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2772:, a staunch advocate of strict voter ID laws and a proponent of the Crosscheck system. Crosscheck is a national database, which is designed to check for voters who are registered in more than one state by comparing names and dates of birth. Researchers at Stanford University, the University of Pennsylvania, Harvard University, and Microsoft found that for every legitimate instance of double registration it finds, Crosscheck's algorithm returns approximately 200 false positives. Kobach has been repeatedly sued by the
20:
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2631:, the Head of the General Elections Committee, called the cameras illegal. The following day, the public relations agency Kaizler Inbar took credit for the operation and said it had been planned in collaboration with Likud. It claimed that voter turnout in Arab communities had fallen under 50% by the presence of the agency's observers in the polling stations, though some of this decrease is likely due to a boycott that was planned for the vote.
55:
7247:
2346:, where power to shape democratic institutions can be slowed down or subverted by decisions made by those who wielded power in the past, regardless of how fairly (democratically) those setting the rules came to power and regardless of the values held by or information available to voters in the present. A relatively tangible example could be a country allowing itself to run up a large
2753:(DMV) offices in minority neighborhoods, which makes it more difficult for residents to obtain voter IDs; shutting down polling places in minority neighborhoods; systematically depriving precincts in minority neighborhoods of the resources needed to operate efficiently, such as poll workers and voting machines; and purging voters from the rolls shortly before an election.
2579:'s voter database, including its information about voter preferences. The court stated that the evidence did not prove that the Conservative Party or that its successful candidates had been directly involved, but it criticized the Conservative Party for making "little effort to assist with the investigation." The court did not annul the result in any of six
2668:, elections are administered locally (though with many election rules set by states and the federal government), and forms of voter suppression vary among jurisdictions. When the country was founded, the right to vote in most states was limited to property-owning white males. Over time, the right to vote was granted to racial minorities, women, and youth.
2551:, there were attempts by police and political sympathisers to make it more difficult for lower-income people to attend polling stations. Some public transport services were temporary reduced, spot inspections of vehicles and public transport were increased in poorer areas of the country, and roadblocks set up to disrupt and delay traffic.
2361:(or enrollment) is an extra step in the election process creates extra work for voters, especially those who move often and are new to the system, thereby suppressing their votes. Registration has been the number one reason why citizens in the U.S. do not vote, which is why most democracies automatically enroll their citizens. Same-day
2691:. Even after the repeal of those statutes, there have been repetited incidents of racial discrimination against voters, especially in the South. For example, 87,000 people in Georgia were unable to vote in 2018 because of late registration. Many of the strictest voting regulations are in swing states and have been enacted primarily by
2342:
helpful if the present is less democratic than the past, which can become a self-fulfilling prophecy by simultaneously hampering the democratic innovations and evolutions that could prevent those threats by bolstering ancient architecture with the latest best-practices. Past actions can also create other kinds of
2489:
effectively has the right to determine the date of the election as long as constitutional rules regarding the maximum term of the parliament are adhered to. That measure was therefore likely to result in many newer voters being precluded from voting in the first election for which they were eligible
2197:
are among the more recent examples of ways that elections can be subverted by changing who is allowed to vote. Most countries set their voting age to 18, thus disenfranchising citizens below that age. In many countries, like
Germany, disenfrachisement is an additional penalty to certain crimes, such
2756:
Often, voter fraud is cited as a justification for such laws even if the incidence is low. In Iowa, lawmakers passed a strict voter ID law with the potential to disenfranchise 260,000 voters. Out of 1.6 million votes cast in Iowa in 2016, there were only 10 allegations of voter fraud, none of which
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legislated to close the electoral roll much earlier once an election was called than before. Previously, voters had been allowed seven days of grace after an election had been called to arrange or update their enrollment, but new voters were now allowed only until 8:00 p.m. on the day that the
2464:
to vote, and it is their responsibility to update their enrollment when they change their address. Even so, an estimated 6% of eligible
Australian voters are not enrolled or are enrolled incorrectly. They are disproportionately younger voters, many of whom might neglect to enroll when they attain
2263:
individuals, people of color, recently married women and people with disabilities. Additionally, the implementation of signature-matching processes, especially for mail-in ballots, can also be done so strictly as to suppress orders of magnitude more votes than the actual fraud that it prevents. A
2703:
had their ballot dismissed. The study's analysis noted, "A disproportionate number of those potential voters were people of color or young voters, groups that typically favor
Democrats." The history of the previous Jim Crow regulations in the Southern states affects the voter suppression today
2341:
through their democratic processes. For example, the lifetime appointments of judges, or constitutions that are so difficult to change that they do not reflect the values of current voters, show how power allocated in the past can thwart voter power in the present. This kind of lock-in is only
2300:
Misinformation, disinformation, and the platforms that incentivized to boost half-truths and lies are forms of information warfare that can be used to confuse, intimidate, or deceive voters. When misinformation and disinformation is amplified by the laundering of foreign money through domestic
2741:
In
Wisconsin, a federal judge found that the state's restrictive voter ID law had led to "real incidents of disenfranchisement, which undermine rather than enhance confidence in elections, particularly in minority communities." Since there was no evidence of widespread voter impersonation in
2087:
Some argue the term 'voter suppression' downplays the harm done when voices are not reflected in an election, calling for terms like 'vote destruction' that accounts for the permanence of each vote not being cast. Making it harder to vote for people who have been given the right, can lead to
2055:
in that campaigning attempts to change likely voting behavior by changing the opinions of potential voters through persuasion and organization, activating otherwise inactive voters, or registering new supporters. Voter suppression, instead, attempts to gain an advantage by reducing the
2402:
Some proposals for reform include requiring that every selection have a 'none of the above' option, allow a wide range of valid excuses for not voting for conscientious objectors, and charging a low, non-compounding, non-criminal fee for those who do not vote or select a valid reason.
2308:
Common examples include undermining journalism, academia, political speech and other fundamental exchanges of ideas and information. Free or low-cost sources of information, such as through libraries, schools, nonprofits, public media, or open-source projects (like
2422:. This phenomenon also suppresses turnout for that and other elections help simultaneously in states that are not competitive, suppressing the popular vote for president in the U.S., for example, while lowering turnout in a host of other contests. In contrast, a
2161:
Weekend (such as Sunday voting in
Australia), also contributes to higher turnout than weekday voting, maybe even more than having Election Day as a recognized holiday. A study in the UK found that when the sun sets later in the day, turnout tends to improve.
2567:, which falsely advised voters that their polling station had been changed. The locations offered by those messages were intentionally false, often led voters several hours from the correct stations, and often identified themselves illegally as coming from
2398:
signal that voting is unimportant. A voting culture can be developed by reinforcing how voting is valued, expected and a centerpiece of a place's culture, as peer pressure and a sense of belonging are powerful incentives to do something collectively.
2096:, and the decision-making benefits it brings. Suppression does not require intent. Analyzing the turnout of eligible voters provides a partial way to study cumulative voter suppression impacts under specific conditions, though other avenues such as
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is another tool to make registration less of a barrier. In addition, the existence of the process itself opens up more opportunities to make the process intentionally difficult or impossible, including aggressive voter roll purges. The
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Requiring people to travel long distances and/or wait in long lines, for example suppresses voter turnout. Some parties in Europe that have less support among expats have made it much more difficult for them to cast ballots by removing
2509:
had requested no such reform, there had been no evidence of significant electoral fraud, and the
Australian Electoral Commission had been dealing with hundreds of thousands of late enrollments without significant problems for decades.
2721:
In Texas, a voter ID law requiring a driver's license, passport, military identification, or gun permit was repeatedly found to be intentionally discriminatory. The state's election laws could be put back under the control of the
2505:. The government denied that it was trying to suppress some voters and insisted that the purposes of the reform were a smoother administration of the elections and the reduction of the possibility of electoral fraud. However, the
2264:
Brennan Center estimate that 11% of
Americans did not have the type of photo id recently required by many states. A solution implemented in a number of countries is to automatically send ID cards to all its citizens for free.
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as treason or electoral fraud. In others such as India, all prisoners lose the right to vote during the duration of their imprisonment. Some jurisdictions may disenfranchise felons for life, including
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being cases of impersonation that a voter ID law could have prevented. Iowa
Secretary of State Paul Pate, the architect of the bill, admitted, "We've not experienced widespread voter fraud in Iowa."
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allow anyone to vote regardless of party preference or affiliation. In some more authoritarian states, loyal party membership may be required to have a say, or even basic rights and privileges.
2313:), have historically supported this key democratic prerequisite. For example, two-thirds of U.S. college students in one study cited a lack of information as a reason for why they did not vote.
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The measure was widely seen as an attempt at voter suppression aimed at younger voters since surveys had shown that younger voters are more likely than the general population to vote for the
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estimates how much more difficult the voting experience is on average in states around the U.S. 78% of respondents in one preferred vote-by-mail to voting in-person.
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3394:. Cornell William Brooks, Allegra Chapman, Joshua A. Douglas, Amber Herrle, Cecily Hines, Janai Nelson, Brenda Wright, Heather C. McGhee. New York: The New Press.
