International law - Knowledge

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states that it will be enacted through ratification, acceptance or approval, the parties must sign to indicate acceptance of the wording but there is no requirement on a state to later ratify the treaty, although they may still be subject to certain obligations. When signing or ratifying a treaty, a state can make a unilateral statement to negate or amend certain legal provisions which can have one of three effects: the reserving state is bound by the treaty but the effects of the relevant provisions are precluded or changes, the reserving state is bound by the treaty but not the relevant provisions, or the reserving state is not bound by the treaty. An interpretive declaration is a separate process, where a state issues a unilateral statement to specify or clarify a treaty provision. This can affect the interpretation of the treaty but it is generally not legally binding. A state is also able to issue a conditional declaration stating that it will consent to a given treaty only on the condition of a particular provision or interpretation.

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legislation, although they will generally need to be approved by the legislature. Once approved, the content of the treaty is considered as a law that has a higher status than national laws. Examples of countries with a monism approach are France and the Netherlands. The dualism approach considers that national and international law are two separate legal orders, so treaties are not granted a special status. The rules in a treaty can only be considered national law if the contents of the treaty have been enacted first. An example is the United Kingdom; after the country ratified the

1601: 1390: 2142:. There are 123 state parties to the ICC although a number of states have declared their opposition to the court; it has been criticised by African countries including The Gambia and Kenya for "imperialist" prosecutions. One particular aspect of the court that has received scrutiny is the principle of complementarity, whereby the ICC only has jurisdiction if the national courts of a state with jurisdiction are "unwilling or unable to prosecute" or where a state has investigated but chosen not to prosecute a case. The United States has a particularly 2119: 1204: 614:(1673–1743) in the Netherlands, argued that international law should derive from the actual practice of states rather than Christian or Greco-Roman sources. The study of international law shifted away from its core concern on the law of war and towards the domains such as the law of the sea and commercial treaties. The positivist school grew more popular as it reflected accepted views of state sovereignty and was consistent with the empiricist approach to philosophy that was then gaining acceptance in Europe. 1921: 1010: 208:, which was described in a 1969 paper as " relatively new word in the vocabulary of politics". Systems of supranational law arise when nations explicitly cede their right to make decisions to this system's judiciary and legislature, which then have the right to make laws that are directly effective in each member state. This has been described as "a level of international integration beyond mere intergovernmentalism yet still short of a federal system". The most common example of a 12885: 12873: 10444: 9960: 12861: 9974: 1049:

declaratory theory sees recognition as commenting on a current state of law which has been separately satisfied whereas the constitutive theory states that recognition by other states determines whether a state can be considered to have legal personality. States can be recognised explicitly through a released statement or tacitly through conducting official relations, although some countries have formally interacted without conferring recognition.

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to hear a particular case. This aspect of private international law should first be resolved by reference to domestic law, which may incorporate international treaties or other supranational legal concepts, although there are consistent international norms. There are five forms of jurisdiction which are consistently recognised in international law; an individual or act can be subject to multiple forms of jurisdiction. The first is the

1371:, also known as the active personality principle, whereby a nation has jurisdiction over actions committed by its nationals regardless of where they occur. The third is the passive personality principle, which gives a country jurisdiction over any actions which harm its nationals. The fourth is the protective principle, where a nation has jurisdiction in relation to threats to its "fundamental national interests". The final form is 231: 197:, who originated the term "private international law", emphasised that it must be governed by the principles of public international law but other academics view them as separate bodies of law. Another term, transnational law, is sometimes used to refer to a body of both national and international rules that transcend the nation state, although some academics emphasise that it is distinct from either type of law. It was defined by 831:(VCLT) as "an international agreement concluded between States in written form and governed by international law, whether embodied in a single instrument or in two or more related instruments and whatever its particular designation". The definition specifies that the parties must be states, however international organisations are also considered to have the capacity to enter treaties. Treaties are binding through the principle of 2316:

legal landscape, as conflicts over territorial claims and jurisdictional boundaries arise, challenging the principles of non-interference and peaceful resolution. Furthermore, the emergence of new global powers introduces additional layers of complexity, as these nations assert their interests and challenge established norms, necessitating a reevaluation of the global legal order to accommodate shifting power dynamics.

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provisions allowing for termination or withdrawal, such as the Genocide Convention, it is prohibited unless the right was implied into the treaty or the parties had intended to allow for it. A treaty can also be held invalid, including where parties act ultra vires or negligently, where execution has been obtained through fraudulent, corrupt or forceful means, or where the treaty contradicts peremptory norms.

930:, or peremptory norms, which are "a norm accepted and recognized by the international community of States as a whole as a norm from which no derogation is permitted and which can be modified only by a subsequent norm of general international law having the same character". Where customary or treaty law conflicts with a peremptory norm, it will be considered invalid, but there is no agreed definition of 1703: 2299:

submit a dispute to an international tribunal, making laws unenforceable and voluntary. International law is also unpoliced, lacking agencies for enforcement. He cites a 1947 US opinion poll in which 75% of respondents wanted "an international police to maintain world peace", but only 13% wanted that force to exceed the US armed forces. Later surveys have produced similar contradictory results.

1731:(EEZ) following passage of the UNCLOS, which can stretch up to 200 nautical miles from the baseline and gives the sovereign state rights over natural resources. Some states have instead chosen to retain their exclusive fishery zones, which cover the same territory. There are specific rules in relation to the continental shelf, as this can extend further than 200 nautical miles. The 2284:, "so-called" international law, lacking a sovereign power and so unenforceable, was not really law at all, but "positive morality", consisting of "opinions and sentiments...more ethical than legal in nature." Since states are few in number, diverse and atypical in character, unindictable, lack a centralised sovereign power, and their agreements unpoliced and decentralised, 2185:

international norms in the absence of a coercive power that ensures compliance. Some scholars view compliance failure as a problem of enforcement whereby states can be incentivized to follow international law due to international inducements, reciprocity, concerns about reputation, or domestic political factors. Other scholars see compliance failure as rooted in a lack of

2019:. The use of nuclear weapons was determined to be in conflict with principles of IHL by the ICJ in 1995, although the court also held that it "cannot conclude definitively whether the threat or use of nuclear weapons would be lawful or unlawful in an extreme circumstance of self-defence." Multiple treaties have attempted to regulate the use of these weapons, including the 1351:. These treaties codified practice on the enforcement of international judgments, stating that a foreign judgment would be automatically recognised and enforceable where required in the jurisdiction where the party resides, unless the judgement was contrary to public order or conflicted with a local judgment between the same parties. On a global level, the 1061:, government actions; the restrictive theory of immunity said states were immune where they were acting in a governmental capacity but not a commercial one. The European Convention on State Immunity in 1972 and the UN Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and their Property attempt to restrict immunity in accordance with customary law. 2228:, that is, on the basis of the observance of commitments. On his part, de Vattel argued instead for the equality of states as articulated by 18th-century natural law and suggested that the law of nations was composed of custom and law on the one hand, and natural law on the other. During the 17th century, the basic tenets of the Grotian or 51:, and non-state groups, which can make behavioral choices, whether lawful or unlawful. Rules are formal, often written expectations for behavior and norms are less formal, customary expectations about appropriate behavior that are frequently unwritten. It establishes norms for states across a broad range of domains, including 506:(1225–1274) to create the new discipline of the "law of nations", which unlike its eponymous Roman predecessor, applied natural law to relations between states. In Islam, a similar framework was developed wherein the law of nations was derived, in part, from the principles and rules set forth in treaties with non-Muslims. 790:

including the latter category has led to debate about potential cross-over with international customary law. The relationship of general principles to treaties or custom has generally been considered to be "fill the gaps" although there is still no conclusion about their exact relationship in the absence of a hierarchy.

6703: 1534:(ILO), a UN agency with the mission of protecting employment rights which was established in 1919. The ILO has a constitution setting out a number of aims, including regulating work hours and labour supply, protecting workers and children and recognising equal pay and the right to free association, as well as the 837:, which allows states to create legal obligations on themselves through consent. The treaty must be governed by international law; however it will likely be interpreted by national courts. The VCLT, which codifies several bedrock principles of treaty interpretation, holds that a treaty "shall be interpreted in 646:(1714–1767), both of whom sought a middle-ground approach. During the 18th century, the positivist tradition gained broader acceptance, although the concept of natural rights remained influential in international politics, particularly through the republican revolutions of the United States and France. 1150: 2298:

is what makes domestic law enforceable; but between nations, there are multiple competing sources of force. The confusion created by treaty laws, which resemble private contracts between persons, is mitigated only by the relatively small number of states. He asserted that no state may be compelled to

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through these waters despite the sea being within the state's sovereignty. A state can have jurisdiction beyond its territorial waters where it claims a contiguous zone of up to 24 nautical miles from its baseline for the purpose of preventing the infringement of its "customs, fiscal, immigration and

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during the process of the custom being formed and special or local forms of customary law. The requirement for state practice relates to the practice, either through action or failure to act, of states in relation to other states or international organisations. There is no legal requirement for state

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Article 54 of the VCLT provides that either party may terminate or withdraw from a treaty in accordance with its terms or at any time with the consent of the other party, with 'termination' applying to a bilateral treaty and 'withdrawal' applying to a multilateral treaty. Where a treaty does not have

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and recommendations. Member states then have the choice as to whether or not to ratify and implement these standards. The secretariat of the ILO is the International Labour Office, which can be consulted by states to determine the meaning of a convention, which forms the ILO's case law. Although the

658:, and is noted for codifying rules and articles of war adhered to by nations across the world, including the United Kingdom, Prussia, Serbia and Argentina. In the years that followed, numerous other treaties and bodies were created to regulate the conduct of states towards one another, including the 2319:

Cybersecurity has also emerged as a critical concern, with international law striving to address the threats posed by cyber-attacks to national security, infrastructure, and individual privacy. Climate change demands unprecedented international cooperation, as evidenced by agreements like the Paris

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Among the most pressing issues are enforcement difficulties, where the lack of a centralized global authority often leads to non-compliance with international norms, particularly evident in violations of International Humanitarian Law (IHL). Sovereignty disputes further complicate the international

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International law is currently navigating a complex array of challenges and controversies that have underscored the dynamic nature of international relations in the 21st century. Some of these challenges include enforcement difficulties, the impact of technological advancements, climate change, and

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International legal theory comprises a variety of theoretical and methodological approaches used to explain and analyse the content, formation and effectiveness of international law and institutions and to suggest improvements. Some approaches center on the question of compliance: why states follow

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does not provide an explicit right to strike, this has been interpreted into the treaty through case law. The UN does not specifically focus on international labour law, although some of its treaties cover the same topics. Many of the primary human rights conventions also form part of international

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A state must prove that it has jurisdiction before it can exercise its legal authority. This concept can be divided between prescriptive jurisdiction, which is the authority of a legislature to enact legislation on a particular issue, and adjudicative jurisdiction, which is the authority of a court

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as a legal person with a permanent population, a defined territory, government and capacity to enter relations with other states. There is no requirement on population size, allowing micro-states such as San Marino and Monaco to be admitted to the UN, and no requirement of fully defined boundaries,

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A state must express its consent to be bound by a treaty through signature, exchange of instruments, ratification, acceptance, approval or accession. Accession refers to a state choosing to become party to a treaty that it is unable to sign, such as when establishing a regional body. Where a treaty

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Until the mid-19th century, relations between states were dictated mostly by treaties, agreements between states to behave in a certain way, unenforceable except by force, and nonbinding except as matters of honour and faithfulness. One of the first instruments of modern armed conflict law was the

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that the state of nature was one of war and conflict, arguing that the natural state of the world is actually peaceful but weak and uncertain without adherence to the law of nations. The actions of a state consist of nothing more than the sum of the individuals within that state, thereby requiring

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as all parts of the sea that are not within a state's EEZ, territorial sea or internal waters. There are six freedoms of the high seas—navigation, overflight, laying submarine cables and pipelines, constructing artificial islands, fishing and scientific research—some of which are subject to legal

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There are generally two approaches to the relationship between international and national law, namely monism and dualism. Monism assumes that international and national law are part of the same legal order. Therefore, a treaty can directly become part of national law without the need for enacting

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sets out a list of international organisations, which include the UN, the WTO, the World Bank and the IMF. Generally organisations consist of a plenary organ, where member states can be represented and heard; an executive organ, to decide matters within the competence of the organisation; and an

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over the last century, they have also been recognised as relevant parties. One definition of international organisations comes from the ILC's 2011 Draft Articles on the Responsibility of International Organizations which in Article 2(a) states that it is "an organization established by treaty or

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In practice, the division of countries between monism and dualism is often more complicated; countries following both approaches may accept peremptory norms as being automatically binding and they may approach treaties, particularly later amendments or clarifications, differently than they would

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in accordance with the ordinary meaning to be given to the terms of the treaty in their context and in the light of its object and purpose". This represents a compromise between three theories of interpretation: the textual approach which looks to the ordinary meaning of the text, the subjective

1854:, which provided for "an almost absolute prohibition on the use of force", with the only three exceptions. The first involves force authorised by the UNSC, as the entity is responsible in the first instance for responding to breaches or threats to the peace and acts of aggression, including the 1639:

in 1998 set obligations on states to provide information and allow public input on these issues. However few disputes under the regimes set out in environmental agreements are referred to the ICJ, as the agreements tend to specify their compliance procedures. These procedures generally focus on

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theory has been used although the definition is unclear, sometimes referring to reciprocity and sometimes being used as a synonym for private international law. Story distinguished it from "any absolute paramount obligation, superseding all discretion on the subject". There are three aspects to

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often plays a significant role in political conceptions. A country may recognise another nation as a state and, separately, it may recognise that nation's government as being legitimate and capable of representing the state on the international stage. There are two theories on recognition; the

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General principles of law have been defined in the Statute as "general principles of law recognized by civilized nations" but there is no academic consensus about what is included within this scope. They are considered to be derived from both national and international legal systems, although

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is the area of international law concerning the principles and rules by which states and other entities interact in maritime matters. It encompasses areas and issues such as navigational rights, sea mineral rights, and coastal waters jurisdiction. The law of the sea was primarily composed of

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administrative organ, to execute the decisions of the other organs and handle secretarial duties. International organisations will typically provide for their privileges and immunity in relation to its member states in their constitutional documents or in multilateral agreements, such as the

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encouraging the state to once again become compliant through recommendations but there is still uncertainty on how these procedures should operate and efforts have been made to regulate these processes although some worry that this will undercut the efficiency of the procedures themselves.

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Hybrid courts are the most recent type of international criminal court; they aim to combine both national and international components, operating in the jurisdiction where the crimes in question occurred. International courts have been criticised for a lack of legitimacy, as they can seem

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over cases with a foreign element and the application of foreign judgments in domestic law, whereas public international law covers rules with an international origin. The difference between the two areas of law has been debated as scholars disagree about the nature of their relationship.

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other instrument governed by international law and possessing its own international legal personality". This definition functions as a starting point but does not recognise that organisations can have no separate personality but nevertheless function as an international organisation. The

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The rules which are applied to conflict of laws will vary depending on the national system determining the question. There have been attempts to codify an international standard to unify the rules so differences in national law cannot lead to inconsistencies, such as through the

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the state to apply a fundamental law of reason, which is the basis of natural law. He was among the earliest scholars to expand international law beyond European Christian nations, advocating for its application and recognition among all peoples on the basis of shared humanity.

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disconnected from the crimes that have occurred, but the hybrid courts are able to provide the resources that may be lacking in countries facing the aftermath of serious conflict. There has been debate about what courts can be included within this definition, but generally the

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of the UNSC. This can be followed up with economic sanctions, military action, and similar uses of force. The UNSC also has a wide discretion under Article 24, which grants "primary responsibility" for issues of international peace and security. The UNGA, concerned during the

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that, "Not only must the acts concerned amount to a settled practice, but they must also be such, or be carried out in such a way, as to be evidence of a belief that this practice is rendered obligatory by the existence of a rule of law requiring it". A committee of the

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do not have explicit provision for international law in their domestic system and there has been an upswing in support for monism principles in relation to human rights and humanitarian law, as most principles governing these concepts can be found in international law.

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over all cases that are referred to it and all matters specifically referred to in the UN Charter or international treaties, although in practice there are no relevant matters in the UN Charter. The ICJ may also be asked by an international organisation to provide an

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marked the formal recognition of the political and international legal system based on the conditions of Europe. Modern legal positivists consider international law as a unified system of rules that emanates from the states' will. International law, as it is, is an

1421:(UDHR), which established non-binding international human rights standards, for work, standards of living, housing and education, non-discrimination, a fair trial and prohibition of torture. Two further human rights treaties were adopted by the UN in 1966, the 1747:

restrictions. Ships in the high seas are deemed to have the nationality of the flag that they have the right to fly and no other state can exercise jurisdiction over them; the exception is ships used for piracy, which are subject to universal jurisdiction.

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can be proven by the states' failure to protest. Other academics believe that intention to create customary law can be shown by states including the principle in multiple bilateral and multilateral treaties, so that treaty law is necessary to form customs.

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in Tokyo were established at the end of World War II to prosecute key actors in Germany and Japan. The jurisdiction of the tribunals was limited to crimes against peace (based on the Kellogg–Briand Pact), war crimes (based on the Hague Conventions) and

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These contemporary issues underscore the need for ongoing adaptation and cooperation within the framework of international law to address the multifaceted challenges of the modern world, ensuring a just, peaceful, and sustainable global order.

1862:. The second exception is where a state is acting in individual or collective self-defence. A state is allowed to act in self-defence in the case of an "armed attack" but the intention behind this exception has been challenged, particularly as 12168: 395:

city-states, and kingdoms, most of which had overlapping and ever-changing jurisdictions. As in China and India, these divisions prompted the development of rules aimed at providing stable and predictable relations. Early examples include

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with a panel of fifteen permanent judges. It has jurisdiction to hear cases involving states but cannot get involved in disputes involving individuals or international organizations. The states that can bring cases must be party to the

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school, especially the doctrines of legal equality, territorial sovereignty, and independence of states, became the fundamental principles of the European political and legal system and were enshrined in the 1648 Peace of Westphalia.

1135:(INGOs). All international organisations have members; generally this is restricted to states, although it can include other international organisations. Sometimes non-members will be allowed to participate in meetings as observers. 1052:

Throughout the 19th century and the majority of the 20th century, states were protected by absolute immunity, so they could not face criminal prosecution for any actions. However a number of countries began to distinguish between

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across the world resulted in the establishment of scores of newly independent states. As these former colonies became their own states, they adopted European views of international law. A flurry of institutions, ranging from the

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and on protecting human rights on the global scale, particularly when minorities or indigenous communities are involved, as concerns are raised that globalisation may be increasing inequality in the international legal system.

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International labour law is generally defined as "the substantive rules of law established at the international level and the procedural rules relating to their adoption and implementation". It operates primarily through the

2146:; originally signing the treaty in 2000, the US stated in 2002 that it did not intend to become a party as it believed the ICC threatened its national sovereignty and the country does not recognise the court's jurisdiction. 12178: 1492: 1222:

There are more than one hundred international courts in the global community, although states have generally been reluctant to allow their sovereignty to be limited in this way. The first known international court was the

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Other perspectives are policy oriented: they elaborate theoretical frameworks and instruments to criticize the existing norms and to make suggestions on how to improve them. Some of these approaches are based on domestic

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can also be used to resolve disputes between states, leading in 1899 to the creation of the Permanent Court of Arbitration which facilitates the process by maintaining a list of arbitrators. This process was used in the

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Historically individuals have not been seen as entities in international law, as the focus was on the relationship between states. As human rights have become more important on the global stage, being codified by the

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furthered the development of a multilateralist approach as states chose to compromise on sovereignty to benefit from international cooperation. Since the 1980s, there has been an increasing focus on the phenomenon of

634:, which have equal sovereignty regardless of their size and power, defined primarily by non-interference in the domestic affairs of sovereign states, although historians have challenged this narrative. The idea of 12148: 10139: 1456: 1169:

although prior to 1990, it has only intervened once, in the case of Korea in 1950. This power can only be exercised, however, where a majority of member states vote for it, as well as receiving the support of the

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as varying "according to the nature of the case". The practice is not required to be followed universally by states, but there must be a "general recognition" by states "whose interests are specially affected".

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The COVID-19 pandemic has further highlighted the interconnectedness of the global community, emphasizing the need for coordinated efforts to manage health crises, vaccine distribution, and economic recovery.

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in 1930, the UN Conference on the Law of the Sea and the adoption of the UNCLOS in 1982. The UNCLOS was particularly notable for making international courts and tribunals responsible for the law of the sea.

5460: 12133: 12030: 2201:, and others have been developed expressly to analyse international law. Classical approaches to International legal theory are the natural law, the Eclectic and the legal positivism schools of thought. 336:

as being universal. However, in contrast to modern international law, the Roman law of nations applied to relations with and between foreign individuals rather than among political units such as states.

568:(1583–1645) is widely regarded as the father of international law, being one of the first scholars to articulate an international order that consists of a "society of states" governed not by force or 12143: 1467: 7842: 2212:, the Spanish authority in the Americas, and the rights of the Native American peoples. In 1625, Grotius argued that nations as well as persons ought to be governed by universal principle based on 1551: 864:

Customary international law requires two elements: a consistent practice of states and the conviction of those states that the consistent practice is required by a legal obligation, referred to as

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further binds ILO member states to recognise fundamental labour rights including free association, collective bargaining and eliminating forced labour, child labour and employment discrimination.

