International law - Knowledge

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states that it will be enacted through ratification, acceptance or approval, the parties must sign to indicate acceptance of the wording but there is no requirement on a state to later ratify the treaty, although they may still be subject to certain obligations. When signing or ratifying a treaty, a state can make a unilateral statement to negate or amend certain legal provisions which can have one of three effects: the reserving state is bound by the treaty but the effects of the relevant provisions are precluded or changes, the reserving state is bound by the treaty but not the relevant provisions, or the reserving state is not bound by the treaty. An interpretive declaration is a separate process, where a state issues a unilateral statement to specify or clarify a treaty provision. This can affect the interpretation of the treaty but it is generally not legally binding. A state is also able to issue a conditional declaration stating that it will consent to a given treaty only on the condition of a particular provision or interpretation.

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legislation, although they will generally need to be approved by the legislature. Once approved, the content of the treaty is considered as a law that has a higher status than national laws. Examples of countries with a monism approach are France and the Netherlands. The dualism approach considers that national and international law are two separate legal orders, so treaties are not granted a special status. The rules in a treaty can only be considered national law if the contents of the treaty have been enacted first. An example is the United Kingdom; after the country ratified the

1612: 1401: 2153:. There are 123 state parties to the ICC although a number of states have declared their opposition to the court; it has been criticised by African countries including The Gambia and Kenya for "imperialist" prosecutions. One particular aspect of the court that has received scrutiny is the principle of complementarity, whereby the ICC only has jurisdiction if the national courts of a state with jurisdiction are "unwilling or unable to prosecute" or where a state has investigated but chosen not to prosecute a case. The United States has a particularly 2130: 1215: 625:(1673–1743) in the Netherlands, argued that international law should derive from the actual practice of states rather than Christian or Greco-Roman sources. The study of international law shifted away from its core concern on the law of war and towards the domains such as the law of the sea and commercial treaties. The positivist school grew more popular as it reflected accepted views of state sovereignty and was consistent with the empiricist approach to philosophy that was then gaining acceptance in Europe. 1932: 1021: 219:, which was described in a 1969 paper as " relatively new word in the vocabulary of politics". Systems of supranational law arise when nations explicitly cede their right to make decisions to this system's judiciary and legislature, which then have the right to make laws that are directly effective in each member state. This has been described as "a level of international integration beyond mere intergovernmentalism yet still short of a federal system". The most common example of a 12896: 12884: 10455: 9971: 12872: 9985: 1060:

declaratory theory sees recognition as commenting on a current state of law which has been separately satisfied whereas the constitutive theory states that recognition by other states determines whether a state can be considered to have legal personality. States can be recognised explicitly through a released statement or tacitly through conducting official relations, although some countries have formally interacted without conferring recognition.

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to hear a particular case. This aspect of private international law should first be resolved by reference to domestic law, which may incorporate international treaties or other supranational legal concepts, although there are consistent international norms. There are five forms of jurisdiction which are consistently recognised in international law; an individual or act can be subject to multiple forms of jurisdiction. The first is the

1382:, also known as the active personality principle, whereby a nation has jurisdiction over actions committed by its nationals regardless of where they occur. The third is the passive personality principle, which gives a country jurisdiction over any actions which harm its nationals. The fourth is the protective principle, where a nation has jurisdiction in relation to threats to its "fundamental national interests". The final form is 242: 208:, who originated the term "private international law", emphasised that it must be governed by the principles of public international law but other academics view them as separate bodies of law. Another term, transnational law, is sometimes used to refer to a body of both national and international rules that transcend the nation state, although some academics emphasise that it is distinct from either type of law. It was defined by 842:(VCLT) as "an international agreement concluded between States in written form and governed by international law, whether embodied in a single instrument or in two or more related instruments and whatever its particular designation". The definition specifies that the parties must be states, however international organisations are also considered to have the capacity to enter treaties. Treaties are binding through the principle of 2327:

legal landscape, as conflicts over territorial claims and jurisdictional boundaries arise, challenging the principles of non-interference and peaceful resolution. Furthermore, the emergence of new global powers introduces additional layers of complexity, as these nations assert their interests and challenge established norms, necessitating a reevaluation of the global legal order to accommodate shifting power dynamics.

797:, general legal principles and judicial decisions and the teachings of prominent legal scholars as "a subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law". It was originally considered that the arrangement of the sources sequentially would suggest an implicit hierarchy of sources; however, the statute does not provide for a hierarchy and other academics have argued that therefore the sources must be equivalent. 861:

provisions allowing for termination or withdrawal, such as the Genocide Convention, it is prohibited unless the right was implied into the treaty or the parties had intended to allow for it. A treaty can also be held invalid, including where parties act ultra vires or negligently, where execution has been obtained through fraudulent, corrupt or forceful means, or where the treaty contradicts peremptory norms.

941:, or peremptory norms, which are "a norm accepted and recognized by the international community of States as a whole as a norm from which no derogation is permitted and which can be modified only by a subsequent norm of general international law having the same character". Where customary or treaty law conflicts with a peremptory norm, it will be considered invalid, but there is no agreed definition of 1714: 2310:

submit a dispute to an international tribunal, making laws unenforceable and voluntary. International law is also unpoliced, lacking agencies for enforcement. He cites a 1947 US opinion poll in which 75% of respondents wanted "an international police to maintain world peace", but only 13% wanted that force to exceed the US armed forces. Later surveys have produced similar contradictory results.

1742:(EEZ) following passage of the UNCLOS, which can stretch up to 200 nautical miles from the baseline and gives the sovereign state rights over natural resources. Some states have instead chosen to retain their exclusive fishery zones, which cover the same territory. There are specific rules in relation to the continental shelf, as this can extend further than 200 nautical miles. The 2295:, "so-called" international law, lacking a sovereign power and so unenforceable, was not really law at all, but "positive morality", consisting of "opinions and sentiments...more ethical than legal in nature." Since states are few in number, diverse and atypical in character, unindictable, lack a centralised sovereign power, and their agreements unpoliced and decentralised, 2196:

international norms in the absence of a coercive power that ensures compliance. Some scholars view compliance failure as a problem of enforcement whereby states can be incentivized to follow international law due to international inducements, reciprocity, concerns about reputation, or domestic political factors. Other scholars see compliance failure as rooted in a lack of

2030:. The use of nuclear weapons was determined to be in conflict with principles of IHL by the ICJ in 1995, although the court also held that it "cannot conclude definitively whether the threat or use of nuclear weapons would be lawful or unlawful in an extreme circumstance of self-defence." Multiple treaties have attempted to regulate the use of these weapons, including the 1362:. These treaties codified practice on the enforcement of international judgments, stating that a foreign judgment would be automatically recognised and enforceable where required in the jurisdiction where the party resides, unless the judgement was contrary to public order or conflicted with a local judgment between the same parties. On a global level, the 1072:, government actions; the restrictive theory of immunity said states were immune where they were acting in a governmental capacity but not a commercial one. The European Convention on State Immunity in 1972 and the UN Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and their Property attempt to restrict immunity in accordance with customary law. 2239:, that is, on the basis of the observance of commitments. On his part, de Vattel argued instead for the equality of states as articulated by 18th-century natural law and suggested that the law of nations was composed of custom and law on the one hand, and natural law on the other. During the 17th century, the basic tenets of the Grotian or 62:, and non-state groups, which can make behavioral choices, whether lawful or unlawful. Rules are formal, often written expectations for behavior and norms are less formal, customary expectations about appropriate behavior that are frequently unwritten. It establishes norms for states across a broad range of domains, including 517:(1225–1274) to create the new discipline of the "law of nations", which unlike its eponymous Roman predecessor, applied natural law to relations between states. In Islam, a similar framework was developed wherein the law of nations was derived, in part, from the principles and rules set forth in treaties with non-Muslims. 801:

including the latter category has led to debate about potential cross-over with international customary law. The relationship of general principles to treaties or custom has generally been considered to be "fill the gaps" although there is still no conclusion about their exact relationship in the absence of a hierarchy.

6714: 1545:(ILO), a UN agency with the mission of protecting employment rights which was established in 1919. The ILO has a constitution setting out a number of aims, including regulating work hours and labour supply, protecting workers and children and recognising equal pay and the right to free association, as well as the 848:, which allows states to create legal obligations on themselves through consent. The treaty must be governed by international law; however it will likely be interpreted by national courts. The VCLT, which codifies several bedrock principles of treaty interpretation, holds that a treaty "shall be interpreted in 657:(1714–1767), both of whom sought a middle-ground approach. During the 18th century, the positivist tradition gained broader acceptance, although the concept of natural rights remained influential in international politics, particularly through the republican revolutions of the United States and France. 1161: 2309:

is what makes domestic law enforceable; but between nations, there are multiple competing sources of force. The confusion created by treaty laws, which resemble private contracts between persons, is mitigated only by the relatively small number of states. He asserted that no state may be compelled to

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through these waters despite the sea being within the state's sovereignty. A state can have jurisdiction beyond its territorial waters where it claims a contiguous zone of up to 24 nautical miles from its baseline for the purpose of preventing the infringement of its "customs, fiscal, immigration and

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during the process of the custom being formed and special or local forms of customary law. The requirement for state practice relates to the practice, either through action or failure to act, of states in relation to other states or international organisations. There is no legal requirement for state

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Article 54 of the VCLT provides that either party may terminate or withdraw from a treaty in accordance with its terms or at any time with the consent of the other party, with 'termination' applying to a bilateral treaty and 'withdrawal' applying to a multilateral treaty. Where a treaty does not have

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and recommendations. Member states then have the choice as to whether or not to ratify and implement these standards. The secretariat of the ILO is the International Labour Office, which can be consulted by states to determine the meaning of a convention, which forms the ILO's case law. Although the

669:, and is noted for codifying rules and articles of war adhered to by nations across the world, including the United Kingdom, Prussia, Serbia and Argentina. In the years that followed, numerous other treaties and bodies were created to regulate the conduct of states towards one another, including the 2330:

Cybersecurity has also emerged as a critical concern, with international law striving to address the threats posed by cyber-attacks to national security, infrastructure, and individual privacy. Climate change demands unprecedented international cooperation, as evidenced by agreements like the Paris

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Among the most pressing issues are enforcement difficulties, where the lack of a centralized global authority often leads to non-compliance with international norms, particularly evident in violations of International Humanitarian Law (IHL). Sovereignty disputes further complicate the international

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International law is currently navigating a complex array of challenges and controversies that have underscored the dynamic nature of international relations in the 21st century. Some of these challenges include enforcement difficulties, the impact of technological advancements, climate change, and

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International legal theory comprises a variety of theoretical and methodological approaches used to explain and analyse the content, formation and effectiveness of international law and institutions and to suggest improvements. Some approaches center on the question of compliance: why states follow

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does not provide an explicit right to strike, this has been interpreted into the treaty through case law. The UN does not specifically focus on international labour law, although some of its treaties cover the same topics. Many of the primary human rights conventions also form part of international

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A state must prove that it has jurisdiction before it can exercise its legal authority. This concept can be divided between prescriptive jurisdiction, which is the authority of a legislature to enact legislation on a particular issue, and adjudicative jurisdiction, which is the authority of a court

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as a legal person with a permanent population, a defined territory, government and capacity to enter relations with other states. There is no requirement on population size, allowing micro-states such as San Marino and Monaco to be admitted to the UN, and no requirement of fully defined boundaries,

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A state must express its consent to be bound by a treaty through signature, exchange of instruments, ratification, acceptance, approval or accession. Accession refers to a state choosing to become party to a treaty that it is unable to sign, such as when establishing a regional body. Where a treaty

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Until the mid-19th century, relations between states were dictated mostly by treaties, agreements between states to behave in a certain way, unenforceable except by force, and nonbinding except as matters of honour and faithfulness. One of the first instruments of modern armed conflict law was the

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that the state of nature was one of war and conflict, arguing that the natural state of the world is actually peaceful but weak and uncertain without adherence to the law of nations. The actions of a state consist of nothing more than the sum of the individuals within that state, thereby requiring

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as all parts of the sea that are not within a state's EEZ, territorial sea or internal waters. There are six freedoms of the high seas—navigation, overflight, laying submarine cables and pipelines, constructing artificial islands, fishing and scientific research—some of which are subject to legal

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There are generally two approaches to the relationship between international and national law, namely monism and dualism. Monism assumes that international and national law are part of the same legal order. Therefore, a treaty can directly become part of national law without the need for enacting

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sets out a list of international organisations, which include the UN, the WTO, the World Bank and the IMF. Generally organisations consist of a plenary organ, where member states can be represented and heard; an executive organ, to decide matters within the competence of the organisation; and an

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over the last century, they have also been recognised as relevant parties. One definition of international organisations comes from the ILC's 2011 Draft Articles on the Responsibility of International Organizations which in Article 2(a) states that it is "an organization established by treaty or

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In practice, the division of countries between monism and dualism is often more complicated; countries following both approaches may accept peremptory norms as being automatically binding and they may approach treaties, particularly later amendments or clarifications, differently than they would

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in accordance with the ordinary meaning to be given to the terms of the treaty in their context and in the light of its object and purpose". This represents a compromise between three theories of interpretation: the textual approach which looks to the ordinary meaning of the text, the subjective

1865:, which provided for "an almost absolute prohibition on the use of force", with the only three exceptions. The first involves force authorised by the UNSC, as the entity is responsible in the first instance for responding to breaches or threats to the peace and acts of aggression, including the 1650:

in 1998 set obligations on states to provide information and allow public input on these issues. However few disputes under the regimes set out in environmental agreements are referred to the ICJ, as the agreements tend to specify their compliance procedures. These procedures generally focus on

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theory has been used although the definition is unclear, sometimes referring to reciprocity and sometimes being used as a synonym for private international law. Story distinguished it from "any absolute paramount obligation, superseding all discretion on the subject". There are three aspects to

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often plays a significant role in political conceptions. A country may recognise another nation as a state and, separately, it may recognise that nation's government as being legitimate and capable of representing the state on the international stage. There are two theories on recognition; the

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General principles of law have been defined in the Statute as "general principles of law recognized by civilized nations" but there is no academic consensus about what is included within this scope. They are considered to be derived from both national and international legal systems, although

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is the area of international law concerning the principles and rules by which states and other entities interact in maritime matters. It encompasses areas and issues such as navigational rights, sea mineral rights, and coastal waters jurisdiction. The law of the sea was primarily composed of

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administrative organ, to execute the decisions of the other organs and handle secretarial duties. International organisations will typically provide for their privileges and immunity in relation to its member states in their constitutional documents or in multilateral agreements, such as the

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encouraging the state to once again become compliant through recommendations but there is still uncertainty on how these procedures should operate and efforts have been made to regulate these processes although some worry that this will undercut the efficiency of the procedures themselves.

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Hybrid courts are the most recent type of international criminal court; they aim to combine both national and international components, operating in the jurisdiction where the crimes in question occurred. International courts have been criticised for a lack of legitimacy, as they can seem

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over cases with a foreign element and the application of foreign judgments in domestic law, whereas public international law covers rules with an international origin. The difference between the two areas of law has been debated as scholars disagree about the nature of their relationship.

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other instrument governed by international law and possessing its own international legal personality". This definition functions as a starting point but does not recognise that organisations can have no separate personality but nevertheless function as an international organisation. The

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The rules which are applied to conflict of laws will vary depending on the national system determining the question. There have been attempts to codify an international standard to unify the rules so differences in national law cannot lead to inconsistencies, such as through the

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the state to apply a fundamental law of reason, which is the basis of natural law. He was among the earliest scholars to expand international law beyond European Christian nations, advocating for its application and recognition among all peoples on the basis of shared humanity.

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disconnected from the crimes that have occurred, but the hybrid courts are able to provide the resources that may be lacking in countries facing the aftermath of serious conflict. There has been debate about what courts can be included within this definition, but generally the

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of the UNSC. This can be followed up with economic sanctions, military action, and similar uses of force. The UNSC also has a wide discretion under Article 24, which grants "primary responsibility" for issues of international peace and security. The UNGA, concerned during the

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that, "Not only must the acts concerned amount to a settled practice, but they must also be such, or be carried out in such a way, as to be evidence of a belief that this practice is rendered obligatory by the existence of a rule of law requiring it". A committee of the

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do not have explicit provision for international law in their domestic system and there has been an upswing in support for monism principles in relation to human rights and humanitarian law, as most principles governing these concepts can be found in international law.

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over all cases that are referred to it and all matters specifically referred to in the UN Charter or international treaties, although in practice there are no relevant matters in the UN Charter. The ICJ may also be asked by an international organisation to provide an

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marked the formal recognition of the political and international legal system based on the conditions of Europe. Modern legal positivists consider international law as a unified system of rules that emanates from the states' will. International law, as it is, is an

1432:(UDHR), which established non-binding international human rights standards, for work, standards of living, housing and education, non-discrimination, a fair trial and prohibition of torture. Two further human rights treaties were adopted by the UN in 1966, the 1758:

restrictions. Ships in the high seas are deemed to have the nationality of the flag that they have the right to fly and no other state can exercise jurisdiction over them; the exception is ships used for piracy, which are subject to universal jurisdiction.

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can be proven by the states' failure to protest. Other academics believe that intention to create customary law can be shown by states including the principle in multiple bilateral and multilateral treaties, so that treaty law is necessary to form customs.

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in Tokyo were established at the end of World War II to prosecute key actors in Germany and Japan. The jurisdiction of the tribunals was limited to crimes against peace (based on the Kellogg–Briand Pact), war crimes (based on the Hague Conventions) and

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These contemporary issues underscore the need for ongoing adaptation and cooperation within the framework of international law to address the multifaceted challenges of the modern world, ensuring a just, peaceful, and sustainable global order.

1873:. The second exception is where a state is acting in individual or collective self-defence. A state is allowed to act in self-defence in the case of an "armed attack" but the intention behind this exception has been challenged, particularly as 12179: 406:

city-states, and kingdoms, most of which had overlapping and ever-changing jurisdictions. As in China and India, these divisions prompted the development of rules aimed at providing stable and predictable relations. Early examples include

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with a panel of fifteen permanent judges. It has jurisdiction to hear cases involving states but cannot get involved in disputes involving individuals or international organizations. The states that can bring cases must be party to the

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school, especially the doctrines of legal equality, territorial sovereignty, and independence of states, became the fundamental principles of the European political and legal system and were enshrined in the 1648 Peace of Westphalia.

1146:(INGOs). All international organisations have members; generally this is restricted to states, although it can include other international organisations. Sometimes non-members will be allowed to participate in meetings as observers. 1063:

Throughout the 19th century and the majority of the 20th century, states were protected by absolute immunity, so they could not face criminal prosecution for any actions. However a number of countries began to distinguish between

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across the world resulted in the establishment of scores of newly independent states. As these former colonies became their own states, they adopted European views of international law. A flurry of institutions, ranging from the

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and on protecting human rights on the global scale, particularly when minorities or indigenous communities are involved, as concerns are raised that globalisation may be increasing inequality in the international legal system.

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International labour law is generally defined as "the substantive rules of law established at the international level and the procedural rules relating to their adoption and implementation". It operates primarily through the

2157:; originally signing the treaty in 2000, the US stated in 2002 that it did not intend to become a party as it believed the ICC threatened its national sovereignty and the country does not recognise the court's jurisdiction. 12189: 1503: 1233:

There are more than one hundred international courts in the global community, although states have generally been reluctant to allow their sovereignty to be limited in this way. The first known international court was the

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Other perspectives are policy oriented: they elaborate theoretical frameworks and instruments to criticize the existing norms and to make suggestions on how to improve them. Some of these approaches are based on domestic

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can also be used to resolve disputes between states, leading in 1899 to the creation of the Permanent Court of Arbitration which facilitates the process by maintaining a list of arbitrators. This process was used in the

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Historically individuals have not been seen as entities in international law, as the focus was on the relationship between states. As human rights have become more important on the global stage, being codified by the

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furthered the development of a multilateralist approach as states chose to compromise on sovereignty to benefit from international cooperation. Since the 1980s, there has been an increasing focus on the phenomenon of

645:, which have equal sovereignty regardless of their size and power, defined primarily by non-interference in the domestic affairs of sovereign states, although historians have challenged this narrative. The idea of 12159: 10150: 1467: 1180:

although prior to 1990, it has only intervened once, in the case of Korea in 1950. This power can only be exercised, however, where a majority of member states vote for it, as well as receiving the support of the

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as varying "according to the nature of the case". The practice is not required to be followed universally by states, but there must be a "general recognition" by states "whose interests are specially affected".

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The COVID-19 pandemic has further highlighted the interconnectedness of the global community, emphasizing the need for coordinated efforts to manage health crises, vaccine distribution, and economic recovery.

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in 1930, the UN Conference on the Law of the Sea and the adoption of the UNCLOS in 1982. The UNCLOS was particularly notable for making international courts and tribunals responsible for the law of the sea.

5471: 12144: 12041: 2212:, and others have been developed expressly to analyse international law. Classical approaches to International legal theory are the natural law, the Eclectic and the legal positivism schools of thought. 347:

as being universal. However, in contrast to modern international law, the Roman law of nations applied to relations with and between foreign individuals rather than among political units such as states.

579:(1583–1645) is widely regarded as the father of international law, being one of the first scholars to articulate an international order that consists of a "society of states" governed not by force or 12154: 1478: 7853: 2223:, the Spanish authority in the Americas, and the rights of the Native American peoples. In 1625, Grotius argued that nations as well as persons ought to be governed by universal principle based on 1562: 875:

Customary international law requires two elements: a consistent practice of states and the conviction of those states that the consistent practice is required by a legal obligation, referred to as

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further binds ILO member states to recognise fundamental labour rights including free association, collective bargaining and eliminating forced labour, child labour and employment discrimination.

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The UNSC has the power under Chapter VII of the UN Charter to take decisive and binding actions against states committing "a threat to the peace, breach of the peace, or an act of aggression" for

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and other actors feel an obligation to obey in their mutual relations and generally do obey. In international relations, actors are simply the individuals and collective entities, such as states,

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and responses to resulting environmental changes, was introduced in 1992 and came into force two years later. As of 2023, 198 states were a party. Separate protocols have been introduced through

1363: 379:, both of which held that the domestic and international legal spheres were closely interlinked, and sought to establish competing normative principles to guide foreign relations. Similarly, the 192:

defined it in his treatise as "a law between sovereign and equal states based on the common consent of these states" and this definition has been largely adopted by international legal scholars.

