2221:
50:
2424:, some 1,260 German nationals were detained and arrested, as the government had been watching them. Of the 254 persons not of Japanese ancestry evicted from coastal areas, the majority were ethnic German. During WWII, German nationals and German Americans in the US were detained and/or evicted from coastal areas on an individual basis. Although the War Department (now the Department of Defense) considered mass expulsion of ethnic Germans and ethnic Italians from the East or West coast areas for reasons of military security, it did not follow through with this. The numbers of people involved would have been overwhelming to manage.
2144:
ancestry. During WWII, the United States detained at least 11,000 ethnic
Germans, overwhelmingly German nationals between the years 1940 and 1948 in two designated camps at Fort Douglas, Utah, and Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia. The government examined the cases of German nationals individually, and detained relatively few in internment camps run by the Department of Justice, as related to its responsibilities under the Alien Enemies Act. To a much lesser extent, some ethnic German US citizens were classified as suspect after due process and also detained. Similarly, a small proportion of
2183:
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2604:
2328:, tried to take on provisions and refuel in Guam. When denied what he required, the commanding officer accepted internment as enemy aliens rather than return to sea without sufficient fuel. The ship's guns were disabled. Most of the crew lived on board, since there were no housing facilities available. During the several years the Germans were detainees, they outnumbered U.S. Marines in Guam. Relations were cordial, and a U.S. Navy nurse married one of the
2590:
102:
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who called it an exaggerated response to treatment of enemy aliens. In 2009, the House
Judiciary Subcommittee on Immigration, Citizenship, Refugees, Border Security, and International Law passed the Wartime Treatment Study Act by a vote of 9 to 1, but it was not voted on by the full house and did not
2439:
had drafted a list of
Germans in fifteen Latin American countries whom it suspected of subversive activities. Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the US demanded deportation of these suspects for detention on US soil. The countries that responded expelled 4,058 people. Some 10% to 15% were
2412:
In the 1940 US census, some 1,237,000 persons identified as being of German birth; 5 million persons had both parents born in
Germany; and 6 million persons had at least one parent born in Germany. German immigrants had not been prohibited from becoming naturalized United States citizens and many did
2522:
Since the late 20th century, detainees from the DOJ camps began to work to gain recognition of their trials. US citizens of ethnic
European groups (German and Italian) which had been considered enemy aliens during the war, and some of those aliens argued that their civil rights had been violated and
2204:
who had become citizens of countries other than the U.S.; all were classified as aliens. Some 250,000 people in that category were required to register at their local post office, to carry their registration card at all times, and to report any change of address or employment. The same regulations
2143:
By the time of WWII, the United States had a large population of ethnic
Germans. Among residents of the United States in 1940, more than 1.2 million persons had been born in Germany, 5 million had two native-German parents, and 6 million had one native-German parent. Many more had distant German
2387:
along with the village structures, which again became known locally as the "German village". In this more secure location in the Navy Yard behind a barbed wire fence, the detainees designated
February 2, 1917, as Red Cross Day and solicited donations to the German Red Cross. As German-American
2335:
As a result of U-boat attacks on U.S. shipping to Europe, the U.S. broke off diplomatic relations with
Germany on February 4, 1917. U.S. officials in Guam then imposed greater restrictions on the German detainees. Those who had moved to quarters on land returned to the ship. Following the U.S.
2382:
on which to build accommodations. They constructed a complex commonly known as the "German village", with painted one-room houses and fenced yards made from scrap lumber, curtained windows, and gardens of flowers and vegetables, as well as a village church, a police station, and cafes serving
2269:, the music director of the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra. One internee described a memorable concert in the mess hall packed with 2000 internees, with honored guests such as their doctors and government censors on the front benches, facing 100 musicians. Under Muck's baton, he wrote, "the
2336:
declaration of war on
Germany in April 1917, the Americans demanded "the immediate and unconditional surrender of the ship and personnel." The German captain and his crew blew up the ship, taking several German lives. Six whose bodies were found were buried in the U.S. Naval Cemetery in
2526:
In 2005, activists formed an organization called the German
American Internee Coalition to publicize the "internment, repatriation and exchange of civilians of German ethnicity" during World War II. It is seeking U.S. government review and acknowledgment of
2205:
and registration requirements were imposed on females on April 18, 1918. Some 6,300 such aliens were arrested. Thousands were interrogated and investigated. A total of 2,048 (0.8%) were incarcerated for the remainder of the war in two camps,
2551:
1061:
2317:
vessels were docked in U.S. ports; officials ordered them to leave within 24 hours or submit to detention. The crews were first treated as alien detainees and then as prisoners of war (POWs). In December 1914 the German gunboat
30:
This article is about the internment of German nationals and German-American citizens in the United States during World War II. For the contemporary internment of Italian nationals and Italian-American citizens, see
2383:
non-alcoholic beverages. They rescued animals from other ships and raised goats and pigs in the village, along with numerous pet cats and dogs. On October 1, 1916, the ships and their personnel were moved to the
2199:
issued two sets of regulations on April 6, 1917, and November 16, 1917, imposing restrictions on German-born male residents of the United States over the age of 14. The rules were written to include natives of
2541:
Legislation was introduced in the United States Congress in 2001 to create an independent commission to review government policies on European enemy ethnic groups during the war. On August 3, 2001, Senators
3226:
3680:
John Eric Schmitz, "Enemies Among Us: The Relocation, Internment, and Repatriation of German, Italian, and Japanese Americans during World War Two" Ph.D. Dissertation, American University 2007
1027:
2427:
A total of 11,507 people of German ancestry were interned during the war, comprising 36.1% of the total internments under the US Justice Department's Enemy Alien Control Program.