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One analysis of a
Florida election in 2012 found that 200,000+ people did not vote because of long lines. Some Floridians were forced to wait 6–7 hours to vote.
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design issues, including confusing instructions. The order of politicians on the ballot can also give one candidate an edge, while the length of a ballot can
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for the purpose of preventing voter fraud. Critics have suggested its true purpose is voter suppression. The commission was led by Kansas
Secretary of State
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2529:. The majority ruling struck down early closing of the roll and reinstated the old rule allowing voters seven days grace to arrange or update their
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Intimidation can result from the presence of cameras or guns at polling places to ballots that may not be secret. Following-through on threats by
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in the United States for example, dissuading voters who do not want to declare a party preference in order to weigh-in on who represents them.
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Wisconsin, it found that the law was "a cure worse than the disease." In addition to imposing strict voter ID requirements, the law reduced
2650:. He was removed from office after being convicted of breaches of electoral law when his supporters intimidated voters at polling stations.
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that present-day voters did not consent to, shrinking discretionary spending to a fraction of what previous voters were able to spend.
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where the fraud had occurred because it concluded that the number of votes affected had been too small to change the outcome.
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Another example where registration can suppress votes is requiring a declared party preference, which is required in closed
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3163:"Backsliding: The United States Supreme Court, Shelby County v. Holder and the Dismantling of Voting Rights Act of 1965"
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can also be a powerful avenue for changing political systems, for example, that are not as responsive to voters due to
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in 1986 of trying to suppress the black vote. A similar ID law in North Dakota, which would have disenfranchised many
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was issued to lodge their enrollment form, and those who needed to update their addresses were allowed three days. In
2145:, pushing them from the electorate for some or all races and increasing the wait times in lines for in-person voters.
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3494:"Youth Federal Election Voting Intentions: A Statistical and Graphical Analysis of Newspoll Quarterly Data 1996–2010"
2575:, a federal court found that such fraud had occurred and had probably been perpetrated by someone with access to the
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4265:"Case: 3:15-cv-00324-jdp Document #: 234 In the United States District Court for the Western District of Wisconsin"
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requirements to vote can disenfranchise many voters especially the young, elderly, lower-income people, recently
2013:
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3509:[PT fears that owners of pro-Bolsonaro bus companies will reduce fleets to sabotage low-income voters].
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Democracy in one book or less : how it works, why it doesn't, and why fixing it is easier than you think
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Frequent elections increase the amount of time and attention required of voters, typically leading to lower
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3507:"PT teme que donos de empresas de ônibus pró-Bolsonaro reduzam frotas para sabotar eleitor de baixa renda"
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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on Constitutional Amendments.
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3114:"Signature Match Laws Disproportionately Impact Voters Already on the Margins | News & Commentary"
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4094:"A Georgia law prevented 87,000 people from voting last year. And it could have a big impact in 2020"
3537:"Ministro do TSE chama de absurdo pedido da campanha de Bolsonaro de limitar transporte nas eleições"
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4325:"There Are 868 Fewer Places to Vote in 2016 Because the Supreme Court Gutted the Voting Rights Act"
3700:"Robocalls: Widespread but 'thinly scattered' vote suppression didn't affect election, judge rules"
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3539:[TSE minister calls Bolsonaro campaign's request to limit transport in elections absurd].
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because the time to arrange their enrollment once an election is called had been greatly reduced.
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reduces the influence of every vote by giving more power to wealthy people, special interests and
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have the lowest voter turnout rates among developed countries due to holding frequent elections.
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because minorities often have their vote dismissed by the manipulation of voting regulations.
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Voters may be discouraged from voting by weak cultural norms around voting. Countries without
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3368:"Registering By Party: Where the Democrats and Republicans Are Ahead – Sabato's Crystal Ball"
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metrics. Additionally, some of the rules that end up suppressing votes can also be used as a
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Meddling in the ballot box : the causes and effects of partisan electoral interventions
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disproportionately against people who move more often, who tend to be younger, for example.
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You call this democracy? : how to fix our government and deliver power to the people
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laws. Some argue that such laws amount to voter suppression against African-Americans.
2711:
2687:. Most of those voter suppression tactics were made illegal after the enactment of the
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4226:"Read the letter Coretta Scott King wrote opposing Sessions's 1986 federal nomination"
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From Jim Crow to Civil Rights: The Supreme Court and the Struggle for Racial Equality
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quantifies some of the differences in voter registration experiences in U.S. states.
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The Congressional Black Caucus, Minority Voting Rights, and the U.S. Supreme Court
3620:"Brazil election: Lula's challenge hangs in balance amid voter suppression claims"
3457:"Ballot measures on weed and abortion won in 2022. Now they're fueling a backlash"
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typically significantly reduces wasted (suppressed) votes, helping to ensure more
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2730:, however, the DOJ expressed support for Texas's ID law. Sessions was accused by
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Election Meltdown: Dirty Tricks, Distrust, and the Threat to American Democracy
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Lowering the voting age to 18: Hearings, Ninety-first Congress, second session
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are some examples of elections that contribute to voter fatigue. For example,
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A half-million Americans had their votes disqualified in 2008 and 2010 due to
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One person, one vote : a surprising history of gerrymandering in America
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2155:
2142:
2109:
2089:
2068:
2057:
1974:
1583:
1519:
1504:
1360:
1325:
1305:
1176:
1119:
1054:
449:
352:
2060:
of certain voters. Suppression is an anti-democratic tactic associated with
7034:
6921:
6749:
6716:
6696:
6626:
6616:
6596:
6576:
6212:
6112:
5848:
5823:
5687:
5627:
5592:
5557:
5552:
4871:
4823:
4818:
4778:
4678:
4648:
4599:
4397:"How Trump's nationwide voter data request could lead to voter suppression"
3704:
3025:"The 'Cost' of Voting in America: A Look at Where It's Easiest and Hardest"
2820:
2761:
2628:
1808:
1687:
1509:
1476:
1456:
1380:
1370:
1350:
1330:
958:
858:
586:
561:
417:
357:
322:
287:
282:
27:
3343:
3326:
6936:
6896:
6864:
6731:
6691:
6531:
6444:
6395:
6370:
6270:
5970:
5709:
5692:
5647:
5562:
4835:
4793:
4788:
4753:
4720:
4603:
4468:
2769:
2699:
Reports, many people who were predicted to be in favor of voting for the
2419:
2260:
2241:
1702:
1662:
1630:
1491:
1451:
1285:
1198:
1149:
1124:
1024:
716:
439:
422:
377:
292:
2305:
can be brought against these actors for colluding with a foreign power.
7210:
7205:
7086:
7081:
6977:
6961:
6818:
6711:
6669:
6631:
6439:
6427:
6400:
6390:
6310:
5736:
5731:
5702:
5637:
5476:
5288:
5109:
Commission for the Prevention of Corruption of the Republic of Slovenia
4803:
4758:
4715:
4514:
4462:
4022:
Reforming Jim Crow: Southern Politics and State in the Age Before Brown
3877:"Met considers criminal inquiry into Tower Hamlets mayor Lutfur Rahman"
3100:
2714:
struck down Section 4 of the Voting Rights Act, several states enacted
2466:
2433:
2182:
2105:
1984:
1979:
1860:
1855:
1751:
1727:
1578:
1471:
1429:
1385:
1193:
1181:
1154:
1144:
1064:
466:
461:
432:
367:
198:
4247:"As November Approaches, Courts Deal Series Of Blows To Voter ID Laws"
3909:"Tower Hamlets election fraud mayor Lutfur Rahman removed from office"
2671:
In the late 19th and the early 20th centuries, Southern states passed
7111:
7059:
6776:
6375:
5502:
4725:
4653:
4613:
4594:
3752:"Outrage as Likud activists secretly film voting in Arab communities"
2525:
expedited the hearing so that a ruling could be made in time for the
2482:
2310:
1885:
1833:
1536:
1129:
232:
2301:
nonprofit organizations or other allied domestic actors, charges of
7076:
6906:
6833:
6484:
6410:
6315:
6275:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5512:
4798:
4768:
4538:
4379:"Iowa's New Voter-ID Law Would Have Disenfranchised My Grandmother"
3913:
2715:
2277:
2044:
1850:
1672:
1593:
1238:
1164:
1069:
1029:
397:
392:
387:
312:
307:
302:
242:
16:
Strategy designed to restrict specific groups of people from voting
4091:
2067:
The tactics of voter suppression range from changes that increase
5587:
5481:
5461:
5434:
5409:
5313:
4710:
4608:
2612:
2543:
2022 Brazilian general election § Voter suppression attempts
2302:
2113:
317:
203:
183:
156:
131:
54:
4361:"Ruling Preserves Voting Rights for Thousands in North Carolina"
4143:"Analysis: 201,000 in Florida didn't vote because of long lines"
3325:
Schraufnagel, Scot; Pomante, Michael J.; Li, Quan (2022-09-01).
3059:"Election Timing and the Electoral Influence of Interest Groups"
6536:
5567:
5466:
5444:
5439:
5389:
5038:
4190:"Supreme Court Strikes Blow to Voting Rights Act: What's Next?"
3188:. Foreword by Amal Clooney (First ed.). New York: Harper.