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The UNSC has the power under Chapter VII of the UN Charter to take decisive and binding actions against states committing "a threat to the peace, breach of the peace, or an act of aggression" for

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and other actors feel an obligation to obey in their mutual relations and generally do obey. In international relations, actors are simply the individuals and collective entities, such as states,

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and responses to resulting environmental changes, was introduced in 1992 and came into force two years later. As of 2023, 198 states were a party. Separate protocols have been introduced through

1352: 368:, both of which held that the domestic and international legal spheres were closely interlinked, and sought to establish competing normative principles to guide foreign relations. Similarly, the 181:

defined it in his treatise as "a law between sovereign and equal states based on the common consent of these states" and this definition has been largely adopted by international legal scholars.

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require national law to conform to treaty provisions. National laws or constitutions may also provide for the implementation or integration of international legal obligations into domestic law.

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Initially these crimes were intended to be prosecuted by national courts and subject to their domestic procedures. The Geneva Conventions of 1949, the Additional Protocols of 1977 and the 1984

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The early positivist school emphasized the importance of custom and treaties as sources of international law. In the 16th-century, Gentili used historical examples to posit that positive law (

1739:, regardless of its distance from the baseline, but different rights apply to the continental shelf and the water column above it where it is further than 200 nautical miles from the coast. 1511:. International human rights has faced criticism for its Western focus, as many countries were subject to colonial rule at the time that the UDHR was drafted, although many countries in the 1574: 1344: 718:(UN) was established in 1945 to replace the League, with an aim of maintaining collective security. A more robust international legal order followed, buttressed by institutions such as the 387:

in the fifth century CE, Europe fragmented into numerous often-warring states for much of the next five centuries. Political power was dispersed across a range of entities, including the

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believed international law to be the weakest and most primitive system of law enforcement; he likened its decentralised nature to the law that prevails in preliterate tribal societies.

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that bind all nations regardless of local custom or law. He inspired two nascent schools of international law, the naturalists and the positivists. In the former camp was German jurist

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where state practice is proven but it may be necessary if the practice suggests that the states did not believe it was creating a precedent. The test in these circumstances is whether

10242: 870:. Custom distinguishes itself from treaty law as it is binding on all states, regardless of whether they have participated in the practice, with the exception of states who have been 1146: 487:

and institutionalised limitations on military conduct, including guidelines for commencing war, distinguishing between civilians and combatants and caring for the sick and wounded.

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of the eighth century BCE, China was divided into numerous states that were often at war with each other. Rules for diplomacy and treaty-making emerged, including notions regarding

11992: 10129: 1935:(IHL) is an effort to "mitigate the human suffering caused by war" and it is often complementary to the law of armed conflict and international human rights law. The concept of 1437: 12253: 12193: 12056: 6229: 1426: 1006:, but now the requirement is for a stable political environment. The final requirement of being able to enter relations is commonly evidenced by independence and sovereignty. 1231:(PCIJ) was established. The PCIJ was replaced by the ICJ, which is the best known international court due to its universal scope in relation to geographical jurisdiction and 1777:

was proposed but failed to be instituted due to the refusal of the United States to ratify its charter. Three years later, Part IV of the statute was adopted to create the

2240:) was determined by general consent. van Bynkershoek asserted that the bases of international law were customs and treaties commonly consented to by various states, while 934:. Academics have debated what principles are considered peremptory norms but the mostly widely agreed is the principle of non-use of force. The next year, the ICJ defined 2244:

emphasized the importance of state practice in international law. The positivism school narrowed the range of international practice that might qualify as law, favouring

1321:. The first question relates to whether the domestic court or a foreign court is best placed to decide the case. When determining the national law that should apply, the 1593:

covering specific issues, there is no overarching policy on international environmental protection or one specific international organisation, with the exception of the

155: 6259: 10134: 2107:(ICTR), were established by the UNSC to address specific atrocities. The ICTY had authority to prosecute war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide occurring in 177:. The definition of international law has been debated; Bentham referred specifically to relationships between states which has been criticised for its narrow scope. 10654: 10097: 8253: 2100: 12062: 2000:, which were codified in 1977. Initially IHL conventions were only considered to apply to a conflict if all parties had ratified the relevant convention under the 1539: 1188: 1171: 842:

approach which considers factors such as the drafters' intention, and the teleological approach which interprets a treaty according to its objective and purpose.

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further solidified the concept and formation of nation-states. Elements of the naturalist and positivist schools were synthesised, notably by German philosopher

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by Spain, invoked the law of nations as a basis for their innate dignity and rights, articulating an early version of sovereign equality between peoples.

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The two Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 considered restrictions on the conduct of war and the Geneva Conventions of 1949, which were organised by the

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Colonial expansion by European powers reached its peak in the late 19th century and its influence began to wane following the unprecedented bloodshed of

7282: 5530: 11769: 10290: 2241: 2143: 2020: 1448:, which requires each UN member state to review its human rights compliance every four years, and for special procedures, including the appointment of 1278: 12389: 12757: 12352: 10649: 2061: 7019: 250:, states have a long history of negotiating interstate agreements. An initial framework was conceptualised by the Ancient Romans and this idea of 12223: 12068: 11978: 10119: 1695: 1658:

which covers land and territorial sea, including the airspace above it and the subsoil below it, territory outside the sovereignty of any state,

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of 3 November 1950, which allowed the organ to pass recommendations to authorize the use of force. This resolution also led to the practice of

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were initially proposed to be three miles in the late 18th century. The UNCLOS instead defined it as being at most 12 nautical miles from the

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in 1948, individuals have been given the power to defend their rights to judicial bodies. International law is largely silent on the issue of

12327: 11934: 10400: 10089: 1732: 1508: 1274: 1103: 775: 82:. States and non-state actors may choose to not abide by international law, and even to breach a treaty but such violations, particularly of 8411: 2088:

mandated that the national courts of the contracting countries must prosecute these offenses where the perpetrator is on their territory or

12337: 11279: 7476: 6709: 6220: 5790:"Has Global Health Law Risen to Meet the COVID-19 Challenge? Revisiting the International Health Regulations to Prepare for Future Threats" 2338: 1452:, independent experts and working groups. The treaty-based procedure allows individuals to rely on the nine primary human rights treaties: 1317:

conflict of laws – determining which domestic court has jurisdiction over a dispute, determining if a domestic court has jurisdiction and

887:. There has been legal debate on this topic with the only prominent view on the length of time necessary to establish custom explained by 12332: 12153: 7290: 7283:"When Was the Law of International Society Born – An Inquiry of the History of International Law from an Intercivilizational Perspective" 5847: 1132: 7056: 348:, the rights of neutral parties, and the consolidation and partition of states; these concepts were sometimes applied to relations with 12089: 12041: 10659: 2111:

and the ICTR had authority to prosecute genocide, crimes against humanity and grave breaches of the 1949 Geneva Conventions during the

2104: 1153:

as a basis although it is not yet in force. They may also have the right to bring legal claims against states depending, as set out in

1124: 514:

The 15th century witnessed a confluence of factors that contributed to an accelerated development of international law. Italian jurist

125:

and international law is complex and variable. National law may become international law when treaties permit national jurisdiction to

899:

the belief of a party that a particular action is required by the law is referred to as the subjective element. The ICJ has stated in

12409: 12138: 12084: 11849: 10546: 10174: 8443: 7925: 6846: 6311: 6106:"The United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda: Its Establishment, Work and Impact on International Criminal Justice" 5942: 2085: 1851: 1472: 1414: 1943:. Its scope lasts from the initiation of conflict until a peaceful settlement is reached. There are two main principles in IHL; the 1585:

of 1985. States generally agreed to co-operate with each other in relation to environmental law, as codified by principle 24 of the

12752: 11123: 10474: 10026: 9941: 1965: 1621: 1597:. Instead, a general treaty setting out the framework for tackling an issue has then been supplemented by more specific protocols. 1244: 1228: 938:

obligations as those owed to "the international community as a whole", which included the illegality of genocide and human rights.

875:

practice to be uniform or for the practice to be long-running, although the ICJ has set a high bar for enforcement in the cases of

828: 809: 4721: 256:

has been used by various academics to establish the modern concept of international law. Among the earliest recorded examples are

12517: 12512: 12507: 12439: 10763: 5936: 2343: 2093: 1140: 1128: 947: 118: 7519:

The State Practice of India and the Development of International Law: Dynamic Interplay between Foreign Policy and Jurisprudence

12772: 12051: 12001: 11211: 1778: 1236: 1098:

allows individuals to petition the court where their rights have been violated and national courts have not intervened and the

109:, and general principles of law recognised by most national legal systems. Although international law may also be reflected in 1151:

Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International Organizations or between International Organizations

12382: 12163: 12035: 11789: 8763: 8677: 8649: 8624: 8508: 8485: 8457: 8425: 8397: 8376: 8306: 8172: 8125: 8104: 8013: 7985: 7900: 7848: 7758: 7728: 7700: 7659: 7531: 7405: 7380: 7353: 7328: 7156: 7131: 7073: 7042: 6983: 6967: 6909: 6825: 6674: 6649: 6603: 6576: 6548: 6429: 6402: 6375: 6350: 6210: 6177: 6158: 6093: 6068: 6047: 6020: 5988: 5972: 5924: 5899: 5767: 5550: 5472: 2807: 2487: 1590: 1477: 1418: 1398: 1075: 1367:, which states that a nation has jurisdiction over actions which occur within its territorial boundaries. The second is the 12777: 12767: 10124: 7809: 7547: 1880: 1594: 1504: 1099: 384: 8137:"Towards a global Hague Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments in Civil or Commercial Matters" 6924: 2138:, is the first and only permanent international court to prosecute genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and the 1664:

which is not yet within territorial sovereignty but is territory that is legally capable of being acquired by a state and

494:, international law was concerned primarily with the purpose and legitimacy of war, seeking to determine what constituted 12762: 12615: 12605: 12270: 12238: 10467: 10169: 10102: 2265:" reality that needs to be distinguished from law "as it should be". Classic positivism demands rigorous tests for legal 1683: 1441: 954: 8759: 6498:"The Three Traditional Approaches to Treaty Interpretation: A Current Application to the European Court of Human Rights" 5747: 12532: 12522: 12347: 12248: 10516: 10295: 10062: 8555: 7634: 6304:"Inherent imperialism: understanding the legal roots of anti-imperialist criticism of the International Criminal Court" 2377: 2024: 1436:

Non-domestic human rights enforcement operates at both the international and regional levels. Established in 1993, the

1430: 663: 7471:"Dar al-Islam: The Evolution of Muslim Territoriality and Its Implications for Conflict Resolution in the Middle East" 534:(1552–1608) took a secular view to international law, authoring various books on issues in international law, notably 12828: 12782: 12459: 12074: 11954: 9367: 8925: 8824: 8242: 7213: 7103: 6939: 6744: 6502: 6244: 5983: 2477: 1855: 1847: 1531: 1449: 1224: 883: 273: 235: 8635: 12920: 12910: 12375: 11784: 11145: 10179: 9481: 9350: 2416: 1866:

have become more common, with many states relying instead on the customary right of self-defence as set out in the

1774: 1440:

supervises Charter-based and treaty-based procedures. The former are based on the UN Charter and operate under the

1318: 958: 2320:

Agreement, though disparities in responsibilities among nations pose significant challenges to collective action.

1879:, where the U.S. unsuccessfully argued that it had mined harbours in Nicaragua in pre-emption of an attack by the 12925: 12823: 12682: 11884: 11819: 10864: 10362: 9936: 9283: 9184: 8694: 8258: 6773: 6614: 6558: 6497: 2277: 1903: 1884: 1632:

which set the goal of keeping global warming at least below 2 °C (3.6 °F) above pre-industrial levels.

1564: 1071: 1036: 723: 456: 8565:"The Making of Neoliberal Globalization: Norm Substitution and the Politics of Clandestine Institutional Change" 6686:"Supranational Law: How the Move Toward Multilateral Solutions Is Changing the Character of "International" Law" 12744: 12499: 12310: 12229:

Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (Maputo Protocol)

12134:

United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1514 (XV) Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples

12121: 11075: 10720: 10664: 10395: 10189: 9443: 9077: 7183: 5390: 2159: 2069:, establishing new categories of international crime. Throughout the twentieth century, the separate crimes of 2028: 1932: 1915: 1500: 1384: 1216: 1095: 866: 719: 683: 659: 484: 480: 130: 71: 8732: 7670: 7571:"Between Cosmopolitan and American Democracy: Understanding US Opposition to the International Criminal Court" 1612:

Climate change has been one of the most important and heavily debated topics in recent environmental law. The

12288: 11228: 10536: 10237: 10222: 8796: 8713: 8569: 7688:

Human Rights and Islam: An Introduction to Key Debates between Islamic Law and International Human Rights Law

7365: 7313: 6588: 6533: 2016: 1555:

labour law, providing protection in employment and against discrimination on the grounds of gender and race.

1483:

International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families

909: 639: 365: 12444: 11839: 11824: 11719: 10684: 10669: 10498: 10410: 10265: 10260: 10045: 10019: 9603: 9082: 8164: 2179: 2163: 2131: 2123: 771: 765: 727: 579: 553: 455:, which governed foreign relations. This was based on the division of the world into three categories: the 225: 134: 113:—the practices adopted by states to maintain good relations and mutual recognition—such traditions are not 98: 6979:"The Effect of Jus Cogens Norms: Whoever Opened Pandora's Box, Did You Ever Think About the Consequences?" 1955:

must be treated differently and the principle of not causing disproportionate suffering to combatants. In

594:

and the secular world, asserting that it regulated only external acts of states. Pufendorf challenged the

572:

but by actual laws, mutual agreements, and customs. Grotius secularised international law; his 1625 work,

12625: 12264:

Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence (Istanbul Convention)

11245: 10756: 10725: 10506: 10107: 9598: 7523: 6901: 6421: 6224: 2012: 1535: 1184: 859: 783: 739: 102: 8750: 1345:

Hague Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters

804: 12905: 12851: 12833: 12642: 12419: 11116: 10839: 10562: 10490: 10184: 10149: 9573: 9072: 8616: 8417: 8322: 8005: 7977: 7720: 7423: 7205: 7065: 7026: 6959: 6931: 6666: 6367: 6039: 5916: 2155: 2049: 2044: 1875: 1786: 1671: 1482: 1119: 983: 498:". The Greco-Roman concept of natural law was combined with religious principles by Jewish philosopher 48: 5957: 2027:, but key states have failed to sign or have withdrawn. There have been similar debates on the use of 1722:(usually the coastal low-water mark) of a state; both military and civilian foreign ships are allowed 11764: 11724: 11165: 10715: 9656: 7626: 5465:

Interdisciplinary Perspectives on International Law and International Relations: The State of the Art

2396: 1499:

The regional human rights enforcement systems operate in Europe, Africa and the Americas through the

1445: 1248: 747: 611: 519: 7920:"The Responsibility of Individuals for Human Rights Abuses in Internal Conflicts: A Positivist View" 2052:

sets out the definition of international crimes and compels states to prosecute these crimes. While

1961:, the ICJ described these concepts as "intransgressible principles of international customary law". 1670:

which is territory that cannot be acquired by a state. There have historically been five methods of

706:

was founded to safeguard peace and security. International law began to incorporate notions such as

12635: 12289:

on the Prevention, Punishment, and Eradication of Violence against Women (Belém do Pará Convention)

11864: 11592: 11354: 11314: 11304: 11252: 10352: 10082: 10072: 9451: 9433: 7148: 6394: 2421: 2406: 2262: 1989: 1977: 1762: 1617: 1605: 1578: 1524: 1444:, where each global region is represented by elected member states. The Council is responsible for 1262: 341: 309: 9785: 1887:. The final exception is where the UNSC delegates its responsibility for collective security to a 1312:, determining which nation's laws should govern a particular legal circumstance. Historically the 550:(1548–1617) emphasised that international law was founded upon natural law and human positive law. 12808: 12620: 12398: 12258: 12046: 11642: 11550: 10849: 10844: 10573: 10418: 10332: 10077: 10012: 9826: 9613: 9102: 9087: 8495: 8298: 8254:"Imagining the Grotian Europe: Hugo Grotius's Vision of Europe and Ideas of European Integration" 8096: 7892: 7692: 7651: 7576: 7372: 7345: 7320: 7123: 7014: 6817: 6641: 6595: 6568: 6540: 6342: 6265: 6202: 6150: 6138: 6085: 5964: 2426: 2411: 2066: 1981: 1969: 1925: 1843: 1785:, which banded together to control global oil supply and prices, caused the previous reliance on 1756: 1728: 1277:, although in practice most states are UN members and would therefore be eligible. The court has 970: 655: 515: 6813:

The Development of the Law of the Sea Convention: The Role of International Courts and Tribunals

12169:

Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families

11814: 11804: 11393: 11324: 11309: 10790: 10749: 10730: 10705: 10598: 9881: 9866: 8318:"Markets Everywhere: The Washington Consensus and the Sociology of Global Institutional Change" 7804: 2391: 1790: 1628:

which was introduced in 1997 to set specific targets for greenhouse gas reduction and the 2015

1372: 1115: 1045: 630:

is said to have established the current international legal order characterised by independent

573: 7686: 1375:, where a country has jurisdiction over certain acts based on the nature of the crime itself. 324:, which governed the status of foreigners living in Rome and relations between foreigners and 12095: 11924: 11899: 11829: 11512: 11240: 11013: 10971: 10941: 10337: 10284: 10199: 10165:

London Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter

9985: 9578: 9256: 9067: 8040: 7570: 7088: 6172: 6032: 1888: 1368: 1364: 1258: 1254: 994: 962: 357: 285: 6060:

The Intersection of International Law and Domestic Law: A Theoretical and Practical Analysis

5542: 2056:

were prosecuted throughout history, this has historically been done by national courts. The

1635:

Individuals and organisations have some rights under international environmental law as the

292:, concluded in 1279 BCE. Interstate pacts and agreements were negotiated and agreed upon by 12798: 12712: 12449: 12173: 12025: 11919: 11674: 11587: 11565: 11488: 11484: 11413: 11329: 11274: 11269: 11092: 10936: 10825: 10674: 10531: 10357: 10227: 9706: 9052: 8754: 7888:

International Law and Domestic Legal Systems: Incorporation, Transformation, and Persuasion

6619: 2295: 2167: 1814: 1743: 1410: 1232: 1083: 583: 539: 438: 159:

to replace the older law of nations, a direct translation of the late medieval concepts of

7266: 2224:, established by the consent of the community of nations on the basis of the principle of 289: 8: 12915: 12722: 12717: 12580: 12322: 11970: 11944: 11809: 11679: 11469: 11398: 11155: 11128: 11111: 11099: 10921: 10877: 10631: 10578: 10541: 10387: 9861: 9001: 8918: 8669: 8641: 8435: 8407: 8060: 7774: 6168: 2139: 1515:

have led the development of human rights on the global stage in the intervening decades.

1166: 871: 833: 623: 586:(1632–1694), who stressed the supremacy of the law of nature over states. His 1672 work, 369: 126: 8708: 8659: 8227: 8157: 7619: 7168: 6978: 6739: 6634: 6303: 2189:

where a willing state is incapable of fully following international legal commitments.

1473:

Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment

1413:

for their human rights violations. The UN Economic and Security Council established the

1327:

is the law that has been chosen to govern the case, which is generally foreign, and the

1179:

with the requirement that the USSR would have to authorise any UNSC action, adopted the

547: 12889: 12553: 12342: 11664: 11580: 11570: 11403: 11366: 11296: 11235: 11218: 11172: 11082: 10996: 10810: 10615: 10610: 10583: 10521: 10372: 10067: 9676: 9335: 9189: 9174: 9152: 8896: 8876: 8829: 8819: 8594: 8564: 8533: 8467: 8368: 8349: 8210: 8077: 7958: 7950: 7873: 7791: 7738: 7601: 7501: 7456: 7448: 7198: 6879: 6871: 6798: 6481: 6473: 6414: 6290: 6236: 6143: 6122: 5872: 2257: 2217: 1715: 1707: 1600: 1003: 707: 667: 627: 543: 377: 178: 138: 91: 86:, can be met with disapproval by others and in some cases coercive action ranging from 20: 12179:

International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance

8336: 8317: 6387: 6195: 2011:

There have been various agreements to outlaw particular types of weapons, such as the

1493:

International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance

415: 12687: 12652: 12595: 12563: 12480: 11794: 11684: 11669: 11649: 11560: 11507: 11479: 11461: 11264: 11140: 11133: 10946: 10894: 10872: 10800: 10526: 10327: 10322: 9661: 9583: 9421: 9159: 9112: 9037: 9031: 8789: 8673: 8645: 8620: 8606: 8598: 8586: 8537: 8525: 8481: 8453: 8421: 8393: 8372: 8353: 8341: 8302: 8238: 8202: 8168: 8121: 8100: 8009: 7981: 7962: 7942: 7896: 7877: 7865: 7828: 7769: 7754: 7724: 7696: 7655: 7644:

Rothwell, Donald; Oude Elferink, Alex G.; Scott, Karen Nadine; Stephens, Tim (2015).

