1180:
322:
1188:
508:
810:
440:
818:
5229:
42:
896:, called "just satisfaction". The awards are typically small in comparison to verdicts by national courts and rarely exceed £1,000 plus legal costs. Non-pecuniary damages are more closely correlated to what the state can afford to pay than the specific harm suffered by the complainant. In some cases, repeated patterns of human rights violations lead to higher awards in an effort to punish the responsible state, but paradoxically in other cases they lead to lower awards, or the cases being struck entirely.
243:
716:, unless the matter relates to the content and scope of fundamental rights which the court has already considered. Since 2018, member states can similarly request advisory opinions on questions of principle concerning the interpretation or application of the Convention, on the basis of Protocol No. 16. This mechanism aims to foster dialogue between national courts and the ECtHR, thereby preempting Convention violations and minimizing the latter's caseload. Unlike
1219:, stated: "Our work is based on cooperation and good faith. When you don't have that, it's very difficult to have an impact. We kind of lack the tools to help countries that don't want to be helped." Russia systematically ignores ECtHR verdicts, paying compensation in most cases but refusing to fix the problem, leading to a high number of repeat cases. Russian legislation has set up a specific fund for paying the claimants in successful ECtHR verdicts.
757:
5292:
5282:
1325:
691:(IV) (no. 25781/94), judgements of 10 May 2001 on the treatment of missing persons (art. 2, 3 and 5), the right of return of Greeks who have fled to the south (art. 8, 13 and P1-1), the rights of Greeks still living in the north (art. 3, 8, 9, 10, 13, P1-1, P1-2) and trial by military courts (art. 6). A subsequent judgement of 12 May 2014 awarded €90 million in 'just satisfaction' (art. 41)
1059:. Because the CJEU represents a "comparable" human rights enforcement mechanism, the ECtHR may presume "that a State has not departed from the requirements of the Convention when it does no more than implement legal obligations flowing from its membership." This presumption may be refuted in any particular instances where protections of Convention rights are "manifestly deficient."
979:, referring to the member states' rights to set moral standards within reason. Over time, the court has narrowed the margin of appreciation (to the point, according to some commentators, of a "demise" of margin of appreciation). Narrowing margin of appreciation is a target of criticism for those who believe that the ECtHR should minimize its role, especially from the United Kingdom.
341:, which aims to promote the universal recognition of rights set out therein, in order to strengthen the protection of human rights at the international level. While hugely important in setting a global standard for the first time, the declaration was essentially aspirational, and had no judicial enforcement mechanism. In 1949, the twelve member states of the newly created
592:. The jurisdiction of the court is generally divided into inter-state cases, applications by individuals against contracting states, and advisory opinions in accordance with Protocol No.2. Applications by individuals constitute the majority of cases heard by the court. A committee is constituted by three judges, chambers by seven judges, and a Grand Chamber by 17 judges.
1043:
since the Treaty of Lisbon took effect on 1 December 2009, the EU is expected to sign the convention. That would mean that the Court of
Justice is bound by the judicial precedents of the Court of Human Rights' case law and so is subject to its human rights law, which would avoid issues of conflicting case law between these two courts. In December 2014, the CJEU released
990:. Furthermore, critics argue that the EHCR has claimed that such consensus exists even when objectively it did not, due to the judicial activism of its judges. It has been said that in failing to distinctly define how a consensus is reached reduces its legitimacy. Furthermore, as the ECtHR grows, the consensus between the members diminishes.
1011:. Critics maintain that proportionality engenders largely subjective rulings: a judge's personal preferences and beliefs may color their perceptions of rights' relative importance. The Court has established certain formulas to ensure consistency across such decisions, but these guidelines cover only a small fraction of its case law.
539:
have a familial or professional relationship with a party. A judge can be dismissed from office only if the other judges decide, by a two-thirds majority, that the judge has ceased to fulfil the required conditions. Judges enjoy, during their term as judges, the privileges and immunities provided for in
Article 40 of the
627:, or if the case cannot be proceeded with on formal grounds, such as non-exhaustion of domestic remedies, lapse of the four months from the last internal decision complained of, anonymity, substantial identity with a matter already submitted to the court, or with another procedure of international investigation.
3205:
564:
renewable period of three years. They are renowned for their morality and competence. They must be independent and there is incompatibility with other functions. They cannot be revoked by their state of origin, but only by decision of their peers, taken by a two-thirds majority and for serious reasons.
1038:
are members of the
Council of Europe and so are parties of the Convention on Human Rights, there are concerns about consistency in case law between the two courts. The CJEU refers to the case law of the European Court of Human Rights and treats the Convention on Human Rights as if it were part of the
833:
requires all hearings to be in public, unless there are exceptional circumstances justifying the holding of a private hearing. In practice the majority of cases are heard in private following written pleadings. In confidential proceedings the court may assist both parties in securing a settlement, in
559:
The plenary court is an assembly of all of the court's judges. It has no judicial functions. It elects the court's president, vice-president, registrar and deputy registrar. It also deals with administrative matters, discipline, working methods, reforms, the establishment of
Chambers and the adoption
1340:
Between 2007 and 2017, the number of cases dealt with each year was relatively constant (between 1,280 and 1,550); two-thirds of cases were repetitive and most concerned a few countries: Turkey (2,401), Russia (2,110), Romania (1,341), and Poland (1,272). Repetitive cases indicate a pattern of human
1249:), for preventing Bosnian citizens who were not of Bosniak, Croat, or Serb ethnicity from being elected to certain state offices. As of December 2019, the discriminatory provisions have yet to be repealed or amended, despite three subsequent cases confirming their incompatibility with the Convention.
546:
The
European Court of Human Rights is assisted by a registry made up of around 640 agents, of which a little less than half of lawyers divided into 31 sections. The registry carries out preparatory work for the judges., and performs the communication activities of the court, with the applicants, the
530:
from among three candidates nominated by each contracting state. Judges are elected whenever a sitting judge's term has expired or when a new state accedes to the convention. The retiring age of judges is 70, but they may continue to serve as judges until a new judge is elected or until the cases in
488:
Protocol 11 was designed to deal with the backlog of pending cases by establishing the court and its judges as a full-time institution, by simplifying the procedure and reducing the length of proceedings. However, as the workload of the court continued to increase, the contracting states agreed that
1351:
These reforms led to an increasing number of applications being declared inadmissible or bypassed a ruling under the new pilot procedure. According to Steven Greer, "large numbers of applications will not, in practice, be examined", and this situation is qualified as a "structural denial of justice
1207:
The number of non-implemented judgements rose from 2,624 in 2001 to 9,944 at the end of 2016, 48% of which had gone without implementation five years or more. In 2016, all but one of the 47 member countries of the
Council of Europe had not implemented at least one ECtHR verdict in a timely fashion,
1203:
The court lacks enforcement powers. Some states have ignored ECtHR verdicts and continued practices judged to be human rights violations. Although all damages must be paid to the applicant within the time frame specified by the court (usually three months) or else will accumulate interest, there is
1050:
Despite the
European Union's failure to accede to the Convention, the ECtHR has consistently held that member states are bound by ECHR guarantees even when executing and implementing EU law. Nevertheless, the Court has simultaneously sought to promote international cooperation and avoid interfering
1042:
Even though its member states are party to the convention, the
European Union itself is not a party, as it did not have competence to do so under previous treaties. However, EU institutions are bound under Article 6 of the EU Treaty of Nice to respect human rights under the convention. Furthermore,
845:
The court's chamber decides both issues regarding admissibility and merits of the case. Generally, both these issues are dealt with in the same judgment. In final judgments the court makes a declaration that a contracting state has violated the convention, and may order the contracting state to pay
538:
and are prohibited from having any institutional or similar ties with the state in respect of which they were elected. To ensure the independence of the court, judges are not allowed to participate in activity that may compromise the court's independence. Judges cannot hear or decide a case if they
368:(1968). The convention charges the court with ensuring the observance of the engagement undertaken by the contracting states in relation to the convention and its protocols, that is ensuring the enforcement and implementation of the European Convention in the member states of the Council of Europe.
4191:
See Steven Greer, p. 452, citing
Mahoney, The European Court of Human Rights and its Ever-Growing Caseloaed: Preserving the Mission of the Court While Ensuring the Viability of the Individual Petition, in: Flogaitis, Zwart, and Fraser (eds.), The European Court of Human Rights and its Discontents:
866:
Article 35 of the
European Convention on Human Rights establishes as a precondition on referral to the European Court of Human Rights, the exhaustion of domestic remedies. This condition is the consequence of the subsidiary jurisdiction of the supranational court, which monitors the application of
634:
decides that the case can proceed, the case is then referred to a chamber of the court which, unless it decides that the application is inadmissible, communicates the case to the government of the state against which the application is made, asking the government to present its observations on the
563:
The president of the court, the two vice-presidents (also section presidents) and the three other section presidents are elected by the Plenary Court, Section presidents are elected by the Plenary Court, a formation made up of the 46 elected judges of the court. The mandate of the holders is for a
4166:
For the most recent statistical data see ECHR, The ECHR in facts & figures - 2019, p. 4ss. For a detailed analysis of this problem from various perspectives see Flogaitis, Zwart, and Fraser (eds.), The European Court of Human Rights and its Discontents: Turning Criticism into Strength, Edward
1067:
Most of the contracting parties to the European Convention on Human Rights have incorporated the convention into their own national legal systems, either through constitutional provision, statute or judicial decision. The ECtHR increasingly considers judicial dialogue with national courts to be a
982:
Proponents of a stronger recognition of margin of appreciation cite local conceptions of human rights, specific to the context of each country and its culture, and the risk of handing down judgements that lack local cultural and grassroots legitimacy. Critics argue that the principle of "emerging
853:
The Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe is charged with supervising the execution of the court's judgments. The Committee of Ministers oversees the contracting states' changes to their national law in order that it is compatible with the convention, or individual measures taken by the
825:
After the preliminary finding of admissibility the court examines the case by hearing representations from both parties. The court may undertake any investigation it deems necessary on the facts or issues raised in the application and contracting states are required to provide the court with all
608:, or group of individuals. Although the official languages of the court are English and French, applications may be submitted in any one of the official languages of the contracting states. An application has to be made in writing and signed by the applicant or by the applicant's representative.