2290:
Until the U.S. declared war on Germany, German commercial vessels and their crews were not detained. In January 1917, there were 54 such vessels in mainland U.S. ports and one in
2148:
in relation to their total population in the US. The United States had allowed immigrants from both Germany and Italy to become naturalized citizens, which many had done by then.
2662:
3416:
2562:. This bill created an independent commission to review U.S. government policies directed against German and Italian aliens during World War II in the U.S. and Latin America.
2378:
in the Atlantic, lived for several years on their ships in various Virginia ports and frequently enjoyed shore leave. Eventually they were given a strip of land in the
3148:
1530:
2396:
and Fort Oglethorpe in late March 1917, where they were isolated from civilian detainees. Following the U.S. declaration of war on Imperial Germany, some of the
2435:
In addition, the US accepted more than 4,500 German nationals deported from Latin America, detaining them in DOJ camps. During the early years of the war, the
569:
3815:
3810:
3845:
780:
3850:
3621:
2110:
3875:
2924:
2691:
2637:
1941:
1302:
3551:. Journey of the German Ecuadorian widower, Ernst Contag, and his four children from their home in the South American Andes to Nazi Germany in 1942.
2715:
2232:
The cases of these aliens, whether being considered for internment or under internment, were managed by the Enemy Alien Registration Section of the
3880:
2073:
731:
3634:, accessed January 20, 2010. Mangione was special assistant to the United States Commissioner of Immigration and Naturalization from 1942 to 1948.
2878:
2775:
2417:, and their resulting political and economical influence, have been considered the reason they were spared large-scale relocation and internment.
2343:
Non-German crewmen were treated differently. Four Chinese nationals started work as personal servants in the homes of wealthy locals. Another 28,
3840:
2340:
with full military honors. The surviving 353 German service members became prisoners of war, and on April 29 were shipped to the U.S. mainland.
3692:"Hearing on: the Treatment of Latin Americans of Japanese Descent, European Americans, and Jewish Refugees During World War II," March 19, 2009
3345:
2121:
644:
3865:
3830:
3270:
Transatlantic Relations Series. Germany and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History: A Multidisciplinary Encyclopedia. Volume II (2005)
3870:
3753:
3304:
Transatlantic relations series. Germany and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History : a Multidisciplinary Encyclopedia. Volume II
2632:
2465:
1307:
2151:
In the early 21st century, Congress considered legislation to study treatment of European Americans during WWII, but it did not pass the
1277:
873:
399:
554:
17:
3825:
3685:
Enemies Among Us: The Relocation, Internment, and Repatriation of German, Italian, and Japanese Americans during the Second World War
3413:
2538:, travels the United States in a "bus-eum" to educate citizens about treatment of foreign nationals in the U.S. during World War II.
3691:
481:
369:
3805:
2728:
Kramer, William (12 April 1989). "A Sordid Time in Our History: Internment of Japanese Americans after Pearl Harbor". L.A. Daily.
2617:
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3091:
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3011:
3003:
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736:
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319:
304:
299:
129:
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559:
284:
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2066:
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374:
188:
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2569:, which would examine the treatment of ethnic groups targeted by the U.S. government during World War II. Alabama Senator
2233:
2106:
1743:
1399:
1312:
1203:
863:
681:
309:
294:
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Jörg Nagler, "Victims of the Home Front: Enemy Aliens in the United States during World War I," in Panakos Panayi, ed.,
2740:
2351:, were confined on Guam and denied the rations and monthly allowance that other POWs received. The crews of the cruiser
2388:
relations worsened in the spring of 1917, nine sailors successfully escaped detention, prompting Secretary of the Navy
2140:
wrote that "All aliens interned by the government are regarded as enemies, and their property is treated accordingly."
1297:
763:
3713:
3615:
3601:
3570:
3548:
3534:
3495:
Minorities in Wartime: National and Racial Groupings in Europe, North America and Australia during the Two World Wars
3477:
3311:
3277:
3244:
3209:
3184:
3162:
3133:
2862:
937:
768:
240:
218:
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1696:
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1419:
868:
758:
36:
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vol. 5: Germanophobia in the U.S.: The Anti-German Hysteria and Sentiment of the World Wars. Supplement and Index.
3860:
2436:
2364:
2145:
2117:
2059:
1272:
775:
529:
324:
32:
2163:, German American internees have never received financial compensation or an official apology for these events.
3835:
3563:
We Were Not the Enemy: Remembering the United States Latin-American Civilian Internment Program of World War II
3232:
2718:, America’s home front was the site of internment, deportation, and vast property seizure, Smithsonian Magazine
2574:
2102:
384:
534:
3771:
German American Internee Coalition – site includes detailed history, maps, oral accounts, and external links
3631:
3575:
2672:
2667:
1973:
1681:
364:
2220:
3733:
section 2: Government Preparation for and implementation of the repatriation of German-Americans, 1943–1948
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2652:
2495:
2455:
1230:
1178:
119:
2695:
2647:
2642:
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2302:
2129:
1884:
1728:
1133:
726:
664:
2938:
The Enemy in our Hands: America's Treatment of Prisoners of War from the Revolution to the War on Terror
3554:
John Joel Culley, "A Troublesome Presence: World War II Internment of German Sailors in New Mexico" in
2271:
1993:
748:
419:
134:
49:
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2444:, which acted as the overseas arm of the Nazi party. Just eight of them were suspected of espionage.
