European Court of Justice

64: 49: 5646:, whose number may be increased by the Council if the Court so requests. The Advocates General are responsible for presenting a legal opinion on the cases assigned to them. They can question the parties involved and then give their opinion on a legal solution to the case before the judges deliberate and deliver their judgment. The intention behind having Advocates General attached is to provide independent and impartial opinions concerning the Court's cases. Unlike the Court's judgments, the written opinions of the Advocates General are the works of a single author and are consequently generally more readable and deal with the legal issues more comprehensively than the Court, which is limited to the particular matters at hand. 5932:

judicial conflict between the two courts. On 7 February 2014, the German Constitutional Court referred its first case to the ECJ for a ruling on a European Central Bank program. In 2017 the German Constitutional Court referred its second case to the ECJ but contrary to the binding nature of the Court of Justice's preliminary rulings, the German Constitutional Court in 2020 refused to abide by the preliminary ruling. According to the German Constitutional Court, the Court of Justice's answer was unintelligble. In June 2021, the European Commission announced it would start infringement proceedings against Germany for the German Constitutional Court's refusal to abide by the Court of Justice's preliminary ruling.

719: 3097: 2209: 3167: 5051:. The Judges and Advocates-General are appointed by common accord of the governments of the member states and hold office for a renewable term of six years. The treaties require that they are chosen from legal experts whose independence is "beyond doubt" and who possess the qualifications required for appointment to the highest judicial offices in their respective countries or who are of recognised competence. In practice, each member state nominates a judge whose nomination is then ratified by all other member states. 4375: 3784: 3257: 2570: 5373: 4327: 3736: 3208: 2285: 5522: 5419: 5269: 2738: 1862: 358: 2777: 1914: 410: 767: 5139: 4543: 3952: 3425: 2453: 5509: 5406: 5297: 2222: 5152: 4964:, but not national law. It is not possible to appeal against the decisions of national courts in the ECJ, but rather national courts refer questions of EU law to the ECJ. However, it is ultimately for the national court to apply the resulting interpretation to the facts of any given case, although only courts of final appeal are bound to refer a question of EU law when one is addressed. The treaties give the ECJ the power for consistent application of EU law across the EU as a whole. 2946: 2096: 592: 3542: 3071: 6064:

Advocates-General, by contrast, may work and draft their opinions in any official language, as they do not take part in any deliberations. These opinions are then translated into French for the benefit of the judges and their deliberations. However, all documents used in the case are in the language of that case and the only authentic version of the judgment handed down by either the Court of Justice or the General Court is that which appears in the language of the case.

755: 289: 9908: 9852: 7655: 4519: 3928: 3401: 2429: 5826:, the applicant seeks the annulment of a measure (regulation, directive, decision or any measure with legal effects) adopted by an institution, body, office or agency of the EU. The Court of Justice has exclusive jurisdiction over actions brought by a Member State against the European Parliament and/or against the council (apart from Council measures in respect of State aid, dumping and implementing powers) or brought by one Union institution against another. The 5200: 4507: 3916: 3389: 2417: 9866: 4471: 3880: 3353: 2531: 2381: 5180: 2920: 2070: 566: 731: 4603: 4339: 4012: 3748: 3485: 3220: 2558: 2489: 4591: 4567: 4000: 3976: 3473: 3449: 2477: 2465: 5106: 2907: 2057: 553: 4411: 3820: 3293: 2333: 7705: 7422: 4459: 4351: 3868: 3760: 3341: 3232: 2594: 2297: 1215: 791: 743: 4579: 4399: 4387: 4315: 3988: 3808: 3796: 3724: 3461: 3281: 3269: 3196: 3011: 2751: 2618: 2582: 2321: 2273: 2161: 1875: 707: 657: 371: 2998: 2972: 2148: 2122: 644: 618: 2816: 1953: 449: 4495: 4363: 3904: 3772: 3529: 3377: 3245: 3154: 3058: 2868: 2764: 2405: 2309: 2018: 2005: 1888: 813: 779: 514: 501: 384: 5697: 5606: 5325: 4447: 3856: 3329: 2985: 2803: 2790: 2725: 2369: 2135: 1940: 1927: 1849: 835: 631: 436: 423: 345: 9920: 7643: 4852: 3141: 2894: 2044: 1901: 540: 397: 5386: 3555: 3084: 2855: 1992: 488: 4531: 4435: 3940: 3844: 3413: 3317: 2441: 2357: 320: 2933: 2083: 579: 4627: 4036: 3509: 2630: 2242: 5241: 4555: 3964: 3437: 2842: 2606: 1979: 475: 4423: 3832: 3305: 2345: 2701: 3037: 2187: 683: 4483: 3892: 3365: 2959: 2393: 2109: 605: 5213: 2829: 1966: 462: 4615: 4024: 3497: 2501: 5550: 5119: 2881: 2031: 527: 5578: 5353: 3024: 2174: 670: 3590: 5909:. To ensure the effective and uniform application of Union legislation and to prevent divergent interpretations, national courts may, and sometimes must, turn to the Court of Justice and ask that it clarify a point concerning the interpretation of Union law, in order, for example, to ascertain whether their national legislation complies with that law. Petitions to the Court of Justice for a 5847:, the Court of Justice and the General Court may also review the legality of a failure to act on the part of a Union institution, body, office or agency. However, such an action may be brought only after the institution has been called on to act. Where the failure to act is held to be unlawful, it is for the institution concerned to put an end to the failure by appropriate measures. 4990:. It was established with seven judges, allowing both representation of each of the six member States and being an odd number of judges in case of a tie. One judge was appointed from each member state and the seventh seat rotated between the "large Member States" (West Germany, France and Italy). It became an institution of two additional Communities in 1957 when the 5708:. To enable it to carry out its duties, the Court has broad jurisdiction to hear various types of action. The Court has competence to, amongst other actions, rule on applications for annulment or actions for failure to act brought by a Member State or an institution; take actions against Member States for failure to fulfil obligations; and hear references for a 6182:(1964), the "Dairy Products" case. In that decision the Court comprehensively ruled out any use by the Member States of the retaliatory measures commonly permitted by general international law within the European Economic Community. That decision is often thought to be the best example of the European legal order's divergence with ordinary international law. 5880:

which is bound by the decision given on appeal. No special procedure applies to allow for an appeal to proceed to the Court of Justice, except for cases which the General Court ruled on appeal against decisions of the independent Boards of Appeal of the EU agencies (as provided by Article 58a of the Statute of the Court).

5679:

The Court can sit in plenary session, as a Grand Chamber of fifteen judges (including the president and vice-president), or in chambers of three or five judges. Plenary sittings are now very rare, and the court mostly sits in chambers of three or five judges. Each chamber elects its own president who

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is the Court's chief administrator. They manage departments under the authority of the Court's president. The Court may also appoint one or more Assistant Registrars. They help the Court, the Chambers, the President and the Judges in all their official functions. They are responsible for the Registry

5473:

The post of vice-president was created by amendments to the Statute of the Court of Justice in 2012. The duty of the vice-president is to assist the President in the performance of his duties and to take the President's place when the latter is prevented from attending or when the office of president

5901:

That task also falls to national courts, in as much as they retain jurisdiction to review the administrative implementation of Union law, for which the authorities of the Member States are essentially responsible; many provisions of the Treaties and of secondary legislation – regulations, directives

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If the Court finds that an obligation has not been fulfilled, the Member State concerned must terminate the breach without delay. If, after new proceedings are initiated by the commission, the Court of Justice finds that the Member State concerned has not complied with its judgment, it may, upon the

5805:

The commencement of proceedings before the Court of Justice is preceded by a preliminary procedure conducted by the commission, which gives the Member State the opportunity to reply to the complaints against it. The court has decided that if the European Commission does not send the formal letter to

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The President of the Court of Justice is elected from and by the judges for a renewable term of three years. The president presides over hearings and deliberations, directing both judicial business and administration (for example, the time table of the Court and Grand Chamber). He also assigns cases

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Arrebola, Carlos and Mauricio, Ana Julia and Jiménez Portilla, Héctor, An Econometric Analysis of the Influence of the Advocate General on the Court of Justice of the European Union (January 12, 2016). Cambridge Journal of Comparative and International Law, Vol. 5, No. 1, Forthcoming; University of

5924:

Although such a reference may be made only by a national court, which alone has the power to decide that it is appropriate do so, all the parties involved – that is to say, the Member States, the parties in the proceedings before national courts and, in particular, the commission – may take part in

5931:

In the ECJ's 2009 report it was noted that Belgian, German and Italian judges made the most referrals for an interpretation of EU law to the ECJ. However, the German Constitutional Court has rarely turned to the European Court of Justice, which is why lawyers and law professors warn about a future

5879:

the appeal is on a point of law. If the appeal is admissible and well founded, the Court of Justice sets aside the judgment of the General Court. Where the state of the proceedings so permits, the Court may itself decide the case. Otherwise, the Court must refer the case back to the General Court,

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decisions, as arguably it is the doctrines of direct effect and supremacy that allow the European legal system to forgo any use of retaliatory enforcement mechanisms by the Member States. Links between the direct effect doctrine and the suppression of inter-state retaliation between the EU member

6059:

Procedure before the ECJ is determined by its own rules of procedure. As a rule the Court's procedure includes a written phase and an oral phase. The proceedings are conducted in one of the official languages of the European Union chosen by the applicant, although where the defendant is a member

5649:

The opinions of the Advocates General are advisory and do not bind the Court, but they are nonetheless very influential and are followed in the majority of cases. In a 2016 study, Arrebola and Mauricio measured the influence of the Advocate General on the judgments of the Court, showing that the

5920:

A reference for a preliminary ruling may also seek review of the legality of an act of Union law. The Court of Justice's reply is not merely an opinion, but takes the form of a judgment or a reasoned order. The national court to which that is addressed is bound by the interpretation given. The

6373:

The Protocol will also confer full jurisdiction on the CJEU to oversee the operation of EU law applying to Northern Ireland in relation to customs and the movement of goods, technical regulations, VAT and excise, the Single Electricity Market and State aid; including the jurisdiction to hear

5683:

The Court is required to sit in full court in exceptional cases provided for in the treaties. The court may also decide to sit in full, if the issues raised are considered to be of exceptional importance. Sitting as a Grand Chamber is more common and can happen when a Member State or a Union

6063:

However, the working language of the court is the language of the case being heard with French being the common language for discussion, and it is in this language that the judges deliberate, pleadings and written legal submissions are translated and in which the judgment is drafted. The

5670:

The Registrar is responsible for the administration of the Court, its financial management and its accounts. The operation of the Court is in the hands of officials and other servants who are responsible to the Registrar under the authority of the President. The Court administers its own

6168:

may, if appropriately framed, confer rights on individuals which national courts are bound to protect. The principle of direct effect would have had little impact if Union law did not supersede national law. Without supremacy the Member States could simply ignore EU rules. In

6119:

in 1992. However, there was no reference to future bodies being in Luxembourg City. In reaction to this, the Luxembourg government issued its own declaration stating it did not surrender those provisions agreed upon in 1965. The Edinburgh decision was attached to the

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Court is approximately 67% more likely to deliver a particular outcome if that was the opinion of the Advocate General. As of 2003, Advocates General are only required to give an opinion if the Court considers the case raises a new point of law.

6160:(1963), a Dutch transport firm brought a complaint against Dutch customs for increasing the duty on a product imported from Germany. The court ruled that the Community constitutes a new legal order, the subjects of which consist of not only the 5023:

on 1 December 2009, the ECJ's official name was changed from the "Court of Justice of the European Communities" to the "Court of Justice" although in English it is still most common to refer to the Court as the European Court of Justice. The

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as well as for the receipt, transmission and custody of documents and pleadings that have been entered in a register initialled by the President. They are Guardian of the Seals and responsible for the Court's archives and publications.

6249:

were taking on more powers by extending their competences, creating a threat of a "government by judges". He claimed that foreign judges were not always aware of the financial implications of their judgements on national governments.

6110:

In 1965, the member states established Luxembourg City as the permanent seat of the Court. Future judicial bodies (Court of First Instance and Civil Service Tribunal) would also be based in the city. The decision was confirmed by the

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of Belgium became the first judge to carry out the duties of the vice-president of the Court of Justice. Like the President of the Court of Justice, the vice-president is elected by the members of the Court for a term of three years.

5731:

That action may be brought by the commission – as is practically always the case – or by another Member State, although the cases of the latter kind remain extremely rare. Only six interstate cases have been decided by the court:

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has jurisdiction, at first instance, in all other actions of this type and particularly in actions brought by individuals. The Court of Justice has the power to declare measures void under Article 264 (ex Article 231) of the

5753:) on a Spanish regulation ordering wine to be bottled in the region of production if it is using the designation of origin, no infringement because it is an authorised and justifiable restriction on the free movement of goods 5925:

proceedings before the Court of Justice. In this way, a number of important principles of Union law have been laid down in preliminary rulings, sometimes in answer to questions referred by national courts of first instance.

5687:

The court acts as a collegial body: decisions are those of the court rather than of individual judges; no minority opinions are given and indeed the existence of a majority decision rather than unanimity is never suggested.

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According to Article 255 TFEU the judges and advocates-general are appointed by common accord of the governments of the Member States after consultation of a panel responsible for assessing candidates’ suitability.

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The court also acts as an administrative and constitutional court between the other EU institutions and the Member States and can annul or invalidate unlawful acts of EU institutions, bodies, offices and agencies.

8297: 6715:... The judges and advocates-general are appointed by common accord of the governments of the Member States after consultation of a panel responsible for assessing candidates' suitability (Article 255 TFEU). 4274: 1079: 847: 5028:

was renamed as the "General Court", and the term "Court of Justice of the European Union" now officially designates the two courts, as along with its specialised tribunals, taken together.

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are specific to Union law. Whilst the Court of Justice is, by its very nature, the supreme guardian of Union legality, it is not the only judicial body empowered to apply EU law.

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applications for preliminary rulings submitted by the courts of Northern Ireland. The UK will have the right to participate in these proceedings as if it were a Member State.

8566: 7578: 7670: 6949: 8611: 7618: 7385: 6156: 4739: 8432: 7692: 7446: 8511: 7761: 7456: 1355: 723: 6943:"Monica Claes, "Luxembourg, Here We Come? Constitutional Courts and the Preliminary Reference Procedure", 16 German Law Journal vol. 16, no. 6, p. 1331-1342 (2015)" 4889: 1310: 6452: 6154:. The court first ruled on the direct effect of primary legislation in a case that, though technical and tedious, raised a fundamental principle of Union law. In 6175:(1964), the court ruled that member states had definitively transferred sovereign rights to the Community and Union law could not be overridden by domestic law. 5863:, and rules on the liability of the Union for damage to citizens and to undertakings caused by its institutions or servants in the performance of their duties. 8571: 8133: 7909: 5806:

the violating member state no-one can force them. If that procedure does not result in termination of the failure by the Member State, an action for breach of

1315: 8541: 3578: 1037: 6607: 8292: 8282: 7400: 6208:, the ECJ established that Member States could be liable to pay compensation to individuals who suffered a loss by reason of the Member State's failure to 8591: 7894: 6759: 8452: 7824: 6352: 4102: 1426: 8586: 7598: 7375: 6470: 1524: 771: 6981: 8138: 7379: 7083: 6551: 6474: 5598: 2256: 1572: 8312: 7914: 7734: 6195:

states can be found in many of the landmark early decisions of the European Court of Justice, and in the writings of the influential French judge,

5037: 1464: 1386: 1280: 6547: 9972: 8596: 7685: 7608: 7393: 6913: 5914: 5872: 5856: 5844: 5832: 5823: 5725: 5009:. The name of the Court did not change unlike the other institutions. The power of the Court resided in the Community pillar (the first pillar). 4733: 1701: 1206: 9933: 8417: 6060:

state or a national of a member state the applicant must choose an official language of that member state, unless the parties agree otherwise.