849:
The court's judgments are public and must contain reasons justifying the decision. Article 46 of the convention provides that contracting states undertake to abide by the court's final decision. On the other hand, advisory opinions are, by definition, non-binding. The court has to date decided
837:
The judgment of the Grand Chamber is final. Judgments by the chamber of the court become final three months after they are issued, unless a reference to the Grand Chamber for review or appeal has been made. If the panel of the Grand Chamber rejects the request for referral, the judgment of the
1004:
governs much of the Court's jurisprudence. The guarantees of ECHR Articles 8, 9, 10, and 11 are subject to whatever limitations may be "necessary in a democratic society," citing factors including national security, public safety, health and morals, and the rights and freedoms of others. Such
875:
Rule 39 of the Rules of the Court permits the ECtHR to "indicate to the parties any interim measure which they consider should be adopted in the interests of the parties or of the proper conduct of the proceedings." Interim measures are binding and afford litigants temporary protections on an
720:
under EU law, advisory opinions may only be solicited by the "highest courts and tribunals" of a member state. Although Article 5 of Protocol No. 16 states that "Advisory opinions shall not be binding," they nonetheless enter the ECtHR's case law and may be enforced through later individual
476:
In 1999, 8,400 applications were allocated to be heard. In 2003, 27,200 cases were filed and the number pending rose to approximately 65,000. In 2005, the court opened 45,500 case files. In 2009, 57,200 applications were allocated, with 119,300 pending. At the time, more than 90 per cent of
638:
The chamber of the court then deliberates and judges the case on its admissibility and its merits. Cases that raise serious questions of interpretation and application of the European Convention on Human Rights, a serious issue of general importance, or which may depart from previous
838:
chamber of the court becomes final. The Grand Chamber is made up of 17 judges: the court's president and vice-presidents, the section presidents and the national judge, together with other judges selected by drawing of lots. Grand Chambers include a public hearing, which is
297:. An application can be lodged by an individual, a group of individuals, or one or more of the other contracting states. Aside from judgments, the court can also issue advisory opinions. The convention was adopted within the context of the Council of Europe, and all of its
867:
the convention and seeks to eradicate human rights violations. The applicant must establish the inability of the national courts to remedy the breaches, by exercising the appropriate remedies effective and adequate, and in substance alleging a violation of the Convention.
349:, drawing inspiration from the rights already set out in the Declaration, but with the crucial difference that—for the European countries which chose to sign up to it—there would be a judicial mechanism to ensure that they respected the basic rights of their citizens.
1336:
where there is less trust in the court system. In 2009, the court had a backlog of 120,000 cases which would have required 46 years to process at the previous rate, leading to reforms. According to the BBC, the court began "to be seen as a victim of its own success".
493:. Protocol 14 was drafted with the aim of reducing the workload of the court and that of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe, which supervises the execution of judgments, so that the court could focus on cases that raise important human rights issues.
738:
effects (that is, they are potentially binding on all member states), because the court "determines issues on public-policy grounds in the common interest, thereby extending human rights jurisprudence throughout the community of European Convention States", although
1304:(2009) as well as any future cases following that pattern, handing them to the Department of Execution at the Council of Europe for enforcement. These cases all involved complainants not being paid money they were due under Ukrainian law. In the eight years between
3169:
1204:
no formal deadline for any more complex compliance required by the judgement. However, by leaving a judgement unimplemented for a long period of time, brings into question the state's commitment to addressing human rights violations in a timely fashion.
983:
consensus" of the member states on which the ECtHR operates is fundamentally flawed, because such a consensus often relies on trends, and historically in many instances social and political consensus was retrospectively acknowledged to have been wrong.
1208:
although most non-implemented verdicts concern a few countries: Italy (2,219), Russia (1,540), Turkey (1,342), and Ukraine (1,172). More than 3,200 non-implemented judgements "concerned violations by security forces and poor detention conditions".
857:
Chambers decide cases by a majority. Any judge who has heard the case can attach to the judgment a separate opinion. This opinion can concur or dissent with the decision of the court. In case of a tie in voting, the president has the casting vote.
1071:
In 2015, Russia adopted a law declaring it legal to overrule judgements from the ECtHR, codifying an earlier Russian Constitutional Court decision which ruled that Russia could refuse to recognize an ECtHR decision if it conflicted with the
1068:"high priority", especially when it comes to implementation of judgements. According to a 2012 study, the ECTtHR tends to justify its decisions with citations to its own case law in order to convince national courts to accept its rulings.
1312:, Ukraine made no effort to resolve these cases, leading the ECtHR to "effectively up on trying to incentivize Ukraine to comply with its judgments". As of 2020, the money owed to the complainants in these cases remains unpaid.
643:
can be heard in the Grand Chamber if all parties to the case agree to the chamber of the court relinquishing jurisdiction to the Grand Chamber. A panel of five judges decides whether the Grand Chamber accepts the referral.
4192:
Turning Criticism into Strength, Edward Elgar: Cheltenham 2013, 26 and Cameron, The Court and the Member States: Procedural Aspects, in: Follesdal, Petes, and Ulfstein (eds.), Constituting Europe, CUP: Cambridge 2013, 43.
1025:
312:
International law scholars consider the ECtHR to be the most effective international human rights court in the world. Nevertheless, the court has faced challenges with verdicts not implemented by the contracting parties.
1598:
957:(2015). Although defenders argue that living instrument doctrine is necessary for the court to stay relevant and its rulings to adapt to the actual conditions, such interpretations are labeled overreach or
2157:
1199:(10%) and the highest Luxembourg, Monaco, and Estonia (100%) and Czechia (96%). (Belarus appears white here because it is excluded from the map: it is not a member state and does not implement rulings.)
924:(2008), the court emphasized that it "upholds individual rights as practical and effective, rather than theoretical and illusory protections". Another key part of the Court's interpretation is the 1969
1332:
The caseload of the court expanded rapidly after the fall of the Soviet Union, growing from fewer than 8,400 cases filed in 1999 to 57,000 in 2009. Most of these cases concern nationals of the former
1191:
Implementation of leading cases from the last 10 years as of August 2021. No implementation is coloured black while 100% implementation is white. Average implementation is 53%, with the lowest being
656:
can sue another contracting state in the court for alleged breaches of the convention, although in practice this is very rare. As of 2021, five interstate cases have been decided by the court:
1341:
rights violations in a given country. The 2010 Interlaken Declaration stated that the court would reduce its caseload by cutting back on the number of repetitive cases it dealt with.
6016:
5828:
5192:
880:
or expulsion to countries with inadequate human rights guarantees, whereas requests to prevent potentially damaging publications or property seizures seldom elicit similar responses.
6143:
5907:
3647:
993:
However, the margin of appreciation doctrine has also come under sharp criticism from jurists and academics who say that it undermines the universal nature of human rights.
473:
in 1989 led to a sharp increase in applications filed in the court. The efficiency of the court was threatened seriously by the large accumulation of pending applications.
2796:
1183:
Compliance with all compliance-relevant judgments of the European Court of Human Rights as of 10 March 2017. At that date, the oldest non-complied judgement was from 1996.
697:(no. 13255/07), judgement of 3 July 2014 on the collective expulsion of Georgians from Russia (art. 3, 5, 13, 38, P4-4) and Russia not cooperating with the court (art. 38)
376:
The European Court of Human Rights, which enforces the European Convention on Human Rights, is the best known body of the Council of Europe. The Council of Europe (CoE) (
1232:(2005), and several subsequent cases, the court found that a blanket deprivation of suffrage to British prisoners violated Article 3 of Protocol 1, which guarantees the
876:
expedited basis, although the ECtHR has chosen to only impose them in cases concerning imminent danger to life and limb. Such measures are often deployed to prevent
854:
contracting state to redress violations. Judgments by the court are binding on the respondent states concerned and states usually comply with the Court's judgments.
408:. Founded in 1949, it now has 46 member states, covering a population of approximately 700 million, and operates with an annual budget of approximately 500 million
6041:
1348:" was created to handle repetitive cases without a formal finding for each one. Pending applications peaked at 151,600 in 2011 and were reduced to 59,800 by 2019.
1266:. In 2012, Russian courts banned the event for the next 100 years. The ECtHR confirmed its ruling that bans on pride parades violate freedom of assembly rights in
2152:
1088:.) Other countries have also moved to restrict the binding nature of the ECtHR judgments, subject to the countries' own constitutional principles. In 2004, the
5821:
1526:
515:
Judges are elected for a non-renewable nine-year term. The number of full-time judges sitting in the court is equal to the number of contracting states to the
490:
3298:
Motoc, Iulia; Volikas, Markos (17 February 2019). "The Dialogue between the ECHR and the Italian Constitutional Court: The Saga of 'Giem and Others V Italy".
1179:
133:
55:
1507:
1489:
3789:
Johnson, P. (2011). "Homosexuality, Freedom of Assembly and the Margin of Appreciation Doctrine of the European Court of Human Rights: Alekseyev v Russia".
477:
applications were declared to be inadmissible, and the majority of cases decided—around 60 per cent of the decisions by the court—related to what is termed
5996:
5897:
2536:
Letsas, George (23 May 2013). "The ECHR as a living instrument: its meaning and legitimacy". In Føllesdal, Andreas; Peters, Birgit; Ulfstein, Geir (eds.).
1467:
1444:
1430:
1416:
1402:
1385:
1368:
502:
947:. In addition, with the proliferation of alternative family arrangements, the court has expanded its definition of family under Article 8, for example to
6001:
191:
1167:
International law scholars consider the ECtHR to be the most effective international human rights court in the world. According to Michael Goldhaber in
5938:
5465:
1345:
1328:
The backlog of pending cases has gone down from a peak of 151,600 in 2011, in part to streamlined rejection of applications at the admissibility stage.
2694:"How far can the European Court of Human Rights go in the fight against discrimination? Defining new standards in its nondiscrimination jurisprudence"
1034:(CJEU) is not institutionally related to the European Court of Human Rights: the two courts are related to distinct organizations. However, since all
6189:
5814:
5460:
2058:
6046:
1603:
519:, currently 46. The convention requires that judges be of "high moral character" and have qualifications suitable for high judicial office, or be
5440:
5435:
774:
615:, who can make a final decision on whether the case is inadmissible. A case may be inadmissible when it is incompatible with the requirements of
527:
357:
169:
5764:
4732:
Bratic, Catherine (2012–2013). "A Comparative Approach to Understanding Developments in Privacy Rights in the European Court of Human Rights".
2221:
1739:"The European Union Charter of Fundamental Rights vs. The Council of Europe Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms - A Comparison"
850:
consistently that under the convention it has no jurisdiction to annul domestic laws or administrative practices which violate the convention.
