Internment of Japanese Americans

11559:

hours a day, passing more than a dozen Bavarian towns. If they stopped or fell behind, the SS guards shot them and left their corpses along the road. Thousands died from exposure, exhaustion, and starvation. On May 2, the death march was outside Waakirchen, Germany, near the Austrian border, when the 522nd came across the marchers. That day, soldiers from the 522nd were patrolling near Waakirchen. The Nisei saw an open field with several hundred "lumps in the snow". When the soldiers looked closer they realized the "lumps" were people. Some were shot. Some were dead from exposure. Hundreds were alive. But barely. The 522nd discovered hundreds of prisoners with black and white prison garb, shaven heads, sunken eyes, and hollowed cheeks. Some roamed aimlessly around the countryside. Some were too weak to move. All were severely malnourished. One soldier gave a starving Jewish prisoner a candy bar, but his system couldn't handle solid food. Then the Americans were told not to give food to the prisoners because it could do them more harm than good. For the next three days, the Nisei helped the prisoners to shelter and tended to their needs as best as they could. They carried the survivors into warm houses and barns. The soldiers gave them blankets, water and tiny bits of food to ease them back from starvation. The soldiers left Waakirchen on May 4, still deeply disturbed by the harrowing scenes of the Jewish prisoners.

7266: 3181: 5040: 3954: 98: 107: 87: 78: 67: 58: 5178: 4955: 5198: 5166: 5088: 5154: 5052: 5100: 4230: 4238: 2828: 5874: 5335: 3165: 5064: 5076: 16684: 4212: 5850:. The remaining population began to leave the camps to try to rebuild their lives at home. Former inmates were given $ 25 and a train ticket to wherever they wanted to go, but many had little or nothing to return to, having lost their homes and businesses. When Japanese Americans were sent to the camps they could only take a few items with them and while incarcerated could only work for menial jobs with a small monthly salary of $ 12–$ 19. When incarceration ended, they therefore had few savings to survive on. Some emigrated to Japan, although many of these were repatriated against their will. The camps remained open for residents who were not ready to return (mostly elderly Issei and families with young children), but the WRA pressured stragglers to leave by gradually eliminating services in camp. Those who had not left by each camp's close date were forcibly removed and sent back to the West Coast. 5111:

for the new camp educational facilities. Camp schoolhouses were crowded and had insufficient materials, books, notebooks, and desks for students. Books were only issued a month after the opening. In the Southwest, the schoolhouses were extremely hot in summertime. Class sizes were very large. At the height of its attendance, the Rohwer Camp of Arkansas reached 2,339, with only 45 certified teachers. The student to teacher ratio in the camps was 48:1 in elementary schools and 35:1 for secondary schools, compared to the national average of 28:1. There was a general teacher shortage in the US at the time, and the teachers were required to live in the camps themselves. Although the salary in the camps was triple that for regular teaching jobs, authorities were still unable to fill all the teaching positions with certified personnel, and so some non-certified teacher detainees were hired as assistants.

3829: 5658:

423,330 at the time of the 1940 census, making them the largest ethnic group at that time; detaining so many people would have been enormously challenging in terms of logistics. Additionally, the whole of Hawaiian society was dependent on their productivity. According to intelligence reports which were published at the time, "the Japanese, through a concentration of effort in select industries, had achieved a virtual stranglehold on several key sectors of the economy in Hawaii," and they "had access to virtually all jobs in the economy, including high-status, high-paying jobs (e.g., professional and managerial jobs)". To imprison such a large percentage of the islands' work force would have crippled the Hawaiian economy. Thus, the unfounded fear of Japanese Americans turning against the United States was overcome by the reality-based fear of massive economic loss.

4475: 5139: 2716: 2812: 3197:

California south of Los Angeles. Military Area No. 2 covered the rest of those states. DeWitt's proclamation informed Japanese Americans they would be required to leave Military Area 1, but stated that they could remain in the second restricted zone. Removal from Military Area No. 1 initially occurred through "voluntary evacuation." Japanese Americans were free to go anywhere outside of the exclusion zone or inside Area 2, with arrangements and costs of relocation to be borne by the individuals. The policy was short-lived; DeWitt issued another proclamation on March 27 that prohibited Japanese Americans from leaving Area 1. A night-time curfew, also initiated on March 27, 1942, placed further restrictions on the movements and daily lives of Japanese Americans.

5011:

medications and surgical and sterilization equipment were limited. The staff shortages suffered in the assembly centers continued in the WRA camps. The administration's decision to invert the management structure and demote Japanese American medical workers to positions below white employees, while capping their pay rate at $ 20/month, further exacerbated this problem. (At Heart Mountain, for example, Japanese American doctors received $ 19/month compared to white nurses' $ 150/month.) The war had caused a shortage of healthcare professionals across the country, and the camps often lost potential recruits to outside hospitals that offered better pay and living conditions. When the WRA began to allow some Japanese Americans to leave camp, many

4483: 7274: 5003:(USPHS) and many of these professionals to establish infirmaries within the temporary assembly centers. An Issei doctor was appointed to manage each facility, and additional healthcare staff worked under his supervision, although the USPHS recommendation of one physician for every 1,000 inmates and one nurse to 200 inmates was not met. Overcrowded and unsanitary conditions forced assembly center infirmaries to prioritize inoculations over general care, obstetrics, and surgeries; at Manzanar, for example, hospital staff performed over 40,000 immunizations against typhoid and smallpox. Food poisoning was common and also demanded significant attention. Those who were detained in Topaz, Minidoka, and Jerome experienced outbreaks of 4494: 5123: 6567: 2789: 6509: 3805: 6501: 6705:. The U.S. Department of Defense described the November 9, 2000, dedication of the Memorial: "Drizzling rain was mixed with tears streaming down the faces of Japanese American World War II heroes and those who spent the war years imprisoned in isolated internment camps." Akamu's family's connection to the concentration camps based on the experience of her maternal grandfather, who was interned and later died in a concentration camp in Hawaii—combined with the fact that she grew up in Hawaii for a time, where she fished with her father at Pearl Harbor—and the erection of a Japanese American war memorial near her home in 3882:, who sometimes were assigned to share facilities with the Japanese Americans. The WCCA and WRA facilities were the largest and the most public. The WCCA Assembly Centers were temporary facilities that were first set up in horse racing tracks, fairgrounds, and other large public meeting places to assemble and organize inmates before they were transported to WRA Relocation Centers by truck, bus, or train. The WRA Relocation Centers were semi-permanent camps that housed persons removed from the exclusion zone after March 1942, or until they were able to relocate elsewhere in the United States outside the exclusion zone. 5364:

worried that expressing a willingness to serve would be equated with volunteering for combat, while others felt insulted at being asked to risk their lives for a country that had imprisoned them and their families. An affirmative answer to Question 28 brought up other issues. Some believed that renouncing their loyalty to Japan would suggest that they had at some point been loyal to Japan and disloyal to the United States. Many believed they were to be deported to Japan no matter how they answered, they feared an explicit disavowal of the Emperor would become known and make such resettlement extremely difficult.