8581: 8407: 7700: 7593: 6793: 5774: 5449: 1073: 759: 63: 7415: 6888: 6844: 8367: 4882: 1519: 1167: 7079: 8496: 8347: 7498: 6307:, the CJEU — and hence the ECJ — continues to have jurisdiction over the operation of EU law applying to Northern Ireland in relation to 4729: 3626: 1371: 1305: 1295: 825: 803: 697: 8437: 7678: 4751: 1434: 795: 747: 711: 8516: 6625:

The Judges shall elect the President and the Vice-President of the Court of Justice from among their number for a term of three years.

5016:. Issues from the third pillar were transferred to the first pillar. Previously, these issues were settled between the member states. 8488: 7543: 7476: 6572: 6279: 6141: 3646: 1800: 1474: 1414: 1152: 977: 839: 817: 783: 5935:

The constitutional courts of the member-states have in general been reluctant to refer a question to the European Court of Justice.

1787: 9833: 8352: 8337: 8096: 7925: 4714: 4223: 3641: 4953:– currently 27 – although it normally hears cases in panels of three, five or fifteen judges. The Court has been led by president 7518: 6073: 5704:

It is the responsibility of the Court of Justice to ensure that the law is observed in the interpretation and application of the

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On the Linguistic Design of Multinational Courts—The French Capture, forthcoming in 14 INT’L J. CONST. L. (2016), MATHILDE COHEN

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Commission of the European Economic Community v Grand Duchy of Luxembourg and Kingdom of Belgium, joined cases 90/63 and 91/63

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Rulings end with a dictum which summarises the decision which the Court has made and may direct how costs are to be managed.

5814:

request of the commission, impose on the Member State a fixed or a periodic financial penalty under Article 260 of the TFEU.

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is elected for a term of three years in the case of the five-judge chambers or one year in the case of three-judge chambers.

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infrastructure; this includes the Translation Directorate, which, as of 2012 employed 44.7% of the staff of the institution.

4774: 4167: 4142: 1758: 7294:

Gerard Conway, The Limits of Legal Reasoning and the European Court of Justice, Cambridge University Press (Cambridge), 2012

5743:) on a British unilateral fishery protection measure, infringement because UK had to consult and seek approval of commission 8637: 8422: 7861: 6320: 5798: 4779: 4724: 4699: 4679: 4674: 4644: 4547: 4130: 3884: 3611: 3604: 1362: 1191: 1184: 1142: 935: 735: 7953: 4719: 4709: 4704: 4694: 4659: 4654: 4157: 2235: 1810: 1745: 48: 6445: 8106: 4950: 4939: 4838: 4769: 4689: 4664: 4299: 4294: 3583: 982: 872: 333: 7205:

116–135; Phelan, William (2016). "Supremacy, Direct Effect, and Dairy Products in the Early History of European law".

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and decisions – directly confer individual rights on nationals of Member States, which national courts must uphold.

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Infringement Proceedings: Fail to Act (Article 258 TFUE) -> Complaints (Article 265 LT) - Overview of Requests

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institution, that is a party to certain proceedings, so requests, or in particularly complex or important cases.

4523: 4179: 4097: 3788: 7103:'NV Algemene Transport- en Expeditie Onderneming van Gend & Loos v Netherlands Inland Revenue Administration 7016: 6750: 9987: 9335: 8969: 8322: 8302: 8081: 7829: 7781: 7746: 7603: 6316: 6274: 6264: 6246: 6151: 6034: 6017: 5827: 5713: 5705: 5025: 4511: 1820: 1716: 1481: 1419: 991: 886: 310: 147: 133: 31: 7322:

Great Judgments of the European Court of Justice: Rethinking the Landmark Decisions of the Foundational Period

7235: 7220:

Great Judgments of the European Court of Justice: Rethinking the Landmark Decisions of the Foundational Period

6360: 6107:, the seat until 1959 when it would move to the Côte d'Eich building and then to the Palais building in 1972. 6099:

Luxembourg City was chosen as the provisional seat of the Court on 23 July 1952 with the establishment of the

5784: 5770: 5760: 5750: 5740: 8688: 8561: 8412: 8387: 8276: 8050: 7528: 7164: 5979: 5969: 5794: 4977: 4607: 4595: 4571: 4343: 4075: 4065: 3621: 1641: 1199: 852: 7106: 6974: 9495: 8974: 8457: 8266: 8226: 8221: 8076: 7513: 7461: 6308: 6161: 6092: 5728:, the Court of Justice may determine whether a Member State has fulfilled its obligations under Union law. 4583: 4475: 4463: 4439: 4415: 4403: 4391: 4355: 4331: 4319: 4206: 4125: 4120: 3956: 1628: 857: 103: 7125:

The Past and Future of Eu Law: The Classics of EU Law Revisited on the 50th Anniversary of the Rome Treaty

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claimed that the ECJ was overstepping its powers. He was particularly critical of the court's judgment

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Court's judgment also binds other national courts before which a problem of the same nature is raised.

4619: 4535: 4487: 4152: 4087: 1815: 1534: 1506: 1499: 9548: 8467: 8462: 8382: 8211: 8191: 8176: 7868: 6804: 5807: 5570: 4092: 1403: 1115: 965: 232: 6928: 9343: 9325: 8251: 8231: 6499: 6495: 6348: 5261: 3616: 1612: 1607: 1137: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 9677: 6548:"Organisation of the Court of Justice and the Court of First Instance of the European Communities" 9718: 9505: 8994: 8979: 8402: 8008: 7303: 5859:(and with reference to Article 340), the Court of Justice hears claims for compensation based on 5144: 4162: 3932: 3120: 1248: 1243: 7161:

Commission of the European Economic Community v Grand Duchy of Luxembourg and Kingdom of Belgium

9773: 9758: 8606: 8531: 8023: 7973: 7899: 7613: 7533: 6794:

Opinion of the Meijers Committee on interstate procedures and the rule of law, 06 November 2019

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Directive establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation

8241: 7948: 7936: 7878: 7847: 7553: 6601:"Mr Koen Lenaerts is re-elected as President of the Court of Justice of the European Union" 6038: 5700:

Medium court room in the Ancien Palais building of the Palais de la Cour de Justice complex

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Directive on the Promotion of the use of biofuels and other renewable fuels for transport

8236: 8066: 7958: 7809: 7799: 7771: 7503: 6705: 6684: 6405: 6209: 4763: 4470: 4240: 4235: 4040: 3968: 3908: 3879: 3860: 3836: 3776: 3573: 3357: 3352: 3159: 2687: 2682: 2530: 2385: 2380: 2023: 1349: 1285: 1130: 953: 941: 893: 519: 7291:, The Legal Reasoning of the Court of Justice of the EU, Hart Publishing (Oxford), 2013. 4938:, it is tasked with interpreting EU law and ensuring its uniform application across all 9568: 9227: 9081: 9066: 9044: 8788: 8768: 8721: 8711: 8546: 8357: 8342: 8256: 8148: 8071: 8018: 8003: 7710: 7485: 7335: 6204: 6165: 5910: 5895: 5889: 5875:, appeals on judgments given by the General Court may be heard by the Court of Justice 5709: 4961: 4931: 4828: 4759: 4245: 4053: 4028: 3944: 3896: 2700: 1750: 1053: 905: 16:

Supreme court in the European Union, part of the Court of Justice of the European Union

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Under the terms of the Protocol on Ireland/Northern Ireland, concluded as part of the

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Relationship between the European Court of Justice and European Court of Human Rights

5378: 5002: 3589: 1562: 947: 730: 6513:

Article 253 (ex Article 223) of the Treaty on the functioning of the European Union.

6234:, which over-ruled a German law that would discriminate in favour of older workers. 5719: 9558: 9525: 9024: 8888: 8883: 8848: 8397: 7819: 7340: 7327: 6599: 6121: 6112: 6021: 5065: 5020: 5013: 2598: 1098: 971: 93: 7050: 6471:"The Court of Justice and the Court of First Instance of the European Communities" 6327:, and may hear applications for preliminary rulings made by Northern Irish courts. 5850: 1390: 9807: 9780: 9768: 9748: 9682: 9660: 9640: 9635: 9615: 9480: 9460: 9455: 9358: 9318: 9029: 8954: 8878: 8863: 8783: 8201: 8111: 8040: 8013: 7983: 7756: 6083: 5997: 5787:) on the discriminatory German tax relief on the motor vehicle tax; infringement. 5663: 5542: 5111: 4946: 4942:

under Article 263 of the Treaty of the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU).

4915: 4189: 3631: 2535: 1366: 766: 111: 2610: 9884: 9692: 9610: 9199: 9165: 9116: 9101: 8873: 8778: 8758: 8748: 8181: 8116: 8034: 7814: 7789: 7704: 7623: 7421: 6623:

Under Article 9a of the Statute of the Court of Justice of the European Union:

6579: 6356: 6230: 6196: 6125: 5302: 5205: 5006: 4927: 4787: 4374: 4194: 3783: 3261: 3256: 2782: 2569: 2227: 1919: 1577: 1171: 1109: 959: 923: 917: 415: 89: 6103:. Its first hearing there was held on 28 November 1954 in a building known as 5372: 9966: 9948: 9935: 9738: 9697: 9583: 9563: 9535: 9485: 9450: 9424: 9419: 9412: 9363: 9303: 9143: 9133: 9091: 9014: 9009: 8939: 8898: 8822: 8556: 8506: 8307: 7794: 7568: 7508: 6427: 6147: 6010: 5514: 5475: 5411: 5233: 4954: 4923: 4281: 3547: 3076: 2715: 2634: 2562: 1380: 929: 200: 7343:, "The European Court of Justice and the Judicialisation of EU Governance", 6146:

Over time ECJ developed two essential rules on which the legal order rests:

9870: 9620: 9588: 9543: 9281: 9276: 9247: 9160: 9138: 9106: 9039: 9019: 8913: 8853: 8843: 8795: 8753: 8731: 8674: 8576: 8536: 8045: 7588: 7538: 7348: 6242: 6225: 6171: 6128:

Luxembourg attached a declaration stating it did not claim the seat of the

6104: 5246: 5138: 5072:

to assist the President in applications for interim measures and to assist

4069: 2622: 2586: 2574: 1721:

Authority for European Political Parties and European Political Foundations

911: 5508: 5405: 9792: 9733: 9723: 9520: 9515: 9353: 9254: 9170: 9129: 9096: 9061: 8984: 8908: 8858: 8773: 8601: 7583: 7573: 7288: 5951:: case C-93/97, Fédération Belge des Chambres Syndicales de Médecins ASBL 5199: 5157: 4542: 3951: 3429: 3424: 3102: 2951: 2457: 2452: 2214: 2101: 597: 6748:

As can be seen from the decline in cases pending before the full court:

6199:, perhaps the most important member of the Court between 1962 and 1976. 125:

Appointed by the representatives of the governments of the member states

9912: 9856: 9785: 9665: 9603: 9348: 9269: 9264: 9222: 9204: 9192: 9153: 8999: 8989: 8949: 8934: 8918: 8868: 8805: 8800: 8655: 7659: 7248: 6664:

Cambridge Faculty of Law Research Paper No. 3/2016. Available at SSRN:

6643:

The Court of Justice is composed of 28 Judges and 11 Advocates General.

6353:

9th Report of Session 2019–21: The Protocol on Ireland/Northern Ireland

6347: 6130:

Boards of Appeal of the Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market

6087: 5185: 5105: 4518: 3927: 3405: 3400: 2925: 2433: 2428: 2075: 1582: 754: 571: 115: 9763: 9728: 9670: 9645: 9510: 9407: 9395: 9380: 9368: 9296: 9214: 9187: 9071: 7523: 7349:

Living Reviews and Companion Research Journals – 3 Communities Portal

6116: 5906: 5822:

By an action for annulment under Article 263 (ex Article 230) of the

4506: 3915: 3393: 3388: 2912: 2516: 2421: 2416: 2062: 1258: 558: 9907: 9851: 7654: 6446:"Your questions on the Court of Justice of the European Union, p. 4" 6245:, said that both the Court of Justice of the European Union and the 5696: 9812: 9797: 9500: 9385: 9182: 8726: 7232:

Andrea Francovich and Danila Bonifaci and others v Italian Republic

6665: 4602: 4590: 4566: 4338: 4011: 3999: 3975: 3747: 3489: 3484: 3477: 3472: 3453: 3448: 3224: 3219: 3016: 3003: 2977: 2756: 2557: 2493: 2488: 2481: 2476: 2469: 2464: 2263: 2166: 2153: 2127: 1880: 867: 662: 649: 623: 376: 8552:

Kamer van Koophandel en Fabrieken voor Amsterdam v Inspire Art Ltd

7564:

Kamer van Koophandel en Fabrieken voor Amsterdam v Inspire Art Ltd

6845:"Europe or Democracy? What German Court Ruling Means for the Euro" 5047:

The Court of Justice consists of 27 Judges who are assisted by 11

9702: 9650: 9630: 9578: 9390: 9308: 9124: 9086: 9034: 8492: 8298:

Directive on Electricity Production from Renewable Energy Sources

7941: 7480: 5905:

National courts are thus by their nature the first guarantors of

5720:

Actions for failure to fulfil obligations: infringement procedure

5611: 5527: 5424: 5330: 5317: 5274: 4960:

The ECJ is the highest court of the European Union in matters of

4578: 4458: 4434: 4410: 4398: 4386: 4350: 4326: 4314: 3987: 3867: 3843: 3819: 3807: 3795: 3759: 3735: 3723: 3534: 3465: 3460: 3345: 3340: 3321: 3316: 3297: 3292: 3285: 3280: 3273: 3268: 3236: 3231: 3212: 3207: 3200: 3195: 3063: 2990: 2873: 2847: 2821: 2808: 2795: 2769: 2743: 2730: 2617: 2593: 2581: 2361: 2356: 2337: 2332: 2325: 2320: 2301: 2296: 2289: 2284: 2277: 2272: 2140: 2010: 1984: 1958: 1945: 1932: 1893: 1867: 1854: 1663:

Agencies, decentralised independent bodies and joint undertakings

1214: 790: 742: 706: 636: 506: 480: 454: 441: 428: 389: 363: 350: 319: 8363:

Directive on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions

6758:, The Court of Justice of the European Communities, p. 94, 6698: 288: 9802: 9655: 9400: 9291: 9286: 9232: 8903: 7163:(joined cases 90/63 and 91/63), judgement of 13 November 1964 ( 6428:"CURIA - Presentation - Court of Justice of the European Union" 5851:

Application for compensation based on non-contractual liability

5391: 5218: 4744: 4626: 4554: 4494: 4446: 4422: 4362: 4035: 3963: 3903: 3855: 3831: 3771: 3560: 3513: 3508: 3441: 3436: 3381: 3376: 3333: 3328: 3309: 3304: 3249: 3244: 3146: 3089: 3042: 2964: 2899: 2860: 2834: 2629: 2605: 2409: 2404: 2373: 2368: 2349: 2344: 2313: 2308: 2192: 2114: 2049: 1997: 1971: 1906: 834: 812: 778: 688: 610: 545: 493: 467: 402: 141: 6186:

also has a logical connection with the nearly contemporaneous

9743: 9687: 9593: 9434: 9237: 8736: 8567:

Marleasing SA v La Comercial Internacional de Alimentacion SA

7579:

Marleasing SA v La Comercial Internacional de Alimentacion SA

7475: 6573:"Protocol on the Statute of the Court of Justice, Article 13" 5943:

These are the first references by each constitutional court:

5763:) on Commonwealth voting rights in Gibraltar, no infringement 5583: 5555: 5358: 5124: 5068:' (reporting judges). The Council may also appoint assistant 4614: 4530: 4482: 4023: 3939: 3891: 3501: 3496: 3417: 3412: 3369: 3364: 3029: 2938: 2886: 2505: 2500: 2445: 2440: 2397: 2392: 2179: 2088: 2036: 675: 584: 532: 8318:

Directive on the enforcement of intellectual property rights

7234:(Joined cases C-6/90 and C-9/90), judgment 19 November 1991 7017:"Appendix 5: Written Evidence of Advocate General Sharpston" 6157:

Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen

4740:

Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union

9625: 9573: 9429: 8827: 8743: 8433:

European Directive on Traditional Herbal Medicinal Products

8323:

Directive 2004/38/EC on the right to move and reside freely

7201:

in the Creation of the European Legal Order" (2015) 21 (1)

7176:

J. H. H. Weiler, "The Transformation of Europe" (1991) 100

6629: 5860: 1530:

Economic and Financial Affairs configuration of the Council

7149:

Ever Closer Union: An Introduction to European Integration

7021:

The Workload of the Court of Justice of the European Union

8697: 7457:

Relationship with the European Convention on Human Rights

7363: 6819:

Gli oneri finanziari del contenzioso con l'Unione europea

6009:

2015: Constitutional Court of Luxembourg: case C-321/15,

5974:

Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri v. Regione Sardegna

4792: 178: 7119:

de Witte, Bruno (2010). "The Continuous Significance of

6886: 5012:

The Court gained power in 1997, with the signing of the

8666: 8134:

European Union System for the Evaluation of Substances

5883: 5060:

to the chambers for examination and appoints judge as

9896: 6975:"Rules of Procedure of the European Court of Justice" 5913:

are described in Article 267 (ex Article 234) of the

8293:

Directive on the re-use of public sector information

8453:

Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive

4945:The Court was established in 1952, and is based in 26:For the judicial branch of the European Union, see 8587:Peter Paul and Others v Bundesrepublik Deutschland 8283:Directive on Privacy and Electronic Communications 7599:Peter Paul and Others v Bundesrepublik Deutschland 7268:"Bossuyt waarschuwt voor 'regering door rechters'" 7247:Herzog, Roman; Gerken, Lüder (10 September 2008). 7189:W. Phelan, "The Troika: The Interlocking Roles of 6681:"The Court of Justice of the European Communities" 6524: 6054: 6851:. Spiegel Online International. 10 February 2014. 5759:(case C-145/04), judgement of 12 September 2006 ( 9964: 8313:Directive on the energy performance of buildings 6887:Bundesverfassungsgericht, 2 Senat (5 May 2020). 5038:List of members of the European Court of Justice 1525:Committee on Budgetary Control of the Parliament 8597:Ralf Sieckmann v Deutsches Patent und Markenamt 7609:Ralf Sieckmann v Deutsches Patent und Markenamt 6926: 6402:"Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)" 5915:Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union 5873:Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union 5857:Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union 5845:Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union 5833:Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union 5824:Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union 5793:(case C-457/18), judgement of 31 January 2020 ( 5769:(case C-364/10), judgement of 16 October 2012 ( 5739:(case C-141/78), judgement of 14 October 1979 ( 5726:Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union 1702:European Institute of Innovation and Technology 804:Countries with suspended accession negotiations 7380:Centre Virtuel de la Connaissance sur l'Europe 7249:"Opinion | Stop the European Court of Justice" 6816:Repubblica italiana, Senato della Repubblica, 6078:All the EU's judicial bodies are based in the 8682: 8582:Palacios de la Villa v Cortefiel Servicios SA 8408:Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive 7686: 7594:Palacios de la Villa v Cortefiel Servicios SA 7401: 7297: 6728:"Departments of the Institution: Translation" 6396: 6394: 6392: 6390: 6388: 6386: 6384: 6382: 6132:– even if it were to become a judicial body. 5838: 4883: 8418:Directive on services in the internal market 8368:Directive on the legal protection of designs 7246: 7123:". In Maduro, Miguel; Azoulai, Loïc (eds.). 6675: 6673: 5938: 5810:may be brought before the Court of Justice. 5783:(case C-591/17), judgement of 18 June 2019 ( 5775:Slovakia denies entry to Hungarian president 8497:Allonby v Accrington and Rossendale College 8348:Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control 8267:Directive 2000/43/EC on Anti-discrimination 8242:Dangerous Substances Directive (67/548/EEC) 7499:Allonby v Accrington and Rossendale College 7207:International Journal of Constitutional Law 7073: 7071: 6912:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 5866: 5749:(case C-388/95), judgement of 16 May 2000 ( 3627:Political groups of the European Parliament 1698:Decentralised independent bodies of the EU 8689: 8675: 8373:Markets in Financial Instruments Directive 7693: 7679: 7408: 7394: 7015:Sharpston, Eleanor V. E. (29 March 2011), 6707:THE COURT OF JUSTICE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION 6527:The Political System of the European Union 6379: 5871:Under Article 256 (ex Article 225) of the 5843:Under Article 265 (ex Article 232) of the 5724:Under Article 258 (ex Article 226) of the 5691: 4982:The court was established in 1952, by the 4890: 4876: 62: 19:"ECJ" redirects here. For other uses, see 7544:European Union Microsoft competition case 7023:, House of Lords European Union Committee 7014: 6670: 6522: 6280:List of European Court of Justice rulings 6142:List of European Court of Justice rulings 5958:: case C-143/99, Adria-Wien Pipeline GmbH 5019:Following the entrance into force of the 1801:Publications Office of the European Union 9834:History of the American legal profession 8353:Internal Market in Electricity Directive 8338:European units of measurement directives 8227:Copyright Duration Directive (93/98/EEC) 8097:Commission Regulation (EU) No. 1170/2011 7118: 7068: 7005:Article 29(2) of the Rules of Procedure. 6462: 6090:. The Court of Justice is seated in the 5817: 5695: 5450:"The Presidents of the Court of Justice" 4224:European System of Financial Supervision 1520:Internal Audit Service of the Commission 8517:Chacón Navas v Eurest Colectividades SA 7711:Judiciary and law of the European Union 7519:Chacon Navas v Eurest Colectividades SA 7298:Craig, Paul; de Búrca, Gráinne (2011). 7265: 7105:(case 26/62), judgment 5 February 1963 6496:SCADPlus: The Institutions of the Union 6349:House of Lords European Union Committee 6164:but also their nationals. Consequently 6074:Location of European Union institutions 4730:United Kingdom–European Union relations 2655:Non Euro countries relationship to Euro 9973:Court of Justice of the European Union 9965: 8232:Copyright Term Directive (2006/116/EC) 8139:Commission Regulation (EC) No 474/2006 8092:Commission Regulation (EC) No. 2257/94 7725:Court of Justice of the European Union 7417:Court of Justice of the European Union 7370:Court of Justice of the European Union 7055:Court of Justice of the European Union 6863:"EUR-Lex - 62017CJ0493 - EN - EUR-Lex" 6509: 6507: 6260:Court of Justice of the European Union 5005:was ratified in 1993, and created the 4936:Court of Justice of the European Union 4752:United States–European Union relations 1771:European Economic and Social Committee 55:Court of Justice of the European Union 28:Court of Justice of the European Union 8670: 8448:Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive 8438:Unfair Commercial Practices Directive 8154:Rule of Law Conditionality Regulation 8072:Council Regulation (EC) No. 1348/2000 8067:Council Regulation (EC) No. 1206/2001 7674: 7474: 7389: 7345:Living Reviews in European Governance 6786:Press release of the Court after the 6270:European Free Trade Association Court 6224:In 2008, the former German president 6135: 5712:and appeals against decisions of the 4775:European Union and the United Nations 4307:Foreign relations of EU member states 8638:Accountability in the European Union 6613:from the original on 9 October 2022. 6589:from the original on 9 October 2022. 6458:from the original on 9 October 2022. 5631: 5076:in the performance of their duties. 4780:European Union Association Agreement 4715:Switzerland–European Union relations 3612:Elections to the European Parliament 8423:Temporary and Agency Work Directive 7910:Commission and Council acting alone 7336:The Judicial Construction of Europe 7332:The Judicial Construction of Europe 7191:Commission v Luxembourg and Belgium 6987:from the original on 9 October 2022 6765:from the original on 9 October 2022 6504: 6500:Draft Reform Treaty of 23 July 2007 6184:Commission v Luxembourg and Belgium 6180:Commission v Luxembourg and Belgium 5884:References for a preliminary ruling 4685:Kazakhstan–European Union relations 2236:Nuclear power in the European Union 1811:European Personnel Selection Office 1746:European Data Protection Supervisor 1707:European Public Prosecutor's Office 222: 13: 7324:(Cambridge University Press, 2019) 7302:(5th ed.). Oxford, New York: 7282: 7266:Bossuyt, Marc (17 February 2011). 6531:(2nd ed.). Palgrave. p. 5642:The judges are assisted by eleven 4949:. It is composed of one judge per 4839:Convention on the Future of Europe 4770:Microstates and the European Union 4650:Australia–European Union relations 4640:Argentina–European Union relations 3588: 3584:Microstates and the European Union 3165: 3133:Non-Schengen area EU member states 2699: 2240: 873:Withdrawal from the European Union 14: 9999: 8818:Restitution and unjust enrichment 8333:European SEA Directive 2001/42/EC 8328:Environmental liability directive 7355: 7300:EU Law, Text, Cases and Materials 7077: 6545: 6468: 6101:European Coal and Steel Community 5963:Constitutional Court of Lithuania 5638:Advocate General (European Union) 5468: 4988:European Coal and Steel Community 4817:European Coal and Steel Community 1781:European Union Military Committee 1766:European Committee of the Regions 1669:Decentralised agencies of the EU 1397:Member of the European Parliament 1068:Abandoned treaties and agreements 9918: 9906: 9865: 9864: 9850: 8247:Dangerous Preparations Directive 8172:Good Clinical Practice Directive 7703: 7653: 7641: 7420: 6929:"June 2021 infringement package" 6666:http://ssrn.com/abstract=2714259 6178:Another early landmark case was 6045:Constitutional Court of Slovakia 6004:Constitutional Court of Slovenia 5987:Constitutional Council of France 5657: 5604: 5588:9 October 2018 – 6 October 2021 5576: 5560:8 October 2015 – 8 October 2018 5548: 5532:9 October 2012 – 6 October 2015 5520: 5507: 5417: 5404: 5396:7 October 2003 – 6 October 2015 5384: 5371: 5351: 5323: 5295: 5267: 5239: 5211: 5198: 5178: 5150: 5137: 5117: 5104: 4996:European Atomic Energy Community 4850: 4725:Ukraine–European Union relations 4700:Moldova–European Union relations 4680:Iceland–European Union relations 4675:Georgia–European Union relations 4645:Armenia–European Union relations 4625: 4613: 4601: 4589: 4577: 4565: 4553: 4541: 4529: 4517: 4505: 4493: 4481: 4469: 4457: 4445: 4433: 4421: 4409: 4397: 4385: 4373: 4361: 4349: 4337: 4325: 4313: 4034: 4022: 4010: 3998: 3986: 3974: 3962: 3950: 3938: 3926: 3914: 3902: 3890: 3878: 3866: 3854: 3842: 3830: 3818: 3806: 3794: 3782: 3770: 3758: 3746: 3734: 3722: 3553: 3540: 3527: 3507: 3495: 3483: 3471: 3459: 3447: 3435: 3423: 3411: 3399: 3387: 3375: 3363: 3351: 3339: 3327: 3315: 3303: 3291: 3279: 3267: 3255: 3243: 3230: 3218: 3206: 3194: 3152: 3139: 3126:Visa policy of the Schengen Area 3095: 3082: 3069: 3056: 3035: 3022: 3009: 2996: 2983: 2970: 2957: 2944: 2931: 2918: 2905: 2892: 2879: 2866: 2853: 2840: 2827: 2814: 2801: 2788: 2775: 2762: 2749: 2736: 2723: 2628: 2616: 2604: 2592: 2580: 2568: 2556: 2529: 2499: 2487: 2475: 2463: 2451: 2439: 2427: 2415: 2403: 2391: 2379: 2367: 2355: 2343: 2331: 2319: 2307: 2295: 2283: 2271: 2220: 2207: 2185: 2172: 2159: 2146: 2133: 2120: 2107: 2094: 2081: 2068: 2055: 2042: 2029: 2016: 2003: 1990: 1977: 1964: 1951: 1938: 1925: 1912: 1899: 1886: 1873: 1860: 1847: 1806:European External Action Service 1776:Political and Security Committee 1683:European Supervisory Authorities 1213: 1060:European Economic Area Agreement 833: 811: 789: 777: 765: 753: 741: 729: 717: 705: 681: 668: 655: 642: 629: 616: 603: 590: 577: 564: 551: 538: 525: 512: 499: 486: 473: 460: 447: 434: 421: 408: 395: 382: 369: 356: 343: 318: 287: 47: 9829:History of the legal profession 8378:Measuring Instruments Directive 8207:Capital Requirements Directives 8122:Regulation on Community designs 7334:(Oxford University Press, 2004) 7259: 7240: 7225: 7212: 7183: 7170: 7154: 7141: 7112: 7097: 7043: 7034: 7008: 6999: 6967: 6935: 6920: 6893:www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de 6880: 6855: 6837: 6824: 6810: 6798: 6778: 6769: 6742: 6720: 6657: 6648: 6617: 6593: 6565: 6539: 6239:Constitutional Court of Belgium 6055:Procedure and working languages 6028:Constitutional Court of Romania 5994:Constitutional Court of Germany 5956:Constitutional Court of Austria 5949:Constitutional Court of Belgium 4720:Turkey–European Union relations 4710:Russia–European Union relations 4705:Norway–European Union relations 4695:Mexico–European Union relations 4660:Canada–European Union relations 4655:Brazil–European Union relations 4180:Passports of the European Union 3170:Schengen Area from January 2023 8592:Procureur du Roi v Dassonville 8303:End of Life Vehicles Directive 7895:Ordinary legislative procedure 7604:Procureur du Roi v Dassonville 6638:Court of Justice: Presentation 6516: 6488: 6438: 6420: 6341: 6297: 6275:General Court (European Union) 6265:European Court of Human Rights 6247:European Court of Human Rights 6237:In 2011, the President of the 6049:Prezident Slovenskej republiky 6035:Constitutional Court of Latvia 6018:Constitutional Court of Poland 5706:Treaties of the European Union 5485: 5082: 5031: 4690:Japan–European Union relations 4665:China–European Union relations 1821:European Administrative School 1717:European Data Protection Board 1602:European Investment Bank Group 311:Politics of the European Union 190: 160:27 judges (1 per member state) 148:General Court (European Union) 134:Treaties of the European Union 32:European Court of Human Rights 1: 9983:1952 establishments in Europe 8562:Microsoft Corp. v. Commission 8413:Satellite and Cable Directive 8277:Information Society Directive 8107:Regulation on roaming charges 7825:Charter of Fundamental Rights 7529:Ciaran Tobin extradition case 6834:, ECR 625, 10 September 2021 6334: 5980:Constitutional Court of Spain 5970:Constitutional Court of Italy 5346:Gil Carlos Rodríguez Iglesias 4978:History of the European Union 4670:European Union–NATO relations 3716:Elections in EU member states 3647:Referendums related to the EU 1642:European University Institute 1636:European University Institute 863:Germany–Netherlands relations 68:Court of Justice headquarters 9978:International supreme courts 8458:Waste Incineration Directive 8393:Pressure Equipment Directive 8222:Conditional Access Directive 8077:Customs Regulation 1383/2003 8014:Principle of legal certainty 7462:Palais de la Cour de Justice 6775:Craig and de Búrca, page 95. 6654:Craig and de Búrca, page 70. 