Social determinants of health

3063:, drinking, smoking or drug use) are more likely to see negative health effects of stress. Vape shops are also found more in low socioeconomic status areas. The owners target these areas in particular to gain profit. Since people with low-income status are not highly educated, they are more prone to make poor health behavior choices. Socioeconomic status also has a huge impact in lives of people of color. According to Kids Count Data Center, Children in Poverty 2014, in the United States 39% of African American children and adolescents, and 33% of Latino children and adolescents are living in poverty (Kids Count Data Center, Children in Poverty 2014). The stress these racial groups with low socioeconomic status face, is higher than the same race group from a high-income community. According to the research done on socioeconomic disparities in vape shop density and proximity to public schools, the researchers found that vape shops were located a lot more in the areas with schools where African-Americans/Latinos/Hispanic students were in higher population than the areas with schools where White population was more. 2116:(CDC) defines social determinants of health as "life-enhancing resources. In the realm of public health, the concept of social determinants of health (SDOH) has emerged as a crucial framework for comprehending the myriad factors that influence an individual’s well-being. While medical care and genetics play significant roles, a person’s health outcomes are also profoundly shaped by their social, economic, and environmental conditions. Understanding these determinants is imperative for devising effective strategies to address health disparities and promote equitable access to healthcare. Some of the main social factors that shape one's health include Socioeconomic Status (SES), education, neighborhood and physical environment, social support networks, healthcare access and quality, and economic stability. 3199:

vacuum. Their quality and availability to the population are usually a result of public policy decisions made by governing authorities. For example, early life is shaped by availability of sufficient material resources that assure adequate educational opportunities, food, and housing among others. Much of this has to do with the employment security and the quality of working conditions and wages. The availability of quality, regulated childcare is an especially important policy option in support of early life. These are not issues that usually come under individual control but rather they are socially constructed conditions which require institutional responses. A policy-oriented approach places such findings within a broader policy context. In this context,

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to prioritize health over profit. This organization asks congress to control the rising costs of pharmaceuticals by encouraging competition between manufacturers, and improving transparency in drug pricing. In this value initiative, they have started the Affordability Advocacy Agenda (AAA) which improves the ongoing policy and advocacy activities. With the Covid-19 pandemic health care spending increased and there was a rise in hospitalizations and therefore a rise in demand for health care providers. The price for care has increased and there aren't enough workers to meet the demand for care. The AAA and congress are working together to provide relief from the pandemic in order to make healthcare more affordable to all.

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they need for their health with peace of mind. The act was passed by congress at the end of 2020 and offers protection against insured Americans getting surprise bills from out-of-network providers. They struggled to find an amount that an insurer should pay to the out-of-network provider, but eventually found an amount and the law is now in effect as of January 2022. When it comes to out-of-network providers, patients often rely on these services in an emergency and then get stuck with the bill afterwards. Air Ambulance bills are a big problem for consumers, not just because they are out of network and cost a lot, but also for their lack of billing transparency. Since the

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structural drivers of conditions of daily life, globally, nationally, and locally; and measure the problem, evaluate action, and expand the knowledge base." These recommendations would involve providing resources such as quality education, decent housing, access to affordable health care, access to healthy food, and safe places to exercise for everyone despite gaps in affluence. Expansion of knowledge of the social determinants of health, including among healthcare workers, can improve the quality and standard of care for people who are marginalized, poor or living in developing nations by preventing early death and disability while working to improve quality of life.

2976:. There are two mechanisms by which this occurs. At the individual level, the perception and experience of one's status in unequal societies lead to stress and poor health. Feelings of shame, worthlessness, and envy can lead to harmful effects upon neuro-endocrine, autonomic and metabolic, and immune systems. Comparisons to those of a higher social class can also lead to attempts to alleviate such feelings by overspending, taking on additional employment that threaten health, and adopting health-threatening coping behaviors such as overeating and using alcohol and tobacco. At the communal level, widening and strengthening of hierarchy weakens 2806: 31: 3169:

lowest poverty rates are more common in smaller well-developed and high-spending welfare states like Sweden and Finland, with about 5 or 6 percent. Middle-level rates are found in major European countries where unemployment compensation is more generous and social policies provide more generous support to single mothers and working women (through paid family leave, for example), and where social assistance minimums are high. For instance, the Netherlands, Austria, Belgium and Germany have poverty rates that are in the 7 to 8 percent range.

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flooring, removal of lead paint, etc. can have a direct impact on health. In addition, there is a fair amount of evidence to prove that external urban development interventions such as transportation improvements or improved walkability of neighborhoods (which is highly effective in developed countries) can have health benefits. Affordable housing options (including public housing) can make large contributions to both social determinants of health, as well as the local economy, and access to public natural areas -including

2837:. However, there is substantial variation in health care systems and coverage from country to country. The commission also calls for government action on such things as access to clean water and safe, equitable working conditions, and it notes that dangerous working conditions exist even in some wealthy countries. In the Rio Political Declaration on Social Determinants of Health, several key areas of action were identified to address inequalities, including promotion of participatory 2263:

preventive services, and treatment for chronic conditions. Disparities in healthcare access contribute to inequities in health outcomes among different populations. The quality of healthare system of a state is also dependent on how developed a country is. The government should ensure a suitable working conditions for workers working in the healt industry. If the state fails to ensure these conditions, there is a high chance of qualified people to leave the country.

11769: 9101: 2719:, and many other indicators of health in different racial and ethnic groups are well documented. Epidemiological data indicate that racial groups are unequally affected by diseases, in terms or morbidity and mortality. Some individuals in certain racial groups receive less care, have less access to resources, and live shorter lives in general. Overall, racial health disparities appear to be rooted in social disadvantages associated with race such as 3299:

of the commission was based on development goals, and thus, connected social determinants of health discourse to economic growth and bridging gaps in the healthcare system. This report made three broad recommendations regarding social determinants of health that needed to be addressed. The first imperative was to improve daily living conditions, including work and home physical environments, early childhood development and education, and

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schools to foster exercise among children rather than raising the amount of financial or housing resources available to families. Indeed, for every social determinant of health, an individualized manifestation of each is available. There is little evidence to suggest the efficacy of such approaches in improving the health status of those most vulnerable to illness in the absence of efforts to modify their adverse living conditions.

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health, and as Bushra (2011) posits, the impacts of globalization are unequal. Globalization has caused an uneven distribution of wealth and power both within and across national borders, and where and in what situation a person is born has an enormous impact on their health outcomes. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development found significant differences among developed nations in

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unconditional cash transfers may not improve health services use. However, they lead to a large, clinically meaningful reduction in the likelihood of being sick by an estimated 27%. Unconditional cash transfers may also improve food security and dietary diversity. Children in recipient families are more likely to attend school, and the cash transfers may increase money spent on health care.

2310: 2980:, which is a determinant of health. The social comparison approach directs attention to the psychosocial effects of public policies that weaken the social determinants of health. However, these effects may be secondary to how societies distribute material resources and provide security to its citizens, which are described in the materialist and neo-materialist approaches. 2214:. Unfortunately, there is no agreed-upon taxonomy or criteria as to what should be considered a social determinant of health. In the literature, a subjective assessment—whether social factors impacting health are avoidable through structural changes in policy and practice—seems to be the dominant way of identifying a social determinant of health. The increase of 2647:, women have historically experienced a disproportionate amount of health inequity. This stems from the fact that many cultural ideologies and practices have created a structured patriarchal society where women's experiences are discredited. Additionally, women are typically restricted from receiving certain opportunities such as 2081:

and have a direct correlation with health equity. This includes: Access to health education, community and social context, access to quality healthcare, food security, neighborhood and physical environment, and economic stability. Up to 80% of a person's health is determined by SDOH, not clinical care and genetics.

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health outcomes. Various interventions have been made to improve health conditions worldwide, although measuring the efficacy of such interventions is difficult. Social determinants are important considerations within clinical settings. Public policy has shaped and continues to shape social determinants of health.

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accountability for the pledges made by countries in the Rio Political Declaration on Social Determinants of Health, the World Health Organization and United Nations Children's Fund called for the monitoring of intersectoral interventions on the social determinants of health that improve health equity.

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across the lifespan. The second recommendation was to disrupt the distribution of power, money, and resources, including social inequities such as gender disparities; this recommendation involves a more active role on the part of government. Third, the report calls for a global acknowledgement of the

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Three common interventions for improving social determinant outcomes as identified by the WHO are education, social security and urban development. However, evaluation of interventions has been difficult due to the nature of the interventions, their impact and the fact that the interventions strongly

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Pathway effects are experiences that set individuals onto trajectories that influence health, well-being, and competence over the life course. As one example, children who enter school with delayed vocabulary are set upon a path that leads to lower educational expectations, poor employment prospects,

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Financial stability plays a pivotal role in shaping health outcomes. Stable employment, living wages, and social safety nets contribute to better physical and mental health by reducing stress, enabling access to healthcare, and facilitating healthy lifestyle choices. Conversely, economic instability,

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Access to healthcare services is a critical determinant of health outcomes. Factors such as health insurance coverage, proximity to healthcare facilities, availability of primary care providers, and affordability of services significantly influence an individual’s ability to seek timely medical care,

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Health starts where we live, learn, work, and play. SDOH are the conditions and environments in which people are born, live, work, play, worship, and age that affect a wide range of health, functioning, and quality-of-life outcomes and risk. They are non-medical factors that influence health outcomes

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In 2008, the WHO Commission on Social Determinants of Health published a report entitled "Closing the Gap in a Generation", which aimed to understand, from a social justice perspective, how health inequity could be remedied, and what actions could combat factors that exacerbated injustices. The work

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and this rule was made by the Biden-Harris administration. Patients should not be billed more than they expected to pay, it is often noticed with emergency services and this rule will stop patients from getting worried about any bills out of their budget, and they will be able to get the proper care

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This initiative educates the public and makes sure there is transparency in pricing of hospital bills, making sure patients are not billed more than they should be. It also addresses the cost drivers in the healthcare system, and urges for legislators to take action to make healthcare affordable and

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A team of the Cochrane Collaboration conducted the first comprehensive systematic review of the health impact of unconditional cash transfers, as an increasingly common up-stream, structural social determinant of health. The review of 21 studies, including 16 randomized controlled trials, found that

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A clinical study done by researchers at the University of California San Francisco, indicated that connecting patients with the resources to utilize and contact social services during clinical visits, significantly decreased families social needs and significantly improved children's overall health.

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is able to be used on social determinant interventions, cost-benefit analysis is able to better capture the effects of an intervention on multiple sectors of the economy. For example, tobacco interventions have shown to decrease tobacco use, but also prolong lifespans, increasing lifetime healthcare

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Review of the health impact of unconditional cash transfers in low- and middle-income countries found a large body of evidence that these cash transfers clinically meaningfully reduce in the likelihood of being sick (by an estimated 27%), may also improve food security and dietary diversity, and may

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The neo-materialist approach is concerned with how nations, regions, and cities differ on how economic and other resources are distributed among the population. This distribution of resources can vary widely from country to country. The neo-materialist view focuses on both the social determinants of

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Work is a defined social determinant of health, meaning that the conditions at work are a key aspect in determining the health of an individual. This was demonstrated notably during the COVID-19 pandemic when members of the essential workforce were exposed to a much higher risk of the disease by the

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endowments, health can influence an individual's ability to reach his or her full potential in society. Yet while gender equality has made the most progress in areas such as education and labor force participation, health inequality between men and women continues to harm many societies to this day.