6036: 6548: 6579: 5438: 4467: 5778:, no legal challenges were encountered. The U.S. Department of State was pleased with the first trade and immediately began to arrange a second exchange of non-officials for February 1944. This exchange would involve 1,500 non-volunteer Japanese who were to be exchanged for 1,500 Americans. The US was busy with Pacific Naval activity and future trading plans stalled. Further slowing the program were legal and political "turf" battles between the State Department, the Roosevelt administration, and the DOJ, whose officials were not convinced of the legality of the program. 3585: 3157: 3204:, which, like Hawaii, was an incorporated U.S. territory located in the northwest extremity of the continental United States. Unlike the contiguous West Coast, Alaska was not subject to any exclusion zones due to its small Japanese population. Nevertheless, the Western Defense Command announced in April 1942 that all Japanese people and Americans of Japanese ancestry were to leave the territory for incarceration camps inland. By the end of the month, over 200 Japanese residents regardless of citizenship were exiled from Alaska, most of them ended up at the 3120:, and Colonel Bendetsen decided that General DeWitt should be directed to commence evacuations "to the extent he deemed necessary" to protect vital installations. Throughout the war, interned Japanese Americans protested against their treatment and insisted that they be recognized as loyal Americans. Many sought to demonstrate their patriotism by trying to enlist in the armed forces. Although early in the war Japanese Americans were barred from military service, by 1943 the army had begun actively recruiting Nisei to join new all-Japanese American units. 3978:

Washington, Oregon, and Arizona) had previously been racetracks or fairgrounds. The stables and livestock areas were cleaned out and hastily converted to living quarters for families of up to six, while wood and tarpaper barracks were constructed for additional housing, as well as communal latrines, laundry facilities, and mess halls. A total of 92,193 Japanese Americans were transferred to these temporary detention centers from March to August 1942. (18,026 more had been taken directly to two "reception centers" that were developed as the Manzanar and

3503:(the code-name for American code-breaking efforts) intercepts posed "frightening specter of massive espionage nets", thus justifying incarceration. Lowman contended that incarceration served to ensure the secrecy of U.S. code-breaking efforts, because effective prosecution of Japanese Americans might necessitate disclosure of secret information. If U.S. code-breaking technology was revealed in the context of trials of individual spies, the Japanese Imperial Navy would change its codes, thus undermining U.S. strategic wartime advantage. 6532: 6520: 4929: 4857: 4967:

that of James Wakasa at Topaz, led to a re-evaluation of the security measures in the camps. Some camp administrations eventually allowed relatively free movement outside the marked boundaries of the camps. Nearly a quarter of the inmates left the camps to live and work elsewhere in the United States, outside the exclusion zone. Eventually, some were authorized to return to their hometowns in the exclusion zone under supervision of a sponsoring American family or agency whose loyalty had been assured.

3576:, had already organized to fight discrimination and bigotry." However, due to the justification of concentration camps by the US government, "few seemed tactile to endorse the evacuation; most did not even discuss it." Greenberg argues that at the time, the incarceration was not discussed because the government's rhetoric hid the motivations for it behind a guise of military necessity, and a fear of seeming "un-American" led to the silencing of most civil rights groups until years into the policy. 5571:

warrant, the FBI seized these men on the eve of December 8, 1941. These men were held in municipal jails and prisons until they were moved to Department of Justice detention camps, these camps were separate from the camps which were operated by the Wartime Relocation Authority (WRA). These camps were operated under far more stringent conditions and they were also patrolled by heightened criminal-style guards, despite the absence of criminal proceedings. Memoirs about the camps include those by

2800: 5890: 7430: 4944:-covered barracks of simple frame construction without plumbing or cooking facilities of any kind". The spartan facilities met international laws, but left much to be desired. Many camps were built quickly by civilian contractors during the summer of 1942 based on designs for military barracks, making the buildings poorly equipped for cramped family living. Throughout many camps, twenty-five people were forced to live in space built to contain four, leaving no room for privacy. 5789:, and Peru refused to accept the post-war return of Japanese Peruvians from the US. Although a small number asserting special circumstances, such as marriage to a non-Japanese Peruvian, did return, the majority were trapped. Their home country refused to take them back (a political stance Peru maintained until 1950), they were generally Spanish speakers in the Anglo US, and in the postwar U.S., the Department of State started expatriating them to Japan. Civil rights attorney 2668:

families. U.S. law prohibited Japanese immigrants from becoming naturalized citizens, making them dependent on their children whenever they rented or purchased property. Communication between English-speaking children and parents who mostly or completely spoke in Japanese was often difficult. A significant number of older Nisei, many of whom were born prior to the immigration ban, had married and already started families of their own by the time the US entered World War II.

5662:

Oahu to one of the other Islands.” While Roosevelt conceded that such an undertaking involved “much planning, much temporary construction, and careful supervision of them when they get to the new location,” he did not “worry about the constitutional question—first, because of my recent order and, second, because Hawaii is under martial law.” He called for Knox to work with Stimson and “go ahead and do it as a military project.” Eventually, he too gave up the project.

3525:(2004). Malkin's defense of Japanese incarceration was due in part to reaction to what she describes as the "constant alarmism from Bush-bashers who argue that every counter-terror measure in America is tantamount to the internment". She criticized academia's treatment of the subject, and suggested that academics critical of Japanese incarceration had ulterior motives. Her book was widely criticized, particularly with regard to her reading of the Magic cables. 6324:, who wrote, "Can no one else speak of slavery, gas, trains, camps? It's Jewish malpractice to monopolize pain and minimize victims." AJC Executive Director David A. Harris stated during the controversy, "We have not claimed Jewish exclusivity for the term 'concentration camps.'", while also stating "Since the Second World War, these terms have taken on a specificity and a new level of meaning that deserves protection. A certain care needs to be exercised." 2889:, who opposed incarceration, downplayed the influence of public opinion in prompting the president's decision. He even considered it doubtful "whether, political and special group press aside, public opinion even on the West Coast supported evacuation." Support for harsher measures toward Japanese Americans increased over time, however, in part since Roosevelt did little to use his office to calm attitudes. According to a March 1942 poll conducted by the 5919:, but they lost their rights to farm those lands when they were forced to leave. Other Issei (and Nisei who were renting or had not completed payments on their property) had found families willing to occupy their homes or tend their farms during their incarceration. However, those unable to strike a deal with caretakers had to sell their property, often in a matter of days and at great financial loss to predatory land speculators, who made huge profits. 5347:

Japanese Ancestry" was initially given only to Nisei who were eligible for service (or would have been, but for the 4-C classification imposed on them at the start of the war). Authorities soon revised the questionnaire and required all adults in camp to complete the form. Most of the 28 questions were designed to assess the "Americanness" of the respondent — had they been educated in Japan or the U.S.? were they Buddhist or Christian? did they practice

3557:, perhaps the leading black newspaper in the U.S., who was increasingly critical of the domestic and foreign policy of the Roosevelt administration. He dismissed accusations that Japanese Americans presented any genuine national security threat. Schuyler warned African Americans that “if the Government can do this to American citizens of Japanese ancestry, then it can do this to American citizens of ANY ancestry...Their fight is our fight." 3134:

authorized military commander might choose, whether citizen or non-citizen. Eventually such zones would include parts of both the East and West Coasts, totaling about 1/3 of the country by area. Unlike the subsequent deportation and incarceration programs that would come to be applied to large numbers of Japanese Americans, detentions and restrictions directly under this Individual Exclusion Program were placed primarily on individuals of

5669:, the commander of the Hawaii Department, promised that the local Japanese American community would be treated fairly as long as it remained loyal to the United States. He succeeded in blocking efforts to relocate it to the outer islands or the mainland by pointing out the logistical difficulties of such a move. Among the small number incarcerated were community leaders and prominent politicians, including territorial legislators 5477:. When the call was made, 10,000 young men from Hawaii volunteered with eventually 2,686 being chosen along with 1,500 from the continental U.S. The 100th Infantry Battalion landed in Salerno, Italy in September 1943 and became known as the Purple Heart Battalion. This legendary outfit was joined by the 442nd RCT in June 1944, and this combined unit became the most highly decorated U.S. military unit of its size and duration in 359: 5383:. A total of 5,589 detainees opted to do so; 5,461 of these were sent to Tule Lake. Of those who renounced US citizenship, 1,327 were repatriated to Japan. Those persons who stayed in the US faced discrimination from the Japanese American community, both during and after the war, for having made that choice of renunciation. At the time, they feared what their futures held were they to remain American and remain incarcerated. 5882: 7416: 3444: 3253: 6129:

prior to their internment, in order to assimilate back into American society, with both the Japanese Association and the Japanese Chamber of Commerce slipping into non-existence in the post-war years. The distancing of Japanese Americans from any collective, racially labelled establishments was something they saw necessary in order to preserve their status in the United States in the wake of their experiences.

6730:...is symbolic not only of the Japanese American experience, but of the extrication of anyone from deeply painful and restrictive circumstances. It reminds us of the battles we've fought to overcome our ignorance and prejudice and the meaning of an integrated culture, once pained and torn, now healed and unified. Finally, the monument presents the Japanese American experience as a symbol for all peoples. 5725:, part of the Department of Justice. Beginning in 1942, Latin Americans of Japanese ancestry were rounded up and transported to American concentration camps run by the INS and the U.S. Justice Department. Most of these internees, approximately 1,800, came from Peru. An additional 250 were from Panama, Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvador, Mexico, Nicaragua, and Venezuela. 15669: 12298: 3847:(WPA) played a key role in the construction and staffing of the camps in the initial period. From March to the end of November 1942, that agency spent $ 4.47 million on removal and incarceration, which was even more than the Army devoted to that purpose during that period. The WPA was instrumental in creating such features of the camps as guard towers and barbed wire fencing. 6005:(JACL), which had cooperated with the administration during the war, became part of the movement. It asked for three measures: $ 25,000 to be awarded to each person who was detained, an apology from Congress acknowledging publicly that the U.S. government had been wrong, and the release of funds to set up an educational foundation for the children of Japanese American families. 5993:, began what is known as the "Redress Movement", an effort to obtain an official apology and reparations from the federal government for incarcerating their parents and grandparents during the war. They focused not on documented property losses but on the broader injustice and mental suffering caused by the incarceration. The movement's first success was in 1976, when President 6020:, condemning the incarceration as unjust and motivated by racism and xenophobic ideas rather than factual military necessity. Concentration camp survivors sued the federal government for $ 24 million in property loss, but lost the case. However, the Commission recommended that $ 20,000 in reparations be paid to those Japanese Americans who had suffered incarceration. 5426:(first generation) or Kibei, who often had difficulty with English and often did not understand the questions they were asked. Even among those Issei who had a clear understanding, Question 28 posed an awkward dilemma: Japanese immigrants were denied U.S. citizenship at the time, so when asked to renounce their Japanese citizenship, answering "Yes" would have made them 5782:

were moving ahead. This is partly explained by an early-in-the-war revelation of the overall goal for Latin Americans of Japanese ancestry under the Enemy Alien Deportation Program. Secretary of State Cordell Hull wrote an agreeing President Roosevelt, " continue our efforts to remove all the Japanese from these American Republics for internment in the United States."

2952:

American, as Japanese intelligence agents were distrustful of their American counterparts and preferred to recruit "white persons and Negroes." However, despite the fact that the report made no mention of Americans of Japanese ancestry, national and West Coast media nevertheless used the report to vilify Japanese Americans and inflame public opinion against them.

4897:(WRA). Some of those who reported to the civilian assembly centers were not sent to relocation centers, but were released under the condition that they remain outside the prohibited zone until the military orders were modified or lifted. Almost 120,000 Japanese Americans and resident Japanese aliens were eventually removed from their homes on the West Coast and 14729:"Kermit Roosevelt Professor of Constitutional Law at the University of Pennsylvania Law School & Award-Winning Author Read, watch & learn about today's politics, the US Supreme Court, law and justice, ethics and American ideals, and gain a better understanding of the historical context. Peruse the bookshelf for works of fiction and nonfiction" 5733:

grounds they had tried to enter the country illegally, without a visa or passport. Subsequent transports brought additional "volunteers", including the wives and children of men who had been deported earlier. A total of 2,264 Japanese Latin Americans, about two-thirds of them from Peru, were interned in facilities on the U.S. mainland during the war.