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require national law to conform to treaty provisions. National laws or constitutions may also provide for the implementation or integration of international legal obligations into domestic law.

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Initially these crimes were intended to be prosecuted by national courts and subject to their domestic procedures. The Geneva Conventions of 1949, the Additional Protocols of 1977 and the 1984

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The early positivist school emphasized the importance of custom and treaties as sources of international law. In the 16th-century, Gentili used historical examples to posit that positive law (

1750:, regardless of its distance from the baseline, but different rights apply to the continental shelf and the water column above it where it is further than 200 nautical miles from the coast. 1522:. International human rights has faced criticism for its Western focus, as many countries were subject to colonial rule at the time that the UDHR was drafted, although many countries in the 1585: 1355: 729:(UN) was established in 1945 to replace the League, with an aim of maintaining collective security. A more robust international legal order followed, buttressed by institutions such as the 398:

in the fifth century CE, Europe fragmented into numerous often-warring states for much of the next five centuries. Political power was dispersed across a range of entities, including the

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believed international law to be the weakest and most primitive system of law enforcement; he likened its decentralised nature to the law that prevails in preliterate tribal societies.

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that bind all nations regardless of local custom or law. He inspired two nascent schools of international law, the naturalists and the positivists. In the former camp was German jurist

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where state practice is proven but it may be necessary if the practice suggests that the states did not believe it was creating a precedent. The test in these circumstances is whether

10253: 881:. Custom distinguishes itself from treaty law as it is binding on all states, regardless of whether they have participated in the practice, with the exception of states who have been 1157: 498:

and institutionalised limitations on military conduct, including guidelines for commencing war, distinguishing between civilians and combatants and caring for the sick and wounded.

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of the eighth century BCE, China was divided into numerous states that were often at war with each other. Rules for diplomacy and treaty-making emerged, including notions regarding

12003: 10140: 1946:(IHL) is an effort to "mitigate the human suffering caused by war" and it is often complementary to the law of armed conflict and international human rights law. The concept of 1448: 12264: 12204: 12067: 6240: 1437: 1017:, but now the requirement is for a stable political environment. The final requirement of being able to enter relations is commonly evidenced by independence and sovereignty. 1242:(PCIJ) was established. The PCIJ was replaced by the ICJ, which is the best known international court due to its universal scope in relation to geographical jurisdiction and 1788:

was proposed but failed to be instituted due to the refusal of the United States to ratify its charter. Three years later, Part IV of the statute was adopted to create the

2251:) was determined by general consent. van Bynkershoek asserted that the bases of international law were customs and treaties commonly consented to by various states, while 945:. Academics have debated what principles are considered peremptory norms but the mostly widely agreed is the principle of non-use of force. The next year, the ICJ defined 2255:

emphasized the importance of state practice in international law. The positivism school narrowed the range of international practice that might qualify as law, favouring

1332:. The first question relates to whether the domestic court or a foreign court is best placed to decide the case. When determining the national law that should apply, the 1604:

covering specific issues, there is no overarching policy on international environmental protection or one specific international organisation, with the exception of the

166: 6270: 10145: 2118:(ICTR), were established by the UNSC to address specific atrocities. The ICTY had authority to prosecute war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide occurring in 188:. The definition of international law has been debated; Bentham referred specifically to relationships between states which has been criticised for its narrow scope. 10665: 10108: 8264: 2111: 12073: 2011:, which were codified in 1977. Initially IHL conventions were only considered to apply to a conflict if all parties had ratified the relevant convention under the 1550: 1199: 1182: 853:

approach which considers factors such as the drafters' intention, and the teleological approach which interprets a treaty according to its objective and purpose.

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further solidified the concept and formation of nation-states. Elements of the naturalist and positivist schools were synthesised, notably by German philosopher

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by Spain, invoked the law of nations as a basis for their innate dignity and rights, articulating an early version of sovereign equality between peoples.

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The two Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 considered restrictions on the conduct of war and the Geneva Conventions of 1949, which were organised by the

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Colonial expansion by European powers reached its peak in the late 19th century and its influence began to wane following the unprecedented bloodshed of

7293: 5541: 11780: 10301: 2252: 2154: 2031: 1459:, which requires each UN member state to review its human rights compliance every four years, and for special procedures, including the appointment of 1289: 12400: 12768: 12363: 10660: 2072: 7030: 261:, states have a long history of negotiating interstate agreements. An initial framework was conceptualised by the Ancient Romans and this idea of 12234: 12079: 11989: 10130: 1706: 1669:

which covers land and territorial sea, including the airspace above it and the subsoil below it, territory outside the sovereignty of any state,

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of 3 November 1950, which allowed the organ to pass recommendations to authorize the use of force. This resolution also led to the practice of

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were initially proposed to be three miles in the late 18th century. The UNCLOS instead defined it as being at most 12 nautical miles from the

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in 1948, individuals have been given the power to defend their rights to judicial bodies. International law is largely silent on the issue of

12338: 11945: 10411: 10100: 1743: 1519: 1285: 1114: 786: 93:. States and non-state actors may choose to not abide by international law, and even to breach a treaty but such violations, particularly of 8422: 2099:

mandated that the national courts of the contracting countries must prosecute these offenses where the perpetrator is on their territory or

12348: 11290: 7487: 6720: 6231: 5801:"Has Global Health Law Risen to Meet the COVID-19 Challenge? Revisiting the International Health Regulations to Prepare for Future Threats" 2349: 1463:, independent experts and working groups. The treaty-based procedure allows individuals to rely on the nine primary human rights treaties: 1328:

conflict of laws – determining which domestic court has jurisdiction over a dispute, determining if a domestic court has jurisdiction and

898:. There has been legal debate on this topic with the only prominent view on the length of time necessary to establish custom explained by 12343: 12164: 7301: 7294:"When Was the Law of International Society Born – An Inquiry of the History of International Law from an Intercivilizational Perspective" 5858: 1143: 7067: 359:, the rights of neutral parties, and the consolidation and partition of states; these concepts were sometimes applied to relations with 12100: 12052: 10670: 2122:

and the ICTR had authority to prosecute genocide, crimes against humanity and grave breaches of the 1949 Geneva Conventions during the

2115: 1164:

as a basis although it is not yet in force. They may also have the right to bring legal claims against states depending, as set out in

1135: 525:

The 15th century witnessed a confluence of factors that contributed to an accelerated development of international law. Italian jurist

136:

and international law is complex and variable. National law may become international law when treaties permit national jurisdiction to

910:

the belief of a party that a particular action is required by the law is referred to as the subjective element. The ICJ has stated in

12420: 12149: 12095: 11860: 10557: 10185: 8454: 7936: 6857: 6322: 6117:"The United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda: Its Establishment, Work and Impact on International Criminal Justice" 5953: 2096: 1862: 1483: 1425: 1954:. Its scope lasts from the initiation of conflict until a peaceful settlement is reached. There are two main principles in IHL; the 1596:

of 1985. States generally agreed to co-operate with each other in relation to environmental law, as codified by principle 24 of the

12763: 11134: 10485: 10037: 9952: 1976: 1632: 1608:. Instead, a general treaty setting out the framework for tackling an issue has then been supplemented by more specific protocols. 1255: 1239: 949:

obligations as those owed to "the international community as a whole", which included the illegality of genocide and human rights.

886:

practice to be uniform or for the practice to be long-running, although the ICJ has set a high bar for enforcement in the cases of

839: 820: 4732: 267:

has been used by various academics to establish the modern concept of international law. Among the earliest recorded examples are

12528: 12523: 12518: 12450: 10774: 5947: 2354: 2104: 1151: 1139: 958: 129: 7530:

The State Practice of India and the Development of International Law: Dynamic Interplay between Foreign Policy and Jurisprudence

12783: 12062: 12012: 11222: 1789: 1247: 1109:

allows individuals to petition the court where their rights have been violated and national courts have not intervened and the

120:, and general principles of law recognised by most national legal systems. Although international law may also be reflected in 1162:

Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International Organizations or between International Organizations

12393: 12174: 12046: 11800: 8774: 8688: 8660: 8635: 8519: 8496: 8468: 8436: 8408: 8387: 8317: 8183: 8136: 8115: 8024: 7996: 7911: 7859: 7769: 7739: 7711: 7670: 7542: 7416: 7391: 7364: 7339: 7167: 7142: 7084: 7053: 6994: 6978: 6920: 6836: 6685: 6660: 6614: 6587: 6559: 6440: 6413: 6386: 6361: 6221: 6188: 6169: 6104: 6079: 6058: 6031: 5999: 5983: 5935: 5910: 5778: 5561: 5483: 2818: 2498: 1601: 1488: 1429: 1409: 1086: 1378:, which states that a nation has jurisdiction over actions which occur within its territorial boundaries. The second is the 12788: 12778: 10135: 7820: 7558: 1891: 1605: 1515: 1110: 395: 8148:"Towards a global Hague Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments in Civil or Commercial Matters" 6935: 2149:, is the first and only permanent international court to prosecute genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and the 1675:

which is not yet within territorial sovereignty but is territory that is legally capable of being acquired by a state and

505:, international law was concerned primarily with the purpose and legitimacy of war, seeking to determine what constituted 12773: 12626: 12616: 12281: 12249: 10478: 10180: 10113: 2276:" reality that needs to be distinguished from law "as it should be". Classic positivism demands rigorous tests for legal 1694: 1452: 965: 8770: 6509:"The Three Traditional Approaches to Treaty Interpretation: A Current Application to the European Court of Human Rights" 5758: 12543: 12533: 12358: 12259: 10527: 10306: 10073: 8566: 7645: 6315:"Inherent imperialism: understanding the legal roots of anti-imperialist criticism of the International Criminal Court" 2388: 2035: 1447:

Non-domestic human rights enforcement operates at both the international and regional levels. Established in 1993, the

1441: 674: 7482:"Dar al-Islam: The Evolution of Muslim Territoriality and Its Implications for Conflict Resolution in the Middle East" 545:(1552–1608) took a secular view to international law, authoring various books on issues in international law, notably 12839: 12793: 12470: 12085: 11965: 9378: 8936: 8835: 8253: 7224: 7114: 6950: 6755: 6513: 6255: 5994: 2488: 1866: 1858: 1542: 1460: 1235: 894: 284: 246: 17: 8646: 12931: 12921: 12386: 11795: 11156: 10190: 9492: 9361: 2427: 1877:

have become more common, with many states relying instead on the customary right of self-defence as set out in the

1785: 1451:

supervises Charter-based and treaty-based procedures. The former are based on the UN Charter and operate under the

1329: 969: 2331:

Agreement, though disparities in responsibilities among nations pose significant challenges to collective action.

1890:, where the U.S. unsuccessfully argued that it had mined harbours in Nicaragua in pre-emption of an attack by the 12936: 12834: 12693: 11895: 11830: 10875: 10373: 9947: 9294: 9195: 8705: 8269: 6784: 6625: 6569: 6508: 2288: 1914: 1895: 1643:

which set the goal of keeping global warming at least below 2 °C (3.6 °F) above pre-industrial levels.

1575: 1082: 1047: 734: 467: 8576:"The Making of Neoliberal Globalization: Norm Substitution and the Politics of Clandestine Institutional Change" 6697:"Supranational Law: How the Move Toward Multilateral Solutions Is Changing the Character of "International" Law" 12755: 12510: 12321: 12240:

Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (Maputo Protocol)

12145:

United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1514 (XV) Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples

12132: 11086: 10731: 10675: 10406: 10200: 9454: 9088: 7194: 5401: 2170: 2080:, establishing new categories of international crime. Throughout the twentieth century, the separate crimes of 2039: 1943: 1926: 1511: 1395: 1227: 1106: 877: 730: 694: 670: 495: 491: 141: 82: 8743: 7681: 7582:"Between Cosmopolitan and American Democracy: Understanding US Opposition to the International Criminal Court" 1623:

Climate change has been one of the most important and heavily debated topics in recent environmental law. The

12299: 11239: 10547: 10248: 10233: 8807: 8724: 8580: 7699:

Human Rights and Islam: An Introduction to Key Debates between Islamic Law and International Human Rights Law

7376: 7324: 6599: 6544: 2027: 1566:

labour law, providing protection in employment and against discrimination on the grounds of gender and race.

1494:

International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families

920: 650: 376: 12455: 11850: 11835: 11730: 10695: 10680: 10509: 10421: 10276: 10271: 10056: 10030: 9614: 9093: 8175: 2190: 2174: 2142: 2134: 782: 776: 738: 590: 564: 466:, which governed foreign relations. This was based on the division of the world into three categories: the 236: 145: 124:—the practices adopted by states to maintain good relations and mutual recognition—such traditions are not 109: 6990:"The Effect of Jus Cogens Norms: Whoever Opened Pandora's Box, Did You Ever Think About the Consequences?" 1966:

must be treated differently and the principle of not causing disproportionate suffering to combatants. In

605:

and the secular world, asserting that it regulated only external acts of states. Pufendorf challenged the

583:

but by actual laws, mutual agreements, and customs. Grotius secularised international law; his 1625 work,

12636: 12275:

Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence (Istanbul Convention)

11256: 10767: 10736: 10517: 10118: 9609: 7534: 6912: 6432: 6235: 2023: 1546: 1195: 870: 794: 750: 113: 8761: 1356:

Hague Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters

815: 12916: 12862: 12844: 12653: 12430: 11127: 10850: 10573: 10501: 10195: 10160: 9584: 9083: 8627: 8428: 8333: 8016: 7988: 7731: 7434: 7216: 7076: 7037: 6970: 6942: 6677: 6378: 6050: 5927: 2166: 2060: 2055: 1886: 1797: 1682: 1493: 1130: 994: 509:". The Greco-Roman concept of natural law was combined with religious principles by Jewish philosopher 59: 5968: 2038:, but key states have failed to sign or have withdrawn. There have been similar debates on the use of 1733:(usually the coastal low-water mark) of a state; both military and civilian foreign ships are allowed 11775: 11735: 11176: 10726: 9667: 7637: 5476:

Interdisciplinary Perspectives on International Law and International Relations: The State of the Art

2407: 1510:

The regional human rights enforcement systems operate in Europe, Africa and the Americas through the

1456: 1259: 758: 622: 530: 7931:"The Responsibility of Individuals for Human Rights Abuses in Internal Conflicts: A Positivist View" 2063:

sets out the definition of international crimes and compels states to prosecute these crimes. While

1972:, the ICJ described these concepts as "intransgressible principles of international customary law". 1681:

which is territory that cannot be acquired by a state. There have historically been five methods of

717:

was founded to safeguard peace and security. International law began to incorporate notions such as

12646: 12300:

on the Prevention, Punishment, and Eradication of Violence against Women (Belém do Pará Convention)

11875: 11603: 11365: 11325: 11315: 11263: 10363: 10093: 10083: 9462: 9444: 7159: 6405: 2432: 2417: 2273: 2000: 1988: 1773: 1628: 1616: 1589: 1535: 1455:, where each global region is represented by elected member states. The Council is responsible for 1273: 352: 320: 9796: 1898:. The final exception is where the UNSC delegates its responsibility for collective security to a 1323:, determining which nation's laws should govern a particular legal circumstance. Historically the 561:(1548–1617) emphasised that international law was founded upon natural law and human positive law. 12819: 12631: 12409: 12269: 12057: 11653: 11561: 10860: 10855: 10584: 10429: 10343: 10088: 10023: 9837: 9624: 9113: 9098: 8506: 8309: 8265:"Imagining the Grotian Europe: Hugo Grotius's Vision of Europe and Ideas of European Integration" 8107: 7903: 7703: 7662: 7587: 7383: 7356: 7331: 7134: 7025: 6828: 6652: 6606: 6579: 6551: 6353: 6276: 6213: 6161: 6149: 6096: 5975: 2437: 2422: 2077: 1992: 1980: 1936: 1854: 1796:, which banded together to control global oil supply and prices, caused the previous reliance on 1767: 1739: 1288:, although in practice most states are UN members and would therefore be eligible. The court has 981: 666: 526: 6824:

The Development of the Law of the Sea Convention: The Role of International Courts and Tribunals

12180:

Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families

11825: 11815: 11404: 11335: 11320: 10801: 10760: 10741: 10716: 10609: 9892: 9877: 8329:"Markets Everywhere: The Washington Consensus and the Sociology of Global Institutional Change" 7815: 2402: 1801: 1639:

which was introduced in 1997 to set specific targets for greenhouse gas reduction and the 2015

1383: 1126: 1056: 641:

is said to have established the current international legal order characterised by independent

584: 7697: 1386:, where a country has jurisdiction over certain acts based on the nature of the crime itself. 335:, which governed the status of foreigners living in Rome and relations between foreigners and 12106: 11935: 11910: 11840: 11523: 11251: 11024: 10982: 10952: 10348: 10295: 10210: 10176:

London Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter

9996: 9589: 9267: 9078: 8051: 7581: 7099: 6183: 6043: 1899: 1379: 1375: 1269: 1265: 1005: 973: 368: 296: 6071:

The Intersection of International Law and Domestic Law: A Theoretical and Practical Analysis

5553: 2067:

were prosecuted throughout history, this has historically been done by national courts. The

1646:

Individuals and organisations have some rights under international environmental law as the

303:, concluded in 1279 BCE. Interstate pacts and agreements were negotiated and agreed upon by 12809: 12723: 12460: 12184: 12036: 11930: 11685: 11598: 11576: 11499: 11495: 11424: 11340: 11285: 11280: 11103: 10947: 10836: 10685: 10542: 10368: 10238: 9717: 9063: 8765: 7899:

International Law and Domestic Legal Systems: Incorporation, Transformation, and Persuasion

6630: 2306: 2178: 1825: 1754: 1421: 1243: 1094: 594: 550: 449: 170:

to replace the older law of nations, a direct translation of the late medieval concepts of

7277: 2235:, established by the consent of the community of nations on the basis of the principle of 300: 8: 12926: 12733: 12728: 12591: 12333: 11981: 11955: 11820: 11690: 11480: 11409: 11166: 11139: 11122: 11110: 10932: 10888: 10642: 10589: 10552: 10398: 9872: 9012: 8929: 8680: 8652: 8446: 8418: 8071: 7785: 6179: 2150: 1526:

have led the development of human rights on the global stage in the intervening decades.

1177: 882: 844: 634: 597:(1632–1694), who stressed the supremacy of the law of nature over states. His 1672 work, 380: 137: 8719: 8670: 8238: 8168: 7630: 7179: 6989: 6750: 6645: 6314: 2200:

where a willing state is incapable of fully following international legal commitments.

1484:

Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment

1424:

for their human rights violations. The UN Economic and Security Council established the

1338:

is the law that has been chosen to govern the case, which is generally foreign, and the

1190:

with the requirement that the USSR would have to authorise any UNSC action, adopted the

558: 12900: 12564: 12353: 11675: 11591: 11581: 11414: 11377: 11307: 11246: 11229: 11183: 11093: 11007: 10821: 10626: 10621: 10594: 10532: 10383: 10078: 9687: 9346: 9200: 9185: 9163: 8907: 8887: 8840: 8830: 8605: 8575: 8544: 8478: 8379: 8360: 8221: 8088: 7969: 7961: 7884: 7802: 7749: 7612: 7512: 7467: 7459: 7209: 6890: 6882: 6809: 6492: 6484: 6425: 6301: 6247: 6154: 6133: 5883: 2268: 2228: 1726: 1718: 1611: 1014: 718: 678: 638: 554: 388: 189: 149: 102: 97:, can be met with disapproval by others and in some cases coercive action ranging from 31: 12190:

International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance

8347: 8328: 6398: 6206: 2022:

There have been various agreements to outlaw particular types of weapons, such as the

1504:

International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance

426: 12698: 12663: 12606: 12574: 12491: 11805: 11695: 11680: 11660: 11571: 11518: 11490: 11472: 11275: 11151: 11144: 10957: 10905: 10883: 10811: 10537: 10338: 10333: 9672: 9594: 9432: 9170: 9123: 9048: 9042: 8800: 8684: 8656: 8631: 8617: 8609: 8597: 8548: 8536: 8492: 8464: 8432: 8404: 8383: 8364: 8352: 8313: 8249: 8213: 8179: 8132: 8111: 8020: 7992: 7973: 7953: 7907: 7888: 7876: 7839: 7780: 7765: 7735: 7707: 7666: 7655:

Rothwell, Donald; Oude Elferink, Alex G.; Scott, Karen Nadine; Stephens, Tim (2015).

7641: 7616: 7604: 7567: 7538: 7516: 7504: 7471: 7451: 7412: 7387: 7360: 7335: 7284: 7230: 7220: 7190: 7163: 7138: 7110: 7080: 7049: 7013: 6974: 6946: 6916: 6894: 6874: 6832: 6801: 6764: 6737: 6681: 6656: 6610: 6583: 6555: 6530: 6496: 6476: 6436: 6409: 6382: 6357: 6305: 6293: 6289: 6251: 6217: 6165: 6125: 6100: 6075: 6054: 6027: 5979: 5931: 5906: 5875: 5828: 5820: 5774: 5739: 5669: 5557: 5519: 5479: 2814: 2494: 2374: 2320: 2219:

truths. The 16th-century natural law writer de Vitoria examined the questions of the

2209: 1955: 1805: 1747: 1690: 1647: 1581: 1405: 1367: 1311: 1010: 714: 706: 541:, creating an organised source of law that could be referenced by different nations. 534: 336: 308: 216: 12185:

International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid

11950: 8532: 5499: 2129: 2019:

began to be implemented, providing that the law would generally be deemed to apply.