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and healthcare as a medical treatment, meaning that a larger consideration of social determinants of health was emerging in the policy. The ACA established community change through initiatives like providing Community Transformation Grants to community organizations, which opened up further debates

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Connecting patients with the necessary social services during their visits to hospitals or medical clinics is an important factor in preventing patients from experiencing decreased health outcomes as a result of social or environmental factors. This can take the form of community health workers who

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Social Protection: Interventions such as "health-related cash transfers", maternal education, and nutrition-based social protections have been shown to have a positive impact on health outcomes. However, the full economic costs and impacts generated of social security interventions are difficult to

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Stress can also be seen to have an indirect effect on health status. One way this happens is due to the strain on the psychological resources of the stressed individual. Chronic stress is common in those of a low socio-economic status, who are having to balance worries about financial security, how

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Social factors like whether one lives with others may affect vaccine uptake. For example, older individuals who live alone are much more likely not to take up vaccines compared to those living with other people. Other factors may be racial, with minority groups being affected by low vaccine uptake.

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Life-course approaches emphasize the accumulated effects of experience across the life span in understanding the maintenance of health and the onset of disease. The economic and social conditions – the social determinants of health – under which individuals live their lives have a cumulative effect

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The materialist approach offers insight into the sources of health inequalities among individuals and nations. Adoption of health-threatening behaviors is also influenced by material deprivation and stress. Environments influence whether individuals take up tobacco, use alcohol, consume poor diets,

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Early childhood development can be promoted or disrupted as a result of the social and environmental factors affecting the mother, while the child is still in the womb. Janet Currie's research finds that women in New York City receiving assistance from the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for

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The list of social determinants of health can be much longer. A 2019 article identified several other social determinants, including culture or social norms; media, stigma, and discrimination; immigration; religion; and access to broadband internet service. Additional research indicates that social

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Yet it is not uncommon to see governmental and other authorities individualize these issues. Governments may view early life as being primarily about parental behaviors towards their children. They then focus upon promoting better parenting, assist in having parents read to their children, or urge

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In addition, within the clinical setting, it was noted that in order to better health outcomes for the patients in any clinical setting, a collection of SHD data should be documented. This helps maintain the connection between healthcare systems and organizations that address these needs that were

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Cumulative effects are the accumulation of advantage or disadvantage over time that manifests itself in poor health, in particular between women and men. These involve the combination of latent and pathways effects. Adopting a life-course perspective directs attention to how social determinants of

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are particularly important, as elevated stress hormones in children interfere with the development of brain circuitry and connections, causing long term chemical damage. In most wealthy countries, the relative child poverty rate is 10 percent or less; in the United States, it is 21.9 percent. The

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comparison. The materialist view explains how living conditions – and the social determinants of health that constitute these living conditions – shape health. The neo-materialist explanation extends the materialist analysis by asking how these living conditions occur. The psychosocial comparison

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At the core of SDOH lies socioeconomic status (SES). Income, education, and occupation significantly impact health outcomes. Individuals with higher incomes generally have better access to healthcare, healthier lifestyles, and improved living conditions. Conversely, those with lower incomes often

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Health disparities exist in countries around the world. There are various theoretical approaches to social determinants, including the life-course perspective. Chronic stress, which is experienced more frequently by those living with adverse social and economic conditions, has been linked to poor

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Urban Development: Urban development interventions include a wide variety of potential targets such as housing, transportation, and infrastructure improvements. The health benefits are considerable (especially for children), because housing improvements such as smoke alarm installation, concrete

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Because many of the jobs associated with higher health risks are essential to society, it is important to implement policies to mitigate the inequities experienced by these workers. A "good job" is defined by the CDC as one that is safe and healthy; has sufficient income and benefits; allows for

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Strong social connections and support systems are vital for maintaining good health. Friends, family, and community networks provide emotional support, practical assistance, and a sense of belonging, which buffer against stress and contribute to mental and physical well-being. Conversely, social

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says that "the social determinants can be more important than health care or lifestyle choices in influencing health." and "This unequal distribution of health-damaging experiences is not in any sense a 'natural' phenomenon but is the result of a toxic combination of poor social policies, unfair

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The 2011 World Conference on Social Determinants of Health, in which 125 delegations participated, created the Rio Political Declaration on Social Determinants of Health. With a series of affirmations and announcements, the Declaration aimed to communicate that the social conditions in which an

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The United States Department of Health and Human Services includes social determinants in its model of population health, and one of its missions is to strengthen policies which are backed by the best available evidence and knowledge in the field. Social determinants of health do not exist in a

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In addition to this, the way that an individual responds to stress can influence their health status. Often, individuals responding to chronic stress will develop potentially positive or negative coping behaviors. People who cope with stress through positive behaviors such as exercise or social

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Even in the wealthiest countries, there are health inequalities between the rich and the poor. Researchers Labonte and Schrecker from the Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine at the University of Ottawa emphasize that globalization is key to understanding the social determinants of

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Education: Many scientific studies have been conducted and strongly suggests that increased quantity and quality of education leads to benefits to both the individual and society (e.g. improved labor productivity). Health and economic outcome improvements can be seen in health measures such as

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of healing studies has found that there is a robust relationship between elevated stress levels and slower healing for many different acute and chronic conditions However, it is also important to note that certain factors, such as coping styles and social support, can mitigate the relationship

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Vardavas, Constantine; Nikitara, Katerina; Aslanoglou, Katerina; Lagou, Ioanna; Marou, Valia; Phalkey, Revati; Leonardi-Bee, Jo; Fernandez, Esteve; Vivilaki, Victoria; Kamekis, Apostolos; Symvoulakis, Emmanouil; Noori, Teymur; Wuerz, Andrea; Suk, Jonathan E.; Deogan, Charlotte (October 2023).

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The Rio Political Declaration on Social Determinants of Health embraces a transparent, participatory model of policy development that, among other things, addresses the social determinants of health leading to persistent health inequalities for indigenous peoples. In 2017, citing the need for

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Where people live profoundly impacts their health. Access to green spaces, safe housing, clean air, and reliable public transportation all contribute to overall well-being. Conversely, living in areas with environmental pollution, limited access to fresh foods, high crime rates, or inadequate

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The Commission on Social Determinants of Health made recommendations in 2005 for action to promote health equity based on three principles: "improve the circumstances in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age; tackle the inequitable distribution of power, money, and resources, the

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was 206.3 per 100,000 for adults aged 25 to 64 years with little education beyond high school, but was twice as great (477.6 per 100,000) for those with only a high school education and three times as great (650.4 per 100,000) for those less educated. Based on the data collected, the social

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Education serves as a cornerstone of health. Higher levels of education are associated with better health outcomes due to increased health literacy, better employment prospects, and access to resources for healthier lifestyles. Moreover, education fosters critical thinking skills, enabling

3254:, which allows air ambulance to make their own prices, federal solutions to this increasing cost of emergency care is needed. A possible solution is to allow air ambulance services to be administered and financed in a way that combines competitive bidding and public utility regulation. 2227:

face barriers to accessing quality healthcare, nutritious food, safe housing, and educational opportunities. The stress of financial instability can also exacerbate health issues. This incovenience can be further passed down to generations, as parents teach their children these habits.

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upon the probability of developing any number of diseases, including heart disease and stroke. Studies into the childhood and adulthood antecedents of adult-onset diabetes show that adverse economic and social conditions across the life span predispose individuals to this disorder.

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they will feed their families, housing status, and many other concerns. Therefore, individuals with these kinds of worries may lack the emotional resources to adopt positive health behaviors. Chronically stressed individuals may therefore be less likely to prioritize their health.

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costs and is therefore marked as a failed intervention by cost-effectiveness, but not cost-benefit. Another issue with research in this area is that most of the current scientific papers focus on rich, developed countries, and there is a lack of research in developing countries.

3113:, and market participation trends. Examples of interventions include decreasing size of classes and providing additional resources to low-income school districts. However, there is currently insufficient evidence to support education as a social determinants intervention with a 5435:

Raphael, Dennis; Anstice, Susan; Raine, Kim; McGannon, Kerry R.; Kamil Rizvi, Syed; Yu, Vanessa (2003). "The social determinants of the incidence and management of type 2 diabetes mellitus: Are we prepared to rethink our questions and redirect our research activities?".

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Marmot and Bell of the University College London found that in wealthy countries, income and mortality are correlated as a marker of relative position within society, and this relative position is related to social conditions that are important for health including good

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position is a powerful predictor of health. Material conditions of life determine health by influencing the quality of individual development, family life and interaction, and community environments. Material conditions of life lead to differing likelihood of physical

2949:, preparation for work, and family life) problems. Material conditions of life also lead to differences in psychosocial stress. When the fight-or-flight reaction is chronically elicited in response to constant threats to income, housing, and food availability, the 2130:

A commonly used model that illustrates the relationship between biological, individual, community, and societal determinants is Whitehead and Dahlgren's model originally presented in 1991 and subsequently adapted by the CDC. Additionally, within the United States,

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Several other social determinants are related to health outcomes and public policy, and are easily understood by the public to impact health. They tend to cluster together – for example, those living in poverty experience a number of negative health determinants.

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Women, Infants, and Children (WIC), in comparison to their previous or future childbirth, are 5.6% less likely to give birth to a child who is underweight, an indication that a child will have better short term, and long term physical, and cognitive development.

6150:"Global, regional, and national burdens of ischemic heart disease and stroke attributable to exposure to long working hours for 194 countries, 2000–2016: A systematic analysis from the WHO/ILO Joint Estimates of the Work-related Burden of Disease and Injury" 3082:

found that exposure to long working hours, operating through psychosocial stress, is the occupational risk factor with the largest attributable burden of disease, i.e. an estimated 745,000 fatalities from ischemic heart disease and stroke events in 2016.

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The detrimental effects of stress on health outcomes are hypothesized to partly explain why countries that have high levels of income inequality have poorer health outcomes compared to more equal countries. Wilkinson and Picket hypothesized in their book

2123:, there exists a strong correlation among various social determinants of health. Individuals residing in regions marked by one specific determinant often experience the impact of other determinants as well. These social determinants significantly shape 3046:, is believed to be the key driver in this relationship. Chronic stress has been found to be significantly associated with chronic low-grade inflammation, slower wound healing, increased susceptibility to infections, and poorer responses to vaccines. 2877:/structuralist The cultural/behavioral explanation is that individuals' behavioral choices (e.g., tobacco and alcohol use, diet, physical activity, etc.) were responsible for their development and deaths from a variety of diseases. However, both the 2965:

and have low levels of physical activity. Tobacco use, excessive alcohol consumption, and carbohydrate-dense diets are also used to cope with difficult circumstances. The materialist approach seeks to understand how these social determinants occur.

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is a complex concept that has changed across chronological eras and depends on both self-identification and social recognition. In the study of race and health, scientists organize people in racial categories depending on different factors such as:

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individuals to make informed decisions about their health and navigate complex healthcare systems more effectively. Individuals with higher education are more likely to have habits that contribute to active lifestyle and in overall, better health.

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Steven H. Woolf of the Virginia Commonwealth University Center on Human Needs states, "The degree to which social conditions affect health is illustrated by the association between education and mortality rates." Reports in 2005 revealed the

2218:(AI) being used in clinical care raises numerous opportunities for addressing health equity issues, yet clear models and procedures for data characteristics and design have not been embraced consistently across health systems and providers. 3151:

Many economic studies have been conducted to measure the effectiveness and value of social determinant interventions but are unable to accurately reflect effects on public health due to the multi-faceted nature of the topic. While neither

10795: 2833:, or in broader social approaches. According to the WHO's Commission on Social Determinants of Health, access to health care is essential for equitable health, and it argued that health care should be a common good rather than a market 1016: 2900:, and quality of available food and housing among others. Within this view, three frameworks have been developed to explain how social determinants influence health. These frameworks are: (a) materialist; (b) neo-materialist; and (c) 2077:

economic arrangements , and bad politics." Some commonly accepted social determinants include gender, race, economics, education, employment, housing, and food access/security. There is debate about which of these are most important.