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1324:
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917:
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198:
124:
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1478:
1319:
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1017:
845:
800:
654:
539:
519:
449:
379:
255:
3640:"Medical Care for Interned Enemy Aliens: A Role for the US Public Health Service in World War II"
3580:
Fear Itself: Inside the FBI Roundup of German Americans during World War II: The Past as Prologue
2949:
Jacqueline Burgin Painter, "The German Invasion of Western North Carolina" (Biltmore Press, 1992)
1889:
1869:
1723:
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1287:
1128:
982:
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947:
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85:
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section 1: From Suspicion to Internment: U.S. government policy toward German-Americans, 1939–48
927:
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Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians. Part 769: Personal justice denied
3126:
Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians. Part 769: Personal justice denied
2982:
They were shipped home to New Guinea on a Japanese schooner on January 2, 1919. Hermann Hiery,
2778:, accessed April 2, 2011. The rules for subjects of Austria-Hungary were far less restrictive.
2421:
2384:
2325:
1988:
1961:
1951:
1409:
1389:
1252:
1123:
1012:
962:
932:
912:
840:
820:
795:
790:
785:
696:
659:
632:
608:
603:
183:
173:
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3487:
3236:
3043:
2970:
3608:
The Prison Called Hohenasperg: An American Boy Betrayed by his Government during World War II
3059:
2987:
2622:
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1956:
1916:
1849:
1738:
1686:
1605:
1354:
1118:
1022:
997:
992:
977:
972:
967:
907:
855:
815:
721:
691:
586:
193:
3386:
Ellis Island during World War II: The Detainment and Internment of German and Italian Aliens
2609:
2485:
2370:
2314:
2155:. Activists and historians have identified certain injustices against these groups. Unlike
1827:
1339:
1213:
922:
880:
830:
805:
618:
581:
314:
168:
8:
2535:
2320:
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2182:
2003:
1864:
1483:
1379:
1359:
1148:
1056:
1007:
987:
957:
850:
637:
444:
3758:
2355:
and an accompanying supply ship, which sought refuge from the Imperial Japanese Navy in
3664:
3639:
2770:
2401:
2206:
2160:
2137:
1768:
1763:
1753:
1701:
1691:
1666:
1600:
1558:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1364:
649:
35:. For the contemporaneous internment of Japanese Americans and Japanese nationals, see
2692:"The Alien Enemies Act Presidential Proclamations, German American Internee Coalition"
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in November 1914, were similarly interned, becoming POWs when the US entered the war.
3763:
3709:
3669:
3611:
3597:
3583:
3566:
3544:
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3273:
3240:
3205:
3180:
3158:
3129:
2858:
2379:
2348:
2210:
2156:
2035:
1946:
1874:
1859:
1642:
1585:
1384:
1292:
1183:
1103:
942:
223:
3659:
3651:
3154:
2559:
2547:
2543:
2389:
1998:
1983:
1911:
1832:
1802:
1617:
1453:
1153:
711:
706:
549:
439:
3420:
3368:
3349:
2295:
2237:
2013:
1921:
1817:
1758:
1610:
1595:
1575:
1540:
1247:
1158:
1093:
885:
835:
613:
464:
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section 3: German-American Camp Newspapers: Internees View of Life in Internment
2440:
Nazi Party members, including approximately a dozen who were recruiters for the
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3328:
2795:
2595:
2393:
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rushed at us and carried us far away and above war and worry and barbed wire."
2252:
2225:
2196:
2171:
2008:
1966:
1936:
1926:
1844:
1837:
1822:
1812:
1632:
1568:
1510:
1505:
1490:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1143:
1078:
591:
564:
409:
93:
3780:
3442:
The Frustrated Raider: The Story of the German Cruiser Cormoran in World War I
3402:"Senate votes to study treatment of Germans during World War II," June 9, 2007
3799:
3513:
German Raiders: A History of Auxiliary Cruisers of the German Navy, 1895–1945
2748:
2570:
2475:
2460:
2266:
2201:
2090:
2020:
1627:
1563:
1548:
1404:
1369:
1349:
1220:
1163:
1098:
486:
389:
73:
3776:
German American Internees in the United States during WWII, by Karen E. Ebel
3655:
3482:
Reuben A. Lewis, "How the United States Takes Care of German Prisoners," in
2984:
The Neglected War: The German South Pacific and the Influence of World War I
2392:
to act immediately on plans to transfer the other 750 to detention camps at
2294:, free to leave. With the declaration of war, 1,800 merchant sailors became
3673:
3157:, Roberto Perin, and Angelo Principe, (University of Toronto Press, 2000),
2528:
2505:
2414:
2278:
Most internees were paroled in June 1919 on the orders of Attorney General
2098:
1854:
1733:
1553:
1520:
1500:
1424:
1414:
1394:
1374:
1002:
900:
895:
623:
598:
454:
394:
359:
329:
3447:
Gerald H. Davis, "'Oglesdorf': A World War I Internment Camp in America,"
3228:
Judgment without trial: Japanese American imprisonment during World War II
2716:
The U.S. Confiscated Half a Billion Dollars in Private Property During WWI
3727:
vol. 4: The World War Two Experience: the Internment of German-Americans
2555:
2447:
The U.S. internment camps that held Germans from Latin America included:
2344:
2337:
2176:
2125:
2094:
1748:
1708:
1676:
1535:
1495:
1329:
1242:
1193:
1168:
1068:
753:
476:
459:
414:
334:
54:
Locations of internment camps for German enemy aliens during World War II
2186:
Several Germans in an internment camp at Fort Douglas during World War I
3556:
Prologue: Quarterly of the National Archives and Records Administration
2375:
2030:
2025:
1906:
1901:
1797:
1773:
1622:
1515:
1473:
1429:
1237:
1225:
1198:
1188:
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503:
498:
469:
404:
245:
2262:
1931:
1879:
1580:
1173:
279:
3044:"A German Village on American Soil", v. 90, January–June 1917, 424–5
2251:(BSO). After being falsely accused by unscrupulous newspaper editor
2128:. Two of four main World War I-era internment camps were located in
2101:. During World War II, the legal basis for this detention was under
3724:
vol. 3: Research on the German-American Experience of World War One
3470:
Undue Process: The Untold Story of America's German Alien Internees
2800:
Undue Process: The Untold Story of America's German Alien Internees
2441:
2356:
1896:
1718:
1637:
1282:
1208:
1113:
1073:
434:
429:
424:
349:
344:
289:
2282:. Others remained interned until as late as March and April 1920.