7630: 7605: 7593: 7556: 7527: 7505: 7493: 7460: 7440: 7401: 7376: 7349: 7324: 7273: 7219: 7209: 7179: 7152: 7127: 7099: 7069: 7038: 7002: 6963: 6935: 6905: 6883: 6863: 6821: 6790: 6753: 6726: 6670: 6645: 6599: 6572: 6544: 6519: 6485: 6465: 6425: 6398: 6371: 6346: 6294: 6282: 6278: 6240: 6206: 6154: 6114: 6089: 6064: 6043: 6016: 5968: 5920: 5895: 5864: 5817: 5809: 5763: 5728: 5658: 5546: 5508: 5468: 2803: 2483: 2363: 2309: 2208:

truths. The 16th-century natural law writer de Vitoria examined the questions of the

2198: 1944: 1794: 1736: 1679: 1636: 1570: 1394: 1356: 1300: 999: 703: 695: 530:, creating an organised source of law that could be referenced by different nations. 523: 325: 297: 205: 12174:

International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid

11939: 8521: 5488: 2118: 2008:

began to be implemented, providing that the law would generally be deemed to apply.

957:, the convention was only considered to have the force of law in national law after 778:, which is considered authoritative in this regard. These categories are, in order, 12838: 12707: 12630: 12284:

on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Persons with Disabilities

11555: 11545: 11371: 11319: 11223: 11087: 10976: 10926: 10904: 10899: 10830: 10644: 10593: 10342: 10154: 9666: 9633: 9132: 8996: 8991: 8956: 8578: 8517: 8331: 8267: 8069: 7934: 7857: 7818: 7783: 7585: 7485: 7432: 7299: 7247: 7236:"'Hybrid courts': The hybrid category of a new type of international crimes courts" 7030: 6992: 6855: 6782: 6718: 6511: 6457: 6320: 6274: 6254: 5856: 5801: 5755: 5720: 5689: 5650: 5538: 5504: 5500: 2401: 2348: 2266: 2220:

while the relations among polities ought to be governed by the law of peoples, the

2112: 2057: 1770: 1723: 1305: 1286:

on a legal question, which are generally considered non-binding but authoritative.

1283: 888: 626:

in 1648, which is considered the seminal event in international law. The resulting

531: 465:, non-Islamic realms that concluded an armistice with a Muslim government; and the 423: 209: 185: 12144:

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)

6173:"A Community of Courts: Toward a System of International Criminal Law Enforcement" 1203: 1157:, where they have legal personality and the right to do so in their constitution. 526:(1327–1400), provided commentaries and compilations of Roman, ecclesiastical, and 201:

as "all law which regulates actions or events that transcend national frontiers".

12865: 12667: 12662: 12657: 12575: 12228: 11929: 11869: 11754: 11602: 11597: 11575: 11495: 11449: 11206: 11160: 11058: 11035: 11018: 10991: 10776: 10710: 10511: 10377: 10347: 10317: 10204: 10159: 9915: 9888: 9876: 9856: 9790: 9768: 9748: 9743: 9723: 9588: 9568: 9563: 9466: 9426: 9137: 9062: 8986: 8971: 8891: 8663: 8610: 8549: 8499: 8471: 8387: 8362: 8292: 8193: 8115: 8090: 7999: 7971: 7886: 7823: 7714: 7710: 7645: 7614: 7517: 7391: 7339: 7261: 7193: 7142: 7117: 7083: 6953: 6895: 6811: 6660: 6562: 6439: 6361: 6336: 6190: 6079: 6058: 6012: 6006: 6002: 5910: 5885: 5678:"The Re-Emergence of Conquest: International Law and the Legitimate Use of Force" 2382: 2291: 1985: 1735:

has specified that a state has sovereign rights over the resources of the entire

1629: 1457:

International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination

1353:

New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards

1348: 1079: 1041: 926: 495: 388: 345: 247: 243: 114: 83: 79: 8044: 6685: 5759: 4811: 372:

was divided into various states, which over time developed rules of neutrality,

12464: 11959: 11879: 11834: 11774: 11739: 11531: 11444: 11349: 11257: 11048: 10882: 10805: 10367: 10113:

Convention on Fishing and Conservation of the Living Resources of the High Seas

10035: 9992: 9800: 9718: 9307: 9273: 9224: 9209: 8981: 8886: 8866: 8856: 8439: 7914: 7513: 7052: 6835: 6332: 5860: 5693: 2796:

Medieval Maritime Law from Oléron to Wisby: Jurisdictions in the Law of the Sea

2387: 2186: 2005: 1973: 1863: 1719: 1690: 1649: 1625: 877: 734: 715: 643: 503: 419: 406: 305: 213: 174: 150: 44: 7861: 7589: 7542: 7489: 7436: 7303: 6722: 6461: 5654: 1920: 1017: UN member states that at least one other member state does not recognise 19:"Law of Nations" redirects here. For the 18th-century political treatise, see 12899: 12031:

Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples

11914: 11799: 11714: 11659: 11519: 11439: 11334: 11184: 11177: 11070: 11023: 10916: 10772: 10459: 10431: 9846: 9805: 9691: 9671: 9643: 9593: 9558: 9532: 9527: 9520: 9471: 9411: 9251: 9241: 9199: 9122: 9117: 9047: 9006: 8930: 8590: 8529: 8345: 8271: 8234: 8206: 8182: 8136: 8025: 7995: 7946: 7869: 7832: 7750: 7597: 7560: 7497: 7444: 7113: 7034: 7006: 6867: 6794: 6757: 6730: 6523: 6469: 6286: 6118: 5868: 5813: 5805: 5732: 5677: 5662: 5512: 4994: 2794: 2108: 1952: 1899: 1867: 1838: 1810: 1798: 1331:

is the national law of the court making the determination. Some examples are

1309: 1091: 1009: 752: 607: 434: 427: 198: 122: 10741: 8744: 7223: 7119:

The Continental Shelf Beyond 200 Nautical Miles: Rights and Responsibilities

6786: 5430: 5428: 2204:

The natural law approach argues that international norms should be based on

12727: 12647: 12600: 11949: 11749: 11654: 11500: 11474: 11383: 11065: 11053: 11001: 10961: 10956: 10820: 10815: 10551: 10144: 9978: 9728: 9696: 9651: 9389: 9384: 9355: 9268: 9246: 9214: 9147: 9127: 9021: 8961: 8951: 8903: 8861: 8839: 8782: 8222: 8055:"The Relationship of Private International Law to Public International Law" 7231: 7175: 6949: 6919: 6891: 6615:"Uncharted Waters: Non-innocent Passage of Warships in the Territorial Sea" 6134: 5821: 2368: 2285: 2194: 2135: 2032: 1859: 1806: 1666: 1655: 1512: 1406: 1208: 711: 699: 631: 565: 558: 538:, which provided comprehensive commentary on the laws of war and treaties. 411: 410:("merchant law"), which concerned trade and commerce; and various codes of 401: 392: 361: 317: 257: 194: 189: 166: 64: 12367: 6997: 6662:

Making the Law of the Sea: A Study in the Development of International Law

6324: 5724: 1781:, which operated between 1948 and 1994, when the WTO was established. The 1468:

Convention on the Elimination of All forms of Discrimination against Women

376:, and international conduct, and established both temporary and permanent 12813: 12692: 12672: 12585: 12570: 12485: 11889: 11637: 11632: 11624: 11609: 11434: 11339: 11150: 10986: 10951: 10931: 10911: 10889: 10854: 9900: 9841: 9831: 9628: 9623: 9461: 9362: 9278: 9237: 9204: 9169: 9092: 9016: 8966: 8881: 8727: 8545: 8504:"Political Science Research on International Law: The State of the Field" 8288: 7910: 6535:

Research Handbook on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights as Human Rights

6515: 6493: 5959:

Islamic International Law: Historical Foundations and Al-Shaybani's Siyar

5425: 5386: 5313: 5054: 5042: 5018: 4931: 4460: 4169: 2441: 2245: 2229: 2089: 1997: 1660: 1389: 1308:, also known as private international law, was originally concerned with 1087: 691: 651: 635: 622:

The developments of the 17th century culminated at the conclusion of the

491: 476: 329: 281: 261: 252: 161: 40: 12860: 8214: 8187: 7743: 7543:"Hierarchy and the Sources of International Law: A Critical Perspective" 6477: 6444: 6126: 6105: 5618: 4528: 4526: 1029: Non-UN member states recognised only by other non-UN member states 445:

in the eighth century, which served as a fundamental reference work for

12877: 12697: 11420: 11408: 11378: 11344: 11284: 10966: 10448: 9964: 9893: 9773: 9711: 9456: 9377: 9372: 9330: 9312: 9300: 9261: 9107: 9097: 9057: 9042: 9026: 8976: 8913: 8908: 8665:

Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: A to F

8081: 8054: 7954: 7919: 7795: 7452: 7417: 6875: 6840: 4574: 4538: 4036: 4034: 3632: 1993: 1968:, considered the protection of innocent parties in conflict zones. The 1831: 1802: 1569:

It has been claimed that there is no concept of discrete international

1240: 1149:. These organisations also have the power to enter treaties, using the 1118:

were the sole subjects of international law. With the proliferation of

838: 774:

applied by the community of nations are listed in Article 38(1) of the

733:

In the 1940s through the 1970s, the dissolution of the Soviet bloc and

730:(ILC) was established in 1947 to develop and codify international law. 603: 527: 499: 418:— aimed at regulating shipping in North-western Europe — and the later 6802: 6767: 6531:

Dugard, Jackie; Porter, Bruce; Ikawa, Daniela; Chenwi, Lilian (2020).

5876: 5841: 5708: 5078: 1545:

The ILO have also created labour standards which are set out in their

78:, since there is no universally accepted authority to enforce it upon 12803: 12558: 11854: 11691: 11426: 11388: 10981: 10795: 10620: 9871: 9836: 9778: 9753: 9618: 9515: 9503: 9488: 9476: 9404: 9322: 9295: 9179: 8449: 7397: 7341:

Research Handbook on Jurisdiction and Immunities in International Law

5891: 5459:

von Stein, Jana (2012), Dunoff, Jeffrey L.; Pollack, Mark A. (eds.),

4960: 4958: 4847: 4562: 4550: 4523: 4511: 4376: 4313: 3760: 3758: 2436: 2372: 2205: 2078: 2053: 1992:

covers civilians. These conventions were supplemented the additional

1948: 1575:

Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment

1429:(ICESCR). These two documents along with the UDHR are considered the 1269: 1212: 1023: Non-UN member states recognised by at least one UN member state 595: 397: 353: 349: 301: 87: 56: 12872: 10443: 9959: 8073: 7938: 7787: 7252: 7235: 6859: 5984:"A Functional Approach to "General Principles of International Law"" 4982: 4919: 4883: 4871: 4118: 4031: 3932: 3884: 3253: 3251: 1235:. There are additionally a number of regional courts, including the 12610: 12548: 12527: 12149:

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination

11844: 11540: 11361: 11189: 11104: 11043: 11006: 10588: 10195:

Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures

9920: 9905: 9608: 9493: 9290: 8834: 8582: 5788:

Gostin, Lawrence O.; Habibi, Roojin; Meier, Benjamin Mason (2020).

5395: 2451: 2431: 2249: 2213: 2209: 2070: 1323: 1176: 230: 106: 10243:

Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1984 between Chile and Argentina

7970:

Slagter, Tracy H.; van Doorn, John D.; Slomanson, William (2022).

7643: 5180: 4955: 4817: 4620: 4618: 4616: 3755: 3439: 3437: 2288:

argued that international society is better described as anarchy.

1980:

covers combatants at sea who are wounded, ill or shipwrecked, the

1268:

The ICJ operates as one of the six organs of the UN, based out of

238:, among the earliest extant examples of an international agreement 11759: 11614: 11526: 10004: 9810: 9758: 9738: 9686: 9498: 9416: 9232: 9194: 9142: 7805:"What We Talk about When We Talk about General Principles of Law" 7671:"The morality of the fallen man: Samuel Pufendorf on natural law" 6445:"China's Approach to International Law: A Historical Perspective" 5391:"Biden lifts sanctions on International Criminal Court officials" 5296: 5294: 4147: 4145: 3956: 3668: 3620: 3275: 3248: 3236: 3224: 3194: 3110: 2912: 2816: 2358: 2092:

them to any other interested state. It was in the 1990s that two

2074: 1675: 1147:

Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations

569: 320:

established an early conceptual framework for international law,

277: 188:; the latter is concerned with whether national courts can claim 75: 10130:

Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage

8001:

The Law of Armed Conflict: International Humanitarian Law in War

7418:"Sovereignty, International Relations, and the Westphalian Myth" 7367:

Research Handbook on the Theory and History of International Law

7315:

Research Handbook on the Theory and History of International Law

5006: 4970: 4907: 4835: 4787: 4775: 4489: 4487: 4436: 4424: 4330: 4328: 4130: 3968: 3920: 1928:(1864) is one of the earliest formulations of international law. 1131:(IGOs), which are created by inter-governmental agreements, and 590:

expanded on the theories of Grotius and grounded natural law to

12702: 12590: 11779: 10605: 9910: 9763: 9508: 9399: 9394: 9340: 9011: 8477: 8229:

Power Politics: The Definitive Study of International Relations

4654: 4613: 4352: 4070: 4058: 3997: 3995: 3434: 1359:, although it does not have jurisdiction over court judgments. 1313: 900: 799: 779: 591: 452: 373: 293: 265: 110: 12194:

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

12057:

Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women

10233:

Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits (1936)

8159:

Law Among Nations: An Introduction to Public International Law

5606: 5291: 4943: 4678: 4142: 3809: 3062: 1654:

Legal territory can be divided into four categories. There is

1427:

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

1355:

was introduced in 1958 to internationalise the enforcement of

12677: 12434: 12013: 11744: 11734: 11729: 11201: 11196: 9851: 9795: 9701: 9542: 9345: 8844: 8738: 7095: 5415: 5413: 4484: 4472: 4448: 4325: 3743: 3731: 3721: 3719: 3449: 3323: 3146: 3050: 2876: 2740: 2738: 2253: 694:, which spurred the creation of international organisations. 471: 447: 313: 149:

The modern term "international law" was originally coined by

60: 10120:

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III)

8032:

George Washington Journal of International Law and Economics

5709:"New Great Powers and International Law in the 21st Century" 5120: 4763: 4739: 4702: 4642: 4586: 4412: 4265: 4193: 4007: 3992: 3680: 3584: 3490: 3488: 3011: 2999: 2496: 1702: 1094:, human rights are often tied to someone's nationality. The 924:

The adoption of the VCLT in 1969 established the concept of

12454: 11874: 9733: 9681: 9537: 8935: 8851: 6363:

An Introduction to International Criminal Law and Procedure

5570: 5558: 5110: 5108: 5095: 5093: 4301: 3158: 3122: 3086: 3074: 2924: 2852: 2556: 2544: 1892: 1782: 1538:

of 1944, which re-defined the purpose of the ILO. The 1998

1002:. There was originally an intention that a state must have 269: 12000: 10135:

International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea

8768: 6360:

Cryer, Robert; Robinson, Darryl; Vasiliev, Sergey (2019).

5410: 4859: 4106: 4094: 3782: 3770: 3716: 3182: 3040: 3038: 2989: 2987: 2948: 2936: 2735: 2629: 2627: 654:

of 1863, which governed the conduct of warfare during the

12734: 10655:

International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia

10098:

Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone

8805: 7969: 5639:"The Challenges to International Law in the 21st Century" 5582: 5367: 5343: 5243: 5209: 5207: 5060: 5048: 5024: 5000: 4603: 4601: 4499: 4466: 4175: 3644: 3548: 3536: 3485: 3461: 3424: 3422: 2972: 2900: 2699: 2675: 2353: 2101:

International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia

1694:

customary law until the 20th century, beginning with the

52: 12063:

Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women

8723: 7678:

Suomen Historiallinen Seura (Finnish Historical Society)

7090:

Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace

5144: 5132: 5105: 5090: 5030: 4751: 4690: 4666: 4400: 4388: 4277: 4253: 4241: 4229: 4217: 4205: 4181: 4157: 4046: 3980: 3944: 3908: 3848: 3821: 3799: 3797: 3512: 3395: 3371: 3335: 2762: 2580: 2568: 1836:

The law relating to the initiation of armed conflict is

1727:

sanitary regulations". States are also able to claim an

1674:, reflecting Roman property law: occupation, accretion, 1616:, intended to set out a framework for the mitigation of 1540:

Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work

995:

Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States

509: 156:

Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation

11859: 10690:

International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals

8494: 7745:

International Institutional Law: Unity within Diversity

6768:"The New Oppenheim and Its Theory of International Law" 6530: 4630: 4580: 4568: 4556: 4544: 4532: 4517: 4082: 4019: 3896: 3872: 3860: 3838: 3836: 3608: 3596: 3407: 3359: 3287: 3134: 3035: 3023: 2984: 2840: 2663: 2651: 2639: 2624: 2614: 2612: 1850:. These fundamental principles were re-affirmed in the 1793:

in 1971. During this recession, British Prime Minister

1583:

Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer

242:

The origins of international law can be traced back to

8774: 7621:

Ethics of War: Shared Problems in Different Traditions

5440: 5279: 5255: 5219: 5204: 5156: 4895: 4823: 4799: 4598: 4364: 3704: 3692: 3656: 3572: 3473: 3419: 3347: 3311: 3212: 2888: 2774: 2711: 2687: 2599: 2597: 2595: 617: 12849: 12159:

Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

12075:

Declaration on sexual orientation and gender identity

8188:"Punishment of War Crimes by International Tribunals" 6359: 6000: 5752:

Research Handbook on International Law and Cyberspace

5594: 5535:

Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies

5434: 5267: 5231: 5192: 5168: 4382: 4340: 4319: 3794: 3500: 2723: 1767:

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development

1614:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

1488:

Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

1319:

determining whether foreign judgments can be enforced

969:

approach customary law. Many countries with older or

912:

has argued that there is a general presumption of an

744:

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development

698:

was generally recognized as international law before

673: 542:(1486–1546), who was concerned with the treatment of 360:

saw the development of two major schools of thought,

12254:

Convention for the Protection of National Minorities

12189:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

12080:

American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man

8747:

at the United Nations Library and Archives in Geneva

7200:

The League of Nations: its life and times, 1920-1946

6331: 5355: 5331: 5084: 5066: 4964: 4289: 3833: 3560: 2864: 2609: 1423:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

8760:

Guide to Electronic Resources for International Law

7716:

An Introduction to the International Criminal Court

7393:

Akehurst's Modern Introduction to International Law

6231:

Dicey, Morris & Collins on the Conflict of Laws

3524: 3383: 3299: 3263: 3170: 3098: 2960: 2828: 2592: 2532: 2520: 2508: 2447:

Third World Approaches to International Law (TWAIL)

1438:

Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights

12308: 10645:International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg Trials) 8226: 8186: 8156: 8053: 8024: 7918: 7841: 7742: 7618: 7569: 7469: 7416: 7364: 7312: 7265: 7197: 7167: 7087: 7018: 6923: 6839: 6766: 6702: 6633: 6587: 6532: 6443: 6413: 6386: 6258: 6228: 6194: 6142: 6104: 6031: 5956: 5935: 5840: 2750: 2308:worldwide pandemics. The possible re-emergence of 2269:and it deems irrelevant all extralegal arguments. 10228:Treaty of Versailles, Part XII, Section VI (1919) 8726:, the United Nations' centralised website on the 8392:(in French) (10th ed.). Éditions A. Pedone. 6145:Brownlie's Principles of Public International Law 5787: 469:, non-Islamic lands which were contested through 316:and, occasionally, with neighbouring states. The 12897: 12353:Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court 10675:Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia 10650:International Military Tribunal for the Far East 8563:Kentikelenis, Alexander E.; Babb, Sarah (2019). 8562: 8315: 7737: 6133: 5746:Buchan, Russell; Navarrete, Iñaki (2021-12-14), 5467:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 477–501, 5012: 4988: 4976: 4937: 4925: 4913: 4889: 4877: 4853: 4841: 4793: 4781: 4136: 4124: 4076: 4064: 4040: 3974: 3938: 3926: 3890: 3674: 3626: 3455: 3443: 3329: 2502: 2168:Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia 2062:International Military Tribunal for the Far East 1958:Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons 1939:(law in war) covers IHL, which is distinct from 1873:. The ICJ considered collective self-defence in 12069:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples 10291:UNEP regional seas conventions and action plans 8434: 8026:"The Privatization of Public International Law" 5745: 2302: 2152:Special Panels for Serious Crimes in East Timor 1898:On humanitarian grounds, the use of landmines ( 759: 404:institutions and clergy throughout Europe; the 12440:Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) 12184:Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 10489: 8633: 7389: 7362: 7337: 7310: 7025:. ASIL Studies in International Legal Theory. 6740:"Individuals as Subjects of International Law" 5564: 5300: 5186: 4949: 4684: 4493: 4478: 4454: 4442: 4430: 4418: 4151: 3764: 3638: 3281: 3257: 3242: 3230: 3200: 3152: 3116: 3056: 3017: 2882: 2822: 2457:Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project (RULAC) 1405:Following World War II, the modern system for 1109: 12383: 12328:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees 11986: 10771: 10757: 10475: 10401:International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea 10090:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees 10020: 8790: 8316:Babb, Sarah; Kentikelenis, Alexander (2021). 7973:Fundamental Perspectives on International Law 6710:International & Comparative Law Quarterly 6585: 6219: 5754:, Edward Elgar Publishing, pp. 231–252, 4660: 4648: 4624: 4592: 4358: 4334: 4307: 3962: 2173: 2038: 1733:International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea 1289: 776:Statute of the International Court of Justice 12338:Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness 12224:African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights 8466: 7668: 7612: 7477:International Journal of Middle East Studies 7467: 7170:Cheshire and North Private International Law 6338:Principles of International Humanitarian Law 6056: 3815: 3080: 3068: 2918: 2858: 2339:List of International Court of Justice cases 2058:International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg 1133:international non-governmental organisations 12397: 12333:Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees 12154:Convention on the Political Rights of Women 8634:Lawson, Edward; Bertucci, Mary Lou (1996). 7909: 7291:Journal of the History of International Law 6384: 6167: 5848:International and Comparative Law Quarterly 5576: 5349: 3749: 3737: 3686: 352:along China's western periphery beyond the 70:International law differs from state-based 12390: 12376: 12090:Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action 12042:Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam 11993: 11979: 10764: 10750: 10660:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda 10482: 10468: 10027: 10013: 8797: 8783: 8022: 7843:"Normative Hierarchy in International Law" 7468:Parvin, Manoucher; Sommer, Maurie (1980). 7082: 7013: 6976: 6897:The Concept of Treaty in International Law 6389:The Concept of Custom in International Law 6253: 5937:"The Doctrine of Legal Equality of States" 5624: 5612: 5489:"Compliance with International Agreements" 4722:"Status of Ratification of the Convention" 4505: 3788: 3776: 2586: 2574: 2105:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda 1509:African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights 1104:African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights 1086:or where someone is claiming rights under 993:A state is defined under Article 1 of the 518:(1313–1357) was considered the founder of 184:There is a distinction between public and 105:(general state practice accepted as law), 12455:North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 12015:Declarations, manifestos, and resolutions 10680:Special Panels of the Dili District Court 10175:International Plant Protection Convention 8658: 8605: 8335: 8251: 8154: 8120:. Springer Science & Business Media. 8051: 7926:The American Journal of International Law 7822: 7647:The Oxford Handbook of the Law of the Sea 7251: 7192: 7058:Perspectives on Public Choice: A Handbook 7021:International Criminal Law and Philosophy 6996: 6847:The American Journal of International Law 6586:Finkin, Matthew W.; Mundlak, Guy (2015). 6312:Journal of International Criminal Justice 5981: 5943:The British Yearbook of International Law 5838: 5458: 3950: 3914: 3401: 3377: 3218: 3188: 3005: 2954: 2802:. Edizioni Plus – Pisa University Press. 2768: 2562: 2550: 2475: 1906:) is prohibited under international law. 1883:government against another member of the 1825: 1696:League of Nations Codification Conference 1090:but as, argued by the political theorist 670:, the first of which was passed in 1864. 12244:Convention for the Prevention of Torture 9942:History of the American legal profession 8751:Public International Law, Research Guide 8739:Audiovisual Library of International Law 8134: 8113: 8088: 7414: 7260: 6948: 6918: 6890: 6834: 6658: 6631: 6029: 5675: 5314:"The States Parties to the Rome Statute" 5150: 5138: 5126: 5114: 5099: 5036: 4805: 4769: 4757: 4745: 4708: 4696: 4672: 4636: 4607: 4406: 4394: 4283: 4271: 4259: 4247: 4235: 4223: 4211: 4199: 4187: 4112: 4100: 4025: 4013: 4001: 3986: 3725: 3710: 3698: 3662: 3650: 3578: 3554: 3542: 3479: 3467: 3428: 3164: 3140: 3128: 3092: 3044: 2978: 2942: 2930: 2906: 2894: 2846: 2717: 2705: 2693: 2681: 2669: 2657: 2645: 2633: 2117: 2004:clause, but this posed concerns and the 1966:International Committee of the Red Cross 1919: 1750: 1701: 1643: 1599: 1388: 1245:Court of Justice of the Andean Community 1229:Permanent Court of International Justice 1202: 1114:Traditionally, sovereign states and the 1008: 829:Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 827:A treaty is defined in Article 2 of the 810:Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 803: 677: 552: 229: 12460:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) 8406: 8385: 8360: 8294:Indigenous Peoples in International Law 7884: 7839: 7770:"The Legal Nature of International Law" 7709: 7268:A Concise History of the Law of Nations 7051: 6438: 6189: 6057:Björgvinsson, Davíd Thór (2015-11-27). 5748:"Cyber espionage and international law" 5486: 5261: 5249: 5237: 5225: 5213: 5198: 5174: 5162: 5061:Slagter, van Doorn & Slomanson 2022 5049:Slagter, van Doorn & Slomanson 2022 5025:Slagter, van Doorn & Slomanson 2022 5001:Slagter, van Doorn & Slomanson 2022 4467:Slagter, van Doorn & Slomanson 2022 4176:Slagter, van Doorn & Slomanson 2022 4088: 3878: 3866: 3803: 3353: 2792: 2744: 2344:List of international public law topics 1198: 1141:Yearbook of International Organizations 998:allowing Israel to be admitted despite 977: 948:Monism and dualism in international law 853: 12898: 12052:Declaration of the Rights of the Child 12002:International human rights instruments 8544: 8144:Nederlands Internationaal Privaatrecht 7230: 7112: 6809: 6700: 6612: 6492: 6450:Proceedings of the Asil Annual Meeting 6301: 6077: 5954: 5883: 5643:Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting 5524: 5522: 5446: 5419: 5361: 5337: 4901: 4865: 4829: 4295: 4052: 3506: 3494: 2834: 2280:asserted that due to the principle of 1779:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1773:) and the IMF. At the conference, the 1237:Court of Justice of the European Union 1187:, which has been notably been used in 12371: 12307: 12210: 12164:Convention on the Rights of the Child 12119: 12118: 12101:Declaration on the Rights of Peasants 12036:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 12012: 11974: 10745: 10463: 10008: 8778: 8771:of the International Court of Justice 8764:American Society of International Law 8509:American Journal of International Law 8287: 8221: 7994: 7849:American Journal of International Law 7767: 7684: 7567: 7540: 7512: 7280: 7165: 6984:European Journal of International Law 6841:"Islam and the Modern Law of Nations" 6764: 6737: 6557: 6411: 6178:Michigan Journal of International Law 5989:Michigan Journal of International Law 5933: 5794:Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 5713:European Journal of International Law 5676:Mulligan, Michael (October 1, 2020). 5636: 5600: 5588: 5543:10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.55 5528: 5385: 5373: 5072: 4370: 4346: 3902: 3566: 3518: 3341: 3317: 3269: 3176: 2870: 2780: 2618: 2538: 2526: 2514: 2312:as international law is contentious. 2144:complicated relationship with the ICC 1820: 1591:multilateral environmental agreements 1478:Convention on the Rights of the Child 1419:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1399:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1076:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 941: 510:Emergence of modern international law 502:(1135–1204) and Christian theologian 10125:United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement 8181: 7810:Chinese Journal of International Law 7802: 7548:Houston Journal of International Law 7140: 6683: 6102: 5908: 5285: 5273: 4163: 3854: 3842: 3827: 3614: 3602: 3590: 3530: 3413: 3389: 3365: 3305: 3293: 3104: 3029: 2993: 2966: 2756: 2729: 2603: 2272: 1558: 1505:Inter-American Court of Human Rights 1100:Inter-American Court of Human Rights 385:collapse of the western Roman Empire 74:in that it operates largely through 12271:American Convention on Human Rights 10170:Ballast Water Management Convention 10103:Convention on the Continental Shelf 8361:Capaldo, Giuliana Ziccardi (2013). 5706: 5531:"Compliance With International Law" 5519: 5435:Cryer, Robinson & Vasiliev 2019 4383:Beaumont, Anton & McEleavy 2011 4320:Beaumont, Anton & McEleavy 2011 1909: 1842:. This was codified in 1928 in the 1706:Breakdown of the rules surrounding 1589:of 1972. Despite these, and other, 1294: 1261:and to resolve disputes during the 955:European Convention on Human Rights 618:Establishment of Westphalian system 461:, where Islamic law prevailed; the 296:across the world, from the eastern 13: 12533:International relations since 1989 12523:Diplomatic history of World War II 12445:International Criminal Court (ICC) 12249:European Convention on Nationality 10296:List of maritime boundary treaties 10063:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 10034: 8612:The Continent of International Law 8556:University of North Carolina Press 8280: 7390:Orakhelashvili, Alexander (2022). 7363:Orakhelashvili, Alexander (2020). 7338:Orakhelashvili, Alexander (2015). 7311:Orakhelashvili, Alexander (2011). 5493:Annual Review of Political Science 2378:Centre for International Law (CIL) 2025:Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action 1431:International Bill of Human Rights 674:20th and 21st century developments 14: 12937: 12829:International political sociology 12239:Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) 11955:Western European and Others Group 8926:Restitution and unjust enrichment 8688: 8337:10.1146/annurev-soc-090220-025543 7017:; Hoskins, Zachary, eds. (2009). 6745:Cornell International Law Journal 6503:Fordham International Law Journal 6335:; Weston-Scheuber, Kylie (2013). 5637:Jeria, Michelle Bachelet (2016). 1672:acquiring territorial sovereignty 1227:, prior to World War I, when the 1225:Central American Court of Justice 1160: 588:Of the Law of Nature and Nations, 12883: 12871: 12859: 12211: 10442: 10285:UN FAO regional fisheries bodies 10238:Egypt–Israel peace treaty (1979) 10180:International Health Regulations 9973: 9972: 9958: 8092:The Sources of International Law 6279:10.1111/j.1747-4469.2012.01306.x 5781: 5739: 5700: 5669: 5630: 5480: 5452: 5379: 5306: 5085:Crowe & Weston-Scheuber 2013 4965:Crowe & Weston-Scheuber 2013 4714: 2417:International constitutional law 1775:International Trade Organization 1532:International Labor Organization 895:The second element of the test, 328:. Adopting the Greek concept of 16:Norms in international relations 12824:International political economy 10363:Law of carriage of goods by sea 9937:History of the legal profession 8522:10.5305/amerjintelaw.106.1.0047 8259:Journal of European Integration 6774:Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 3206: 2786: 2479:Understanding International Law 2282:par in parem non habet imperium 1885:Organization of American States 1565:International environmental law 1378: 1335:, the law of the domicile, and 1127:has emphasised a split between 1082:with the exception of cases of 1037:par in parem non habet imperium 808:Parties and signatories to the 483:served as precursors to modern 422:, enacted among the commercial 246:. With origins tracing back to 12311:International humanitarian law 10721:International humanitarian law 10665:Special Court for Sierra Leone 10396:International Seabed Authority 10190:Terrestrial Animal Health Code 6034:International Law in Antiquity 5912:Modern Treaty Law and Practice 5505:10.1146/annurev.polisci.1.1.75 2469: 2160:Special Court for Sierra Leone 1933:International humanitarian law 1916:International humanitarian law 1501:European Court of Human Rights 1385:International human rights law 1339:, the law of the nationality. 1217:International Court of Justice 1181:"Uniting for Peace" resolution 1129:inter-government organisations 1125:UN Economic and Social Council 1096:European Court of Human Rights 1064: 720:International Court of Justice 684:International Court of Justice 660:Permanent Court of Arbitration 485:international humanitarian law 272:(approximately 3100 BCE), and 144: 131:European Court of Human Rights 1: 12279:to Prevent and Punish Torture 10223:Copenhagen Convention of 1857 8570:American Journal of Sociology 8023:Steinhardt, Ralph G. (1991). 6632:Gardiner, Richard K. (2008). 6412:Degan, Vladimir Đuro (1997). 6005:; McEleavy, Peter E. (2011). 5982:Bassiouni, M. Cherif (1990). 5627:, pp. 281, 289, 323–234. 2476:Henderson, Conway W. (2010). 2463: 2086:UN Convention against Torture 2017:Biological Weapons Convention 1787:fixed currency exchange rates 1714:The boundaries of a nation's 1518: 1417:in 1946, which developed the 1415:UN Commission on Human Rights 910:International Law Association 642:(1679–1754) and Swiss jurist 12792:Related fields and subfields 10685:Special Tribunal for Lebanon 10670:International Criminal Court 10261:Convention of Constantinople 8714:Resources in other libraries 8637:Encyclopedia of Human Rights 8165:Macmillan Publishing Company 7741:; Blokker, Niels M. (2011). 6416:Sources of International Law 6385:D'Amato, Anthony A. (1971). 6260:"What Is Transnational Law?" 5842:"International Law in India" 5318:International Criminal Court 5013:Brownlie & Crawford 2012 4989:Brownlie & Crawford 2012 4977:Brownlie & Crawford 2012 4938:Brownlie & Crawford 2012 4926:Brownlie & Crawford 2012 4914:Brownlie & Crawford 2012 4890:Brownlie & Crawford 2012 4878:Brownlie & Crawford 2012 4854:Brownlie & Crawford 2012 4842:Brownlie & Crawford 2012 4794:Brownlie & Crawford 2012 4782:Brownlie & Crawford 2012 4137:Brownlie & Crawford 2012 4125:Brownlie & Crawford 2012 4077:Schermers & Blokker 2011 4065:Schermers & Blokker 2011 4041:Brownlie & Crawford 2012 3975:Brownlie & Crawford 2012 3939:Brownlie & Crawford 2012 3927:Brownlie & Crawford 2012 3891:Brownlie & Crawford 2012 3675:Brownlie & Crawford 2012 3627:Brownlie & Crawford 2012 3456:Brownlie & Crawford 2012 3444:Brownlie & Crawford 2012 3330:Brownlie & Crawford 2012 2503:Brownlie & Crawford 2012 2303:Challenges and controversies 2180:International legal theories 2164:Special Tribunal for Lebanon 2132:International Criminal Court 2124:International Criminal Court 2035:on the international stage. 1552:Right to Organise Convention 772:sources of international law 766:Sources of international law 760:Sources of international law 728:International Law Commission 312:were negotiated between its 226:History of international law 135:International Criminal Court 119:relationship and interaction 99:sources of international law 43:, norms, and standards that 7: 10726:International speech crimes 10507:Customary international law 10108:Convention on the High Seas 8445:Christianity and Global Law 8386:Carreau, Dominique (2009). 8155:von Glahn, Gerhard (1992). 8052:Stevenson, John R. (1952). 7669:Saastamoinen, Kari (1995). 