4098:
Vogiatzis, Nikos (2016). "The Admissibility Criterion Under Article 35(3)(b) ECHR: a 'Significant Disadvantage' to Human Rights Protection?".
3621:
6011:
5943:
1581:
3764:
1344:
As a result of Protocol 14 reforms to reduce caseload, single judges were empowered to reject applications as inadmissible and a system of "
1245:
364:, abolished in 1998. The court kept a low profile during its first years and did not accumulate much case law, first finding a violation in
481:: where the court has already delivered judgment finding a violation of the European Convention on Human Rights or where well established
6199:
5407:
4383:
6179:
6076:
6036:
5430:
5271:
2403:
1051:
in internal Union affairs. It has balanced the conflicting aims of fostering European harmony and avoiding ECHR circumvention via the "
3939:"Certiorari through the Back Door? The Judgment by the European Court of Human Rights in Burmych and Others v. Ukraine in Perspective"
3272:
1797:
19:
This article is about the international court of the Council of Europe (not of the European Union). For the EU's judicial branch, see
6100:
6061:
5963:
2511:
Lemmens, Koen (2016). "Criticising the European Court of Human Rights or Misunderstanding the Dynamics of Human Rights Protection?".
428:
3319:
Criticism of the European Court of Human Rights: Shifting the Convention System : Counter-dynamics at the National and EU Level
6138:
925:
2757:
2088:
834:
which case the court monitors the compliance of the agreement with the convention. However, in many cases, a hearing is not held.
321:
6164:
5958:
3986:
Szklanna, Agnieszka (2018). "Delays in the Implementation of ECtHR Judgments: The Example of Cases Concerning Electoral Issues".
3379:"Redesigning the European Court of Human Rights: Embeddedness as a Deep Structural Principle of the European Human Rights Regime"
3342:
Remezaite, Ramute (2019). "Challenging the Unconditional: Partial Compliance with ECtHR Judgments in the South Caucasus States".
1827:
The Evolution of the European Convention on Human Rights: From Its Inception to the Creation of a Permanent Court of Human Rights
1703:"Redesigning the European Court of Human Rights: Embeddedness as a Deep Structural Principle of the European Human Rights Regime"
246:
3016:
Roffee, J. A. (2014). "No Consensus on Incest? Criminalisation and Compatibility with the European Convention on Human Rights".
6184:
6169:
5485:
5244:
1240:
1077:
1031:
577:
455:
443:
298:
20:
3701:
Celiksoy, Ergul (2020). "Execution of the Judgments of the European Court of Human Rights in Prisoners' Right to Vote Cases".
2513:
Criticism of the European Court of Human Rights: Shifting the Convention System: Counter-dynamics at the National and EU Level
1187:
5948:
5912:
5151:
5093:
5016:
4884:
4830:
4662:
4608:
4554:
4401:
4366:
4312:
4003:
3882:
3659:
3536:
3412:"Russia's Relations with the European Court of Human Rights in the Aftermath of the Markin Decision: Debating the "Backlash""
3326:
3152:
2985:"Consensus and Contestability: The ECtHR and the Combined Potential of European Consensus and Procedural Rationality Control"
2952:"Consensus and Contestability: The ECtHR and the Combined Potential of European Consensus and Procedural Rationality Control"
2857:
2822:
2610:
2573:
2545:
2520:
1834:
1774:
1659:
1634:
338:
4931:"Freedom of Speech as Related to Journalists in the ECtHR, IACtHR and the Human Rights Committee – a Study of Fragmentation"
712:
The Committee of Ministers may, by majority vote, ask the court to deliver an advisory opinion on the interpretation of the
6066:
5968:
5892:
5196:
2636:"Is the 'Living Instrument' Approach of the European Court of Human Rights Compatible with the ECHR and International Law?"
2262:
1592:
427:. No country has ever joined the EU without first belonging to the Council of Europe. The Council of Europe is an official
1920:
5917:
5513:
3054:
1192:
830:
713:
653:
601:
516:
466:
459:
393:
361:
353:
346:
273:
179:
3519:
Abdelgawad, Élisabeth Lambert (2017). "The Enforcement of ECtHR Judgments". In Jakab, András; Kochenov, Dimitry (eds.).
5841:
4516:
1454:
1364:
ECtHR rulings have expanded the protection of human rights in every signatory country. Notable rights secured include:
4417:
4133:
Bowring, Bill (2010). "The Russian Federation, Protocol No. 14 (and 14bis), and the Battle for the Soul of the ECHR".
6071:
6021:
5869:
5845:
5445:
5063:"New label no progress: institutional racism and the persistent segregation of Romani students in the Czech Republic"
4074:
2415:
2009:
846:
material and/or moral damages and the legal expenses incurred in domestic courts and the court in bringing the case.
796:
4961:
839:
5503:
4305:
Shaping Rights in the ECHR: The Role of the European Court of Human Rights in Determining the Scope of Human Rights
540:
5167:
4624:
4601:
Liberty and Security in Europe: A Comparative Analysis of Pre-trial Precautionary Measures in Criminal Proceedings
6006:
5922:
5785:
5578:
5400:
5303:
1738:
1196:
1085:
1007:
280:
enumerated in the convention or its optional protocols to which a member state is a party. The court is based in
4846:
4055:"A Decade of Violations of the European Convention on Human Rights: Exploring Patterns of Repetitive Violations"
600:
Applications by individuals against contracting states, alleging that the state violated their rights under the
6051:
5264:
3170:"Precedent in International Courts: A Network Analysis of Case Citations by the European Court of Human Rights"
1462:, including ending child custody regimes which discriminated against men, LGBT people, and religious minorities
778:
666:
3227:
2442:"Non-pecuniary damages before the European Court of Human Rights: Forget the victim; it's all about the state"
1652:
Strategies of Compliance with the European Court of Human Rights: Rational Choice Within Normative Constraints
1159:
to be openly hostile. In 2019, south Caucasus states were judged partially compliant in a law review article.
6087:
5455:
5249:
4978:
1228:
1212:
605:
5806:
4547:
When Humans Become Migrants: Study of the European Court of Human Rights with an Inter-American Counterpoint
4445:
2025:
986:
Such an approach is accused of risking to stigmatize and coerce the few dissenting countries, encouraging a
507:
6174:
5902:
4900:
2919:"A Defence of the Margin of Appreciation and an Argument for ITS Application by the Human Rights Committee"
2051:
1093:
1089:
1005:
conditions require the balancing of individual rights and community interests, as first articulated in the
126:
3095:
2197:
1081:
931:
One area that the living instrument doctrine has changed ECtHR jurisprudence over time is with regard to
2815:
The Legitimacy of Family Rights in Strasbourg Case Law: 'Living Instrument' or Extinguished Sovereignty?
2375:
1441:, limiting the length of judicial proceedings to avoid unfair delays, and securing judicial impartiality
5393:
5364:
4328:
1850:
1556:
1279:
1274:
1092:
of Germany ruled that judgements handed down by the ECtHR are not always binding on German courts. The
909:
809:
385:
306:
276:(ECHR). The court hears applications alleging that a contracting state has breached one or more of the
2388:
6194:
6026:
5257:
5234:
3445:"The European Court of Human Rights and minority religions: messages generated and messages received"
2210:
2137:
953:
489:
further reforms were necessary and in May 2004, the Council of Europe Committee of Ministers adopted
24:
4678:
4570:
6110:
5369:
4877:
The European Court of Human Rights and Minority Religions: Messages Generated and Messages Received
4707:
1080:
stipulating that the Russian Constitution supersedes international law. (In March 2022, due to the
5110:
5032:
3528:
2538:
Constituting Europe: The European Court of Human Rights in a National, European and Global Context
2177:
226:
5864:
4385:
Between Forbearance and Audacity: The European Court of Human Rights and the Norm against Torture
4155:
3130:
2883:"Margin of Appreciation and Incrementalism in the Case Law of the European Court of Human Rights"
2839:
1543:, including restoration of property illegally confiscated by the state and fair compensation for
1479:
905:
767:
470:
302:
4751:
2590:
1679:. International Conference: Effectiveness of the European System of Protection of Human Rights.
1500:
that prohibited expressing unflattering opinions or imposed excessive penalties, protection for
419:(EU), although it is sometimes confused with it, partly because the EU has adopted the original
5523:
1587:
1511:
1073:
976:
970:
932:
916:
of the Convention "must be interpreted in the light of present-day conditions" rather than the
4278:
3303:
2248:"Protocol No. 16 to the Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms"
817:
439:
6095:
5795:
2327:
1624:
1493:
1471:
1434:
1052:
1001:
3276:
3143:
Glas, Lize R. (2018). "The Boundaries to Dialogue with the European Court of Human Rights".
2247:
1790:
1764:
1576:
1530:
1459:
1438:
1397:
5374:
8:
5593:
5239:
2635:
1907:
1894:
1560:
1475:
1263:
1254:
676:
535:
265:
2364:
6130:
6115:
6105:
5859:
5228:
5193:"Greek nomination of the European Court of Human Rights for the 2020 Nobel Peace Prize"
5085:
4953:
4493:
4458:
4115:
4080:
4009:
3968:
3919:
3745:
3585:
3464:
3359:
3197:
3124:
2863:
2788:
2726:
2616:
2347:
1881:
1424:
1376:
1039:
EU's legal system since it forms part of the legal principles of the EU member states.
940:
717:
462:, which used to decide on admissibility of applications, was abolished by Protocol 11.
293:
3865:
Bartenev, Dmitri (2017). "LGBT rights in Russia and European human rights standards".