2608:
2518:
2138:
2048:
1290:
297:
188:
166:
161:
111:
23:
4208:"A Court Strikes Down Texas's Voter ID Law For the Fifth Time"
6546:
5394:
4998:
4658:
4483:
3568:"Brazil highway police blockades fan voter-suppression fears"
3095:
3093:
2616:
2595:, requirements and processes to update your address suppress
2292:
where votes or positions are acquired illegally using money.
2237:
2047:
by discouraging or preventing specific groups of people from
1300:
116:
3103:
in American Political Science Review. December 2001. p. 970.
7158:
6987:
4643:
3984:
Women's Suffrage: Giving the Right to Vote to All Americans
1932:
1761:
5034:
Special Investigation Service of the Republic of Lithuania
4068:
The Civil War to the Jim Crow Laws: American Black History
3244:"The Secret Ballot Is US Democracy's Last Line of Defense"
3090:
2675:
to suppress poor and racial minority voters that involved
2619:
activists installed hidden cameras in polling stations in
4289:"DOT launches investigation in Alabama over DMV closures"
3481:"Court by surprise: the High Court upholds voting rights"
2994:"Seasonal factors, voter fatigue and the costs of voting"
5231:
International Association of Anti-Corruption Authorities
3851:"Israel's young Arab citizens call for election boycott"
2991:
2158:
options, forcing some to travel hundreds of kilometers.
4171:"With Voting Rights Act Out, States Push Voter ID Laws"
3671:"Robocalls complaints came 3 days before 2011 election"
3594:"More details on alleged voter suppression case emerge"
3186:
How to stand up to a dictator: the fight for our future
2992:
Rallings, C.; Thrasher, M.; Borisyuk, G. (March 2003).
2776:(ACLU) for trying to restrict voting rights in Kansas.
2766:
Presidential Advisory Commission on Election Integrity
2328:
5028:
Governance and Economic Management Assistance Program
4987:
Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)
3778:משקיפים של הליכוד עם מצלמות נסתרות על מצביעים בקלפיות
3324:
2337:
in policy undermines the ability of voters to pursue
4969:
Anti-corruption and Economic Malpractice Observatory
3975:
5170:
Citizen's Charter and Grievance Redressal Bill 2011
2749:Other controversial measures include shutting down
4140:
3057:
2043:is a strategy used to influence the outcome of an
7122:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
4071:. Milliken Publishing Company; 1 September 2004.
3938:American Masculinities: A Historical Encyclopedia
3618:Downie, Andrew; Phillips, Tom (30 October 2022).
3331:Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy
1896:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
7263:
4434:"Voter Suppression is the Real Election Scandal"
4141:Powers, Scott; David Damron (January 29, 2013).
3726:"Listes électorales : nouvelle inscription"
3023:Corasaniti, Nick; McCann, Allison (2022-09-20).
3022:
2373:
6782:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)
4087:
4085:
3645:"Brazil election hit by outcry over roadblocks"
2430:and encouraging greater overall participation.
1542:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)
6264:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups
5138:Central Steering Committee for Anti-Corruption
5005:Fiji Independent Commission Against Corruption
4936:UNCAC Coalition of Civil Society Organisations
4415:"The Man Behind Trump's Voter-Fraud Obsession"
4307:"The State of Alabama Has Fully Lost Its Mind"
3998:
3964:. University of Michigan Press; 17 July 2012.
3663:
3617:
3389:
3327:"Cost of Voting in the American States: 2022*"
2418:), are especially vulnerable to weakening and
1018:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups
5329:
4499:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3392:100% Democracy: The Case for Universal Voting
2565:exercised by issuing robocalls and live calls
2021:
5241:United Nations Convention against Corruption
5221:Inter-American Convention Against Corruption
4431:
4092:Angela Caputo; Geoff Hing; Johnny Kauffman.
4082:
4048:. Oxford University Press; 5 February 2004.
3728:[Election lists: new registration].
3427:(First ed.). New York: Pantheon Books.
3140:"Democratic Backsliding and the Rule of Law"
2316:
6480:List of people killed for being transgender
5279:Movement for Peace with Justice and Dignity
5114:Anti-Corruption and Civil Rights Commission
4958:Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission
4036:
4013:
3929:
3565:
3390:Dionne, E. J. Jr.; Rapoport, Miles (2022).
3301:"Voter Purges | Brennan Center for Justice"
2591:In France, as in some other countries with
1234:List of people killed for being transgender
5336:
5322:
5126:National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine
5022:Corruption Prevention and Combating Bureau
4506:
4492:
4241:
4239:
4025:. Oxford University Press; 16 April 2010.
3952:
3697:
3684:
2353:
2284:presents a more widely-recognized form of
2028:
2014:
4187:
4168:
4059:
3874:
3342:
2092:. Skewing the electorate jeopardizes the
5603:Social determinants of health in poverty
5056:Independent Corrupt Practices Commission
3566:Stargardter, Gabriel (30 October 2022).
3422:
3137:
2325:can severely deter voter participation.
333:Social determinants of health in poverty
18:
5098:Sierra Leone Anti-corruption Commission
4963:Anti-Corruption Commission (Bangladesh)
4343:"Long Lines at Minority Polling Places"
4236:
3875:Syal, Rajeev; Quinn, Ben (2015-04-23).
3749:
3651:. Agence France-Presse. 30 October 2022
3160:
2644:directly-elected mayor of Tower Hamlets
7264:
5186:Freedom of information laws by country
5103:Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau
4134:
3941:. SAGE Publications; 14 October 2003.
3517:from the original on 27 September 2022
3241:
3167:Journal of Race, Gender, and Ethnicity
2966:
2941:
2867:(First ed.). New York, NY: Ecco.
2660:Voter suppression in the United States
2295:
5317:
5050:Anti-Corruption Commission of Myanmar
4992:Commission Against Corruption (Macau)
4921:International Anti-Corruption Academy
4487:
3385:
3383:
3274:
3242:Newman, Lily Hay (November 7, 2022).
3216:
3183:
3161:Baldwin, Bridgette (April 24, 2015).
3055:
2908:
2521:launched a challenge to the law. The
2420:wasting certain votes year after year
2267:
2205:
2172:
7246:
6286:Capital punishment for homosexuality
5608:Social determinants of mental health
5269:2012 Indian anti-corruption movement
5264:2011 Indian anti-corruption movement
5045:Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission
4975:National Anti-Corruption Observatory
3774:
3591:
3513:(in Portuguese). 27 September 2022.
3365:
3099:Michael McDonald and Samuel Popkin.
2904:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2862:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2323:physically harming or killing people
2148:
1040:Capital punishment for homosexuality
338:Social determinants of mental health
6406:Genital modification and mutilation
5191:The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013
5086:National Anticorruption Directorate
5080:Anti-Corruption General Directorate
3547:from the original on 2 October 2022
3277:"Truly Secure Voting Is on the Way"
3144:Ohio Northern University Law Review
2969:"Voter suppression comes to Europe"
2329:Path dependence/tyranny of the past
1160:Genital modification and mutilation
13:
5343:
4916:Group of States Against Corruption
4188:Childress, Sarah (June 25, 2013).
4169:Childress, Sarah (June 26, 2013).
4118:"Constitutional Rights Foundation"
3698:MacCharles, Tonda (May 23, 2013).
3496:, The Whitlam Institute, June 2011
3380:
2935:
2826:
2611:'s general elections for the 21st
14:
7308:
5092:Investigative Committee of Russia
4450:
4432:Speri, Alice (October 27, 2016).
3987:. Rosen Classroom; January 2006.
3101:"The Myth of the Vanishing Voter"
2889:
2847:
2634:
2563:, voter suppression tactics were
2251:
2202:of the United States of America.
7245:
7236:
7235:
6885:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
6722:Law for Protection of the Nation
6622:White genocide conspiracy theory
5284:Russian anti-corruption campaign
5274:Anti-austerity movement in Spain
5181:Foreign Extortion Prevention Act
4475:
3592:Audi, Amanda (30 October 2022).
2942:Demsas, Jerusalem (2023-08-21).
2653:
2627:were seen wearing such cameras.
2414:systems (unlike in systems with
2132:
1651:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
1482:Law for Protection of the Nation
1376:White genocide conspiracy theory
53:
6727:MSM blood donation restrictions
6475:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory
5120:Servicio de Vigilancia Aduanera
4981:National Supervisory Commission
4425:
4407:
4389:
4371:
4353:
4335:
4317:
4299:
4281:
4257:
4218:
4200:
4181:
4162:
4110:
3901:
3868:
3843:
3819:
3795:
3785:from the original on 2021-12-22
3768:
3743:
3718:
3637:
3611:
3585:
3559:
3543:(in Portuguese). October 2022.
3529:
3499:
3486:
3473:
3449:
3416:
3359:
3318:
3293:
3268:
3235:
3210:
3177:
3154:
3131:
2967:Fubini, Federico (2020-01-15).
2571:. In litigation brought by the
2549:2022 Brazilian general election
2507:Australian Electoral Commission
2406:
2389:
2220:among certain types of voters.