7524:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 6902:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 6701:Jacobs, Francis G. (1969). 6422:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 6063:. Edward Elgar Publishing. 6030:Bederman, David J. (2001). 5887:International Organizations 5760:10.4337/9781789904253.00021 5461:"The Engines of Compliance" 2331: 2013:Chemical Weapons Convention 1789:to be dropped in favour of 1536:Declaration of Philadelphia 1120:international organisations 1110:International organisations 905:North Sea Continental Shelf 884:North Sea Continental Shelf 860:Customary international law 793: 784:customary international law 740:International Monetary Fund 610:(1590–1661) in England and 557:A portrait of Dutch jurist 426:of northern Europe and the 234:The Hittite version of the 49:international organizations 10: 12942: 12834:Peace and conflict studies 12450:Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) 12275:Inter-American Convention 12139:Convention against Torture 10547:Convention Against Torture 10491:International criminal law 10185:Aquatic Animal Health Code 10150:Seabed Arms Control Treaty 9604:International legal theory 9083:International slavery laws 9078:International human rights 9073:International criminal law 8724:United Nations Rule of Law 8617:Cambridge University Press 8473:Droit international public 8418:Cambridge University Press 8323:Annual Review of Sociology 8252:Yepremyan, Tigran (2022). 8006:Cambridge University Press 7978:Cambridge University Press 7824:10.1093/chinesejil/jmab019 7721:Cambridge University Press 7627:Taylor & Francis Group 7424:International Organization 7415:Osiander, Andreas (2001). 7206:Leicester University Press 7066:Cambridge University Press 7027:Cambridge University Press 6960:Cambridge University Press 6932:Cambridge University Press 6667:Cambridge University Press 6368:Cambridge University Press 6302:Cowell, Frederick (2017). 6197:International Criminal Law 6040:Cambridge University Press 5955:Bashir, Khaled R. 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Treaties such as the 12926:Cultural globalization 11805:Eastern European Group 11394:Continental philosophy 11325:Judeo-Christian ethics 11310:Hellenistic philosophy 10791:Cradle of civilization 10731:Universal jurisdiction 10706:Command responsibility 10599:Incitement to genocide 10537:United Nations Charter 10283:Treaties establishing 6684:Head, John W. (1994). 6003:Anton, Alexander Elder 5909:Aust, Anthony (2007). 5884:Archer, Clive (2014). 5707:Cai, C. 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Wiley. p. 5. 2296:Monopoly on violence 1815:Washington Consensus 1813:agenda known as the 1604:Scenarios of global 1349:Brussels Regulations 1199:International courts 978:International actors 872:persistent objectors 854:International custom 746:(World Bank) to the 584:Samuel von Pufendorf 540:Francisco de Vitoria 490:During the European 439:Muhammad al-Shaybani 346:just grounds for war 310:early peace treaties 111:international comity 103:international custom 12581:Collective security 12465:United Nations (UN) 12323:Genocide Convention 11945:West Nordic Council 11810:Eastern Partnership 11399:Analytic philosophy 11100:Classical tradition 10922:Early modern period 10878:Classical antiquity 10873:European Bronze Age 10579:Crime of aggression 10542:Genocide Convention 10254:global significance 9862:Election commission 9574:Expressive function 9103:Landlord–tenant law 9002:Consumer protection 8468:Dupuy, Pierre-Marie 8389:Droit international 8061:Columbia Law Review 7803:Shao, Xuan (2021). 7775:Columbia Law Review 7739:Schermers, Henry G. 7711:Schabas, William A. 7232:Nouwen, Sarah M. 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624:Peace of Westphalia 370:Indian subcontinent 340:Beginning with the 12343:Geneva Conventions 11404:Post-structuralism 11367:Christian humanism 10997:Universal suffrage 10584:Crime of apartheid 10522:Geneva Conventions 10373:Territorial waters 10252:Maritime canals of 10068:Geneva Conventions 9820:Legal institutions 9687:Lawsuit/Litigation 9677:Dispute resolution 9482:Catholic canon law 9190:State of emergency 9153:Will and testament 8877:Law of obligations 8830:Constitutional law 8820:Administrative law 8607:Koremenos, Barbara 8413:The New Global Law 8369:Ashgate Publishing 7915:Paulus, Andreas L. 7240:Utrecht Law Review 7053:Mueller, Dennis C. 4581:Dugard et al. 2020 4569:Dugard et al. 2020 4557:Dugard et al. 2020 4545:Dugard et al. 2020 4533:Dugard et al. 2020 4518:Dugard et al. 2020 3617:, p. 312–319. 3605:, p. 289–290. 3497:, p. 766–767. 3071:, pp. 14, 36. 2945:, pp. 94–101. 2258:Congress of Vienna 2170:have been listed. 2128: 1930: 1821:Conflict and force 1712: 1708:territorial 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10303: 10200:Hague–Visby Rules 10002: 10001: 9662:Constitutionalism 9584:Law and economics 9422:Act of parliament 9160:Product liability 9113:Legal archaeology 9038:Environmental law 9032:Entertainment law 8872:International law 8733:Treaty Collection 8700:International law 8695:Library resources 8679:978-0-415-93921-8 8651:978-1-56032-362-4 8626:978-1-107-12423-3 8551:Peace Through Law 8487:978-2-247-14386-3 8459:978-1-000-03922-1 8427:978-1-139-48594-4 8399:978-2-233-00561-8 8378:978-1-4094-9630-4 8308:978-0-19-517350-5 8183:Wald, Patricia M. 8174:978-0-02-423175-8 8127:978-94-017-4402-7 8106:978-0-19-968540-0 8015:978-1-107-13560-4 7987:978-1-108-83995-2 7902:978-0-19-969490-7 7760:978-90-04-18797-9 7730:978-1-108-72736-5 7702:978-1-78471-658-5 7661:978-0-19-871548-1 7533:978-90-04-32133-5 7407:978-1-000-52208-2 7382:978-1-78811-671-8 7355:978-1-78347-218-5 7330:978-0-85793-308-9 7274:Macmillan Company 7174:(10th ed.). 7158:978-0-674-72654-3 7133:978-0-19-107869-9 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The subsequent 206:supranational law 153:in his 1789 book 29:International law 12933: 12888: 12887: 12886: 12876: 12875: 12864: 12863: 12855: 12839:Security studies 12631:Internationality 12626:Internationalism 12425: 12424: 12392: 12385: 12378: 12369: 12368: 12305: 12304: 12208: 12207: 12116: 12115: 12085:Paris Principles 12010: 12009: 11995: 11988: 11981: 11972: 11971: 11840:EU Customs Union 11372:Secular humanism 11320:Christian ethics 11270:East–West Schism 11253:Physical culture 10977:Great Divergence 10927:Age of Discovery 10766: 10759: 10752: 10743: 10742: 10699:Related concepts 10637: 10594:Genocidal intent 10484: 10477: 10470: 10461: 10460: 10447: 10446: 10343:Innocent passage 10309:Main and related 10287:and arrangements 10155:SOLAS Convention 10053: 10052: 10038: 10029: 10022: 10015: 10006: 10005: 9977: 9976: 9975: 9963: 9962: 9786:Question of fact 9667:Criminal justice 8997:Construction law 8992:Conflict of laws 8957:Agricultural law 8799: 8792: 8785: 8776: 8775: 8769:Official website 8683: 8655: 8640:(2nd ed.). 8630: 8602: 8577:(6): 1720–1762. 8559: 8541: 8500:Victor, David G. 8491: 8463: 8431: 8403: 8382: 8357: 8339: 8312: 8275: 8248: 8233:(2nd ed.). 8232: 8218: 8201:(4): 1119–1134. 8190: 8178: 8163:(6th ed.). 8162: 8151: 8141: 8131: 8110: 8085: 8057: 8048: 8028: 8019: 7991: 7966: 7922: 7906: 7881: 7845: 7836: 7826: 7799: 7764: 7749:(5th ed.). 7748: 7734: 7706: 7681: 7675: 7665: 7640: 7624: 7615:Sorabji, Richard 7609: 7573: 7564: 7537: 7509: 7473: 7464: 7420: 7411: 7386: 7371:(2nd ed.). 7370: 7359: 7334: 7318: 7307: 7287: 7277: 7271: 7262:Nussbaum, Arthur 7257: 7255: 7227: 7203: 7194:Northedge, F. S. 7189: 7173: 7162: 7137: 7109: 7094:(5th ed.). 7093: 7084:Morgenthau, Hans 7079: 7063: 7048: 7024: 7010: 7000: 6973: 6958:(3rd ed.). 6945: 6929: 6915: 6887: 6843: 6831: 6806: 6770: 6761: 6734: 6706: 6697: 6680: 6655: 6639: 6628: 6609: 6593: 6582: 6567:(4th ed.). 6554: 6538: 6527: 6489: 6447: 6440:deLisle, Jacques 6435: 6419: 6408: 6392: 6381: 6356: 6328: 6308: 6298: 6262: 6250: 6234: 6225:Harris, Jonathan 6216: 6200: 6191:Cassese, Antonio 6186: 6164: 6148: 6130: 6108: 6099: 6074: 6053: 6037: 6026: 5997: 5978: 5962: 5951: 5939: 5930: 5915:(2nd ed.). 5905: 5880: 5844: 5826: 5825: 5785: 5779: 5778: 5777: 5776: 5743: 5737: 5736: 5704: 5698: 5697: 5673: 5667: 5666: 5634: 5628: 5622: 5616: 5610: 5604: 5598: 5592: 5586: 5580: 5574: 5568: 5562: 5556: 5555: 5526: 5517: 5516: 5484: 5478: 5477: 5456: 5450: 5444: 5438: 5432: 5423: 5417: 5408: 5407: 5405: 5403: 5383: 5377: 5371: 5365: 5359: 5353: 5350:Burke-White 2002 5347: 5341: 5335: 5329: 5328: 5326: 5324: 5310: 5304: 5298: 5289: 5283: 5277: 5271: 5265: 5259: 5253: 5247: 5241: 5235: 5229: 5223: 5217: 5211: 5202: 5196: 5190: 5184: 5178: 5172: 5166: 5160: 5154: 5148: 5142: 5136: 5130: 5124: 5118: 5112: 5103: 5097: 5088: 5082: 5076: 5070: 5064: 5058: 5052: 5046: 5040: 5034: 5028: 5022: 5016: 5010: 5004: 4998: 4992: 4986: 4980: 4974: 4968: 4962: 4953: 4947: 4941: 4935: 4929: 4923: 4917: 4911: 4905: 4899: 4893: 4887: 4881: 4875: 4869: 4863: 4857: 4851: 4845: 4839: 4833: 4827: 4821: 4815: 4809: 4803: 4797: 4791: 4785: 4779: 4773: 4767: 4761: 4755: 4749: 4743: 4737: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4718: 4712: 4706: 4700: 4694: 4688: 4682: 4676: 4670: 4664: 4658: 4652: 4646: 4640: 4634: 4628: 4622: 4611: 4605: 4596: 4590: 4584: 4578: 4572: 4566: 4560: 4554: 4548: 4542: 4536: 4530: 4521: 4515: 4509: 4503: 4497: 4491: 4482: 4476: 4470: 4464: 4458: 4452: 4446: 4440: 4434: 4428: 4422: 4416: 4410: 4404: 4398: 4392: 4386: 4380: 4374: 4373:, pp. 9–11. 4368: 4362: 4356: 4350: 4344: 4338: 4332: 4323: 4317: 4311: 4305: 4299: 4293: 4287: 4281: 4275: 4269: 4263: 4257: 4251: 4245: 4239: 4233: 4227: 4221: 4215: 4209: 4203: 4197: 4191: 4185: 4179: 4173: 4167: 4161: 4155: 4149: 4140: 4134: 4128: 4122: 4116: 4110: 4104: 4098: 4092: 4086: 4080: 4074: 4068: 4062: 4056: 4050: 4044: 4038: 4029: 4023: 4017: 4011: 4005: 3999: 3990: 3984: 3978: 3972: 3966: 3960: 3954: 3948: 3942: 3936: 3930: 3924: 3918: 3912: 3906: 3900: 3894: 3888: 3882: 3876: 3870: 3864: 3858: 3852: 3846: 3840: 3831: 3825: 3819: 3813: 3807: 3801: 3792: 3786: 3780: 3774: 3768: 3762: 3753: 3747: 3741: 3735: 3729: 3723: 3714: 3708: 3702: 3696: 3690: 3684: 3678: 3672: 3666: 3660: 3654: 3648: 3642: 3641:, section 3.3.1. 3636: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3612: 3606: 3600: 3594: 3588: 3582: 3576: 3570: 3564: 3558: 3552: 3546: 3540: 3534: 3528: 3522: 3516: 3510: 3504: 3498: 3492: 3483: 3477: 3471: 3470:, p. 38–40. 3465: 3459: 3453: 3447: 3441: 3432: 3426: 3417: 3411: 3405: 3399: 3393: 3387: 3381: 3375: 3369: 3363: 3357: 3351: 3345: 3339: 3333: 3327: 3321: 3315: 3309: 3303: 3297: 3291: 3285: 3279: 3273: 3267: 3261: 3255: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3228: 3222: 3216: 3210: 3204: 3198: 3192: 3186: 3180: 3174: 3168: 3162: 3156: 3150: 3144: 3138: 3132: 3126: 3120: 3114: 3108: 3102: 3096: 3090: 3084: 3078: 3072: 3066: 3060: 3054: 3048: 3042: 3033: 3027: 3021: 3015: 3009: 3003: 2997: 2991: 2982: 2976: 2970: 2964: 2958: 2952: 2946: 2940: 2934: 2928: 2922: 2916: 2910: 2904: 2898: 2892: 2886: 2880: 2874: 2868: 2862: 2856: 2850: 2844: 2838: 2832: 2826: 2820: 2814: 2813: 2801: 2790: 2784: 2778: 2772: 2766: 2760: 2754: 2748: 2742: 2733: 2727: 2721: 2715: 2709: 2703: 2697: 2691: 2685: 2679: 2673: 2667: 2661: 2655: 2649: 2643: 2637: 2631: 2622: 2616: 2607: 2601: 2590: 2584: 2578: 2572: 2566: 2560: 2554: 2548: 2542: 2536: 2530: 2524: 2518: 2512: 2506: 2500: 2494: 2493: 2473: 2402:Global policeman 2349:List of treaties 2242:John Jacob Moser 1986:prisoners of war 1910:Humanitarian law 1765:established the 1724:innocent passage 1710:under the UNCLOS 1624:, including the 1618:greenhouse gases 1608:as of April 2022 1425:(ICCPR) and the 1306:Conflict of laws 1295:Conflict of laws 1284:advisory opinion 1255:Island of Palmas 1084:dual nationality 1028: 1022: 1016: 889:Humphrey Waldock 821: 815: 682:Justices of the 596:Hobbesian notion 548:Francisco Suárez 532:Alberico Gentili 481:military conduct 424:Hanseatic League 278:Egyptian pharaoh 236:Treaty of Kadesh 84:peremptory norms 80:sovereign states 39:) is the set of 12941: 12940: 12936: 12935: 12934: 12932: 12931: 12930: 12896: 12895: 12894: 12884: 12882: 12870: 12858: 12850: 12848: 12843: 12787: 12778:Postcolonialism 12739: 12668:Non-state actor 12663:Non-belligerent 12658:Neutral country 12643:Interventionism 12576:Co-belligerence 12537: 12490: 12469: 12414: 12401: 12396: 12366: 12357: 12314: 12295: 12215: 12198: 12125: 12106: 12017: 12004: 11999: 11969: 11964: 11930:UKUSA Agreement 11870:Lublin Triangle 11755:Baltic Assembly 11707: 11701: 11619: 11456: 11291: 11161:Eurolinguistics 11030: 11019:Information age 10992:Interwar period 10859: 10779: 10770: 10740: 10735: 10711:Superior orders 10694: 10638: 10635: 10634: 10625: 10567: 10564: 10556: 10512:Peremptory norm 10493: 10488: 10458: 10453: 10441: 10423: 10405: 10382: 10378:Transit passage 10348:Internal waters 10318:Contiguous zone 10310: 10300: 10276: 10270: 10253: 10247: 10215: 10209: 10205:Rotterdam Rules 10160:STCW Convention 10140:OPRC Convention 10047: 10040: 10036: 10033: 10003: 9998: 9971: 9957: 9948: 9925: 9916:Political party 9889:Legal education 9877:Law enforcement 9857:Court of equity 9815: 9791:Question of law 9744:Practice of law 9724:Judicial review 9638: 9589:Legal formalism 9569:Comparative law 9564:Contract theory 9547: 9467:Legal pluralism 9438: 9427:Act of Congress 9351:Executive order 9317: 9219: 9138:Nationality law 9063:Immigration law 8987:Competition law 8940: 8808: 8803: 8720: 8719: 8718: 8703: 8702: 8698: 8691: 8686: 8680: 8652: 8627: 8488: 8460: 8436:Domingo, Rafael 8428: 8408:Domingo, Rafael 8400: 8379: 8309: 8283: 8281:Further reading 8278: 8245: 8194:Social Research 8175: 8139: 8128: 8107: 8074:10.2307/1118800 8016: 7988: 7939:10.2307/2997991 7903: 7788:10.2307/1109809 7761: 7731: 7703: 7673: 7662: 7637: 7534: 7514:Patel, Bimal N. 7408: 7383: 7356: 7331: 7285: 7253:10.18352/ulr.32 7216: 7186: 7159: 7134: 7106: 7076: 7061: 7045: 6970: 6942: 6912: 6860:10.2307/2194954 6836:Khadduri, Majid 6828: 6677: 6652: 6606: 6579: 6551: 6432: 6405: 6378: 6353: 6333:Crowe, Jonathan 6306: 6247: 6227:, eds. (2022). 6213: 6161: 6139:Crawford, James 6096: 6071: 6050: 6023: 6013:Thomson Reuters 5975: 5927: 5902: 5834: 5829: 5786: 5782: 5774: 5772: 5770: 5744: 5740: 5705: 5701: 5674: 5670: 5635: 5631: 5625:Morgenthau 1972 5623: 5619: 5613:Morgenthau 1972 5611: 5607: 5599: 5595: 5587: 5583: 5575: 5571: 5563: 5559: 5553: 5527: 5520: 5485: 5481: 5475: 5457: 5453: 5445: 5441: 5433: 5426: 5418: 5411: 5401: 5399: 5384: 5380: 5372: 5368: 5360: 5356: 5348: 5344: 5336: 5332: 5322: 5320: 5312: 5311: 5307: 5299: 5292: 5284: 5280: 5276:, p. 1119. 5272: 5268: 5260: 5256: 5248: 5244: 5236: 5232: 5224: 5220: 5212: 5205: 5197: 5193: 5185: 5181: 5173: 5169: 5161: 5157: 5149: 5145: 5137: 5133: 5125: 5121: 5113: 5106: 5098: 5091: 5083: 5079: 5071: 5067: 5059: 5055: 5047: 5043: 5035: 5031: 5023: 5019: 5011: 5007: 4999: 4995: 4987: 4983: 4975: 4971: 4963: 4956: 4948: 4944: 4936: 4932: 4924: 4920: 4912: 4908: 4904:, pp. 2–3. 4900: 4896: 4888: 4884: 4876: 4872: 4864: 4860: 4852: 4848: 4840: 4836: 4832:, pp. 4–5. 4828: 4824: 4816: 4812: 4804: 4800: 4792: 4788: 4780: 4776: 4768: 4764: 4756: 4752: 4744: 4740: 4730: 4728: 4720: 4719: 4715: 4707: 4703: 4695: 4691: 4683: 4679: 4671: 4667: 4659: 4655: 4647: 4643: 4635: 4631: 4623: 4614: 4606: 4599: 4591: 4587: 4583:, pp. 4–5. 4579: 4575: 4567: 4563: 4555: 4551: 4547:, pp. 5–7. 4543: 4539: 4531: 4524: 4516: 4512: 4504: 4500: 4492: 4485: 4477: 4473: 4465: 4461: 4453: 4449: 4441: 4437: 4429: 4425: 4417: 4413: 4405: 4401: 4397:, pp. 6–7. 4393: 4389: 4381: 4377: 4369: 4365: 4357: 4353: 4349:, pp. 7–8. 4345: 4341: 4333: 4326: 4318: 4314: 4306: 4302: 4294: 4290: 4282: 4278: 4270: 4266: 4258: 4254: 4246: 4242: 4234: 4230: 4222: 4218: 4210: 4206: 4198: 4194: 4186: 4182: 4174: 4170: 4162: 4158: 4150: 4143: 4135: 4131: 4123: 4119: 4111: 4107: 4099: 4095: 4087: 4083: 4075: 4071: 4063: 4059: 4051: 4047: 4039: 4032: 4024: 4020: 4012: 4008: 4000: 3993: 3985: 3981: 3973: 3969: 3961: 3957: 3949: 3945: 3937: 3933: 3925: 3921: 3913: 3909: 3901: 3897: 3889: 3885: 3881:, pp. 4–5. 3877: 3873: 3869:, pp. 2–3. 3865: 3861: 3853: 3849: 3841: 3834: 3826: 3822: 3814: 3810: 3802: 3795: 3789:Linderfalk 2007 3787: 3783: 3777:Linderfalk 2007 3775: 3771: 3763: 3756: 3748: 3744: 3736: 3732: 3724: 3717: 3709: 3705: 3697: 3693: 3685: 3681: 3673: 3669: 3661: 3657: 3649: 3645: 3637: 3633: 3625: 3621: 3613: 3609: 3601: 3597: 3589: 3585: 3577: 3573: 3565: 3561: 3553: 3549: 3541: 3537: 3529: 3525: 3517: 3513: 3505: 3501: 3493: 3486: 3478: 3474: 3466: 3462: 3454: 3450: 3442: 3435: 3427: 3420: 3412: 3408: 3400: 3396: 3388: 3384: 3376: 3372: 3364: 3360: 3352: 3348: 3340: 3336: 3328: 3324: 3316: 3312: 3304: 3300: 3292: 3288: 3280: 3276: 3268: 3264: 3256: 3249: 3241: 3237: 3229: 3225: 3217: 3213: 3207: 3199: 3195: 3187: 3183: 3175: 3171: 3163: 3159: 3155:, pp. 343. 3151: 3147: 3139: 3135: 3127: 3123: 3115: 3111: 3103: 3099: 3091: 3087: 3079: 3075: 3067: 3063: 3055: 3051: 3043: 3036: 3028: 3024: 3016: 3012: 3004: 3000: 2992: 2985: 2977: 2973: 2965: 2961: 2953: 2949: 2941: 2937: 2929: 2925: 2917: 2913: 2905: 2901: 2893: 2889: 2881: 2877: 2869: 2865: 2861:, pp. 3–4. 2857: 2853: 2845: 2841: 2833: 2829: 2821: 2817: 2810: 2799: 2791: 2787: 2779: 2775: 2767: 2763: 2755: 2751: 2743: 2736: 2728: 2724: 2716: 2712: 2704: 2700: 2692: 2688: 2680: 2676: 2672:, pp. 5–6. 2668: 2664: 2660:, pp. 3–4. 2656: 2652: 2644: 2640: 2636:, pp. 1–2. 2632: 2625: 2617: 2610: 2602: 2593: 2587:Cotterrell 2012 2585: 2581: 2575:Steinhardt 1991 2573: 2569: 2561: 2557: 2549: 2545: 2541:, pp. 3–4. 