968:, the convention was only considered to have the force of law in national law after 789:, which is considered authoritative in this regard. These categories are, in order, 12849: 12718: 12641: 12295:

on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Persons with Disabilities

11566: 11556: 11382: 11330: 11234: 11098: 10987: 10937: 10915: 10910: 10841: 10655: 10604: 10353: 10165: 9677: 9644: 9143: 9007: 9002: 8967: 8589: 8528: 8342: 8278: 8080: 7945: 7868: 7829: 7794: 7596: 7496: 7443: 7310: 7258: 7247:"'Hybrid courts': The hybrid category of a new type of international crimes courts" 7041: 7003: 6866: 6793: 6729: 6522: 6468: 6331: 6285: 6265: 5867: 5812: 5766: 5731: 5700: 5661: 5549: 5515: 5511: 2412: 2359: 2277: 2231:

while the relations among polities ought to be governed by the law of peoples, the

2123: 2068: 1781: 1734: 1316: 1297:

on a legal question, which are generally considered non-binding but authoritative.

1294: 899: 637:

in 1648, which is considered the seminal event in international law. The resulting

542: 476:, non-Islamic realms that concluded an armistice with a Muslim government; and the 434: 220: 196: 12155:

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)

6184:"A Community of Courts: Toward a System of International Criminal Law Enforcement" 1214: 1168:, where they have legal personality and the right to do so in their constitution. 537:(1327–1400), provided commentaries and compilations of Roman, ecclesiastical, and 212:

as "all law which regulates actions or events that transcend national frontiers".

12876: 12678: 12673: 12668: 12586: 12239: 11940: 11880: 11765: 11613: 11608: 11586: 11506: 11460: 11217: 11171: 11069: 11046: 11029: 11002: 10787: 10721: 10522: 10388: 10358: 10328: 10215: 10170: 9926: 9899: 9887: 9867: 9801: 9779: 9759: 9754: 9734: 9599: 9579: 9574: 9477: 9437: 9148: 9073: 8997: 8982: 8902: 8674: 8621: 8560: 8510: 8482: 8398: 8373: 8303: 8204: 8126: 8101: 8010: 7982: 7897: 7834: 7725: 7721: 7656: 7625: 7528: 7402: 7350: 7272: 7204: 7153: 7128: 7094: 6964: 6906: 6822: 6671: 6573: 6450: 6372: 6347: 6201: 6090: 6069: 6023: 6017: 6013: 5921: 5896: 5689:"The Re-Emergence of Conquest: International Law and the Legitimate Use of Force" 2393: 2302: 1996: 1746:

has specified that a state has sovereign rights over the resources of the entire

1640: 1468:

International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination

1364:

New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards

1359: 1090: 1052: 937: 506: 399: 356: 258: 254: 125: 94: 90: 8055: 6696: 5770: 4822: 383:

was divided into various states, which over time developed rules of neutrality,

12475: 11970: 11890: 11845: 11785: 11750: 11542: 11455: 11360: 11268: 11059: 10893: 10816: 10378: 10124:

Convention on Fishing and Conservation of the Living Resources of the High Seas

10046: 10003: 9811: 9729: 9318: 9284: 9235: 9220: 8992: 8897: 8877: 8867: 8450: 7925: 7524: 7063: 6846: 6343: 5871: 5704: 2807:

Medieval Maritime Law from Oléron to Wisby: Jurisdictions in the Law of the Sea

2398: 2197: 2016: 1984: 1874: 1730: 1701: 1660: 1636: 888: 745: 726: 654: 514: 430: 417: 316: 224: 185: 161: 55: 7872: 7600: 7553: 7500: 7447: 7314: 6733: 6472: 5665: 1931: 1028: UN member states that at least one other member state does not recognise 30:"Law of Nations" redirects here. For the 18th-century political treatise, see 12910: 12042:

Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples

11925: 11810: 11725: 11670: 11530: 11450: 11345: 11195: 11188: 11081: 11034: 10927: 10783: 10470: 10442: 9857: 9816: 9702: 9682: 9654: 9604: 9569: 9543: 9538: 9531: 9482: 9422: 9262: 9252: 9210: 9133: 9128: 9058: 9017: 8941: 8601: 8540: 8356: 8282: 8245: 8217: 8193: 8147: 8036: 8006: 7957: 7880: 7843: 7761: 7608: 7571: 7508: 7455: 7124: 7045: 7017: 6878: 6805: 6768: 6741: 6534: 6480: 6297: 6129: 5879: 5824: 5816: 5743: 5688: 5673: 5523: 5005: 2805: 2119: 1963: 1910: 1878: 1849: 1821: 1809: 1342:

is the national law of the court making the determination. Some examples are

1320: 1102: 1020: 763: 618: 445: 438: 209: 133: 10752: 8755: 7234: 7130:

The Continental Shelf Beyond 200 Nautical Miles: Rights and Responsibilities

6797: 5441: 5439: 2215:

The natural law approach argues that international norms should be based on

12738: 12658: 12611: 11960: 11760: 11665: 11511: 11485: 11394: 11076: 11064: 11012: 10972: 10967: 10831: 10826: 10562: 10155: 9989: 9739: 9707: 9662: 9400: 9395: 9366: 9279: 9257: 9225: 9158: 9138: 9032: 8972: 8962: 8914: 8872: 8850: 8793: 8233: 8066:"The Relationship of Private International Law to Public International Law" 7242: 7186: 6960: 6930: 6902: 6626:"Uncharted Waters: Non-innocent Passage of Warships in the Territorial Sea" 6145: 5832: 2379: 2296: 2205: 2146: 2043: 1870: 1817: 1677: 1666: 1523: 1417: 1219: 722: 710: 642: 576: 569: 549:, which provided comprehensive commentary on the laws of war and treaties. 422: 421:("merchant law"), which concerned trade and commerce; and various codes of 412: 403: 372: 328: 268: 205: 200: 177: 75: 12378: 7008: 6673:

Making the Law of the Sea: A Study in the Development of International Law

6335: 5735: 1792:, which operated between 1948 and 1994, when the WTO was established. The 1479:

Convention on the Elimination of All forms of Discrimination against Women

387:, and international conduct, and established both temporary and permanent 12824: 12703: 12683: 12596: 12581: 12496: 11900: 11648: 11643: 11635: 11620: 11445: 11350: 11161: 10997: 10962: 10942: 10922: 10900: 10865: 9911: 9852: 9842: 9639: 9634: 9472: 9373: 9289: 9248: 9215: 9180: 9103: 9027: 8977: 8892: 8738: 8556: 8515:"Political Science Research on International Law: The State of the Field" 8299: 7921: 6546:

Research Handbook on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights as Human Rights

6526: 6504: 5970:

Islamic International Law: Historical Foundations and Al-Shaybani's Siyar

5436: 5397: 5324: 5065: 5053: 5029: 4942: 4471: 4180: 2452: 2256: 2240: 2100: 2008: 1671: 1400: 1319:, also known as private international law, was originally concerned with 1098: 702: 662: 646: 633:

The developments of the 17th century culminated at the conclusion of the

502: 487: 340: 292: 272: 263: 172: 51: 12871: 8225: 8198: 7754: 7554:"Hierarchy and the Sources of International Law: A Critical Perspective" 6488: 6455: 6137: 6116: 5629: 4539: 4537: 1040: Non-UN member states recognised only by other non-UN member states 456:

in the eighth century, which served as a fundamental reference work for

12888: 12708: 11431: 11419: 11389: 11355: 11295: 10977: 10459: 9975: 9904: 9784: 9722: 9467: 9388: 9383: 9341: 9323: 9311: 9272: 9118: 9108: 9068: 9053: 9037: 8987: 8924: 8919: 8676:

Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: A to F

8092: 8065: 7965: 7930: 7806: 7463: 7428: 6886: 6851: 4585: 4549: 4047: 4045: 3643: 2004: 1979:, considered the protection of innocent parties in conflict zones. The 1842: 1813: 1580:

It has been claimed that there is no concept of discrete international

1251: 1160:. These organisations also have the power to enter treaties, using the 1129:

were the sole subjects of international law. With the proliferation of

849: 785:

applied by the community of nations are listed in Article 38(1) of the

744:

In the 1940s through the 1970s, the dissolution of the Soviet bloc and

741:(ILC) was established in 1947 to develop and codify international law. 614: 538: 510: 429:— aimed at regulating shipping in North-western Europe — and the later 6813: 6778: 6542:

Dugard, Jackie; Porter, Bruce; Ikawa, Daniela; Chenwi, Lilian (2020).

5887: 5852: 5719: 5089: 1556:

The ILO have also created labour standards which are set out in their

89:, since there is no universally accepted authority to enforce it upon 12814: 12569: 11865: 11702: 11437: 11399: 10992: 10806: 10631: 9882: 9847: 9789: 9764: 9629: 9526: 9514: 9499: 9487: 9415: 9333: 9306: 9190: 8460: 7408: 7352:

Research Handbook on Jurisdiction and Immunities in International Law

5902: 5470:

von Stein, Jana (2012), Dunoff, Jeffrey L.; Pollack, Mark A. (eds.),

4971: 4969: 4858: 4573: 4561: 4534: 4522: 4387: 4324: 3771: 3769: 2447: 2383: 2216: 2089: 2064: 2003:

covers civilians. These conventions were supplemented the additional

1959: 1586:

Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment

1440:(ICESCR). These two documents along with the UDHR are considered the 1280: 1223: 1034: Non-UN member states recognised by at least one UN member state 606: 408: 364: 360: 312: 98: 67: 12883: 10454: 9970: 8084: 7949: 7798: 7263: 7246: 6870: 5995:"A Functional Approach to "General Principles of International Law"" 4993: 4930: 4894: 4882: 4129: 4042: 3943: 3895: 3264: 3262: 1246:. There are additionally a number of regional courts, including the 12621: 12559: 12538: 12160:

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination

11855: 11551: 11372: 11200: 11115: 11054: 11017: 10599: 10206:

Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures

9931: 9916: 9619: 9504: 9301: 8845: 8593: 5799:

Gostin, Lawrence O.; Habibi, Roojin; Meier, Benjamin Mason (2020).

5406: 2462: 2442: 2260: 2224: 2220: 2081: 1334: 1187: 241: 117: 10254:

Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1984 between Chile and Argentina

7981:

Slagter, Tracy H.; van Doorn, John D.; Slomanson, William (2022).

7654: 5191: 4966: 4828: 4631: 4629: 4627: 3766: 3450: 3448: 2299:

argued that international society is better described as anarchy.

1991:

covers combatants at sea who are wounded, ill or shipwrecked, the

1279:

The ICJ operates as one of the six organs of the UN, based out of

249:, among the earliest extant examples of an international agreement 11770: 11625: 11537: 10015: 9821: 9769: 9749: 9697: 9509: 9427: 9243: 9205: 9153: 7816:"What We Talk about When We Talk about General Principles of Law" 7682:"The morality of the fallen man: Samuel Pufendorf on natural law" 6456:"China's Approach to International Law: A Historical Perspective" 5402:"Biden lifts sanctions on International Criminal Court officials" 5307: 5305: 4158: 4156: 3967: 3679: 3631: 3286: 3259: 3247: 3235: 3205: 3121: 2923: 2827: 2369: 2103:

them to any other interested state. It was in the 1990s that two

2085: 1686: 1158:

Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations

580: 331:

established an early conceptual framework for international law,

288: 199:; the latter is concerned with whether national courts can claim 86: 10141:

Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage

8012:

The Law of Armed Conflict: International Humanitarian Law in War

7429:"Sovereignty, International Relations, and the Westphalian Myth" 7378:

Research Handbook on the Theory and History of International Law

7326:

Research Handbook on the Theory and History of International Law

5017: 4981: 4918: 4846: 4798: 4786: 4500: 4498: 4447: 4435: 4341: 4339: 4141: 3979: 3931: 1939:(1864) is one of the earliest formulations of international law. 1142:(IGOs), which are created by inter-governmental agreements, and 601:

expanded on the theories of Grotius and grounded natural law to

12713: 12601: 11790: 10616: 9921: 9774: 9519: 9410: 9405: 9351: 9022: 8488: 8240:

Power Politics: The Definitive Study of International Relations

4665: 4624: 4363: 4081: 4069: 4008: 4006: 3445: 1370:, although it does not have jurisdiction over court judgments. 1324: 911: 810: 790: 602: 463: 384: 304: 276: 121: 12205:

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

12068:

Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women

10244:

Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits (1936)

8170:

Law Among Nations: An Introduction to Public International Law

5617: 5302: 4954: 4689: 4153: 3820: 3073: 1665:

Legal territory can be divided into four categories. There is

1438:

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

1366:

was introduced in 1958 to internationalise the enforcement of

12688: 12445: 12024: 11755: 11745: 11740: 11212: 11207: 9862: 9806: 9712: 9553: 9356: 8855: 8749: 7106: 5426: 5424: 4495: 4483: 4459: 4336: 3754: 3742: 3732: 3730: 3460: 3334: 3157: 3061: 2887: 2751: 2749: 2264: 705:, which spurred the creation of international organisations. 482: 458: 324: 160:

The modern term "international law" was originally coined by

71: 10131:

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III)

8043:

George Washington Journal of International Law and Economics

5720:"New Great Powers and International Law in the 21st Century" 5131: 4774: 4750: 4713: 4653: 4597: 4423: 4276: 4204: 4018: 4003: 3691: 3595: 3501: 3499: 3022: 3010: 2507: 1713: 1105:, human rights are often tied to someone's nationality. The 935:

The adoption of the VCLT in 1969 established the concept of

12465: 11885: 9744: 9692: 9548: 8946: 8862: 6374:

An Introduction to International Criminal Law and Procedure

5581: 5569: 5121: 5119: 5106: 5104: 4312: 3169: 3133: 3097: 3085: 2935: 2863: 2567: 2555: 1903: 1793: 1549:

of 1944, which re-defined the purpose of the ILO. The 1998

1013:. There was originally an intention that a state must have 280: 12011: 10146:

International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea

8779: 6371:

Cryer, Robert; Robinson, Darryl; Vasiliev, Sergey (2019).

5421: 4870: 4117: 4105: 3793: 3781: 3727: 3193: 3051: 3049: 3000: 2998: 2959: 2947: 2746: 2640: 2638: 665:

of 1863, which governed the conduct of warfare during the

12745: 10666:

International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia

10109:

Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone

8816: 7980: 5650:"The Challenges to International Law in the 21st Century" 5593: 5378: 5354: 5254: 5220: 5218: 5071: 5059: 5035: 5011: 4614: 4612: 4510: 4477: 4186: 3655: 3559: 3547: 3496: 3472: 3435: 3433: 2983: 2911: 2710: 2686: 2364: 2112:

International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia

1705:

customary law until the 20th century, beginning with the

63: 12074:

Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women

8734: 7689:

Suomen Historiallinen Seura (Finnish Historical Society)

7101:

Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace

5155: 5143: 5116: 5101: 5041: 4762: 4701: 4677: 4411: 4399: 4288: 4264: 4252: 4240: 4228: 4216: 4192: 4168: 4057: 3991: 3955: 3919: 3859: 3832: 3810: 3808: 3523: 3406: 3382: 3346: 2773: 2591: 2579: 1847:

The law relating to the initiation of armed conflict is

1738:

sanitary regulations". States are also able to claim an

1685:, reflecting Roman property law: occupation, accretion, 1627:, intended to set out a framework for the mitigation of 1551:

Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work

1006:

Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States

520: 167:

Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation

11870: 10701:

International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals

8505: 7756:

International Institutional Law: Unity within Diversity

6779:"The New Oppenheim and Its Theory of International Law" 6541: 4641: 4591: 4579: 4567: 4555: 4543: 4528: 4093: 4030: 3907: 3883: 3871: 3849: 3847: 3619: 3607: 3418: 3370: 3298: 3145: 3046: 3034: 2995: 2851: 2674: 2662: 2650: 2635: 2625: 2623: 1861:. These fundamental principles were re-affirmed in the 1804:

in 1971. During this recession, British Prime Minister

1594:

Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer

253:

The origins of international law can be traced back to

8785: 7632:

Ethics of War: Shared Problems in Different Traditions

5451: 5290: 5266: 5230: 5215: 5167: 4906: 4834: 4810: 4609: 4375: 3715: 3703: 3667: 3583: 3484: 3430: 3358: 3322: 3223: 2899: 2785: 2722: 2698: 2610: 2608: 2606: 628: 12860: 12170:

Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

12086:

Declaration on sexual orientation and gender identity

8199:"Punishment of War Crimes by International Tribunals" 6370: 6011: 5763:

Research Handbook on International Law and Cyberspace

5605: 5546:

Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies

5445: 5278: 5242: 5203: 5179: 4393: 4351: 4330: 3805: 3511: 2734: 1778:

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development

1625:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

1499:

Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

1330:

determining whether foreign judgments can be enforced

980:

approach customary law. Many countries with older or

923:

has argued that there is a general presumption of an

755:

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development

709:

was generally recognized as international law before

684: 553:(1486–1546), who was concerned with the treatment of 371:

saw the development of two major schools of thought,

12265:

Convention for the Protection of National Minorities

12200:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

12091:

American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man

8758:

at the United Nations Library and Archives in Geneva

7211:

The League of Nations: its life and times, 1920-1946

6342: 5366: 5342: 5095: 5077: 4975: 4300: 3844: 3571: 2875: 2620: 1434:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

8771:

Guide to Electronic Resources for International Law

7727:

An Introduction to the International Criminal Court

7404:

Akehurst's Modern Introduction to International Law

6242:

Dicey, Morris & Collins on the Conflict of Laws

3535: 3394: 3310: 3274: 3181: 3109: 2971: 2839: 2603: 2543: 2531: 2519: 2458:

Third World Approaches to International Law (TWAIL)

1449:

Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights

12319: 10656:International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg Trials) 8237: 8197: 8167: 8064: 8035: 7929: 7852: 7753: 7629: 7580: 7480: 7427: 7375: 7323: 7276: 7208: 7178: 7098: 7029: 6934: 6850: 6777: 6713: 6644: 6598: 6543: 6454: 6424: 6397: 6269: 6239: 6205: 6153: 6115: 6042: 5967: 5946: 5851: 2761: 2319:worldwide pandemics. The possible re-emergence of 2280:and it deems irrelevant all extralegal arguments. 10239:Treaty of Versailles, Part XII, Section VI (1919) 8737:, the United Nations' centralised website on the 8403:(in French) (10th ed.). Éditions A. Pedone. 6156:Brownlie's Principles of Public International Law 5798: 480:, non-Islamic lands which were contested through 327:and, occasionally, with neighbouring states. The 12908: 12364:Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court 10686:Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia 10661:International Military Tribunal for the Far East 8574:Kentikelenis, Alexander E.; Babb, Sarah (2019). 8573: 8326: 7748: 6144: 5757:Buchan, Russell; Navarrete, Iñaki (2021-12-14), 5478:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 477–501, 5023: 4999: 4987: 4948: 4936: 4924: 4900: 4888: 4864: 4852: 4804: 4792: 4147: 4135: 4087: 4075: 4051: 3985: 3949: 3937: 3901: 3685: 3637: 3466: 3454: 3340: 2513: 2179:Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia 2073:International Military Tribunal for the Far East 1969:Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons 1950:(law in war) covers IHL, which is distinct from 1884:. The ICJ considered collective self-defence in 12080:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples 10302:UNEP regional seas conventions and action plans 8445: 8037:"The Privatization of Public International Law" 5756: 2313: 2163:Special Panels for Serious Crimes in East Timor 1909:On humanitarian grounds, the use of landmines ( 770: 415:institutions and clergy throughout Europe; the 12451:Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) 12195:Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 10500: 8644: 7400: 7373: 7348: 7321: 7036:. ASIL Studies in International Legal Theory. 6751:"Individuals as Subjects of International Law" 5575: 5311: 5197: 4960: 4695: 4504: 4489: 4465: 4453: 4441: 4429: 4162: 3775: 3649: 3292: 3268: 3253: 3241: 3211: 3163: 3127: 3067: 3028: 2893: 2833: 2468:Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project (RULAC) 1416:Following World War II, the modern system for 1120: 12394: 12339:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees 11997: 10782: 10768: 10486: 10412:International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea 10101:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees 10031: 8801: 8327:Babb, Sarah; Kentikelenis, Alexander (2021). 7984:Fundamental Perspectives on International Law 6721:International & Comparative Law Quarterly 6596: 6230: 5765:, Edward Elgar Publishing, pp. 231–252, 4671: 4659: 4635: 4603: 4369: 4345: 4318: 3973: 2184: 2049: 1744:International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea 1300: 787:Statute of the International Court of Justice 12349:Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness 12235:African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights 8477: 7679: 7623: 7488:International Journal of Middle East Studies 7478: 7181:Cheshire and North Private International Law 6349:Principles of International Humanitarian Law 6067: 3826: 3091: 3079: 2929: 2869: 2350:List of International Court of Justice cases 2069:International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg 1144:international non-governmental organisations 12408: 12344:Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees 12165:Convention on the Political Rights of Women 8645:Lawson, Edward; Bertucci, Mary Lou (1996). 7920: 7302:Journal of the History of International Law 6395: 6178: 5859:International and Comparative Law Quarterly 5587: 5360: 3760: 3748: 3697: 363:along China's western periphery beyond the 81:International law differs from state-based 12401: 12387: 12101:Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action 12053:Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam 12004: 11990: 10775: 10761: 10671:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda 10493: 10479: 10038: 10024: 8808: 8794: 8033: 7854:"Normative Hierarchy in International Law" 7479:Parvin, Manoucher; Sommer, Maurie (1980). 7093: 7024: 6987: 6908:The Concept of Treaty in International Law 6400:The Concept of Custom in International Law 6264: 5948:"The Doctrine of Legal Equality of States" 5635: 5623: 5500:"Compliance with International Agreements" 4733:"Status of Ratification of the Convention" 4516: 3799: 3787: 2597: 2585: 2116:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda 1520:African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights 1115:African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights 1097:or where someone is claiming rights under 1004:A state is defined under Article 1 of the 529:(1313–1357) was considered the founder of 195:There is a distinction between public and 116:(general state practice accepted as law), 12466:North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 12026:Declarations, manifestos, and resolutions 10691:Special Panels of the Dili District Court 10186:International Plant Protection Convention 8669: 8616: 8346: 8262: 8165: 8131:. Springer Science & Business Media. 8062: 7937:The American Journal of International Law 7833: 7658:The Oxford Handbook of the Law of the Sea 7262: 7203: 7069:Perspectives on Public Choice: A Handbook 7032:International Criminal Law and Philosophy 7007: 6858:The American Journal of International Law 6597:Finkin, Matthew W.; Mundlak, Guy (2015). 6323:Journal of International Criminal Justice 5992: 5954:The British Yearbook of International Law 5849: 5469: 3961: 3925: 3412: 3388: 3229: 3199: 3016: 2965: 2813:. Edizioni Plus – Pisa University Press. 2779: 2573: 2561: 2486: 1917:) is prohibited under international law. 1894:government against another member of the 1836: 1707:League of Nations Codification Conference 1101:but as, argued by the political theorist 681:, the first of which was passed in 1864. 12255:Convention for the Prevention of Torture 9953:History of the American legal profession 8762:Public International Law, Research Guide 8750:Audiovisual Library of International Law 8145: 8124: 8099: 7425: 7271: 6959: 6929: 6901: 6845: 6669: 6642: 6040: 5686: 5325:"The States Parties to the Rome Statute" 5161: 5149: 5137: 5125: 5110: 5047: 4816: 4780: 4768: 4756: 4719: 4707: 4683: 4647: 4618: 4417: 4405: 4294: 4282: 4270: 4258: 4246: 4234: 4222: 4210: 4198: 4123: 4111: 4036: 4024: 4012: 3997: 3736: 3721: 3709: 3673: 3661: 3589: 3565: 3553: 3490: 3478: 3439: 3175: 3151: 3139: 3103: 3055: 2989: 2953: 2941: 2917: 2905: 2857: 2728: 2716: 2704: 2692: 2680: 2668: 2656: 2644: 2128: 2015:clause, but this posed concerns and the 1977:International Committee of the Red Cross 1930: 1761: 1712: 1654: 1610: 1399: 1256:Court of Justice of the Andean Community 1240:Permanent Court of International Justice 1213: 1125:Traditionally, sovereign states and the 1019: 840:Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 838:A treaty is defined in Article 2 of the 821:Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 814: 688: 563: 240: 12471:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) 8417: 8396: 8371: 8305:Indigenous Peoples in International Law 7895: 7850: 7781:"The Legal Nature of International Law" 7720: 7279:A Concise History of the Law of Nations 7062: 6449: 6200: 6068:Björgvinsson, Davíd Thór (2015-11-27). 5759:"Cyber espionage and international law" 5497: 5272: 5260: 5248: 5236: 5224: 5209: 5185: 5173: 5072:Slagter, van Doorn & Slomanson 2022 5060:Slagter, van Doorn & Slomanson 2022 5036:Slagter, van Doorn & Slomanson 2022 5012:Slagter, van Doorn & Slomanson 2022 4478:Slagter, van Doorn & Slomanson 2022 4187:Slagter, van Doorn & Slomanson 2022 4099: 3889: 3877: 3814: 3364: 2803: 2755: 2355:List of international public law topics 1209: 1152:Yearbook of International Organizations 1009:allowing Israel to be admitted despite 988: 959:Monism and dualism in international law 864: 14: 12909: 12063:Declaration of the Rights of the Child 12013:International human rights instruments 8555: 8155:Nederlands Internationaal Privaatrecht 7241: 7123: 6820: 6711: 6623: 6503: 6461:Proceedings of the Asil Annual Meeting 6312: 6088: 5965: 5894: 5654:Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting 5535: 5533: 5457: 5430: 5372: 5348: 4912: 4876: 4840: 4306: 4063: 3517: 3505: 2845: 2291:asserted that due to the principle of 1790:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1784:) and the IMF. At the conference, the 1248:Court of Justice of the European Union 1198:, which has been notably been used in 12382: 12318: 12221: 12175:Convention on the Rights of the Child 12130: 12129: 12112:Declaration on the Rights of Peasants 12047:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 12023: 11985: 10756: 10474: 10019: 8789: 8782:of the International Court of Justice 8775:American Society of International Law 8520:American Journal of International Law 8298: 8232: 8005: 7860:American Journal of International Law 7778: 7695: 7578: 7551: 7523: 7291: 7176: 6995:European Journal of International Law 6852:"Islam and the Modern Law of Nations" 6775: 6748: 6568: 6422: 6189:Michigan Journal of International Law 6000:Michigan Journal of International Law 5944: 5805:Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 5724:European Journal of International Law 5687:Mulligan, Michael (October 1, 2020). 5647: 5611: 5599: 5554:10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.55 5539: 5396: 5384: 5083: 4381: 4357: 3913: 3577: 3529: 3352: 3328: 3280: 3187: 2881: 2791: 2629: 2549: 2537: 2525: 2323:as international law is contentious. 2155:complicated relationship with the ICC 1831: 1602:multilateral environmental agreements 1489:Convention on the Rights of the Child 1430:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1410:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1087:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 952: 521:Emergence of modern international law 513:(1135–1204) and Christian theologian 10136:United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement 8192: 7821:Chinese Journal of International Law 7813: 7559:Houston Journal of International Law 7151: 6694: 6113: 5919: 5296: 5284: 4174: 3865: 3853: 3838: 3625: 3613: 3601: 3541: 3424: 3400: 3376: 3316: 3304: 3115: 3040: 3004: 2977: 2767: 2740: 2614: 2283: 1569: 1516:Inter-American Court of Human Rights 1111:Inter-American Court of Human Rights 396:collapse of the western Roman Empire 85:in that it operates largely through 12282:American Convention on Human Rights 10181:Ballast Water Management Convention 10114:Convention on the Continental Shelf 8372:Capaldo, Giuliana Ziccardi (2013). 5717: 5542:"Compliance With International Law" 5530: 5446:Cryer, Robinson & Vasiliev 2019 4394:Beaumont, Anton & McEleavy 2011 4331:Beaumont, Anton & McEleavy 2011 1920: 1853:. This was codified in 1928 in the 1717:Breakdown of the rules surrounding 1600:of 1972. Despite these, and other, 1305: 1272:and to resolve disputes during the 966:European Convention on Human Rights 629:Establishment of Westphalian system 472:, where Islamic law prevailed; the 307:across the world, from the eastern 24: 12544:International relations since 1989 12534:Diplomatic history of World War II 12456:International Criminal Court (ICC) 12260:European Convention on Nationality 10307:List of maritime boundary treaties 10074:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 10045: 8623:The Continent of International Law 8567:University of North Carolina Press 8291: 7401:Orakhelashvili, Alexander (2022). 7374:Orakhelashvili, Alexander (2020). 7349:Orakhelashvili, Alexander (2015). 7322:Orakhelashvili, Alexander (2011). 5504:Annual Review of Political Science 2389:Centre for International Law (CIL) 2036:Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action 1442:International Bill of Human Rights 685:20th and 21st century developments 25: 12948: 12840:International political sociology 12250:Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) 11966:Western European and Others Group 8937:Restitution and unjust enrichment 8699: 8348:10.1146/annurev-soc-090220-025543 7028:; Hoskins, Zachary, eds. (2009). 6756:Cornell International Law Journal 6514:Fordham International Law Journal 6346:; Weston-Scheuber, Kylie (2013). 5648:Jeria, Michelle Bachelet (2016). 1683:acquiring territorial sovereignty 1238:, prior to World War I, when the 1236:Central American Court of Justice 1171: 599:Of the Law of Nature and Nations, 12894: 12882: 12870: 12222: 10453: 10296:UN FAO regional fisheries bodies 10249:Egypt–Israel peace treaty (1979) 10191:International Health Regulations 9984: 9983: 9969: 8103:The Sources of International Law 6290:10.1111/j.1747-4469.2012.01306.x 5792: 5750: 5711: 5680: 5641: 5491: 5463: 5390: 5317: 5096:Crowe & Weston-Scheuber 2013 4976:Crowe & Weston-Scheuber 2013 4725: 2428:International constitutional law 1786:International Trade Organization 1543:International Labor Organization 906:The second element of the test, 339:. Adopting the Greek concept of 27:Norms in international relations 12835:International political economy 10374:Law of carriage of goods by sea 9948:History of the legal profession 8533:10.5305/amerjintelaw.106.1.0047 8270:Journal of European Integration 6785:Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 3217: 2797: 2490:Understanding International Law 2293:par in parem non habet imperium 1896:Organization of American States 1576:International environmental law 1389: 1346:, the law of the domicile, and 1138:has emphasised a split between 1093:with the exception of cases of 1048:par in parem non habet imperium 819:Parties and signatories to the 494:served as precursors to modern 433:, enacted among the commercial 257:. With origins tracing back to 12322:International humanitarian law 10732:International humanitarian law 10676:Special Court for Sierra Leone 10407:International Seabed Authority 10201:Terrestrial Animal Health Code 6045:International Law in Antiquity 5923:Modern Treaty Law and Practice 5516:10.1146/annurev.polisci.1.1.75 2480: 2171:Special Court for Sierra Leone 1944:International humanitarian law 1927:International humanitarian law 1512:European Court of Human Rights 1396:International human rights law 1350:, the law of the nationality. 1228:International Court of Justice 1192:"Uniting for Peace" resolution 1140:inter-government organisations 1136:UN Economic and Social Council 1107:European Court of Human Rights 1075: 731:International Court of Justice 695:International Court of Justice 671:Permanent Court of Arbitration 496:international humanitarian law 283:(approximately 3100 BCE), and 155: 142:European Court of Human Rights 13: 1: 12290:to Prevent and Punish Torture 10234:Copenhagen Convention of 1857 8581:American Journal of Sociology 8034:Steinhardt, Ralph G. (1991). 6643:Gardiner, Richard K. (2008). 6423:Degan, Vladimir Đuro (1997). 6016:; McEleavy, Peter E. (2011). 5993:Bassiouni, M. Cherif (1990). 5638:, pp. 281, 289, 323–234. 2487:Henderson, Conway W. (2010). 2474: 2097:UN Convention against Torture 2028:Biological Weapons Convention 1798:fixed currency exchange rates 1725:The boundaries of a nation's 1529: 1428:in 1946, which developed the 1426:UN Commission on Human Rights 921:International Law Association 653:(1679–1754) and Swiss jurist 12803:Related fields and subfields 10696:Special Tribunal for Lebanon 10681:International Criminal Court 10272:Convention of Constantinople 8725:Resources in other libraries 8648:Encyclopedia of Human Rights 8176:Macmillan Publishing Company 7752:; Blokker, Niels M. (2011). 6427:Sources of International Law 6396:D'Amato, Anthony A. (1971). 6271:"What Is Transnational Law?" 5853:"International Law in India" 5329:International Criminal Court 5024:Brownlie & Crawford 2012 5000:Brownlie & Crawford 2012 4988:Brownlie & Crawford 2012 4949:Brownlie & Crawford 2012 4937:Brownlie & Crawford 2012 4925:Brownlie & Crawford 2012 4901:Brownlie & Crawford 2012 4889:Brownlie & Crawford 2012 4865:Brownlie & Crawford 2012 4853:Brownlie & Crawford 2012 4805:Brownlie & Crawford 2012 4793:Brownlie & Crawford 2012 4148:Brownlie & Crawford 2012 4136:Brownlie & Crawford 2012 4088:Schermers & Blokker 2011 4076:Schermers & Blokker 2011 4052:Brownlie & Crawford 2012 3986:Brownlie & Crawford 2012 3950:Brownlie & Crawford 2012 3938:Brownlie & Crawford 2012 3902:Brownlie & Crawford 2012 3686:Brownlie & Crawford 2012 3638:Brownlie & Crawford 2012 3467:Brownlie & Crawford 2012 3455:Brownlie & Crawford 2012 3341:Brownlie & Crawford 2012 2514:Brownlie & Crawford 2012 2314:Challenges and controversies 2191:International legal theories 2175:Special Tribunal for Lebanon 2143:International Criminal Court 2135:International Criminal Court 2046:on the international stage. 1563:Right to Organise Convention 783:sources of international law 777:Sources of international law 771:Sources of international law 739:International Law Commission 323:were negotiated between its 237:History of international law 146:International Criminal Court 130:relationship and interaction 110:sources of international law 54:, norms, and standards that 7: 10737:International speech crimes 10518:Customary international law 10119:Convention on the High Seas 8456:Christianity and Global Law 8397:Carreau, Dominique (2009). 8166:von Glahn, Gerhard (1992). 8063:Stevenson, John R. (1952). 7680:Saastamoinen, Kari (1995). 7535:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 6913:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 6712:Jacobs, Francis G. (1969). 6433:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 6074:. Edward Elgar Publishing. 6041:Bederman, David J. (2001). 5898:International Organizations 5771:10.4337/9781789904253.00021 5472:"The Engines of Compliance" 2342: 2024:Chemical Weapons Convention 1800:to be dropped in favour of 1547:Declaration of Philadelphia 1131:international organisations 1121:International organisations 916:North Sea Continental Shelf 895:North Sea Continental Shelf 871:Customary international law 804: 795:customary international law 751:International Monetary Fund 621:(1590–1661) in England and 568:A portrait of Dutch jurist 437:of northern Europe and the 245:The Hittite version of the 60:international organizations 10: 12953: 12845:Peace and conflict studies 12461:Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) 12286:Inter-American Convention 12150:Convention against Torture 10558:Convention Against Torture 10502:International criminal law 10196:Aquatic Animal Health Code 10161:Seabed Arms Control Treaty 9615:International legal theory 9094:International slavery laws 9089:International human rights 9084:International criminal law 8735:United Nations Rule of Law 8628:Cambridge University Press 8484:Droit international public 8429:Cambridge University Press 8334:Annual Review of Sociology 8263:Yepremyan, Tigran (2022). 