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Starting in the early 2000s, the World Health Organization facilitated the academic and political work on social determinants in a way that provided a deep understanding of health disparities in a global perspective. In 2003, the

6277:(2008). "Education and Health: Evaluating Theories and Evidence." Making Americans Healthier: Social and Economic Policy as HealthPolicy, edited by J House, R Schoeni, G Kaplan, and H Pollack. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. 2730:

Health disparities are defined as "preventable differences in the burden of disease, injury, violence, or opportunities to achieve optimal health that are experienced by socially disadvantaged populations". According to the

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and greater likelihood of illness and disease across the lifespan. Deprivation associated with poor-quality neighborhoods, schools, and housing sets children off on paths that are not conducive to health and well-being.

2789:, control, and empowerment turns are important influences on health and disease, and individuals who lack social participation and control over their lives are at a greater risk for heart disease and mental illness. 8911: 2651:

and paid labor that can help improve their accessibility to better health care resources. Females are also frequently underrepresented or excluded from mixed-sex clinical trials and therefore subjected to

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Arenas, Daniel J., et al. "A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Depression, Anxiety, and Sleep Disorders in US Adults with Food Insecurity." Journal of general internal medicine (2019): 1–9. ||

3000:, for instance, is a reliable predictor of incidence of cardiovascular disease and adult-onset diabetes in later life. Nutritional deprivation during childhood has lasting health effects as well. 5479: 3008:

health operate at every level of development – in utero, infancy, early childhood, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood – to both immediately influence health and influence it in the future.

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Combler le fossé en une génération: instaurer l'équité en santé en agissant sur les déterminants sociaux de la santé: rapport final de la Commission des Déterminants sociaux de la Santé

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Cheval, Boris; Boisgontier, Matthieu P; Orsholits, Dan; Sieber, Stefan; Guessous, Idris; Gabriel, Rainer; Stringhini, Silvia; Blane, David; van der Linden, Bernadette W A (2018-02-20).

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work-life balance; provides employment security; considers employees' voices in decision-making; offers opportunities to gain skills; and has positive employment-related relationships.

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necessity of being at work. Other examples include the relatively higher risk of injury in construction jobs or the relatively higher risk of toxic substances in many industrial jobs.

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Although not addressed by the WHO Commission on Social Determinants of Health, sexual orientation and gender identity are increasingly recognized as social determinants of health.

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Marmot, Michael; Wilkinson, Richard G. (2005). "Social patterning of individual health behaviours: The case of cigarette smoking". In Marmot, Michael; Wilkinson, Richard (eds.).

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health and the societal factors that determine the distribution of these social determinants, and especially emphasizes how resources are distributed among members of a society.

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The World Health Organization, World Conference on Social Determinants of Health, Rio Political Declaration on Social Determinants of Health (21 October 2011), available from

6253: 3020:. Factors such as income, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, age, and education can determine the uptake of vaccines and their impact, especially among vulnerable communities. 2135:

is an objective-driven framework which can guide public health practitioners and healthcare providers on how to address social determinants of health at the community level.

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Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. (2007). Health at a Glance 2007, OECD Indicators. Paris: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. Pg 25

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Gottlieb, Laura M.; Hessler, Danielle; Long, Dayna; Laves, Ellen; Burns, Abigail R.; Amaya, Anais; Sweeney, Patricia; Schudel, Christine; Adler, Nancy E. (2016-11-01).

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Miller, Gregory E.; Chen, Edith; Zhou, Eric S. (2007). "If it goes up, must it come down? Chronic stress and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis in humans".

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Policy changes that affect children also present the challenge that it takes a significant amount of time to gather this type of data. In addition, policies to reduce

3793: 7733:"Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health: final report of the commission on social determinants of health" 6219: 11258: 1485: 3203:

has seen as a response to incorporate health and health equity into all public policies as means to foster synergy between sectors and ultimately promote health.

2785:, access to high quality education, rewarding work with some degree of autonomy, decent housing, and a clean and safe living environment. The social condition of 6483:"Unconditional cash transfers for reducing poverty and vulnerabilities: effect on use of health services and health outcomes in low- and middle-income countries" 6434:"Unconditional cash transfers for reducing poverty and vulnerabilities: effect on use of health services and health outcomes in low- and middle-income countries" 5528:

Landös, Aljoscha; von Arx, Martina; Cheval, Boris; Sieber, Stefan; Kliegel, Matthias; Gabriel, Rainer; Orsholits, Dan; Linden, Van Der; A, Bernadette W. (2019).

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Hinton, Elizabeth., and Samantha Artiga. "Beyond Health Care: The Role of Social Determinants in Promoting Health and Health Equity." Health 20.10 (2015): 1–10.

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Bryant, Toba; Raphael, Dennis; Schrecker, Ted; Labonte, Ronald (2011). "Canada: A land of missed opportunity for addressing the social determinants of health".

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The materialist/structuralist explanation emphasizes the people's material living conditions. These conditions include availability of resources to access the

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that have relevance for a life-course perspective. Latent effects are biological or developmental early life experiences that influence health later in life.

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Cwikel, Julie; Segal-Engelchin, Dorit; Mendlinger, Sheryl (2010). "Mothers' coping styles during times of chronic security stress: effect on health status".

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behaviors, emphasizing that achieving health equity across populations necessitates a fair distribution of these social determinants among different groups.

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As of January 1, 2022 there are regulations placed for healthcare providers about no surprise billing. This is the "No Surprises Act" of division BB of the

10522: 9835: 5388:"Socioeconomic position in childhood and adulthood and insulin resistance: Cross sectional survey using data from British women's heart and health study" 3059:

connections may not be as affected by the relationship between stress and health, whereas those with a coping style more prone to over-consumption (i.e.

735: 6287:

Sabates, Ricardo; Feinstein, Leon (2006). "The role of education in the uptake of preventative health care: The case of cervical screening in Britain".

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The social comparison approach holds that the social determinants of health play their role through citizens' interpretations of their standings in the

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unemployment, and poverty are associated with higher rates of chronic diseases, mental health disorders, and overall poorer health status. According to

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conditions such as education, income, and race were dependent on one another, but these social conditions also apply to independent health influences.

11653: 11036: 8896: 7463: 5464: 2549: 1896: 1257: 10473: 9748: 9719: 9163: 6993:"Effect of Community Health Worker Support on Clinical Outcomes of Low-Income Patients Across Primary Care Facilities: A Randomized Clinical Trial" 3512: 2028: 686: 5068:

Townsend, P., Davidson, N., & Whitehead, M. (Eds.). (1992). Inequalities in Health: the Black Report and the Health Divide. New York: Penguin.

4856: 2735:, they are intrinsically related to the "historical and current unequal distribution of social, political, economic and environmental resources". 4111: 3426: 4269:"Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Disease Burden and Costs Related to Exposure to Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in the US: an Exploratory Analysis" 3214:

One of the recommendations by the Commission on the Social Determinants of Health is expanding knowledge – particularly to health care workers.

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factors found in one's living and working conditions (such as the distribution of income, wealth, influence, and power), rather than individual

10394: 599: 5713:"Lower vaccine uptake amongst older individuals living alone: A systematic review and meta-analysis of social determinants of vaccine uptake" 3314: 7492: 3039:

and negative health outcomes. This relationship is explained through both direct and indirect effects of chronic stress on health outcomes.

11041: 9723: 7949: 3313:(ACA) established by the Obama administration in the United States, embodied the ideas put in place by the WHO by bridging the gap between 3224:

created the Value Initiative project which helps make healthcare more affordable to people of all types. It does this four different ways:

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Marmot, Michael; Wilkinson, Richard G. (2005). "Social organization, stress, and health". In Marmot, Michael; Wilkinson, Richard (eds.).

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that individual may face, and it called for new policies across the world to fight health disparities, along with global collaborations.

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as "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity." Identified by the

2113: 2069:. The distribution of social determinants is often shaped by public policies that reflect prevailing political ideologies of the area. 509: 3237:

Builds a platform for the American Hospital Association to discuss with policymakers to find solutions to the lack of affordable care.

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The direct relationship between stress and health outcomes is the effect of stress on human physiology. The long term stress hormone,

7139: 4448: 3371: 2612: 2461: 3624: 10239: 10127: 9870: 9443: 9278: 6534: 6241: 3501: 2957:

is increased, and lipid and clotting disorders appear more frequently. The effects of chronic fight-or-flight is described in the

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isolation and lack of social support are linked to increased mortality rates and poorer health outcomes across various age groups.

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reports considered two primary mechanisms for understanding how social determinants influence health: cultural/behavioral and

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of disease, and death from injuries. Migrants and their family members also experience significant negatives health impacts.

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With all the different health inequities and differences in quality of care addressed in social determinants of health, the

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Reducing the health gap requires that governments build systems that allow a healthy standard of living for every resident.

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is hypothesized to be a major influence in the social determinants of health. There is a relationship between experience of

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The relationship between race and health has been studied from multidisciplinary perspectives, with increasing focus on how

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that the stressors associated with low social status are amplified in societies where others are clearly far better off.

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explanation considers whether people compare themselves to others and how these comparisons affect health and wellbeing.

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reports found that behavioral choices are determined by one's material conditions of life, and these behavioral

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A nation's wealth is a strong indicator of the health of its population. Within nations, however, individual

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It provides knowledge, resources, and tools for hospitals to supply affordable healthcare and increase value

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account for a relatively small proportion of variation in the incidence and death from various diseases.

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Tengland, P.-A. (2012). "Behavior Change or Empowerment: On the Ethics of Health-Promotion Strategies".

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can support patients with their care plans developed in conjunction with their primary care physicians.

11808: 11705: 10490: 10177: 9908: 9812: 9796: 9757: 9640: 9489: 9469: 8851: 8776: 8681: 8217: 4833: 4220:"America's Churning Races: Race and Ethnicity Response Changes Between Census 2000 and the 2010 Census" 3346: 2466: 2351: 1948: 703: 374: 91: 7049: 6626:

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evaluate, especially as many social protections primarily affect children of recipients. The landmark

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also reduce extreme poverty and improve school attendance, as well as increase healthcare spending.

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Closing the Gap in a Generation: Health Equity Through Action on the Social Determinants of Health

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Closing the Gap in a Generation: Health Equity Through Action on the Social Determinants of Health

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problem so as to take its full measure, as well as assess the impact of any planned interventions.

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infrastructure can lead to higher rates of chronic diseases, injuries, and mental health issues.

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Pega, Frank; Liu, Sze; Walter, Stefan; Pabayo, Roman; Saith, Ruhi; Lhachimi, Stefan (2017).

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The initiative collects data of hospital experiences to develop new federal policy solutions

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The economics of the social determinants of health and health inequalities: a resource book

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Health and Social Justice: Politics, Ideology, and Inequity in the Distribution of Disease

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and talks about increased integration of policies to create change on a larger scale.

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It frames issues regarding the healthcare system and its pricing and affordability.

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Commission on Social Determinants of Health (World Health Organization)

6926: 6870: 6409:

The Social and Economic Impact of South Africa's Social Security System

4998: 4800: 3794:"Mapping Key Determinants of Immigrants' Health in Brooklyn and Queens" 3135: 2914: 2742: 2679:

refers to how being identified with a specific race influences health.