2537: 2533: 2525: 2521: 2513: 2509: 2501: 2497: 2490: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2461: 2383:Comparative law 2334: 2305: 2292:Hans Morgenthau 2275: 2238:jus voluntarium 2182: 2176: 2103:(ICTY) and the 2047: 2041: 1918: 1912: 1864:nuclear weapons 1834: 1828: 1823: 1759: 1753: 1716:territorial sea 1652: 1646: 1630:Paris Agreement 1587:Rio Declaration 1567: 1561: 1527: 1521: 1387: 1381: 1357:arbitral awards 1303: 1297: 1292: 1201: 1185:UN peacekeeping 1163: 1112: 1080:nationality law 1067: 1044:and equal, but 1030: 1026: 1024: 1020: 1018: 1014: 1000:border disputes 991: 986: 980: 950: 944: 862: 856: 823: 819: 817: 813: 802: 796: 768: 762: 676: 640:Christian Wolff 620: 512: 416:Rolls of Oléron 264:city-states of 228: 222: 179:Lassa Oppenheim 171:droits des gens 147: 115:legally binding 31:(also known as 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 12939: 12929: 12928: 12923: 12918: 12913: 12908: 12893: 12892: 12880: 12868: 12845: 12844: 12842: 12841: 12836: 12831: 12826: 12821: 12816: 12811: 12806: 12801: 12795: 12793: 12789: 12788: 12786: 12785: 12780: 12775: 12770: 12765: 12760: 12758:English school 12755: 12753:Constructivism 12749: 12747: 12741: 12740: 12738: 12737: 12732: 12731: 12730: 12725: 12723:Non-aggression 12720: 12715: 12710: 12700: 12695: 12690: 12685: 12680: 12675: 12670: 12665: 12660: 12655: 12650: 12645: 12640: 12639: 12638: 12633: 12623: 12618: 12613: 12608: 12603: 12598: 12593: 12588: 12583: 12578: 12573: 12568: 12567: 12566: 12561: 12556: 12545: 12543: 12539: 12538: 12536: 12535: 12530: 12525: 12520: 12515: 12510: 12504: 12502: 12496: 12495: 12492: 12491: 12489: 12488: 12483: 12477: 12475: 12471: 12470: 12468: 12467: 12462: 12457: 12452: 12447: 12442: 12437: 12431: 12429: 12422: 12416: 12415: 12413: 12412: 12406: 12403: 12402: 12395: 12394: 12387: 12380: 12372: 12363: 12362: 12359: 12358: 12356: 12355: 12350: 12345: 12340: 12335: 12330: 12325: 12319: 12316: 12315: 12301: 12300: 12297: 12296: 12294: 12293: 12292: 12291: 12286: 12281: 12273: 12268: 12267: 12266: 12261: 12259:Social Charter 12256: 12251: 12246: 12241: 12233: 12232: 12231: 12220: 12217: 12216: 12204: 12203: 12200: 12199: 12197: 12196: 12191: 12186: 12181: 12176: 12171: 12166: 12161: 12156: 12151: 12146: 12141: 12136: 12130: 12127: 12126: 12112: 12111: 12108: 12107: 12105: 12104: 12098: 12093: 12087: 12082: 12077: 12072: 12066: 12060: 12054: 12049: 12044: 12039: 12033: 12028: 12022: 12019: 12018: 12006: 12005: 11998: 11997: 11990: 11983: 11975: 11966: 11965: 11963: 11962: 11960:Westernization 11957: 11952: 11947: 11942: 11940:Visegrád Group 11937: 11932: 11927: 11922: 11917: 11912: 11907: 11902: 11897: 11892: 11887: 11882: 11880:Nordic Council 11877: 11872: 11867: 11862: 11857: 11852: 11847: 11842: 11837: 11832: 11827: 11822: 11817: 11812: 11807: 11802: 11797: 11792: 11787: 11782: 11777: 11775:Bucharest Nine 11772: 11767: 11762: 11757: 11752: 11747: 11742: 11740:Arctic Council 11737: 11732: 11727: 11722: 11717: 11711: 11709: 11703: 11702: 11700: 11699: 11694: 11689: 11688: 11687: 11682: 11677: 11672: 11667: 11662: 11652: 11647: 11646: 11645: 11635: 11629: 11627: 11621: 11620: 11618: 11617: 11612: 11607: 11606: 11605: 11600: 11595: 11590: 11585: 11584: 11583: 11578: 11573: 11568: 11558: 11553: 11548: 11538: 11537: 11536: 11535: 11534: 11524: 11523: 11522: 11517: 11516: 11515: 11505: 11504: 11503: 11493: 11492: 11491: 11466: 11464: 11458: 11457: 11455: 11454: 11453: 11452: 11442: 11437: 11432: 11431: 11430: 11418: 11417: 11416: 11406: 11401: 11396: 11391: 11386: 11381: 11376: 11375: 11374: 11369: 11359: 11358: 11357: 11350:Existentialism 11347: 11342: 11337: 11332: 11327: 11322: 11317: 11312: 11307: 11301: 11299: 11293: 11292: 11290: 11289: 11288: 11287: 11282: 11277: 11272: 11262: 11261: 11260: 11250: 11249: 11248: 11243: 11233: 11232: 11231: 11221: 11216: 11215: 11214: 11209: 11204: 11194: 11193: 11192: 11182: 11181: 11180: 11170: 11169: 11168: 11163: 11153: 11148: 11143: 11138: 11137: 11136: 11126: 11121: 11120: 11119: 11109: 11108: 11107: 11097: 11096: 11095: 11085: 11080: 11079: 11078: 11068: 11063: 11062: 11061: 11056: 11051: 11040: 11038: 11032: 11031: 11029: 11028: 11027: 11026: 11021: 11011: 11010: 11009: 11004: 10999: 10994: 10989: 10984: 10979: 10974: 10969: 10964: 10959: 10954: 10949: 10944: 10939: 10934: 10929: 10924: 10914: 10909: 10908: 10907: 10902: 10897: 10887: 10886: 10885: 10883:Late antiquity 10875: 10869: 10867: 10861: 10860: 10858: 10857: 10852: 10847: 10842: 10837: 10836: 10835: 10834: 10833: 10828: 10818: 10813: 10808: 10798: 10793: 10787: 10785: 10781: 10780: 10769: 10768: 10761: 10754: 10746: 10737: 10736: 10734: 10733: 10728: 10723: 10718: 10713: 10708: 10702: 10700: 10696: 10695: 10693: 10692: 10687: 10682: 10677: 10672: 10667: 10662: 10657: 10652: 10647: 10641: 10639: 10630: 10627: 10626: 10624: 10623: 10618: 10613: 10608: 10603: 10602: 10601: 10596: 10586: 10581: 10576: 10570: 10568: 10563:Crimes against 10561: 10558: 10557: 10555: 10554: 10549: 10544: 10539: 10534: 10529: 10524: 10519: 10514: 10509: 10503: 10501: 10495: 10494: 10487: 10486: 10479: 10472: 10464: 10455: 10454: 10452: 10451: 10449:Law portal 10439: 10434: 10428: 10425: 10424: 10422: 10421: 10415: 10413: 10407: 10406: 10404: 10403: 10398: 10392: 10390: 10384: 10383: 10381: 10380: 10375: 10370: 10368:Law of salvage 10365: 10360: 10355: 10350: 10345: 10340: 10335: 10330: 10325: 10320: 10314: 10312: 10306: 10305: 10302: 10301: 10299: 10298: 10293: 10288: 10280: 10278: 10275:Other regional 10272: 10271: 10269: 10268: 10263: 10257: 10255: 10249: 10248: 10246: 10245: 10240: 10235: 10230: 10225: 10219: 10217: 10211: 10210: 10208: 10207: 10202: 10197: 10192: 10187: 10182: 10177: 10172: 10167: 10162: 10157: 10152: 10147: 10142: 10137: 10132: 10127: 10122: 10117: 10116: 10115: 10110: 10105: 10100: 10092: 10087: 10086: 10085: 10080: 10075: 10065: 10059: 10057: 10050: 10046:Sources of law 10042: 10041: 10037:Law of the sea 10032: 10031: 10024: 10017: 10009: 10000: 9999: 9997: 9996: 9989: 9982: 9968: 9965:Law portal 9953: 9950: 9949: 9947: 9946: 9945: 9944: 9933: 9931: 9927: 9926: 9924: 9923: 9918: 9913: 9908: 9903: 9898: 9897: 9896: 9886: 9885: 9884: 9874: 9869: 9864: 9859: 9854: 9849: 9844: 9839: 9834: 9829: 9823: 9821: 9817: 9816: 9814: 9813: 9808: 9803: 9801:Trial advocacy 9798: 9793: 9788: 9783: 9782: 9781: 9776: 9771: 9766: 9761: 9756: 9751: 9741: 9736: 9731: 9726: 9721: 9716: 9715: 9714: 9709: 9699: 9694: 9689: 9684: 9679: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9648: 9646: 9640: 9639: 9637: 9636: 9631: 9626: 9621: 9616: 9611: 9606: 9601: 9596: 9591: 9586: 9581: 9576: 9571: 9566: 9561: 9555: 9553: 9549: 9548: 9546: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9524: 9523: 9513: 9512: 9511: 9506: 9501: 9496: 9491: 9486: 9485: 9484: 9469: 9464: 9459: 9454: 9448: 9446: 9440: 9439: 9437: 9436: 9431: 9430: 9429: 9424: 9419: 9409: 9408: 9407: 9397: 9392: 9387: 9382: 9381: 9380: 9375: 9370: 9360: 9359: 9358: 9353: 9348: 9338: 9333: 9331:Ballot measure 9327: 9325: 9319: 9318: 9316: 9315: 9310: 9308:Legal treatise 9305: 9304: 9303: 9298: 9288: 9287: 9286: 9276: 9274:Letters patent 9271: 9266: 9265: 9264: 9254: 9249: 9244: 9235: 9229: 9227: 9225:Sources of law 9221: 9220: 9218: 9217: 9212: 9210:Unenforced law 9207: 9202: 9197: 9192: 9187: 9182: 9177: 9172: 9167: 9162: 9157: 9156: 9155: 9150: 9140: 9135: 9130: 9125: 9120: 9115: 9110: 9105: 9100: 9095: 9090: 9085: 9080: 9075: 9070: 9065: 9060: 9055: 9050: 9045: 9040: 9035: 9029: 9024: 9019: 9014: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8984: 8982:Commercial law 8979: 8974: 8969: 8964: 8959: 8954: 8948: 8946: 8942: 8941: 8939: 8938: 8933: 8928: 8923: 8922: 8921: 8911: 8906: 8901: 8900: 8899: 8894: 8884: 8879: 8874: 8869: 8864: 8859: 8854: 8849: 8848: 8847: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8816: 8814: 8810: 8809: 8802: 8801: 8794: 8787: 8779: 8773: 8772: 8766: 8757: 8748: 8742: 8736: 8730: 8717: 8716: 8711: 8705: 8704: 8693: 8692: 8690: 8689:External links 8687: 8685: 8684: 8678: 8656: 8650: 8631: 8625: 8603: 8583:10.1086/702900 8560: 8542: 8492: 8486: 8464: 8458: 8440:Witte Jr, John 8432: 8426: 8404: 8398: 8383: 8377: 8358: 8330:(1): 521–541. 8313: 8307: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8276: 8266:(2): 195–211. 8249: 8243: 8219: 8179: 8173: 8152: 8132: 8126: 8111: 8105: 8086: 8068:(5): 561–588. 8049: 8020: 8014: 7996:Solis, Gary D. 7992: 7986: 7967: 7933:(2): 302–316. 7907: 7901: 7882: 7856:(2): 291–323. 7837: 7817:(2): 219–255. 7800: 7782:(2): 124–152. 7765: 7759: 7735: 7729: 7707: 7701: 7682: 7666: 7660: 7641: 7636:978-0754654490 7635: 7613:Rodin, David; 7610: 7584:(2): 195–211. 7565: 7555:(2): 285–330. 7538: 7532: 7510: 7465: 7431:(2): 251–287. 7412: 7406: 7387: 7381: 7360: 7354: 7335: 7329: 7308: 7278: 7258: 7228: 7214: 7190: 7184: 7163: 7157: 7138: 7132: 7114:Mossop, Joanna 7110: 7104: 7080: 7074: 7049: 7043: 7011: 6991:(5): 853–871. 6974: 6968: 6946: 6940: 6916: 6910: 6888: 6854:(2): 358–372. 6832: 6826: 6807: 6781:(2): 329–336. 6762: 6735: 6717:(2): 318–346. 6698: 6681: 6675: 6656: 6650: 6629: 6610: 6604: 6583: 6577: 6555: 6549: 6528: 6510:(3): 765–794. 6490: 6436: 6430: 6409: 6403: 6382: 6376: 6357: 6351: 6329: 6319:(4): 667–687. 6299: 6273:(2): 500–524. 6251: 6245: 6217: 6211: 6187: 6165: 6159: 6131: 6100: 6094: 6075: 6069: 6054: 6048: 6027: 6021: 5998: 5979: 5973: 5952: 5931: 5925: 5906: 5900: 5881: 5855:(3): 289–300. 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5827: 5800:(2): 376–381. 5780: 5768: 5738: 5719:(3): 755–795. 5699: 5688:(3): 293–313. 5668: 5629: 5617: 5605: 5603:, p. 101. 5593: 5581: 5579:, p. 304. 5569: 5557: 5551: 5518: 5479: 5473: 5451: 5449:, p. 192. 5439: 5424: 5409: 5378: 5366: 5354: 5342: 5330: 5305: 5303:, p. 518. 5290: 5278: 5266: 5254: 5242: 5230: 5218: 5203: 5191: 5179: 5167: 5155: 5153:, p. 231. 5143: 5141:, p. 230. 5131: 5119: 5117:, p. 223. 5104: 5102:, p. 224. 5089: 5077: 5065: 5063:, p. 466. 5053: 5051:, p. 461. 5041: 5039:, p. 211. 5029: 5027:, p. 458. 5017: 5015:, p. 757. 5005: 4993: 4981: 4979:, p. 745. 4969: 4954: 4952:, p. 505. 4942: 4930: 4918: 4916:, p. 296. 4906: 4894: 4882: 4870: 4858: 4846: 4844:, p. 256. 4834: 4822: 4810: 4798: 4796:, p. 220. 4786: 4784:, p. 203. 4774: 4762: 4760:, p. 294. 4750: 4738: 4713: 4701: 4699:, p. 287. 4689: 4687:, p. 506. 4677: 4675:, p. 282. 4665: 4653: 4641: 4629: 4612: 4597: 4585: 4573: 4561: 4549: 4537: 4522: 4510: 4498: 4483: 4471: 4469:, p. 267. 4459: 4447: 4435: 4423: 4411: 4409:, p. 301. 4399: 4387: 4385:, p. 403. 4375: 4363: 4351: 4339: 4337:, p. 272. 4324: 4322:, p. 374. 4312: 4300: 4288: 4286:, p. 178. 4276: 4264: 4262:, p. 161. 4252: 4250:, p. 158. 4240: 4238:, p. 160. 4228: 4226:, p. 159. 4216: 4214:, p. 155. 4204: 4192: 4190:, p. 188. 4180: 4178:, p. 456. 4168: 4156: 4154:, p. 493. 4141: 4139:, p. 180. 4129: 4117: 4105: 4093: 4091:, p. 106. 4081: 4069: 4057: 4045: 4030: 4018: 4006: 3991: 3989:, p. 107. 3979: 3977:, p. 121. 3967: 3955: 3951:von Glahn 1992 3943: 3931: 3929:, p. 144. 3919: 3915:von Glahn 1992 3907: 3895: 3883: 3871: 3859: 3847: 3845:, p. 187. 3832: 3820: 3808: 3793: 3791:, p. 859. 3781: 3779:, p. 854. 3769: 3754: 3742: 3730: 3715: 3703: 3691: 3679: 3667: 3655: 3643: 3631: 3619: 3607: 3595: 3583: 3571: 3569:, p. 191. 3559: 3547: 3535: 3533:, p. 131. 3523: 3511: 3509:, p. 319. 3499: 3484: 3472: 3460: 3448: 3446:, p. 179. 3433: 3418: 3406: 3404:, p. 772. 3402:Bassiouni 1990 3394: 3392:, p. 221. 3382: 3380:, p. 768. 3378:Bassiouni 1990 3370: 3358: 3356:, p. 291. 3346: 3334: 3322: 3310: 3308:, p. 606. 3298: 3286: 3274: 3262: 3247: 3235: 3223: 3219:Northedge 1986 3211: 3205: 3193: 3189:Northedge 1986 3181: 3169: 3157: 3145: 3143:, p. 283. 3133: 3121: 3109: 3107:, p. 617. 3097: 3085: 3083:, p. 168. 3073: 3061: 3059:, p. 342. 3049: 3047:, p. 147. 3034: 3022: 3010: 3006:Yepremyan 2022 2998: 2983: 2971: 2969:, p. 614. 2959: 2955:von Glahn 1992 2947: 2935: 2923: 2911: 2899: 2887: 2885:, p. 322. 2875: 2873:, p. 299. 2863: 2851: 2849:, p. 359. 2839: 2827: 2815: 2808: 2785: 2773: 2771:, p. 289. 2769:Alexander 1952 2761: 2749: 2734: 2722: 2710: 2698: 2686: 2674: 2662: 2650: 2648:, p. 267. 2638: 2623: 2621:, p. 126. 2608: 2606:, p. 622. 2591: 2589:, p. 501. 2579: 2577:, p. 523. 2567: 2563:Stevenson 1952 2555: 2551:Stevenson 1952 2543: 2531: 2529:, p. 333. 2519: 2517:, p. 408. 2507: 2495: 2488: 2467: 2465: 2462: 2460: 2459: 2454: 2449: 2444: 2439: 2434: 2429: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2388:Diplomatic law 2385: 2380: 2375: 2366: 2361: 2356: 2351: 2346: 2341: 2335: 2333: 2330: 2304: 2301: 2274: 2271: 2218:divine justice 2187:state capacity 2178:Main article: 2175: 2172: 2043:Main article: 2040: 2037: 2006:Martens clause 1953:non-combatants 1947:dictates that 1914:Main article: 1911: 1908: 1830:Main article: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1755:Main article: 1752: 1749: 1691:law of the sea 1650:Law of the Sea 1648:Main article: 1645: 1642: 1626:Kyoto Protocol 1563:Main article: 1560: 1557: 1523:Main article: 1520: 1517: 1497: 1496: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1397:, holding the 1383:Main article: 1380: 1377: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1233:subject matter 1200: 1197: 1162: 1161:United Nations 1159: 1111: 1108: 1074:(UNGA) in the 1066: 1063: 1025: 1019: 1013: 990: 987: 982:Main article: 979: 976: 943: 940: 858:Main article: 855: 852: 818: 812: 798:Main article: 795: 792: 764:Main article: 761: 758: 742:(IMF) and the 735:decolonisation 722:(ICJ) and the 716:United Nations 675: 672: 644:Emer de Vattel 619: 616: 608:Richard Zouche 511: 508: 504:Thomas Aquinas 451:, a subset of 414:, such as the 407:lex mercatoria 402:ecclesiastical 383:Following the 354:Central Plains 326:Roman citizens 306:Ancient Greece 258:peace treaties 224:Main article: 221: 218: 214:European Union 212:system is the 175:Emer de Vattel 151:Jeremy Bentham 146: 143: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12938: 12927: 12924: 12922: 12919: 12917: 12914: 12912: 12909: 12907: 12904: 12903: 12901: 12891: 12881: 12879: 12874: 12869: 12867: 12862: 12857: 12856: 12853: 12840: 12837: 12835: 12832: 12830: 12827: 12825: 12822: 12820: 12817: 12815: 12812: 12810: 12807: 12805: 12802: 12800: 12797: 12796: 12794: 12790: 12784: 12781: 12779: 12776: 12774: 12771: 12769: 12766: 12764: 12761: 12759: 12756: 12754: 12751: 12750: 12748: 12746: 12742: 12736: 12733: 12729: 12726: 12724: 12721: 12719: 12716: 12714: 12711: 12709: 12706: 12705: 12704: 12701: 12699: 12696: 12694: 12691: 12689: 12686: 12684: 12681: 12679: 12676: 12674: 12671: 12669: 12666: 12664: 12661: 12659: 12656: 12654: 12651: 12649: 12646: 12644: 12641: 12637: 12634: 12632: 12629: 12628: 12627: 12624: 12622: 12619: 12617: 12614: 12612: 12609: 12607: 12604: 12602: 12599: 12597: 12594: 12592: 12589: 12587: 12584: 12582: 12579: 12577: 12574: 12572: 12569: 12565: 12562: 12560: 12557: 12555: 12552: 12551: 12550: 12547: 12546: 12544: 12540: 12534: 12531: 12529: 12526: 12524: 12521: 12519: 12516: 12514: 12511: 12509: 12506: 12505: 12503: 12501: 12497: 12487: 12484: 12482: 12479: 12478: 12476: 12472: 12466: 12463: 12461: 12458: 12456: 12453: 12451: 12448: 12446: 12443: 12441: 12438: 12436: 12433: 12432: 12430: 12426: 12423: 12421: 12420:Organizations 12417: 12411: 12408: 12407: 12404: 12400: 12393: 12388: 12386: 12381: 12379: 12374: 12373: 12370: 12354: 12351: 12349: 12346: 12344: 12341: 12339: 12336: 12334: 12331: 12329: 12326: 12324: 12321: 12320: 12317: 12313: 12312: 12306: 12302: 12290: 12287: 12285: 12282: 12280: 12277: 12276: 12274: 12272: 12269: 12265: 12262: 12260: 12257: 12255: 12252: 12250: 12247: 12245: 12242: 12240: 12237: 12236: 12234: 12230: 12227: 12226: 12225: 12222: 12221: 12218: 12214: 12209: 12205: 12195: 12192: 12190: 12187: 12185: 12182: 12180: 12177: 12175: 12172: 12170: 12167: 12165: 12162: 12160: 12157: 12155: 12152: 12150: 12147: 12145: 12142: 12140: 12137: 12135: 12132: 12131: 12128: 12124: 12123: 12117: 12113: 12102: 12099: 12097: 12094: 12091: 12088: 12086: 12083: 12081: 12078: 12076: 12073: 12070: 12067: 12064: 12061: 12058: 12055: 12053: 12050: 12048: 12045: 12043: 12040: 12037: 12034: 12032: 12029: 12027: 12024: 12023: 12020: 12016: 12011: 12007: 12003: 11996: 11991: 11989: 11984: 11982: 11977: 11976: 11973: 11961: 11958: 11956: 11953: 11951: 11948: 11946: 11943: 11941: 11938: 11936: 11933: 11931: 11928: 11926: 11923: 11921: 11918: 11916: 11913: 11911: 11908: 11906: 11905:PROSUR/PROSUL 11903: 11901: 11898: 11896: 11893: 11891: 11888: 11886: 11883: 11881: 11878: 11876: 11873: 11871: 11868: 11866: 11863: 11861: 11858: 11856: 11853: 11851: 11848: 11846: 11843: 11841: 11838: 11836: 11833: 11831: 11828: 11826: 11823: 11821: 11818: 11816: 11813: 11811: 11808: 11806: 11803: 11801: 11800:Craiova Group 11798: 11796: 11793: 11791: 11788: 11786: 11783: 11781: 11778: 11776: 11773: 11771: 11768: 11766: 11763: 11761: 11758: 11756: 11753: 11751: 11748: 11746: 11743: 11741: 11738: 11736: 11733: 11731: 11728: 11726: 11723: 11721: 11718: 11716: 11715:ABCANZ Armies 11713: 11712: 11710: 11704: 11698: 11695: 11693: 11690: 11686: 11683: 11681: 11678: 11676: 11673: 11671: 11668: 11666: 11663: 11661: 11658: 11657: 11656: 11653: 11651: 11648: 11644: 11641: 11640: 11639: 11636: 11634: 11631: 11630: 11628: 11626: 11622: 11616: 11613: 11611: 11608: 11604: 11601: 11599: 11596: 11594: 11591: 11589: 11586: 11582: 11579: 11577: 11574: 11572: 11569: 11567: 11564: 11563: 11562: 11559: 11557: 11554: 11552: 11549: 11547: 11544: 11543: 11542: 11539: 11533: 11530: 11529: 11528: 11525: 11521: 11520:Protestantism 11518: 11514: 11511: 11510: 11509: 11506: 11502: 11499: 11498: 11497: 11494: 11490: 11486: 11483: 11482: 11481: 11478: 11477: 11476: 11473: 11472: 11471: 11468: 11467: 11465: 11463: 11459: 11451: 11448: 11447: 11446: 11443: 11441: 11440:Sovereigntism 11438: 11436: 11433: 11429: 11428: 11424: 11423: 11422: 11419: 11415: 11412: 11411: 11410: 11407: 11405: 11402: 11400: 11397: 11395: 11392: 11390: 11387: 11385: 11382: 11380: 11377: 11373: 11370: 11368: 11365: 11364: 11363: 11360: 11356: 11353: 11352: 11351: 11348: 11346: 11343: 11341: 11338: 11336: 11335:Scholasticism 11333: 11331: 11328: 11326: 11323: 11321: 11318: 11316: 11313: 11311: 