272: 268:fermentation 264:Mount Carmel 260:Raqefet Cave 252:beer-brewing 220:Western Asia 201:) is a Late 160: 159: 68:Western Asia 29: 6922:Agriculture 6879:air defense 6839:Nationalism 6499:(1950–1963) 6438:(1516–1918) 6421:(1260–1516) 6415:(1174–1260) 6312:Roman Syria 6204:Abu Hureyra 6199:Uruk period 6006:Uruk period 5820:Paleolithic 5674:Wadi Mataha 5648:Kharaneh IV 5643:Jebel Hamra 5592:(WHNBS 242) 5575:Kebara Cave 5570:Kharaneh IV 5050:: 263–283. 4268:(1): 1882. 4194:(1): 1218. 3584:: 167–186. 2712:: 783–793. 2620:j.ctv8bt33h 2476:Asia portal 2444:Wadi Mataha 2386:Shunera VII 2315:Ramat Harif 2195:1–3 & 9 2084:Dibsi Faraj 2032:Ain Mallaha 1901:Eran Elhaik 1893:Paul Wexler 1889:Ranajit Das 1672:agriculture 1557:Subsistence 1521:Other finds 1426:grave goods 1418:el-Wad Cave 1276:Ain Mallaha 1234:Settlements 1213:ancient DNA 1150:across the 1096:Pleistocene 949:Federmesser 937:Magdalenian 907:Périgordian 895:Aurignacian 833:Aurignacian 827:Baradostian 770:(130–10 ka) 764:(130–70 ka) 758:(145–20 ka) 752:(160–40 ka) 627:Paleolithic 344:Père Mallon 321:Shuqba cave 293:Shuqba cave 228:agriculture 213:prehistoric 141:Followed by 127:Preceded by 113:Ain Mallaha 108:Major sites 98:Shuqba cave 7207:Categories 7140:television 7022:Censorship 6949:(currency) 6781:Parliament 6740:Iskandaron 6684:Corruption 6247:Canaanites 6016:Bronze Age 5858:Peking Man 5740:Shubayqa 6 5735:Shubayqa 1 5638:Neve David 5601:Uwaynid 18 5596:Uwaynid 14 5590:Tor Sageer 5291:: S5–S33. 3167:: 95–114. 3055:Q107520328 2767:: 101913. 2535:required.) 2514:"Natufian" 2500:References 2414:(WHS 1065) 2381:Shunera VI 2371:Shubayqa 6 2366:Shubayqa 1 2351:Salibiya 9 2346:Salibiya 1 2290:Nahal Oren 2286:(Hefsibah) 2231:(BDS 1407) 2214:Kaus Kozah 2153:Huzuq Musa 2148:Hof Shahaf 2043:Ain Sakhri 2027:Ain Choaab 1794:See also: 1712:Nahal Oren 1609:gazelles ( 1595:pistachios 1567:Nahal Oren 1549:invented. 1535:fish hooks 1182:microburin 1055:Mesolithic 1044:(21–12 ka} 1038:(24–15 ka) 1012:(15–11 ka) 1006:(15—11 ka) 1000:(22–14 ka) 989:(25–11 ka) 983:(42–18 ka) 963:(13–12 ka) 961:Ahrensburg 957:(14–10 ka) 939:(17–12 ka) 933:(20–10 ka) 927:(22–17 ka) 921:(29–25 ka) 915:(33–24 ka) 913:Gravettian 909:(35–20 ka) 897:(43–26 ka) 891:(43–32 ka) 879:(48–40 ka) 877:Bohunician 851:Trialetian 841:(20–10 ka) 835:(35–29 ka) 829:(36–18 ka) 823:(46–42 ka) 817:(50–40 ka) 750:Mousterian 708:Clactonian 662: 3.3 450:Mesolithic 360:Mesolithic 356:microliths 352:Bronze Age 283:Anatolians 102:Wadi Natuf 7082:Squatting 7057:refugees 7032:Education 6991:Transport 6932:Companies 6874:Air force 6851:Terrorism 6764:Judiciary 6725:Elections 6689:President 6593:Euphrates 6583:Al-Jazira 6567:Volcanoes 6552:Districts 6526:Geography 6503:Civil war 6493:(1946–50) 6485:(1930–46) 6479:(1925–30) 6473:(1922–25) 5903:Neolithic 5757:(Jericho) 5715:Gilgal II 5623:(WHS 784) 5561:(WHS 618) 5489:Mushabian 5484:Nizzanian 5184:160868877 5164:Antiquity 5072:0277-3791 4833:2397-334X 4715:1759-6653 4658:1664-8021 4579:. 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224:sedentary 210:Neolithic 145:Neolithic 135:Mushabian 93:Type site 18:Natufians 7192:Category 7152:Religion 7077:Scouting 7052:diaspora 6937:Industry 6861:Military 6806:national 6786:Speakers 6667:Politics 6576:Features 6242:Arameans 6232:Amorites 6163:Timeline 6143:articles 5996:Daimabad 5888:Ubeidiya 5878:Solo Man 5868:Sangiran 5838:Java Man 5730:Mureybet 5705:Azraq 18 5655:(WZ 200) 5585:Ohalo II 5525:Harifian 5520:Natufian 5494:Ramonian 5453:Nebekian 5433:Cultures 5305:42749024 5156:35814375 4968:15576591 4851:38332026 4842:11009077 4785:34352227 4733:34480555 4676:28680441 4560:30079081 4501:27459054 4435:29545507 4379:29895688 4308:38528002 4299:10963722 4234:30890703 4136:20093449 4027:37588409 4018:10427327 3958:42150441 3950:16741119 3852:18981412 3685:26579622 3671:: 5–61. 3442:16371462 3383:15210984 3224:32252766 3216:22499441 3051:Wikidata 3013:28059138 2921:35814375 2866:27459054 2687:30012614 2560:(2000), 2462:See also 2449:Yabrud 3 2407:TBAS 212 2402:TBAS 102 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