2203: 2159: 2138:

In Canada, these social determinants of health have gained wide usage:

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Social and economic conditions also influence how many people take

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7900:

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influences health disparities, and how environmental and

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National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

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New York: New Press. 4677:10.3390/ijerph20021199 4470:Annals of Epidemiology 4169:10.1093/jhuman/huad071 3315:community-based health 3201:Health in All Policies 3123:Cochrane Collaboration 2861:Theoretical approaches 2855:development assistance 2851:gross national product 2810: 2462:Emotional intelligence 2325:Sexual differentiation 1944:Social identity threat 1917:Reverse discrimination 1907:Racial color blindness 1365:Violence against women 1345:Sex-selective abortion 35: 11669:Religious intolerance 11629:Political correctness 11459:Intersex human rights 11407:Cultural assimilation 11089:Religious persecution 10853:Disability hate crime 10638:Jewish / Antisemitism 9347:psychological poverty 9305:Social Progress Index 8962:Public Health Service 8847:Social norms approach 8837:PRECEDE–PROCEED model 8283:Preventive healthcare 8176:Pharmaceutical policy 8025:Chief Medical Officer 7820:10.2307/j.ctvn5txst.7 7559:The Milbank Quarterly 7264:Public Health Reports 7156:10.2471/BLT.16.184622 6697:10.1001/jama.2009.363 6263:– via Elsevier. 5621:10.1093/ageing/afy003 5546:10.1093/eurpub/cky166 4899:10.1186/1744-8603-3-6 4734:10.1001/jama.2009.320 3553:Public Health Reports 3519:Weathering hypothesis 3432:Inequality in disease 3362:Diseases of affluence 3158:cost-utility analysis 3115:cost-benefit analysis 2943:learning disabilities 2808: 2721:implicit stereotyping 2184:Social safety network 1912:Religious intolerance 1872:Political correctness 1694:Intersex human rights 1642:Cultural assimilation 1310:Religious persecution 1074:Disability hate crime 851:Jewish / Antisemitism 33: 11074:Political repression 10083:Anti-left handedness 10073:Anti-intellectualism 9840:Poverty-related maps 9834:Commons categories: 9553:Poverty and violence 9337:Learned helplessness 9274:Social vulnerability 9249:Relative deprivation 9224:Environmental racism 9038:Sara Josephine Baker 8937:Public Health Agency 8822:Health communication 8687:Disease surveillance 8653:Asymptomatic carrier 8635:Statistical software 8323:Preventive nutrition 8151:Medical anthropology 8040:Environmental health 7804:Humber, Lee (2019), 7307:Raphael, D. (2001). 6275:Adriana Lleras-Muney 6000:Public Health Ethics 3965:Front. Public Health 3531:Notes and references 3482:Richard G. Wilkinson 3437:Medical anthropology 2725:socioeconomic status 2450:Emotional expression 2222:Socioeconomic status 1295:Political repression 282:Anti-left handedness 272:Anti-intellectualism 11819:Cultural competence 11577:Historical eugenics 11114:Segregation academy 11094:Religious terrorism 10883:Enemy of the people 10791:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 10310:Jehovah's Witnesses 10203:Perpetual foreigner 9697:Gender Parity Index 9646:Living Planet Index 9606:Human Poverty Index 9574:Global Hunger Index 9342:Psychological abuse 9214:Diseases of poverty 9048:Carl Rogers Darnall 9043:Samuel Jay Crumbine 8817:Health belief model 8670:Notifiable diseases 8606:Regression analysis 8441:Waterborne diseases 8030:Cultural competence 7874:10.2147/OPTO.S15290 6790:2009PNAS..106.6545E 6644:2020ER....19110169W 6273:Cutler, David, and 6166:2021EnInt.15406595P 6099:(1 Suppl): 9S–17S. 5201:. pp. 224–37. 4199:(Report). WHO Press 3959:Islam, M M (2019). 3559:(1_suppl2): 19–31. 3507:Social epidemiology 3367:Diseases of poverty 3311:Affordable Care Act 2853:(GNP) for official 2352:Scientific measures 2296:Part of a series on 2144:income distribution 2133:Healthy People 2030 2088:Related topics are 1820:Historical eugenics 1335:Segregation academy 1315:Religious terrorism 1104:Enemy of the people 1012:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 515:Jehovah's Witnesses 400:Perpetual foreigner 18:Social determinants 11489:Social integration 11484:Self-determination 11474:Racial integration 11422:Diversity training 11412:Cultural pluralism 11387:Affirmative action 11287:Racial segregation 11197:Crime of apartheid 11099:Religious violence 10602:Indigenous people 10007:Sexual orientation 9585:Global Peace Index 9389:Culture of poverty 9259:Social deprivation 9234:Governance failure 8646:disease prevention 8581:Case–control study 8253:Security of person 8102:Health care reform 7861:Clinical Optometry 7270:(Suppl 3): 33–38. 7115:10.7812/TPP/18-095 6563:2018-11-27 at the 6537:2017-01-21 at the 6414:2018-04-28 at the 6012:10.1093/phe/phs022 5987:. pp. 253–67. 4999:10.1002/ajim.22531 4801:10.1111/ecin.12219 3324:health disparities 3154:cost-effectiveness 2955:insulin resistance 2939:social development 2898:working conditions 2831:health care system 2811: 2645:health disparities 2636:as one of two key 2628:(WHO) has defined 2472:Gender empathy gap 2267:Economic stability 2164:working conditions 2112:The United States 1724:Social integration 1719:Self-determination 1709:Racial integration 1657:Diversity training 1647:Cultural pluralism 1622:Affirmative action 1514:Racial segregation 1424:Crime of apartheid 1320:Religious violence 815:Indigenous people 198:Sexual orientation 36: 11809:Social inequality 11791: 11790: 11659:Racism by country 11587:Intersectionality 11572:Heteronormativity 11371:Voter suppression 11119:Sexual harassment 10918:Forced conversion 10838:Cultural genocide 10501:African Americans 10320:post–Cold War era 10305:Eastern Orthodoxy 10068:Anti-drug addicts 10063:Anti-homelessness 9990:Scientific racism 9846: 9845: 9826: 9825: 9705: 9704: 9630:Laeken indicators 9594: 9593: 9509: 9508: 9501:Poverty gap index 9439:Secondary poverty 9424:Poverty threshold 9414:Human trafficking 9365: 9364: 9313: 9312: 9139: 9138: 9091: 9090: 9001:Higher education 8832:Positive deviance 8827:Health psychology 8803:Health behavioral 8730:safety management 8704:Social distancing 8478:Population health 8458:Smoking cessation 8406:Pharmacovigilance 8377:Injury prevention 8345:Infection control 8263:Social psychology 8213:Prisoners' rights 8156:Medical sociology 8124:Public health law 8020:Biological hazard 7829:978-1-78680-424-2 7710:978-92-4-156370-3 7668:(PDF) (2nd ed.). 7318:978-0-9689444-0-0 7244:978-0-19-925642-6 7003:(12): 1635–1643. 6987:Kangovi, Shreya; 6295:(12): 2998–3010. 6228:978-92-4-154862-5 5723:(18): 2315–2328. 5334:(7086): 1037–40. 5241:978-0-415-09234-0 5216:978-0-19-856589-5 5165:10.1002/nur.20084 5133:978-0-19-856589-5 5118:. pp. 6–30. 4993:(11): 1127–1137. 4852:978-92-890-1371-0 4570:978-0-7879-6733-8 4510:(December 2013). 4376:978-1-118-23317-7 3877:978-0-87553-315-5 3778:978-92-4-154862-5 3697:978-92-4-156370-3 3620:978-0-9683484-1-3 3467:Population health 3442:Medical sociology 3301:social protection 2871:The Health Divide 2843:global governance 2623: 2622: 2557:Gender inequality 2039: 2038: 1902:Racism by country 1830:Intersectionality 1815:Heteronormativity 1598:Voter suppression 1340:Sexual harassment 1139:Forced conversion 1059:Cultural genocide 714:African Americans 525:post–Cold War era 510:Eastern Orthodoxy 267:Anti-drug addicts 262:Anti-homelessness 181:Scientific racism 16:(Redirected from 11831: 11781: 11780: 11771: 11770: 11711:Social privilege 11696:Social exclusion 11624:Police brutality 11545:Multiculturalism 11515:Amatonormativity 11346:Social exclusion 11182:Age of candidacy 10982:Homeless dumping 10888:Ethnic cleansing 9873: 9866: 9859: 9850: 9849: 9751: 9744: 9737: 9728: 9727: 9665: 9664: 9599:Complex measures 9518: 9517: 9485:Gini coefficient 9374: 9373: 9322: 9321: 9264:Social exclusion 9189: 9188: 9166: 9159: 9152: 9143: 9142: 9127: 9126: 9115: 9114: 9103: 9102: 8997:Health education 8874: 8873: 8728:Food hygiene and 8709:Tropical disease 8521:Infant mortality 8496:Community health 8372:Controlled Drugs 8308:Health promotion 8238:Right to housing 8082:Health economics 7994: 7987: 7980: 7971: 7970: 7887: 7886: 7876: 7852: 7846: 7839: 7833: 7832: 7801: 7795: 7794: 7766: 7760: 7757: 7751: 7750: 7728: 7722: 7721: 7719: 7717: 7698: 7687: 7676: 7662: 7656: 7655: 7607: 7601: 7600: 7590: 7550: 7539: 7538: 7512: 7488: 7479: 7478: 7476: 7475: 7460: 7454: 7453: 7451: 7450: 7436: 7430: 7429: 7427: 7426: 7412: 7403: 7402: 7400: 7399: 7385: 7372: 7371: 7361: 7329: 7323: 7322: 7304: 7298: 7297: 7287: 7255: 7249: 7248: 7226: 7220: 7219: 7217: 7216: 7210: 7203: 7195: 7189: 7188: 7186: 7185: 7176:. Archived from 7167: 7135: 7129: 7128: 7126: 7094: 7088: 7087: 7069: 7045: 7039: 7038: 7028: 6984: 6978: 6977: 6975: 6973: 6959: 6953: 6952: 6950: 6949: 6943: 6904: 6895: 6889: 6888: 6886: 6885: 6879: 6848: 6839: 6830: 6829: 6819: 6801: 6769: 6763: 6762: 6752: 6742: 6718: 6709: 6708: 6680: 6674: 6673: 6655: 6623: 6617: 6616: 6606: 6574: 6568: 6549: 6543: 6527: 6521: 6520: 6510: 6478: 6472: 6471: 6461: 6429: 6420: 6404: 6398: 6397: 6369: 6363: 6362: 6334: 6328: 6319: 6313: 6312: 6284: 6278: 6271: 6265: 6264: 6262: 6261: 6237: 6231: 6213: 6198: 6197: 6187: 6177: 6145: 6139: 6136: 6127: 6126: 6116: 6084: 6078: 6077: 6075: 6073: 6057: 6051: 6050: 6048: 6046: 6032: 6026: 6025: 6023: 5995: 5989: 5988: 5982: 5973: 5967: 5966: 5928: 5919: 5918: 5916: 5915: 5909: 5878: 5869: 5863: 5862: 5834: 5828: 5827: 5799: 5790: 5789: 5749: 5743: 5742: 5732: 5708: 5702: 5701: 5691: 5658: 5652: 5651: 5641: 5623: 5599: 5593: 5592: 5574: 5568: 5567: 5557: 5525: 5519: 5518: 5500: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5490: 5484: 5469: 5460: 5454: 5453: 5432: 5426: 5425: 5415: 5383: 5377: 5376: 5368: 5362: 5361: 5351: 5319: 5313: 5312: 5304: 5295: 5294: 5284: 5267:(7243): 1200–4. 5252: 5246: 5245: 5227: 5221: 5220: 5194: 5185: 5184: 5144: 5138: 5137: 5111: 5102: 5101: 5093: 5087: 5084: 5078: 5075: 5069: 5066: 5060: 5059: 5057: 5056: 5050: 5039: 5030: 5021: 5020: 5010: 4978: 4972: 4971: 4961: 4937: 4931: 4928: 4922: 4921: 4911: 4901: 4877: 4871: 4870: 4868: 4867: 4861: 4841:(2nd ed.). 4840: 4829: 4823: 4822: 4812: 4795:(4): 1691–1701. 