11308: 11306: 11303: 11302: 11300: 11298: 11294: 11286: 11283: 11281: 11278: 11276: 11273: 11271: 11268: 11267: 11266: 11263: 11259: 11256: 11255: 11254: 11251: 11247: 11244: 11242: 11239: 11238: 11237: 11234: 11230: 11227: 11226: 11225: 11222: 11220: 11217: 11213: 11210: 11208: 11205: 11203: 11200: 11199: 11198: 11195: 11191: 11188: 11187: 11186: 11183: 11179: 11176: 11175: 11174: 11171: 11167: 11164: 11162: 11159: 11158: 11157: 11154: 11152: 11149: 11147: 11144: 11142: 11139: 11135: 11132: 11131: 11130: 11127: 11125: 11122: 11118: 11115: 11114: 11113: 11110: 11106: 11103: 11102: 11101: 11098: 11094: 11091: 11090: 11089: 11086: 11084: 11081: 11077: 11074: 11073: 11072: 11069: 11067: 11064: 11060: 11057: 11055: 11052: 11050: 11047: 11046: 11045: 11042: 11041: 11039: 11037: 11033: 11025: 11024:War on terror 11022: 11020: 11017: 11016: 11015: 11012: 11008: 11005: 11003: 11000: 10998: 10995: 10993: 10990: 10988: 10985: 10983: 10980: 10978: 10975: 10973: 10970: 10968: 10965: 10963: 10960: 10958: 10955: 10953: 10950: 10948: 10945: 10943: 10940: 10938: 10935: 10933: 10930: 10928: 10925: 10923: 10920: 10919: 10918: 10917:Modern period 10915: 10913: 10910: 10906: 10903: 10901: 10898: 10896: 10893: 10892: 10891: 10888: 10884: 10881: 10880: 10879: 10876: 10874: 10871: 10870: 10868: 10866: 10862: 10856: 10853: 10851: 10848: 10846: 10843: 10841: 10838: 10832: 10829: 10827: 10824: 10823: 10822: 10819: 10817: 10814: 10812: 10809: 10807: 10804: 10803: 10802: 10799: 10797: 10794: 10792: 10789: 10788: 10786: 10782: 10778: 10774: 10773:Western world 10767: 10762: 10760: 10755: 10753: 10748: 10747: 10744: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10724: 10722: 10719: 10717: 10714: 10712: 10709: 10707: 10704: 10703: 10701: 10697: 10691: 10688: 10686: 10683: 10681: 10678: 10676: 10673: 10671: 10668: 10666: 10663: 10661: 10658: 10656: 10653: 10651: 10648: 10646: 10643: 10642: 10640: 10633: 10628: 10622: 10619: 10617: 10614: 10612: 10611:Slave trading 10609: 10607: 10604: 10600: 10597: 10595: 10592: 10591: 10590: 10587: 10585: 10582: 10580: 10577: 10575: 10572: 10571: 10569: 10566: 10559: 10553: 10550: 10548: 10545: 10543: 10540: 10538: 10535: 10533: 10530: 10528: 10525: 10523: 10520: 10518: 10515: 10513: 10510: 10508: 10505: 10504: 10502: 10500: 10496: 10492: 10485: 10480: 10478: 10473: 10471: 10466: 10465: 10462: 10450: 10445: 10440: 10438: 10435: 10433: 10432:Admiralty law 10430: 10429: 10426: 10420: 10417: 10416: 10414: 10412: 10408: 10402: 10399: 10397: 10394: 10393: 10391: 10389: 10385: 10379: 10376: 10374: 10371: 10369: 10366: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10344: 10341: 10339: 10336: 10334: 10331: 10329: 10326: 10324: 10321: 10319: 10316: 10315: 10313: 10307: 10297: 10294: 10292: 10289: 10286: 10282: 10281: 10279: 10273: 10267: 10264: 10262: 10259: 10258: 10256: 10250: 10244: 10241: 10239: 10236: 10234: 10231: 10229: 10226: 10224: 10221: 10220: 10218: 10212: 10206: 10203: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10191: 10188: 10186: 10183: 10181: 10178: 10176: 10173: 10171: 10168: 10166: 10163: 10161: 10158: 10156: 10153: 10151: 10148: 10146: 10143: 10141: 10138: 10136: 10133: 10131: 10128: 10126: 10123: 10121: 10118: 10114: 10111: 10109: 10106: 10104: 10101: 10099: 10096: 10095: 10093: 10091: 10088: 10084: 10081: 10079: 10076: 10074: 10071: 10070: 10069: 10066: 10064: 10061: 10060: 10058: 10054: 10051: 10049: 10043: 10039: 10030: 10025: 10023: 10018: 10016: 10011: 10010: 10007: 9995: 9994: 9990: 9988: 9987: 9983: 9981: 9980: 9969: 9967: 9966: 9961: 9955: 9954: 9951: 9943: 9940: 9939: 9938: 9935: 9934: 9932: 9928: 9922: 9919: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9907: 9904: 9902: 9899: 9895: 9892: 9891: 9890: 9887: 9883: 9880: 9879: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9868: 9865: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9855: 9853: 9850: 9848: 9847:Civil society 9845: 9843: 9840: 9838: 9835: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9825: 9824: 9822: 9818: 9812: 9809: 9807: 9806:Trier of fact 9804: 9802: 9799: 9797: 9794: 9792: 9789: 9787: 9784: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9770: 9767: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9757: 9755: 9752: 9750: 9747: 9746: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9737: 9735: 9732: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9713: 9710: 9708: 9705: 9704: 9703: 9700: 9698: 9695: 9693: 9692:Legal opinion 9690: 9688: 9685: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9672:Court-martial 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9649: 9647: 9645: 9644:Jurisprudence 9641: 9635: 9632: 9630: 9627: 9625: 9622: 9620: 9617: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9607: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9587: 9585: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9567: 9565: 9562: 9560: 9557: 9556: 9554: 9550: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9533:Statutory law 9531: 9529: 9528:Socialist law 9526: 9522: 9521:Byzantine law 9519: 9518: 9517: 9514: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9502: 9500: 9497: 9495: 9492: 9490: 9487: 9483: 9480: 9479: 9478: 9475: 9474: 9473: 9472:Religious law 9470: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9458: 9455: 9453: 9450: 9449: 9447: 9445: 9444:Legal systems 9441: 9435: 9432: 9428: 9425: 9423: 9420: 9418: 9415: 9414: 9413: 9412:Statutory law 9410: 9406: 9403: 9402: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9365: 9364: 9361: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9343: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9328: 9326: 9324: 9320: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9293: 9292: 9289: 9285: 9282: 9281: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9270: 9267: 9263: 9260: 9259: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9243: 9242:Statutory law 9239: 9236: 9234: 9231: 9230: 9228: 9226: 9222: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9200:Transport law 9198: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9158: 9154: 9151: 9149: 9146: 9145: 9144: 9141: 9139: 9136: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9118:Legal fiction 9116: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9048:Financial law 9046: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9007:Corporate law 9005: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8949: 8947: 8943: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8931:Statutory law 8929: 8927: 8924: 8920: 8917: 8916: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8902: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8889: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8846: 8843: 8842: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8817: 8815: 8813:Core subjects 8811: 8807: 8800: 8795: 8793: 8788: 8786: 8781: 8780: 8777: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8752: 8749: 8746: 8743: 8740: 8737: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8725: 8722: 8721: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8681: 8675: 8671: 8667: 8666: 8661: 8657: 8653: 8647: 8643: 8639: 8638: 8632: 8628: 8622: 8618: 8614: 8613: 8608: 8604: 8600: 8596: 8592: 8588: 8584: 8580: 8576: 8572: 8571: 8566: 8561: 8557: 8553: 8552: 8547: 8543: 8539: 8535: 8531: 8527: 8523: 8519: 8515: 8511: 8510: 8505: 8501: 8497: 8493: 8489: 8483: 8479: 8476:(in French). 8475: 8474: 8469: 8465: 8461: 8455: 8451: 8447: 8446: 8441: 8437: 8433: 8429: 8423: 8419: 8415: 8414: 8409: 8405: 8401: 8395: 8391: 8390: 8384: 8380: 8374: 8370: 8366: 8365: 8359: 8355: 8351: 8347: 8343: 8338: 8333: 8329: 8325: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8310: 8304: 8300: 8296: 8295: 8290: 8286: 8285: 8273: 8269: 8265: 8261: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8246: 8244:9780140227338 8240: 8236: 8235:Penguin Books 8231: 8230: 8224: 8223:Wight, Martin 8220: 8216: 8212: 8208: 8204: 8200: 8196: 8195: 8189: 8184: 8180: 8176: 8170: 8166: 8161: 8160: 8153: 8149: 8145: 8138: 8133: 8129: 8123: 8119: 8118: 8112: 8108: 8102: 8098: 8094: 8093: 8087: 8083: 8079: 8075: 8071: 8067: 8063: 8062: 8056: 8050: 8046: 8042: 8038: 8034: 8033: 8027: 8021: 8017: 8011: 8007: 8003: 8002: 7997: 7993: 7989: 7983: 7979: 7975: 7974: 7968: 7964: 7960: 7956: 7952: 7948: 7944: 7940: 7936: 7932: 7928: 7927: 7921: 7916: 7912: 7908: 7904: 7898: 7894: 7890: 7889: 7883: 7879: 7875: 7871: 7867: 7863: 7859: 7855: 7851: 7850: 7844: 7838: 7834: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7816: 7812: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7797: 7793: 7789: 7785: 7781: 7777: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7762: 7756: 7752: 7751:Brill Nijhoff 7747: 7746: 7740: 7736: 7732: 7726: 7722: 7718: 7717: 7712: 7708: 7704: 7698: 7694: 7690: 7689: 7683: 7679: 7672: 7667: 7663: 7657: 7653: 7649: 7648: 7642: 7638: 7632: 7628: 7623: 7622: 7616: 7611: 7607: 7603: 7599: 7595: 7591: 7587: 7583: 7579: 7578: 7572: 7566: 7562: 7558: 7554: 7550: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7535: 7529: 7525: 7521: 7520: 7515: 7511: 7507: 7503: 7499: 7495: 7491: 7487: 7483: 7479: 7478: 7472: 7466: 7462: 7458: 7454: 7450: 7446: 7442: 7438: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7425: 7419: 7413: 7409: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7394: 7388: 7384: 7378: 7374: 7369: 7368: 7361: 7357: 7351: 7347: 7343: 7342: 7336: 7332: 7326: 7322: 7317: 7316: 7309: 7305: 7301: 7297: 7293: 7292: 7284: 7279: 7275: 7270: 7269: 7263: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7245: 7241: 7237: 7233: 7229: 7225: 7221: 7217: 7215:0-7185-1316-9 7211: 7207: 7202: 7201: 7195: 7191: 7187: 7181: 7177: 7172: 7171: 7164: 7160: 7154: 7150: 7146: 7145: 7139: 7135: 7129: 7125: 7121: 7120: 7115: 7111: 7107: 7105:0-394-48133-X 7101: 7097: 7092: 7091: 7085: 7081: 7077: 7071: 7067: 7060: 7059: 7054: 7050: 7046: 7040: 7036: 7032: 7028: 7023: 7022: 7016: 7012: 7008: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6990: 6986: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6971: 6965: 6961: 6957: 6956: 6951: 6950:Klabbers, Jan 6947: 6943: 6941:9781139022569 6937: 6933: 6928: 6927: 6921: 6920:Klabbers, Jan 6917: 6913: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6898: 6893: 6892:Klabbers, Jan 6889: 6885: 6881: 6877: 6873: 6869: 6865: 6861: 6857: 6853: 6849: 6848: 6842: 6837: 6833: 6829: 6823: 6819: 6815: 6814: 6808: 6804: 6800: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6784: 6780: 6776: 6775: 6769: 6763: 6759: 6755: 6751: 6747: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6732: 6728: 6724: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6711: 6705: 6699: 6695: 6691: 6687: 6682: 6678: 6672: 6668: 6664: 6663: 6657: 6653: 6647: 6643: 6638: 6637: 6630: 6627:(3): 625–689. 6626: 6622: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6607: 6601: 6597: 6592: 6591: 6584: 6580: 6574: 6570: 6566: 6565: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6546: 6542: 6537: 6536: 6529: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6504: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6455: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6437: 6433: 6427: 6423: 6418: 6417: 6410: 6406: 6400: 6396: 6391: 6390: 6383: 6379: 6373: 6369: 6365: 6364: 6358: 6354: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6339: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6313: 6305: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6268: 6267: 6261: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6246:9780414108899 6242: 6238: 6233: 6232: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6208: 6204: 6199: 6198: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6179: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6156: 6152: 6147: 6146: 6140: 6136: 6135:Brownlie, Ian 6132: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6113:(17): 59–67. 6112: 6107: 6101: 6097: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6082: 6076: 6072: 6066: 6062: 6061: 6055: 6051: 6045: 6041: 6036: 6035: 6028: 6024: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5996:(3): 768–818. 5995: 5991: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5976: 5970: 5966: 5961: 5960: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5944: 5938: 5932: 5928: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5913: 5907: 5903: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5888: 5882: 5878: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5850: 5849: 5843: 5837: 5836: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5784: 5771: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5742: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5703: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5672: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5633: 5626: 5621: 5614: 5609: 5602: 5597: 5590: 5585: 5578: 5573: 5566: 5561: 5554: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5525: 5523: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5483: 5476: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5455: 5448: 5443: 5436: 5431: 5429: 5421: 5416: 5414: 5398: 5397: 5392: 5388: 5382: 5375: 5370: 5363: 5358: 5351: 5346: 5339: 5334: 5319: 5315: 5309: 5302: 5297: 5295: 5287: 5282: 5275: 5270: 5264:, p. 11. 5263: 5258: 5251: 5246: 5239: 5234: 5228:, p. 17. 5227: 5222: 5216:, p. 16. 5215: 5210: 5208: 5200: 5195: 5188: 5183: 5176: 5171: 5165:, p. 15. 5164: 5159: 5152: 5151:Klabbers 2020 5147: 5140: 5139:Klabbers 2020 5135: 5128: 5127:Klabbers 2020 5123: 5116: 5115:Klabbers 2020 5111: 5109: 5101: 5100:Klabbers 2020 5096: 5094: 5086: 5081: 5075:, p. 24. 5074: 5069: 5062: 5057: 5050: 5045: 5038: 5037:Klabbers 2020 5033: 5026: 5021: 5014: 5009: 5002: 4997: 4990: 4985: 4978: 4973: 4966: 4961: 4959: 4951: 4946: 4939: 4934: 4927: 4922: 4915: 4910: 4903: 4898: 4891: 4886: 4879: 4874: 4867: 4862: 4855: 4850: 4843: 4838: 4831: 4826: 4819: 4814: 4807: 4806:Harrison 2011 4802: 4795: 4790: 4783: 4778: 4771: 4770:Klabbers 2020 4766: 4759: 4758:Klabbers 2020 4754: 4747: 4746:Klabbers 2020 4742: 4727: 4723: 4717: 4710: 4709:Klabbers 2020 4705: 4698: 4697:Klabbers 2020 4693: 4686: 4681: 4674: 4673:Klabbers 2020 4669: 4662: 4657: 4651:, p. 51. 4650: 4645: 4639:, p. 37. 4638: 4637:Valticos 2013 4633: 4626: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4609: 4608:Valticos 2013 4604: 4602: 4595:, p. 47. 4594: 4589: 4582: 4577: 4570: 4565: 4558: 4553: 4546: 4541: 4534: 4529: 4527: 4519: 4514: 4508:, p. 17. 4507: 4502: 4496:, p. 57. 4495: 4490: 4488: 4481:, p. 23. 4480: 4475: 4468: 4463: 4457:, p. 15. 4456: 4451: 4444: 4439: 4432: 4427: 4420: 4415: 4408: 4407:Klabbers 2020 4403: 4396: 4395:van Loon 2020 4391: 4384: 4379: 4372: 4367: 4360: 4355: 4348: 4343: 4336: 4331: 4329: 4321: 4316: 4309: 4304: 4297: 4292: 4285: 4284:Klabbers 2020 4280: 4273: 4272:Klabbers 2020 4268: 4261: 4260:Klabbers 2020 4256: 4249: 4248:Klabbers 2020 4244: 4237: 4236:Klabbers 2020 4232: 4225: 4224:Klabbers 2020 4220: 4213: 4212:Klabbers 2020 4208: 4201: 4200:Klabbers 2020 4196: 4189: 4188:Klabbers 2020 4184: 4177: 4172: 4165: 4160: 4153: 4148: 4146: 4138: 4133: 4126: 4121: 4114: 4113:Klabbers 2020 4109: 4102: 4101:Klabbers 2013 4097: 4090: 4085: 4079:, p. 63. 4078: 4073: 4067:, p. 61. 4066: 4061: 4054: 4049: 4042: 4037: 4035: 4028:, p. 73. 4027: 4026:Klabbers 2020 4022: 4015: 4014:Klabbers 2020 4010: 4003: 4002:Klabbers 2013 3998: 3996: 3988: 3987:Klabbers 2013 3983: 3976: 3971: 3964: 3959: 3953:, p. 86. 3952: 3947: 3940: 3935: 3928: 3923: 3917:, p. 85. 3916: 3911: 3904: 3899: 3892: 3887: 3880: 3875: 3868: 3863: 3856: 3851: 3844: 3839: 3837: 3829: 3824: 3817: 3812: 3805: 3800: 3798: 3790: 3785: 3778: 3773: 3766: 3761: 3759: 3751: 3746: 3739: 3734: 3727: 3726:Thirlway 2014 3722: 3720: 3713:, p. 13. 3712: 3711:Harrison 2011 3707: 3701:, p. 65. 3700: 3699:Thirlway 2014 3695: 3688: 3683: 3676: 3671: 3665:, p. 63. 3664: 3663:Thirlway 2014 3659: 3652: 3651:Thirlway 2014 3647: 3640: 3635: 3628: 3623: 3616: 3611: 3604: 3599: 3592: 3587: 3581:, p. 90. 3580: 3579:Gardiner 2008 3575: 3568: 3563: 3556: 3555:Gardiner 2008 3551: 3544: 3543:Gardiner 2008 3539: 3532: 3527: 3520: 3515: 3508: 3503: 3496: 3491: 3489: 3482:, p. 21. 3481: 3480:Gardiner 2008 3476: 3469: 3468:Klabbers 1996 3464: 3457: 3452: 3445: 3440: 3438: 3431:, p. 20. 3430: 3429:Gardiner 2008 3425: 3423: 3415: 3410: 3403: 3398: 3391: 3386: 3379: 3374: 3367: 3362: 3355: 3350: 3343: 3338: 3331: 3326: 3319: 3314: 3307: 3302: 3295: 3290: 3283: 3278: 3272:, p. 22. 3271: 3266: 3259: 3254: 3252: 3244: 3239: 3232: 3227: 3220: 3215: 3209: 3202: 3197: 3190: 3185: 3179:, p. 45. 3178: 3173: 3166: 3165:Nussbaum 1954 3161: 3154: 3149: 3142: 3141:Osiander 2001 3137: 3130: 3129:Osiander 2001 3125: 3118: 3113: 3106: 3101: 3094: 3093:Nussbaum 1954 3089: 3082: 3077: 3070: 3065: 3058: 3053: 3046: 3045:Nussbaum 1954 3041: 3039: 3031: 3026: 3020:, p. 90. 3019: 3014: 3007: 3002: 2995: 2990: 2988: 2980: 2979:Nussbaum 1954 2975: 2968: 2963: 2956: 2951: 2944: 2943:Nussbaum 1954 2939: 2932: 2931:Khadduri 1956 2927: 2920: 2915: 2908: 2907:Nussbaum 1954 2903: 2897:, p. 35. 2896: 2895:Nussbaum 1954 2891: 2884: 2879: 2872: 2867: 2860: 2855: 2848: 2847:Khadduri 1956 2843: 2836: 2831: 2824: 2819: 2811: 2805: 2798: 2797: 2789: 2782: 2777: 2770: 2765: 2759:, p. 21. 2758: 2753: 2746: 2741: 2739: 2731: 2726: 2720:, p. 14. 2719: 2718:Nussbaum 1954 2714: 2707: 2706:Nussbaum 1954 2702: 2696:, p. 84. 