6359:. p. 65. Archived from 6219: 6093:Palais de la Cour de Justice 5965:: case C-239/07, Sabatauskas 5054: 4207:European Banking Supervision 2245:Euratom since 1 January 2021 1692:Executive agencies of the EU 1629:European Stability Mechanism 1623:European Stability Mechanism 104:Palais de la Cour de Justice 7: 8443:Universal Service Directive 8279:(first Copyright directive) 8217:Computer Programs Directive 8197:Biocidal Products Directive 8082:Regulation (EC) No 261/2004 6311:and the movement of goods, 6305:Brexit withdrawal agreement 6253: 5989:: case C-168/13 PPU, Jeremy 5674: 5623:Term expires 3 October 2024 5436:Term expires 6 October 2024 4992:European Economic Community 4822:European Economic Community 4212:Single Resolution Mechanism 3579:EEA National Identity cards 3116:Schengen Information System 2648:Enlargement of the eurozone 2257:Economic and Monetary Union 1713:Corporate bodies of the EU 1331:Council preparatory bodies 1080:UK membership renegotiation 10: 10004: 9496:International legal theory 8975:International slavery laws 8970:International human rights 8965:International criminal law 8633:European Anti-Fraud Office 8102:Customs Regulation 3295/94 7964:European Enforcement Order 7368:(Note: page is headlined " 6202:Further, in the 1991 case 6139: 6071: 5887: 5839:Actions for failure to act 5635: 5474:is vacant. In 2012, judge 5035: 4975: 4971: 1795:Inter-institutional bodies 1540:Public Prosecutor's Office 1507:European Court of Auditors 1500:European Court of Auditors 1453:Court of Justice of the EU 25: 18: 9844: 9821: 9711: 9549:Administration of justice 9534: 9443: 9334: 9213: 9115: 8836: 8704: 8646: 8620: 8481: 8468:Water Framework Directive 8463:Waste framework directive 8383:Medical Devices Directive 8212:Clinical Trials Directive 8192:Best available technology 8177:Data Protection Directive 8162: 8059: 7923: 7887: 7838: 7780: 7730:European Court of Justice 7717: 7648:European Union portal 7636: 7494: 7470: 7430: 7376:European Court of Justice 7180:2403–2483, 2422 and ft 42 6730:. The European Union, ECJ 6321:Single Electricity Market 6013:Rodange et Schifflange SA 5939:Dates of first references 5861:non-contractual liability 5855:Under Article 268 of the 5571:Rosario Silva de Lapuerta 5442: 5042: 4904:European Court of Justice 4857:European Union portal 1460:European Court of Justice 887:Treaties and Declarations 853:Belgium–Germany relations 286: 281: 266: 258: 253: 238: 233:Rosario Silva de Lapuerta 228: 221: 206: 196: 189: 173: 153: 139: 129: 121: 99: 85: 77: 73: 61: 46: 41: 9326:Basic structure doctrine 9176:Natural and legal rights 9057:Public international law 8388:Posted Workers Directive 8252:Data Retention Directive 6784:First four mentioned in 6498:and article 2.3n of the 6290: 5982:: case C-399/11, Melloni 5867:Appeals on points of law 5737:France v. United Kingdom 5262:Josse Mertens de Wilmars 1740:Other independent bodies 1185:Legislative institutions 1158:College of Commissioners 1138:Von der Leyen Commission 858:France–Germany relations 300:This article is part of 270:7 October 2010 242:9 October 2018 210:8 October 2015 9506:Principle of typicality 8980:International trade law 8696: 8403:Resale Rights Directive 8009:Precautionary principle 7915:Commission acting alone 7304:Oxford University Press 6067: 6006:: case C-526/14, Kotnik 5757:Spain v. United Kingdom 5692:Jurisdiction and powers 5145:Andreas Matthias Donner 5026:Court of First Instance 3121:Visa Information System 2549:Other currencies in use 1340:Council Working Parties 8607:Van Duyn v Home Office 8532:Coleman v Attridge Law 8473:Working Time Directive 8024:Principle of conferral 7900:Consultation procedure 7762:Relationship with ECHR 7752:Civil Service Tribunal 7614:Van Duyn v Home Office 7534:Coleman v Attridge Law 7452:Civil Service Tribunal 7272:Het Belang van Limburg 6030:: case C-673/16, Coman 5701: 4984:Treaty of Paris (1951) 4919: 4834:Western European Union 4202:European banking union 4138:European Single Market 3707:2024 (latest election) 3594: 3593:European Economic Area 3182:European Economic Area 3171: 2705: 2246: 1672:Single market agencies 1093:Executive institutions 1033:Treaties of succession 724:Bosnia and Herzegovina 9988:Constitutional courts 9501:Principle of legality 9260:Delegated legislation 8960:Intellectual property 8651:European Union portal 8428:Trade Marks Directive 7999:Maximum harmonisation 7994:Minimum harmonisation 7979:Home state regulation 7559:Grzegorz Dorobek case 7549:Factortame litigation 6927:European Commission. 6313:technical regulations 6072:Further information: 5818:Actions for annulment 5699: 5290:John Mackenzie-Stuart 5036:Further information: 4976:Further information: 4910:), formally just the 4219:Capital Markets Union 4131:Free Trade Agreements 3592: 3169: 2703: 2244: 1553:European Central Bank 1514:Other auditory bodies 1494:Auditory institutions 1447:Judicial institutions 1192:Legislative procedure 1074:European Constitution 998:Treaties of accession 262:Alfredo Calot Escobar 9949:49.62139°N 6.14111°E 9719:Barristers' chambers 9661:Legal representation 9599:Justice of the peace 8945:Financial regulation 7949:Direct applicability 7937:Acquis communautaire 7879:Digital Services Act 7554:Francovich principle 7203:European Law Journal 5799:their border dispute 4811:European Communities 4251:Enhanced cooperation 3622:European foundations 3239:(provisional member) 1788:EU/ESA Space Council 1655:Unified Patent Court 1649:Unified Patent Court 1435:National parliaments 1325:Directorates-general 21:ECJ (disambiguation) 9945: / 9754:Election commission 9466:Expressive function 8995:Landlord–tenant law 8894:Consumer protection 8502:Apostolides v Orams 8237:Cosmetics Directive 7959:European labour law 7862:Framework Directive 7800:Single European Act 7772:European civil code 7504:Apostolides v Orams 7127:. Hart Publishing. 6788:Hungary v. Slovakia 6752:Annual Report, 2007 6406:Europa (web portal) 6216:into national law. 5791:Slovenia v. Croatia 5767:Hungary v. Slovakia 5173:Charles Léon Hammes 4934:. As a part of the 4290:Ext. Action Service 4275:High Representative 4241:European Federation 4115:Policies and issues 3574:EEA Joint Committee 2704:Eurozone since 2015 1726:Joint undertakings 1350:European Parliament 1131:European Commission 954:Treaty of Amsterdam 942:Single European Act 894:Schuman Declaration 848:Special territories 826:Applicant countries 698:Candidate countries 154:Number of positions 9712:Legal institutions 9579:Lawsuit/Litigation 9569:Dispute resolution 9374:Catholic canon law 9082:State of emergency 9045:Will and testament 8769:Law of obligations 8722:Constitutional law 8712:Administrative law 8358:Landfill Directive 8343:Habitats Directive 8257:Database Directive 8149:Rome II Regulation 8004:Preliminary ruling 7486:preliminary ruling 7236:ECLI:EU:C:1991:428 6523:Simon Hix (2005). 6363:on 31 January 2021 6205:Francovich v Italy 6136:Landmark decisions 5911:preliminary ruling 5896:preliminary ruling 5890:Preliminary ruling 5785:ECLI:EU:C:2019:504 5781:Austria v. Germany 5771:ECLI:EU:C:2012:630 5761:ECLI:EU:C:2006:543 5751:ECLI:EU:C:2000:244 5741:ECLI:EU:C:1979:225 5710:preliminary ruling 5702: 4932:European Union law 4829:European Community 4760:Common Travel Area 4246:Multi-speed Europe 4103:Fundamental Rights 3654:European elections 3595: 3172: 2706: 2247: 1751:European Ombudsman 1228:July–December 2024 1054:Schengen Agreement 966:Berlin Declaration 936:Solemn Declaration 906:Europe Declaration 122:Composition method 9954:49.62139; 6.14111 9894: 9893: 9554:Constitutionalism 9476:Law and economics 9314:Act of parliament 9052:Product liability 9005:Legal archaeology 8930:Environmental law 8924:Entertainment law 8764:International law 8664: 8663: 8628:Court of Auditors 8187:Battery Directive 8128:Societas Europaea 8087:EU-Eco-regulation 7989:Incidental effect 7905:Consent procedure 7805:Maastricht Treaty 7767:Public Prosecutor 7740:Advocates General 7668: 7667: 7632: 7631: 7489: 7443: 7313:978-0-19-957699-9 7222:(Cambridge, 2019) 7165:ECLI:EU:C:1964:80 7134:978-1-84113-712-4 7051:"The Institution" 6867:eur-lex.europa.eu 6792:. Fifth added in 6790:judgement, note 2 6047:: case C-378/19, 6039:Ministru kabinets 6037:: case C‑120/17, 6020:: case C-390/15, 5972:: case C-169/08, 5894:References for a 5795:ECLI:EU:C:2020:65 5777:, no infringement 5644:Advocates General 5632:Advocates General 5629: 5628: 5625: 5616:6 October 2021 – 5466: 5465: 5462: 5438: 5379:Vassilios Skouris 5049:Advocates-General 5003:Maastricht Treaty 4900: 4899: 4268:Foreign relations 2201:Associated states 1816:Anti-Fraud Office 1535:Anti-Fraud Office 1470:Advocates General 1316:Secretary-General 1200:Council of the EU 1168:Secretary-General 948:Maastricht Treaty 295: 294: 165:advocates-general 9995: 9960: 9959: 9957: 9956: 9955: 9950: 9946: 9943: 9942: 9941: 9938: 9923: 9922: 9921: 9911: 9910: 9902: 9869: 9868: 9867: 9855: 9854: 9678:Question of fact 9559:Criminal justice 8889:Construction law 8884:Conflict of laws 8849:Agricultural law 8691: 8684: 8677: 8668: 8667: 8612:Van Gend en Loos 8398:Rental Directive 7810:Amsterdam Treaty 7709: 7708: 7707: 7695: 7688: 7681: 7672: 7671: 7658: 7657: 7646: 7645: 7644: 7619:Van Gend en Loos 7483: 7472: 7471: 7437: 7435:Court of Justice 7425: 7424: 7410: 7403: 7396: 7387: 7386: 7367: 7366: 7364:Official website 7341:Alec Stone Sweet 7328:Alec Stone Sweet 7320:William Phelan, 7317: 7276: 7275: 7263: 7257: 7256: 7244: 7238: 7229: 7223: 7218:William Phelan, 7216: 7210: 7195:Van Gend en Loos 7187: 7181: 7178:Yale Law Journal 7174: 7168: 7158: 7152: 7145: 7139: 7138: 7121:Van Gend en Loos 7116: 7110: 7107:ECLI:EU:C:1963:1 7101: 7095: 7094: 7092: 7090: 7075: 7066: 7065: 7063: 7061: 7047: 7041: 7038: 7032: 7031: 7030: 7028: 7012: 7006: 7003: 6997: 6996: 6994: 6992: 6986: 6979: 6971: 6965: 6964: 6962: 6960: 6954: 6948:. Archived from 6947: 6939: 6933: 6932: 6924: 6918: 6917: 6911: 6903: 6901: 6899: 6884: 6878: 6877: 6875: 6873: 6859: 6853: 6852: 6841: 6835: 6830:See for example 6828: 6822: 6814: 6808: 6802: 6796: 6782: 6776: 6773: 6767: 6766: 6764: 6757: 6746: 6740: 6739: 6737: 6735: 6724: 6718: 6717: 6712: 6702: 6696: 6695: 6693: 6691: 6685:Court of Justice 6677: 6668: 6661: 6655: 6652: 6646: 6645: 6633: 6627: 6621: 6615: 6614: 6612: 6605: 6597: 6591: 6590: 6588: 6582:. 28 June 2009. 6577: 6569: 6563: 6562: 6560: 6558: 6543: 6537: 6536: 6530: 6520: 6514: 6511: 6502: 6492: 6486: 6485: 6483: 6481: 6466: 6460: 6459: 6457: 6450: 6442: 6436: 6435: 6424: 6418: 6417: 6415: 6413: 6398: 6377: 6376: 6370: 6368: 6345: 6328: 6319:and excise, the 6301: 6188:Van Gend en Loos 6122:Amsterdam Treaty 6113:European Council 6022:Polish Ombudsman 5996:: case C-62/14, 5747:Belgium v. Spain 5621: 5610: 5608: 5607: 5582: 5580: 5579: 5554: 5552: 5551: 5526: 5524: 5523: 5511: 5487: 5482: 5481: 5461: 5459: 5457: 5443: 5434: 5423: 5421: 5420: 5408: 5390: 5388: 5387: 5375: 5357: 5355: 5354: 5329: 5327: 5326: 5301: 5299: 5298: 5273: 5271: 5270: 5245: 5243: 5242: 5217: 5215: 5214: 5202: 5184: 5182: 5181: 5156: 5154: 5153: 5141: 5123: 5121: 5120: 5108: 5084: 5079: 5078: 5066:Judge-Rapporteur 5021:Treaty of Lisbon 5014:Amsterdam Treaty 4940:EU member states 4912:Court of Justice 4892: 4885: 4878: 4855: 4854: 4853: 4630: 4629: 4618: 4617: 4606: 4605: 4594: 4593: 4582: 4581: 4570: 4569: 4558: 4557: 4546: 4545: 4534: 4533: 4522: 4521: 4510: 4509: 4498: 4497: 4486: 4485: 4474: 4473: 4462: 4461: 4450: 4449: 4438: 4437: 4426: 4425: 4414: 4413: 4402: 4401: 4390: 4389: 4378: 4377: 4366: 4365: 4354: 4353: 4342: 4341: 4330: 4329: 4318: 4317: 4236:Supranationalism 4143:Area of FS&J 4039: 4038: 4027: 4026: 4015: 4014: 4003: 4002: 3991: 3990: 3979: 3978: 3967: 3966: 3955: 3954: 3943: 3942: 3931: 3930: 3919: 3918: 3907: 3906: 3895: 3894: 3883: 3882: 3871: 3870: 3859: 3858: 3847: 3846: 3835: 3834: 3823: 3822: 3811: 3810: 3799: 3798: 3787: 3786: 3775: 3774: 3763: 3762: 3751: 3750: 3739: 3738: 3727: 3726: 3617:European parties 3558: 3557: 3556: 3545: 3544: 3543: 3532: 3531: 3530: 3512: 3511: 3500: 3499: 3488: 3487: 3476: 3475: 3464: 3463: 3452: 3451: 3440: 3439: 3428: 3427: 3416: 3415: 3404: 3403: 3392: 3391: 3380: 3379: 3368: 3367: 3356: 3355: 3344: 3343: 3332: 3331: 3320: 3319: 3308: 3307: 3296: 3295: 3284: 3283: 3272: 3271: 3260: 3259: 3248: 3247: 3235: 3234: 3223: 3222: 3211: 3210: 3199: 3198: 3157: 3156: 3155: 3144: 3143: 3142: 3100: 3099: 3098: 3087: 3086: 3085: 3074: 3073: 3072: 3061: 3060: 3059: 3040: 3039: 3038: 3027: 3026: 3025: 3014: 3013: 3012: 3001: 3000: 2999: 2988: 2987: 2986: 2975: 2974: 2973: 2962: 2961: 2960: 2949: 2948: 2947: 2936: 2935: 2934: 2923: 2922: 2921: 2910: 2909: 2908: 2897: 2896: 2895: 2884: 2883: 2882: 2871: 2870: 2869: 2858: 2857: 2856: 2845: 2844: 2843: 2832: 2831: 2830: 2819: 2818: 2817: 2806: 2805: 2804: 2793: 2792: 2791: 2780: 2779: 2778: 2767: 2766: 2765: 2754: 2753: 2752: 2741: 2740: 2739: 2728: 2727: 2726: 2633: 2632: 2621: 2620: 2609: 2608: 2599:Hungarian forint 2597: 2596: 2585: 2584: 2573: 2572: 2561: 2560: 2534: 2533: 2504: 2503: 2492: 2491: 2480: 2479: 2468: 2467: 2456: 2455: 2444: 2443: 2432: 2431: 2420: 2419: 2408: 2407: 2396: 2395: 2384: 2383: 2372: 2371: 2360: 2359: 2348: 2347: 2336: 2335: 2324: 2323: 2312: 2311: 2300: 2299: 2288: 2287: 2276: 2275: 2264:Eurozone members 2225: 2224: 2223: 2212: 2211: 2210: 2190: 2189: 2188: 2177: 2176: 2175: 2164: 2163: 2162: 2151: 2150: 2149: 2138: 2137: 2136: 2125: 2124: 2123: 2112: 2111: 2110: 2099: 2098: 2097: 2086: 2085: 2084: 2073: 2072: 2071: 2060: 2059: 2058: 2047: 2046: 2045: 2034: 2033: 2032: 2021: 2020: 2019: 2008: 2007: 2006: 1995: 1994: 1993: 1982: 1981: 1980: 1969: 1968: 1967: 1956: 1955: 1954: 1943: 1942: 1941: 1930: 1929: 1928: 1917: 1916: 1915: 1904: 1903: 1902: 1891: 1890: 1889: 1878: 1877: 1876: 1865: 1864: 1863: 1852: 1851: 1850: 1695:Euratom agencies 1320:Thérèse Blanchet 1218: 1217: 1121:List of meetings 1099:European Council 972:Treaty of Lisbon 838: 837: 816: 815: 794: 793: 782: 781: 770: 769: 758: 757: 746: 745: 734: 733: 722: 721: 710: 709: 686: 685: 684: 673: 672: 671: 660: 659: 658: 647: 646: 645: 634: 633: 632: 621: 620: 619: 608: 607: 606: 595: 594: 593: 582: 581: 580: 569: 568: 567: 556: 555: 554: 543: 542: 541: 530: 529: 528: 517: 516: 515: 504: 503: 502: 491: 490: 489: 478: 477: 476: 465: 464: 463: 452: 451: 450: 439: 438: 437: 426: 425: 424: 413: 412: 411: 400: 399: 398: 387: 386: 385: 374: 373: 372: 361: 360: 359: 348: 347: 346: 322: 297: 296: 291: 277: 275: 249: 247: 217: 215: 185: 182: 180: 144: 94:Northern Ireland 66: 51: 42:Court of Justice 39: 38: 10003: 10002: 9998: 9997: 9996: 9994: 9993: 9992: 9963: 9962: 9953: 9951: 9947: 9944: 9939: 9936: 9934: 9932: 9931: 9929: 9919: 9917: 9905: 9897: 9895: 9890: 9863: 9849: 9840: 9817: 9808:Political party 9781:Legal education 9769:Law enforcement 9749:Court of equity 9707: 9683:Question of law 9636:Practice of law 9616:Judicial review 9530: 9481:Legal formalism 9461:Comparative law 9456:Contract theory 9439: 9359:Legal pluralism 9330: 9319:Act of Congress 9243:Executive order 9209: 9111: 9030:Nationality law 8955:Immigration law 8879:Competition law 8832: 8700: 8695: 8665: 8660: 8642: 8616: 8512:Cassis de Dijon 8477: 8202:Birds Directive 8158: 8112:Brussels Regime 8055: 8041:State liability 8029:Proportionality 7984:Indirect effect 7930: 7928: 7919: 7883: 7834: 7776: 7757:European lawyer 7713: 7702: 7701: 7699: 7669: 7664: 7652: 7642: 7640: 7628: 7514:Cassis de Dijon 7490: 7466: 7426: 7419: 7414: 7362: 7361: 7358: 7314: 7285: 7283:Further reading 7280: 7279: 7264: 7260: 7245: 7241: 7230: 7226: 7217: 7213: 7188: 7184: 7175: 7171: 7159: 7155: 7147:Desmond Dinan, 7146: 7142: 7135: 7117: 7113: 7102: 7098: 7088: 7086: 7078:Muñoz, Susana. 7076: 7069: 7059: 7057: 7049: 7048: 7044: 7039: 7035: 7026: 7024: 7013: 7009: 7004: 7000: 6990: 6988: 6984: 6980:. 2 July 2010. 