8017:Cambridge University Press 7989:Cambridge University Press 7835:10.1093/chinesejil/jmab019 7732:Cambridge University Press 7638:Taylor & Francis Group 7435:International Organization 7426:Osiander, Andreas (2001). 7217:Leicester University Press 7077:Cambridge University Press 7038:Cambridge University Press 6971:Cambridge University Press 6943:Cambridge University Press 6678:Cambridge University Press 6379:Cambridge University Press 6313:Cowell, Frederick (2017). 6208:International Criminal Law 6051:Cambridge University Press 5966:Bashir, Khaled R. (2018). 5928:Cambridge University Press 5842: 5707:– via Springer Link. 5705:10.1007/s10991-020-09250-3 2188: 2185:International legal theory 2167:Kosovo Specialist Chambers 2145:(ICC), established by the 2061:International criminal law 2056:International criminal law 2053: 2050:International criminal law 1985:wounded and ill combatants 1924: 1887:Nicaragua v. United States 1840: 1765: 1658: 1633:conferences of the parties 1606:UN Environmental Programme 1573: 1533: 1506:– to enforce their rights. 1418:international human rights 1393: 1309: 1301:Social and economic policy 1068:, commercial actions, and 995:International legal system 992: 956: 868: 808: 774: 533:. Another Italian jurist, 343:, the Romans conceived of 234: 230: 29: 12802: 12754: 12552: 12509: 12484: 12438: 12429: 12416: 12329: 12314: 12230: 12217: 12140: 12125: 12032: 12019: 11736:Anglo-Portuguese Alliance 11716: 11634: 11471: 11306: 11177:Standard Average European 11045: 10874: 10794: 10727:Joint criminal enterprise 10709: 10640: 10571: 10508: 10438: 10420: 10397: 10319: 10285: 10262: 10224: 10066: 10055: 9963: 9940: 9830: 9668:Administration of justice 9653: 9562: 9453: 9332: 9234: 8955: 8823: 8720:Resources in your library 8375:The Pillars of Global Law 7873:10.1017/S0002930000016675 7601:10.1177/00471178030172005 7501:10.1017/S0020743800000246 7448:10.1162/00208180151140577 7152:Neff, Stephen C. (2014). 6624:Froman, F. David (1984). 6473:10.1017/S0272503700055956 6019:Private International Law 5850:Alexander, C. H. (1952). 5666:10.1017/S0272503700102435 5498:Simmons, Beth A. 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Treaties such as the 12937:Cultural globalization 11816:Eastern European Group 11405:Continental philosophy 11336:Judeo-Christian ethics 11321:Hellenistic philosophy 10802:Cradle of civilization 10742:Universal jurisdiction 10717:Command responsibility 10610:Incitement to genocide 10548:United Nations Charter 10294:Treaties establishing 6695:Head, John W. (1994). 6014:Anton, Alexander Elder 5920:Aust, Anthony (2007). 5895:Archer, Clive (2014). 5718:Cai, C. (2013-08-01). 4517:May & Hoskins 2009 2804:Frankot, Edda (2007). 2403:Diplomatic recognition 2138: 2092:were also recognised. 1940: 1837:War and armed conflict 1722: 1620: 1420:was developed to make 1413: 1384:universal jurisdiction 1274:Eritrean-Ethiopian war 1260:Interstate arbitration 1230: 1183:permanent five members 1042: 835: 791:international treaties 698: 586:De Jure Belli ac Pacis 572: 250: 140:tribunals such as the 83:domestic legal systems 12107:Yogyakarta Principles 11936:Three Seas Initiative 11911:Pacific Islands Forum 11776:British–Irish Council 11524:Greek Orthodox Church 10983:Industrial Revolution 10953:Scientific Revolution 10349:Freedom of navigation 10227:international straits 10105:UNCLOS I Conventions 9620:Principle of legality 9379:Delegated legislation 9079:Intellectual property 8756:Legal Research Guides 8752:at the United Nations 8746:at the United Nations 8671:Osmańczyk, Edmund Jan 8125:Valticos, N. (2013). 7579:Ralph, Jason (2003). 7552:Prost, Mario (2017). 7177:North, P. M. (1979). 7155:Justice among Nations 6798:10.1093/ojls/16.2.329 6647:Treaty Interpretation 6601:Comparative Labor Law 5945:Baker, P. J. 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Wiley. p. 5. 2307:Monopoly on violence 1826:Washington Consensus 1824:agenda known as the 1615:Scenarios of global 1360:Brussels Regulations 1210:International courts 989:International actors 883:persistent objectors 865:International custom 757:(World Bank) to the 595:Samuel von Pufendorf 551:Francisco de Vitoria 501:During the European 450:Muhammad al-Shaybani 357:just grounds for war 321:early peace treaties 122:international comity 114:international custom 12592:Collective security 12476:United Nations (UN) 12334:Genocide Convention 11956:West Nordic Council 11821:Eastern Partnership 11410:Analytic philosophy 11111:Classical tradition 10933:Early modern period 10889:Classical antiquity 10884:European Bronze Age 10590:Crime of aggression 10553:Genocide Convention 10265:global significance 9873:Election commission 9585:Expressive function 9114:Landlord–tenant law 9013:Consumer protection 8479:Dupuy, Pierre-Marie 8400:Droit international 8072:Columbia Law Review 7814:Shao, Xuan (2021). 7786:Columbia Law Review 7750:Schermers, Henry G. 7722:Schabas, William A. 7243:Nouwen, Sarah M. 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635:Peace of Westphalia 381:Indian subcontinent 351:Beginning with the 12354:Geneva Conventions 11415:Post-structuralism 11378:Christian humanism 11008:Universal suffrage 10595:Crime of apartheid 10533:Geneva Conventions 10384:Territorial waters 10263:Maritime canals of 10079:Geneva Conventions 9831:Legal institutions 9698:Lawsuit/Litigation 9688:Dispute resolution 9493:Catholic canon law 9201:State of emergency 9164:Will and testament 8888:Law of obligations 8841:Constitutional law 8831:Administrative law 8618:Koremenos, Barbara 8424:The New Global Law 8380:Ashgate Publishing 7926:Paulus, Andreas L. 7251:Utrecht Law Review 7064:Mueller, Dennis C. 4592:Dugard et al. 2020 4580:Dugard et al. 2020 4568:Dugard et al. 2020 4556:Dugard et al. 2020 4544:Dugard et al. 2020 4529:Dugard et al. 2020 3628:, p. 312–319. 3616:, p. 289–290. 3508:, p. 766–767. 3082:, pp. 14, 36. 2956:, pp. 94–101. 2269:Congress of Vienna 2181:have been listed. 2139: 1941: 1832:Conflict and force 1723: 1719:territorial waters 1621: 1422:states responsible 1414: 1286:Statute of the ICJ 1231: 1043: 1015:self-determination 953:Monism and dualism 836: 719:self-determination 699: 679:Geneva Conventions 667:American Civil War 573: 555:indigenous peoples 251: 150:Geneva Conventions 103:economic sanctions 72:economic relations 48:the law of nations 33:The Law of Nations 12917:International law 12858: 12857: 12830:International law 12699:Right of conquest 12664:National interest 12607:Deterrence theory 12505: 12504: 12492:League of Nations 12376: 12375: 12372: 12371: 12359:Hague Conventions 12310: 12309: 12213: 12212: 12133:International law 12121: 12120: 11979: 11978: 11806:Council of Europe 11708:International law 11661:Constitutionalism 11519:Eastern Orthodoxy 11025:Post–Cold War era 10958:Age of Revolution 10812:Greco-Roman world 10750: 10749: 10576:international law 10538:Nuremberg Charter 10528:Hague Conventions 10468: 10467: 10448:International law 10339:Custom of the sea 10334:Continental shelf 10315: 10314: 10211:Hague–Visby Rules 10013: 10012: 9673:Constitutionalism 9595:Law and economics 9433:Act of parliament 9171:Product liability 9124:Legal archaeology 9049:Environmental law 9043:Entertainment law 8883:International law 8744:Treaty Collection 8711:International law 8706:Library resources 8690:978-0-415-93921-8 8662:978-1-56032-362-4 8637:978-1-107-12423-3 8562:Peace Through Law 8498:978-2-247-14386-3 8470:978-1-000-03922-1 8438:978-1-139-48594-4 8410:978-2-233-00561-8 8389:978-1-4094-9630-4 8319:978-0-19-517350-5 8194:Wald, Patricia M. 8185:978-0-02-423175-8 8138:978-94-017-4402-7 8117:978-0-19-968540-0 8026:978-1-107-13560-4 7998:978-1-108-83995-2 7913:978-0-19-969490-7 7771:978-90-04-18797-9 7741:978-1-108-72736-5 7713:978-1-78471-658-5 7672:978-0-19-871548-1 7544:978-90-04-32133-5 7418:978-1-000-52208-2 7393:978-1-78811-671-8 7366:978-1-78347-218-5 7341:978-0-85793-308-9 7285:Macmillan Company 7185:(10th ed.). 7169:978-0-674-72654-3 7144:978-0-19-107869-9 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R.; 5985:978-1-78811-386-1 5937:978-1-139-46784-1 5912:978-1-317-61538-5 5780:978-1-78990-425-3 5563:978-0-19-084662-6 5485:978-1-107-02074-0 5400:(April 2, 2021). 5299:, pp. 60–61. 5263:, pp. 11–13. 5098:, pp. 14–15. 4737:UN Climate Change 4674:, pp. 53–54. 4638:, pp. 48–49. 4456:, pp. 13–14. 4444:, pp. 54–58. 4372:, pp. 15–16. 4126:, pp. 93–94. 4114:, pp. 84–85. 4066:, pp. 32–33. 3916:, pp. 11–12. 3829:, pp. 19–20. 3827:Björgvinsson 2015 3763:, pp. 70–71. 3751:, pp. 68–70. 3739:, pp. 74–76. 3700:, pp. 57–58. 3688:, pp. 24–25. 3664:, pp. 54–56. 3640:, pp. 23–24. 3568:, pp. 86–87. 3556:, pp. 84–85. 3331:, pp. 23–24. 3202:, pp. 10–11. 3092:Saastamoinen 1995 3080:Saastamoinen 1995 2992:, pp. 84–91. 2968:, pp. 27–28. 2920:, pp. 36–39. 2820:978-88-8492-462-9 2794:, pp. 35–38. 2743:, pp. 17–18. 2719:, pp. 15–16. 2695:, pp. 13–15. 2500:978-1-4051-9764-9 2321:right of conquest 2284:Alternative views 2210:interdisciplinary 2147:1998 Rome Statute 1808:and US President 1806:Margaret Thatcher 1748:continental shelf 1648:Aarhus Convention 1592:of 1982, and the 1582:environmental law 1570:Environmental law 1406:Eleanor Roosevelt 1312:Conflicts of laws 1070:acta jure imperii 1057:state recognition 1051:, all states are 833: Signatories 715:League of Nations 707:Right of conquest 673:in 1899, and the 617:writers, such as 535:Baldus de Ubaldis 454:Al-Siyar Al-Kabīr 411:, which governed 367:. The subsequent 217:supranational law 164:in his 1789 book 40:International law 18:International Law 16:(Redirected from 12944: 12899: 12898: 12897: 12887: 12886: 12875: 12874: 12866: 12850:Security studies 12642:Internationality 12637:Internationalism 12436: 12435: 12403: 12396: 12389: 12380: 12379: 12316: 12315: 12219: 12218: 12127: 12126: 12096:Paris Principles 12021: 12020: 12006: 11999: 11992: 11983: 11982: 11851:EU Customs Union 11383:Secular humanism 11331:Christian ethics 11281:East–West Schism 11264:Physical culture 10988:Great Divergence 10938:Age of Discovery 10777: 10770: 10763: 10754: 10753: 10710:Related concepts 10648: 10605:Genocidal intent 10495: 10488: 10481: 10472: 10471: 10458: 10457: 10354:Innocent passage 10320:Main and related 10298:and arrangements 10166:SOLAS Convention 10064: 10063: 10049: 10040: 10033: 10026: 10017: 10016: 9988: 9987: 9986: 9974: 9973: 9797:Question of fact 9678:Criminal justice 9008:Construction law 9003:Conflict of laws 8968:Agricultural law 8810: 8803: 8796: 8787: 8786: 8780:Official website 8694: 8666: 8651:(2nd ed.). 8641: 8613: 8588:(6): 1720–1762. 8570: 8552: 8511:Victor, David G. 8502: 8474: 8442: 8414: 8393: 8368: 8350: 8323: 8286: 8259: 8244:(2nd ed.). 8243: 8229: 8212:(4): 1119–1134. 8201: 8189: 8174:(6th ed.). 8173: 8162: 8152: 8142: 8121: 8096: 8068: 8059: 8039: 8030: 8002: 7977: 7933: 7917: 7892: 7856: 7847: 7837: 7810: 7775: 7760:(5th ed.). 7759: 7745: 7717: 7692: 7686: 7676: 7651: 7635: 7626:Sorabji, Richard 7620: 7584: 7575: 7548: 7520: 7484: 7475: 7431: 7422: 7397: 7382:(2nd ed.). 7381: 7370: 7345: 7329: 7318: 7298: 7288: 7282: 7273:Nussbaum, Arthur 7268: 7266: 7238: 7214: 7205:Northedge, F. S. 7200: 7184: 7173: 7148: 7120: 7105:(5th ed.). 7104: 7095:Morgenthau, Hans 7090: 7074: 7059: 7035: 7021: 7011: 6984: 6969:(3rd ed.). 6956: 6940: 6926: 6898: 6854: 6842: 6817: 6781: 6772: 6745: 6717: 6708: 6691: 6666: 6650: 6639: 6620: 6604: 6593: 6578:(4th ed.). 6565: 6549: 6538: 6500: 6458: 6451:deLisle, Jacques 6446: 6430: 6419: 6403: 6392: 6367: 6339: 6319: 6309: 6273: 6261: 6245: 6236:Harris, Jonathan 6227: 6211: 6202:Cassese, Antonio 6197: 6175: 6159: 6141: 6119: 6110: 6085: 6064: 6048: 6037: 6008: 5989: 5973: 5962: 5950: 5941: 5926:(2nd ed.). 5916: 5891: 5855: 5837: 5836: 5796: 5790: 5789: 5788: 5787: 5754: 5748: 5747: 5715: 5709: 5708: 5684: 5678: 5677: 5645: 5639: 5633: 5627: 5621: 5615: 5609: 5603: 5597: 5591: 5585: 5579: 5573: 5567: 5566: 5537: 5528: 5527: 5495: 5489: 5488: 5467: 5461: 5455: 5449: 5443: 5434: 5428: 5419: 5418: 5416: 5414: 5394: 5388: 5382: 5376: 5370: 5364: 5361:Burke-White 2002 5358: 5352: 5346: 5340: 5339: 5337: 5335: 5321: 5315: 5309: 5300: 5294: 5288: 5282: 5276: 5270: 5264: 5258: 5252: 5246: 5240: 5234: 5228: 5222: 5213: 5207: 5201: 5195: 5189: 5183: 5177: 5171: 5165: 5159: 5153: 5147: 5141: 5135: 5129: 5123: 5114: 5108: 5099: 5093: 5087: 5081: 5075: 5069: 5063: 5057: 5051: 5045: 5039: 5033: 5027: 5021: 5015: 5009: 5003: 4997: 4991: 4985: 4979: 4973: 4964: 4958: 4952: 4946: 4940: 4934: 4928: 4922: 4916: 4910: 4904: 4898: 4892: 4886: 4880: 4874: 4868: 4862: 4856: 4850: 4844: 4838: 4832: 4826: 4820: 4814: 4808: 4802: 4796: 4790: 4784: 4778: 4772: 4766: 4760: 4754: 4748: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4729: 4723: 4717: 4711: 4705: 4699: 4693: 4687: 4681: 4675: 4669: 4663: 4657: 4651: 4645: 4639: 4633: 4622: 4616: 4607: 4601: 4595: 4589: 4583: 4577: 4571: 4565: 4559: 4553: 4547: 4541: 4532: 4526: 4520: 4514: 4508: 4502: 4493: 4487: 4481: 4475: 4469: 4463: 4457: 4451: 4445: 4439: 4433: 4427: 4421: 4415: 4409: 4403: 4397: 4391: 4385: 4384:, pp. 9–11. 4379: 4373: 4367: 4361: 4355: 4349: 4343: 4334: 4328: 4322: 4316: 4310: 4304: 4298: 4292: 4286: 4280: 4274: 4268: 4262: 4256: 4250: 4244: 4238: 4232: 4226: 4220: 4214: 4208: 4202: 4196: 4190: 4184: 4178: 4172: 4166: 4160: 4151: 4145: 4139: 4133: 4127: 4121: 4115: 4109: 4103: 4097: 4091: 4085: 4079: 4073: 4067: 4061: 4055: 4049: 4040: 4034: 4028: 4022: 4016: 4010: 4001: 3995: 3989: 3983: 3977: 3971: 3965: 3959: 3953: 3947: 3941: 3935: 3929: 3923: 3917: 3911: 3905: 3899: 3893: 3887: 3881: 3875: 3869: 3863: 3857: 3851: 3842: 3836: 3830: 3824: 3818: 3812: 3803: 3797: 3791: 3785: 3779: 3773: 3764: 3758: 3752: 3746: 3740: 3734: 3725: 3719: 3713: 3707: 3701: 3695: 3689: 3683: 3677: 3671: 3665: 3659: 3653: 3652:, section 3.3.1. 3647: 3641: 3635: 3629: 3623: 3617: 3611: 3605: 3599: 3593: 3587: 3581: 3575: 3569: 3563: 3557: 3551: 3545: 3539: 3533: 3527: 3521: 3515: 3509: 3503: 3494: 3488: 3482: 3481:, p. 38–40. 3476: 3470: 3464: 3458: 3452: 3443: 3437: 3428: 3422: 3416: 3410: 3404: 3398: 3392: 3386: 3380: 3374: 3368: 3362: 3356: 3350: 3344: 3338: 3332: 3326: 3320: 3314: 3308: 3302: 3296: 3290: 3284: 3278: 3272: 3266: 3257: 3251: 3245: 3239: 3233: 3227: 3221: 3215: 3209: 3203: 3197: 3191: 3185: 3179: 3173: 3167: 3161: 3155: 3149: 3143: 3137: 3131: 3125: 3119: 3113: 3107: 3101: 3095: 3089: 3083: 3077: 3071: 3065: 3059: 3053: 3044: 3038: 3032: 3026: 3020: 3014: 3008: 3002: 2993: 2987: 2981: 2975: 2969: 2963: 2957: 2951: 2945: 2939: 2933: 2927: 2921: 2915: 2909: 2903: 2897: 2891: 2885: 2879: 2873: 2867: 2861: 2855: 2849: 2843: 2837: 2831: 2825: 2824: 2812: 2801: 2795: 2789: 2783: 2777: 2771: 2765: 2759: 2753: 2744: 2738: 2732: 2726: 2720: 2714: 2708: 2702: 2696: 2690: 2684: 2678: 2672: 2666: 2660: 2654: 2648: 2642: 2633: 2627: 2618: 2612: 2601: 2595: 2589: 2583: 2577: 2571: 2565: 2559: 2553: 2547: 2541: 2535: 2529: 2523: 2517: 2511: 2505: 2504: 2484: 2413:Global policeman 2360:List of treaties 2253:John Jacob Moser 1997:prisoners of war 1921:Humanitarian law 1776:established the 1735:innocent passage 1721:under the UNCLOS 1635:, including the 1629:greenhouse gases 1619:as of April 2022 1436:(ICCPR) and the 1317:Conflict of laws 1306:Conflict of laws 1295:advisory opinion 1266:Island of Palmas 1095:dual nationality 1039: 1033: 1027: 900:Humphrey Waldock 832: 826: 693:Justices of the 607:Hobbesian notion 559:Francisco Suárez 543:Alberico Gentili 492:military conduct 435:Hanseatic League 289:Egyptian pharaoh 247:Treaty of Kadesh 95:peremptory norms 91:sovereign states 50:) is the set of 21: 12952: 12951: 12947: 12946: 12945: 12943: 12942: 12941: 12907: 12906: 12905: 12895: 12893: 12881: 12869: 12861: 12859: 12854: 12798: 12789:Postcolonialism 12750: 12679:Non-state actor 12674:Non-belligerent 12669:Neutral country 12654:Interventionism 12587:Co-belligerence 12548: 12501: 12480: 12425: 12412: 12407: 12377: 12368: 12325: 12306: 12226: 12209: 12136: 12117: 12028: 12015: 12010: 11980: 11975: 11941:UKUSA Agreement 11881:Lublin Triangle 11766:Baltic Assembly 11718: 11712: 11630: 11467: 11302: 11172:Eurolinguistics 11041: 11030:Information age 11003:Interwar period 10870: 10790: 10781: 10751: 10746: 10722:Superior orders 10705: 10649: 10646: 10645: 10636: 10578: 10575: 10567: 10523:Peremptory norm 10504: 10499: 10469: 10464: 10452: 10434: 10416: 10393: 10389:Transit passage 10359:Internal waters 10329:Contiguous zone 10321: 10311: 10287: 10281: 10264: 10258: 10226: 10220: 10216:Rotterdam Rules 10171:STCW Convention 10151:OPRC Convention 10058: 10051: 10047: 10044: 10014: 10009: 9982: 9968: 9959: 9936: 9927:Political party 9900:Legal education 9888:Law enforcement 9868:Court of equity 9826: 9802:Question of law 9755:Practice of law 9735:Judicial review 9649: 9600:Legal formalism 9580:Comparative law 9575:Contract theory 9558: 9478:Legal pluralism 9449: 9438:Act of Congress 9362:Executive order 9328: 9230: 9149:Nationality law 9074:Immigration law 8998:Competition law 8951: 8819: 8814: 8731: 8730: 8729: 8714: 8713: 8709: 8702: 8697: 8691: 8663: 8638: 8499: 8471: 8447:Domingo, Rafael 8439: 8419:Domingo, Rafael 8411: 8390: 8320: 8294: 8292:Further reading 8289: 8256: 8205:Social Research 8186: 8150: 8139: 8118: 8085:10.2307/1118800 8027: 7999: 7950:10.2307/2997991 7914: 7799:10.2307/1109809 7772: 7742: 7714: 7684: 7673: 7648: 7545: 7525:Patel, Bimal N. 7419: 7394: 7367: 7342: 7296: 7264:10.18352/ulr.32 7227: 7197: 7170: 7145: 7117: 7087: 7072: 7056: 6981: 6953: 6923: 6871:10.2307/2194954 6847:Khadduri, Majid 6839: 6688: 6663: 6617: 6590: 6562: 6443: 6416: 6389: 6364: 6344:Crowe, Jonathan 6317: 6258: 6238:, eds. (2022). 6224: 6172: 6150:Crawford, James 6107: 6082: 6061: 6034: 6024:Thomson Reuters 5986: 5938: 5913: 5845: 5840: 5797: 5793: 5785: 5783: 5781: 5755: 5751: 5716: 5712: 5685: 5681: 5646: 5642: 5636:Morgenthau 1972 5634: 5630: 5624:Morgenthau 1972 5622: 5618: 5610: 5606: 5598: 5594: 5586: 5582: 5574: 5570: 5564: 5538: 5531: 5496: 5492: 5486: 5468: 5464: 5456: 5452: 5444: 5437: 5429: 5422: 5412: 5410: 5395: 5391: 5383: 5379: 5371: 5367: 5359: 5355: 5347: 5343: 5333: 5331: 5323: 5322: 5318: 5310: 5303: 5295: 5291: 5287:, p. 1119. 5283: 5279: 5271: 5267: 5259: 5255: 5247: 5243: 5235: 5231: 5223: 5216: 5208: 5204: 5196: 5192: 5184: 5180: 5172: 5168: 5160: 5156: 5148: 5144: 5136: 5132: 5124: 5117: 5109: 5102: 5094: 5090: 5082: 5078: 5070: 5066: 5058: 5054: 5046: 5042: 5034: 5030: 5022: 5018: 5010: 5006: 4998: 4994: 4986: 4982: 4974: 4967: 4959: 4955: 4947: 4943: 4935: 4931: 4923: 4919: 4915:, pp. 2–3. 