1626:
European Court of Human Rights: Implementing Strasbourg's Judgments on Domestic Policy
1486:, undue burdens on exercise of religion, state interference in religious organizations
41:
5991:
5790:
5568:
5470:
5416:
5147:
5139:
5118:
5089:
5040:
5012:
4986:
4957:
4908:
4880:
4854:
4826:
4803:
4759:
4719:
4713:
4686:
4658:
4632:
4604:
4578:
4550:
4524:
4498:
4480:
4425:
4397:
4362:
4336:
4308:
4282:
4119:
4084:
4070:
4054:
4013:
3999:
3972:
3923:
3878:
3749:
3655:
3589:
3532:
3468:
3363:
3322:
3299:
3189:
3148:
2867:
2853:
2818:
2780:
2738:
2620:
2606:
2569:
2541:
2516:
2411:
2351:
2328:"International Courts as Agents of Legal Change: Evidence from LGBT Rights in Europe"
2282:
2005:
1961:
1830:
1770:
1677:
Understanding the Binding Effect of the Case-Law of the ECtHR in Domestic Legal Order
1655:
1630:
1564:
1515:
1410:
1380:
1353:
1283:
1026:
Relationship between the European Court of Justice and European Court of Human Rights
958:
342:
269:
108:
4247:"Legal aid for intervenors in proceedings before the European Court of Human Rights"
3741:
3228:"Putin signs law allowing Russia to overturn rulings of international rights courts"
3201:
2792:
2263:"Advisory opinions under Protocol No. 16 to the European Convention on Human Rights"
1216:
5874:
5339:
5334:
5318:
5077:
5062:
4945:
4793:
4488:
4470:
4389:
4258:
4225:
4215:
4138:
4107:
4062:
3991:
3958:
3950:
3911:
3870:
3842:
3832:
3798:
3737:
3710:
3575:
3565:
3524:
3456:
3423:
3390:
3351:
3181:
3120:
3025:
2996:
2963:
2930:
2894:
2845:
2772:
2705:
2674:
2647:
2598:
2486:
2453:
2339:
2274:
1951:
1714:
1680:
1450:
1393:
1293:, whose imprisonment the ECtHR ruled illegal in 2014; he was still in jail in 2017.
948:
687:
631:
612:
424:
5081:
4142:
3837:
3820:
3460:
2776:
309:, meaning that the Convention is interpreted in light of present-day conditions.
5648:
5344:
4949:
4027:
3253:
2161:
1999:
1698:
1540:
1497:
1352:
for certain categories of meritorious applicants whose cases cannot be handled".
660:
548:
377:
242:
186:
4655:
Criminal Fair Trial Rights: Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights
3494:
2602:
1599:
List of LGBT-related cases before international courts and quasi-judicial bodies
5986:
5780:
5718:
5543:
5475:
5359:
5354:
5349:
4359:
Lethal Force, the Right to Life and the ECHR: Narratives of Death and Democracy
3554:"The European Court of Human Rights supervising the execution of its judgments"
3428:
3411:
3043:
1501:
1290:
1152:
1108:
987:
944:
420:
416:
352:
The court was established on 21 January 1959 on the basis of Article 19 of the
334:
5308:
5279:
4475:
4263:
4246:
4111:
4066:
3995:
3954:
3899:
3874:
3355:
3185:
2935:
2918:
2849:
2727:"Judicial Activism in the European Court of Justice – The Case of LGBT Rights"
2458:
2441:
2343:
2278:
1956:
1939:
889:
6158:
5836:
5759:
5608:
4484:
4220:
4203:
3570:
3553:
3193:
2742:
2475:"Changing State Behaviour: Damages before the European Court of Human Rights"
2286:
1965:
1544:
1534:
1519:
1504:
and journalists who exposed political corruption or criticized the government
1372:
1233:
813:
A chart showing how cases progress through the European Court of Human Rights
401:
148:
135:
70:
57:
4798:
4781:
3273:"Germany: Binding Effect of Judgments of the European Court of Human Rights"
2678:
2665:
Mowbray, A. (2005). "The Creativity of the European Court of Human Rights".
2089:"Protocol no.14 Factsheet: The reform of the European Court of Human Rights"
1868:
5838:
5329:
4807:
4502:
3714:
2784:
2113:
1406:
1333:
1259:
1044:
680:
581:
573:
520:
389:
277:
4930:
4393:
3802:
3395:
3378:
3029:
3001:
2984:
2968:
2951:
2899:
2882:
2758:"The Case for Same-Sex Marriage Before the European Court of Human Rights"
2710:
2693:
2491:
2474:
1719:
1702:
5703:
5643:
5313:
5245:
The European Union's accession to the European Convention on Human Rights
4782:"Surrogacy and the ECtHR: Reflections on Paradiso and Campanelli v Italy"
3765:"Bosnia Constitution Still 'Outrageously' Violates Minority Rights – HRW"
3728:
Milanovic, Marko (2010). "Sejdić & Finci v. Bosnia and Herzegovina".
2591:"Governance of Religious Diversity at the European Court of Human Rights"
2323:
2154:
Lo statuto del Greffe e il suo ruolo nel processo decisionale della Corte
1684:
1483:
1144:
1136:
917:
877:
446:. In addition, the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) applies in
326:
3915:
3521:
The Enforcement of EU Law and Values: Ensuring Member States' Compliance
301:
are contracting parties to the convention. The court's primary means of
291:
The court was established in 1959 and decided its first case in 1960 in
6144:
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC)
5673:
5638:
5618:
4230:
3963:
3847:
3821:"The other way around? How freedom of religion may protect LGBT rights"
3675:
3580:
2841:
Judicial Activism and the Democratic Rule of Law: Selected Case Studies
913:
781: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
743:
effect "is not regarded by all States Parties as a legal requirement".
734:
458:. On 1 November 1998, the court became a full-time institution and the
281:
118:
3410:
Nelaeva, Galina A.; Khabarova, Elena A.; Sidorova, Natalia V. (2020).
2651:
1356:
may also be de facto impeded the lack of legal aid and other factors.
1300:(2017), the ECtHR dismissed all 12,143 cases following the pattern of
5613:
4204:"Access to justice in the European Convention on Human Rights system"
2566:
A Theory of Interpretation of the European Convention on Human Rights
1035:
936:
397:
5385:
3938:
3867:
Russia and the European Court of Human Rights: The Strasbourg Effect
3444:
3126:
A Europe of Rights: The Impact of the ECHR on National Legal Systems
3096:"Bosphorus Hava Yolları Turizm ve Ticaret Anonim Şirketi v. Ireland"
756:
454:
The jurisdiction of the court has been recognized to date by all 46
5739:
5688:
5683:
5663:
5528:
640:
482:
3317:
Popelier, Patricia; Lambrecht, Sarah; Lemmens, Koen, eds. (2016).
1668:
5713:
5668:
5628:
5588:
5583:
5573:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5533:
5518:
5508:
5498:
5493:
5291:
5281:
2311:. Oxford University Press. pp. 52–53, 61–62, 96–97, 133–134.
1420:
1389:
1132:
1112:
1104:
1100:
1084:
and a history of disregard for the principles of the Convention,
1057:
Bosphorus Hava Yollari Turizm ve Ticaret Anonim Sirketi v Ireland
893:
585:
6056:
6031:
6017:
UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA)
5908:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
5754:
5744:
5734:
5708:
5698:
5678:
5658:
5653:
5633:
5603:
5563:
5538:
2049:
1643:
1324:
1156:
1148:
1140:
1128:
1124:
1120:
589:
447:
405:
285:
23:. For the supreme court of the EU in matters of Union law, see
2386:
1379:, and effective investigation of deaths in custody and due to
6032:
UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
5749:
5693:
5623:
5598:
1116:
4179:
Daniel Moeckli et al. (Eds.), International Human Rights Law
3943:
The Law & Practice of International Courts and Tribunals
3596:
2052:"Protocol No. 14 to the European Convention on Human Rights"
1563:. In 2020, the Greek government nominated the court for the
1529:: right to equal treatment, such as ruling against forms of
210:
6002:
Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR)
5997:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)
5222:
3622:"Europe's human rights court struggles to lay down the law"
551:
and the deputy registrar are elected by the Plenary Court.
409:
3093:
2114:"Election of Judges to the European Court of Human Rights"
1405:: Article 4 cases have resulted in the criminalization of
611:
Once registered with the court, the case is assigned to a
580:
which includes almost every country in Europe except for
423:
created by the Council of Europe in 1955, as well as the
3475:
3409:
3316:
2178:
Election of Judges to the European Court of Human Rights
1766:
A People's History of the European Court of Human Rights
1169:
A People's History of the European Court of Human Rights
16:
Supranational court established by the Council of Europe
1732:
1730:
1316:
Another issue is delayed implementation of judgements.
1171:, "Scholars invariably describe it with superlatives".
943:, which it is increasingly likely to label unjustified
821:
The Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights
683:
regarding a Danish national detained in Turkey (art. 3)
360:. Initially, access to the court was restricted by the
675:(no. 34382/97), judgement of 5 April 2000 ratifying a
491:
Protocol 14 to the European Convention on Human Rights
371:
6042:
UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA)
5009:
The Right to Freedom of Assembly: A Comparative Study
2597:. Springer International Publishing. pp. 59–72.
2376:
GUIDE TO GOOD PRACTICEIN RESPECT OF DOMESTIC REMEDIES
2168:
a cura di Francesco Buffa e Maria Giuliana Civinini).
1096:
also restricts the applicability of ECtHR decisions.
5898:
Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
1998:
Smith, Rhona K.M.; van der Anker, Christien (2005).
1727:
1396:
and excessively poor conditions in prisons, banning
1282:
and related laws, which the court judged to abridge
1055:", a policy of conditional deference articulated in
503:
List of judges of the European Court of Human Rights
4279:"Impact of the European Convention on Human Rights"
2050:Joint Committee on Human Rights (1 December 2004).
842:. After the public hearing, the judges deliberate.
554:
192:
Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights
3936:
2260:
1997:
861:
450:as a result of domestic incorporation of the ECHR.
6072:Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO)
5115:Impact of the European Convention on Human Rights
5037:Impact of the European Convention on Human Rights
4983:Impact of the European Convention on Human Rights
4905:Impact of the European Convention on Human Rights
4875:Fokas, Effie; Richardson, James T., eds. (2020).
4851:Impact of the European Convention on Human Rights
4756:Impact of the European Convention on Human Rights
4683:Impact of the European Convention on Human Rights
4629:Impact of the European Convention on Human Rights
4575:Impact of the European Convention on Human Rights
4521:Impact of the European Convention on Human Rights
4459:"Forced sterilization of women as discrimination"
4422:Impact of the European Convention on Human Rights
4333:Impact of the European Convention on Human Rights
2245:
1940:"Kosovo's Quest for Council of Europe Membership"
1427:that resulted in innocent people jailed for years
1014:
6156:
5959:European Committee for the Prevention of Torture
5287:Presidents of the European Court of Human Rights
4244:
4052:
3900:"Alekseyev and Others v. Russia (Eur. Ct. H.R.)"
3869:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 326–352.