2108:, cannot always be captured by
1487:MSM blood donation restrictions
1229:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory
6740:(as religious or racial quota)
5068:Investigation Task Force Sweep
5062:National Accountability Bureau
4534:Corruption in local government
4522:Corruption in different fields
4513:
4010:. U.S. Govt. Print. Off. 1970.
3855:The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com
3118:American Civil Liberties Union
3106:
3056:Anzia, Sarah F. (2011-04-01).
3049:
3016:
2985:
2960:
2774:American Civil Liberties Union
2561:2011 Canadian federal election
1500:(as religious or racial quota)
1:
7277:Political campaign techniques
7154:Second-generation gender bias
6870:Constitutional colorblindness
5598:Social determinants of health
5176:Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
5074:Central Anticorruption Bureau
3750:Azoulay, Moran (2019-09-04).
3366:Cook, Rhodes (12 July 2018).
3010:10.1016/S0261-3794(01)00047-6
2840:
2447:
2374:Party membership requirements
1928:Second-generation gender bias
1636:Constitutional colorblindness
328:Social determinants of health
5236:OECD Anti-Bribery Convention
5226:International asset recovery
5010:Central Vigilance Commission
4565:Corruption Perceptions Index
3275:Roush, Wade (January 2020).
2913:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
2760:In May 2017, U.S. President
2751:Department of Motor Vehicles
2452:
2179:disenfranchisement of voters
30:in the United States in 1945
7:
7065:Medical model of disability
6917:Hate speech laws by country
5294:2017–2019 Romanian protests
3981:Jennifer Macbain-Stephens.
3221:. Oxford University Press.
2779:
2416:proportional representation
2051:. It is distinguished from
1839:Medical model of disability
1683:Hate speech laws by country
10:
7313:
7174:Social model of disability
5653:Discrimination against men
5299:2017–2018 Russian protests
4931:Transparency International
4906:Global Financial Integrity
2724:U.S. Department of Justice
2695:politicians. According to
2657:
2540:
2209:
2127:
2077:harming prospective voters
1948:Social model of disability
383:Discrimination against men
7231:
6970:
6847:
6640:
6527:Opposition to immigration
6251:
5898:
5745:
5495:
5445:Race / Ethnicity
5382:
5351:
5259:2011 Azerbaijani protests
5249:
5209:
5160:
5151:
4944:
4898:
4889:
4844:
4746:
4736:Offshore financial centre
4587:
4578:
4557:
4539:Interest group corruption
4521:
3076:10.1017/S0022381611000028
2944:"Americans Vote Too Much"
2909:Rusch, Elizabeth (2020).
2726:. Under Attorney General
2689:Voting Rights Act of 1965
2602:
2586:
2554:
2536:
2317:Intimidation and violence
2200:some (but not all) states
2082:
1281:Opposition to immigration
167:Race / Ethnicity
6522:Occupational segregation
6291:Compulsory sterilization
5201:Whistleblower protection
4689:Cryptocurrency and crime
2836:. Yale University Press.
2335:intergenerational equity
1276:Occupational segregation
1045:Compulsory sterilization
7050:Internalized oppression
6912:Fighting Discrimination
6902:Fat acceptance movement
6860:Anti-discrimination law
6500:Native American mascots
4570:Economics of corruption
3423:Seabrook, Nick (2022).
3064:The Journal of Politics
2738:, was also overturned.
2523:High Court of Australia
2442:anti-democratic actions
2354:Registration/Enrollment
1824:Internalized oppression
1678:Fighting Discrimination
1668:Fat acceptance movement
1626:Anti-discrimination law
1254:Native American mascots
7169:Social identity threat
7142:Reverse discrimination
7132:Racial color blindness
6612:Violence against women
6592:Sex-selective abortion
5196:UK Bribery Act of 2010
4952:Oficina Anticorrupción
4701:Noble cause corruption
4558:Measures of corruption
3673:. CBC News. 2012-11-19
3217:Levin, Dov H. (2020).
3138:Ginsburg, Tom (2018).
2796:Democratic backsliding
2607:In April 2019, during
2495:Australian Labor Party
1943:Social identity threat
1916:Reverse discrimination
1906:Racial color blindness
1366:Violence against women
1346:Sex-selective abortion
31:
7137:Religious intolerance
7097:Political correctness
6927:Intersex human rights
6875:Cultural assimilation
6557:Religious persecution
6321:Disability hate crime
4926:Mo Ibrahim Foundation
4706:Professional courtesy
4669:Honest services fraud
4349:. September 24, 2014.
3730:www.service-public.fr
3344:10.1089/elj.2022.0041
3305:www.brennancenter.org
3184:Ressa, Maria (2022).
2832:Rick L. Hasen. 2020.
2701:U.S. Democratic Party
2693:U.S. Republican Party
2541:Further information:
2527:2010 federal election
2053:political campaigning
1911:Religious intolerance
1871:Political correctness
1693:Intersex human rights
1641:Cultural assimilation
1311:Religious persecution
1075:Disability hate crime
22:
7282:Political corruption
6542:Political repression
5548:Anti-left handedness
5538:Anti-intellectualism
4890:Institutions dealing
4624:Conflict of interest
4549:Political corruption
4042:Michael J. Klarman.
3598:The Brazilian Report
3511:The Intercept Brasil
2648:British Labour Party
2573:Council of Canadians
2424:parliamentary system
2368:Cost of Voting Index
2257:Photo identification
2167:Cost of Voting Index
1296:Political repression
278:Anti-left handedness
268:Anti-intellectualism
7045:Historical eugenics
6582:Segregation academy
6562:Religious terrorism
6351:Enemy of the people
6259:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
5785:Jehovah's Witnesses
5678:Perpetual foreigner
4731:Offshore investment
4458:"Voter+suppression"
4401:The Washington Post
4367:. November 4, 2016.
4331:. November 4, 2016.
4295:. December 9, 2015.
4232:. January 10, 2017.
4230:The Washington Post
4019:Kimberley Johnson.
3775:ynet (2019-04-10),
3281:Scientific American
2710:In 2013, after the
2685:grandfather clauses
2559:Shortly before the
2458:Australian citizens
2296:Information warfare
2286:election subversion
2222:Two-round elections
2124:is extremely rare.
2098:election subversion
2094:wisdom of the crowd
1819:Historical eugenics
1336:Segregation academy
1316:Religious terrorism
1105:Enemy of the people
1013:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
523:Jehovah's Witnesses
408:Perpetual foreigner
6957:Social integration
6952:Self-determination
6942:Racial integration
6890:Diversity training
6880:Cultural pluralism
6855:Affirmative action
6755:Racial segregation
6665:Crime of apartheid
6567:Religious violence
6077:Indigenous people
5472:Sexual orientation
5132:Warioba Commission
5070:(Papua New Guinea)
4814:Regulatory capture
4619:Commercial bribery
4419:The New York Times
4365:The New York Times
4347:The New York Times
4214:. August 24, 2017.
4098:www.apmreports.org
3958:Christina Rivers.
3029:The New York Times
2973:www.ips-journal.eu
2732:Coretta Scott King
2712:U.S. Supreme Court
2625:Election observers
2593:Voter Registration
2577:Conservative Party
2513:In July 2010, the
2359:Voter registration
2339:self-determination
2268:Influence of money
2234:off-year elections
2206:Frequent elections
2173:Disenfranchisement
2118:throwing out votes
1723:Social integration
1718:Self-determination
1708:Racial integration
1656:Diversity training
1646:Cultural pluralism
1621:Affirmative action
1515:Racial segregation
1425:Crime of apartheid
1321:Religious violence
823:Indigenous people
194:Sexual orientation
32:
7272:Voter suppression
7259:
7258:
7127:Racism by country
7055:Intersectionality
7040:Heteronormativity
6839:Voter suppression
6587:Sexual harassment
6386:Forced conversion
6306:Cultural genocide
5976:African Americans
5795:post–Cold War era
5780:Eastern Orthodoxy
5533:Anti-drug addicts
5528:Anti-homelessness
5455:Scientific racism
5311:
5310:
5307:
5306:
5147:
5146:
4885:
4884:
4862:Election security
4809:Political scandal
4544:Police corruption
4385:. April 13, 2017.
4313:. April 12, 2017.
4253:. August 2, 2016.
4077:978-0-7877-2730-7
4054:978-0-19-535167-5
4031:978-0-19-988904-4
3993:978-1-4042-0869-8
3947:978-1-4522-6571-1
3434:978-0-593-31586-6
3401:978-1-62097-677-7
3195:978-0-06-325751-1
2998:Electoral Studies
2920:978-0-358-17692-3
2874:978-0-06-287936-3
2474:Howard government
2434:Ballot referendum
2274:campaign spending
2226:primary elections
2149:Day-of experience
2041:Voter suppression
2038:
2037:
1901:Racism by country
1829:Intersectionality
1814:Heteronormativity
1598:Voter suppression
1341:Sexual harassment
1140:Forced conversion
1060:Cultural genocide
722:African Americans
533:post–Cold War era
518:Eastern Orthodoxy
263:Anti-drug addicts
258:Anti-homelessness
177:Scientific racism
7304:
7249:
7248:
7239:
7238:
7179:Social privilege
7164:Social exclusion
7092:Police brutality
7013:Multiculturalism
6983:Amatonormativity
6814:Social exclusion
6650:Age of candidacy
6450:Homeless dumping
6356:Ethnic cleansing
5338:
5331:
5324:
5315:
5314:
5158:
5157:
4896:
4895:
4877:Vote suppression
4764:Crony capitalism
4694:Hawala and crime
4684:Money laundering
4664:Graft (politics)
4644:Confidence trick
4585:
4584:
4579:Forms or aspects
4508:
4501:
4494:
4485:
4484:
4480:
4479:
4473:
4444:
4443:
4429:
4423:
4422:
4421:. June 13, 2017.