2265:, also spent more than a year interned at Fort Oglethorpe, as did
3781:
FBI "Vault" – declassified FBI materials on "Custodial Detention"
2413:
so. The large number of German Americans of recent connection to
2400:
s crew members were sent to McPherson, while others were held at
2087:
Internment of German resident aliens and German-American citizens
354:
250:
230:
203:
178:
101:
3622:"Brief Overview of the World War II Enemy Alien Control Program"
3177:
Enemies within: Italian and other internees in Canada and abroad
3150:
Enemies Within: Italian and Other Internees in Canada and Abroad
2879:
Erich Posselt, "Muck's Last Concert in America," March 24, 1940
2663:
List of World War II prisoner-of-war camps in the United States
1334:
339:
235:
213:
208:
158:
3454:
William B. Glidden, "Internment Camps in America, 1917–1920,"
1344:
163:
3175:
Iacovetta, Franca; Perin, Roberto; Principe, Angelo (2000).
2741:"German-American Internees in the United States during WWII"
2430:
3690:
U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary:
3423:, German American Internee Coalition. Accessed June 7, 2011
3362:"Vanished: The German internment BUS-eum comes to Marshall"
2552:
European Americans and Refugees Wartime Treatment Study Act
1978:
1807:
3632:
Jerre Mangione, "America's Other Internment," May 19, 1978
3444:(Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1979)
3754:
Photos of the German Village, Norfolk Navy Yard, Virginia
3004:"The Geier Interned until the War Ends," November 9, 1914
3114:
went to Fort McPherson, and the rest to Fort Oglethorpe.
3060:"The German auxiliary...", vol. 4, no. 11, November 1918
2784:"Puts No Rigid Ban on Austrians Here," December 13, 1917
2301:
Over 2,000 German officers and sailors were interned in
2243:
Among the notable internees were the Jewish geneticist
2175:
Germans building barracks in an internment camp during
3708:, 5 vols. (New Providence, NJ: K.G. Saur, 1995–1998),
3174:
3012:"Diary Bares Plots by Interned Men," December 29, 1917
2362:
Several hundred men on two other German cruisers, the
3770:
2776:"Gregory Defines Alien Regulations," February 2, 1918
2146:
Italian nationals and Italian Americans were interned
3594:
The German Americans and WW II: An Ethnic Experience
3204:. University of Washington Press. pp. 287–288.
3092:"Ten Interned Men Made their Escape," March 21, 1917
2585:
2534:
The TRACES Center for History and Culture, based in
2124:, German nationals were automatically classified as
3108:"Germans Interned at Georgia Forts," March 28, 1917
2963:"Blow up Cormoran, Interned Gunboat," April 8, 1917
3110:, accessed March 30, 2011. More than 400 from the
3718:vol. 1: The Anti-German Hysteria of World War One
2638:History of homeland security in the United States
1942:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
3797:
2802:(Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1997), 14
2236:. From December 1917 this section was headed by
3529:(Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press, 1985),
3500:Erich Posselt, "Prisoner of War No. 3598 ," in
3128:. University of Washington Press. p. 289.
2374:, unwilling to face certain destruction by the
1586:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)
1062:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups
3193:
2965:, accessed March 30, 2011; Robert F. Rogers,
2842:"Dr. Muck Bitter at Sailing," August 22, 1919
2305:, on the grounds of the Mountain Park Hotel.
2067:
3816:United States home front during World War II
3610:(Parkland, FL: Universal Publishers, 1999),
3515:(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1979)
3179:. University of Toronto Press. p. 297.
3028:"The Interned German Sailors," June 27, 1915
2969:(University of Hawaii Press, 1995), 134–40,
2925:Queries from Times Readers," January 7, 1917
2898:(NY: Columbia University Press, 1963), 200–1
2826:Savage Peace: Hope and Fear in America, 1919
2633:German prisoners of war in the United States
3811:United States home front during World War I
3539:Kimberly E. Contag and James A. Grabowska,
3288:
3286:
3076:"Neutral Ships Held Here," February 3, 1917
1278:List of people killed for being transgender
3846:Anti-German sentiment in the United States
3218:
3117:
2514:Some internees were held as late as 1948.