1604:Category:European Court of Human Rights case law
415:The organisation is distinct from the 27-nation
201:46 judges, one from each of the 46 member states
6139:International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)
5939:African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights
5235:Court judgments, decisions and case law website
5144:Constitutionalism and the Enlargement of Europe
4874:
4820:
3442:
2725:de Waele, Henri; Vleuten, Anna van der (2011).
2724:
2595:Religious Diversity and Interreligious Dialogue
2198:ECHR Press Unit, Q & A on Inter-State Cases
2118:Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe
1654:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 1.
1453:, which has included limits on wiretapping and
1236:. A minimal compromise was implemented in 2017.
665:(no. 5310/71), judgement of 18 January 1978 on
528:Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe
511:Courtroom of the European Court of Human Rights
358:Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe
170:Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe
2408:Oxford Reference - A Dictionary of Law (9 ed.)
2387:European Court of Human Rights (3 June 2022).
1243:was first ruled to be discriminatory in 2009 (
1086:Russia was expelled from the Council of Europe
595:
526:Each judge is elected by majority vote in the
329:in front of the European Court of Human Rights
168:Appointed by member states and elected by the
5822:
5401:
5265:
3990:(1 ed.). Intersentia. pp. 445–464.
3814:
3812:
3654:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 3–25.
3652:Russia and the European Court of Human Rights
3270:
2912:
2910:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1829:. Oxford University Press. pp. 179–180.
5168:"Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Awards"
4821:Choudhry, Shazia; Herring, Jonathan (2010).
4302:
3937:Ulfstein, Geir; Zimmermann, Andreas (2018).
3297:
2321:
1736:
1222:Notable non-implemented judgements include:
1019:
703:(no. 38263/08), judgement of 21 January 2021
6077:UN Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT)
4731:
4303:Brems, Eva; Gerards, Janneke, eds. (2014).
4202:Gerards, Janneke H.; Glas, Lize R. (2017).
4201:
4100:International and Comparative Law Quarterly
3860:
3858:
3443:Fokas, Effie; Richardson, James T. (2017).
3081:Europäischer Gerichtshof für Menschenrechte
2923:International and Comparative Law Quarterly
2698:International Journal of Constitutional Law
2164:, Questione giustizia, speciale n. 1/2019 (
1851:"BBC News - Profile: The Council of Europe"
1758:
1756:
1127:to be mostly friendly to ECtHR judgements;
996:
356:when its first members were elected by the
5944:African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights
5829:
5815:
5408:
5394:
5272:
5258:
5227:
4245:Gruodytė, Edita; Kirchner, Stefan (2016).
3809:
3676:"Prisoner voting rights compromise struck"
3602:
3518:
3481:
3167:
2916:
2907:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2306:
2261:Paprocka, Ada; Ziółkowski, Michał (2015).
2083:
2081:
2079:
1972:
1649:
1629:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 27.
1622:
1582:African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights
1246:Sejdić and Finci v. Bosnia and Herzegovina
899:
746:
40:
6012:UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
5964:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
5466:Commission against Racism and Intolerance
4797:
4492:
4474:
4262:
4229:
4219:
4097:
4053:Reichel, David; Grimheden, Jonas (2018).
4028:"Profile: European Court of Human Rights"
3962:
3846:
3836:
3825:The International Journal of Human Rights
3762:
3727:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3579:
3569:
3529:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198746560.001.0001
3427:
3394:
3341:
3083:. Wiesbaden: VS-Verlag. pp. 172–173.
3000:
2982:
2967:
2949:
2934:
2898:
2709:
2559:
2557:
2490:
2457:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2427:
1955:
1762:
1718:
964:
840:transmitted as a webcast on the ECHR site
797:Learn how and when to remove this message
6190:Courts and tribunals established in 1959
5461:Commission for the Efficiency of Justice
5138:
3985:
3864:
3855:
3700:
2812:
2755:
2094:. Council of Europe. May 2010. p. 1
1753:
1737:Emmert, Frank; Carney, Chandler (2017).
1323:
1186:
1178:
926:Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
816:
808:
506:
438:
320:
316:
241:
6047:Commission on the Status of Women (CSW)
6037:Joint UN Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)
6022:International Labour Organization (ILO)
5060:
4928:
4779:
4598:
4544:
4356:
4251:International Comparative Jurisprudence
4135:Goettingen Journal of International Law
4132:
3897:
3788:
3645:
3078:
2880:
2731:Michigan State International Law Review
2664:
2510:
2499:
2076:
1944:Review of Central and East European Law
1937:
1820:
1818:
1769:. Rutgers University Press. p. 2.
1423:and security, such as ending excessive
1047:rejecting accession to the Convention.
826:necessary assistance for this purpose.
247:European Court of Human Rights building
6157:
6062:UN Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM)
4381:
4059:European Yearbook on Human Rights 2018
3988:European Yearbook on Human Rights 2018
3818:
3619:
3608:
3376:
3145:European Yearbook on Human Rights 2018
3015:
2983:Kleinlein, Thomas (13 November 2017).
2950:Kleinlein, Thomas (13 November 2017).
2837:
2691:
2588:
2563:
2554:
2535:
2472:
2439:
2424:
1697:
1241:Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina
1032:Court of Justice of the European Union
578:member states of the Council of Europe
456:member states of the Council of Europe
444:Member states of the Council of Europe
21:Court of Justice of the European Union
6007:Organisation of American States (OAS)
5810:
5415:
5389:
5253:
5006:
4456:
4208:Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights
3730:American Journal of International Law
3558:Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights
3383:European Journal of International Law
2989:European Journal of International Law
2956:European Journal of International Law
2633:
2627:
2479:European Journal of International Law
2302:
2300:
2298:
2296:
1824:
1707:European Journal of International Law
1674:
1550:
724:
339:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
5969:Inter-American Court of Human Rights
5893:Committee on the Rights of the Child
5099:from the original on 9 October 2022.
4967:from the original on 9 October 2022.
4823:European Human Rights and Family Law
4652:
3763:Zivanovic, Maja (13 December 2019).
3620:Hervey, Ginger (20 September 2017).
3551:
3174:British Journal of Political Science
3168:Lupu, Yonatan; Voeten, Erik (2012).
3142:
2802:from the original on 9 October 2022.
1815:
1595:– regional court established in 1979
1593:Inter-American Court of Human Rights
1584:– regional court established in 2006
883:
779:adding citations to reliable sources
750:
531:which they sit have come to an end.
5875:Truth and reconciliation commission
3275:. Council of Europe. Archived from
3208:from the original on 20 August 2022
3060:from the original on 9 October 2022
2446:Leiden Journal of International Law
2401:
2227:from the original on 9 October 2022
2064:from the original on 9 October 2022
1803:from the original on 9 October 2022
1496:protections, including quashing of
870:
831:European Convention on Human Rights
714:European Convention on Human Rights
707:
654:European Convention on Human Rights
647:
602:European Convention on Human Rights
517:European Convention on Human Rights
467:European Convention on Human Rights
465:The accession of new states to the
460:European Commission of Human Rights
372:As a court of the Council of Europe
362:European Commission of Human Rights
354:European Convention on Human Rights
347:European Convention on Human Rights
274:European Convention on Human Rights
180:European Convention on Human Rights
13:
6200:International courts and tribunals
3254:"Russia may overrule European law"
2365:European Conventionon Human Rights
2309:The European Court of Human Rights
2293:
2267:European Constitutional Law Review
1796:. European Court of Human Rights.
1455:decriminalization of homosexuality
1289:Azerbaijani opposition politician
1062:
701:Georgia v. Russian Federation (II)
534:Judges perform their duties in an
14:
6211:
6180:Organizations based in Strasbourg
5796:Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006)
5214:
4545:Dembour, Marie-Bénédicte (2015).
4176:
3271:Thorsten Ader (14 October 2004).
3147:. Intersentia. pp. 287–318.
1921:"Intergovernmental Organizations"
1743:Fordham International Law Journal
1623:Anagnostou, Dia (30 April 2013).
1174:
695:Georgia v. Russian Federation (I)
5290:
5280:
5185:
5160:
5132:
5103:
5054:
5025:
5000:
4971:
4922:
4893:
4868:
4839:
4814:
4773:
4744:
4734:Columbia Journal of European Law
4725:
4700:
4671:
4646:
4617:
4592:
4563:
4538:
4509:
4450:
4439:
4410:
3094:European Court of Human Rights.
1555:In 2010, the court received the
1518:, such as the right to organize
1162:
922:Mamatkulov and Askarov v. Turkey
755:
555:Plenary court and administration
541:Statute of the Council of Europe
434:
6067:UN Development Programme (UNDP)
6027:World Health Organization (WHO)
4517:"Slavery and Human Trafficking"
4375:
4350:
4321:
4296:
4271:
4238:
4195:
4185:
4170:
4160:
4149:
4126:
4091:
4046:
4020:
3979:
3930:
3891:
3782:
3756:
3742:10.5305/amerjintelaw.104.4.0636
3721:
3694:
3668:
3639:
3545:
3512:
3499:European Implementation Network
3487:
3436:
3403:
3370:
3335:
3310:
3291:
3264:
3246:
3220:
3161:
3136:
3113:
3087:
3072:
3036:
3009:
2976:
2943:
2874:
2831:
2806:
2749:
2718:
2685:
2658:
2582:
2529:
2515:. Intersentia. pp. 23–40.
2466:
2395:
2380:
2369:
2358:
2315:
2254:
2239:
2203:
2191:
2182:
2171:
2142:
2131:
2106:
2043:
2018:
1931:
1913:
1900:
1887:
1874:
1861:
1151:to be moderately critical; the
975:The Court uses the doctrine of
862:Exhaustion of domestic remedies
766:needs additional citations for
667:inhuman and degrading treatment
567:
6165:European Court of Human Rights
5954:European Court of Human Rights
4938:Nordic Journal of Human Rights
4599:Ruggeri, Stefano, ed. (2012).
4388:. Cambridge University Press.
4307:. Cambridge University Press.
2540:. Cambridge University Press.
2188:Rule 45 of the Rules of Court.
2004:. Hodder Arnold. p. 115.
2001:The essentials of Human Rights
1843:
1783:
1691:
1616:
1268:Alekseyev and Others v. Russia
1015:Relationship with other courts
904:The court's primary method of
254:European Court of Human Rights
236:2016 (judge), 2024 (President)
35:European Court of Human Rights
1:
6185:1959 establishments in Europe
6170:1998 establishments in France
5456:Commissioner for Human Rights
5082:10.1080/13613324.2016.1191698
4143:10.3249/1868-1581-2-2-Bowring
3904:International Legal Materials
3838:10.1080/13642987.2020.1763961
3461:10.1080/09637494.2017.1399577
2777:10.1080/00918369.2017.1380991
2307:Nussberger, Angelika (2020).