4411:
4405:
4404:
4403:. June 30, 2017.
4393:
4387:
4386:
4375:
4369:
4368:
4357:
4351:
4350:
4339:
4333:
4332:
4321:
4315:
4314:
4303:
4297:
4296:
4285:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4274:
4269:
4261:
4255:
4254:
4243:
4234:
4233:
4222:
4216:
4215:
4204:
4198:
4197:
4185:
4179:
4178:
4166:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4156:
4148:Orlando Sentinel
4138:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4114:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4089:
4080:
4063:
4057:
4040:
4034:
4017:
4011:
4002:
3996:
3979:
3973:
3956:
3950:
3933:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3905:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3872:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3862:
3847:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3831:www.facebook.com
3823:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3799:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3772:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3747:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3722:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3695:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3678:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3641:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3615:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3578:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3533:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3503:
3497:
3490:
3484:
3483:, 6 August 2010.
3477:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3453:
3447:
3446:
3420:
3414:
3413:
3387:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3363:
3357:
3356:
3346:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3110:
3104:
3097:
3088:
3087:
3061:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3020:
3014:
3013:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2906:
2887:
2886:
2860:
2786:Authoritarianism
2764:established the
2736:Native Americans
2621:Arab communities
2569:Elections Canada
2460:are expected to
2396:universal voting
2230:recall elections
2143:overwhelm voters
2062:authoritarianism
2030:
2023:
2016:
1953:Social privilege
1938:Social exclusion
1866:Police brutality
1787:Multiculturalism
1757:Amatonormativity
1574:Social exclusion
1410:Age of candidacy
1204:Homeless dumping
1110:Ethnic cleansing
57:
34:
33:
7312:
7311:
7307:
7306:
7305:
7303:
7302:
7301:
7287:Electoral fraud
7262:
7261:
7260:
7255:
7227:
7102:Polyculturalism
6998:Civil liberties
6966:
6947:Reappropriation
6848:Countermeasures
6843:
6772:Racial steering
6738:Numerus clausus
6642:
6636:
6361:Ethnic conflict
6296:Corrective rape
6247:
5894:
5741:
5633:HIV/AIDS stigma
5491:
5440:Mental disorder
5378:
5347:
5342:
5312:
5303:
5251:
5245:
5213:
5211:
5205:
5162:
5153:Anti-corruption
5143:
4940:
4892:with corruption
4891:
4881:
4857:Electoral fraud
4852:Ballot stuffing
4840:
4742:
4580:
4574:
4553:
4529:Corporate crime
4517:
4512:
4474:
4471:research papers
4456:
4453:
4448:
4447:
4430:
4426:
4413:
4412:
4408:
4395:
4394:
4390:
4377:
4376:
4372:
4359:
4358:
4354:
4341:
4340:
4336:
4323:
4322:
4318:
4305:
4304:
4300:
4287:
4286:
4282:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4263:
4262:
4258:
4245:
4244:
4237:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4206:
4205:
4201:
4186:
4182:
4167:
4163:
4154:
4152:
4139:
4135:
4126:
4124:
4122:www.crf-usa.org
4116:
4115:
4111:
4102:
4100:
4090:
4083:
4064:
4060:
4041:
4037:
4018:
4014:
4003:
3999:
3980:
3976:
3957:
3953:
3934:
3930:
3920:
3918:
3917:. 23 April 2015
3907:
3906:
3902:
3893:
3891:
3873:
3869:
3860:
3858:
3849:
3848:
3844:
3835:
3833:
3825:
3824:
3820:
3811:
3809:
3801:
3800:
3796:
3788:
3786:
3773:
3769:
3760:
3758:
3748:
3744:
3735:
3733:
3724:
3723:
3719:
3710:
3708:
3696:
3685:
3676:
3674:
3669:
3668:
3664:
3654:
3652:
3643:
3642:
3638:
3628:
3626:
3616:
3612:
3602:
3600:
3590:
3586:
3576:
3574:
3564:
3560:
3550:
3548:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3520:
3518:
3505:
3504:
3500:
3491:
3487:
3478:
3474:
3465:
3463:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3435:
3421:
3417:
3402:
3388:
3381:
3372:
3370:
3364:
3360:
3323:
3319:
3310:
3308:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3285:
3283:
3273:
3269:
3260:
3258:
3240:
3236:
3229:
3215:
3211:
3196:
3182:
3178:
3159:
3155:
3136:
3132:
3123:
3121:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3098:
3091:
3054:
3050:
3041:
3039:
3021:
3017:
2990:
2986:
2977:
2975:
2965:
2961:
2952:
2950:
2940:
2936:
2921:
2907:
2890:
2875:
2861:
2848:
2843:
2829:
2827:Further reading
2811:Unfair election
2801:Electoral fraud
2782:
2662:
2656:
2637:
2605:
2589:
2557:
2545:
2539:
2455:
2450:
2412:Winner-take-all
2409:
2392:
2376:
2356:
2344:path dependence
2331:
2319:
2298:
2290:electoral fraud
2272:Less-regulated
2270:
2254:
2214:
2208:
2195:criminal record
2175:
2151:
2135:
2130:
2085:
2034:
2005:
2004:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1876:Polyculturalism
1772:Civil liberties
1744:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1713:Reappropriation
1613:
1612:Countermeasures
1605:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1532:Racial steering
1498:Numerus clausus
1402:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1115:Ethnic conflict
1050:Corrective rape
1005:
997:
996:
995:
994:
993:
647:
636:
635:
634:
633:
632:
485:
475:
474:
473:
472:
471:
363:HIV/AIDS stigma
225:
217:
216:
215:
214:
213:
162:Mental disorder
104:
96:
95:
94:
93:
92:
65:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7310:
7300:
7299:
7294:
7292:Discrimination
7289:
7284:
7279:
7274:
7257:
7256:
7254:
7253:
7243:
7232:
7229:
7228:
7226:
7225:
7220:
7219:
7218:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7197:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7150:
7149:
7147:Reverse racism
7139:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7119:
7117:Prisoner abuse
7114:
7109:
7107:Power distance
7104:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7079:
7074:
7073:
7072:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7025:Ethnic penalty
7022:
7021:
7020:
7018:Neurodiversity
7015:
7005:
7003:Dehumanization
7000:
6995:
6993:Cisnormativity
6990:
6985:
6980:
6974:
6972:
6971:Related topics
6968:
6967:
6965:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6893:
6892:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6851:
6849:
6845:
6844:
6842:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6829:State religion
6826:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6810:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6768:
6767:
6765:Nuremberg Laws
6762:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6707:Ghetto benches
6704:
6702:Gerrymandering
6699:
6694:
6689:
6687:Gender pay gap
6684:
6683:
6682:
6677:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6646:
6644:
6641:Discriminatory
6638:
6637:
6635:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6518:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6470:Lavender scare
6467:
6465:Kill Haole Day
6462:
6460:Indian rolling
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6436:
6435:
6425:
6420:
6419:
6418:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6346:Eliminationism
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6281:Cancel culture
6278:
6273:
6268:
6267:
6266:
6255:
6253:
6252:Manifestations
6249:
6248:
6246:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6148:Middle Eastern
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6094:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5989:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5957:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5905:
5903:
5896:
5895:
5893:
5892:
5890:Zoroastrianism
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5866:
5865:
5855:
5854:
5853:
5852:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5821:
5820:
5819:
5817:Untouchability
5814:
5804:
5799:
5798:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5751:
5749:
5743:
5742:
5740:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5728:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5707:
5706:
5705:
5700:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5643:Leprosy stigma
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5499:
5497:
5493:
5492:
5490:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5458:
5457:
5452:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5386:
5384:
5380:
5379:
5377:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5355:
5353:
5349:
5348:
5345:Discrimination
5341:
5340:
5333:
5326:
5318:
5309:
5308:
5305:
5304:
5302:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5255:
5253:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5217:
5215:
5207:
5206:
5204:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5166:
5164:
5155:
5149:
5148:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5141:
5135:
5129:
5123:
5117:
5111:
5106:
5100:
5095:
5089:
5083:
5077:
5071:
5065:
5059:
5053:
5047:
5042:
5036:
5031:
5025:
5019:
5013:
5007:
5002:
4996:
4995:
4994:
4989:
4978:
4972:
4966:
4960:
4955:
4948:
4946:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4911:Global Witness
4908:
4902:
4900:
4893:
4887:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4880:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4867:Gerrymandering
4864:
4859:
4854:
4848:
4846:
4842:
4841:
4839:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4827:
4826:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4784:Ghost soldiers
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4750:
4748:
4744:
4743:
4741:
4740:
4739:
4738:
4733:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4697:
4696:
4691:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4640:
4639:
4634:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4597:
4591:
4589:
4582:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4572:
4567:
4561:
4559:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4525:
4523:
4519:
4518:
4511:
4510:
4503:
4496:
4488:
4482:
4481:
4452:
4451:External links
4449:
4446:
4445:
4424:
4406:
4388:
4370:
4352:
4334:
4316:
4298:
4280:
4256:
4235:
4217:
4199:
4180:
4161:
4133:
4109:
4081:
4065:Walter Hazen.