4789:Economic Inquiry 4786: 4777: 4771: 4752: 4746: 4745: 4717: 4708: 4707: 4697: 4679: 4655: 4649: 4648: 4646: 4645: 4630: 4621: 4609: 4603: 4602: 4600: 4599: 4584: 4575: 4574: 4556: 4550: 4549: 4539: 4503: 4494: 4493: 4465: 4456: 4455: 4453: 4444: 4438: 4437: 4427: 4395: 4389: 4388: 4362: 4356: 4355: 4345: 4313: 4307: 4306: 4296: 4264: 4258: 4257: 4247: 4215: 4209: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4198: 4189: 4183: 4182: 4180: 4152: 4146: 4145: 4141: 4135: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4124: 4115: 4109: 4108: 4090: 4072: 4048: 4042: 4041: 4031: 4007: 4001: 4000: 3990: 3980: 3956: 3945: 3944: 3916: 3907: 3901: 3895: 3894: 3893: 3892: 3852: 3846: 3842: 3836: 3835: 3819: 3813: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3798: 3789: 3783: 3782: 3762: 3756: 3755: 3715: 3709: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3685: 3675: 3664: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3648: 3639: 3638: 3636: 3635: 3629: 3612: 3601: 3595: 3594: 3584: 3544: 3402:Health behaviour 3342:Causal inference 3273:social exclusion 3069:The Spirit Level 3061:emotional eating 2998:Low birth weight 2974:social hierarchy 2941:), educational ( 2820:infant mortality 2702:lived experience 2615: 2608: 2601: 2587:equality paradox 2582:Sociolinguistics 2386:Mental disorders 2312: 2293: 2292: 2180:Social exclusion 2125:health-promoting 2055:health promoting 2031: 2024: 2017: 1954:Social privilege 1939:Social exclusion 1867:Police brutality 1788:Multiculturalism 1758:Amatonormativity 1573:Social exclusion 1409:Age of candidacy 1203:Homeless dumping 1109:Ethnic cleansing 61: 38: 37: 21: 11839: 11838: 11834: 11833: 11832: 11830: 11829: 11828: 11794: 11793: 11792: 11787: 11759: 11634:Polyculturalism 11530:Civil liberties 11498: 11479:Reappropriation 11380:Countermeasures 11375: 11304:Racial steering 11270:Numerus clausus 11174: 11168: 10893:Ethnic conflict 10828:Corrective rape 10779: 10419: 10266: 10158:HIV/AIDS stigma 10026: 9975:Mental disorder 9913: 9882: 9877: 9847: 9842: 9828: 9827: 9822: 9801: 9760: 9755: 9701: 9679: 9656: 9590: 9557: 9543:Sex trafficking 9533:Food insecurity 9505: 9458: 9434:Precarious work 9404:Extreme poverty 9361: 9309: 9293: 9180: 9170: 9140: 9135: 9087: 9058:Margaret Sanger 9026: 8985: 8869: 8867: 8861: 8804: 8798: 8770:Safety scandals 8729: 8723: 8645: 8639: 8573: 8567: 8563:Social medicine 8556:Race and health 8491:Child mortality 8472: 8431:Open defecation 8313:Human nutrition 8303:Family planning 8291:Behavior change 8277: 8233:Right to health 8146:Maternal health 8136:Health politics 8087:Health literacy 8003: 7998: 7896: 7891: 7890: 7853: 7849: 7840: 7836: 7830: 7802: 7798: 7767: 7763: 7758: 7754: 7747: 7729: 7725: 7715: 7713: 7711: 7699:. Switzerland: 7696: 7688: 7679: 7663: 7659: 7608: 7604: 7551: 7542: 7489: 7482: 7473: 7471: 7462: 7461: 7457: 7448: 7446: 7438: 7437: 7433: 7424: 7422: 7414: 7413: 7406: 7397: 7395: 7387: 7386: 7375: 7330: 7326: 7319: 7305: 7301: 7256: 7252: 7245: 7227: 7223: 7214: 7212: 7208: 7201: 7197: 7196: 7192: 7183: 7181: 7150:(11): 784–787. 7136: 7132: 7095: 7091: 7060:(11): e162521. 7054:JAMA Pediatrics 7046: 7042: 6985: 6981: 6971: 6969: 6961: 6960: 6956: 6947: 6945: 6941: 6902: 6896: 6892: 6883: 6881: 6877: 6846: 6840: 6833: 6770: 6766: 6719: 6712: 6691:(11): 1169–71. 6681: 6677: 6624: 6620: 6575: 6571: 6565:Wayback Machine 6550: 6546: 6539:Wayback Machine 6528: 6524: 6493:(3): CD011135. 6479: 6475: 6444:(4): CD011135. 6430: 6423: 6416:Wayback Machine 6405: 6401: 6370: 6366: 6335: 6331: 6320: 6316: 6285: 6281: 6272: 6268: 6259: 6257: 6238: 6234: 6214: 6201: 6146: 6142: 6137: 6130: 6085: 6081: 6071: 6069: 6058: 6054: 6044: 6042: 6034: 6033: 6029: 5996: 5992: 5980: 5974: 5970: 5929: 5922: 5913: 5911: 5907: 5876: 5870: 5866: 5835: 5831: 5800: 5793: 5758:JAMA Psychiatry 5750: 5746: 5709: 5705: 5659: 5655: 5600: 5596: 5589: 5575: 5571: 5526: 5522: 5515: 5501: 5497: 5488: 5486: 5482: 5467: 5461: 5457: 5433: 5429: 5384: 5380: 5369: 5365: 5320: 5316: 5305: 5298: 5253: 5249: 5242: 5228: 5224: 5217: 5195: 5188: 5145: 5141: 5134: 5112: 5105: 5094: 5090: 5085: 5081: 5076: 5072: 5067: 5063: 5054: 5052: 5048: 5037: 5031: 5024: 4987:Am. J. Ind. Med 4979: 4975: 4938: 4934: 4929: 4925: 4878: 4874: 4865: 4863: 4859: 4853: 4838: 4830: 4826: 4784: 4778: 4774: 4762:(11): 1169–71. 4753: 4749: 4718: 4711: 4656: 4652: 4643: 4641: 4632: 4631: 4624: 4610: 4606: 4597: 4595: 4586: 4585: 4578: 4571: 4557: 4553: 4504: 4497: 4466: 4459: 4451: 4445: 4441: 4396: 4392: 4377: 4363: 4359: 4314: 4310: 4265: 4261: 4216: 4212: 4202: 4200: 4196: 4190: 4186: 4153: 4149: 4142: 4138: 4128: 4126: 4122: 4116: 4112: 4049: 4045: 4008: 4004: 3957: 3948: 3917: 3910: 3902: 3898: 3890: 3888: 3878: 3854: 3853: 3849: 3843: 3839: 3820: 3816: 3806: 3804: 3796: 3790: 3786: 3779: 3763: 3759: 3716: 3712: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3683: 3677: 3676: 3667: 3657: 3655: 3649: 3642: 3633: 3631: 3627: 3621: 3610: 3602: 3598: 3545: 3538: 3533: 3528: 3524:Whitehall Study 3477:Race and health 3412:Health literacy 3332: 3260: 3192: 3175: 3149: 3097: 3089: 3030: 3014: 2986: 2978:social cohesion 2959:allostatic load 2923:chronic disease 2863: 2803: 2769: 2767:Ongoing debates 2756: 2751: 2750: 2717:life expectancy 2713:health outcomes 2707:Differences in 2694:social identity 2677:Race and health 2671: 2668:Race and health 2663: 2658: 2657: 2656:and treatment. 2619: 2406:substance abuse 2381:Life expectancy 2290: 2282: 2269: 2260: 2251: 2242: 2233: 2224: 2212:health literacy 2188:Health services 2172:Food insecurity 2110: 2053:. They are the 2035: 2006: 2005: 2004: 2003: 2002: 1877:Polyculturalism 1773:Civil liberties 1745: 1737: 1736: 1735: 1734: 1733: 1714:Reappropriation 1614: 1613:Countermeasures 1606: 1605: 1604: 1603: 1602: 1531:Racial steering 1497:Numerus clausus 1401: 1393: 1392: 1391: 1390: 1389: 1114:Ethnic conflict 1049:Corrective rape 1004: 996: 995: 994: 993: 992: 639: 628: 627: 626: 625: 624: 477: 467: 466: 465: 464: 463: 355:HIV/AIDS stigma 229: 221: 220: 219: 218: 217: 166:Mental disorder 108: 100: 99: 98: 97: 96: 69: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11837: 11827: 11826: 11821: 11816: 11811: 11806: 11789: 11788: 11786: 11785: 11775: 11764: 11761: 11760: 11758: 11757: 11752: 11751: 11750: 11740: 11735: 11730: 11729: 11728: 11723: 11718: 11708: 11703: 11698: 11693: 11688: 11683: 11682: 11681: 11679:Reverse racism 11671: 11666: 11661: 11656: 11651: 11649:Prisoner abuse 11646: 11641: 11639:Power distance 11636: 11631: 11626: 11621: 11616: 11611: 11606: 11605: 11604: 11594: 11589: 11584: 11579: 11574: 11569: 11564: 11559: 11557:Ethnic penalty 11554: 11553: 11552: 11550:Neurodiversity 11547: 11537: 11535:Dehumanization 11532: 11527: 11525:Cisnormativity 11522: 11517: 11512: 11506: 11504: 11503:Related topics 11500: 11499: 11497: 11496: 11491: 11486: 11481: 11476: 11471: 11466: 11461: 11456: 11451: 11446: 11441: 11436: 11431: 11426: 11425: 11424: 11414: 11409: 11404: 11399: 11394: 11389: 11383: 11381: 11377: 11376: 11374: 11373: 11368: 11363: 11361:State religion 11358: 11353: 11348: 11343: 11342: 11341: 11336: 11331: 11326: 11316: 11311: 11306: 11301: 11300: 11299: 11297:Nuremberg Laws 11294: 11284: 11279: 11274: 11266: 11261: 11256: 11251: 11246: 11241: 11239:Ghetto benches 11236: 11234:Gerrymandering 11231: 11226: 11221: 11219:Gender pay gap 11216: 11215: 11214: 11209: 11199: 11194: 11189: 11184: 11178: 11176: 11173:Discriminatory 11170: 11169: 11167: 11166: 11161: 11156: 11151: 11146: 11141: 11136: 11131: 11126: 11121: 11116: 11111: 11106: 11101: 11096: 11091: 11086: 11081: 11076: 11071: 11066: 11061: 11056: 11051: 11050: 11049: 11044: 11039: 11029: 11024: 11019: 11014: 11009: 11004: 11002:Lavender scare 10999: 10997:Kill Haole Day 10994: 10992:Indian rolling 10989: 10984: 10979: 10974: 10969: 10968: 10967: 10957: 10952: 10951: 10950: 10940: 10935: 10930: 10925: 10920: 10915: 10910: 10905: 10900: 10895: 10890: 10885: 10880: 10878:Eliminationism 10875: 10870: 10865: 10860: 10855: 10850: 10845: 10840: 10835: 10830: 10825: 10820: 10815: 10813:Cancel culture 10810: 10805: 10800: 10799: 10798: 10787: 10785: 10784:Manifestations 10781: 10780: 10778: 10777: 10772: 10767: 10762: 10757: 10752: 10747: 10742: 10737: 10732: 10727: 10722: 10717: 10712: 10707: 10702: 10697: 10692: 10687: 10682: 10680:Middle Eastern 10677: 10672: 10667: 10662: 10657: 10652: 10647: 10646: 10645: 10635: 10630: 10625: 10620: 10619: 10618: 10613: 10608: 10600: 10595: 10590: 10585: 10580: 10575: 10570: 10565: 10560: 10555: 10550: 10545: 10540: 10535: 10530: 10525: 10520: 10515: 10514: 10513: 10508: 10503: 10493: 10488: 10483: 10482: 10481: 10476: 10471: 10461: 10456: 10451: 10446: 10441: 10436: 10430: 10428: 10421: 10420: 10418: 10417: 10415:Zoroastrianism 10412: 10407: 10402: 10397: 10392: 10391: 10390: 10380: 10379: 10378: 10377: 10376: 10371: 10366: 10361: 10346: 10345: 10344: 10342:Untouchability 10339: 10329: 10324: 10323: 10322: 10317: 10312: 10307: 10302: 10292: 10287: 10282: 10276: 10274: 10268: 10267: 10265: 10264: 10259: 10254: 10253: 10252: 10247: 10242: 10232: 10231: 10230: 10225: 10215: 10210: 10205: 10200: 10195: 10190: 10185: 10180: 10175: 10170: 10168:Leprosy stigma 10165: 10160: 10155: 10150: 10145: 10140: 10135: 10130: 10125: 10120: 10115: 10110: 10105: 10100: 10095: 10090: 10085: 10080: 10075: 10070: 10065: 10060: 10055: 10050: 10045: 10040: 10034: 10032: 10028: 10027: 10025: 10024: 10019: 10014: 10009: 10004: 9999: 9994: 9993: 9992: 9987: 9977: 9972: 9967: 9962: 9957: 9952: 9947: 9942: 9937: 9932: 9927: 9921: 9919: 9915: 9914: 9912: 9911: 9906: 9901: 9896: 9890: 9888: 9884: 9883: 9880:Discrimination 9876: 9875: 9868: 9861: 9853: 9844: 9843: 9833: 9830: 9829: 9824: 9823: 9821: 9820: 9815: 9809: 9807: 9803: 9802: 9800: 9799: 9794: 9789: 9784: 9779: 9774: 9768: 9766: 9762: 9761: 9754: 9753: 9746: 9739: 9731: 9713: 9711: 9707: 9706: 9703: 9702: 9700: 9699: 9694: 9687: 9685: 9681: 9680: 9678: 9677: 9671: 9669: 9662: 9658: 9657: 9655: 9654: 9649: 9643: 9638: 9633: 9627: 9621: 9615: 9609: 9602: 9600: 9596: 9595: 9592: 9591: 9589: 9588: 9582: 9576: 9571: 9565: 9563: 9559: 9558: 9556: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9538:Physical abuse 9535: 9530: 9524: 9522: 9515: 9511: 9510: 9507: 9506: 9504: 9503: 9498: 9493: 9487: 9482: 9477: 9472: 9466: 9464: 9460: 