1609:
1298:Burmych and Others v. Ukraine
1213:Commissioner for Human Rights
1155:to be strongly critical; and
652:Any contracting state to the
606:non-governmental organisation
604:, can be made by any person,
5903:International Criminal Court
5070:Race Ethnicity and Education
4950:10.1080/18918131.2014.897797
3819:Endsjø, Dag Øistein (2020).
2917:McGoldrick, Dominic (2016).
1650:von Staden, Andreas (2018).
1522:and political demonstrations
1094:Italian Constitutional Court
1090:Federal Constitutional Court
669:in Northern Ireland (art. 3)
7:
6057:UN Children's Fund (UNICEF)
5197:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
5146:. Oxford University Press.
4549:. Oxford University Press.
4418:"Torture and Ill-treatment"
4156:Analysis of statistics 2019
3523:. Oxford University Press.
3449:Religion, State and Society
2603:10.1007/978-3-030-31856-7_5
2568:. Oxford University Press.
2410:. Oxford University Press.
2402:Law, Jonathan, ed. (2018).
2211:"Inter-States applications"
1763:Goldhaber, Michael (2008).
1570:
1375:including the abolition of
1319:
1082:Russian invasion of Ukraine
721:complaints if contravened.
596:Applications by individuals
10:
6216:
6052:UN Population Fund (UNFPA)
5781:Czechoslovakia (1991–1992)
5365:Linos-Alexandre Sicilianos
5323:Giorgio Balladore Pallieri
4780:Iliadou, Marianna (2019).
3429:10.1007/s12142-019-00577-7
2756:Hamilton, Frances (2018).
2332:International Organization
2246:Council of Europe (2013).
2026:"Details of Treaty No.155"
1938:Istrefi, Kushtrim (2018).
1910:. Retrieved: 18 April 2016
1871:, Retrieved: 21 April 2016
1392:and ill-treatment, ending
1280:Russian gay propaganda law
1275:Bayev and Others v. Russia
1099:A 2016 book characterizes
1076:, and in 2020 Russia made
1023:
968:
910:living instrument doctrine
547:public and the press. The
523:of recognised competence.
500:
485:exists on a similar case.
386:international organisation
307:living instrument doctrine
18:
6124:
6085:
5977:
5931:
5913:UN Human Rights Committee
5883:
5870:Human rights institutions
5852:
5773:
5727:
5484:
5423:
5299:
5011:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
4825:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
4657:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
4603:. V&R unipress GmbH.
4476:10.1186/s40985-017-0060-9
4361:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
4357:Skinner, Stephen (2019).
4264:10.1016/j.icj.2016.04.001
4177:Greer, Steven. "Europe".
4112:10.1017/S0020589315000573
4067:10.1017/9781780688008.012
3996:10.1017/9781780688008.019
3955:10.1163/15718034-12341381
3875:10.1017/9781108235075.013
3356:10.1017/S0021223719000049
3186:10.1017/S0007123411000433
2936:10.1017/S0020589315000457
2881:Gerards, Janneke (2018).
2850:10.1007/978-3-030-35085-7
2838:Grover, Sonja C. (2020).
2817:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
2813:Draghici, Carmen (2017).
2589:Koenig, Matthias (2020).
2473:Fikfak, Veronika (2018).
2459:10.1017/S0922156520000035
2440:Fikfak, Veronika (2020).
2344:10.1017/S0020818313000398
2279:10.1017/S1574019615000176
1957:10.1163/15730352-04303002
1897:. Retrieved 18 April 2016
1884:. Retrieved 18 April 2016
1359:
1078:constitutional amendments
1020:European Court of Justice
954:Oliari and Others v Italy
662:Ireland v. United Kingdom
496:
333:On 10 December 1948, the
232:
222:
217:
205:
197:
185:
175:
164:
125:
114:
103:
86:
52:
48:
39:
34:
25:European Court of Justice
6125:ICRC – organization with
5949:African Court of Justice
5240:Rules of the court (PDF)
4929:Ajevski, Marjan (2014).
4708:Dudgeon v United Kingdom
4221:10.1177/0924051917693988
3898:Cannoot, Pieter (2019).
3571:10.1177/0924051919861844
2765:Journal of Homosexuality
1278:(2017), relating to the
1002:Proportionality analysis
997:Proportionality analysis
107:46 member states of the
5918:UN Human Rights Council
5865:Human rights commission
5791:Saar (assoc. 1950–1956)
5441:Parliamentary Assembly
5436:Committee of Ministers
5061:Cashman, Laura (2017).
5007:Salát, Orsolya (2015).
4625:"Right to a Fair Trial"
4167:Elgar: Cheltenham 2013.
3791:Human Rights Law Review
3703:Human Rights Law Review
3646:Mälksoo, Lauri (2017).
3131:Oxford University Press
3079:Brummer, Klaus (2008).
3018:Human Rights Law Review
2887:Human Rights Law Review
2667:Human Rights Law Review
2564:Letsas, George (2007).
1908:"How to Distinguish Us"
1539:Protocol 1, Article 1:
1480:conscientious objection
1229:Hirst v. United Kingdom
1008:Belgian Linguistic Case
939:, gender, religion, or
906:judicial interpretation
900:Judicial interpretation
747:Procedure and decisions
560:of the Rules of Court.
471:fall of the Berlin Wall
429:United Nations observer
388:founded in the wake of
303:judicial interpretation
5524:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3552:Glas, Lize R. (2019).
3377:Helfer, L. R. (2008).
2634:Theil, Stefan (2017).
2166:La Corte di Strasburgo
1588:Human rights in Europe
1512:freedom of association
1329:
1262:was judged to violate
1200:
1184:
1074:Constitution of Russia
977:margin of appreciation
971:margin of appreciation
965:Margin of appreciation
933:differential treatment
822:
814:
718:preliminary references
512:
451:
381:
330:
249:
6096:Amnesty International
5451:Court of Human Rights
4979:"Freedom of Assembly"
4847:"Freedom of Religion"
4799:10.1093/medlaw/fwy002
4463:Public Health Reviews
4457:Patel, Priti (2017).
4394:10.1017/9781009103862
4382:Yildiz, Ezgi (2023).
2679:10.1093/hrlrev/ngi003
2322:Helfer, Laurence R.;
2160:30 April 2019 at the
1895:"The European anthem"
1675:Ľalík, Tomáš (2011).
1494:freedom of expression
1472:freedom of conscience
1437:, including quashing
1435:right to a fair trial
1327:
1190:
1182:
1053:Bosphorus Presumption
935:exclusively based on
918:intent of its framers
820:
812:
510:
501:Further information:
442:
324:
317:History and structure
272:which interprets the
260:), also known as the
245:
6127:special status based
5319:Sir Humphrey Waldock
4446:Strasbourg Observers
3715:10.1093/hrlr/ngaa027
1791:"The court in brief"
1685:10.2139/ssrn.1951830
1577:Strasbourg Observers
1531:institutional racism
1460:Right to family life
1439:wrongful convictions
1413:in several countries
1398:forced sterilization
888:The court may award
775:improve this article
366:Neumeister v Austria
149:48.59667°N 7.77417°E
71:48.59667°N 7.77417°E
6175:Human rights courts
5923:UN Security Council
5370:Róbert Ragnar Spanó
5172:Roosevelt Institute
4901:"Freedom of speech"
4653:Goss, Ryan (2014).
3916:10.1017/ilm.2019.53
3803:10.1093/hrlr/ngr020
3416:Human Rights Review
3396:10.1093/ejil/chn004
3030:10.1093/hrlr/ngu023
3002:10.1093/ejil/chx055
2969:10.1093/ejil/chx055
2900:10.1093/hrlr/ngy017
2844:. Springer Nature.
2711:10.1093/icon/mor044
2692:Danisi, C. (2011).
2640:European Public Law
2492:10.1093/ejil/chy064
2404:"Just satisfaction"
2151:Federico Di Salvo,
2138:How the Court works
1906:Council of Europe.
1893:Council of Europe.
1882:"The European flag"
1880:Council of Europe.
1867:Council of Europe,
1720:10.1093/ejil/chn004
1561:Roosevelt Institute
1264:freedom of assembly
1258:(2010), the ban on
1255:Alekseyev v. Russia
912:, meaning that the
732:ECtHR rulings have
677:friendly settlement
536:individual capacity
382:Conseil de l'Europe
266:international court
198:Number of positions
145: /
67: /
6131:Geneva Conventions
6116:Human Rights First
6106:Human Rights Watch
5860:Human rights group
5786:Russia (1996–2022)
5140:Sadurski, Wojciech
4786:Medical Law Review
3605:, pp. 22, 24.
3279:on 15 October 2009
3234:. 15 December 2015
3051:www.corteidh.or.cr
1825:Bates, Ed (2010).
1551:Honours and awards
1425:pretrial detention
1377:capital punishment
1330:
1211:Council of Europe
1201:
1185:
941:sexual orientation
823:
815:
513:
452:
345:began work on the
331:
294:Lawless v. Ireland
250:
165:Composition method
6152:
6151:
5992:Council of Europe
5804:
5803:
5471:Venice Commission
5431:Secretary General
5417:Council of Europe
5383:
5382:
5153:978-0-19-163108-5
5119:Council of Europe
5041:Council of Europe
5018:978-1-78225-986-2
4987:Council of Europe
4909:Council of Europe
4886:978-0-429-95440-5
4855:Council of Europe
4832:978-1-84731-744-5
4760:Council of Europe
4720:Norris v. Ireland
4714:Modinos v. Cyprus
4687:Council of Europe
4664:978-1-78225-496-6
4633:Council of Europe
4610:978-3-89971-967-3
4579:Council of Europe
4556:978-0-19-966784-0
4525:Council of Europe
4426:Council of Europe
4403:978-1-009-10004-5
4368:978-1-5099-2954-2
4337:Council of Europe
4314:978-1-107-72969-8
4283:Council of Europe
4034:. 5 February 2015
4005:978-1-78068-800-8
3884:978-1-108-25687-2
3831:(10): 1681–1700.
3682:. 7 December 2017
3661:978-1-108-23507-5
3538:978-0-19-180848-7
3344:Israel Law Review
3328:978-1-78068-401-7
3154:978-1-78068-800-8
3119:Helen Keller and
2859:978-3-030-35085-7
2824:978-1-5099-0526-3
2771:(12): 1582–1606.