4911: 4907: 4899: 4895: 4887: 4883: 4875: 4871: 4863: 4859: 4851: 4847: 4843:, pp. 4–5. 4839: 4835: 4827: 4823: 4815: 4811: 4803: 4799: 4791: 4787: 4779: 4775: 4767: 4763: 4755: 4751: 4741: 4739: 4731: 4730: 4726: 4718: 4714: 4706: 4702: 4694: 4690: 4682: 4678: 4670: 4666: 4658: 4654: 4646: 4642: 4634: 4625: 4617: 4610: 4602: 4598: 4594:, pp. 4–5. 4590: 4586: 4578: 4574: 4566: 4562: 4558:, pp. 5–7. 4554: 4550: 4542: 4535: 4527: 4523: 4515: 4511: 4503: 4496: 4488: 4484: 4476: 4472: 4464: 4460: 4452: 4448: 4440: 4436: 4428: 4424: 4416: 4412: 4408:, pp. 6–7. 4404: 4400: 4392: 4388: 4380: 4376: 4368: 4364: 4360:, pp. 7–8. 4356: 4352: 4344: 4337: 4329: 4325: 4317: 4313: 4305: 4301: 4293: 4289: 4281: 4277: 4269: 4265: 4257: 4253: 4245: 4241: 4233: 4229: 4221: 4217: 4209: 4205: 4197: 4193: 4185: 4181: 4173: 4169: 4161: 4154: 4146: 4142: 4134: 4130: 4122: 4118: 4110: 4106: 4098: 4094: 4086: 4082: 4074: 4070: 4062: 4058: 4050: 4043: 4035: 4031: 4023: 4019: 4011: 4004: 3996: 3992: 3984: 3980: 3972: 3968: 3960: 3956: 3948: 3944: 3936: 3932: 3924: 3920: 3912: 3908: 3900: 3896: 3892:, pp. 4–5. 3888: 3884: 3880:, pp. 2–3. 3876: 3872: 3864: 3860: 3852: 3845: 3837: 3833: 3825: 3821: 3813: 3806: 3800:Linderfalk 2007 3798: 3794: 3788:Linderfalk 2007 3786: 3782: 3774: 3767: 3759: 3755: 3747: 3743: 3735: 3728: 3720: 3716: 3708: 3704: 3696: 3692: 3684: 3680: 3672: 3668: 3660: 3656: 3648: 3644: 3636: 3632: 3624: 3620: 3612: 3608: 3600: 3596: 3588: 3584: 3576: 3572: 3564: 3560: 3552: 3548: 3540: 3536: 3528: 3524: 3516: 3512: 3504: 3497: 3489: 3485: 3477: 3473: 3465: 3461: 3453: 3446: 3438: 3431: 3423: 3419: 3411: 3407: 3399: 3395: 3387: 3383: 3375: 3371: 3363: 3359: 3351: 3347: 3339: 3335: 3327: 3323: 3315: 3311: 3303: 3299: 3291: 3287: 3279: 3275: 3267: 3260: 3252: 3248: 3240: 3236: 3228: 3224: 3218: 3210: 3206: 3198: 3194: 3186: 3182: 3174: 3170: 3166:, pp. 343. 3162: 3158: 3150: 3146: 3138: 3134: 3126: 3122: 3114: 3110: 3102: 3098: 3090: 3086: 3078: 3074: 3066: 3062: 3054: 3047: 3039: 3035: 3027: 3023: 3015: 3011: 3003: 2996: 2988: 2984: 2976: 2972: 2964: 2960: 2952: 2948: 2940: 2936: 2928: 2924: 2916: 2912: 2904: 2900: 2892: 2888: 2880: 2876: 2872:, pp. 3–4. 2868: 2864: 2856: 2852: 2844: 2840: 2832: 2828: 2821: 2810: 2802: 2798: 2790: 2786: 2778: 2774: 2766: 2762: 2754: 2747: 2739: 2735: 2727: 2723: 2715: 2711: 2703: 2699: 2691: 2687: 2683:, pp. 5–6. 2679: 2675: 2671:, pp. 3–4. 2667: 2663: 2655: 2651: 2647:, pp. 1–2. 2643: 2636: 2628: 2621: 2613: 2604: 2598:Cotterrell 2012 2596: 2592: 2586:Steinhardt 1991 2584: 2580: 2572: 2568: 2560: 2556: 2552:, pp. 3–4. 2548: 2544: 2536: 2532: 2524: 2520: 2512: 2508: 2501: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2472: 2394:Comparative law 2345: 2316: 2303:Hans Morgenthau 2286: 2249:jus voluntarium 2193: 2187: 2114:(ICTY) and the 2058: 2052: 1929: 1923: 1875:nuclear weapons 1845: 1839: 1834: 1770: 1764: 1727:territorial sea 1663: 1657: 1641:Paris Agreement 1598:Rio Declaration 1578: 1572: 1538: 1532: 1398: 1392: 1368:arbitral awards 1314: 1308: 1303: 1212: 1196:UN peacekeeping 1174: 1123: 1091:nationality law 1078: 1055:and equal, but 1041: 1037: 1035: 1031: 1029: 1025: 1011:border disputes 1002: 997: 991: 961: 955: 873: 867: 834: 830: 828: 824: 813: 807: 779: 773: 687: 651:Christian Wolff 631: 523: 427:Rolls of Oléron 275:city-states of 239: 233: 190:Lassa Oppenheim 182:droits des gens 158: 126:legally binding 42:(also known as 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12950: 12940: 12939: 12934: 12929: 12924: 12919: 12904: 12903: 12891: 12879: 12856: 12855: 12853: 12852: 12847: 12842: 12837: 12832: 12827: 12822: 12817: 12812: 12806: 12804: 12800: 12799: 12797: 12796: 12791: 12786: 12781: 12776: 12771: 12769:English school 12766: 12764:Constructivism 12760: 12758: 12752: 12751: 12749: 12748: 12743: 12742: 12741: 12736: 12734:Non-aggression 12731: 12726: 12721: 12711: 12706: 12701: 12696: 12691: 12686: 12681: 12676: 12671: 12666: 12661: 12656: 12651: 12650: 12649: 12644: 12634: 12629: 12624: 12619: 12614: 12609: 12604: 12599: 12594: 12589: 12584: 12579: 12578: 12577: 12572: 12567: 12556: 12554: 12550: 12549: 12547: 12546: 12541: 12536: 12531: 12526: 12521: 12515: 12513: 12507: 12506: 12503: 12502: 12500: 12499: 12494: 12488: 12486: 12482: 12481: 12479: 12478: 12473: 12468: 12463: 12458: 12453: 12448: 12442: 12440: 12433: 12427: 12426: 12424: 12423: 12417: 12414: 12413: 12406: 12405: 12398: 12391: 12383: 12374: 12373: 12370: 12369: 12367: 12366: 12361: 12356: 12351: 12346: 12341: 12336: 12330: 12327: 12326: 12312: 12311: 12308: 12307: 12305: 12304: 12303: 12302: 12297: 12292: 12284: 12279: 12278: 12277: 12272: 12270:Social Charter 12267: 12262: 12257: 12252: 12244: 12243: 12242: 12231: 12228: 12227: 12215: 12214: 12211: 12210: 12208: 12207: 12202: 12197: 12192: 12187: 12182: 12177: 12172: 12167: 12162: 12157: 12152: 12147: 12141: 12138: 12137: 12123: 12122: 12119: 12118: 12116: 12115: 12109: 12104: 12098: 12093: 12088: 12083: 12077: 12071: 12065: 12060: 12055: 12050: 12044: 12039: 12033: 12030: 12029: 12017: 12016: 12009: 12008: 12001: 11994: 11986: 11977: 11976: 11974: 11973: 11971:Westernization 11968: 11963: 11958: 11953: 11951:Visegrád Group 11948: 11943: 11938: 11933: 11928: 11923: 11918: 11913: 11908: 11903: 11898: 11893: 11891:Nordic Council 11888: 11883: 11878: 11873: 11868: 11863: 11858: 11853: 11848: 11843: 11838: 11833: 11828: 11823: 11818: 11813: 11808: 11803: 11798: 11793: 11788: 11786:Bucharest Nine 11783: 11778: 11773: 11768: 11763: 11758: 11753: 11751:Arctic Council 11748: 11743: 11738: 11733: 11728: 11722: 11720: 11714: 11713: 11711: 11710: 11705: 11700: 11699: 11698: 11693: 11688: 11683: 11678: 11673: 11663: 11658: 11657: 11656: 11646: 11640: 11638: 11632: 11631: 11629: 11628: 11623: 11618: 11617: 11616: 11611: 11606: 11601: 11596: 11595: 11594: 11589: 11584: 11579: 11569: 11564: 11559: 11549: 11548: 11547: 11546: 11545: 11535: 11534: 11533: 11528: 11527: 11526: 11516: 11515: 11514: 11504: 11503: 11502: 11477: 11475: 11469: 11468: 11466: 11465: 11464: 11463: 11453: 11448: 11443: 11442: 11441: 11429: 11428: 11427: 11417: 11412: 11407: 11402: 11397: 11392: 11387: 11386: 11385: 11380: 11370: 11369: 11368: 11361:Existentialism 11358: 11353: 11348: 11343: 11338: 11333: 11328: 11323: 11318: 11312: 11310: 11304: 11303: 11301: 11300: 11299: 11298: 11293: 11288: 11283: 11273: 11272: 11271: 11261: 11260: 11259: 11254: 11244: 11243: 11242: 11232: 11227: 11226: 11225: 11220: 11215: 11205: 11204: 11203: 11193: 11192: 11191: 11181: 11180: 11179: 11174: 11164: 11159: 11154: 11149: 11148: 11147: 11137: 11132: 11131: 11130: 11120: 11119: 11118: 11108: 11107: 11106: 11096: 11091: 11090: 11089: 11079: 11074: 11073: 11072: 11067: 11062: 11051: 11049: 11043: 11042: 11040: 11039: 11038: 11037: 11032: 11022: 11021: 11020: 11015: 11010: 11005: 11000: 10995: 10990: 10985: 10980: 10975: 10970: 10965: 10960: 10955: 10950: 10945: 10940: 10935: 10925: 10920: 10919: 10918: 10913: 10908: 10898: 10897: 10896: 10894:Late antiquity 10886: 10880: 10878: 10872: 10871: 10869: 10868: 10863: 10858: 10853: 10848: 10847: 10846: 10845: 10844: 10839: 10829: 10824: 10819: 10809: 10804: 10798: 10796: 10792: 10791: 10780: 10779: 10772: 10765: 10757: 10748: 10747: 10745: 10744: 10739: 10734: 10729: 10724: 10719: 10713: 10711: 10707: 10706: 10704: 10703: 10698: 10693: 10688: 10683: 10678: 10673: 10668: 10663: 10658: 10652: 10650: 10641: 10638: 10637: 10635: 10634: 10629: 10624: 10619: 10614: 10613: 10612: 10607: 10597: 10592: 10587: 10581: 10579: 10574:Crimes against 10572: 10569: 10568: 10566: 10565: 10560: 10555: 10550: 10545: 10540: 10535: 10530: 10525: 10520: 10514: 10512: 10506: 10505: 10498: 10497: 10490: 10483: 10475: 10466: 10465: 10463: 10462: 10460:Law portal 10450: 10445: 10439: 10436: 10435: 10433: 10432: 10426: 10424: 10418: 10417: 10415: 10414: 10409: 10403: 10401: 10395: 10394: 10392: 10391: 10386: 10381: 10379:Law of salvage 10376: 10371: 10366: 10361: 10356: 10351: 10346: 10341: 10336: 10331: 10325: 10323: 10317: 10316: 10313: 10312: 10310: 10309: 10304: 10299: 10291: 10289: 10286:Other regional 10283: 10282: 10280: 10279: 10274: 10268: 10266: 10260: 10259: 10257: 10256: 10251: 10246: 10241: 10236: 10230: 10228: 10222: 10221: 10219: 10218: 10213: 10208: 10203: 10198: 10193: 10188: 10183: 10178: 10173: 10168: 10163: 10158: 10153: 10148: 10143: 10138: 10133: 10128: 10127: 10126: 10121: 10116: 10111: 10103: 10098: 10097: 10096: 10091: 10086: 10076: 10070: 10068: 10061: 10057:Sources of law 10053: 10052: 10048:Law of the sea 10043: 10042: 10035: 10028: 10020: 10011: 10010: 10008: 10007: 10000: 9993: 9979: 9976:Law portal 9964: 9961: 9960: 9958: 9957: 9956: 9955: 9944: 9942: 9938: 9937: 9935: 9934: 9929: 9924: 9919: 9914: 9909: 9908: 9907: 9897: 9896: 9895: 9885: 9880: 9875: 9870: 9865: 9860: 9855: 9850: 9845: 9840: 9834: 9832: 9828: 9827: 9825: 9824: 9819: 9814: 9812:Trial advocacy 9809: 9804: 9799: 9794: 9793: 9792: 9787: 9782: 9777: 9772: 9767: 9762: 9752: 9747: 9742: 9737: 9732: 9727: 9726: 9725: 9720: 9710: 9705: 9700: 9695: 9690: 9685: 9680: 9675: 9670: 9665: 9659: 9657: 9651: 9650: 9648: 9647: 9642: 9637: 9632: 9627: 9622: 9617: 9612: 9607: 9602: 9597: 9592: 9587: 9582: 9577: 9572: 9566: 9564: 9560: 9559: 9557: 9556: 9551: 9546: 9541: 9536: 9535: 9534: 9524: 9523: 9522: 9517: 9512: 9507: 9502: 9497: 9496: 9495: 9480: 9475: 9470: 9465: 9459: 9457: 9451: 9450: 9448: 9447: 9442: 9441: 9440: 9435: 9430: 9420: 9419: 9418: 9408: 9403: 9398: 9393: 9392: 9391: 9386: 9381: 9371: 9370: 9369: 9364: 9359: 9349: 9344: 9342:Ballot measure 9338: 9336: 9330: 9329: 9327: 9326: 9321: 9319:Legal treatise 9316: 9315: 9314: 9309: 9299: 9298: 9297: 9287: 9285:Letters patent 9282: 9277: 9276: 9275: 9265: 9260: 9255: 9246: 9240: 9238: 9236:Sources of law 9232: 9231: 9229: 9228: 9223: 9221:Unenforced law 9218: 9213: 9208: 9203: 9198: 9193: 9188: 9183: 9178: 9173: 9168: 9167: 9166: 9161: 9151: 9146: 9141: 9136: 9131: 9126: 9121: 9116: 9111: 9106: 9101: 9096: 9091: 9086: 9081: 9076: 9071: 9066: 9061: 9056: 9051: 9046: 9040: 9035: 9030: 9025: 9020: 9015: 9010: 9005: 9000: 8995: 8993:Commercial law 8990: 8985: 8980: 8975: 8970: 8965: 8959: 8957: 8953: 8952: 8950: 8949: 8944: 8939: 8934: 8933: 8932: 8922: 8917: 8912: 8911: 8910: 8905: 8895: 8890: 8885: 8880: 8875: 8870: 8865: 8860: 8859: 8858: 8848: 8843: 8838: 8833: 8827: 8825: 8821: 8820: 8813: 8812: 8805: 8798: 8790: 8784: 8783: 8777: 8768: 8759: 8753: 8747: 8741: 8728: 8727: 8722: 8716: 8715: 8704: 8703: 8701: 8700:External links 8698: 8696: 8695: 8689: 8667: 8661: 8642: 8636: 8614: 8594:10.1086/702900 8571: 8553: 8503: 8497: 8475: 8469: 8451:Witte Jr, John 8443: 8437: 8415: 8409: 8394: 8388: 8369: 8341:(1): 521–541. 8324: 8318: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8287: 8277:(2): 195–211. 8260: 8254: 8230: 8190: 8184: 8163: 8143: 8137: 8122: 8116: 8097: 8079:(5): 561–588. 8060: 8031: 8025: 8007:Solis, Gary D. 8003: 7997: 7978: 7944:(2): 302–316. 7918: 7912: 7893: 7867:(2): 291–323. 7848: 7828:(2): 219–255. 7811: 7793:(2): 124–152. 7776: 7770: 7746: 7740: 7718: 7712: 7693: 7677: 7671: 7652: 7647:978-0754654490 7646: 7624:Rodin, David; 7621: 7595:(2): 195–211. 7576: 7566:(2): 285–330. 7549: 7543: 7521: 7476: 7442:(2): 251–287. 7423: 7417: 7398: 7392: 7371: 7365: 7346: 7340: 7319: 7289: 7269: 7239: 7225: 7201: 7195: 7174: 7168: 7149: 7143: 7125:Mossop, Joanna 7121: 7115: 7091: 7085: 7060: 7054: 7022: 7002:(5): 853–871. 6985: 6979: 6957: 6951: 6927: 6921: 6899: 6865:(2): 358–372. 6843: 6837: 6818: 6792:(2): 329–336. 6773: 6746: 6728:(2): 318–346. 6709: 6692: 6686: 6667: 6661: 6640: 6621: 6615: 6594: 6588: 6566: 6560: 6539: 6521:(3): 765–794. 6501: 6447: 6441: 6420: 6414: 6393: 6387: 6368: 6362: 6340: 6330:(4): 667–687. 6310: 6284:(2): 500–524. 6262: 6256: 6228: 6222: 6198: 6176: 6170: 6142: 6111: 6105: 6086: 6080: 6065: 6059: 6038: 6032: 6009: 5990: 5984: 5963: 5942: 5936: 5917: 5911: 5892: 5866:(3): 289–300. 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5838: 5811:(2): 376–381. 5791: 5779: 5749: 5730:(3): 755–795. 5710: 5699:(3): 293–313. 5679: 5640: 5628: 5616: 5614:, p. 101. 5604: 5592: 5590:, p. 304. 5580: 5568: 5562: 5529: 5490: 5484: 5462: 5460:, p. 192. 5450: 5435: 5420: 5389: 5377: 5365: 5353: 5341: 5316: 5314:, p. 518. 5301: 5289: 5277: 5265: 5253: 5241: 5229: 5214: 5202: 5190: 5178: 5166: 5164:, p. 231. 5154: 5152:, p. 230. 5142: 5130: 5128:, p. 223. 5115: 5113:, p. 224. 5100: 5088: 5076: 5074:, p. 466. 5064: 5062:, p. 461. 5052: 5050:, p. 211. 5040: 5038:, p. 458. 5028: 5026:, p. 757. 5016: 5004: 4992: 4990:, p. 745. 4980: 4965: 4963:, p. 505. 4953: 4941: 4929: 4927:, p. 296. 4917: 4905: 4893: 4881: 4869: 4857: 4855:, p. 256. 4845: 4833: 4821: 4809: 4807:, p. 220. 4797: 4795:, p. 203. 4785: 4773: 4771:, p. 294. 4761: 4749: 4724: 4712: 4710:, p. 287. 4700: 4698:, p. 506. 4688: 4686:, p. 282. 4676: 4664: 4652: 4640: 4623: 4608: 4596: 4584: 4572: 4560: 4548: 4533: 4521: 4509: 4494: 4482: 4480:, p. 267. 4470: 4458: 4446: 4434: 4422: 4420:, p. 301. 4410: 4398: 4396:, p. 403. 4386: 4374: 4362: 4350: 4348:, p. 272. 4335: 4333:, p. 374. 4323: 4311: 4299: 4297:, p. 178. 4287: 4275: 4273:, p. 161. 4263: 4261:, p. 158. 4251: 4249:, p. 160. 4239: 4237:, p. 159. 4227: 4225:, p. 155. 4215: 4203: 4201:, p. 188. 4191: 4189:, p. 456. 4179: 4167: 4165:, p. 493. 4152: 4150:, p. 180. 4140: 4128: 4116: 4104: 4102:, p. 106. 4092: 4080: 4068: 4056: 4041: 4029: 4017: 4002: 4000:, p. 107. 3990: 3988:, p. 121. 3978: 3966: 3962:von Glahn 1992 3954: 3942: 3940:, p. 144. 3930: 3926:von Glahn 1992 3918: 3906: 3894: 3882: 3870: 3858: 3856:, p. 187. 3843: 3831: 3819: 3804: 3802:, p. 859. 3792: 3790:, p. 854. 3780: 3765: 3753: 3741: 3726: 3714: 3702: 3690: 3678: 3666: 3654: 3642: 3630: 3618: 3606: 3594: 3582: 3580:, p. 191. 3570: 3558: 3546: 3544:, p. 131. 3534: 3522: 3520:, p. 319. 3510: 3495: 3483: 3471: 3459: 3457:, p. 179. 3444: 3429: 3417: 3415:, p. 772. 3413:Bassiouni 1990 3405: 3403:, p. 221. 3393: 3391:, p. 768. 3389:Bassiouni 1990 3381: 3369: 3367:, p. 291. 3357: 3345: 3333: 3321: 3319:, p. 606. 3309: 3297: 3285: 3273: 3258: 3246: 3234: 3230:Northedge 1986 3222: 3216: 3204: 3200:Northedge 1986 3192: 3180: 3168: 3156: 3154:, p. 283. 3144: 3132: 3120: 3118:, p. 617. 3108: 3096: 3094:, p. 168. 3084: 3072: 3070:, p. 342. 3060: 3058:, p. 147. 3045: 3033: 3021: 3017:Yepremyan 2022 3009: 2994: 2982: 2980:, p. 614. 2970: 2966:von Glahn 1992 2958: 2946: 2934: 2922: 2910: 2898: 2896:, p. 322. 2886: 2884:, p. 299. 2874: 2862: 2860:, p. 359. 2850: 2838: 2826: 2819: 2796: 2784: 2782:, p. 289. 2780:Alexander 1952 2772: 2760: 2745: 2733: 2721: 2709: 2697: 2685: 2673: 2661: 2659:, p. 267. 2649: 2634: 2632:, p. 126. 2619: 2617:, p. 622. 2602: 2600:, p. 501. 2590: 2588:, p. 523. 2578: 2574:Stevenson 1952 2566: 2562:Stevenson 1952 2554: 2542: 2540:, p. 333. 2530: 2528:, p. 408. 2518: 2506: 2499: 2478: 2476: 2473: 2471: 2470: 2465: 2460: 2455: 2450: 2445: 2440: 2435: 2430: 2425: 2420: 2415: 2410: 2405: 2399:Diplomatic law 2396: 2391: 2386: 2377: 2372: 2367: 2362: 2357: 2352: 2346: 2344: 2341: 2315: 2312: 2285: 2282: 2229:divine justice 2198:state capacity 2189:Main article: 2186: 2183: 2054:Main article: 2051: 2048: 2017:Martens clause 1964:non-combatants 1958:dictates that 1925:Main article: 1922: 1919: 1841:Main article: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1766:Main article: 1763: 1760: 1702:law of the sea 1661:Law of the Sea 1659:Main article: 1656: 1653: 1637:Kyoto Protocol 1574:Main article: 1571: 1568: 1534:Main article: 1531: 1528: 1508: 1507: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1408:, holding the 1394:Main article: 1391: 1388: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1244:subject matter 1211: 1208: 1173: 1172:United Nations 1170: 1122: 1119: 1085:(UNGA) in the 1077: 1074: 1036: 1030: 1024: 1001: 998: 993:Main article: 990: 987: 954: 951: 869:Main article: 866: 863: 829: 823: 809:Main article: 806: 803: 775:Main article: 772: 769: 753:(IMF) and the 746:decolonisation 733:(ICJ) and the 727:United Nations 686: 683: 655:Emer de Vattel 630: 627: 619:Richard Zouche 522: 519: 515:Thomas Aquinas 462:, a subset of 425:, such as the 418:lex mercatoria 413:ecclesiastical 394:Following the 365:Central Plains 337:Roman citizens 317:Ancient Greece 269:peace treaties 235:Main article: 232: 229: 225:European Union 223:system is the 186:Emer de Vattel 162:Jeremy Bentham 157: 154: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12949: 12938: 12935: 12933: 12930: 12928: 12925: 12923: 12920: 12918: 12915: 12914: 12912: 12902: 12892: 12890: 12885: 12880: 12878: 12873: 12868: 12867: 12864: 12851: 12848: 12846: 12843: 12841: 12838: 12836: 12833: 12831: 12828: 12826: 12823: 12821: 12818: 12816: 12813: 12811: 12808: 12807: 12805: 12801: 12795: 12792: 12790: 12787: 12785: 12782: 12780: 12777: 12775: 12772: 12770: 12767: 12765: 12762: 12761: 12759: 12757: 12753: 12747: 12744: 12740: 12737: 12735: 12732: 12730: 12727: 12725: 12722: 12720: 12717: 12716: 12715: 12712: 12710: 12707: 12705: 12702: 12700: 12697: 12695: 12692: 12690: 12687: 12685: 12682: 12680: 12677: 12675: 12672: 12670: 12667: 12665: 12662: 12660: 12657: 12655: 12652: 12648: 12645: 12643: 12640: 12639: 12638: 12635: 12633: 12630: 12628: 12625: 12623: 12620: 12618: 12615: 12613: 12610: 12608: 12605: 12603: 12600: 12598: 12595: 12593: 12590: 12588: 12585: 12583: 12580: 12576: 12573: 12571: 12568: 12566: 12563: 12562: 12561: 12558: 12557: 12555: 12551: 12545: 12542: 12540: 12537: 12535: 12532: 12530: 12527: 12525: 12522: 12520: 12517: 12516: 12514: 12512: 12508: 12498: 12495: 12493: 12490: 12489: 12487: 12483: 12477: 12474: 12472: 12469: 12467: 12464: 12462: 12459: 12457: 12454: 12452: 12449: 12447: 12444: 12443: 12441: 12437: 12434: 12432: 12431:Organizations 12428: 12422: 12419: 12418: 12415: 12411: 12404: 12399: 12397: 12392: 12390: 12385: 12384: 12381: 12365: 12362: 12360: 12357: 12355: 12352: 12350: 12347: 12345: 12342: 12340: 12337: 12335: 12332: 12331: 12328: 12324: 12323: 12317: 12313: 12301: 12298: 12296: 12293: 12291: 12288: 12287: 12285: 12283: 12280: 12276: 12273: 12271: 12268: 12266: 12263: 12261: 12258: 12256: 12253: 12251: 12248: 12247: 12245: 12241: 12238: 12237: 12236: 12233: 12232: 12229: 12225: 12220: 12216: 12206: 12203: 12201: 12198: 12196: 12193: 12191: 12188: 12186: 12183: 12181: 12178: 12176: 12173: 12171: 12168: 12166: 12163: 12161: 12158: 12156: 12153: 12151: 12148: 12146: 12143: 12142: 12139: 12135: 12134: 12128: 12124: 12113: 12110: 12108: 12105: 12102: 12099: 12097: 12094: 12092: 12089: 12087: 12084: 12081: 12078: 12075: 12072: 12069: 12066: 12064: 12061: 12059: 12056: 12054: 12051: 12048: 12045: 12043: 12040: 12038: 12035: 12034: 12031: 12027: 12022: 12018: 12014: 12007: 12002: 12000: 