9459: 9457: 9456: 9454:Water scarcity 9451: 9446: 9441: 9436: 9431: 9426: 9421: 9419:Income deficit 9416: 9411: 9409:Housing stress 9406: 9401: 9399:Energy poverty 9396: 9391: 9386: 9380: 9378: 9371: 9367: 9366: 9363: 9362: 9360: 9359: 9354: 9349: 9344: 9339: 9334: 9328: 9326: 9319: 9315: 9314: 9311: 9310: 9308: 9307: 9301: 9299: 9295: 9294: 9292: 9291: 9286: 9281: 9276: 9271: 9266: 9261: 9256: 9251: 9246: 9244:Mental illness 9241: 9236: 9231: 9226: 9221: 9216: 9211: 9206: 9201: 9195: 9193: 9186: 9182: 9181: 9169: 9168: 9161: 9154: 9146: 9137: 9136: 9134: 9133: 9121: 9109: 9096: 9093: 9092: 9089: 9088: 9086: 9085: 9080: 9075: 9070: 9065: 9060: 9055: 9050: 9045: 9040: 9034: 9032: 9028: 9027: 9025: 9024: 9023: 9022: 9017: 9012: 9007: 8999: 8993: 8991: 8987: 8986: 8984: 8983: 8976: 8971: 8966: 8965: 8964: 8959: 8954: 8949: 8941: 8940: 8939: 8934: 8926: 8925: 8924: 8916: 8915: 8914: 8909: 8901: 8900: 8899: 8891: 8890: 8889: 8880: 8878: 8871: 8866:Organizations, 8863: 8862: 8860: 8859: 8854: 8849: 8844: 8839: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8819: 8814: 8808: 8806: 8800: 8799: 8797: 8796: 8795: 8794: 8789: 8779: 8774: 8773: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8757: 8752: 8747: 8742: 8733: 8731: 8725: 8724: 8722: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8691: 8690: 8689: 8679: 8678: 8677: 8667: 8666: 8665: 8655: 8649: 8647: 8641: 8640: 8638: 8637: 8632: 8631: 8630: 8622: 8613: 8608: 8603: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8577: 8575: 8572:Biological and 8569: 8568: 8566: 8565: 8560: 8559: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8538: 8533: 8531:Multimorbidity 8528: 8523: 8518: 8513: 8508: 8503: 8498: 8493: 8488: 8482: 8480: 8474: 8473: 8471: 8470: 8468:Vector control 8465: 8460: 8455: 8453:School hygiene 8450: 8449: 8448: 8443: 8438: 8436:Sanitary sewer 8433: 8428: 8423: 8413: 8408: 8403: 8402: 8401: 8394:Patient safety 8391: 8390: 8389: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8354: 8353: 8352: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8327: 8326: 8325: 8320: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8299: 8298: 8287: 8285: 8279: 8278: 8276: 8275: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8209: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8188: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8143: 8138: 8133: 8132: 8131: 8126: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8105: 8104: 8099: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8077:Harm reduction 8074: 8069: 8064: 8059: 8058: 8057: 8052: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8027: 8022: 8017: 8011: 8009: 8005: 8004: 7997: 7996: 7989: 7982: 7974: 7968: 7967: 7966:(NIOSH), 2022. 7957: 7952: 7947: 7942: 7937: 7927: 7922: 7917: 7912: 7907: 7902: 7895: 7894:External links 7892: 7889: 7888: 7847: 7834: 7828: 7796: 7761: 7752: 7745: 7723: 7709: 7677: 7657: 7622:(3): 462–473. 7602: 7565:(3): 747–774. 7540: 7480: 7455: 7431: 7404: 7373: 7324: 7317: 7299: 7250: 7243: 7221: 7190: 7130: 7109:(4S): 18–095. 7089: 7040: 6989:Mitra, Nandita 6979: 6954: 6890: 6831: 6784:(16): 6545–9. 6764: 6710: 6675: 6618: 6595:10.1289/EHP541 6569: 6544: 6522: 6473: 6421: 6399: 6380:(2): 328–339. 6364: 6345:(4): 449–468. 6329: 6314: 6279: 6266: 6232: 6199: 6140: 6128: 6079: 6052: 6027: 5990: 5968: 5920: 5864: 5829: 5791: 5744: 5703: 5653: 5614:(3): 398–407. 5608:Age and Ageing 5594: 5587: 5569: 5520: 5513: 5495: 5455: 5427: 5378: 5363: 5314: 5296: 5247: 5240: 5222: 5215: 5186: 5159:(4): 306–315. 5139: 5132: 5103: 5088: 5079: 5070: 5061: 5022: 4973: 4952:(6): 129–149. 4932: 4923: 4872: 4851: 4824: 4772: 4747: 4728:(11): 1166–9. 4709: 4650: 4622: 4604: 4576: 4569: 4551: 4495: 4457: 4439: 4410:(3): 189–205. 4390: 4375: 4357: 4308: 4259: 4230:(1): 259–284. 4210: 4184: 4147: 4136: 4110: 4043: 4002: 3946: 3908: 3896: 3876: 3847: 3837: 3814: 3784: 3777: 3757: 3730:(6): 476–485. 3710: 3696: 3665: 3640: 3619: 3596: 3535: 3534: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3447:Michael Marmot 3444: 3439: 3434: 3429: 3424: 3422:Healthy People 3419: 3414: 3409: 3404: 3399: 3394: 3389: 3384: 3379: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3357:Dennis Raphael 3354: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3333: 3331: 3328: 3293:transportation 3281:social support 3271:, early life, 3259: 3256: 3239: 3238: 3235: 3232: 3229: 3191: 3188: 3174: 3171: 3148: 3145: 3140: 3139: 3127: 3118: 3107:blood pressure 3096: 3093: 3088: 3085: 3037:chronic stress 3029: 3026: 3013: 3010: 2994:health effects 2985: 2982: 2910:socio-economic 2862: 2859: 2802: 2799: 2774:mortality rate 2768: 2765: 2755: 2752: 2698:genetic makeup 2672: 2664: 2662: 2659: 2621: 2620: 2618: 2617: 2610: 2603: 2595: 2592: 2591: 2590: 2589: 2584: 2579: 2577:Social support 2574: 2572:Social capital 2569: 2564: 2559: 2554: 2553: 2552: 2542: 2534: 2533: 2529: 2528: 2527: 2526: 2525: 2524: 2519: 2514: 2509: 2504: 2496: 2491: 2486: 2481: 2476: 2475: 2474: 2464: 2459: 2458: 2457: 2447: 2442: 2434: 2433: 2423: 2422: 2421: 2420: 2415: 2414: 2413: 2408: 2403: 2398: 2393: 2383: 2378: 2370: 2369: 2359: 2358: 2357: 2356: 2355: 2354: 2344: 2339: 2334: 2333: 2332: 2319: 2318: 2314: 2313: 2305: 2304: 2298: 2297: 2291: 2283: 2281: 2278: 2268: 2265: 2259: 2256: 2250: 2247: 2241: 2238: 2232: 2229: 2223: 2220: 2109: 2106: 2037: 2036: 2034: 2033: 2026: 2019: 2011: 2008: 2007: 2001: 2000: 1995: 1994: 1993: 1983: 1978: 1973: 1972: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1931: 1926: 1925: 1924: 1922:Reverse racism 1914: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1892:Prisoner abuse 1889: 1884: 1882:Power distance 1879: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1848: 1847: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1800:Ethnic penalty 1797: 1796: 1795: 1793:Neurodiversity 1790: 1780: 1778:Dehumanization 1775: 1770: 1768:Cisnormativity 1765: 1760: 1755: 1749: 1748: 1747: 1746: 1744:Related topics 1743: 1742: 1739: 1738: 1732: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1660: 1659: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1618: 1617: 1616: 1615: 1612: 1611: 1608: 1607: 1601: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1588:State religion 1585: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1569: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1527: 1526: 1524:Nuremberg Laws 1521: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1466:Ghetto benches 1463: 1461:Gerrymandering 1458: 1453: 1448: 1446:Gender pay gap 1443: 1442: 1441: 1436: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1405: 1404: 1403: 1402: 1399: 1398: 1395: 1394: 1388: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1271: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1223:Lavender scare 1220: 1218:Kill Haole Day 1215: 1213:Indian rolling 1210: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1189: 1188: 1178: 1173: 1172: 1171: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1099:Eliminationism 1096: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1034:Cancel culture 1031: 1026: 1021: 1020: 1019: 1008: 1007: 1006: 1005: 1003:Manifestations 1002: 1001: 998: 997: 991: 990: 985: 980: 975: 970: 965: 960: 955: 950: 945: 940: 935: 930: 925: 920: 915: 910: 905: 900: 895: 893:Middle Eastern 890: 885: 880: 875: 870: 865: 860: 859: 858: 848: 843: 838: 833: 832: 831: 826: 821: 813: 808: 803: 798: 793: 788: 783: 778: 773: 768: 763: 758: 753: 748: 743: 738: 733: 728: 727: 726: 721: 716: 706: 701: 696: 695: 694: 689: 684: 674: 669: 664: 659: 654: 649: 643: 642: 641: 640: 634: 633: 630: 629: 623: 622: 620:Zoroastrianism 617: 612: 607: 602: 597: 596: 595: 585: 584: 583: 582: 581: 576: 571: 566: 551: 550: 549: 547:Untouchability 544: 534: 529: 528: 527: 522: 517: 512: 507: 497: 492: 487: 481: 480: 479: 478: 473: 472: 469: 468: 462: 461: 456: 451: 450: 449: 444: 439: 429: 428: 427: 422: 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 377: 372: 367: 365:Leprosy stigma 362: 357: 352: 347: 342: 337: 332: 327: 322: 319: 314: 309: 304: 299: 294: 289: 284: 279: 274: 269: 264: 259: 254: 249: 244: 239: 233: 232: 231: 230: 227: 226: 223: 222: 216: 215: 210: 205: 200: 195: 190: 185: 184: 183: 178: 168: 163: 158: 153: 148: 143: 138: 133: 128: 123: 118: 112: 111: 110: 109: 106: 105: 102: 101: 95: 94: 89: 84: 79: 73: 72: 71: 70: 67: 66: 63: 62: 54: 53: 51:Discrimination 47: 46: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11836: 11825: 11822: 11820: 11817: 11815: 11812: 11810: 11807: 11805: 11804:Public health 11802: 11801: 11799: 11784: 11776: 11774: 11766: 11765: 11762: 11756: 11753: 11749: 11746: 11745: 11744: 11741: 11739: 11736: 11734: 11733:Social stigma 11731: 11727: 11724: 11722: 11719: 11717: 11714: 11713: 11712: 11709: 11707: 11704: 11702: 11699: 11697: 11694: 11692: 11689: 11687: 11684: 11680: 11677: 11676: 11675: 11672: 11670: 11667: 11665: 11662: 11660: 11657: 11655: 11652: 11650: 11647: 11645: 11642: 11640: 11637: 11635: 11632: 11630: 11627: 11625: 11622: 11620: 11617: 11615: 11612: 11610: 11607: 11603: 11600: 11599: 11598: 11595: 11593: 11590: 11588: 11585: 11583: 11580: 11578: 11575: 11573: 11570: 11568: 11565: 11563: 11560: 11558: 11555: 11551: 11548: 11546: 11543: 11542: 11541: 11538: 11536: 11533: 11531: 11528: 11526: 11523: 11521: 11518: 11516: 11513: 11511: 11508: 11507: 11505: 11501: 11495: 11492: 11490: 11487: 11485: 11482: 11480: 11477: 11475: 11472: 11470: 11467: 11465: 11462: 11460: 11457: 11455: 11452: 11450: 11447: 11445: 11442: 11440: 11437: 11435: 11432: 11430: 11427: 11423: 11420: 11419: 11418: 11415: 11413: 11410: 11408: 11405: 11403: 11400: 11398: 11395: 11393: 11390: 11388: 11385: 11384: 11382: 11378: 11372: 11369: 11367: 11364: 11362: 11359: 11357: 11356:State atheism 11354: 11352: 11349: 11347: 11344: 11340: 11337: 11335: 11332: 11330: 11327: 11325: 11322: 11321: 11320: 11317: 11315: 11312: 11310: 11307: 11305: 11302: 11298: 11295: 11293: 11292:Jim Crow laws 11290: 11289: 11288: 11285: 11283: 11280: 11278: 11277:One-drop rule 11275: 11273: 11271: 11267: 11265: 11262: 11260: 11257: 11255: 11252: 11250: 11247: 11245: 11242: 11240: 11237: 11235: 11232: 11230: 11227: 11225: 11222: 11220: 11217: 11213: 11210: 11208: 11205: 11204: 11203: 11200: 11198: 11195: 11193: 11192:Blood quantum 11190: 11188: 11185: 11183: 11180: 