2652:10.17863/CAM.8478
2612:978-3-030-31856-7
2575:978-0-19-920343-7
2547:978-1-107-06743-1
2522:978-1-78068-517-5
2030:Council of Europe
1836:978-0-19-920799-2
1776:978-0-8135-4461-8
1661:978-0-8122-5028-2
1636:978-0-7486-7058-1
1565:Nobel Peace Prize
1516:peaceful assembly
1411:human trafficking
1381:domestic violence
1354:Access to justice
1302:Ivanov v. Ukraine
1284:freedom of speech
959:judicial activism
892:or non-pecuniary
884:Just satisfaction
807:
806:
799:
673:Denmark v. Turkey
343:Council of Europe
325:A segment of the
270:Council of Europe
240:
239:
154:48.59667; 7.77417
109:Council of Europe
76:48.59667; 7.77417
6207:
6195:Courts in France
5831:
5824:
5817:
5808:
5807:
5410:
5403:
5396:
5387:
5386:
5340:Luzius Wildhaber
5335:Rudolf Bernhardt
5294:
5288:
5284:
5274:
5267:
5260:
5251:
5250:
5231:
5226:
5225:
5223:Official website
5208:
5207:
5205:
5203:
5189:
5183:
5182:
5180:
5178:
5164:
5158:
5157:
5136:
5130:
5129:
5127:
5125:
5107:
5101:
5100:
5098:
5067:
5058:
5052:
5051:
5049:
5047:
5029:
5023:
5022:
5004:
4998:
4997:
4995:
4993:
4975:
4969:
4968:
4966:
4935:
4926:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4915:
4897:
4891:
4890:
4872:
4866:
4865:
4863:
4861:
4843:
4837:
4836:
4818:
4812:
4811:
4801:
4777:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4766:
4748:
4742:
4741:
4729:
4723:
4704:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4693:
4675:
4669:
4668:
4650:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4639:
4621:
4615:
4614:
4596:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4585:
4567:
4561:
4560:
4542:
4536:
4535:
4533:
4531:
4513:
4507:
4506:
4496:
4478:
4454:
4448:
4443:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4432:
4414:
4408:
4407:
4379:
4373:
4372:
4354:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4343:
4325:
4319:
4318:
4300:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4275:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4242:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4223:
4199:
4193:
4189:
4183:
4182:
4181:: 441–464 (452).
4174:
4168:
4164:
4158:
4153:
4147:
4146:
4130:
4124:
4123:
4095:
4089:
4088:
4050:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4039:
4024:
4018:
4017:
3983:
3977:
3976:
3966:
3934:
3928:
3927:
3910:(6): 1251–1280.
3895:
3889:
3888:
3862:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3840:
3816:
3807:
3806:
3786:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3760:
3754:
3753:
3725:
3719:
3718:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3672:
3666:
3665:
3643:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3617:
3606:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3583:
3573:
3549:
3543:
3542:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3491:
3485:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3455:(3–4): 166–173.
3440:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3407:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3140:
3134:
3121:Alec Stone Sweet
3117:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3059:
3048:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3013:
3007:
3006:
3004:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2914:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2762:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2704:(3–4): 793–807.
2689:
2683:
2682:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2561:
2552:
2551:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2508:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2485:(4): 1091–1125.
2470:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2437:
2422:
2421:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2389:"Rules of Court"
2384:
2378:
2373:
2367:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2304:
2291:
2290:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2226:
2215:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2189:
2186:
2180:
2175:
2169:
2150:
2146:
2140:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2093:
2085:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2063:
2056:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2022:
2016:
2015:
1995:
1970:
1969:
1959:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1917:
1911:
1904:
1898:
1891:
1885:
1878:
1872:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1822:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1802:
1795:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1760:
1751:
1750:
1734:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1620:
1451:Right to privacy
1394:police brutality
1346:pilot judgements
949:same-sex couples
871:Interim measures
802:
795:
791:
788:
782:
759:
751:
708:Advisory opinion
688:Cyprus v. Turkey
648:Interstate cases
632:Judge Rapporteur
625:ratione personae
621:ratione temporis
617:ratione materiae
613:Judge Rapporteur
479:repetitive cases
425:anthem of Europe
299:46 member states
262:Strasbourg Court
213:
160:
159:
157:
156:
155:
150:
146:
143:
142:
141:
138:
96:1998 (permanent)
93:1959 (initially)
82:
81:
79:
78:
77:
72:
68:
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5932:Regional bodies
5927:
5885:
5879:
5848:
5835:
5805:
5800:
5769:
5723:
5649:North Macedonia
5480:
5419:
5414:
5384:
5379:
5345:Jean-Paul Costa
5295:
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4329:"Right to Life"
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3603:von Staden 2018
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3501:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3482:von Staden 2018
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3408:
3404:
3375:
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3340:
3336:
3329:
3321:. Intersentia.
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3260:. 14 July 2015.
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2162:Wayback Machine
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1541:property rights
1525:Article 14 and
1498:defamation laws
1388:: freedom from
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1137:the Netherlands
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1063:National courts
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5987:European Union
5983:
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5837:International
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5819:
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5802:
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5798:
5793:
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5774:Former members
5771:
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5757:
5752:
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5544:Czech Republic
5541:
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5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5490:
5488:
5482:
5481:
5479:
5478:
5476:Pompidou Group
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5427:
5425:
5421:
5420:
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5405:
5398:
5390:
5381:
5380:
5378:
5377:
5375:Síofra O'Leary
5372:
5367:
5362:
5360:Guido Raimondi
5357:
5355:Dean Spielmann
5352:
5350:Nicolas Bratza
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5324:
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5277:
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5248:
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5232:
5216:
5215:External links
5213:
5210:
5209:
5184:
5159:
5152:
5131:
5102:
5076:(5): 595–608.
5053:
5024:
5017:
4999:
4970:
4944:(2): 118–139.
4921:
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4831:
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4792:(1): 144–154.
4772:
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3949:(2): 289–308.
3929:
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3808:
3797:(3): 578–593.
3781:
3769:Balkan Insight
3755:
3736:(4): 636–641.
3720:
3709:(3): 555–581.
3693:
3667:
3660:
3648:"Introduction"
3638:
3607:
3595:
3564:(3): 228–244.
3544:
3537:
3511:
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3474:
3435:
3402:
3389:(1): 125–159.
3369:
3350:(2): 169–195.
3334:
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3180:(2): 413–439.
3160:
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3024:(3): 541–572.
3008:
2995:(3): 871–893.
2975:
2962:(3): 871–893.
2942:
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2893:(3): 495–515.
2873:
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2717:
2684:
2657:
2646:(3): 587–614.
2626:
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2521:
2498:
2465:
2452:(2): 335–369.
2423:
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2253:
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2200:(October 2020)
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2017:
2010:
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1950:(3): 255–273.
1930:
1912:
1899:
1886:
1873:
1860:
1855:news.bbc.co.uk
1842:
1835:
1814:
1782:
1775:
1752:
1726:
1713:(1): 125–159.
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1502:whistleblowers
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1291:Ilgar Mammadov
1287:
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1217:Nils Muižnieks
1176:
1175:Implementation
1173:
1164:
1161:
1153:United Kingdom
1064:
1061:
1024:Main article:
1021:
1018:
1016:
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988:pack mentality
969:Main article:
966:
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945:discrimination
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572:The court has
569:
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556:
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469:following the
436:
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421:flag of Europe
417:European Union
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6111:Emergency NGO
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5978:Multi-lateral
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5884:International
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5842:organisations
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5760:United States
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5609:Liechtenstein
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5326:Gérard Wiarda
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5304:Arnold McNair
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4879:. Routledge.
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4163:
4157:
4152:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4129:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4094:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4076:9781780688008
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4049:
4033:
4029:
4023:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3982:
3974:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3933:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3894:
3886:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3861:
3859:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3815:
3813:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3785:
3770:
3766:
3759:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3724:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3697:
3681:
3677:
3671:
3663:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3642:
3627:
3623:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3604:
3599:
3591:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3548:
3540:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3515:
3500:
3496:
3495:"Country Map"
3490:
3484:, p. 23.
3483:
3478:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3439:
3430:
3425:
3422:(1): 93–112.
3421:
3417:
3413:
3406:
3397:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3373:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3338:
3330:
3324:
3320:
3313:
3305:
3301:
3294:
3278:
3274:
3267:
3259:
3255:
3249:
3233:
3229:
3223:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3164:
3156:
3150:
3146:
3139:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3116:
3101:
3097:
3090:
3082:
3075:
3056:
3052:
3045:
3039:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3012:
3003:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2979:
2970:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2946:
2937:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2913:
2911:
2901:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2877:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2842:
2834:
2826:
2820:
2816:
2809:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2759:
2752:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2721:
2712:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2688:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2661:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2630:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2585:
2577:
2571:
2567:
2560:
2558:
2549:
2543:
2539:
2532:
2524:
2518:
2514:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2493:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2469:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2419:
2417:9780191840807
2413:
2409:
2405:
2398:
2390:
2383:
2377:
2372:
2366:
2361:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2338:(1): 77–110.
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2310:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2257:
2249:
2242:
2223:
2219:
2212:
2206:
2199:
2194:
2185:
2179:
2174:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2145:
2139:
2134:
2119:
2115:
2109:
2090:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2060:
2057:. p. 5.
2053:
2046:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2013:
2011:0-340-81574-4
2007:
2003:
2002:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1909:
1903:
1896:
1890:
1883:
1877:
1870:
1864:
1856:
1852:
1846:
1838:
1832:
1828:
1821:
1819:
1799:
1792:
1786:
1778:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1759:
1757:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1733:
1731:
1721:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1699:Helfer, L. R.