4058:
4035:
4012:
3997:
3974:
3951:
3935:Bret Carroll.
3928:
3900:
3867:
3857:. 5 April 2019
3842:
3818:
3807:www.i24news.tv
3794:
3767:
3742:
3717:
3683:
3662:
3636:
3610:
3584:
3558:
3528:
3498:
3485:
3472:
3448:
3433:
3415:
3400:
3379:
3358:
3337:(3): 220–228.
3317:
3307:. 20 July 2018
3292:
3267:
3234:
3228:978-0197519882
3227:
3209:
3194:
3176:
3153:
3130:
3105:
3089:
3070:(2): 412–427.
3048:
3015:
2984:
2959:
2934:
2919:
2888:
2873:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2806:Gerrymandering
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2781:
2778:
2681:literacy tests
2658:Main article:
2655:
2652:
2636:
2635:United Kingdom
2633:
2604:
2601:
2588:
2585:
2556:
2553:
2538:
2535:
2501:than Howard's
2487:Prime Minister
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:and policies.
2438:gerrymandering
2408:
2405:
2391:
2388:
2384:Open primaries
2375:
2372:
2355:
2352:
2330:
2327:
2318:
2315:
2297:
2294:
2269:
2266:
2253:
2252:Identification
2250:
2210:Main article:
2207:
2204:
2174:
2171:
2150:
2147:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2102:gerrymandering
2084:
2081:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2025:
2018:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1921:Reverse racism
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1891:Prisoner abuse
1888:
1883:
1881:Power distance
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1799:Ethnic penalty
1796:
1795:
1794:
1792:Neurodiversity
1789:
1779:
1777:Dehumanization
1774:
1769:
1767:Cisnormativity
1764:
1759:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1743:Related topics
1742:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1596:
1591:
1589:State religion
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1525:Nuremberg Laws
1522:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1467:Ghetto benches
1464:
1462:Gerrymandering
1459:
1454:
1449:
1447:Gender pay gap
1444:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1224:Lavender scare
1221:
1219:Kill Haole Day
1216:
1214:Indian rolling
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1179:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1100:Eliminationism
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1035:Cancel culture
1032:
1027:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1004:Manifestations
1003:
1002:
999:
998:
992:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
894:Middle Eastern
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
840:
839:
834:
829:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
735:
734:
729:
724:
714:
709:
704:
703:
702:
697:
692:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
651:
650:
649:
648:
642:
641:
638:
637:
631:
630:
628:Zoroastrianism
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
604:
603:
593:
592:
591:
590:
589:
584:
579:
574:
559:
558:
557:
555:Untouchability
552:
542:
537:
536:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
505:
500:
495:
489:
488:
487:
486:
481:
480:
477:
476:
470:
469:
464:
459:
458:
457:
452:
447:
437:
436:
435:
430:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
373:Leprosy stigma
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
240:
235:
229:
228:
227:
226:
223:
222:
219:
218:
212:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
180:
179:
174:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
124:
119:
114:
108:
107:
106:
105:
102:
101:
98:
97:
91:
90:
85:
80:
75:
69:
68:
67:
66:
63:
62:
59:
58:
50:
49:
47:Discrimination
43:
42:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7309:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7269:
7267:
7252:
7244:
7242:
7234:
7233:
7230:
7224:
7221:
7217:
7214:
7213:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7201:Social stigma
7199:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7181:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7148:
7145:
7144:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7071:
7068:
7067:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7010:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6975:
6973:
6969:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6891:
6888:
6887:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6852:
6850:
6846:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6824:State atheism
6822:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6789:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6760:Jim Crow laws
6758:
6757:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6745:One-drop rule
6743:
6741:
6739:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6672:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6660:Blood quantum
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6647:
6645:
6639:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6607:Victimisation
6605:
6603:
6602:Trans bashing
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6572:Religious war
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6552:Racialization
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6502:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6434:
6431:
6430:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6423:Glass ceiling
6421:
6417:
6414:
6413:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6366:Ethnic hatred
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6301:Counter-jihad
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6265:
6262:
6261:
6260:
6257:
6256:
6254:
6250:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6092:
6091:United States
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6078:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5973:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5955:
5954:United States
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5941:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5906:
5904:
5902:
5897:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5875:Protestantism
5873:
5871:
5868:
5864:
5861:
5860:
5859:
5856:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5831:
5830:
5827:
5826:
5825:
5822:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5809:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5790:LDS or Mormon
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5772:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5752:
5750:
5748:
5744:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5720:Transmisogyny
5718:
5716:
5713:
5712:
5711:
5708:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5695:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5623:Gerontophobia
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5543:Anti-intersex
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5518:Anti-albinism
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5500:
5498:
5494:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5447:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5387:
5385:
5381:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5359:Institutional
5357:
5356:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5339:
5334:
5332:
5327:
5325:
5320:
5319:
5316:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5256:
5254:
5248:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5218:
5216:
5210:International
5208:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5171:
5168:
5167:
5165:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5150:
5139:
5136:
5133:
5130:
5127:
5124:
5121:
5118:
5116:(South Korea)
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5093:
5090:
5087:
5084:
5081:
5078:
5075:
5072:
5069:
5066:
5063:
5060:
5057:
5054:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5029:
5026:
5023:
5020:
5017:
5014:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5000:
4997:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4976:
4973:
4970:
4967:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4943:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4901:
4899:International
4897:
4894:
4888:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4843:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4831:State capture
4829:
4825:
4822:
4821:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4774:Elite capture
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4745:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4728:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4686:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4590:
4586:
4583:
4581:of corruption
4577:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4556:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4509:
4504:
4502:
4497:
4495:
4490:
4489:
4486:
4478:
4472:
4470:
4465:
4464:
4459:
4455:
4454:
4441:
4440:
4439:The Intercept
4435:
4428:
4420:
4416:
4410:
4402:
4398:
4392:
4384:
4380:
4374:
4366:
4362:
4356:
4348:
4344:
4338:
4330:
4326:
4320:
4312:
4308:
4302:
4294:
4290:
4284:
4266:
4260:
4252:
4248:
4242:
4240:
4231:
4227:
4221:
4213:
4209:
4203:
4195:
4191:
4184:
4176:
4172:
4165:
4151:. Orlando, FL
4150:
4149:
4144:
4137:
4123:
4119:
4113:
4099:
4095:
4088:
4086:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4069:
4062:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4046:
4039:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4023:
4016:
4009:
4008:
4001:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3985:
3978:
3972:. pp. 146–48.
3971:
3970:0-472-11810-2
3967:
3963:
3962:
3955:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3939:
3932:
3916:
3915:
3910:
3904:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3871:
3856:
3852:
3846:
3832:
3828:
3827:"קייזלר ענבר"
3822:
3808:
3804:
3798:
3784:
3780:
3779:
3771:
3757:
3753:
3746:
3731:
3727:
3721:
3707:
3706:
3701:
3694:
3692:
3690:
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3646:
3640:
3625:
3621:
3614:
3599:
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3573:
3569:
3562:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3532:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3502:
3495:
3492:Brooker, Ron
3489:
3482:
3476:
3462:
3458:
3452:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3430:
3426:
3419:
3411:
3407:
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3397:
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3321:
3306:
3302:
3296:
3282:
3278:
3271:
3257:
3253:
3249:
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3238:
3230:
3224:
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3213:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3191:
3187:
3180:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3157:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3134:
3119:
3115:
3109:
3102:
3096:
3094:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3060:
3052:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3019:
3011:
3007:
3003:
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2995:
2988:
2974:
2970:
2963:
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2938:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2916:
2912:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2870:
2866:
2863:Litt (2020).