11995: 11993: 11988: 11987: 11984: 11972: 11969: 11967: 11964: 11962: 11959: 11957: 11954: 11952: 11949: 11947: 11944: 11942: 11939: 11937: 11934: 11932: 11929: 11927: 11924: 11922: 11919: 11917: 11916:PROSUR/PROSUL 11914: 11912: 11909: 11907: 11904: 11902: 11899: 11897: 11894: 11892: 11889: 11887: 11884: 11882: 11879: 11877: 11874: 11872: 11869: 11867: 11864: 11862: 11859: 11857: 11854: 11852: 11849: 11847: 11844: 11842: 11839: 11837: 11834: 11832: 11829: 11827: 11824: 11822: 11819: 11817: 11814: 11812: 11811:Craiova Group 11809: 11807: 11804: 11802: 11799: 11797: 11794: 11792: 11789: 11787: 11784: 11782: 11779: 11777: 11774: 11772: 11769: 11767: 11764: 11762: 11759: 11757: 11754: 11752: 11749: 11747: 11744: 11742: 11739: 11737: 11734: 11732: 11729: 11727: 11726:ABCANZ Armies 11724: 11723: 11721: 11715: 11709: 11706: 11704: 11701: 11697: 11694: 11692: 11689: 11687: 11684: 11682: 11679: 11677: 11674: 11672: 11669: 11668: 11667: 11664: 11662: 11659: 11655: 11652: 11651: 11650: 11647: 11645: 11642: 11641: 11639: 11637: 11633: 11627: 11624: 11622: 11619: 11615: 11612: 11610: 11607: 11605: 11602: 11600: 11597: 11593: 11590: 11588: 11585: 11583: 11580: 11578: 11575: 11574: 11573: 11570: 11568: 11565: 11563: 11560: 11558: 11555: 11554: 11553: 11550: 11544: 11541: 11540: 11539: 11536: 11532: 11531:Protestantism 11529: 11525: 11522: 11521: 11520: 11517: 11513: 11510: 11509: 11508: 11505: 11501: 11497: 11494: 11493: 11492: 11489: 11488: 11487: 11484: 11483: 11482: 11479: 11478: 11476: 11474: 11470: 11462: 11459: 11458: 11457: 11454: 11452: 11451:Sovereigntism 11449: 11447: 11444: 11440: 11439: 11435: 11434: 11433: 11430: 11426: 11423: 11422: 11421: 11418: 11416: 11413: 11411: 11408: 11406: 11403: 11401: 11398: 11396: 11393: 11391: 11388: 11384: 11381: 11379: 11376: 11375: 11374: 11371: 11367: 11364: 11363: 11362: 11359: 11357: 11354: 11352: 11349: 11347: 11346:Scholasticism 11344: 11342: 11339: 11337: 11334: 11332: 11329: 11327: 11324: 11322: 11319: 11317: 11314: 11313: 11311: 11309: 11305: 11297: 11294: 11292: 11289: 11287: 11284: 11282: 11279: 11278: 11277: 11274: 11270: 11267: 11266: 11265: 11262: 11258: 11255: 11253: 11250: 11249: 11248: 11245: 11241: 11238: 11237: 11236: 11233: 11231: 11228: 11224: 11221: 11219: 11216: 11214: 11211: 11210: 11209: 11206: 11202: 11199: 11198: 11197: 11194: 11190: 11187: 11186: 11185: 11182: 11178: 11175: 11173: 11170: 11169: 11168: 11165: 11163: 11160: 11158: 11155: 11153: 11150: 11146: 11143: 11142: 11141: 11138: 11136: 11133: 11129: 11126: 11125: 11124: 11121: 11117: 11114: 11113: 11112: 11109: 11105: 11102: 11101: 11100: 11097: 11095: 11092: 11088: 11085: 11084: 11083: 11080: 11078: 11075: 11071: 11068: 11066: 11063: 11061: 11058: 11057: 11056: 11053: 11052: 11050: 11048: 11044: 11036: 11035:War on terror 11033: 11031: 11028: 11027: 11026: 11023: 11019: 11016: 11014: 11011: 11009: 11006: 11004: 11001: 10999: 10996: 10994: 10991: 10989: 10986: 10984: 10981: 10979: 10976: 10974: 10971: 10969: 10966: 10964: 10961: 10959: 10956: 10954: 10951: 10949: 10946: 10944: 10941: 10939: 10936: 10934: 10931: 10930: 10929: 10928:Modern period 10926: 10924: 10921: 10917: 10914: 10912: 10909: 10907: 10904: 10903: 10902: 10899: 10895: 10892: 10891: 10890: 10887: 10885: 10882: 10881: 10879: 10877: 10873: 10867: 10864: 10862: 10859: 10857: 10854: 10852: 10849: 10843: 10840: 10838: 10835: 10834: 10833: 10830: 10828: 10825: 10823: 10820: 10818: 10815: 10814: 10813: 10810: 10808: 10805: 10803: 10800: 10799: 10797: 10793: 10789: 10785: 10784:Western world 10778: 10773: 10771: 10766: 10764: 10759: 10758: 10755: 10743: 10740: 10738: 10735: 10733: 10730: 10728: 10725: 10723: 10720: 10718: 10715: 10714: 10712: 10708: 10702: 10699: 10697: 10694: 10692: 10689: 10687: 10684: 10682: 10679: 10677: 10674: 10672: 10669: 10667: 10664: 10662: 10659: 10657: 10654: 10653: 10651: 10644: 10639: 10633: 10630: 10628: 10625: 10623: 10622:Slave trading 10620: 10618: 10615: 10611: 10608: 10606: 10603: 10602: 10601: 10598: 10596: 10593: 10591: 10588: 10586: 10583: 10582: 10580: 10577: 10570: 10564: 10561: 10559: 10556: 10554: 10551: 10549: 10546: 10544: 10541: 10539: 10536: 10534: 10531: 10529: 10526: 10524: 10521: 10519: 10516: 10515: 10513: 10511: 10507: 10503: 10496: 10491: 10489: 10484: 10482: 10477: 10476: 10473: 10461: 10456: 10451: 10449: 10446: 10444: 10443:Admiralty law 10441: 10440: 10437: 10431: 10428: 10427: 10425: 10423: 10419: 10413: 10410: 10408: 10405: 10404: 10402: 10400: 10396: 10390: 10387: 10385: 10382: 10380: 10377: 10375: 10372: 10370: 10367: 10365: 10362: 10360: 10357: 10355: 10352: 10350: 10347: 10345: 10342: 10340: 10337: 10335: 10332: 10330: 10327: 10326: 10324: 10318: 10308: 10305: 10303: 10300: 10297: 10293: 10292: 10290: 10284: 10278: 10275: 10273: 10270: 10269: 10267: 10261: 10255: 10252: 10250: 10247: 10245: 10242: 10240: 10237: 10235: 10232: 10231: 10229: 10223: 10217: 10214: 10212: 10209: 10207: 10204: 10202: 10199: 10197: 10194: 10192: 10189: 10187: 10184: 10182: 10179: 10177: 10174: 10172: 10169: 10167: 10164: 10162: 10159: 10157: 10154: 10152: 10149: 10147: 10144: 10142: 10139: 10137: 10134: 10132: 10129: 10125: 10122: 10120: 10117: 10115: 10112: 10110: 10107: 10106: 10104: 10102: 10099: 10095: 10092: 10090: 10087: 10085: 10082: 10081: 10080: 10077: 10075: 10072: 10071: 10069: 10065: 10062: 10060: 10054: 10050: 10041: 10036: 10034: 10029: 10027: 10022: 10021: 10018: 10006: 10005: 10001: 9999: 9998: 9994: 9992: 9991: 9980: 9978: 9977: 9972: 9966: 9965: 9962: 9954: 9951: 9950: 9949: 9946: 9945: 9943: 9939: 9933: 9930: 9928: 9925: 9923: 9920: 9918: 9915: 9913: 9910: 9906: 9903: 9902: 9901: 9898: 9894: 9891: 9890: 9889: 9886: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9859: 9858:Civil society 9856: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9844: 9841: 9839: 9836: 9835: 9833: 9829: 9823: 9820: 9818: 9817:Trier of fact 9815: 9813: 9810: 9808: 9805: 9803: 9800: 9798: 9795: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9778: 9776: 9773: 9771: 9768: 9766: 9763: 9761: 9758: 9757: 9756: 9753: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9728: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9716: 9715: 9714: 9711: 9709: 9706: 9704: 9703:Legal opinion 9701: 9699: 9696: 9694: 9691: 9689: 9686: 9684: 9683:Court-martial 9681: 9679: 9676: 9674: 9671: 9669: 9666: 9664: 9661: 9660: 9658: 9656: 9655:Jurisprudence 9652: 9646: 9643: 9641: 9638: 9636: 9633: 9631: 9628: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9618: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9593: 9591: 9588: 9586: 9583: 9581: 9578: 9576: 9573: 9571: 9568: 9567: 9565: 9561: 9555: 9552: 9550: 9547: 9545: 9544:Statutory law 9542: 9540: 9539:Socialist law 9537: 9533: 9532:Byzantine law 9530: 9529: 9528: 9525: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9498: 9494: 9491: 9490: 9489: 9486: 9485: 9484: 9483:Religious law 9481: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9460: 9458: 9456: 9455:Legal systems 9452: 9446: 9443: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9425: 9424: 9423:Statutory law 9421: 9417: 9414: 9413: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9376: 9375: 9372: 9368: 9365: 9363: 9360: 9358: 9355: 9354: 9353: 9350: 9348: 9345: 9343: 9340: 9339: 9337: 9335: 9331: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9304: 9303: 9300: 9296: 9293: 9292: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9274: 9271: 9270: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9256: 9254: 9253:Statutory law 9250: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9241: 9239: 9237: 9233: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9211:Transport law 9209: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9182: 9179: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9169: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9157: 9156: 9155: 9152: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9130: 9129:Legal fiction 9127: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9117: 9115: 9112: 9110: 9107: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9087: 9085: 9082: 9080: 9077: 9075: 9072: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9062: 9060: 9059:Financial law 9057: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9047: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9018:Corporate law 9016: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9004: 9001: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8991: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8961: 8960: 8958: 8954: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8942:Statutory law 8940: 8938: 8935: 8931: 8928: 8927: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8901: 8900: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8886: 8884: 8881: 8879: 8876: 8874: 8871: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8857: 8854: 8853: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8829: 8828: 8826: 8824:Core subjects 8822: 8818: 8811: 8806: 8804: 8799: 8797: 8792: 8791: 8788: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8763: 8760: 8757: 8754: 8751: 8748: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8736: 8733: 8732: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8718: 8717: 8712: 8707: 8692: 8686: 8682: 8678: 8677: 8672: 8668: 8664: 8658: 8654: 8650: 8649: 8643: 8639: 8633: 8629: 8625: 8624: 8619: 8615: 8611: 8607: 8603: 8599: 8595: 8591: 8587: 8583: 8582: 8577: 8572: 8568: 8564: 8563: 8558: 8554: 8550: 8546: 8542: 8538: 8534: 8530: 8526: 8522: 8521: 8516: 8512: 8508: 8504: 8500: 8494: 8490: 8487:(in French). 8486: 8485: 8480: 8476: 8472: 8466: 8462: 8458: 8457: 8452: 8448: 8444: 8440: 8434: 8430: 8426: 8425: 8420: 8416: 8412: 8406: 8402: 8401: 8395: 8391: 8385: 8381: 8377: 8376: 8370: 8366: 8362: 8358: 8354: 8349: 8344: 8340: 8336: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8321: 8315: 8311: 8307: 8306: 8301: 8297: 8296: 8284: 8280: 8276: 8272: 8271: 8266: 8261: 8257: 8255:9780140227338 8251: 8247: 8246:Penguin Books 8242: 8241: 8235: 8234:Wight, Martin 8231: 8227: 8223: 8219: 8215: 8211: 8207: 8206: 8200: 8195: 8191: 8187: 8181: 8177: 8172: 8171: 8164: 8160: 8156: 8149: 8144: 8140: 8134: 8130: 8129: 8123: 8119: 8113: 8109: 8105: 8104: 8098: 8094: 8090: 8086: 8082: 8078: 8074: 8073: 8067: 8061: 8057: 8053: 8049: 8045: 8044: 8038: 8032: 8028: 8022: 8018: 8014: 8013: 8008: 8004: 8000: 7994: 7990: 7986: 7985: 7979: 7975: 7971: 7967: 7963: 7959: 7955: 7951: 7947: 7943: 7939: 7938: 7932: 7927: 7923: 7919: 7915: 7909: 7905: 7901: 7900: 7894: 7890: 7886: 7882: 7878: 7874: 7870: 7866: 7862: 7861: 7855: 7849: 7845: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7827: 7823: 7822: 7817: 7812: 7808: 7804: 7800: 7796: 7792: 7788: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7773: 7767: 7763: 7762:Brill Nijhoff 7758: 7757: 7751: 7747: 7743: 7737: 7733: 7729: 7728: 7723: 7719: 7715: 7709: 7705: 7701: 7700: 7694: 7690: 7683: 7678: 7674: 7668: 7664: 7660: 7659: 7653: 7649: 7643: 7639: 7634: 7633: 7627: 7622: 7618: 7614: 7610: 7606: 7602: 7598: 7594: 7590: 7589: 7583: 7577: 7573: 7569: 7565: 7561: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7546: 7540: 7536: 7532: 7531: 7526: 7522: 7518: 7514: 7510: 7506: 7502: 7498: 7494: 7490: 7489: 7483: 7477: 7473: 7469: 7465: 7461: 7457: 7453: 7449: 7445: 7441: 7437: 7436: 7430: 7424: 7420: 7414: 7410: 7406: 7405: 7399: 7395: 7389: 7385: 7380: 7379: 7372: 7368: 7362: 7358: 7354: 7353: 7347: 7343: 7337: 7333: 7328: 7327: 7320: 7316: 7312: 7308: 7304: 7303: 7295: 7290: 7286: 7281: 7280: 7274: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7256: 7252: 7248: 7244: 7240: 7236: 7232: 7228: 7226:0-7185-1316-9 7222: 7218: 7213: 7212: 7206: 7202: 7198: 7192: 7188: 7183: 7182: 7175: 7171: 7165: 7161: 7157: 7156: 7150: 7146: 7140: 7136: 7132: 7131: 7126: 7122: 7118: 7116:0-394-48133-X 7112: 7108: 7103: 7102: 7096: 7092: 7088: 7082: 7078: 7071: 7070: 7065: 7061: 7057: 7051: 7047: 7043: 7039: 7034: 7033: 7027: 7023: 7019: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7001: 6997: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6982: 6976: 6972: 6968: 6967: 6962: 6961:Klabbers, Jan 6958: 6954: 6952:9781139022569 6948: 6944: 6939: 6938: 6932: 6931:Klabbers, Jan 6928: 6924: 6918: 6914: 6910: 6909: 6904: 6903:Klabbers, Jan 6900: 6896: 6892: 6888: 6884: 6880: 6876: 6872: 6868: 6864: 6860: 6859: 6853: 6848: 6844: 6840: 6834: 6830: 6826: 6825: 6819: 6815: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6799: 6795: 6791: 6787: 6786: 6780: 6774: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6758: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6743: 6739: 6735: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6722: 6716: 6710: 6706: 6702: 6698: 6693: 6689: 6683: 6679: 6675: 6674: 6668: 6664: 6658: 6654: 6649: 6648: 6641: 6638:(3): 625–689. 6637: 6633: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6618: 6612: 6608: 6603: 6602: 6595: 6591: 6585: 6581: 6577: 6576: 6571: 6567: 6563: 6557: 6553: 6548: 6547: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6524: 6520: 6516: 6515: 6510: 6506: 6502: 6498: 6494: 6490: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6438: 6434: 6429: 6428: 6421: 6417: 6411: 6407: 6402: 6401: 6394: 6390: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6375: 6369: 6365: 6359: 6355: 6351: 6350: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6324: 6316: 6311: 6307: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6278: 6272: 6267: 6263: 6259: 6257:9780414108899 6253: 6249: 6244: 6243: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6225: 6219: 6215: 6210: 6209: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6190: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6167: 6163: 6158: 6157: 6151: 6147: 6146:Brownlie, Ian 6143: 6139: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6124:(17): 59–67. 6123: 6118: 6112: 6108: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6093: 6087: 6083: 6077: 6073: 6072: 6066: 6062: 6056: 6052: 6047: 6046: 6039: 6035: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6007:(3): 768–818. 6006: 6002: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5987: 5981: 5977: 5972: 5971: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5955: 5949: 5943: 5939: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5924: 5918: 5914: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5899: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5860: 5854: 5848: 5847: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5795: 5782: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5753: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5714: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5683: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5644: 5637: 5632: 5625: 5620: 5613: 5608: 5601: 5596: 5589: 5584: 5577: 5572: 5565: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5536: 5534: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5494: 5487: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5466: 5459: 5454: 5447: 5442: 5440: 5432: 5427: 5425: 5409: 5408: 5403: 5399: 5393: 5386: 5381: 5374: 5369: 5362: 5357: 5350: 5345: 5330: 5326: 5320: 5313: 5308: 5306: 5298: 5293: 5286: 5281: 5275:, p. 11. 5274: 5269: 5262: 5257: 5250: 5245: 5239:, p. 17. 5238: 5233: 5227:, p. 16. 5226: 5221: 5219: 5211: 5206: 5199: 5194: 5187: 5182: 5176:, p. 15. 5175: 5170: 5163: 5162:Klabbers 2020 5158: 5151: 5150:Klabbers 2020 5146: 5139: 5138:Klabbers 2020 5134: 5127: 5126:Klabbers 2020 5122: 5120: 5112: 5111:Klabbers 2020 5107: 5105: 5097: 5092: 5086:, p. 24. 5085: 5080: 5073: 5068: 5061: 5056: 5049: 5048:Klabbers 2020 5044: 5037: 5032: 5025: 5020: 5013: 5008: 5001: 4996: 4989: 4984: 4977: 4972: 4970: 4962: 4957: 4950: 4945: 4938: 4933: 4926: 4921: 4914: 4909: 4902: 4897: 4890: 4885: 4878: 4873: 4866: 4861: 4854: 4849: 4842: 4837: 4830: 4825: 4818: 4817:Harrison 2011 4813: 4806: 4801: 4794: 4789: 4782: 4781:Klabbers 2020 4777: 4770: 4769:Klabbers 2020 4765: 4758: 4757:Klabbers 2020 4753: 4738: 4734: 4728: 4721: 4720:Klabbers 2020 4716: 4709: 4708:Klabbers 2020 4704: 4697: 4692: 4685: 4684:Klabbers 2020 4680: 4673: 4668: 4662:, p. 51. 4661: 4656: 4650:, p. 37. 4649: 4648:Valticos 2013 4644: 4637: 4632: 4630: 4628: 4620: 4619:Valticos 2013 4615: 4613: 4606:, p. 47. 4605: 4600: 4593: 4588: 4581: 4576: 4569: 4564: 4557: 4552: 4545: 4540: 4538: 4530: 4525: 4519:, p. 17. 4518: 4513: 4507:, p. 57. 4506: 4501: 4499: 4492:, p. 23. 4491: 4486: 4479: 4474: 4468:, p. 15. 4467: 4462: 4455: 4450: 4443: 4438: 4431: 4426: 4419: 4418:Klabbers 2020 4414: 4407: 4406:van Loon 2020 4402: 4395: 4390: 4383: 4378: 4371: 4366: 4359: 4354: 4347: 4342: 4340: 4332: 4327: 4320: 4315: 4308: 4303: 4296: 4295:Klabbers 2020 4291: 4284: 4283:Klabbers 2020 4279: 4272: 4271:Klabbers 2020 4267: 4260: 4259:Klabbers 2020 4255: 4248: 4247:Klabbers 2020 4243: 4236: 4235:Klabbers 2020 4231: 4224: 4223:Klabbers 2020 4219: 4212: 4211:Klabbers 2020 4207: 4200: 4199:Klabbers 2020 4195: 4188: 4183: 4176: 4171: 4164: 4159: 4157: 4149: 4144: 4137: 4132: 4125: 4124:Klabbers 2020 4120: 4113: 4112:Klabbers 2013 4108: 4101: 4096: 4090:, p. 63. 4089: 4084: 4078:, p. 61. 4077: 4072: 4065: 4060: 4053: 4048: 4046: 4039:, p. 73. 4038: 4037:Klabbers 2020 4033: 4026: 4025:Klabbers 2020 4021: 4014: 4013:Klabbers 2013 4009: 4007: 3999: 3998:Klabbers 2013 3994: 3987: 3982: 3975: 3970: 3964:, p. 86. 3963: 3958: 3951: 3946: 3939: 3934: 3928:, p. 85. 3927: 3922: 3915: 3910: 3903: 3898: 3891: 3886: 3879: 3874: 3867: 3862: 3855: 3850: 3848: 3840: 3835: 3828: 3823: 3816: 3811: 3809: 3801: 3796: 3789: 3784: 3777: 3772: 3770: 3762: 3757: 3750: 3745: 3738: 3737:Thirlway 2014 3733: 3731: 3724:, p. 13. 3723: 3722:Harrison 2011 3718: 3712:, p. 65. 3711: 3710:Thirlway 2014 3706: 3699: 3694: 3687: 3682: 3676:, p. 63. 3675: 3674:Thirlway 2014 3670: 3663: 3662:Thirlway 2014 3658: 3651: 3646: 3639: 3634: 3627: 3622: 3615: 3610: 3603: 3598: 3592:, p. 90. 3591: 3590:Gardiner 2008 3586: 3579: 3574: 3567: 3566:Gardiner 2008 3562: 3555: 3554:Gardiner 2008 3550: 3543: 3538: 3531: 3526: 3519: 3514: 3507: 3502: 3500: 3493:, p. 21. 3492: 3491:Gardiner 2008 3487: 3480: 3479:Klabbers 1996 3475: 3468: 3463: 3456: 3451: 3449: 3442:, p. 20. 3441: 3440:Gardiner 2008 3436: 3434: 3426: 3421: 3414: 3409: 3402: 3397: 3390: 3385: 3378: 3373: 3366: 3361: 3354: 3349: 3342: 3337: 3330: 3325: 3318: 3313: 3306: 3301: 3294: 3289: 3283:, p. 22. 3282: 3277: 3270: 3265: 3263: 3255: 3250: 3243: 3238: 3231: 3226: 3220: 3213: 3208: 3201: 3196: 3190:, p. 45. 3189: 3184: 3177: 3176:Nussbaum 1954 3172: 3165: 3160: 3153: 3152:Osiander 2001 3148: 3141: 3140:Osiander 2001 3136: 3129: 3124: 3117: 3112: 3105: 3104:Nussbaum 1954 3100: 3093: 3088: 3081: 3076: 3069: 3064: 3057: 3056:Nussbaum 1954 3052: 3050: 3042: 3037: 3031:, p. 90. 