1694:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1671:
1663:
1657:
1653:
1646:
1638:
1632:
1628:
1627:
1619:
1615:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1557:Freedom Medal
1546:
1545:expropriation
1542:
1538:
1536:
1535:Romani people
1532:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1520:pride parades
1517:
1513:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1373:right to life
1370:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1357:
1355:
1349:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1326:
1317:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1256:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1234:right to vote
1231:
1230:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1181:
1172:
1170:
1163:Effectiveness
1160:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1069:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1048:
1046:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1027:
1012:
1010:
1009:
1003:
994:
991:
989:
984:
980:
978:
972:
962:
960:
956:
955:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
929:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
897:
895:
891:
881:
879:
868:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
841:
835:
832:
827:
819:
811:
801:
798:
790:
780:
776:
770:
769:
764:This section
762:
758:
753:
752:
744:
742:
737:
736:
727:
722:
719:
715:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
689:
685:
682:
678:
674:
671:
668:
664:
663:
659:
658:
657:
655:
645:
642:
636:
633:
628:
626:
622:
618:
614:
609:
607:
603:
593:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
565:
561:
552:
550:
544:
542:
537:
532:
529:
524:
522:
518:
509:
504:
494:
492:
486:
484:
480:
474:
472:
468:
463:
461:
457:
449:
445:
441:
435:Member states
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
413:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
384:, CdE) is an
383:
379:
369:
367:
363:
359:
355:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
328:
323:
314:
310:
308:
304:
300:
296:
295:
289:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
248:
244:
235:
231:
228:
227:Marko Bošnjak
225:
221:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
193:
190:
188:
184:
181:
178:
176:Authorized by
174:
171:
167:
163:
158:
130:
128:
124:
120:
117:
113:
110:
106:
102:
95:
92:
91:
89:
85:
80:
51:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
26:
22:
5953:
5886:institutions
5846:institutions
5839:human rights
5765:EU relations
5450:
5424:Institutions
5330:Rolv Ryssdal
5285:
5200:. Retrieved
5187:
5175:. Retrieved
5171:
5162:
5143:
5134:
5122:. Retrieved
5114:
5105:
5073:
5069:
5056:
5044:. Retrieved
5036:
5027:
5008:
5002:
4990:. Retrieved
4982:
4973:
4941:
4937:
4924:
4912:. Retrieved
4904:
4895:
4876:
4870:
4858:. Retrieved
4850:
4841:
4822:
4816:
4789:
4785:
4775:
4763:. Retrieved
4755:
4746:
4737:
4733:
4727:
4718:
4712:
4706:
4702:
4690:. Retrieved
4682:
4673:
4654:
4648:
4636:. Retrieved
4628:
4619:
4600:
4594:
4582:. Retrieved
4574:
4565:
4546:
4540:
4528:. Retrieved
4520:
4511:
4466:
4462:
4452:
4441:
4429:. Retrieved
4421:
4412:
4384:
4377:
4358:
4352:
4340:. Retrieved
4332:
4323:
4304:
4298:
4286:. Retrieved
4273:
4257:(1): 36–44.
4254:
4250:
4240:
4214:(1): 11–30.
4211:
4207:
4197:
4187:
4178:
4172:
4162:
4151:
4134:
4128:
4103:
4099:
4093:
4058:
4048:
4036:. Retrieved
4031:
4022:
3987:
3981:
3946:
3942:
3932:
3907:
3903:
3893:
3866:
3828:
3824:
3794:
3790:
3784:
3772:. Retrieved
3768:
3758:
3733:
3729:
3723:
3706:
3702:
3696:
3686:14 September
3684:. Retrieved
3679:
3670:
3651:
3641:
3629:. Retrieved
3625:
3598:
3561:
3557:
3547:
3520:
3514:
3504:25 September
3502:. Retrieved
3498:
3489:
3477:
3452:
3448:
3438:
3419:
3415:
3405:
3386:
3382:
3372:
3347:
3343:
3337:
3318:
3312:
3293:
3281:. Retrieved
3277:the original
3266:
3257:
3248:
3236:. Retrieved
3231:
3222:
3210:. Retrieved
3177:
3173:
3163:
3144:
3138:
3125:
3115:
3103:. Retrieved
3099:
3089:
3080:
3074:
3062:. Retrieved
3050:
3038:
3021:
3017:
3011:
2992:
2988:
2978:
2959:
2955:
2945:
2929:(1): 21–60.
2926:
2922:
2890:
2886:
2876:
2840:
2833:
2814:
2808:
2768:
2764:
2751:
2734:
2730:
2720:
2701:
2697:
2687:
2673:(1): 57–79.
2670:
2666:
2660:
2643:
2639:
2629:
2594:
2584:
2565:
2537:
2531:
2512:
2482:
2478:
2468:
2449:
2445:
2407:
2397:
2382:
2371:
2360:
2335:
2331:
2324:Voeten, Erik
2317:
2308:
2270:
2266:
2256:
2241:
2229:. Retrieved
2218:ECHR.coe.int
2217:
2205:
2193:
2184:
2173:
2165:
2153:
2149:(in Italian)
2144:
2133:
2121:. Retrieved
2117:
2108:
2098:25 September
2096:. Retrieved
2066:. Retrieved
2045:
2033:. Retrieved
2029:
2020:
2000:
1947:
1943:
1933:
1924:
1915:
1902:
1889:
1876:
1863:
1854:
1845:
1826:
1805:. Retrieved
1785:
1765:
1746:
1742:
1710:
1706:
1693:
1676:
1670:
1651:
1645:
1625:
1618:
1554:
1407:forced labor
1363:
1350:
1343:
1339:
1334:Eastern Bloc
1331:
1315:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1273:
1267:
1260:Moscow Pride
1253:
1244:
1227:
1221:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1168:
1166:
1098:
1070:
1066:
1056:
1049:
1045:Opinion 2/13
1041:
1029:
1006:
1000:
992:
985:
981:
974:
961:by critics.
952:
930:
921:
903:
887:
874:
865:
856:
852:
848:
844:
836:
828:
824:
793:
787:October 2018
784:
773:Please help
768:verification
765:
740:
733:
731:
725:
711:
700:
694:
686:
672:
661:
651:
637:
629:
624:
620:
616:
610:
599:
582:Vatican City
576:amongst the
574:jurisdiction
571:
568:Jurisdiction
562:
558:
545:
533:
525:
514:
487:
478:
475:
464:
453:
414:
394:human rights
390:World War II
375:
365:
351:
337:adopted the
332:
311:
292:
290:
278:human rights
261:
257:
253:
251:
211:echr.coe.int
104:Jurisdiction
29:
5704:Switzerland
5644:Netherlands
5314:Henri Rolin
5309:René Cassin
5202:4 September
5177:4 September
5124:4 September
5046:4 September
4992:4 September
4914:4 September
4860:4 September
4765:4 September
4692:4 September
4638:4 September
4584:4 September
4530:4 September
4431:4 September
4342:4 September
4288:4 September
4231:2066/175364
4061:: 267–286.
3964:10852/67292
3848:10852/83580
3774:4 September
3631:4 September
3581:2066/206988
3238:19 February
3044:"StackPath"
2737:(3): 639–.
1807:11 February
1527:Protocol 12
1484:proselytize
1482:, right to
1145:Switzerland
878:extradition
679:of 450,000
402:rule of law
327:Berlin Wall
152: /
127:Coordinates
87:Established
74: /
6159:Categories
5674:San Marino
5639:Montenegro
5619:Luxembourg
5514:Azerbaijan
5111:"Property"
5033:"Equality"
2035:31 October
1925:www.un.org
1610:References
1508:Article 11
1490:Article 10
1478:including
1296:Following
1193:Azerbaijan
741:erga omnes
735:erga omnes
726:Erga omnes
392:to uphold
282:Strasbourg
187:Appeals to
140:07°46′27″E
137:48°35′48″N
119:Strasbourg
62:07°46′27″E
59:48°35′48″N
5728:Observers
5614:Lithuania
5090:148370419
4958:146169905
4679:"Privacy"
4571:"Liberty"
4485:0301-0422
4120:146428992
4085:159227980
4038:29 August
4014:189722427
3973:149916470
3924:212883311
3750:155306157
3590:198671225
3469:148706667
3364:210381634
3212:20 August
3194:1469-2112
2868:213018800
2743:2328-3068
2621:227044337
2352:232254690
2287:1574-0196
1966:1573-0352
1559:from the
1468:Article 9
1445:Article 8
1431:Article 6
1417:Article 5
1403:Article 4
1386:Article 3
1369:Article 2
1195:(4%) and
1036:EU states
937:ethnicity
890:pecuniary
549:registrar
398:democracy
223:Currently
218:President
5740:Holy See
5689:Slovenia
5684:Slovakia
5664:Portugal
5529:Bulgaria
5446:Congress
5142:(2012).
5094:Archived
4962:Archived
4808:29481609
4752:"Family"
4503:29450087
4032:BBC News
3680:BBC News
3626:POLITICO
3258:BBC News
3206:Archived
3202:14120365
3133:, 2008).
3055:Archived
2797:Archived
2793:27052577
2785:28949813
2326:(2014).
2222:Archived
2220:. 2019.
2158:Archived
2059:Archived
1798:Archived
1701:(2008).
1571:See also
1533:against
1476:religion
1320:Caseload
951:, as in
641:case law
483:case law
400:and the
264:, is an
121:, France
115:Location
5714:Ukraine
5669:Romania
5629:Moldova
5594:Ireland
5589:Iceland
5584:Hungary
5574:Germany
5569:Georgia
5559:Finland
5554:Estonia
5549:Denmark
5534:Croatia
5519:Belgium
5509:Austria
5504:Armenia
5499:Andorra
5494:Albania
5486:Members
4494:5809857
3304:3336144
3232:Reuters
1421:liberty
1390:torture
1310:Burmych
1270:(2018).
1133:Hungary
1113:Germany
1109:Czechia
1105:Belgium
1101:Austria
894:damages
728:effects
630:If the
586:Belarus
521:jurists
305:is the
268:of the
206:Website
6086:Major
5980:bodies
5755:Mexico
5745:Israel
5735:Canada
5709:Turkey
5699:Sweden
5679:Serbia
5659:Poland
5654:Norway
5634:Monaco
5604:Latvia
5579:Greece
5564:France
5539:Cyprus
5150:
5088:
5015:
4956:
4883:
4829:
4806:
4740:: 341.
4661:
4607:
4553:
4501:
4491:
4483:
4469:: 15.
4400:
4365:
4311:
4118:
4083:
4073:
4012:
4002:
3971:
3922:
3881:
3748:
3658:
3588:
3535:
3467:
3362:
3325:
3302:
3283:23 May
3200:
3192:
3151:
3105:15 May
3064:5 June
2866:
2856:
2821:
2791:
2783:
2741:
2619:
2609:
2572:
2544:
2519:
2414:
2350:
2285:
2231:23 May
2123:23 May
2068:9 June
2008:
1964:
1869:Budget
1833:
1773:
1658:
1633:
1360:Impact
1306:Ivanov
1197:Russia
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