2675:, voting, or running for political office), these Japanese immigrants established communities in their new hometowns. Japanese Americans contributed to the agriculture of California and other Western states, by introducing irrigation methods which enabled them to cultivate fruits, vegetables, and flowers on previously inhospitable land. 10308:. Japanese Americans that were 1/16th or less were excluded from being sent to the camps but above that was considered a threat to the United States. This number does not include people held in other camps such as those which were run by the DoJ or the Army. Other sources may give numbers which are slightly more or less than 120,000. 3605: 5952:, setting off an explosion, and starting a fire on the family's farm in January 1945. Despite a confession from one of the men that implicated the others, the jury accepted their defense attorney's framing of the attack as a justifiable attempt to keep California "a white man's country" and acquitted all four defendants. 2730:(ONI), concerned as a result of Imperial Japan's rising military power in Asia, began to conduct surveillance in Japanese American communities in Hawaii. Starting in 1936, at the behest of President Roosevelt, the ONI began to compile a "special list of those Japanese Americans who would be the first to be placed in a 6667:. Its stated mission is "to preserve the Topaz site and the history of the internment experience during World War II; to interpret its impact on the internees, their families, and the citizens of Millard County; and to educate the public in order to prevent a recurrence of a similar denial of American civil rights". 5280:

American culture. Some high school students were also able to leave the incarceration camps through boarding schools. 39 percent of the Nisei students were women. The student's tuition, book costs, and living expenses were absorbed by the U.S. government, private foundations (such as the Columbia Foundation and the

2643:." They successfully lobbied to restrict the property and citizenship rights of Japanese immigrants, just as similar groups had previously organized against Chinese immigrants. Beginning in the late 19th century, several laws and treaties which attempted to slow immigration from Japan were introduced. The 5998:

evacuation wrong but Japanese-Americans were and are loyal Americans. On the battlefield and at home the names of Japanese-Americans have been and continue to be written in history for the sacrifices and the contributions they have made to the well-being and to the security of this, our common Nation."

5650:

well-under two percent of the total Japanese American residents in the islands. "No serious explanations were offered as to why ... the internment of individuals of Japanese descent was necessary on the mainland, but not in Hawaii, where the large Japanese-Hawaiian population went largely unmolested."

3974:

country; they were not prepared to house the influx of over 110,000 inmates. Since Japanese Americans living in the restricted zone were considered too dangerous to conduct their daily business, the military decided it had to house them in temporary centers until the relocation centers were completed.

6670:

On June 29, 2017, in Chicago, Illinois, the Alphawood Gallery, in partnership with the Japanese American Service Committee, opened "Then They Came for Me", the largest exhibition on Japanese American incarceration and postwar resettlement ever to open in the Midwest. This exhibit was scheduled to run

5433:

When the government began seeking army volunteers from among the camps, only 6% of military-aged male inmates volunteered to serve in the U.S. Armed Forces. Most of those who refused tempered that refusal with statements of willingness to fight if they were restored their rights as American citizens.

5254:

The Tule Lake agricultural program was constructed with the purpose of growing crops in order to feed both detainees in their camp and in the other camps. It is said that any extras would be sold on the open market. The agricultural program was a way for inmates to be employed while at the center, as

5015:

medical professionals resettled outside the camp. Those who remained had little authority in the administration of the hospitals. Combined with the inequitable payment of salaries between white and Japanese American employees, conflicts arose at several hospitals, and there were two Japanese American

3353:

Incarceration of Japanese Americans, who provided critical agricultural labor on the West Coast, created a labor shortage which was exacerbated by the induction of many white American laborers into the Armed Forces. This vacuum precipitated a mass immigration of Mexican workers into the United States

3142:

ancestry, including American citizens. The order allowed regional military commanders to designate "military areas" from which "any or all persons may be excluded." Although the executive order did not mention Japanese Americans, this authority was used to declare that all people of Japanese ancestry

3094:) was issued on January 14, 1942, requiring "alien enemies" to obtain a certificate of identification and carry it "at all times". Enemy aliens were not allowed to enter restricted areas. Violators of these regulations were subject to "arrest, detention and incarceration for the duration of the war." 2989:

There's a tremendous volume of public opinion now developing against the Japanese of all classes, that is aliens and non-aliens, to get them off the land, and in Southern California around Los Angeles—in that area too—they want and they are bringing pressure on the government to move all the Japanese

2868:

characterizing them as "good Americans, born and educated as such." Many Americans believed that their loyalty to the United States was unquestionable. However, six weeks after the attack, public opinion along the Pacific began to turn against Japanese Americans living on the West Coast, as the press

2767:

opposing white-Japanese intermarriage for fostering "the mingling of Asiatic blood with European or American blood" and praising California's ban on land ownership by the first-generation Japanese. In 1936, while president, he privately wrote that, regarding contacts between Japanese sailors and the

11558:

In fact, the brutal death marches south had already begun on April 24. Jewish prisoners from the outer Dachau camps were marched to Dachau, and then 70 miles south. Many of the Jewish marchers weighed less than 80 pounds. Shivering in their tattered striped uniforms, the "skeletons" marched 10 to 15

6344:

calling for the use of "...truthful and accurate terms, and retiring the misleading euphemisms created by the government to cover up the denial of Constitutional and human rights, the force, oppressive conditions, and racism against 120,000 innocent people of Japanese ancestry locked up in America's

6327:

Deborah Schiffrin has written that, at the opening of the exhibition, entitled "America's Concentration Camps: Remembering the Japanese-American Experience", "some Jewish groups" had been offended by the use of the term. However, Schiffrin also notes that a compromise was reached when an appropriate

6171:

Though internment has been applied historically to all detainments of Japanese Americans and Japanese nationals during World War II, the broader use of the term is inaccurate—about two-thirds of those who were relocated US citizens and thus could not be considered interns—and many Japanese-Americans

6151:

pointed out that the history of the term internment, to mean the arrest and holding of non-citizens, could only be correctly applied to Issei, Japanese people who were not legal citizens. These people were a minority during Japanese incarceration and thus Roger Daniels, emeritus professor of history

5822:

unanimously declared on that same day that loyal citizens of the United States, regardless of cultural descent, could not be detained without cause. In effect, the two rulings held that, while the eviction of American citizens in the name of military necessity was legal, the subsequent incarceration

5346:

In early 1943, War Relocation Authority officials, working with the War Department and the Office of Naval Intelligence, circulated a questionnaire in an attempt to determine the loyalty of incarcerated Nisei men they hoped to recruit into military service. The "Statement of United States Citizen of

5317:

In total, over 500 institutions east of the exclusion zone opened their doors to more than 3,000 college-age youth who had been placed behind barbed wire, many of whom were enrolled in West Coast schools prior to their removal. These included a variety of schools, from small liberal arts colleges to

3600:

expressing racist bias against Japanese Americans was circulated and then hastily redacted in 1943–1944. DeWitt's final report stated that, because of their race, it was impossible to determine the loyalty of Japanese Americans, thus necessitating incarceration. The original version was so offensive

3301:

Report, prepared at President Franklin D. Roosevelt's request, has been cited as an example of the fear and prejudice informing the thinking behind the incarceration program. The Report sought to link Japanese Americans with espionage activity, and to associate them with the bombing of Pearl Harbor.