2285:
2074:
2060:
3851:Political repression in the United States
3663:
2940:(University Press of Kentucky, 2010), 169
2431:Deportation of Germans from Latin America
2313:Before the U.S. entered the war, several
3876:Human rights abuses in the United States
3527:"Enemies": World War II Alien Internment
3486:, v. 64 (June–September, 1918), 137ff.,
3295:
3283:
2986:(University of Hawaii Press, 1995), 35,
2255:of knowingly refusing a request to play
2219:
2181:
2170:
370:Social determinants of health in poverty
3881:World War II sites in the United States
3224:
3199:
3123:
3065:
2828:(NY: Simon & Schuster, 2007), 327–8
2618:American propaganda during World War II
2573:opposed it, citing historians from the
14:
3841:Forced migrations in the United States
3798:
3472:(NY: Rowman & Littlefield, 1997),
2727:
2554:in the U.S. Senate, joined by Senator
3637:
2967:Destiny's Landfall: A History of Guam
2517:
2308:
2217:, for those east of the Mississippi.
2190:
3866:Aftermath of World War II in Germany
3831:Civil detention in the United States
3721:vol. 2: The World War One Experience
3687:, University of Nebraska Press, 2021
3341:German American Internee Coalition:
3301:
2738:
2684:
2565:In 2007, the U.S. Senate passed the
1084:Capital punishment for homosexuality
375:Social determinants of mental health
3871:Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt
3596:(NY: Peter Lang Publishing, 1996),
3449:Yearbook of German-American Studies
2107:President Franklin Delano Roosevelt
1204:Genital modification and mutilation
24:
3706:German-Americans in the World Wars
3326:Toobin, Jeffrey, "After Stevens",
25:
3892:
3747:
3644:American Journal of Public Health
3519:
3826:Internments in the United States
3434:
3375:April 2007, accessed 7 June 2011
2857:(NY: Simon and Schuster, 1967),
2602:
2588:
1697:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
1526:Law for Protection of the Nation
1420:White genocide conspiracy theory
100:
48:
37:Internment of Japanese Americans
27:Detention during both World Wars
3541:Where the Clouds Meet the Water
3407:
3391:
3378:
3355:
3335:
3320:
3262:
3253:
3200:Kashima, Tetsuden, ed. (1997).
3168:
3142:
3124:Kashima, Tetsuden, ed. (1997).
3097:
3081:
3049:
3033:
3017:
2993:
2976:
2952:
2943:
2930:
2914:
2901:
2888:
2868:
2847:
2437:Federal Bureau of Investigation
2407:
2404:, for the duration of the war.
2224:A New York City Police officer
1531:MSM blood donation restrictions
1273:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory
33:Internment of Italian Americans
3806:Internment of German Americans
3463:A Naval History of World War I
3233:University of Washington Press
2896:A. Mitchell Palmer: Politician
2831:
2818:
2805:
2789:
2763:
2732:
2721:
2709:
2575:U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum
2166:
2122:unrestricted submarine warfare
2103:Presidential Proclamation 2526
1544:(as religious or racial quota)
13:
1:
3759:WORLD WAR II INTERNMENT CAMPS
3414:"WARTIME TREATMENT STUDY ACT"
2739:Ebel, Karen E. (March 2005).
2678:
2673:Ukrainian Canadian internment
2668:Ukrainian Austrian internment
2240:, then not yet 23 years old.
1974:Second-generation gender bias
1682:Constitutional colorblindness
365:Social determinants of health
3787:German and Italian detainees
2658:Japanese Canadian internment
2653:Japanese American internment
7:
3694:, accessed January 19, 2010
3624:, accessed January 19, 2010
3504:, May–August 1927, 313–23,
3006:, accessed March 30, 2011;
2885:, accessed January 13, 2010
2844:, accessed January 13, 2010
2648:Italian Canadian internment
2643:Italian American internment
2628:Arizona during World War II
2581:
2567:Wartime Treatment Study Act
2420:Shortly after the Japanese
2303:Hot Springs, North Carolina
2130:Hot Springs, North Carolina
2118:U.S. entry into World War I
2109:under the authority of the
1885:Medical model of disability
1729:Hate speech laws by country
10:
3897:
3698:
3429:
3306:. ABC-CLIO. p. 1182.
3302:Adam, Thomas, ed. (2005).
3225:Kashima, Tetsuden (2003).
1994:Social model of disability
420:Discrimination against men
43:German American internment
29:
18:German American internment
3094:, accessed March 30, 2011
3078:, accessed March 30, 2011
3030:, accessed March 30, 2011
3014:, accessed March 30, 2011
2249:Boston Symphony Orchestra
1325:Opposition to immigration
214:Race / Ethnicity
69:
59:
47:
3543:(Inkwater Press, 2004),
3508:, accessed April 2, 2011
3490:, accessed April 2, 2011
3352:, accessed April 4, 2011
3332:, 43–44, March 22, 2010.
3062:, accessed April 1, 2011
3046:, accessed April 1, 2011
2990:, accessed April 4, 2011
2973:, accessed April 1, 2011
2927:, accessed April 1, 2011
2786:, accessed April 3, 2011
2258:The Star Spangled Banner
2247:and 29 players from the
2215:Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia
2209:, for those west of the
2153:House of Representatives
2134:Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia
1320:Occupational segregation
1089:Compulsory sterilization
3821:German-American history
3656:10.2105/ajph.93.10.1644
3404:, accessed June 7, 2011
3373:Marshall Democrat News,
3040:Popular Science Monthly
2523:asked for reparations.