6977: 6973: 6972: 6968: 6958: 6956: 6955:on 20 July 2016 6952: 6945: 6941: 6940: 6936: 6925: 6921: 6905: 6904: 6897: 6895: 6885: 6881: 6871: 6869: 6861: 6860: 6856: 6843: 6842: 6838: 6829: 6825: 6815: 6811: 6803: 6799: 6783: 6779: 6774: 6770: 6762: 6755: 6749: 6747: 6743: 6733: 6731: 6726: 6725: 6721: 6710: 6704: 6703: 6699: 6689: 6687: 6679: 6678: 6671: 6662: 6658: 6653: 6649: 6635: 6634: 6630: 6622: 6618: 6610: 6603: 6598: 6594: 6586: 6575: 6571: 6570: 6566: 6556: 6554: 6546:Muñoz, Susana. 6544: 6540: 6521: 6517: 6512: 6505: 6493: 6489: 6479: 6477: 6469:Muñoz, Susana. 6467: 6463: 6455: 6448: 6444: 6443: 6439: 6432:curia.europa.eu 6426: 6425: 6421: 6411: 6409: 6400: 6399: 6380: 6366: 6364: 6351:(1 June 2020). 6346: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6331: 6302: 6298: 6293: 6256: 6222: 6144: 6138: 6084:Luxembourg City 6076: 6070: 6057: 5941: 5892: 5886: 5869: 5853: 5841: 5820: 5722: 5694: 5677: 5660: 5640: 5634: 5620: 5605: 5603: 5599:Lars Bay Larsen 5577: 5575: 5549: 5547: 5543:Antonio Tizzano 5521: 5519: 5471: 5455: 5453: 5448: 5433: 5429:8 October 2015– 5418: 5416: 5385: 5383: 5352: 5350: 5324: 5322: 5296: 5294: 5268: 5266: 5240: 5238: 5212: 5210: 5179: 5177: 5151: 5149: 5118: 5116: 5112:Massimo Pilotti 5057: 5045: 5040: 5034: 4994:(EEC), and the 4986:as part of the 4980: 4974: 4920:Cour de Justice 4896: 4867: 4863:Other countries 4851: 4849: 4844: 4843: 4806: 4798: 4797: 4784: 4756: 4636: 4624: 4612: 4600: 4588: 4576: 4564: 4552: 4540: 4528: 4516: 4504: 4492: 4480: 4468: 4456: 4444: 4432: 4420: 4408: 4396: 4384: 4372: 4360: 4348: 4336: 4324: 4312: 4309: 4304: 4286: 4278: 4270: 4260: 4259: 4190:Pro-Europeanism 4116: 4108: 4107: 4056: 4046: 4045: 4033: 4021: 4009: 3997: 3985: 3973: 3961: 3949: 3937: 3925: 3913: 3901: 3889: 3877: 3865: 3853: 3841: 3829: 3817: 3805: 3793: 3781: 3769: 3757: 3745: 3733: 3721: 3718: 3713: 3712: 3711: 3656: 3651: 3632:Spitzenkandidat 3607: 3597: 3596: 3570: 3565: 3554: 3552: 3541: 3539: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3518: 3506: 3494: 3482: 3470: 3458: 3446: 3434: 3422: 3410: 3398: 3386: 3374: 3362: 3350: 3338: 3326: 3314: 3302: 3290: 3278: 3266: 3254: 3242: 3229: 3217: 3205: 3193: 3190: 3184: 3174: 3173: 3153: 3151: 3140: 3138: 3135: 3130: 3111:Prüm Convention 3107: 3096: 3094: 3083: 3081: 3070: 3068: 3057: 3055: 3052: 3047: 3036: 3034: 3023: 3021: 3010: 3008: 2997: 2995: 2984: 2982: 2971: 2969: 2958: 2956: 2945: 2943: 2932: 2930: 2919: 2917: 2906: 2904: 2893: 2891: 2880: 2878: 2867: 2865: 2854: 2852: 2841: 2839: 2828: 2826: 2815: 2813: 2802: 2800: 2789: 2787: 2776: 2774: 2763: 2761: 2750: 2748: 2737: 2735: 2724: 2722: 2718: 2708: 2707: 2698: 2697: 2657: 2652: 2639: 2627: 2615: 2603: 2591: 2579: 2567: 2555: 2552: 2545: 2543: 2536:Paschal Donohoe 2528: 2520: 2513: 2511: 2498: 2486: 2474: 2462: 2450: 2438: 2426: 2414: 2402: 2390: 2378: 2366: 2354: 2342: 2330: 2318: 2306: 2294: 2282: 2270: 2267: 2259: 2249: 2248: 2232: 2221: 2219: 2208: 2206: 2203: 2198: 2197: 2186: 2184: 2173: 2171: 2160: 2158: 2147: 2145: 2134: 2132: 2121: 2119: 2108: 2106: 2095: 2093: 2082: 2080: 2069: 2067: 2056: 2054: 2043: 2041: 2030: 2028: 2017: 2015: 2004: 2002: 1991: 1989: 1978: 1976: 1965: 1963: 1952: 1950: 1939: 1937: 1926: 1924: 1913: 1911: 1900: 1898: 1887: 1885: 1874: 1872: 1861: 1859: 1848: 1846: 1842: 1840:Euratom members 1836: 1826: 1825: 1797: 1792: 1762: 1759:Advisory bodies 1755: 1742: 1737: 1666: 1659: 1651: 1646: 1638: 1633: 1625: 1620: 1613:Investment Fund 1608:Investment Bank 1604: 1598: 1590: 1589: 1555: 1545: 1544: 1516: 1511: 1503: 1495: 1487: 1486: 1456: 1448: 1440: 1439: 1438: 1431: 1415:Vice Presidents 1359: 1353: 1346: 1302: 1301: 1300: 1238: 1233: 1232: 1231: 1224: 1212: 1210: 1203: 1196: 1187: 1177: 1176: 1153:Vice Presidents 1134: 1127: 1102: 1094: 1086: 1085: 1070: 1065: 1050: 1045: 1044: 1035: 1030: 1029: 1000: 995: 994: 989: 900:Treaty of Paris 889: 879: 878: 877: 844: 832: 829: 822: 810: 807: 800: 788: 776: 772:North Macedonia 764: 752: 740: 728: 716: 704: 701: 694: 693: 682: 680: 669: 667: 656: 654: 643: 641: 630: 628: 617: 615: 604: 602: 591: 589: 578: 576: 565: 563: 552: 550: 539: 537: 526: 524: 513: 511: 500: 498: 487: 485: 474: 472: 461: 459: 448: 446: 435: 433: 422: 420: 409: 407: 396: 394: 383: 381: 370: 368: 357: 355: 344: 342: 337: 313: 273: 271: 245: 243: 213: 211: 177: 169: 140: 112:Luxembourg City 69: 57: 35: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10001: 9991: 9990: 9985: 9980: 9975: 9928: 9927: 9925:European Union 9915: 9892: 9891: 9889: 9888: 9881: 9874: 9860: 9857:Law portal 9845: 9842: 9841: 9839: 9838: 9837: 9836: 9825: 9823: 9819: 9818: 9816: 9815: 9810: 9805: 9800: 9795: 9790: 9789: 9788: 9778: 9777: 9776: 9766: 9761: 9756: 9751: 9746: 9741: 9736: 9731: 9726: 9721: 9715: 9713: 9709: 9708: 9706: 9705: 9700: 9695: 9693:Trial advocacy 9690: 9685: 9680: 9675: 9674: 9673: 9668: 9663: 9658: 9653: 9648: 9643: 9633: 9628: 9623: 9618: 9613: 9608: 9607: 9606: 9601: 9591: 9586: 9581: 9576: 9571: 9566: 9561: 9556: 9551: 9546: 9540: 9538: 9532: 9531: 9529: 9528: 9523: 9518: 9513: 9508: 9503: 9498: 9493: 9488: 9483: 9478: 9473: 9468: 9463: 9458: 9453: 9447: 9445: 9441: 9440: 9438: 9437: 9432: 9427: 9422: 9417: 9416: 9415: 9405: 9404: 9403: 9398: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9378: 9377: 9376: 9361: 9356: 9351: 9346: 9340: 9338: 9332: 9331: 9329: 9328: 9323: 9322: 9321: 9316: 9311: 9301: 9300: 9299: 9289: 9284: 9279: 9274: 9273: 9272: 9267: 9262: 9252: 9251: 9250: 9245: 9240: 9230: 9225: 9223:Ballot measure 9219: 9217: 9211: 9210: 9208: 9207: 9202: 9200:Legal treatise 9197: 9196: 9195: 9190: 9180: 9179: 9178: 9168: 9166:Letters patent 9163: 9158: 9157: 9156: 9146: 9141: 9136: 9127: 9121: 9119: 9117:Sources of law 9113: 9112: 9110: 9109: 9104: 9102:Unenforced law 9099: 9094: 9089: 9084: 9079: 9074: 9069: 9064: 9059: 9054: 9049: 9048: 9047: 9042: 9032: 9027: 9022: 9017: 9012: 9007: 9002: 8997: 8992: 8987: 8982: 8977: 8972: 8967: 8962: 8957: 8952: 8947: 8942: 8937: 8932: 8927: 8921: 8916: 8911: 8906: 8901: 8896: 8891: 8886: 8881: 8876: 8874:Commercial law 8871: 8866: 8861: 8856: 8851: 8846: 8840: 8838: 8834: 8833: 8831: 8830: 8825: 8820: 8815: 8814: 8813: 8803: 8798: 8793: 8792: 8791: 8786: 8776: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8756: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8740: 8739: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8708: 8706: 8702: 8701: 8694: 8693: 8686: 8679: 8671: 8662: 8661: 8659: 8658: 8653: 8647: 8644: 8643: 8641: 8640: 8635: 8630: 8624: 8622: 8618: 8617: 8615: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8599: 8594: 8589: 8584: 8579: 8574: 8569: 8564: 8559: 8554: 8549: 8544: 8539: 8534: 8529: 8524: 8519: 8514: 8509: 8504: 8499: 8485: 8483: 8479: 8478: 8476: 8475: 8470: 8465: 8460: 8455: 8450: 8445: 8440: 8435: 8430: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8405: 8400: 8395: 8390: 8385: 8380: 8375: 8370: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8262:Database right 8259: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8182:ATEX directive 8179: 8174: 8168: 8166: 8160: 8159: 8157: 8156: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8124: 8119: 8117:CLP Regulation 8114: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8074: 8069: 8063: 8061: 8057: 8056: 8054: 8053: 8048: 8043: 8038: 8035:Staatenverbund 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7945: 7944: 7933: 7931: 7924: 7921: 7920: 7918: 7917: 7912: 7907: 7902: 7897: 7891: 7889: 7885: 7884: 7882: 7881: 7876: 7874:Recommendation 7871: 7866: 7865: 7864: 7854: 7844: 7842: 7836: 7835: 7833: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7802: 7797: 7792: 7786: 7784: 7778: 7777: 7775: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7743: 7742: 7737: 7727: 7721: 7719: 7715: 7714: 7698: 7697: 7690: 7683: 7675: 7666: 7665: 7663: 7662: 7660:Law portal 7650: 7637: 7634: 7633: 7630: 7629: 7627: 7626: 7624:Webster ruling 7621: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7566: 7561: 7556: 7551: 7546: 7541: 7536: 7531: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7495: 7492: 7491: 7468: 7467: 7465: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7431: 7428: 7427: 7413: 7412: 7405: 7398: 7390: 7384: 7383: 7373: 7357: 7356:External links 7354: 7353: 7352: 7338: 7325: 7318: 7312: 7295: 7292: 7284: 7281: 7278: 7277: 7258: 7239: 7224: 7211: 7182: 7169: 7153: 7151:, pp. 292–293. 7140: 7133: 7111: 7096: 7067: 7042: 7033: 7007: 6998: 6966: 6934: 6919: 6879: 6854: 6849:Spiegel Online 6836: 6823: 6809: 6797: 6777: 6768: 6741: 6719: 6697: 6669: 6656: 6647: 6628: 6616: 6592: 6580:European Union 6564: 6538: 6515: 6503: 6487: 6461: 6437: 6419: 6408:. 16 June 2016 6378: 6357:House of Lords 6339: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6330: 6329: 6295: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6288: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6255: 6252: 6231:Mangold v Helm 6221: 6218: 6197:Robert Lecourt 6137: 6134: 6126:Treaty of Nice 6069: 6066: 6056: 6053: 6052: 6051: 6041: 6031: 6024: 6014: 6007: 6000: 5990: 5983: 5976: 5966: 5959: 5952: 5940: 5937: 5888:Main article: 5885: 5882: 5868: 5865: 5852: 5849: 5840: 5837: 5819: 5816: 5803: 5802: 5788: 5778: 5764: 5754: 5744: 5721: 5718: 5693: 5690: 5676: 5673: 5659: 5656: 5636:Main article: 5633: 5630: 5627: 5626: 5614: 5601: 5596: 5594: 5590: 5589: 5586: 5573: 5568: 5566: 5562: 5561: 5558: 5545: 5540: 5538: 5534: 5533: 5530: 5517: 5512: 5505: 5501: 5500: 5497: 5494: 5493:Vice-President 5491: 5488: 5470: 5469:Vice-President 5467: 5464: 5463: 5440: 5439: 5427: 5414: 5409: 5402: 5398: 5397: 5394: 5381: 5376: 5369: 5365: 5364: 5361: 5348: 5343: 5341: 5337: 5336: 5333: 5320: 5315: 5313: 5309: 5308: 5305: 5303:United Kingdom 5292: 5287: 5285: 5281: 5280: 5277: 5264: 5259: 5257: 5253: 5252: 5249: 5236: 5231: 5229: 5225: 5224: 5221: 5208: 5206:Robert Lecourt 5203: 5196: 5192: 5191: 5188: 5175: 5170: 5168: 5164: 5163: 5160: 5147: 5142: 5135: 5131: 5130: 5127: 5114: 5109: 5102: 5098: 5097: 5094: 5091: 5088: 5085: 5056: 5053: 5044: 5041: 5033: 5030: 5007:European Union 4973: 4970: 4930:in matters of 4928:European Union 4898: 4897: 4895: 4894: 4887: 4880: 4872: 4869: 4868: 4866: 4865: 4859: 4846: 4845: 4842: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4825: 4824: 4819: 4807: 4805:Defunct bodies 4804: 4803: 4800: 4799: 4796: 4795: 4790: 4783: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4755: 4754: 4749: 4748: 4747: 4742: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4635: 4634: 4622: 4610: 4598: 4586: 4574: 4562: 4550: 4538: 4526: 4514: 4502: 4490: 4478: 4466: 4454: 4442: 4430: 4418: 4406: 4394: 4382: 4380:Czech Republic 4370: 4358: 4346: 4334: 4322: 4305: 4303: 4302: 4300:Defence Policy 4297: 4295:Foreign Policy 4292: 4285: 4284: 4272: 4271: 4266: 4265: 4262: 4261: 4258: 4257: 4256: 4255: 4254: 4253: 4243: 4238: 4228: 4227: 4226: 4216: 4215: 4214: 4209: 4199: 4198: 4197: 4195:Euroscepticism 4192: 4187: 4182: 4172: 4171: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4147: 4146: 4145: 4135: 4134: 4133: 4123: 4117: 4114: 4113: 4110: 4109: 4106: 4105: 4100: 4098:Recommendation 4095: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4079: 4078: 4073: 4057: 4052: 4051: 4048: 4047: 4044: 4043: 4031: 4019: 4007: 3995: 3983: 3971: 3959: 3947: 3935: 3923: 3911: 3899: 3887: 3875: 3863: 3851: 3839: 3827: 3815: 3803: 3791: 3789:Czech Republic 3779: 3767: 3755: 3743: 3731: 3714: 3710: 3709: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3664: 3658: 3657: 3652: 3650: 3649: 3644: 3639: 3637:Constituencies 3634: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3608: 3603: 3602: 3599: 3598: 3587: 3586: 3581: 3576: 3566: 3564: 3563: 3550: 3537: 3521:Non-EU members 3519: 3517: 3516: 3504: 3492: 3480: 3468: 3456: 3444: 3432: 3420: 3408: 3396: 3384: 3372: 3360: 3348: 3336: 3324: 3312: 3300: 3288: 3276: 3264: 3262:Czech Republic 3252: 3240: 3227: 3215: 3203: 3186: 3185: 3180: 3179: 3176: 3175: 3164: 3163: 3149: 3131: 3129: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3113: 3106: 3105: 3092: 3079: 3066: 3050:Non-EU members 3048: 3046: 3045: 3032: 3019: 3006: 2993: 2980: 2967: 2954: 2941: 2928: 2915: 2902: 2889: 2876: 2863: 2850: 2837: 2824: 2811: 2798: 2785: 2783:Czech Republic 2772: 2759: 2746: 2733: 2719: 2714: 2713: 2710: 2709: 2696: 2695: 2690: 2685: 2680: 2675: 2670: 2665: 2659: 2658: 2653: 2651: 2650: 2645: 2638: 2637: 2625: 2613: 2601: 2589: 2577: 2565: 2546: 2541: 2540: 2539: 2538: 2514: 2509: 2508: 2496: 2484: 2472: 2460: 2448: 2436: 2424: 2412: 2400: 2388: 2376: 2364: 2352: 2340: 2328: 2316: 2304: 2292: 2280: 2261: 2260: 2255: 2254: 2251: 2250: 2239: 2238: 2231: 2230: 2228:United Kingdom 2217: 2199: 2196: 2195: 2182: 2169: 2156: 2143: 2130: 2117: 2104: 2091: 2078: 2065: 2052: 2039: 2026: 2013: 2000: 1987: 1974: 1961: 1948: 1935: 1922: 1920:Czech Republic 1909: 1896: 1883: 1870: 1857: 1843: 1838: 1837: 1832: 1831: 1828: 1827: 1824: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1793: 1791: 1790: 1785: 1784: 1783: 1773: 1768: 1756: 1754: 1753: 1748: 1738: 1736: 1735: 1734: 1733: 1732:of the Euratom 1730: 1724: 1723: 1722: 1719: 1711: 1710: 1709: 1704: 1696: 1693: 1690: 1689: 1688: 1685: 1679: 1676: 1673: 1660: 1658: 1657: 1647: 1645: 1644: 1634: 1632: 1631: 1621: 1619: 1618: 1615: 1610: 1600: 1599: 1596: 1595: 1592: 1591: 1588: 1587: 1586: 1585: 1580: 1578:Euro banknotes 1575: 1570: 1556: 1551: 1550: 1547: 1546: 1543: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1512: 1510: 1509: 1497: 1496: 1493: 1492: 1489: 1488: 1485: 1484: 1479: 1478: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1450: 1449: 1446: 1445: 1442: 1441: 1432: 1430: 1429: 1424: 1423: 1422: 1417: 1407: 1401: 1400: 1399: 1394: 1384: 1372:Largest groups 1369: 1347: 1345: 1344: 1343: 1342: 1337: 1329: 1328: 1327: 1322: 1308: 1299: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1262: 1261: 1251: 1246: 1240: 1239: 1236:Configurations 1234: 1225: 1211: 1204: 1197: 1195: 1194: 1188: 1183: 1182: 1179: 1178: 1175: 1174: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1140: 1128: 1126: 1125: 1124: 1123: 1118: 1096: 1095: 1092: 1091: 1088: 1087: 1084: 1083: 1077: 1066: 1064: 1063: 1057: 1048:Other treaties 1046: 1036: 1031: 1001: 996: 990: 988: 987: 986: 985: 980: 969: 963: 960:Treaty of Nice 957: 951: 945: 939: 933: 927: 924:Euratom Treaty 921: 918:Treaty of Rome 915: 909: 903: 897: 890: 885: 884: 881: 880: 876: 875: 870: 865: 860: 855: 850: 843: 842: 823: 821: 820: 801: 799: 798: 786: 774: 762: 750: 738: 726: 714: 695: 692: 691: 678: 665: 652: 639: 626: 613: 600: 587: 574: 561: 548: 535: 522: 509: 496: 483: 470: 457: 444: 431: 418: 416:Czech Republic 405: 392: 379: 366: 353: 339: 338: 332: 331: 328: 327: 324: 323: 315: 314: 309: 306: 305: 