3238:

In addition to imprisoning those of Japanese descent in the US, the US also interned people of Japanese (and German and Italian) descent deported from Latin America. Thirteen Latin American countries—Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras,

3133:

Executive Order 9066, signed by Franklin D. Roosevelt on February 19, 1942, authorized military commanders to designate "military areas" at their discretion, "from which any or all persons may be excluded." These "exclusion zones," unlike the "alien enemy" roundups, were applicable to anyone that an

7357:

showing that the government had altered, suppressed, and withheld important and relevant information from the Supreme Court, including the Final Report by General DeWitt justifying the incarceration program. The Army had destroyed documents in an effort to hide alterations that had been made to the

6256:

A concentration camp is a place where people are imprisoned not because of any crimes they have committed, but simply because of who they are. Although many groups have been singled out for such persecution throughout history, the term 'concentration camp' was first used at the turn of the century

6076:

In remembering, it is important to come to grips with the past. No nation can fully understand itself or find its place in the world if it does not look with clear eyes at all the glories and disgraces of its past. We in the United States acknowledge such an injustice in our history. The internment

5845:

and others had pushed for an earlier end to the incarceration, the Japanese Americans were not allowed to return to the West Coast until January 2, 1945, after the November 1944 election, so as not to impede Roosevelt's reelection campaign. Many younger detainees had already been sent to Midwest or

5781:

The completed October 1943 trade took place at the height of the Enemy Alien Deportation Program. Japanese Peruvians were still being "rounded up" for shipment to the U.S. in previously unseen numbers. Despite logistical challenges facing the floundering prisoner exchange program, deportation plans

5758:

on the west coast of India. After two more stops in South America to take on additional Japanese nationals, the passenger manifest reached 1,340. Of that number, Latin American Japanese numbered 55 percent of the Gripsholm's travelers, 30 percent of whom were Japanese Peruvian. Arriving in Marmagao

5732:

along with 360 ethnic Germans and 14 ethnic Italians from Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia. The 151 men — ten from Ecuador, the rest from Peru — had volunteered for deportation believing they were to be repatriated to Japan. They were denied visas by U.S. Immigration authorities and then detained on the

5640:

comprised more than one-third of Hawaii's entire population, businessmen prevented their incarceration or deportation to the concentration camps which were located on the mainland because they recognized their contributions to Hawaii's economy. In the hysteria of the time, some mainland Congressmen

5400:

Minoru Kiyota, who was among those who renounced his citizenship and soon came to regret the decision, has said that he wanted only "to express my fury toward the government of the United States", for his incarceration and for the mental and physical duress, as well as the intimidation, he was made

3973:

The relocation centers faced opposition from inland communities near the proposed sites who disliked the idea of their new "Jap" neighbors. In addition, government forces were struggling to build what would essentially be self-sufficient towns in very isolated, undeveloped, and harsh regions of the

3862:

which are generally (but unofficially) referred to as "internment camps". Scholars have urged dropping such euphemisms and refer to them as concentration camps and the people as incarcerated. Another argument for using the label "concentration camps" is that President Roosevelt himself applied that

3719:

Since Dec. 7 there has existed an obvious menace to the safety of this region in the presence of potential saboteurs and fifth columnists close to oil refineries and storage tanks, airplane factories, Army posts, Navy facilities, ports and communications systems. Under normal sensible procedure not

3097:

On February 13, the Pacific Coast Congressional subcommittee on aliens and sabotage recommended to the President immediate evacuation of "all persons of Japanese lineage and all others, aliens and citizens alike" who were thought to be dangerous from "strategic areas," further specifying that these

2900:

The incarceration and imprisonment measures taken against Japanese Americans after the attack falls into a broader trend of anti-Japanese attitudes on the West Coast of the United States. To this end, preparations had already been made in the collection of names of Japanese American individuals and

2667:

generation constituted a cohort which was distinct from the cohort which their parents belonged to. In addition to the usual generational differences, Issei men were typically ten to fifteen years older than their wives, making them significantly older than the younger children in their often large

2512:

that a loyal citizen could not be detained, which began their release. On December 17, 1944, the exclusion orders were rescinded, and nine of the ten camps were shut down by the end of 1945. Japanese Americans were initially barred from U.S. military service, but by 1943, they were allowed to join,

6193:

During World War II, the camps were referred to both as relocation centers and concentration camps by government officials and in the press. Roosevelt himself referred to the camps as concentration camps on different occasions, including at a press conference held on October 20, 1942. In 1943, his

6063:

who got 75 co-sponsors in the Senate, provided financial redress of $ 20,000 for each former detainee who was still alive when the act was passed, totaling $ 1.2 billion. The question of to whom reparations should be given, how much, and even whether monetary reparations were appropriate were

5997:

proclaimed that the incarceration was "wrong", and a "national mistake" which "shall never again be repeated". President Ford signed a proclamation formally terminating Executive Order 9066 and apologized for the incarceration, stating: "We now know what we should have known then—not only was that

5968:

The different placement for the detainees had significant consequences for their lifetime outcomes. A 2016 study finds, using the random dispersal of detainees into camps in seven different states, that the people assigned to richer locations did better in terms of income, education, socioeconomic

5736:

The United States originally intended to trade these Latin American internees as part of a hostage exchange program with Japan and other Axis nations; at least one trade occurred. Over 1,300 persons of Japanese ancestry were exchanged for a like number of non-official Americans in October 1943, at

5367:

On July 15, 1943, Tule Lake, the site with the highest number of "no" responses to the questionnaire, was designated to house inmates whose answers suggested they were "disloyal". During the remainder of 1943 and into early 1944, more than 12,000 men, women and children were transferred from other

5363:

While most camp inmates simply answered "yes" to both questions, several thousand — 17 percent of the total respondents, 20 percent of the Nisei — gave negative or qualified replies out of confusion, fear or anger at the wording and implications of the questionnaire. In regard to Question 27, many

5110:

Of the 110,000 Japanese Americans detained by the United States government during World War II, 30,000 were children. Most were school-age children, so educational facilities were set up in the camps. The government had not adequately planned for the camps, and no real budget or plan was set aside

5019:

Despite a shortage of healthcare workers, limited access to equipment, and tension between white administrators and Japanese American staff, these hospitals provided much-needed medical care in camp. The extreme climates of the remote incarceration sites were hard on infants and elderly prisoners.