2286:Merchant marine vessels
2261:, the BSO's conductor,
1870:Internalized oppression
1724:Fighting Discrimination
1714:Fat acceptance movement
1672:Anti-discrimination law
1298:Native American mascots
3861:1940s in South America
3704:Don H. Tolzmann, ed.,
3458:, v. 37 (1979), 137–41
3451:, v. 26 (1991), 249–65
2422:strike on Pearl Harbor
2385:Philadelphia Navy Yard
2326:Imperial Japanese Navy
2229:
2187:
2179:
2093:during the periods of
1989:Social identity threat
1962:Reverse discrimination
1952:Racial color blindness
1410:Violence against women
1390:Sex-selective abortion
3836:Collective punishment
3638:Fiset, Louis (2003).
3561:Heidi Gurcke Donald,
3558:v. 28 (1996), 279–295
2623:Anti-German sentiment
2550:(R-IA) sponsored the
2365:Prinz Eitel Friedrich
2292:San Juan, Puerto Rico
2234:Department of Justice
2223:
2185:
2174:
1957:Religious intolerance
1917:Political correctness
1739:Intersex human rights
1687:Cultural assimilation
1355:Religious persecution
1119:Disability hate crime
896:Jewish / Antisemitism
3384:Mary Barron Stofik,
2855:The Great Conductors
2751:on February 26, 2016
2610:United States portal
2315:Imperial German Navy
1340:Political repression
325:Anti-left handedness
315:Anti-intellectualism
3791:Densho Encyclopedia
3789:," Alan Rosenfeld,
3620:National Archives:
3592:Timothy J. Holian,
3582:(iUniverse, 2005),
3565:(iUniverse, 2007),
3511:Paul Schmalenbach,
3056:Great Lakes Recruit
2558:(D-MA) and Senator
2536:St. Paul, Minnesota
2245:Richard Goldschmidt
2136:. Attorney General
1865:Historical eugenics
1380:Segregation academy
1360:Religious terrorism
1149:Enemy of the people
1057:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
560:Jehovah's Witnesses
445:Perpetual foreigner
44:
3606:Arthur D. Jacobs,
3419:2011-07-24 at the
3367:2014-12-27 at the
3348:2011-02-04 at the
3268:Thomas Adam, ed.,
2853:Harold Schonberg,
2771:The New York Times
2518:Studies and review
2402:Fort Douglas, Utah
2309:Military internees
2280:A. Mitchell Palmer
2230:
2207:Fort Douglas, Utah
2191:Civilian internees
2188:
2180:
2161:Japanese Americans
2138:A. Mitchell Palmer
1769:Social integration
1764:Self-determination
1754:Racial integration
1702:Diversity training
1692:Cultural pluralism
1667:Affirmative action
1559:Racial segregation
1469:Crime of apartheid
1365:Religious violence
860:Indigenous people
241:Sexual orientation
42:
3764:Handbook of Texas
3683:John E. Schmitz,
3588:978-0-595-35168-8
3484:Munsey's Magazine
3440:Charles Burdick,
2936:Robert C. Doyle,
2380:Norfolk Navy Yard
2371:Kronprinz Wilhelm
2349:German New Guinea
2324:, pursued by the
2157:Italian Americans
2111:Alien Enemies Act
2084:
2083:
1947:Racism by country
1875:Intersectionality
1860:Heteronormativity
1643:Voter suppression
1385:Sexual harassment
1184:Forced conversion
1104:Cultural genocide
759:African Americans
570:post–Cold War era
555:Eastern Orthodoxy
310:Anti-drug addicts
305:Anti-homelessness
224:Scientific racism
79:
78:
16:(Redirected from
3888:
3677:
3667:
3525:John Christgau,
3502:American Mercury
3468:Arnold Krammer,
3456:Military Affairs
3424:
3411:
3405:
3395:
3389:
3382:
3376:
3359:
3353:
3339:
3333:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3299:
3293:
3290:
3281:
3266:
3260:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3172:
3166:
3155:Franca Iacovetta
3146:
3140:
3139:
3121:
3115:
3101:
3095:
3085:
3079:
3069:
3063:
3053:
3047:
3037:
3031:
3021:
3015:
2997:
2991:
2988:available online
2980:
2974:
2971:available online
2956:
2950:
2947:
2941:
2934:
2928:
2918:
2912:
2905:
2899:
2892:
2886:
2872:
2866:
2851:
2845:
2835:
2829:
2822:
2816:
2809:
2803:
2793:
2787:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2747:. Archived from
2736:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2719:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2694:. Archived from
2688:
2612:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2598:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2560:Joseph Lieberman
2548:Charles Grassley
2544:Russell Feingold
2390:Josephus Daniels
2296:prisoners of war
2228:a German in 1917
2120:after Germany's
2089:occurred in the
2076:
2069:
2062:
1999:Social privilege
1984:Social exclusion
1912:Police brutality
1833:Multiculturalism
1803:Amatonormativity
1618:Social exclusion
1454:Age of candidacy
1248:Homeless dumping
1154:Ethnic cleansing
104:
81:
80:
52:
45:
41:
21:
3896:
3895:
3891:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3886:
3885:
3856:German diaspora
3796:
3795:
3750:
3701:
3650:(10): 1644–54.