293: 292: 284: 283: 279: 278: 268: 264: 263: 260: 256: 255: 251: 250: 240: 236: 235: 230: 226: 225: 223:Vice-President 219: 218: 208: 204: 203: 198: 194: 193: 187: 186: 175: 171: 170: 168: 167: 161: 157: 155: 151: 150: 145: 137: 136: 131: 127: 126: 123: 119: 118: 101: 97: 96: 90:European Union 87: 83: 82: 79: 75: 74: 71: 70: 67: 59: 58: 53:Emblem of the 52: 44: 43: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10000: 9989: 9986: 9984: 9981: 9979: 9976: 9974: 9971: 9970: 9968: 9961: 9958: 9926: 9916: 9914: 9909: 9904: 9903: 9900: 9887: 9886: 9882: 9880: 9879: 9875: 9873: 9872: 9861: 9859: 9858: 9853: 9847: 9846: 9843: 9835: 9832: 9831: 9830: 9827: 9826: 9824: 9820: 9814: 9811: 9809: 9806: 9804: 9801: 9799: 9796: 9794: 9791: 9787: 9784: 9783: 9782: 9779: 9775: 9772: 9771: 9770: 9767: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9757: 9755: 9752: 9750: 9747: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9739:Civil society 9737: 9735: 9732: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9716: 9714: 9710: 9704: 9701: 9699: 9698:Trier of fact 9696: 9694: 9691: 9689: 9686: 9684: 9681: 9679: 9676: 9672: 9669: 9667: 9664: 9662: 9659: 9657: 9654: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9644: 9642: 9639: 9638: 9637: 9634: 9632: 9629: 9627: 9624: 9622: 9619: 9617: 9614: 9612: 9609: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9596: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9587: 9585: 9584:Legal opinion 9582: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9567: 9565: 9564:Court-martial 9562: 9560: 9557: 9555: 9552: 9550: 9547: 9545: 9542: 9541: 9539: 9537: 9536:Jurisprudence 9533: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9504: 9502: 9499: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9448: 9446: 9442: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9428: 9426: 9425:Statutory law 9423: 9421: 9420:Socialist law 9418: 9414: 9413:Byzantine law 9411: 9410: 9409: 9406: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9375: 9372: 9371: 9370: 9367: 9366: 9365: 9364:Religious law 9362: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9350: 9347: 9345: 9342: 9341: 9339: 9337: 9336:Legal systems 9333: 9327: 9324: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9307: 9306: 9305: 9304:Statutory law 9302: 9298: 9295: 9294: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9280: 9278: 9275: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9261: 9258: 9257: 9256: 9253: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9241: 9239: 9236: 9235: 9234: 9231: 9229: 9226: 9224: 9221: 9220: 9218: 9216: 9212: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9185: 9184: 9181: 9177: 9174: 9173: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9155: 9152: 9151: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9134:Statutory law 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9122: 9120: 9118: 9114: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9092:Transport law 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9046: 9043: 9041: 9038: 9037: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9013: 9011: 9010:Legal fiction 9008: 9006: 9003: 9001: 8998: 8996: 8993: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8978: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8940:Financial law 8938: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8899:Corporate law 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8841: 8839: 8835: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8823:Statutory law 8821: 8819: 8816: 8812: 8809: 8808: 8807: 8804: 8802: 8799: 8797: 8794: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8781: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8738: 8735: 8734: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8709: 8707: 8705:Core subjects 8703: 8699: 8692: 8687: 8685: 8680: 8678: 8673: 8672: 8669: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8648: 8645: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8625: 8623: 8619: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8570: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8560: 8558: 8555: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8494: 8490: 8487: 8486: 8484: 8480: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8308:CHP Directive 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8169: 8167: 8165: 8161: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8129: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8064: 8062: 8058: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8036: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7974:Four freedoms 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7954:Direct effect 7952: 7950: 7947: 7943: 7940: 7939: 7938: 7935: 7934: 7932: 7927: 7922: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7892: 7890: 7886: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7863: 7860: 7859: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7849: 7846: 7845: 7843: 7841: 7837: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7820:Lisbon Treaty 7818: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7795:Merger Treaty 7793: 7791: 7788: 7787: 7785: 7783: 7779: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7747:General Court 7745: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7732: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7722: 7720: 7716: 7712: 7706: 7696: 7691: 7689: 7684: 7682: 7677: 7676: 7673: 7661: 7656: 7651: 7649: 7639: 7638: 7635: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7569:Kolpak ruling 7567: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7509:Bosman ruling 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7496: 7493: 7487: 7482: 7478: 7473: 7469: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7447:General Court 7445: 7441: 7436: 7433: 7432: 7429: 7423: 7418: 7411: 7406: 7404: 7399: 7397: 7392: 7391: 7388: 7381: 7377: 7374: 7371: 7365: 7360: 7359: 7350: 7346: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7333: 7329: 7326: 7323: 7319: 7315: 7309: 7305: 7301: 7296: 7293: 7290: 7287: 7286: 7274:(in Flemish). 7273: 7269: 7262: 7254: 7250: 7243: 7237: 7233: 7228: 7221: 7215: 7208: 7204: 7200: 7196: 7192: 7186: 7179: 7173: 7166: 7162: 7157: 7150: 7144: 7136: 7130: 7126: 7122: 7115: 7109: 7108: 7100: 7085: 7081: 7074: 7072: 7056: 7052: 7046: 7037: 7022: 7018: 7011: 7002: 6983: 6976: 6970: 6951: 6944: 6938: 6930: 6923: 6915: 6909: 6894: 6890: 6883: 6868: 6864: 6858: 6850: 6846: 6840: 6833: 6827: 6821: 6820: 6813: 6806: 6801: 6795: 6791: 6789: 6781: 6772: 6761: 6754: 6753: 6745: 6729: 6723: 6716: 6709: 6708: 6701: 6686: 6682: 6676: 6674: 6667: 6660: 6651: 6644: 6640: 6639: 6632: 6626: 6620: 6609: 6602: 6596: 6585: 6581: 6574: 6568: 6553: 6549: 6542: 6534: 6529: 6528: 6519: 6510: 6508: 6501: 6497: 6491: 6476: 6472: 6465: 6454: 6447: 6441: 6433: 6429: 6423: 6407: 6403: 6397: 6395: 6393: 6391: 6389: 6387: 6385: 6383: 6375: 6362: 6358: 6354: 6350: 6344: 6340: 6326: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6300: 6296: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6257: 6251: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6235: 6233: 6232: 6227: 6217: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6206: 6200: 6198: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6176: 6174: 6173: 6167: 6166:Community law 6163: 6162:Member States 6159: 6158: 6153: 6149: 6148:direct effect 6143: 6133: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6118: 6114: 6108: 6106: 6102: 6097: 6095: 6094: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6075: 6065: 6061: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6029: 6025: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6012: 6011:ArcelorMittal 6008: 6005: 6001: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5988: 5984: 5981: 5977: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5964: 5960: 5957: 5953: 5950: 5946: 5945: 5944: 5936: 5933: 5929: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5903: 5899: 5897: 5891: 5881: 5878: 5874: 5864: 5862: 5858: 5848: 5846: 5836: 5834: 5829: 5828:General Court 5825: 5815: 5811: 5809: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5789: 5786: 5782: 5779: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5765: 5762: 5758: 5755: 5752: 5748: 5745: 5742: 5738: 5735: 5734: 5733: 5729: 5727: 5717: 5715: 5714:General Court 5711: 5707: 5698: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5672: 5668: 5665: 5658:The Registrar 5655: 5651: 5647: 5645: 5639: 5624: 5619: 5615: 5613: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5591: 5587: 5585: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5563: 5559: 5557: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5535: 5531: 5529: 5518: 5516: 5515:Koen Lenaerts 5513: 5510: 5506: 5503: 5502: 5498: 5495: 5492: 5489: 5484: 5483: 5480: 5477: 5476:Koen Lenaerts 5451: 5446: 5441: 5437: 5432: 5428: 5426: 5415: 5413: 5412:Koen Lenaerts 5410: 5407: 5403: 5400: 5399: 5395: 5393: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5374: 5370: 5367: 5366: 5362: 5360: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5338: 5334: 5332: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5310: 5306: 5304: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5282: 5278: 5276: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5254: 5250: 5248: 5237: 5235: 5234:Hans Kutscher 5232: 5230: 5227: 5226: 5222: 5220: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5201: 5197: 5194: 5193: 5189: 5187: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5165: 5161: 5159: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5140: 5136: 5133: 5132: 5128: 5126: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5107: 5103: 5100: 5099: 5095: 5092: 5089: 5086: 5081: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5052: 5050: 5039: 5029: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5015: 5010: 5008: 5004: 4999: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4979: 4969: 4965: 4963: 4958: 4956: 4955:Koen Lenaerts 4952: 4948: 4943: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4924:supreme court 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4893: 4888: 4886: 4881: 4879: 4874: 4873: 4871: 4870: 4864: 4861: 4860: 4858: 4848: 4847: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4808: 4802: 4801: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4785: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4765: 4761: 4758: 4757: 4753: 4750: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4737: 4735: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4637: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4310: 4308: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4287: 4283: 4282:Josep Borrell 4280: 4279: 4277: 4276: 4269: 4264: 4263: 4252: 4249: 4248: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4233: 4232: 4229: 4225: 4222: 4221: 4220: 4217: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4204: 4203: 4200: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4177: 4176: 4173: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4150: 4148: 4144: 4141: 4140: 4139: 4136: 4132: 4129: 4128: 4127: 4126:Customs Union 4124: 4122: 4119: 4118: 4112: 4111: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4077: 4074: 4071: 4070:ECJ Case 6/64 4067: 4064: 4063: 4062: 4059: 4058: 4055: 4050: 4049: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4030: 4025: 4020: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3910: 3905: 3900: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3838: 3833: 3828: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3719: 3717: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3659: 3655: 3648: 3645: 3643: 3642:Apportionment 3640: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3609: 3606: 3601: 3600: 3591: 3585: 3582: 3580: 3577: 3575: 3572: 3571: 3569: 3562: 3551: 3549: 3548:Liechtenstein 3538: 3536: 3525: 3524: 3522: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3491: 3486: 3481: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3467: 3462: 3457: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3443: 3438: 3433: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3419: 3414: 3409: 3407: 3402: 3397: 3395: 3390: 3385: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3335: 3330: 3325: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3311: 3306: 3301: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3287: 3282: 3277: 3275: 3270: 3265: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3251: 3246: 3241: 3238: 3233: 3228: 3226: 3221: 3216: 3214: 3209: 3204: 3202: 3197: 3192: 3191: 3189: 3183: 3178: 3177: 3168: 3161: 3150: 3148: 3137: 3136: 3134: 3127: 3124: 3122: 3119: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3108: 3104: 3093: 3091: 3080: 3078: 3077:Liechtenstein 3067: 3065: 3054: 3053: 3051: 3044: 3033: 3031: 3020: 3018: 3007: 3005: 2994: 2992: 2981: 2979: 2968: 2966: 2955: 2953: 2942: 2940: 2929: 2927: 2916: 2914: 2903: 2901: 2890: 2888: 2877: 2875: 2864: 2862: 2851: 2849: 2838: 2836: 2825: 2823: 2812: 2810: 2799: 2797: 2786: 2784: 2773: 2771: 2760: 2758: 2747: 2745: 2734: 2732: 2721: 2720: 2717: 2716:Schengen Area 2712: 2711: 2702: 2694: 2691: 2689: 2686: 2684: 2681: 2679: 2676: 2674: 2671: 2669: 2666: 2664: 2661: 2660: 2656: 2649: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2640: 2636: 2635:Swedish krona 2631: 2626: 2624: 2619: 2614: 2612: 2607: 2602: 2600: 2595: 2590: 2588: 2583: 2578: 2576: 2571: 2566: 2564: 2563:Bulgarian lev 2559: 2554: 2553: 2551: 2550: 2544: 2537: 2532: 2527: 2526: 2525: 2522: 2521: 2519: 2518: 2512: 2507: 2502: 2497: 2495: 2490: 2485: 2483: 2478: 2473: 2471: 2466: 2461: 2459: 2454: 2449: 2447: 2442: 2437: 2435: 2430: 2425: 2423: 2418: 2413: 2411: 2406: 2401: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2387: 2382: 2377: 2375: 2370: 2365: 2363: 2358: 2353: 2351: 2346: 2341: 2339: 2334: 2329: 2327: 2322: 2317: 2315: 2310: 2305: 2303: 2298: 2293: 2291: 2286: 2281: 2279: 2274: 2269: 2268: 2266: 2265: 2258: 2253: 2252: 2243: 2237: 2234: 2233: 2229: 2218: 2216: 2205: 2204: 2202: 2194: 2183: 2181: 2170: 2168: 2157: 2155: 2144: 2142: 2131: 2129: 2118: 2116: 2105: 2103: 2092: 2090: 2079: 2077: 2066: 2064: 2053: 2051: 2040: 2038: 2027: 2025: 2014: 2012: 2001: 1999: 1988: 1986: 1975: 1973: 1962: 1960: 1949: 1947: 1936: 1934: 1923: 1921: 1910: 1908: 1897: 1895: 1884: 1882: 1871: 1869: 1858: 1856: 1845: 1844: 1841: 1835: 1830: 1829: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1798: 1796: 1789: 1786: 1782: 1779: 1778: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1763: 1761: 1760: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1743: 