2695: 2694:Bederman 2001 2690: 2683: 2682:Nussbaum 1954 2678: 2671: 2670:Nussbaum 1954 2666: 2659: 2658:Bederman 2001 2654: 2647: 2646:Bederman 2001 2642: 2635: 2634:Nussbaum 1954 2630: 2628: 2620: 2615: 2613: 2605: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2588: 2583: 2576: 2571: 2564: 2559: 2552: 2547: 2540: 2535: 2528: 2523: 2516: 2511: 2504: 2499: 2491: 2485: 2481: 2480: 2472: 2468: 2458: 2455: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2443: 2440: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2389: 2386: 2384: 2381: 2379: 2376: 2374: 2370: 2367: 2365: 2362: 2360: 2357: 2355: 2352: 2350: 2347: 2345: 2342: 2340: 2337: 2336: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2311: 2300: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2270: 2268: 2264: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2234: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2202: 2200: 2196: 2190: 2188: 2181: 2171: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2147: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2125: 2120: 2116: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2096: 2091: 2087: 2082: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2046: 2036: 2034: 2033:cyberwarefare 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2009: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1962: 1960: 1959: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1941:jus ad bellum 1938: 1934: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1907: 1905: 1901: 1900:Ottawa Treaty 1896: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1877: 1872: 1870: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1840: 1839:jus ad bellum 1833: 1818: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1799:Ronald Reagan 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1761:In 1944, the 1758: 1748: 1745: 1740: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1709: 1704: 1700: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1668: 1663: 1662: 1657: 1651: 1641: 1638: 1633: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1607: 1602: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1577:of 1972, the 1576: 1572: 1566: 1556: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1526: 1516: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1460: 1458: 1455: 1454: 1453: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1434: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1400: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1376: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1360: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1340: 1338: 1334: 1333:lex domicilii 1330: 1326: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1311: 1310:choice of law 1307: 1302: 1287: 1285: 1280: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1257: 1256: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1205: 1196: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1173: 1168: 1158: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1143: 1142: 1136: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1121: 1117: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1092:Hannah Arendt 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1062: 1060: 1056: 1050: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1038: 1011: 1007: 1005: 1001: 996: 985: 975: 972: 966: 964: 960: 956: 949: 939: 937: 933: 929: 928: 922: 919: 915: 911: 906: 902: 898: 897:opinio juris, 893: 890: 886: 885: 880: 879: 873: 869: 868: 861: 851: 847: 843: 840: 836: 835: 830: 816: Parties 811: 806: 801: 791: 787: 785: 781: 777: 773: 767: 757: 754: 753:globalisation 749: 745: 741: 736: 731: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 685: 680: 671: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 647: 645: 641: 637: 633: 632:nation states 629: 625: 615: 613: 609: 605: 602:In contrast, 600: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 576: 571: 567: 564:Dutch jurist 560: 555: 551: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 507: 505: 501: 497: 493: 488: 486: 482: 478: 474: 473: 468: 464: 460: 459: 454: 450: 449: 444: 440: 436: 435:Islamic world 431: 429: 428:Baltic region 425: 421: 420:Laws of Wisby 417: 413: 409: 408: 403: 399: 394: 390: 386: 381: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 338: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 298:Mediterranean 295: 291: 290:Ḫattušili III 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 254: 249: 245: 237: 232: 227: 217: 215: 211: 210:supranational 207: 202: 200: 199:Philip Jessup 196: 191: 187: 182: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 163: 158: 157: 152: 142: 140: 136: 132: 128: 127:supranational 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 95: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 68: 66: 62: 58: 54: 50: 46: 42: 38: 34: 30: 24: 23: 12818: 12718:Multilateral 12648:Isolationism 12601:Expansionism 12309: 12213:Regional law 12212: 12120: 12014: 11950:Western Bloc 11750:AUSCANNZUKUS 11706:Contemporary 11696: 11655:Human rights 11501:Latin Church 11475:Christianity 11425: 11384:Conservatism 11229:contemporary 11066:Architecture 11002:World War II 10962:Emancipation 10957:Abolitionism 10845:Romanization 10840:Roman legacy 10821:Roman Empire 10552:Rome Statute 10436: 10145:MARPOL 73/78 9991: 9984: 9970: 9956: 9729:Jurisdiction 9697:Legal remedy 9652:Adjudication 9552:Legal theory 9390:Ratification 9385:Promulgation 9356:Proclamation 9336:Codification 9269:Human rights 9257:Divine right 9247:Constitution 9215:Women in law 9164: 9133:Military law 9128:Marriage law 9123:Maritime law 9022:Election law 8962:Aviation law 8952:Abortion law 8904:Property law 8871: 8840:Criminal law 8699: 8664: 8636: 8611: 8574: 8568: 8550: 8546:Kelsen, Hans 8516:(1): 47–97. 8513: 8507: 8472: 8444: 8412: 8388: 8363: 8327: 8321: 8293: 8289:Anaya, S. J. 8263: 8257: 8228: 8198: 8192: 8158: 8147: 8143: 8116: 8091: 8065: 8059: 8036: 8030: 8000: 7972: 7930: 7924: 7911:Simma, Bruno 7887: 7853: 7847: 7814: 7808: 7779: 7773: 7744: 7715: 7687: 7680:(52): 1–179. 7677: 7646: 7620: 7581: 7575: 7552: 7546: 7518: 7481: 7475: 7428: 7422: 7392: 7366: 7340: 7314: 7295: 7289: 7267: 7243: 7239: 7199: 7176:Butterworths 7169: 7143: 7118: 7089: 7057: 7020: 6988: 6982: 6954: 6925: 6896: 6851: 6845: 6812: 6778: 6772: 6752:(1): 61–78. 6749: 6743: 6714: 6708: 6693: 6689: 6661: 6635: 6624: 6618: 6589: 6563: 6534: 6507: 6501: 6494:Dothan, Shai 6453: 6449: 6415: 6388: 6362: 6337: 6316: 6310: 6270: 6264: 6230: 6196: 6182: 6176: 6144: 6111:Perspectives 6110: 6080: 6059: 6033: 6007: 5993: 5987: 5958: 5947: 5941: 5911: 5886: 5852: 5846: 5797: 5793: 5783: 5773:, retrieved 5751: 5741: 5716: 5712: 5702: 5685: 5681: 5671: 5646: 5642: 5632: 5620: 5608: 5596: 5584: 5572: 5560: 5534: 5499:(1): 75–93. 5496: 5492: 5482: 5464: 5454: 5442: 5400:. Retrieved 5394: 5387:Toosi, Nahal 5381: 5369: 5364:, p. 8. 5357: 5352:, p. 8. 5345: 5340:, p. 2. 5333: 5321:. Retrieved 5317: 5308: 5281: 5269: 5262:Cassese 2003 5257: 5250:Schabas 2020 5245: 5240:, p. 9. 5238:Cassese 2003 5233: 5226:Cassese 2003 5221: 5214:Cassese 2003 5201:, p. 6. 5199:Schabas 2020 5194: 5182: 5177:, p. 1. 5175:Schabas 2020 5170: 5163:Cassese 2003 5158: 5146: 5134: 5122: 5080: 5068: 5056: 5044: 5032: 5020: 5008: 4996: 4984: 4972: 4967:, p. 7. 4945: 4933: 4921: 4909: 4897: 4885: 4873: 4861: 4849: 4837: 4825: 4820:, p. 2. 4813: 4808:, p. 1. 4801: 4789: 4777: 4765: 4753: 4741: 4729:. Retrieved 4725: 4716: 4704: 4692: 4680: 4668: 4656: 4644: 4632: 4610:, p. 4. 4588: 4576: 4571:, p. 4. 4564: 4559:, p. 8. 4552: 4540: 4535:, p. 3. 4520:, p. 2. 4513: 4501: 4474: 4462: 4450: 4438: 4426: 4421:, p. 1. 4414: 4402: 4390: 4378: 4366: 4354: 4342: 4315: 4310:, p. 4. 4303: 4298:, p. 2. 4291: 4279: 4267: 4255: 4243: 4231: 4219: 4207: 4195: 4183: 4171: 4159: 4132: 4120: 4108: 4096: 4089:Mueller 1997 4084: 4072: 4060: 4048: 4021: 4009: 3982: 3970: 3958: 3946: 3934: 3922: 3910: 3898: 3886: 3879:Shelton 2011 3874: 3867:Shelton 2011 3862: 3850: 3823: 3811: 3806:, p. 2. 3804:Shelton 2011 3784: 3772: 3750:D'Amato 1971 3745: 3738:D'Amato 1971 3733: 3706: 3694: 3687:D'Amato 1971 3682: 3670: 3658: 3646: 3634: 3622: 3610: 3598: 3586: 3574: 3562: 3550: 3538: 3526: 3514: 3502: 3475: 3463: 3458:, p. 9. 3451: 3409: 3397: 3385: 3373: 3361: 3354:Shelton 2006 3349: 3337: 3332:, p. 6. 3325: 3313: 3301: 3289: 3277: 3265: 3238: 3226: 3221:, p. 1. 3214: 3208: 3196: 3184: 3172: 3160: 3148: 3136: 3124: 3112: 3100: 3088: 3076: 3064: 3052: 3025: 3013: 3001: 2974: 2962: 2950: 2938: 2926: 2914: 2902: 2890: 2878: 2866: 2854: 2842: 2837:, p. 5. 2830: 2818: 2795: 2788: 2776: 2764: 2752: 2745:deLisle 2000 2725: 2713: 2701: 2689: 2677: 2665: 2653: 2641: 2582: 2570: 2558: 2546: 2534: 2522: 2510: 2505:, p. 3. 2498: 2478: 2471: 2369:Aviation law 2364:Consular law 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2306: 2290: 2286:Martin Wight 2281: 2276: 2237: 2235: 2225: 2221: 2203: 2195:legal theory 2191: 2183: 2148: 2129: 2094: 2083: 2048: 2010: 2001: 1963: 1956: 1940: 1937:jus in bello 1936: 1931: 1897: 1874: 1868: 1856:use of force 1848:self-defence 1837: 1835: 1807:deregulation 1760: 1741: 1713: 1688: 1684:prescription 1667:res communis 1665: 1659: 1653: 1634: 1611: 1568: 1544: 1528: 1513:Global South 1498: 1435: 1404: 1379:Human rights 1361: 1341: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1322: 1304: 1279:jurisdiction 1267: 1253: 1221: 1209:Peace Palace 1164: 1154: 1139: 1137: 1113: 1068: 1058: 1054: 1051: 1035: 1033: 992: 967: 951: 935: 931: 925: 923: 918:opinio juris 917: 914:opinio juris 913: 904: 896: 894: 882: 876: 867:opinio juris 865: 863: 848: 844: 832: 826: 788: 769: 732: 726:(UNSC). The 712:human rights 700:World War II 689: 648: 621: 601: 587: 574: 566:Hugo Grotius 563: 559:Hugo Grotius 535: 513: 489: 470: 466: 462: 458:dar al-Islam 457: 446: 442: 432: 412:maritime law 405: 382: 362:Confucianism 339: 333: 321: 318:Roman Empire 286:Hittite king 276:between the 274:an agreement 262:Mesopotamian 260:between the 251: 241: 203: 195:Joseph Story 190:jurisdiction 183: 170: 167:Hugo Grotius 160: 154: 148: 96: 69: 65:human rights 36: 32: 28: 27: 21: 12890:Switzerland 12814:Geopolitics 12693:Sovereignty 12673:Imperialism 12586:Colonialism 12571:Appeasement 12486:Warsaw Pact 11890:Open Balkan 11708:integration 11638:Rule of law 11633:Natural law 11610:Agnosticism 11588:Hellenistic 11566:Anglo-Saxon 11496:Catholicism 11435:Atlanticism 11340:Rationalism 11146:Immigration 11129:Esotericism 10987:World War I 10952:Romanticism 10932:Reformation 10912:Renaissance 10890:Middle Ages 10855:Christendom 10784:Foundations 9901:Legislature 9832:Bureaucracy 9629:Rule of man 9624:Rule of law 9599:Libertarian 9462:Chinese law 9363:Legislation 9313:Regulations 9301:Law reports 9279:Natural law 9175:Reparations 9170:Refugee law 9093:Jurimetrics 9034:(Media law) 8972:Banking law 8967:Amnesty law 8945:Disciplines 8882:Private law 8728:rule of law 7484:(1): 1–21. 6456:: 267–275. 6185:(1): 1–101. 5447:Nouwen 2006 5420:Nouwen 2006 5362:Cowell 2017 5338:Cowell 2017 4902:Mossop 2016 4866:Froman 1984 4830:Jensen 2020 4296:Briggs 2013 4053:Archer 2014 3507:Jacobs 1969 3495:Dothan 2019 2835:Bashir 2018 2442:Refugee law 2278:John Austin 2256:. The 1815 2246:rationality 2222:jus gentium 2197:, some are 1998:Protocol II 1811:neo-liberal 1801:pushed for 1769:(later the 1661:res nullius 1547:conventions 1337:les patriae 1088:refugee law 1065:Individuals 961:passed the 692:World War I 652:Lieber Code 636:nationalism 492:Middle Ages 479:concerning 467:dar al-harb 463:dar al-sulh 334:jus gentium 330:natural law 322:jus gentium 314:city-states 282:Ramesses II 253:ius gentium 162:ius gentium 145:Terminology 12916:Public law 12900:Categories 12768:Liberalism 12713:Friendship 12698:Suzerainty 11910:Rio Treaty 11421:Relativism 11379:Liberalism 11345:Empiricism 11297:Philosophy 11285:Secularism 11236:Philosophy 11173:Literature 10967:Capitalism 10616:Starvation 10048:of the sea 9894:Law school 9774:Prosecutor 9712:Magistrate 9499:Jewish law 9457:Common law 9378:Rulemaking 9373:Regulation 9323:Law making 9262:Divine law 9238:Legal code 9185:Sports law 9108:Law of war 9058:Health law 9043:Family law 9027:Energy law 8977:Bankruptcy 8914:Punishment 8909:Public law 8039:(2): 523. 7246:(2): 190. 7185:0406565678 7015:May, Larry 6696:: 605–666. 5775:2024-04-10 5601:Wight 1986 5589:Scott 1905 5374:Ralph 2003 5073:Solis 2016 4371:North 1979 4347:North 1979 3903:Baker 1923 3567:Evans 2014 3519:Evans 2014 3342:Prost 2017 3318:Evans 2014 3270:Evans 2014 3177:Solis 2016 2871:Saeed 2018 2781:Patel 2016 2619:Degan 1997 2539:Ōnuma 2000 2527:Janis 1996 2515:Janis 1984 2464:References 2054:war crimes 1994:Protocol I 1949:combatants 1891:, such as 1881:Sandinista 1852:UN Charter 1832:Law of war 1803:free trade 1771:World Bank 1519:Labour law 1324:lex causae 1299:See also: 1241:EFTA Court 1189:East Timor 959:Parliament 946:See also: 936:erga omnes 932:jus cogens 927:jus cogens 839:good faith 604:positivist 536:Law of War 528:feudal law 500:Maimonides 453:Sharia law 441:published 393:mercantile 374:treaty law 350:barbarians 284:, and the 173:, used by 165:, used by 121:between a 88:diplomatic 12804:Diplomacy 12708:Bilateral 12606:Grey-zone 12559:Coalition 12518:1919–1939 12513:1814–1919 12508:1648–1814 12235:European 11855:Five Eyes 11850:EU–UK TCA 11692:Democracy 11581:Old Norse 11470:Abrahamic 11427:Peritrope 11409:Tolerance 11389:Socialism 11219:Mythology 11207:Classical 11156:Languages 11134:Astrology 10982:Modernism 10796:Old World 10621:War crime 10277:and local 9872:Judiciary 9867:Executive 9842:The bench 9779:Solicitor 9754:Barrister 9634:Sociology 9619:Pseudolaw 9559:Anarchist 9516:Roman law 9504:Parsi law 9489:Hindu law 9477:Canon law 9452:Civil law 9405:Concordat 9296:Precedent 9205:Trust law 9180:Space law 9017:Drugs law 8887:Procedure 8825:Civil law 8599:195571195 8591:0002-9602 8538:146201275 8530:0002-9300 8450:Routledge 8354:235585418 8346:0360-0572 8207:0037-783X 8045:219691320 7963:143168066 7947:0002-9300 7878:140888579 7870:0002-9300 7833:1540-1650 7606:143809214 7598:0047-1178 7561:0194-1879 7506:162267009 7498:1471-6380 7461:145407931 7445:0020-8183 7398:Routledge 7007:0938-5428 6884:147619365 6868:0002-9300 6795:0143-6503 6758:0010-8812 6731:1471-6895 6524:1556-5068 6486:159187569 6470:0272-5037 6295:146474315 6287:0897-6546 6119:1210-762X 5892:Routledge 5869:0020-5893 5814:1073-1105 5733:0938-5428 5663:0272-5037 5513:1094-2939 5402:April 28, 5323:April 28, 5286:Boed 2001 5274:Wald 2002 4164:Head 1994 3855:Aust 2007 3843:Aust 2007 3828:Aust 2007 3615:Aust 2007 3603:Aust 2007 3591:Aust 2007 3531:Aust 2007 3414:Shao 2021 3390:Shao 2021 3366:Shao 2021 3306:Head 1994 3294:Head 1994 3105:Head 1994 3030:Head 1994 2994:Head 1994 2967:Head 1994 2757:Neff 2014 2730:Neff 2014 2604:Head 1994 2437:Prize law 2373:Space law 2263:objective 2206:axiomatic 2097:tribunals 2090:extradite 2079:terrorism 1744:high seas 1329:lexi fori 1270:the Hague 1213:the Hague 1042:sovereign 496:"just war 398:canon law 378:embassies 302:East Asia 248:antiquity 244:antiquity 57:diplomacy 12866:Politics 12763:Feminism 12616:Idealism 12611:Hegemony 12564:Military 12549:Alliance 12542:Concepts 12528:Cold War 12410:Glossary 12103:(UNDROP) 12071:(UNDRIP) 11915:Schengen 11845:Eurozone 11685:Property 11680:Religion 11571:Frankish 11561:Germanic 11541:Paganism 11462:Religion 11450:European 11362:Humanism 11265:Religion 11224:Painting 11190:Internet 11141:Folklore 11112:Clothing 11083:Calendar 11059:Cyrillic 11044:Alphabet 11007:Cold War 10589:Genocide 10311:concepts 10214:Specific 9979:Category 9921:Tribunal 9906:Military 9749:Attorney 9719:Judgment 9579:Feminist 9494:Jain law 9291:Case law 9012:Cyberlaw 8919:Corporal 8897:Criminal 8867:Evidence 8857:Doctrine 8835:Contract 8662:(2003). 8609:(2016). 8548:(1944). 8442:(2020). 8410:(2010). 8291:(2004). 8225:(1986). 8215:40971598 8185:(2002). 8041:ProQuest 7998:(2016). 7917:(1999). 7713:(2020). 7617:(2006). 7516:(2016). 7298:: 1–66. 7264:(1954). 7234:(2006). 7224:64972585 7196:(1986). 7116:(2016). 7086:(1972). 7055:(1997). 6952:(2020). 6922:(2013). 6894:(1996). 6838:(1956). 6561:(2014). 6496:(2019). 6478:25659409 6442:(2000). 6257:(2012). 6193:(2003). 6171:(2002). 6141:(2012). 6127:23615911 5822:32631189 5649:: 3–11. 5396:Politico 2452:UNIDROIT 2432:INTERPOL 2332:See also 2267:validity 2250:morality 2230:eclectic 2214:morality 2210:just war 2166:and the 2071:genocide 2060:and the 2023:and the 2015:and the 2002:si omnes 1988:and the 1869:Caroline 1809:under a 1720:baseline 1680:conquest 1507:and the 1347:and the 1243:and the 1177:Cold War 1116:Holy See 1102:and the 794:Treaties 366:Legalism 294:polities 107:treaties 101:include 94:to war. 12852:Portals 12783:Realism 12773:Marxism 12636:Liberal 12554:Entente 12500:History 12428:Present 12065:(DEVAW) 12059:(DEDAW) 11760:Benelux 11665:Thought 11615:Atheism 11556:Finnish 11532:Culture 11527:Judaism 11489:Eastern 11485:Western 11480:Culture 11414:Paradox 11280:Decline 11241:Science 11117:History 11105:Studies 11088:Cuisine 11076:Periods 11036:Culture 10865:History 10831:Eastern 10826:Western 10777:culture 10499:Sources 10411:History 9993:Outline 9930:History 9837:The bar 9811:Verdict 9759:Counsel 9739:Justice 9594:History 9417:Statute 9233:Charter 9195:Tax law 9143:Probate 8762:at the 8753:at the 8150:: 4–18. 8082:1118800 7955:2997991 7796:1109809 7453:3078632 6876:2194954 5832:Sources 4731:May 10, 2359:Justice 2126:in 2018 2075:torture 1984:covers 1972:covers 1676:cession 1401:in 1949 686:in 1979 570:warfare 433:In the 308:, many 220:History 133:or the 76:consent 12745:Theory 12703:Treaty 12591:Crisis 12092:(VDPA) 12038:(UDHR) 11780:CANZUK 11670:Speech 11598:Slavic 11576:Gothic 11551:Celtic 11546:Baltic 11445:Values 11246:Values 10806:Greece 10606:Piracy 10056:Global 9911:Police 9882:Agency 9764:Lawyer 9509:Sharia 9400:Treaty 9395:Repeal 9341:Decree 9252:Custom 9148:Estate 9098:Labour 8862:Equity 8697:about 8676: 8648: 8623: 8597: 8589: 8536: 8528: 8484: 8478:Dalloz 8456: 8424: 8396: 8375: 8352: 8344: 8305: 8241: 8213: 8205: 8171: 8124: 8103: 8080: 8043: 8012: 7984: 7961: 7953: 7945: 7899: 7876: 7868: 7831: 7794: 7757: 7727: 7699: 7658: 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