2859:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2846:
2835:
2831:
2830:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2816:Vote equality
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2791:Hybrid regime
2789:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2758:
2754:
2752:
2747:
2745:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2728:Jeff Sessions
2725:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2673:Jim Crow laws
2669:
2667:
2666:United States
2661:
2654:United States
2651:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2640:Lutfur Rahman
2632:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2600:
2598:
2597:voter turnout
2594:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2552:
2550:
2544:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2511:
2508:
2504:
2503:Liberal Party
2500:
2496:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2475:
2472:In 2006, the
2470:
2468:
2463:
2459:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2429:
2428:vote equality
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2404:
2400:
2397:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2371:
2369:
2364:
2360:
2351:
2349:
2348:national debt
2345:
2340:
2336:
2326:
2324:
2314:
2312:
2306:
2304:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2249:
2247:
2246:United States
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2213:
2212:Voter fatigue
2203:
2201:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2170:
2168:
2163:
2159:
2157:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2133:Ballot design
2125:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2110:voter turnout
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2090:voter fatigue
2080:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2069:voter fatigue
2065:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2031:
2026:
2024:
2019:
2017:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2008:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1975:Social stigma
1973:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
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1864:
1862:
1859:
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1807:
1805:
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1800:
1797:
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1790:
1788:
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1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
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1749:
1740:
1739:
1729:
1726:
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1721:
1719:
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1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
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1694:
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1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1609:
1608:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1584:State atheism
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1520:Jim Crow laws
1518:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1505:One-drop rule
1503:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1420:Blood quantum
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1398:
1397:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1361:Victimisation
1359:
1357:
1356:Trans bashing
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1326:Religious war
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1306:Racialization
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
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1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1177:Glass ceiling
1175:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1120:Ethnic hatred
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1055:Counter-jihad
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1001:
1000:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
838:
837:United States
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
824:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
719:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
701:
700:United States
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
687:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
652:
646:
640:
639:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
613:Protestantism
611:
609:
606:
602:
599:
598:
597:
594:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
569:
568:
565:
564:
563:
560:
556:
553:
551:
548:
547:
546:
543:
541:
538:
534:
531:
529:
528:LDS or Mormon
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
510:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
490:
484:
479:
478:
468:
465:
463:
460:
456:
453:
451:
450:Transmisogyny
448:
446:
443:
442:
441:
438:
434:
431:
429:
426:
425:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
353:Gerontophobia
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
273:Anti-intersex
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
248:Anti-albinism
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
230:
221:
220:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
178:
175:
173:
170:
169:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
109:
100:
99:
89:
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
73:Institutional
71:
70:
61:
60:
56:
52:
51:
48:
45:
44:
40:
36:
35:
29:
28:voting booths
25:
21:
7035:Gender-blind
6922:Human rights
6838:
6750:Racial quota
6737:
6717:Jewish quota
6697:Gerontocracy
6692:Gender roles
6670:Disabilities
6655:Blood purity
6627:Wife selling
6617:White flight
6597:Slut-shaming
6577:Scapegoating
6495:Murder music
6168:Palestinians
5986:South Africa
5971:Black people
5949:South Africa
5770:Christianity
5760:Baháʼí Faith
5688:Sectarianism
5628:Heterosexism
5593:Ephebiphobia
5558:Antisemitism
5553:Anti-Masonry
5420:Hair texture
5041:(Madagascar)
4965:(Bangladesh)
4872:Vote pairing
4824:Rent-setting
4819:Rent-seeking
4779:Failed state
4679:Match fixing
4649:Embezzlement
4628:Corporation
4600:Black market
4467:
4461:
4437:
4427:
4418:
4409:
4400:
4391:
4382:
4373:
4364:
4355:
4346:
4337:
4328:
4319:
4310:
4301:
4292:
4283:
4271:. Retrieved
4259:
4250:
4229:
4220:
4212:The Atlantic
4211:
4202:
4193:
4183:
4174:
4164:
4153:. Retrieved
4146:
4136:
4125:. Retrieved
4121:
4112:
4101:. Retrieved
4097:
4066:
4061:
4043:
4038:
4020:
4015:
4005:
4000:
3982:
3977:
3959:
3954:
3936:
3931:
3919:. Retrieved
3912:
3903:
3892:. Retrieved
3881:The Guardian
3880:
3870:
3859:. Retrieved
3854:
3845:
3834:. Retrieved
3830:
3821:
3810:. Retrieved
3806:
3797:
3787:, retrieved
3777:
3770:
3759:. Retrieved
3755:
3745:
3734:. Retrieved
3729:
3720:
3709:. Retrieved
3705:Toronto Star
3703:
3675:. Retrieved
3665:
3653:. Retrieved
3648:
3639:
3627:. Retrieved
3624:The Guardian
3623:
3613:
3601:. Retrieved
3597:
3587:
3575:. Retrieved
3571:
3561:
3549:. Retrieved
3540:
3531:
3519:. Retrieved
3510:
3501:
3488:
3479:Orr, Graeme
3475:
3464:. Retrieved
3460:
3451:
3424:
3418:
3391:
3371:. Retrieved
3361:
3334:
3330:
3320:
3309:. Retrieved
3304:
3295:
3284:. Retrieved
3280:
3270:
3259:. Retrieved
3247:
3237:
3218:
3212:
3185:
3179:
3170:
3166:
3156:
3147:
3143:
3133:
3122:. Retrieved
3120:. 2018-11-02
3117:
3108:
3067:
3063:
3051:
3040:. Retrieved
3028:
3018:
3004:(1): 65–79.
3001:
2997:
2987:
2976:. Retrieved
2972:
2962:
2951:. Retrieved
2948:The Atlantic
2947:
2937:
2910:
2864:
2833:
2821:Voter caging
2762:Donald Trump
2759:
2755:
2748:
2744:early voting
2740:
2720:
2709:
2706:
2670:
2663:
2638:
2629:Hanan Melcer
2606:
2590:
2558:
2546:
2517:lobby group
2512:
2492:
2471:
2456:
2432:
2410:
2407:Wasted votes
2401:
2393:
2390:Voter apathy
2377:
2363:registration
2357:
2333:The lack of
2332:
2320:
2307:
2299:
2271:
2261:transitioned
2255:
2215:
2176:
2164:
2160:
2156:vote by mail
2152:
2136:
2120:, even when
2086:
2073:intimidating
2066:
2040:
2039:
1809:Gender-blind
1688:Human rights
1510:Racial quota
1497:
1477:Jewish quota
1457:Gerontocracy
1452:Gender roles
1430:Disabilities
1415:Blood purity
1381:Wife selling
1371:White flight
1351:Slut-shaming
1331:Scapegoating
1249:Murder music
914:Palestinians
732:South Africa
717:Black people
695:South Africa
508:Christianity
498:Baháʼí Faith
418:Sectarianism
358:Heterosexism
323:Ephebiphobia
288:Antisemitism
283:Anti-Masonry
142:Hair texture
6937:Nonviolence
6932:LGBT rights
6897:Empowerment
6865:Anti-racism
6787:Segregation
6732:No kid zone
6532:Persecution
6445:Hate speech
6396:Gay bashing
6371:Ethnic joke
6326:Dog whistle
6271:Blood libel
5966:Azerbaijani
5870:Neopaganism
5863:Persecution
5829:Persecution
5812:Persecution
5775:Catholicism
5710:Transphobia
5693:Supremacism
5648:Lesbophobia
5563:Aporophobia
5523:Anti-autism
5374:Taste-based
5369:Statistical
5214:and efforts
5212:instruments
5163:enforcement
5105:(Singapore)
5018:(Indonesia)
4954:(Argentina)
4836:State crime
4794:Mafia state
4789:Kleptocracy
4754:Clientelism
4721:Tax evasion
4604:Grey market
4469:Open access
4273:January 23,
3732:(in French)
2770:Kris Kobach
2242:Switzerland
2224:(including
2191:citizenship
2122:voter fraud
1703:Nonviolence
1698:LGBT rights
1663:Empowerment
1631:Anti-racism
1547:Segregation
1492:No kid zone
1286:Persecution
1199:Hate speech
1150:Gay bashing
1125:Ethnic joke
1080:Dog whistle
1025:Blood libel
712:Azerbaijani
608:Neopaganism
601:Persecution
567:Persecution
550:Persecution
513:Catholicism
440:Transphobia
423:Supremacism
378:Lesbophobia
293:Aporophobia
253:Anti-autism
88:Taste-based
83:Statistical
7266:Categories
7211:Stereotype
7206:Speciesism
7087:Oppression
7082:Oikophobia
6978:Allophilia
6962:Toleration
6819:Sodomy law
6712:Internment
6632:Witch-hunt
6510:Blackhawks
6440:Hate group
6428:Hate crime
6401:Gendercide
6391:Freak show
6381:Excellence
6341:Employment
6311:Defamation
6243:Vietnamese
6238:Venezuelan
6128:Lithuanian
5802:Falun Gong
5737:Xenophobia
5732:Vegaphobia
5715:Non-binary
5673:Pedophobia
5638:Homophobia
5450:Skin color
5410:Disability
5383:Attributes
5364:Structural
5289:Yo Soy 132
5134:(Tanzania)
5064:(Pakistan)
4977:(Cameroon)
4804:Plutocracy
4759:Coronelism
4716:Slush fund
4515:Corruption
4463:Core.ac.uk
4383:The Nation
4329:The Nation
4155:2016-02-26
4127:2020-10-07
4103:2020-10-07
3894:2020-07-05
3861:2020-07-05
3836:2019-04-10
3812:2019-04-10
3789:2019-04-10
3761:2019-04-10
3736:2021-05-15
3711:2013-05-27
3677:2012-11-19
3655:31 October
3629:31 October
3603:31 October
3577:31 October
3466:2022-12-15
3443:1286675891
3410:1252962012
3373:2023-01-30
3311:2023-01-08
3286:2023-08-16
3261:2022-12-09
3204:1333867107
3150:: 351–369.