11179: 11177: 11171: 11165: 11162: 11160: 11157: 11155: 11152: 11150: 11147: 11145: 11142: 11140: 11139:Victimisation 11137: 11135: 11134:Trans bashing 11132: 11130: 11127: 11125: 11122: 11120: 11117: 11115: 11112: 11110: 11107: 11105: 11104:Religious war 11102: 11100: 11097: 11095: 11092: 11090: 11087: 11085: 11084:Racialization 11082: 11080: 11077: 11075: 11072: 11070: 11067: 11065: 11062: 11060: 11057: 11055: 11052: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11038: 11035: 11034: 11033: 11030: 11028: 11025: 11023: 11020: 11018: 11015: 11013: 11010: 11008: 11005: 11003: 11000: 10998: 10995: 10993: 10990: 10988: 10985: 10983: 10980: 10978: 10975: 10973: 10970: 10966: 10963: 10962: 10961: 10958: 10956: 10955:Glass ceiling 10953: 10949: 10946: 10945: 10944: 10941: 10939: 10936: 10934: 10931: 10929: 10926: 10924: 10921: 10919: 10916: 10914: 10911: 10909: 10906: 10904: 10901: 10899: 10898:Ethnic hatred 10896: 10894: 10891: 10889: 10886: 10884: 10881: 10879: 10876: 10874: 10871: 10869: 10866: 10864: 10861: 10859: 10856: 10854: 10851: 10849: 10846: 10844: 10841: 10839: 10836: 10834: 10833:Counter-jihad 10831: 10829: 10826: 10824: 10821: 10819: 10816: 10814: 10811: 10809: 10806: 10804: 10801: 10797: 10794: 10793: 10792: 10789: 10788: 10786: 10782: 10776: 10773: 10771: 10768: 10766: 10763: 10761: 10758: 10756: 10753: 10751: 10748: 10746: 10743: 10741: 10738: 10736: 10733: 10731: 10728: 10726: 10723: 10721: 10718: 10716: 10713: 10711: 10708: 10706: 10703: 10701: 10698: 10696: 10693: 10691: 10688: 10686: 10683: 10681: 10678: 10676: 10673: 10671: 10668: 10666: 10663: 10661: 10658: 10656: 10653: 10651: 10648: 10644: 10641: 10640: 10639: 10636: 10634: 10631: 10629: 10626: 10624: 10621: 10617: 10616:United States 10614: 10612: 10609: 10607: 10604: 10603: 10601: 10599: 10596: 10594: 10591: 10589: 10586: 10584: 10581: 10579: 10576: 10574: 10571: 10569: 10566: 10564: 10561: 10559: 10556: 10554: 10551: 10549: 10546: 10544: 10541: 10539: 10536: 10534: 10531: 10529: 10526: 10524: 10521: 10519: 10516: 10512: 10509: 10507: 10504: 10502: 10499: 10498: 10497: 10494: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10484: 10480: 10479:United States 10477: 10475: 10472: 10470: 10467: 10466: 10465: 10462: 10460: 10457: 10455: 10452: 10450: 10447: 10445: 10442: 10440: 10437: 10435: 10432: 10431: 10429: 10427: 10422: 10416: 10413: 10411: 10408: 10406: 10403: 10401: 10400:Protestantism 10398: 10396: 10393: 10389: 10386: 10385: 10384: 10381: 10375: 10372: 10370: 10367: 10365: 10362: 10360: 10357: 10356: 10355: 10352: 10351: 10350: 10347: 10343: 10340: 10338: 10335: 10334: 10333: 10330: 10328: 10325: 10321: 10318: 10316: 10315:LDS or Mormon 10313: 10311: 10308: 10306: 10303: 10301: 10298: 10297: 10296: 10293: 10291: 10288: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10278: 10277: 10275: 10273: 10269: 10263: 10260: 10258: 10255: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10245:Transmisogyny 10243: 10241: 10238: 10237: 10236: 10233: 10229: 10226: 10224: 10221: 10220: 10219: 10216: 10214: 10211: 10209: 10206: 10204: 10201: 10199: 10196: 10194: 10191: 10189: 10186: 10184: 10181: 10179: 10176: 10174: 10171: 10169: 10166: 10164: 10161: 10159: 10156: 10154: 10151: 10149: 10148:Gerontophobia 10146: 10144: 10141: 10139: 10136: 10134: 10131: 10129: 10126: 10124: 10121: 10119: 10116: 10114: 10111: 10109: 10106: 10104: 10101: 10099: 10096: 10094: 10091: 10089: 10086: 10084: 10081: 10079: 10078:Anti-intersex 10076: 10074: 10071: 10069: 10066: 10064: 10061: 10059: 10056: 10054: 10053:Anti-albinism 10051: 10049: 10046: 10044: 10041: 10039: 10036: 10035: 10033: 10029: 10023: 10020: 10018: 10015: 10013: 10010: 10008: 10005: 10003: 10000: 9998: 9995: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9982: 9981: 9978: 9976: 9973: 9971: 9968: 9966: 9963: 9961: 9958: 9956: 9953: 9951: 9948: 9946: 9943: 9941: 9938: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9928: 9926: 9923: 9922: 9920: 9916: 9910: 9907: 9905: 9902: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9894:Institutional 9892: 9891: 9889: 9885: 9881: 9874: 9869: 9867: 9862: 9860: 9855: 9854: 9851: 9841: 9837: 9831: 9819: 9816: 9814: 9811: 9810: 9808: 9804: 9798: 9795: 9793: 9790: 9788: 9785: 9783: 9780: 9778: 9775: 9773: 9770: 9769: 9767: 9763: 9759: 9752: 9747: 9745: 9740: 9738: 9733: 9732: 9729: 9725: 9721: 9717: 9712: 9708: 9698: 9695: 9692: 9689: 9688: 9686: 9682: 9676: 9673: 9672: 9670: 9666: 9663: 9659: 9653: 9650: 9647: 9644: 9642: 9639: 9637: 9634: 9631: 9628: 9625: 9622: 9619: 9616: 9613: 9610: 9607: 9604: 9603: 9601: 9597: 9586: 9583: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9567: 9566: 9564: 9560: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9525: 9523: 9519: 9516: 9512: 9502: 9499: 9497: 9494: 9491: 9488: 9486: 9483: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9467: 9465: 9461: 9455: 9452: 9450: 9447: 9445: 9442: 9440: 9437: 9435: 9432: 9430: 9427: 9425: 9422: 9420: 9417: 9415: 9412: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9384:Asset poverty 9382: 9381: 9379: 9375: 9372: 9368: 9358: 9355: 9353: 9350: 9348: 9345: 9343: 9340: 9338: 9335: 9333: 9330: 9329: 9327: 9323: 9320: 9318:Psychological 9316: 9306: 9303: 9302: 9300: 9296: 9290: 9289:Vulnerability 9287: 9285: 9282: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9270: 9269:Social stigma 9267: 9265: 9262: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9227: 9225: 9222: 9220: 9217: 9215: 9212: 9210: 9209:Disadvantaged 9207: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9196: 9194: 9190: 9187: 9183: 9178: 9174: 9167: 9162: 9160: 9155: 9153: 9148: 9147: 9144: 9132: 9131: 9122: 9120: 9119: 9110: 9108: 9107: 9098: 9097: 9094: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9053:Joseph Lister 9051: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9035: 9033: 9029: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9013: 9011: 9008: 9006: 9003: 9002: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8994: 8992: 8988: 8981: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8944: 8942: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8932:Health Canada 8930: 8929: 8927: 8923: 8920: 8919: 8917: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8904: 8902: 8898: 8895: 8894: 8892: 8888: 8885: 8884: 8882: 8881: 8879: 8877:Organizations 8875: 8872: 8864: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8809: 8807: 8801: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8784: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8738: 8737: 8735: 8734: 8732: 8726: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8714:Vaccine trial 8712: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8688: 8685: 8684: 8683: 8680: 8676: 8673: 8672: 8671: 8668: 8664: 8661: 8660: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8650: 8648: 8642: 8636: 8633: 8629: 8627: 8623: 8621: 8619: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8598: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8591:Relative risk 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8578: 8576: 8570: 8564: 8561: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8551:Health equity 8549: 8547: 8544: 8543: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8516:Health system 8514: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8506:Global health 8504: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8486:Biostatistics 8484: 8483: 8481: 8479: 8475: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8418: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8400: 8397: 8396: 8395: 8392: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8359: 8358: 8355: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8332: 8331: 8328: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8315: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8297: 8294: 8293: 8292: 8289: 8288: 8286: 8284: 8280: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8228:Right to food 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8183: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8166: 8162: 8161:Mental health 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8121: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8109:Housing First 8107: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8097:Health system 8095: 8094: 8093: 8092:Health policy 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8047: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8012: 8010: 8006: 8002: 8001:Public health 7995: 7990: 7988: 7983: 7981: 7976: 7975: 7972: 7965: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7935: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7897: 7884: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7866: 7862: 7858: 7851: 7844: 7838: 7831: 7825: 7821: 7817: 7813: 7812: 7807: 7800: 7792: 7788: 7784: 7780: 7776: 7772: 7765: 7756: 7748: 7746:9789241563703 7742: 7738: 7734: 7727: 7712: 7706: 7703:. p. 2. 7702: 7695: 7694: 7686: 7684: 7682: 7675: 7671: 7667: 7661: 7653: 7649: 7645: 7641: 7637: 7633: 7629: 7625: 7621: 7617: 7613: 7606: 7598: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7580: 7576: 7572: 7568: 7564: 7560: 7556: 7549: 7547: 7545: 7536: 7532: 7528: 7524: 7520: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7503:(1): 93–109. 7502: 7498: 7494: 7487: 7485: 7469: 7465: 7459: 7445: 7441: 7435: 7421: 7417: 7411: 7409: 7394: 7390: 7384: 7382: 7380: 7378: 7369: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7351: 7347: 7344:(3): e58–62. 7343: 7339: 7335: 7328: 7320: 7314: 7310: 7303: 7295: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7277: 7273: 7269: 7265: 7261: 7254: 7246: 7240: 7236: 7232: 7225: 7211:on 2013-02-15 7207: 7200: 7194: 7180:on 2017-11-02 7179: 7175: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7157: 7153: 7149: 7145: 7141: 7134: 7125: 7120: 7116: 7112: 7108: 7104: 7100: 7093: 7085: 7081: 7077: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7059: 7055: 7051: 7044: 7036: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7018: 7014: 7010: 7006: 7002: 6998: 6994: 6990: 6983: 6968: 6964: 6958: 6940: 6936: 6932: 6928: 6924: 6920: 6916: 6912: 6908: 6901: 6894: 6876: 6872: 6868: 6864: 6860: 6856: 6852: 6845: 6838: 6836: 6827: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6809: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6791: 6787: 6783: 6779: 6775: 6768: 6760: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6732: 6728: 6727:PLOS Medicine 6724: 6717: 6715: 6706: 6702: 6698: 6694: 6690: 6686: 6679: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6637: 6633: 6629: 6622: 6614: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6596: 6592: 6589:(8): 087003. 