3030: 3025: 3018: 3013: 3006: 3001: 2999: 2991: 2990:Nussbaum 1954 2986: 2979: 2974: 2967: 2962: 2955: 2954:Nussbaum 1954 2950: 2943: 2942:Khadduri 1956 2938: 2931: 2926: 2919: 2918:Nussbaum 1954 2914: 2908:, p. 35. 2907: 2906:Nussbaum 1954 2902: 2895: 2890: 2883: 2878: 2871: 2866: 2859: 2858:Khadduri 1956 2854: 2847: 2842: 2835: 2830: 2822: 2816: 2809: 2808: 2800: 2793: 2788: 2781: 2776: 2770:, p. 21. 2769: 2764: 2757: 2752: 2750: 2742: 2737: 2731:, p. 14. 2730: 2729:Nussbaum 1954 2725: 2718: 2717:Nussbaum 1954 2713: 2707:, p. 84. 2706: 2705:Bederman 2001 2701: 2694: 2693:Nussbaum 1954 2689: 2682: 2681:Nussbaum 1954 2677: 2670: 2669:Bederman 2001 2665: 2658: 2657:Bederman 2001 2653: 2646: 2645:Nussbaum 1954 2641: 2639: 2631: 2626: 2624: 2616: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2599: 2594: 2587: 2582: 2575: 2570: 2563: 2558: 2551: 2546: 2539: 2534: 2527: 2522: 2515: 2510: 2502: 2496: 2492: 2491: 2483: 2479: 2469: 2466: 2464: 2461: 2459: 2456: 2454: 2451: 2449: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2439: 2436: 2434: 2431: 2429: 2426: 2424: 2421: 2419: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2409: 2406: 2404: 2400: 2397: 2395: 2392: 2390: 2387: 2385: 2381: 2378: 2376: 2373: 2371: 2368: 2366: 2363: 2361: 2358: 2356: 2353: 2351: 2348: 2347: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2322: 2311: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2281: 2279: 2275: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2245: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2213: 2211: 2207: 2201: 2199: 2192: 2182: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2158: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2136: 2131: 2127: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2107: 2102: 2098: 2093: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2057: 2047: 2045: 2044:cyberwarefare 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2020: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1973: 1971: 1970: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1952:jus ad bellum 1949: 1945: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1918: 1916: 1912: 1911:Ottawa Treaty 1907: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1888: 1883: 1881: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1851: 1850:jus ad bellum 1844: 1829: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1810:Ronald Reagan 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1772:In 1944, the 1769: 1759: 1756: 1751: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1720: 1715: 1711: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1679: 1674: 1673: 1668: 1662: 1652: 1649: 1644: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1618: 1613: 1609: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1588:of 1972, the 1587: 1583: 1577: 1567: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1537: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1465: 1464: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1411: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1387: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1371: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1351: 1349: 1345: 1344:lex domicilii 1341: 1337: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1322: 1321:choice of law 1318: 1313: 1298: 1296: 1291: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1275: 1271: 1268: 1267: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1216: 1207: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1169: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1154: 1153: 1147: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1132: 1128: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1103:Hannah Arendt 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1073: 1071: 1067: 1061: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1049: 1022: 1018: 1016: 1012: 1007: 996: 986: 983: 977: 975: 971: 967: 960: 950: 948: 944: 940: 939: 933: 930: 926: 922: 917: 913: 909: 908:opinio juris, 904: 901: 897: 896: 891: 890: 884: 880: 879: 872: 862: 858: 854: 851: 847: 846: 841: 827: Parties 822: 817: 812: 802: 798: 796: 792: 788: 784: 778: 768: 765: 764:globalisation 760: 756: 752: 747: 742: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 696: 691: 682: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 658: 656: 652: 648: 644: 643:nation states 640: 636: 626: 624: 620: 616: 613:In contrast, 611: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 587: 582: 578: 575:Dutch jurist 571: 566: 562: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 518: 516: 512: 508: 504: 499: 497: 493: 489: 485: 484: 479: 475: 471: 470: 465: 461: 460: 455: 451: 447: 446:Islamic world 442: 440: 439:Baltic region 436: 432: 431:Laws of Wisby 428: 424: 420: 419: 414: 410: 405: 401: 397: 392: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 349: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 309:Mediterranean 306: 302: 301:Ḫattušili III 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 265: 260: 256: 248: 243: 238: 228: 226: 222: 221:supranational 218: 213: 211: 210:Philip Jessup 207: 202: 198: 193: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 174: 169: 168: 163: 153: 151: 147: 143: 139: 138:supranational 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 106: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 79: 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 57: 53: 49: 45: 41: 35: 34: 19: 12829: 12729:Multilateral 12659:Isolationism 12612:Expansionism 12320: 12224:Regional law 12223: 12131: 12025: 11961:Western Bloc 11761:AUSCANNZUKUS 11717:Contemporary 11707: 11666:Human rights 11512:Latin Church 11486:Christianity 11436: 11395:Conservatism 11240:contemporary 11077:Architecture 11013:World War II 10973:Emancipation 10968:Abolitionism 10856:Romanization 10851:Roman legacy 10832:Roman Empire 10563:Rome Statute 10447: 10156:MARPOL 73/78 10002: 9995: 9981: 9967: 9740:Jurisdiction 9708:Legal remedy 9663:Adjudication 9563:Legal theory 9401:Ratification 9396:Promulgation 9367:Proclamation 9347:Codification 9280:Human rights 9268:Divine right 9258:Constitution 9226:Women in law 9175: 9144:Military law 9139:Marriage law 9134:Maritime law 9033:Election law 8973:Aviation law 8963:Abortion law 8915:Property law 8882: 8851:Criminal law 8710: 8675: 8647: 8622: 8585: 8579: 8561: 8557:Kelsen, Hans 8527:(1): 47–97. 8524: 8518: 8483: 8455: 8423: 8399: 8374: 8338: 8332: 8304: 8300:Anaya, S. J. 8274: 8268: 8239: 8209: 8203: 8169: 8158: 8154: 8127: 8102: 8076: 8070: 8047: 8041: 8011: 7983: 7941: 7935: 7922:Simma, Bruno 7898: 7864: 7858: 7825: 7819: 7790: 7784: 7755: 7726: 7698: 7691:(52): 1–179. 7688: 7657: 7631: 7592: 7586: 7563: 7557: 7529: 7492: 7486: 7439: 7433: 7403: 7377: 7351: 7325: 7306: 7300: 7278: 7254: 7250: 7210: 7187:Butterworths 7180: 7154: 7129: 7100: 7068: 7031: 6999: 6993: 6965: 6936: 6907: 6862: 6856: 6823: 6789: 6783: 6763:(1): 61–78. 6760: 6754: 6725: 6719: 6704: 6700: 6672: 6646: 6635: 6629: 6600: 6574: 6545: 6518: 6512: 6505:Dothan, Shai 6464: 6460: 6426: 6399: 6373: 6348: 6327: 6321: 6281: 6275: 6241: 6207: 6193: 6187: 6155: 6122:Perspectives 6121: 6091: 6070: 6044: 6018: 6004: 5998: 5969: 5958: 5952: 5922: 5897: 5863: 5857: 5808: 5804: 5794: 5784:, retrieved 5762: 5752: 5727: 5723: 5713: 5696: 5692: 5682: 5657: 5653: 5643: 5631: 5619: 5607: 5595: 5583: 5571: 5545: 5510:(1): 75–93. 5507: 5503: 5493: 5475: 5465: 5453: 5411:. Retrieved 5405: 5398:Toosi, Nahal 5392: 5380: 5375:, p. 8. 5368: 5363:, p. 8. 5356: 5351:, p. 2. 5344: 5332:. Retrieved 5328: 5319: 5292: 5280: 5273:Cassese 2003 5268: 5261:Schabas 2020 5256: 5251:, p. 9. 5249:Cassese 2003 5244: 5237:Cassese 2003 5232: 5225:Cassese 2003 5212:, p. 6. 5210:Schabas 2020 5205: 5193: 5188:, p. 1. 5186:Schabas 2020 5181: 5174:Cassese 2003 5169: 5157: 5145: 5133: 5091: 5079: 5067: 5055: 5043: 5031: 5019: 5007: 4995: 4983: 4978:, p. 7. 4956: 4944: 4932: 4920: 4908: 4896: 4884: 4872: 4860: 4848: 4836: 4831:, p. 2. 4824: 4819:, p. 1. 4812: 4800: 4788: 4776: 4764: 4752: 4740:. Retrieved 4736: 4727: 4715: 4703: 4691: 4679: 4667: 4655: 4643: 4621:, p. 4. 4599: 4587: 4582:, p. 4. 4575: 4570:, p. 8. 4563: 4551: 4546:, p. 3. 4531:, p. 2. 4524: 4512: 4485: 4473: 4461: 4449: 4437: 4432:, p. 1. 4425: 4413: 4401: 4389: 4377: 4365: 4353: 4326: 4321:, p. 4. 4314: 4309:, p. 2. 4302: 4290: 4278: 4266: 4254: 4242: 4230: 4218: 4206: 4194: 4182: 4170: 4143: 4131: 4119: 4107: 4100:Mueller 1997 4095: 4083: 4071: 4059: 4032: 4020: 3993: 3981: 3969: 3957: 3945: 3933: 3921: 3909: 3897: 3890:Shelton 2011 3885: 3878:Shelton 2011 3873: 3861: 3834: 3822: 3817:, p. 2. 3815:Shelton 2011 3795: 3783: 3761:D'Amato 1971 3756: 3749:D'Amato 1971 3744: 3717: 3705: 3698:D'Amato 1971 3693: 3681: 3669: 3657: 3645: 3633: 3621: 3609: 3597: 3585: 3573: 3561: 3549: 3537: 3525: 3513: 3486: 3474: 3469:, p. 9. 3462: 3420: 3408: 3396: 3384: 3372: 3365:Shelton 2006 3360: 3348: 3343:, p. 6. 3336: 3324: 3312: 3300: 3288: 3276: 3249: 3237: 3232:, p. 1. 3225: 3219: 3207: 3195: 3183: 3171: 3159: 3147: 3135: 3123: 3111: 3099: 3087: 3075: 3063: 3036: 3024: 3012: 2985: 2973: 2961: 2949: 2937: 2925: 2913: 2901: 2889: 2877: 2865: 2853: 2848:, p. 5. 2841: 2829: 2806: 2799: 2787: 2775: 2763: 2756:deLisle 2000 2736: 2724: 2712: 2700: 2688: 2676: 2664: 2652: 2593: 2581: 2569: 2557: 2545: 2533: 2521: 2516:, p. 3. 2509: 2489: 2482: 2380:Aviation law 2375:Consular law 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2317: 2301: 2297:Martin Wight 2292: 2287: 2248: 2246: 2236: 2232: 2214: 2206:legal theory 2202: 2194: 2159: 2140: 2105: 2094: 2059: 2021: 2012: 1974: 1967: 1951: 1948:jus in bello 1947: 1942: 1908: 1885: 1879: 1867:use of force 1859:self-defence 1848: 1846: 1818:deregulation 1771: 1752: 1724: 1699: 1695:prescription 1678:res communis 1676: 1670: 1664: 1645: 1622: 1579: 1555: 1539: 1524:Global South 1509: 1446: 1415: 1390:Human rights 1372: 1352: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1333: 1315: 1290:jurisdiction 1278: 1264: 1232: 1220:Peace Palace 1175: 1165: 1150: 1148: 1124: 1079: 1069: 1065: 1062: 1046: 1044: 1003: 978: 962: 946: 942: 936: 934: 929:opinio juris 928: 925:opinio juris 924: 915: 907: 905: 893: 887: 878:opinio juris 876: 874: 859: 855: 843: 837: 799: 780: 743: 737:(UNSC). The 723:human rights 711:World War II 700: 659: 632: 612: 598: 585: 577:Hugo Grotius 574: 570:Hugo Grotius 546: 524: 500: 481: 477: 473: 469:dar al-Islam 468: 457: 453: 443: 423:maritime law 416: 393: 373:Confucianism 350: 344: 332: 329:Roman Empire 297:Hittite king 287:between the 285:an agreement 273:Mesopotamian 271:between the 262: 252: 214: 206:Joseph Story 201:jurisdiction 194: 181: 178:Hugo Grotius 171: 165: 159: 107: 80: 76:human rights 47: 43: 39: 38: 32: 12901:Switzerland 12825:Geopolitics 12704:Sovereignty 12684:Imperialism 12597:Colonialism 12582:Appeasement 12497:Warsaw Pact 11901:Open Balkan 11719:integration 11649:Rule of law 11644:Natural law 11621:Agnosticism 11599:Hellenistic 11577:Anglo-Saxon 11507:Catholicism 11446:Atlanticism 11351:Rationalism 11157:Immigration 11140:Esotericism 10998:World War I 10963:Romanticism 10943:Reformation 10923:Renaissance 10901:Middle Ages 10866:Christendom 10795:Foundations 9912:Legislature 9843:Bureaucracy 9640:Rule of man 9635:Rule of law 9610:Libertarian 9473:Chinese law 9374:Legislation 9324:Regulations 9312:Law reports 9290:Natural law 9186:Reparations 9181:Refugee law 9104:Jurimetrics 9045:(Media law) 8983:Banking law 8978:Amnesty law 8956:Disciplines 8893:Private law 8739:rule of law 7495:(1): 1–21. 6467:: 267–275. 6196:(1): 1–101. 5458:Nouwen 2006 5431:Nouwen 2006 5373:Cowell 2017 5349:Cowell 2017 4913:Mossop 2016 4877:Froman 1984 4841:Jensen 2020 4307:Briggs 2013 4064:Archer 2014 3518:Jacobs 1969 3506:Dothan 2019 2846:Bashir 2018 2453:Refugee law 2289:John Austin 2267:. The 1815 2257:rationality 2233:jus gentium 2208:, some are 2009:Protocol II 1822:neo-liberal 1812:pushed for 1780:(later the 1672:res nullius 1558:conventions 1348:les patriae 1099:refugee law 1076:Individuals 972:passed the 703:World War I 663:Lieber Code 647:nationalism 503:Middle Ages 490:concerning 478:dar al-harb 474:dar al-sulh 345:jus gentium 341:natural law 333:jus gentium 325:city-states 293:Ramesses II 264:ius gentium 173:ius gentium 156:Terminology 12927:Public law 12911:Categories 12779:Liberalism 12724:Friendship 12709:Suzerainty 11921:Rio Treaty 11432:Relativism 11390:Liberalism 11356:Empiricism 11308:Philosophy 11296:Secularism 11247:Philosophy 11184:Literature 10978:Capitalism 10627:Starvation 10059:of the sea 9905:Law school 9785:Prosecutor 9723:Magistrate 9510:Jewish law 9468:Common law 9389:Rulemaking 9384:Regulation 9334:Law making 9273:Divine law 9249:Legal code 9196:Sports law 9119:Law of war 9069:Health law 9054:Family law 9038:Energy law 8988:Bankruptcy 8925:Punishment 8920:Public law 8050:(2): 523. 7257:(2): 190. 7196:0406565678 7026:May, Larry 6707:: 605–666. 5786:2024-04-10 5612:Wight 1986 5600:Scott 1905 5385:Ralph 2003 5084:Solis 2016 4382:North 1979 4358:North 1979 3914:Baker 1923 3578:Evans 2014 3530:Evans 2014 3353:Prost 2017 3329:Evans 2014 3281:Evans 2014 3188:Solis 2016 2882:Saeed 2018 2792:Patel 2016 2630:Degan 1997 2550:Ōnuma 2000 2538:Janis 1996 2526:Janis 1984 2475:References 2065:war crimes 2005:Protocol I 1960:combatants 1902:, such as 1892:Sandinista 1863:UN Charter 1843:Law of war 1814:free trade 1782:World Bank 1530:Labour law 1335:lex causae 1310:See also: 1252:EFTA Court 1200:East Timor 970:Parliament 957:See also: 947:erga omnes 943:jus cogens 938:jus cogens 850:good faith 615:positivist 547:Law of War 539:feudal law 511:Maimonides 464:Sharia law 452:published 404:mercantile 385:treaty law 361:barbarians 295:, and the 184:, used by 176:, used by 132:between a 99:diplomatic 12815:Diplomacy 12719:Bilateral 12617:Grey-zone 12570:Coalition 12529:1919–1939 12524:1814–1919 12519:1648–1814 12246:European 11866:Five Eyes 11861:EU–UK TCA 11703:Democracy 11592:Old Norse 11481:Abrahamic 11438:Peritrope 11420:Tolerance 11400:Socialism 11230:Mythology 11218:Classical 11167:Languages 11145:Astrology 10993:Modernism 10807:Old World 10632:War crime 10288:and local 9883:Judiciary 9878:Executive 9853:The bench 9790:Solicitor 9765:Barrister 9645:Sociology 9630:Pseudolaw 9570:Anarchist 9527:Roman law 9515:Parsi law 9500:Hindu law 9488:Canon law 9463:Civil law 9416:Concordat 9307:Precedent 9216:Trust law 9191:Space law 9028:Drugs law 8898:Procedure 8836:Civil law 8610:195571195 8602:0002-9602 8549:146201275 8541:0002-9300 8461:Routledge 8365:235585418 8357:0360-0572 8218:0037-783X 8056:219691320 7974:143168066 7958:0002-9300 7889:140888579 7881:0002-9300 7844:1540-1650 7617:143809214 7609:0047-1178 7572:0194-1879 7517:162267009 7509:1471-6380 7472:145407931 7456:0020-8183 7409:Routledge 7018:0938-5428 6895:147619365 6879:0002-9300 6806:0143-6503 6769:0010-8812 6742:1471-6895 6535:1556-5068 6497:159187569 6481:0272-5037 6306:146474315 6298:0897-6546 6130:1210-762X 5903:Routledge 5880:0020-5893 5825:1073-1105 5744:0938-5428 5674:0272-5037 5524:1094-2939 5413:April 28, 5334:April 28, 5297:Boed 2001 5285:Wald 2002 4175:Head 1994 3866:Aust 2007 3854:Aust 2007 3839:Aust 2007 3626:Aust 2007 3614:Aust 2007 3602:Aust 2007 3542:Aust 2007 3425:Shao 2021 3401:Shao 2021 3377:Shao 2021 3317:Head 1994 3305:Head 1994 3116:Head 1994 3041:Head 1994 3005:Head 1994 2978:Head 1994 2768:Neff 2014 2741:Neff 2014 2615:Head 1994 2448:Prize law 2384:Space law 2274:objective 2217:axiomatic 2108:tribunals 2101:extradite 2090:terrorism 1755:high seas 1340:lexi fori 1281:the Hague 1224:the Hague 1053:sovereign 507:"just war 409:canon law 389:embassies 313:East Asia 259:antiquity 255:antiquity 68:diplomacy 12877:Politics 12774:Feminism 12627:Idealism 12622:Hegemony 12575:Military 12560:Alliance 12553:Concepts 12539:Cold War 12421:Glossary 12114:(UNDROP) 12082:(UNDRIP) 11926:Schengen 11856:Eurozone 11696:Property 11691:Religion 11582:Frankish 11572:Germanic 11552:Paganism 11473:Religion 11461:European 11373:Humanism 11276:Religion 11235:Painting 11201:Internet 11152:Folklore 11123:Clothing 11094:Calendar 11070:Cyrillic 11055:Alphabet 11018:Cold War 10600:Genocide 10322:concepts 10225:Specific 9990:Category 9932:Tribunal 9917:Military 9760:Attorney 9730:Judgment 9590:Feminist 9505:Jain law 9302:Case law 9023:Cyberlaw 8930:Corporal 8908:Criminal 8878:Evidence 8868:Doctrine 8846:Contract 8673:(2003). 8620:(2016). 8559:(1944). 8453:(2020). 8421:(2010). 8302:(2004). 8236:(1986). 8226:40971598 8196:(2002). 8052:ProQuest 8009:(2016). 7928:(1999). 7724:(2020). 7628:(2006). 7527:(2016). 7309:: 1–66. 7275:(1954). 7245:(2006). 7235:64972585 7207:(1986). 7127:(2016). 7097:(1972). 7066:(1997). 6963:(2020). 6933:(2013). 6905:(1996). 6849:(1956). 6572:(2014). 6507:(2019). 6489:25659409 6453:(2000). 6268:(2012). 6204:(2003). 6182:(2002). 6152:(2012). 6138:23615911 5833:32631189 5660:: 3–11. 5407:Politico 2463:UNIDROIT 2443:INTERPOL 2343:See also 2278:validity 2261:morality 2241:eclectic 2225:morality 2221:just war 2177:and the 2082:genocide 2071:and the 2034:and the 2026:and the 2013:si omnes 1999:and the 1880:Caroline 1820:under a 1731:baseline 1691:conquest 1518:and the 1358:and the 1254:and the 1188:Cold War 1127:Holy See 1113:and the 805:Treaties 377:Legalism 305:polities 118:treaties 112:include 105:to war. 12863:Portals 12794:Realism 12784:Marxism 12647:Liberal 12565:Entente 12511:History 12439:Present 12076:(DEVAW) 12070:(DEDAW) 11771:Benelux 11676:Thought 11626:Atheism 11567:Finnish 11543:Culture 11538:Judaism 11500:Eastern 11496:Western 11491:Culture 11425:Paradox 11291:Decline 11252:Science 11128:History 11116:Studies 11099:Cuisine 11087:Periods 11047:Culture 10876:History 10842:Eastern 10837:Western 10788:culture 10510:Sources 10422:History 10004:Outline 9941:History 9848:The bar 9822:Verdict 9770:Counsel 9750:Justice 9605:History 9428:Statute 9244:Charter 9206:Tax law 9154:Probate 8773:at the 8764:at the 8161:: 4–18. 8093:1118800 7966:2997991 7807:1109809 7464:3078632 6887:2194954 5843:Sources 4742:May 10, 2370:Justice 2137:in 2018 2086:torture 1995:covers 1983:covers 1687:cession 1412:in 1949 697:in 1979 581:warfare 444:In the 319:, many 231:History 144:or the 87:consent 12756:Theory 12714:Treaty 12602:Crisis 12103:(VDPA) 12049:(UDHR) 11791:CANZUK 11681:Speech 11609:Slavic 11587:Gothic 11562:Celtic 11557:Baltic 11456:Values 11257:Values 10817:Greece 10617:Piracy 10067:Global 9922:Police 9893:Agency 9775:Lawyer 9520:Sharia 9411:Treaty 9406:Repeal 9352:Decree 9263:Custom 9159:Estate 9109:Labour 8873:Equity 8708:about 8687: 8659: 8634: 8608: 8600: 8547: 8539: 8495: 8489:Dalloz 8467: 8435: 8407: 8386: 8363: 8355: 8316: 8252: 8224: 8216: 8182: 8135: 8114: 8091: 8054: 8023: 7995: 7972: 7964: 7956: 7910: 7887: 7879: 7842: 7805: 7768: 7738: 7710: 7669: 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