3124:2023-01-30
3042:2023-01-05
2978:2023-10-11
2953:2023-09-21
2929:1124772479
2883:1120147424
2841:References
2677:poll taxes
2531:enrollment
2477:electoral
2467:voting age
2448:By country
2282:Corruption
2106:corruption
1985:Stereotype
1980:Speciesism
1861:Oppression
1856:Oikophobia
1752:Allophilia
1728:Toleration
1579:Sodomy law
1472:Internment
1386:Witch-hunt
1264:Blackhawks
1194:Hate group
1182:Hate crime
1155:Gendercide
1145:Freak show
1135:Excellence
1095:Employment
1065:Defamation
989:Vietnamese
984:Venezuelan
874:Lithuanian
540:Falun Gong
467:Xenophobia
462:Vegaphobia
445:Non-binary
403:Pedophobia
368:Homophobia
172:Skin color
132:Disability
103:Attributes
78:Structural
7297:Injustice
7184:Christian
7112:Prejudice
7060:Masculism
7008:Diversity
6802:religious
6777:Redlining
6376:Ethnocide
6336:Education
6228:Ukrainian
6163:Pakistani
6153:Mongolian
6081:Australia
6063:Hungarian
6018:Colombian
5998:Bulgarian
5880:Rastafari
5834:Ahmadiyya
5747:Religious
5725:Trans men
5683:Pregnancy
5618:Gayphobia
5613:Fatphobia
5508:Acephobia
5503:Arophobia
5487:Viewpoint
5252:movements
5172:(pending)
5140:(Vietnam)
5128:(Ukraine)
5088:(Romania)
5082:(Romania)
5058:(Nigeria)
5052:(Myanmar)
5030:(Liberia)
5001:(Croatia)
4971:(Burundi)
4845:Elections
4726:Tax haven
4654:Extortion
4614:Collusion
4595:Baksheesh
4194:FRONTLINE
4175:FRONTLINE
3889:0261-3077
3803:"i24NEWS"
3649:France 24
3551:2 October
3521:1 October
3353:1533-1296
3256:1059-1028
3084:0022-3816
3037:0362-4331
2515:left-wing
2483:Australia
2453:Australia
2440:or other
2380:primaries
2311:Knowledge
2278:lobbyists
2187:residence
1958:Christian
1886:Prejudice
1834:Masculism
1782:Diversity
1562:religious
1537:Redlining
1130:Ethnocide
1090:Education
974:Ukrainian
909:Pakistani
899:Mongolian
827:Australia
809:Hungarian
764:Colombian
744:Bulgarian
618:Rastafari
572:Ahmadiyya
483:Religious
455:Trans men
413:Pregnancy
348:Gayphobia
343:Fatphobia
238:Acephobia
233:Arophobia
209:Viewpoint
7241:Category
7223:The talk
7159:Snobbery
7077:Net bias
6907:Feminism
6834:Ugly law
6675:Catholic
6643:policies
6490:Mortgage
6485:Lynching
6416:examples
6411:Genocide
6331:Economic
6316:Democide
6276:Bullying
6193:Romanian
6158:Nigerian
6108:Japanese
6043:Georgian
6028:Filipino
5961:Assyrian
5934:Armenian
5924:American
5919:Albanian
5901:National
5885:Yazidism
5807:Hinduism
5765:Buddhism
5668:Nepotism
5663:Misogyny
5658:Misandry
5583:Cronyism
5578:Clannism
5573:Biphobia
5513:Adultism
5430:Language
5161:Laws and
5094:(Russia)
5076:(Poland)
5024:(Latvia)
4983:(China)
4945:National
4799:Nepotism
4769:Cronyism
4674:Kickback
4079:. p. 38.
4056:. p. 70.
4033:. p. 97.
3949:. p. 89.
3921:23 April
3914:BBC News
3783:archived
3756:Ynetnews
3545:Archived
3515:Archived
2780:See also
2716:voter ID
2646:for the
2642:was the
2244:and the
2045:election
1997:The talk
1933:Snobbery
1851:Net bias
1673:Feminism
1594:Ugly law
1435:Catholic
1401:Policies
1244:Mortgage
1239:Lynching
1170:examples
1165:Genocide
1085:Economic
1070:Democide
1030:Bullying
939:Romanian
904:Nigerian
854:Japanese
789:Georgian
774:Filipino
707:Assyrian
680:Armenian
670:American
665:Albanian
645:national
623:Yazidism
545:Hinduism
503:Buddhism
398:Nepotism
393:Misogyny
388:Misandry
313:Cronyism
308:Clannism
303:Biphobia
243:Adultism
152:Language
39:a series
37:Part of
7251:Commons
7030:Figleaf
6455:Housing
6223:Turkish
6173:Pashtun
6143:Mexican
6123:Kurdish
6103:Italian
6053:Haitian
6038:Finnish
6013:Chinese
6008:Chechen
6003:Catalan
5993:Bengali
5914:African
5899:Ethnic/
5858:Judaism
5849:Sunnism
5839:Shi'ism
5755:Atheism
5588:Elitism
5477:Species
5415:Genetic
5405:Dialect
5250:Protest
5122:(Spain)
5012:(India)
4711:Scandal
4609:Bribery
4588:General
4311:Esquire
3572:Reuters
3461:NPR.org
2664:In the
2613:Knesset
2581:ridings
2547:In the
2497:or the
2303:treason
2218:turnout
2181:due to
2128:By type
2114:pretext
2058:turnout
1804:Figleaf
1209:Housing
969:Turkish
919:Pashtun
889:Mexican
869:Kurdish
849:Italian
799:Haitian
784:Finnish
759:Chinese
754:Chechen
749:Catalan
739:Bengali
660:African
643:Ethnic/
596:Judaism
587:Sunnism
577:Shi'ism
493:Atheism
318:Elitism
199:Species
137:Genetic
127:Dialect
7216:threat
7070:autism
6807:sexual
6797:racial
6680:Jewish
6537:Pogrom
6515:Chiefs
6505:Braves
6233:Uyghur
6208:Somali
6203:Slavic
6188:Romani
6183:Quebec
6178:Polish
6118:Korean
6113:Jewish
6086:Canada
6073:Indian
6058:Hazara
6033:Fulani
5944:France
5909:Afghan
5844:Sufism
5568:Audism
5496:Social
5425:Height
5039:BIANCO
4196:. PBS.
4177:. PBS.
4075:
4052:
4029:
3991:
3968:
3945:
3887:
3441:
3431:
3408:
3398:
3351:
3254:
3225:
3202:
3192:
3082:
3035:
2927:
2917:
2881:
2871:
2683:, and
2609:Israel
2603:Israel
2587:France
2555:Canada
2537:Brazil
2519:GetUp!
2499:Greens
2485:, the
2462:enroll
2232:, and
2139:ballot
2104:, and
2083:Impact
2049:voting
1990:threat
1844:autism
1567:sexual
1557:racial
1440:Jewish
1291:Pogrom
1269:Chiefs
1259:Braves
979:Uyghur
954:Somali
949:Slavic
934:Romani
929:Quebec
924:Polish
864:Korean
859:Jewish
832:Canada
819:Indian
804:Hazara
779:Fulani
690:France
655:Afghan
582:Sufism
298:Audism
224:Social
147:Height
24:Voters
7194:white
6547:Purge
6213:Tatar
6138:Māori
6133:Malay
6098:Irish
6048:Greek
6023:Croat
5981:China
5939:Asian
5824:Islam
5698:White
5435:Looks
5400:Class
5395:Caste
5352:Forms
4999:USKOK
4747:State
4659:Fraud
4637:Shell
4632:Dummy
4268:(PDF)
3248:Wired
2617:Likud
2238:Japan
2193:, or
2071:, to
1968:white
1301:Purge
959:Tatar
884:Māori
879:Malay
844:Irish
794:Greek
769:Croat
727:China
685:Asian
562:Islam
428:White
157:Looks
122:Class
117:Caste
64:Forms
7189:male
6988:Bias
6433:LGBT
6218:Thai
6198:Serb
6068:Igbo
5929:Arab
5703:Male
5482:Size
5462:Rank
4275:2018
4073:ISBN
4050:ISBN
4027:ISBN
3989:ISBN
3966:ISBN
3943:ISBN
3923:2015
3885:ISSN
3657:2022
3631:2022
3605:2022
3579:2022
3553:2022
3523:2022
3439:OCLC
3429:ISBN
3406:OCLC
3396:ISBN
3349:ISSN
3252:ISSN
3223:ISBN
3200:OCLC
3190:ISBN
3173:(1).
3080:ISSN
3033:ISSN
2925:OCLC
2915:ISBN
2879:OCLC
2869:ISBN
2479:writ
2177:The
2165:The
2116:for
1963:male
1762:Bias
1187:LGBT
964:Thai
944:Serb
814:Igbo
675:Arab
433:Male
204:Size
184:Rank
6792:age
5467:Sex
5390:Age
5016:KPK
4293:CNN
4251:NPR
3339:doi
3072:doi
3006:doi
2697:AMP
2288:or
2228:),
2183:age
2075:or
2064:.
1552:age
189:Sex
112:Age
26:at
7268::
4602:/
4466:,
4460:,
4436:.
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3541:G1
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3092:^
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