4966:

Armed guards were posted at the camps, which were all in remote, desolate areas far from population centers. Inmates were typically allowed to stay with their families. There are documented instances of guards shooting inmates who reportedly attempted to walk outside the fences. One such shooting,

4202:

was integral to food production in its own camp, as well as other camps. Almost 30 crops were harvested at this site by farmworkers. Despite this, Tule Lake's camp was eventually used as a detention center for people believed to pose a security risk. Tule Lake also served as a "segregation center"

3366:

Like many white American farmers, the white businessmen of Hawaii had their own motives for determining how to deal with the Japanese Americans, but they opposed their incarceration. Instead, these individuals gained the passage of legislation which enabled them to retain the freedom of the nearly

3281:

We're charged with wanting to get rid of the Japs for selfish reasons. We do. It's a question of whether the White man lives on the Pacific Coast or the brown men. They came into this valley to work, and they stayed to take over... If all the Japs were removed tomorrow, we'd never miss them in two

6027:

exemplified the Japanese American redress movement that impacted the large debate about the reparation bill. There was question over whether the bill would pass during the 1980s due to the poor state of the federal budget and the low support of Japanese Americans covering 1% of the United States.

5964:

had already destroyed most of the detainees' 1939–42 tax records. Due to the time pressure and strict limits on how much they could take to the camps, few were able to preserve detailed tax and financial records during the evacuation process. Therefore, it was extremely difficult for claimants to

5853:

Nine of the ten WRA camps were shut down by the end of 1945, although Tule Lake, which held "renunciants" slated for deportation to Japan, was not closed until March 20, 1946. Japanese Latin Americans brought to the U.S. from Peru and other countries, who were still being held in the DOJ camps at

5661:

Despite the financial and logistical obstacles, President Roosevelt persisted for quite some time in urging incarceration of Japanese Americans in Hawaii. As late as February 26, 1942, he informed Secretary of the Navy Knox that he had “long felt that most of the Japanese should be removed from

5649:

and Japanese immigrants should be removed from Hawaii but were unsuccessful. An estimated 1,200 to 1,800 Japanese nationals and American-born Japanese from Hawaii were interned or incarcerated, either in five camps on the islands or in one of the mainland concentration camps, but this represented

5390:

was well represented among the incarcerated peoples, thereby justifying the incarceration. Many historians have dismissed the latter argument, for its failure to consider that the small number of individuals in question had been mistreated and persecuted by their own government at the time of the

4998:

Before the war, 87 physicians and surgeons, 137 nurses, 105 dentists, 132 pharmacists, 35 optometrists, and 92 lab technicians provided healthcare to the Japanese American population, with most practicing in urban centers like Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Seattle. As the eviction from the West

4924:

In 1943, Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes wrote "the situation in at least some of the Japanese internment camps is bad and is becoming worse rapidly." The quality of life in the camps was heavily influenced by which government entity was responsible for them. INS Camps were regulated by

4908:

Most of these camps/residences, gardens, and stock areas were placed on Native American reservations, for which the Native Americans were formally compensated. The Native American councils disputed the amounts negotiated in absentia by US government authorities. They later sued to gain relief and

3734:

The time to stop taking chances with Japanese aliens and Japanese-Americans has come. . . . While Americans have an inate distaste for stringent measures, every one must realize this is a total war, that there are no Americans running loose in Japan or Germany or Italy and there is absolutely no

3007:

I don't want any of them here. They are a dangerous element. There is no way to determine their loyalty... It makes no difference whether he is an American citizen, he is still a Japanese. American citizenship does not necessarily determine loyalty... But we must worry about the Japanese all the

6598:

opened an exhibition called "A More Perfect Union: Japanese Americans and the U.S. Constitution". The exhibition examined the Constitutional process by considering the experiences of Americans of Japanese ancestry before, during, and after World War II. On view were more than 1,000 artifacts and

6128:

After the war, and once the process of internment came to its conclusion, Japanese Americans became socially affected by the war and their experiences of United States government policy. Japanese Americans rejected their racial identity as a prerequisite to various organizations that had existed

5947:

Japanese Americans also encountered hostility and even violence when they returned to the West Coast. Concentrated largely in rural areas of Central California, there were dozens of reports of gunshots, fires, and explosions aimed at Japanese American homes, businesses, and places of worship, in

3779:

The Japs in these centers in the United States have been afforded the very best of treatment, together with food and living quarters far better than many of them ever knew before, and a minimum amount of restraint. They have been as well fed as the Army and as well as or better housed. . . . The

3764:

As to a considerable number of Japanese, no matter where born, there is unfortunately no doubt whatever. They are for Japan; they will aid Japan in every way possible by espionage, sabotage and other activity; and they need to be restrained for the safety of California and the United States. And

6146:

The legal term "internment" has been used in regards to the mass incarceration of Japanese Americans. This term, however, derives from international conventions regarding the treatment of enemy nationals during wartime and specifically limits internment to those (noncitizen) enemy nationals who

6084:

Under the 2001 budget of the United States, Congress authorized the preservation of ten detention sites as historical landmarks: "places like Manzanar, Tule Lake, Heart Mountain, Topaz, Amache, Jerome, and Rohwer will forever stand as reminders that this nation failed in its most sacred duty to

5657:

in Hawaii, a legal measure which allowed it to significantly reduce the supposed risks of espionage and sabotage by residents of Hawaii who had Japanese ancestry. Also, Japanese Americans comprised over 35% of the territory's entire population: they numbered 157,905 out of a total population of

5355:

Question 27: Are you willing to serve in the armed forces of the United States on combat duty, wherever ordered? Question 28: Will you swear unqualified allegiances to the United States of America and faithfully defend the United States from any and all attack by foreign or domestic forces, and

5321:

The NJASRC ceased operations on June 7, 1946. After the incarceration camps had been shut down, releasing many Issei parents with little belongings, many families followed the college students to the eastern cities where they attended school. In 1980, former Nisei students formed the NSRC Nisei

5225:

Both men and women participated in the sports. In some cases, the Japanese American baseball teams from the camps traveled to outside communities to play other teams. Incarcerees from Idaho competed in the state tournament in 1943, and there were games between the prison guards and the Japanese

5221:

games despite the ongoing war. In it Roosevelt said that "baseball provides a recreation", and this was true for Japanese American incarcerees as well. Over 100 baseball teams were formed in the Manzanar camp so that Japanese Americans could have some recreation, and some of the team names were

5039: 3196:

On March 2, 1942, General John DeWitt, commanding general of the Western Defense Command, publicly announced the creation of two military restricted zones. Military Area No. 1 consisted of the southern half of Arizona and the western half of California, Oregon, and Washington, as well as all of

2951:

had been derelict in their duties during the attack on Pearl Harbor, one passage made vague reference to "Japanese consular agents and other... persons having no open relations with the Japanese foreign service" transmitting information to Japan. It was unlikely that these "spies" were Japanese

5028:, all of which were treated in camp. Almost 6,000 live deliveries were performed in these hospitals, and all mothers received pre- and postnatal care. The WRA recorded 1,862 deaths across the ten camps, with cancer, heart disease, tuberculosis, and vascular disease accounting for the majority. 3965:

Executive Order 9066 authorized the removal of all persons of Japanese ancestry from the West Coast; however, it was signed before there were any facilities completed to house the displaced Japanese Americans. After the voluntary evacuation program failed to result in many families leaving the

3370:

The powerful businessmen of Hawaii concluded that the imprisonment of such a large proportion of the islands' population would adversely affect the economic prosperity of the territory. The Japanese represented "over 90 percent of the carpenters, nearly all of the transportation workers, and a

3270:

The deportation and incarceration of Japanese Americans was popular among many white farmers who resented the Japanese American farmers. "White American farmers admitted that their self-interest required the removal of the Japanese." These individuals saw incarceration as a convenient means of

2750:

to conduct an investigation on Japanese Americans living on the West Coast and in Hawaii. After working with FBI and ONI officials and interviewing Japanese Americans and those familiar with them, Munson determined that the "Japanese problem" was nonexistent. His final report to the President,

2660:

were exclusively those Japanese who had immigrated before 1924; some of them desired to return to their homeland. Because no more immigrants were permitted, all Japanese Americans who were born after 1924 were, by definition, born in the U.S. and by law, they were automatically considered U.S.

5570:

After the attack on Pearl Harbor, Roosevelt authorized his attorney general to put a plan for the arrest of thousands of individuals whose names were on the potential enemy alien lists into motion, most of these individuals were Japanese American community leaders. Armed with a blanket arrest

5279:

The National Japanese American Student Relocation Council was formed on May 29, 1942, and the AFSC administered the program. The acceptance process vetted college students and graduating high school students through academic achievement and a questionnaire centering on their relationship with

4189:

he said, "This picture tells how the mass migration was accomplished. Neither the Army, not the War Relocation Authority relish the idea of taking men, women and children from their homes, their shops and their farms. So, the military and civilian agencies alike, determined to do the job as a

3537:

The American public overwhelmingly approved of the Japanese American incarceration measures and as a result, they were seldom opposed, particularly by members of minority groups who felt that they were also being chastised within America. Morton Grodzins writes that "The sentiment against the

3147:

and the military exclusion zones from all of California and parts of Oregon, Washington, and Arizona, with the exception of those inmates who were being held in government camps. The detainees were not only people of Japanese ancestry, they also included a relatively small number—though still

5395:

he renunciations had little to do with "loyalty" or "disloyalty" to the United States, but were instead the result of a series of complex conditions and factors that were beyond the control of those involved. Prior to discarding citizenship, most or all of the renunciants had experienced the

5010:

Facilities in the more permanent "relocation centers" eventually surpassed the makeshift assembly center infirmaries, but in many cases, these hospitals were incomplete when inmates began to arrive and were not fully functional for several months. Additionally, vital medical supplies such as

3977:

Under the direction of Colonel Karl Bendetsen, existing facilities had been designated for conversion to WCCA use in March 1942, and the Army Corps of Engineers finished construction on these sites on April 21, 1942. All but four of the 15 confinement sites (12 in California, and one each in

3448: 3017:

to support DeWitt's assertion, as the FBI concluded that there was no security threat. On January 2, the Joint Immigration Committee of the California Legislature sent a manifesto to California newspapers which attacked "the ethnic Japanese," who it alleged were "totally unassimilable." This

3329:

A viper is nonetheless a viper wherever the egg is hatched... So, a Japanese American born of Japanese parents, nurtured upon Japanese traditions, living in a transplanted Japanese atmosphere...notwithstanding his nominal brand of accidental citizenship almost inevitably and with the rarest

5287:

Outside camp, the students took on the role of "ambassadors of good will", and the NJASRC and WRA promoted this image to soften anti-Japanese prejudice and prepare the public for the resettlement of Japanese Americans in their communities. Some students worked as domestic workers in nearby

2614:

between Japan and the United States banned the immigration of unskilled laborers. A loophole allowed the wives of men who were already living in the US to join their husbands. The practice of women marrying by proxy and immigrating to the U.S. resulted in a large increase in the number of

3694:. The report would have undermined the administration's position of the military necessity for such action, as it concluded that most Japanese Americans were not a national security threat, and that allegations of communication espionage had been found to be without basis by the FBI and 3314:

I am for the immediate removal of every Japanese on the West Coast to a point deep in the interior. I don't mean a nice part of the interior either. Herd 'em up, pack 'em off, and give 'em the inside room in the badlands... Personally, I hate the Japanese. And that goes for all of them.

3446: 2990:

out. As a matter of fact, it's not being instigated or developed by people who are not thinking but by the best people of California. Since the publication of the Roberts Report they feel that they are living in the midst of a lot of enemies. They don't trust the Japanese, none of them.

2925:

immediately followed the attack on Pearl Harbor, when Ishimatsu Shintani, an Issei, and Yoshio Harada, a Nisei, and his Issei wife Irene Harada on the island of Ni'ihau violently freed a downed and captured Japanese naval airman, attacking their fellow Ni'ihau islanders in the process.

2446:

who numbered in the millions and of whom some thousands were interned, most of these non-citizens. Following the executive order, the entire West Coast was designated a military exclusion area, and all Japanese Americans living there were taken to assembly centers before being sent to

4916:), students of college age were permitted to leave the camps to attend institutions willing to accept students of Japanese ancestry. Although the program initially granted leave permits to a very small number of students, this eventually included 2,263 students by December 31, 1943. 3330:

exceptions grows up to be a Japanese, and not an American... Thus, while it might cause injustice to a few to treat them all as potential enemies, I cannot escape the conclusion...that such treatment...should be accorded to each and all of them while we are at war with their race.

10142:

Neither the Army, not the War Relocation Authority relish the idea of taking men, women and children from their homes, their shops and their farms. So, the military and civilian agencies alike, determined to do the job as a democracy should—with real consideration for the people

2772:

or non-citizen on the Island of Oahu who meets these Japanese ships or has any connection with their officers or men should be secretly but definitely identified and his or her name placed on a special list of those who would be the first to be placed in a concentration camp."

3511:

cables has also been challenged, as some scholars contend that the cables demonstrate that Japanese Americans were not heeding the overtures of Imperial Japan to spy against the United States. According to one critic, Lowman's book has long since been "refuted and discredited".