1741: 1731: 1728: 1727: 1725: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1714: 1712: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1691: 1686: 1684: 1680: 1678:AFSC agencies 1677: 1675:CFSP agencies 1674: 1671: 1670: 1668: 1667: 1665: 1664: 1656: 1653: 1652: 1650: 1643: 1640: 1639: 1637: 1630: 1627: 1626: 1624: 1617:EIB Institute 1616: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1605: 1603: 1594: 1593: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1565: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1557: 1554: 1549: 1548: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1517: 1515: 1508: 1505: 1504: 1502: 1501: 1491: 1490: 1483: 1482:General Court 1480: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1462: 1461: 1458: 1457: 1455: 1454: 1444: 1443: 1437: 1436: 1428: 1425: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1412: 1411: 1408: 1405: 1402: 1398: 1395: 1392: 1391:Iratxe García 1388: 1385: 1382: 1381:Manfred Weber 1378: 1375: 1374: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1364: 1361: 1360: 1357: 1352: 1351: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1332: 1330: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1317: 1314: 1313: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1303: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1260: 1257: 1256: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1241: 1237: 1229: 1223: 1222: 1216: 1209: 1208: 1202: 1201: 1193: 1190: 1189: 1186: 1181: 1180: 1173: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1163:Civil Service 1161: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1148: 1147:Von der Leyen 1144: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1135: 1133: 1132: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1113: 1111: 1107: 1104: 1103: 1101: 1100: 1090: 1089: 1081: 1078: 1075: 1072: 1071: 1069: 1061: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1051: 1049: 1043: 1039: 1034: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 999: 993: 984: 981: 979: 976: 975: 973: 970: 967: 964: 961: 958: 955: 952: 949: 946: 943: 940: 937: 934: 931: 930:Merger Treaty 928: 925: 922: 919: 916: 913: 910: 907: 904: 901: 898: 895: 892: 891: 888: 883: 882: 874: 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 849: 846: 845: 841: 836: 831: 830: 828: 827: 819: 814: 809: 808: 806: 805: 797: 792: 787: 785: 780: 775: 773: 768: 763: 761: 756: 751: 749: 744: 739: 737: 732: 727: 725: 720: 715: 713: 708: 703: 702: 700: 699: 690: 679: 677: 666: 664: 653: 651: 640: 638: 627: 625: 614: 612: 601: 599: 588: 586: 575: 573: 562: 560: 549: 547: 536: 534: 523: 521: 510: 508: 497: 495: 484: 482: 471: 469: 458: 456: 445: 443: 432: 430: 419: 417: 406: 404: 393: 391: 380: 378: 367: 365: 354: 352: 341: 340: 335: 334:Member states 330: 329: 326: 325: 321: 317: 316: 312: 308: 307: 303: 299: 298: 290: 285: 280: 269: 265: 261: 257: 252: 241: 237: 234: 231: 227: 224: 220: 209: 205: 202: 201:Koen Lenaerts 199: 195: 192: 188: 184: 176: 172: 166: 162: 159: 158: 156: 152: 149: 146: 143: 138: 135: 132: 130:Authorized by 128: 124: 120: 117: 113: 109: 105: 102: 98: 95: 91: 88: 84: 80: 76: 72: 65: 60: 56: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 29: 22: 9930: 9883: 9876: 9862: 9848: 9621:Jurisdiction 9589:Legal remedy 9544:Adjudication 9444:Legal theory 9282:Ratification 9277:Promulgation 9248:Proclamation 9228:Codification 9161:Human rights 9149:Divine right 9139:Constitution 9107:Women in law 9025:Military law 9020:Marriage law 9015:Maritime law 8914:Election law 8854:Aviation law 8844:Abortion law 8796:Property law 8732:Criminal law 8537:Costa v ENEL 8527:Ciarán Tobin 8126: 8046:Subsidiarity 8033: 7969:Gold-plating 7729: 7589:Nordsee case 7539:Costa v ENEL 7347:5 (2010) 2, 7344: 7331: 7321: 7299: 7271: 7261: 7252: 7242: 7231: 7227: 7219: 7214: 7206: 7202: 7199:Costa v ENEL 7198: 7194: 7190: 7185: 7177: 7172: 7160: 7156: 7148: 7143: 7124: 7120: 7114: 7104: 7099: 7087:. Retrieved 7058:. Retrieved 7054: 7045: 7036: 7025:, retrieved 7020: 7010: 7001: 6989:. Retrieved 6969: 6957:. Retrieved 6950:the original 6937: 6922: 6896:. Retrieved 6892: 6882: 6870:. Retrieved 6866: 6857: 6848: 6839: 6826: 6818: 6812: 6800: 6787: 6780: 6771: 6751: 6744: 6732:. Retrieved 6722: 6714: 6706: 6700: 6688:. Retrieved 6659: 6650: 6642: 6637: 6631: 6624: 6619: 6595: 6567: 6555:. Retrieved 6541: 6526: 6518: 6490: 6478:. Retrieved 6464: 6440: 6431: 6422: 6410:. Retrieved 6372: 6365:. Retrieved 6361:the original 6343: 6299: 6243:Marc Bossuyt 6236: 6229: 6226:Roman Herzog 6223: 6203: 6201: 6192:Costa v ENEL 6191: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6177: 6172:Costa v ENEL 6170: 6155: 6145: 6129: 6109: 6105:Villa Vauban 6098: 6091: 6077: 6062: 6058: 5973: 5942: 5934: 5930: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5904: 5900: 5893: 5876: 5870: 5854: 5842: 5821: 5812: 5804: 5790: 5780: 5766: 5756: 5746: 5736: 5730: 5723: 5703: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5669: 5661: 5652: 5648: 5641: 5622: 5617: 5472: 5454:. Retrieved 5444: 5435: 5430: 5247:West Germany 5073: 5069: 5061: 5058: 5046: 5018: 5011: 5000: 4981: 4966: 4959: 4957:since 2015. 4951:member state 4944: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4901: 4813:(1958–1993) 4306: 4273: 4153:Agricultural 4076:Subsidiarity 3715: 3653: 3567: 3520: 3187: 3132: 3049: 2654: 2623:Romanian leu 2611:Polish złoty 2587:Danish krone 2575:Czech koruna 2547: 2542: 2523: 2515: 2510: 2262: 2200: 1839: 1794: 1757: 1739: 1661: 1648: 1635: 1622: 1601: 1597:Other bodies 1513: 1498: 1459: 1451: 1433: 1348: 1235: 1220: 1205: 1198: 1129: 1097: 1067: 1047: 1032: 997: 912:Spaak Report 824: 802: 696: 282:Division map 142:Appeals from 86:Jurisdiction 36: 9952: / 9793:Legislature 9724:Bureaucracy 9521:Rule of man 9516:Rule of law 9491:Libertarian 9354:Chinese law 9255:Legislation 9205:Regulations 9193:Law reports 9171:Natural law 9067:Reparations 9062:Refugee law 8985:Jurimetrics 8926:(Media law) 8864:Banking law 8859:Amnesty law 8837:Disciplines 8774:Private law 8602:Tanja Kreil 8489:ECJ Rulings 8060:Regulations 7815:Nice Treaty 7790:Rome Treaty 7584:Metock case 7574:Tanja Kreil 7289:Gunnar Beck 7060:5 September 6959:24 February 6124:. With the 6082:quarter of 5158:Netherlands 5074:rapporteurs 5070:rapporteurs 5062:rapporteurs 5032:Composition 4548:Netherlands 4231:Integration 4175:Citizenship 3957:Netherlands 3430:Netherlands 3188:EEA members 3103:Switzerland 2952:Netherlands 2458:Netherlands 2215:Switzerland 2102:Netherlands 1406:(2019–2024) 1404:9th session 1311:Secretariat 1082:(2015–2016) 598:Netherlands 78:Established 9967:Categories 9940:06°08′28″E 9937:49°37′17″N 9786:Law school 9666:Prosecutor 9604:Magistrate 9391:Jewish law 9349:Common law 9270:Rulemaking 9265:Regulation 9215:Law making 9154:Divine law 9130:Legal code 9077:Sports law 9000:Law of war 8950:Health law 8935:Family law 8919:Energy law 8869:Bankruptcy 8806:Punishment 8801:Public law 8656:Law portal 8547:Francovich 8542:Factortame 8164:Directives 7926:Principles 7888:Procedures 7852:Regulation 7253:EUobserver 6355:(Report). 6335:References 6140:See also: 6088:Luxembourg 5363:1994–2003 5335:1988–1994 5307:1984–1988 5279:1980–1984 5251:1976–1980 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5998:Gauweiler 5907:Union law 5808:Union law 5664:Registrar 5618:incumbent 5431:incumbent 5090:President 5055:President 4962:Union law 4512:Lithuania 4163:Fisheries 4149:Policies 4088:Directive 3921:Lithuania 3605:Elections 3394:Lithuania 3162:(Opt-out) 2913:Lithuania 2524:President 2517:Eurogroup 2422:Lithuania 2063:Lithuania 1729:of the EU 1560:President 1363:President 1259:Eurogroup 1172:Juhansone 1143:President 1106:President 978:Article 7 559:Lithuania 259:Currently 254:Registrar 229:Currently 197:Currently 191:President 108:Kirchberg 9871:Category 9813:Tribunal 9798:Military 9641:Attorney 9611:Judgment 9471:Feminist 9386:Jain law 9183:Case law 8904:Cyberlaw 8811:Corporal 8789:Criminal 8759:Evidence 8749:Doctrine 8727:Contract 7869:Decision 7830:Opt-outs 7782:Treaties 7481:case law 7089:19 April 6982:Archived 6908:cite web 6760:archived 6608:Archived 6584:Archived 6557:19 April 6480:19 April 6453:Archived 6412:19 March 6254:See also 5675:Chambers 5456:19 April 5064:called ' 4608:Slovenia 4596:Slovakia 4572:Portugal 4344:Bulgaria 4185:Identity 4168:Regional 4093:Decision 4017:Slovenia 4005:Slovakia 3981:Portugal 3753:Bulgaria 3490:Slovenia 3478:Slovakia 3454:Portugal 3225:Bulgaria 3017:Slovenia 3004:Slovakia 2978:Portugal 2757:Bulgaria 2663:Bulgaria 2494:Slovenia 2482:Slovakia 2470:Portugal 2167:Slovenia 2154:Slovakia 2128:Portugal 1881:Bulgaria 1420:Quaestor 1266:AGRIFISH 992:Opt-outs 663:Slovenia 650:Slovakia 624:Portugal 377:Bulgaria 302:a series 100:Location 9899:Portals 9885:Outline 9822:History 9729:The bar 9703:Verdict 9651:Counsel 9631:Justice 9486:History 9309:Statute 9125:Charter 9087:Tax law 9035:Probate 8577:Nordsee 8493:Caselex 7942:EUR-Lex 7735:members 7477:Rulings 7440:members 7378:at the 6309:customs 6152:primacy 5877:only if 5612:Denmark 5528:Belgium 5425:Belgium 5331:Denmark 5318:Ole Due 5275:Belgium 4972:History 4926:of the 4764:Ireland 4734:History 4584:Romania 4476:Ireland 4464:Hungary 4440:Germany 4416:Finland 4404:Estonia 4392:Denmark 4356:Croatia 4332:Belgium 4320:Austria 4066:Primacy 3993:Romania 3885:Ireland 3873:Hungary 3849:Germany 3825:Finland 3813:Estonia 3801:Denmark 3765:Croatia 3741:Belgium 3729:Austria 3535:Iceland 3466:Romania 3358:Ireland 3346:Hungary 3322:Germany 3298:Finland 3286:Estonia 3274:Denmark 3237:Croatia 3213:Belgium 3201:Austria 3160:Ireland 3064:Iceland 2991:Romania 2874:Hungary 2848:Germany 2822:Finland 2809:Estonia 2796:Denmark 2770:Croatia 2744:Belgium 2731:Austria 2693:Romania 2678:Hungary 2673:Denmark 2668:Czechia 2386:Ireland 2362:Germany 2338:Finland 2326:Estonia 2302:Croatia 2290:Belgium 2278:Austria 2141:Romania 2024:Ireland 2011:Hungary 1985:Germany 1959:Finland 1946:Estonia 1933:Denmark 1894:Croatia 1868:Belgium 1855:Austria 1834:Euratom 1563:Lagarde 1475:Rulings 1465:Members 1387:S&D 1367:Metsola 1356:Members 1335:COREPER 1221:Hungary 1116:Parties 1112:(ALDE) 974:(2007) 796:Ukraine 748:Moldova 736:Georgia 712:Albania 637:Romania 520:Ireland 507:Hungary 481:Germany 455:Finland 442:Estonia 429:Denmark 390:Croatia 364:Belgium 351:Austria 272: ( 244: ( 212: ( 181:.europa 174:Website 9803:Police 9774:Agency 9656:Lawyer 9401:Sharia 9292:Treaty 9287:Repeal 9233:Decree 9144:Custom 9040:Estate 8990:Labour 8754:Equity 8572:Metock 8557:Kolpak 8507:Bosman 7848:Acquis 7382:(CVCE) 7310: 7131: 6212:an EU 6043:2019: 6033:2017: 6026:2016: 6016:2015: 6002:2014: 5992:2014: 5985:2013: 5978:2011: 5968:2008: 5961:2007: 5954:1999: 5947:1997: 5609: 5581: 5553: 5525: 5452:. CVCE 5445:Source 5422: 5392:Greece 5389: 5356: 5328: 5300: 5272: 5244: 5219:France 5216: 5183: 5155: 5122: 5043:Judges 4916:French 4745:Brexit 4632:Sweden 4560:Poland 4500:Latvia 4452:Greece 4428:France 4368:Cyprus 4158:Energy 4121:Budget 4061:Acquis 4041:Sweden 3969:Poland 3909:Latvia 3861:Greece 3837:France 3777:Cyprus 3568:Topics 3561:Norway 3559: 3546: 3533: 3514:Sweden 3442:Poland 3382:Latvia 3334:Greece 3310:France 3250:Cyprus 3158: 3147:Cyprus 3145: 3101: 3090:Norway 3088: 3075: 3062: 3043:Sweden 3041: 3028: 3015: 3002: 2989: 2976: 2965:Poland 2963: 2950: 2937: 2924: 2911: 2900:Latvia 2898: 2885: 2872: 2861:Greece 2859: 2846: 2835:France 2833: 2820: 2807: 2794: 2781: 2768: 2755: 2742: 2729: 2688:Sweden 2683:Poland 2643:ERM II 2410:Latvia 2374:Greece 2350:France 2314:Cyprus 2226: 2213: 2193:Sweden 2191: 2178: 2165: 2152: 2139: 2126: 2115:Poland 2113: 2100: 2087: 2074: 2061: 2050:Latvia 2048: 2035: 2022: 2009: 1998:Greece 1996: 1983: 1972:France 1970: 1957: 1944: 1931: 1918: 1907:Cyprus 1905: 1892: 1879: 1866: 1853: 1410:Bureau 1306:Voting 1276:COMPET 1254:ECOFIN 1110:Michel 1076:(2004) 1062:(1992) 1056:(1985) 968:(2007) 962:(2001) 956:(1997) 950:(1992) 944:(1986) 938:(1983) 932:(1965) 926:(1957) 920:(1957) 914:(1956) 908:(1951) 902:(1951) 896:(1950) 840:Kosovo 818:Turkey 784:Serbia 689:Sweden 687: 674: 661: 648: 635: 622: 611:Poland 609: 596: 583: 570: 557: 546:Latvia 544: 531: 518: 505: 494:Greece 492: 479: 468:France 466: 453: 440: 427: 414: 403:Cyprus 401: 388: 375: 362: 349: 9878:Index 9744:Court 9688:Trial 9594:Judge 9435:Yassa 9238:Edict 8784:Civil 8737:Crime 8621:Fraud 8482:Cases 8144:REACH 6985:(PDF) 6978:(PDF) 6953:(PDF) 6946:(PDF) 6763:(PDF) 6756:(PDF) 6711:(PDF) 6611:(PDF) 6604:(PDF) 6587:(PDF) 6576:(PDF) 6456:(PDF) 6449:(PDF) 6291:Notes 5797:) on 5584:Spain 5556:Italy 5499:Term 5496:State 5490:Image 5359:Spain 5125:Italy 5096:Term 5093:State 5087:Image 4620:Spain 4536:Malta 4488:Italy 4029:Spain 3945:Malta 3897:Italy 3502:Spain 3418:Malta 3370:Italy 3030:Spain 2939:Malta 2887:Italy 2506:Spain 2446:Malta 2398:Italy 2180:Spain 2089:Malta 2037:Italy 1681:ESFS 1271:EPSCO 1149:(EPP) 676:Spain 585:Malta 533:Italy 267:Since 239:Since 207:Since 179:curia 9626:Jury 9574:Fiqh 9430:Xeer 8828:Tort 8744:Deed 8522:Chen 7840:Acts 7479:and 7308:ISBN 7197:and 7129:ISBN 7091:2013 7084:CVCE 7062:2020 7029:2013 6993:2013 6961:2017 6914:link 6900:2021 6874:2021 6736:2014 6692:2007 6559:2013 6552:CVCE 6494:See 6482:2013 6475:CVCE 6414:2018 6369:2021 6323:and 6190:and 6150:and 6068:Seat 5662:The 5458:2013 5001:The 4902:The 3702:2019 3697:2014 3692:2009 3687:2004 3682:1999 3677:1994 3672:1989 3667:1984 3662:1979 1568:ESCB 1286:ENVI 1042:2020 1038:1984 1027:2011 1023:2005 1019:2003 1015:1994 1011:1985 1007:1979 1003:1972 868:EU 3 336:(27) 92:and 81:1952 9913:Law 8698:Law 8495:): 6533:117 6317:VAT 6115:at 5773:): 5486:No. 5083:No. 4908:ECJ 4793:G20 4054:Law 1573:EMU 1377:EPP 1296:EYC 1291:JHA 1281:TTE 1249:FAC 1244:GAC 183:.eu 163:11 9969:: 9132:/ 7850:: 7372:") 7330:, 7306:. 7270:. 7251:. 7193:, 7082:. 7070:^ 7053:. 7019:, 6910:}} 6906:{{ 6891:. 6865:. 6847:. 6713:, 6683:. 6672:^ 6641:, 6606:. 6578:. 6550:. 6506:^ 6473:. 6451:. 6430:. 6404:. 6381:^ 6371:. 6315:, 6241:, 6096:. 6086:, 5917:. 5835:. 5716:. 5447:: 5401:11 5368:10 4918:: 4788:G7 4736:) 1365:: 1318:: 1230:) 1170:: 1145:: 1108:: 1040:, 1025:, 1021:, 1017:, 1013:, 1009:, 1005:, 304:on 114:, 110:, 106:, 9901:: 8690:e 8683:t 8676:v 8491:( 7694:e 7687:t 7680:v 7488:) 7484:( 7442:) 7438:( 7409:e 7402:t 7395:v 7351:. 7316:. 7255:. 7167:) 7137:. 7093:. 7064:. 6995:. 6963:. 6931:. 6916:) 6902:. 6876:. 6807:. 6738:. 6694:. 6561:. 6535:. 6484:. 6434:. 6416:. 5801:. 5593:4 5565:3 5537:2 5504:1 5460:. 5340:9 5312:8 5284:7 5256:6 5228:5 5195:4 5167:3 5134:2 5101:1 4914:( 4906:( 4891:e 4884:t 4877:v 4766:) 4762:( 4732:( 4072:) 4068:( 1393:) 1389:( 1383:) 1379:( 1358:) 1354:( 1226:( 276:) 248:) 216:) 34:. 23:.

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