3522:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3421:Wayback Machine
3412:
3408:
3396:
3392:
3383:
3379:
3369:Wayback Machine
3360:
3356:
3350:Wayback Machine
3340:
3336:
3325:
3321:
3314:
3300:
3296:
3291:
3284:
3267:
3263:
3258:
3254:
3247:
3223:
3219:
3212:
3198:
3194:
3187:
3173:
3169:
3147:
3143:
3136:
3122:
3118:
3102:
3098:
3086:
3082:
3070:
3066:
3054:
3050:
3038:
3034:
3022:
3018:
2998:
2994:
2981:
2977:
2957:
2953:
2948:
2944:
2935:
2931:
2919:
2915:
2906:
2902:
2894:Stanley Coben,
2893:
2889:
2873:
2869:
2852:
2848:
2836:
2832:
2823:
2819:
2810:
2806:
2794:
2790:
2768:
2764:
2754:
2752:
2737:
2733:
2726:
2722:
2714:
2710:
2701:
2699:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2608:
2603:
2601:
2594:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2520:
2512:
2433:
2410:
2311:
2288:
2238:J. Edgar Hoover
2193:
2169:
2080:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2047:
1922:Polyculturalism
1818:Civil liberties
1790:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1759:Reappropriation
1659:
1658:Countermeasures
1651:
1650:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1576:Racial steering
1542:Numerus clausus
1446:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1159:Ethnic conflict
1094:Corrective rape
1049:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1037:
684:
673:
672:
671:
670:
669:
522:
512:
511:
510:
509:
508:
400:HIV/AIDS stigma
272:
264:
263:
262:
261:
260:
209:Mental disorder
151:
143:
142:
141:
140:
139:
112:
64:
55:
40:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3894:
3884:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3794:
3793:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3756:
3749:
3748:External links
3746:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3734:
3731:
3725:
3722:
3719:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3688:
3681:
3678:
3635:
3628:New York Times
3625:
3618:
3604:
3590:
3573:
3559:
3552:
3537:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3509:
3498:
3491:
3480:
3466:
3461:Paul Halpern,
3459:
3452:
3445:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3406:
3390:
3377:
3354:
3334:
3329:The New Yorker
3319:
3312:
3294:
3282:
3261:
3252:
3245:
3217:
3210:
3192:
3185:
3167:
3141:
3134:
3116:
3104:New York Times
3096:
3088:New York Times
3080:
3072:New York Times
3064:
3048:
3032:
3024:New York Times
3016:
3008:New York Times
3000:New York Times
2992:
2975:
2959:New York Times
2951:
2942:
2929:
2921:New York Times
2913:
2900:
2887:
2883:New York Times
2875:New York Times
2867:
2846:
2838:New York Times
2830:
2824:Ann Hagedorn,
2817:
2804:
2796:Arnold Krammer
2788:
2780:New York Times
2762:
2731:
2720:
2708:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2675:
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2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2599:
2596:Germany portal
2583:
2580:
2519:
2516:
2511:
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2500:
2499:
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2490:
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2432:
2429:
2409:
2406:
2394:Fort McPherson
2310:
2307:
2287:
2284:
2253:John R. Rathom
2226:fingerprinting
2197:Woodrow Wilson
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2071:
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2018:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2006:
1996:
1991:
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1969:
1967:Reverse racism
1959:
1954:
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1939:
1937:Prisoner abuse
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1927:Power distance
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1852:
1847:
1845:Ethnic penalty
1842:
1841:
1840:
1838:Neurodiversity
1835:
1825:
1823:Dehumanization
1820:
1815:
1813:Cisnormativity
1810:
1805:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1789:Related topics
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1653:
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1646:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1633:State religion
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1569:Nuremberg Laws
1566:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1511:Ghetto benches
1508:
1506:Gerrymandering
1503:
1498:
1493:
1491:Gender pay gap
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1471:
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1268:Lavender scare
1265:
1263:Kill Haole Day
1260:
1258:Indian rolling
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1146:
1144:Eliminationism
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1136:
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1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
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1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1079:Cancel culture
1076:
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1066:
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1053:
1052:
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1048:Manifestations
1047:
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1005:
1000:
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665:Zoroastrianism
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2909:Undue Process
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320:Anti-intersex
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295:Anti-albinism
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19:
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3579:
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3555:
3540:
3526:
3520:World War II
3512:
3506:Google books
3501:
3494:
3488:Google books
3483:
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3409:
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3099:
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3019:
3007:
2999:
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2837:
2833:
2825:
2820:
2812:
2807:
2799:
2791:
2779:
2769:
2765:
2753:. Retrieved
2749:the original
2744:
2734:
2723:
2711:
2700:. Retrieved
2696:the original
2686:
2578:become law.
2564:
2540:
2533:
2531:violations.
2529:civil rights
2525:
2521:
2513:
2506:Camp Forrest
2496:Fort Lincoln
2456:Crystal City
2446:
2434:
2426:
2419:
2411:
2408:World War II
2397:
2369:
2363:
2361:
2352:
2342:
2334:
2329:
2319:
2312:
2300:
2289:
2277:
2270:
2256:
2242:
2231:
2194:
2150:
2142:
2126:enemy aliens
2115:
2099:World War II
2086:
2085:
1855:Gender-blind
1734:Human rights
1554:Racial quota
1541:
1521:Jewish quota
1501:Gerontocracy
1496:Gender roles
1474:Disabilities
1459:Blood purity
1425:Wife selling
1415:White flight
1395:Slut-shaming
1375:Scapegoating
1293:Murder music
958:Palestinians
901:Anti-Zionism
769:South Africa
754:Black people
732:South Africa
545:Christianity
535:Baháʼí Faith
455:Sectarianism
395:Heterosexism
360:Ephebiphobia
330:Anti-Masonry
189:Hair texture
3576:Stephen Fox
3435:World War I
2556:Ted Kennedy
2546:(D-WI) and
2345:Melanesians
2211:Mississippi
2177:World War I
2167:World War I
2095:World War I
1749:Nonviolence
1744:LGBT rights
1709:Empowerment
1677:Anti-racism
1591:Segregation
1536:No kid zone
1330:Persecution
1243:Hate speech
1194:Gay bashing
1169:Ethnic joke
1124:Dog whistle
1069:Blood libel
749:Azerbaijani
645:Neopaganism
638:Persecution
604:Persecution
587:Persecution
550:Catholicism
477:Transphobia
460:Supremacism
415:Lesbophobia
335:Aporophobia
300:Anti-autism
135:Taste-based
130:Statistical
3800:Categories
3388:(2007), 95
3343:"About Us"
3292:Adam, 1182
3259:Adam, 1181
3235:. p.