6588: 6584: 6580: 6573: 6566: 6562: 6559: 6558: 6555: 6548: 6541: 6540: 6536: 6533: 6526: 6518: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6484: 6477: 6469: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6451: 6447: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6428: 6426: 6418: 6417: 6413: 6410: 6403: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6374:Health Policy 6368: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6333: 6326: 6325: 6318: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6283: 6276: 6270: 6255: 6251: 6247: 6243: 6236: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6212: 6210: 6208: 6206: 6204: 6195: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6144: 6135: 6133: 6124: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6083: 6067: 6063: 6056: 6041: 6037: 6031: 6022: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6006:(2): 140–53. 6005: 6001: 5994: 5986: 5979: 5972: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5941:(2): 131–52. 5940: 5936: 5935: 5927: 5925: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5887:(3): 253–71. 5886: 5882: 5875: 5868: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5833: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5810:(6): 476–85. 5809: 5805: 5798: 5796: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5748: 5740: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5707: 5699: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5657: 5649: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5598: 5590: 5588:9781551308975 5584: 5580: 5573: 5565: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5524: 5516: 5514:9781551303703 5510: 5506: 5499: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5466: 5459: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5431: 5423: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5398:(7368): 805. 5397: 5393: 5389: 5382: 5374: 5367: 5359: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5318: 5310: 5303: 5301: 5292: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5251: 5243: 5237: 5233: 5226: 5218: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5193: 5191: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5143: 5135: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5110: 5108: 5099: 5092: 5083: 5074: 5065: 5047: 5043: 5036: 5029: 5027: 5018: 5014: 5009: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4977: 4969: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4936: 4927: 4919: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4876: 4858: 4854: 4848: 4844: 4837: 4836: 4828: 4820: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4783: 4776: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4751: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4716: 4714: 4705: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4654: 4639: 4635: 4629: 4627: 4619: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4593: 4589: 4583: 4581: 4572: 4566: 4562: 4555: 4547: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4522:(1): 70–122. 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4502: 4500: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4476:(5): 322–33. 4475: 4471: 4464: 4462: 4450: 4443: 4435: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4394: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4372: 4368: 4361: 4353: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4328:(4): 366–73. 4327: 4323: 4319: 4312: 4304: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4263: 4255: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4214: 4195: 4188: 4179: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4151: 4140: 4121: 4114: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4071: 4070:10.2196/42936 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4047: 4039: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4006: 3998: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3955: 3953: 3951: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3921:Health Policy 3915: 3913: 3906: 3900: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3851: 3845: 3841: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3818: 3807:September 13, 3802: 3795: 3788: 3780: 3774: 3770: 3769: 3761: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3714: 3699: 3693: 3689: 3682: 3681: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3654: 3647: 3645: 3626: 3622: 3616: 3609: 3608: 3600: 3592: 3588: 3583: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3543: 3541: 3536: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3514: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3438: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3428: 3425: 3423: 3420: 3418: 3417:Health policy 3415: 3413: 3410: 3408: 3407:Health equity 3405: 3403: 3400: 3398: 3397:Global health 3395: 3393: 3390: 3388: 3387:EuroHealthNet 3385: 3383: 3380: 3378: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3335: 3334: 3327: 3325: 3319: 3316: 3312: 3307: 3306: 3302: 3296: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3255: 3253: 3248: 3243: 3236: 3233: 3230: 3227: 3226: 3225: 3223: 3218: 3215: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3202: 3196: 3190:Public policy 3187: 3183: 3179: 3170: 3167: 3166:child poverty 3162: 3159: 3155: 3144: 3137: 3133: 3128: 3124: 3119: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3103: 3102: 3101: 3095:Interventions 3092: 3084: 3081: 3077: 3072: 3070: 3064: 3062: 3056: 3052: 3049: 3048:Meta-analysis 3045: 3040: 3038: 3034: 3025: 3021: 3019: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2999: 2995: 2990: 2981: 2979: 2975: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2960: 2956: 2953:is weakened, 2952: 2951:immune system 2948: 2947:socialization 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2911: 2906: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2890: 2888: 2884: 2883:Health Divide 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2858: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2847:collaboration 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2827: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2807: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2788: 2784: 2778: 2775: 2764: 2760: 2748: 2744: 2743:physiological 2740: 2736: 2734: 2728: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2709:health status 2705: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2669: 2655: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2639: 2638:human capital 2635: 2631: 2627: 2616: 2611: 2609: 2604: 2602: 2597: 2596: 2594: 2593: 2588: 2585: 2583: 2580: 2578: 2575: 2573: 2570: 2568: 2565: 2563: 2560: 2558: 2555: 2551: 2548: 2547: 2546: 2543: 2541: 2538: 2537: 2536: 2535: 2531: 2530: 2523: 2520: 2518: 2515: 2513: 2510: 2508: 2505: 2503: 2500: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2492: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2480: 2477: 2473: 2470: 2469: 2468: 2465: 2463: 2460: 2456: 2453: 2452: 2451: 2448: 2446: 2443: 2441: 2438: 2437: 2436: 2435: 2432: 2428: 2425: 2424: 2419: 2416: 2412: 2409: 2407: 2404: 2402: 2401:schizophrenia 2399: 2397: 2394: 2392: 2389: 2388: 2387: 2384: 2382: 2379: 2377: 2374: 2373: 2372: 2371: 2368: 2364: 2361: 2360: 2353: 2350: 2349: 2348: 2345: 2343: 2340: 2338: 2335: 2331: 2328: 2327: 2326: 2323: 2322: 2321: 2320: 2316: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2306: 2303: 2300: 2299: 2295: 2294: 2288: 2277: 2275: 2264: 2255: 2246: 2237: 2228: 2219: 2217: 2213: 2207: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2136: 2134: 2128: 2126: 2122: 2117: 2115: 2105: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2075: 2070: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2051:health status 2048: 2044: 2032: 2027: 2025: 2020: 2018: 2013: 2012: 2010: 2009: 1999: 1996: 1992: 1989: 1988: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1977: 1976:Social stigma 1974: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1956: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1923: 1920: 1919: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1846: 1843: 1842: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1785: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1750: 1741: 1740: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1658: 1655: 1654: 1653: 1650: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1619: 1610: 1609: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1583:State atheism 1581: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1548: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1519:Jim Crow laws 1517: 1516: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1504:One-drop rule 1502: 1500: 1498: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1444: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1431: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1419:Blood quantum 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1406: 1397: 1396: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1360:Victimisation 1358: 1356: 1355:Trans bashing 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1325:Religious war 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1305:Racialization 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1255: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1187: 1184: 1183: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1176:Glass ceiling 1174: 1170: 1167: 1166: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1119:Ethnic hatred 1117: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1054:Counter-jihad 1052: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1018: 1015: 1014: 1013: 1010: 1009: 1000: 999: 989: 986: 984: 981: 979: 976: 974: 971: 969: 966: 964: 961: 959: 956: 954: 951: 949: 946: 944: 941: 939: 936: 934: 931: 929: 926: 924: 921: 919: 916: 914: 911: 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