2702:2015-12-10
2679:References
2502:Tennessee
2486:Stringtown
2466:Seagoville
2376:Royal Navy
2332:officers.
2330:Cormoran's
2195:President
2105:, made by
2031:Stereotype
2026:Speciesism
1907:Oppression
1902:Oikophobia
1798:Allophilia
1774:Toleration
1623:Sodomy law
1516:Internment
1430:Witch-hunt
1308:Blackhawks
1238:Hate group
1226:Hate crime
1199:Gendercide
1189:Freak show
1179:Excellence
1139:Employment
1109:Defamation
1033:Vietnamese
1028:Venezuelan
918:Lithuanian
577:Falun Gong
504:Xenophobia
499:Vegaphobia
482:Non-binary
440:Pedophobia
405:Homophobia
219:Skin color
179:Disability
150:Attributes
125:Structural
3761:from the
3398:USA Today
2907:Krammer,
2865:, 216–222
2811:Krammer,
2482:Oklahoma
2398:Cormoran'
2263:Karl Muck
2116:With the
2004:Christian
1932:Prejudice
1880:Masculism
1828:Diversity
1606:religious
1581:Redlining
1174:Ethnocide
1134:Education
1018:Ukrainian
953:Pakistani
943:Mongolian
864:Australia
846:Hungarian
801:Colombian
781:Bulgarian
655:Rastafari
609:Ahmadiyya
520:Religious
492:Trans men
450:Pregnancy
385:Gayphobia
380:Fatphobia
285:Acephobia
280:Arophobia
256:Viewpoint
65:1939–1948
63:1917–1919
3674:14534217
3417:Archived
3365:Archived
3346:Archived
3165:, p. 281
2755:March 1,
2582:See also
2472:Florida
2442:NSDAP/AO
2357:Honolulu
2321:Cormoran
2043:The talk
1979:Snobbery
1897:Net bias
1719:Feminism
1638:Ugly law
1479:Catholic
1445:Policies
1288:Mortgage
1283:Lynching
1214:examples
1209:Genocide
1129:Economic
1114:Democide
1074:Bullying
983:Romanian
948:Nigerian
891:Japanese
826:Georgian
811:Filipino
744:Assyrian
717:Armenian
707:American
702:Albanian
682:national
660:Yazidism
582:Hinduism
540:Buddhism
435:Nepotism
430:Misogyny
425:Misandry
350:Clannism
345:Biphobia
290:Adultism
199:Language
86:a series
84:Part of
70:Location
3699:General
3665:1448029
3430:Sources
3112:Wilhelm
2415:Germany
2202:Germany
1850:Figleaf
1253:Housing
1013:Turkish
963:Pashtun
933:Mexican
913:Kurdish
886:Italian
836:Haitian
821:Finnish
796:Chinese
791:Chechen
786:Catalan
776:Bengali
697:African
680:Ethnic/
633:Judaism
624:Sunnism
614:Shi'ism
530:Atheism
355:Elitism
246:Species
184:Genetic
174:Dialect
3766:Online
3712:
3672:
3662:
3614:
3600:
3586:
3569:
3547:
3533:
3497:(1993)
3476:
3465:(1994)
3310:
3280:, 1181
3276:
3243:
3208:
3183:
3161:
3132:
2861:
2815:, 14-5
2745:Traces
2461:Kenedy
2452:Texas
2272:Eroica
2213:, and
2132:, and
2036:threat
1890:autism
1611:sexual
1601:racial
1484:Jewish
1335:Pogrom
1313:Chiefs
1303:Braves
1023:Uyghur
998:Somali
993:Slavic
978:Romani
973:Quebec
968:Polish
908:Korean
869:Canada
856:Indian
841:Hazara
816:Fulani
727:France
692:Afghan
619:Sufism
340:Audism
271:Social
194:Height
2353:Geier
2347:from
2014:white
1345:Purge
1003:Tatar
928:Māori
923:Malay
881:Irish
831:Greek
806:Croat
764:China
722:Asian
599:Islam
465:White
204:Looks
169:Class
164:Caste
111:Forms
3710:ISBN
3670:PMID
3612:ISBN
3598:ISBN
3584:ISBN
3567:ISBN
3545:ISBN
3531:ISBN
3474:ISBN
3308:ISBN
3274:ISBN
3241:ISBN
3206:ISBN
3181:ISBN
3159:ISBN
3130:ISBN
2911:, 15
2859:ISBN
2757:2016
2368:and
2338:Apra
2159:and
2097:and
2009:male
1808:Bias
1231:LGBT
1008:Thai
988:Serb
851:Igbo
712:Arab
470:Male
251:Size
231:Rank
60:Date
3660:PMC
3652:doi
3237:124
1596:age
236:Sex
159:Age
3802::
3668:.
3658:.
3648:93
3646:.
3642:.
3630::
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3371:,
3285:^
3272:,
3239:.
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3153:,
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2075:e
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