5905:

Many detainees lost irreplaceable personal property due to restrictions that prohibited them from taking more than they could carry into the camps. These losses were compounded by theft and destruction of items placed in governmental storage. Leading up to their incarceration,

3902:

and Christian ministers, school instructors, newspaper workers, fishermen, and community leaders who had been accused of fifth column activity and arrested by the FBI after Pearl Harbor. (The remaining 1,700 were released to WRA relocation centers.) Immigrants and nationals of

2884:

A survey of the Office of Facts and Figures on February 4 (two weeks prior to the president's order) reported that a majority of Americans expressed satisfaction with existing governmental controls on Japanese Americans. Moreover, in his autobiography in 1962, Attorney General

6245:, which manages Ellis Island, objected to the use of the term in the exhibit. However, during a subsequent meeting held at the offices of the AJC in New York City, leaders representing Japanese Americans and Jewish Americans reached an understanding about the use of the term. 5255:

well as a way for some to learn farming skills. A 4-H program was established to pave a way for children to help the agricultural process at the center. From 1942 through 1945, Tule Lake produced 29 different crops, including Japanese vegetables like daikon, gobo, and nappa.

6618:

to "provide for the protection and interpretation of historic, cultural, and natural resources associated with the relocation of Japanese Americans during World War II" (Public Law 102-248). In 2001, the site of the Minidoka War Relocation Center in Idaho was designated the

6606:

in Los Angeles created a project in which each person with Japanese ancestry who was incarcerated in an internment camp (over 125,000 names) is displayed in a printed book of names, called the Ireichō, a website known as the Ireizō (ireizo.com), and a light sculpture called

5910:

were prohibited from leaving the Military Zones or traveling more than 5 miles (8.0 km) from home, forcing those who had to travel for work, like truck farmers and residents of rural towns, to quit their jobs. Many others were simply fired for their Japanese heritage.

5212:

Although life in the camps was very difficult, Japanese Americans formed many different sports teams, including baseball and football teams. In January 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued what came to be known as the "Green Light Letter" to MLB Commissioner

3379:." Recognizing the Japanese American community's contribution to the affluence of the Hawaiian economy, General Emmons fought against the incarceration of the Japanese Americans and had the support of most of the businessmen of Hawaii. By comparison, Idaho governor 3506:

Some scholars have criticized or dismissed Lowman's reasoning that "disloyalty" among some individual Japanese Americans could legitimize "incarcerating 120,000 people, including infants, the elderly, and the mentally ill". Lowman's reading of the contents of the

3424:), particularly those who had formerly sent missionaries to Japan, were among opponents of the incarceration policy. Some Baptist and Methodist churches, among others, also organized relief efforts to the camps, supplying inmates with supplies and information. 3447: 3794:

As a race, the Japanese have made for themselves a record for conscienceless treachery unsurpassed in history. Whatever small theoretical advantages there might be in releasing those under restraint in this country would be enormously outweighed by the risks

3082:

nationals as enemy aliens. Information gathered by US officials over the previous decade was used to locate and incarcerate thousands of Japanese American community leaders in the days immediately following Pearl Harbor (see section elsewhere in this article

4806:

These immigration detention stations held the roughly 5,500 men arrested immediately after Pearl Harbor, in addition to several thousand German and Italian detainees, and served as processing centers from which the men were transferred to DOJ or Army camps:

5177: 7402:

shall not be suspended, and despite the Fifth Amendment's command that no person shall be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law, both of these constitutional safeguards were denied by military action under Executive Order 9066.

4194:

replaced Eisenhower three months later on June 17, 1942. Myer served as Director of the WRA until the centers were closed. Within nine months, the WRA had opened ten facilities in seven states and transferred over 100,000 people from the WCCA facilities.

5087: 16683: 13101:

Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians: hearing before the Subcommittee on Administrative Law and Governmental Relations of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, Ninety-sixth Congress, second session, on H.R.

5197: 3152:

and deported to the U.S. Approximately 5,000 Japanese Americans relocated outside the exclusion zone before March 1942, while some 5,500 community leaders had been arrested immediately after the Pearl Harbor attack and thus were already in custody.

7349:

cases, federal district and appellate courts ruled that newly uncovered evidence revealed an unfairness which, had it been known at the time, would likely have changed the Supreme Court's decisions in the Yasui, Hirabayashi, and Korematsu cases.

6722:

stating: "We are diminished when any American is targeted unfairly because of his or her heritage. This Memorial and the internment sites are powerful reminders that stereotyping, discrimination, hatred and racism have no place in this country."

2976:

The fact that nothing has happened so far is more or less . . . ominous, in that I feel that in view of the fact that we have had no sporadic attempts at sabotage that there is a control being exercised and when we have it it will be on a mass

7066:(2015) takes readers inside the US government and Supreme Court to examine the legal and moral debates and the little-known facts surrounding the detention of Japanese Americans. A Harper Lee Prize finalist, the novel is based on a true story. 4976:" (loosely translated as "it cannot be helped") was commonly used to summarize the incarcerated families' resignation to their helplessness throughout these conditions. This was noticed by their children, as mentioned in the well-known memoir 11758:"The territorial governor of Hawaii, Joseph B. Poindexter, was more measured. He provided statistics indicating that 34 percent of the islands' population was aliens, or citizens of Japanese descent." Frank, Richard B. "Zero Hour on Niihau," 6957:(2009) tells of a Chinese man's search for an Oscar Holden jazz record bought in his childhood with a Japanese friend in Seattle and left behind during World War II, when she and her family were sent to a Japanese American concentration camp. 5937:, director of the WRA camps. In June 1945, Myer described how the Japanese Americans had grown increasingly depressed and overcome with feelings of helplessness and personal insecurity. Author Betty Furuta explains that the Japanese used 6132:

In addition, Japanese Americans were also impacted socially by a changing religious structure in which ethnic churches were terminated, with Church membership dropping from 25% of the Japanese American population in 1942, to 6% in 1962.

5688:

Harbor. This camp was constructed before the outbreak of the war. All of the prisoners who were held there were "detained under military custody... because of the imposition of martial law throughout the Islands". It was replaced by the

1316: 2561:, and a failure of political leadership." By 1992, the U.S. government eventually disbursed more than $ 1.6 billion (equivalent to $ 4.12 billion in 2023) in reparations to 82,219 Japanese Americans who had been incarcerated. 5396:

following misfortunes: forced removal from homes; loss of jobs; government and public assumption of disloyalty to the land of their birth based on race alone; and incarceration in a "segregation center" for "disloyal" ISSEI or NISEI...

2437:

Internment was intended to mitigate a security risk which Japanese Americans were believed to pose. The scale of the incarceration in proportion to the size of the Japanese American population far surpassed similar measures undertaken

6599:

photographs relating to the experiences of Japanese Americans during World War II. The exhibition closed on January 11, 2004. On November 8, 2011, the Museum launched an online exhibition of the same name with shared archival content.

5914:

Many Japanese Americans encountered continued housing injustice after the war. Alien land laws in California, Oregon, and Washington barred the Issei from owning their pre-war homes and farms. Many had cultivated land for decades as

5509:, "many Japanese American soldiers had gone to war to fight racism at home" and they were "proving with their blood, their limbs, and their bodies that they were truly American". Some one hundred Nisei women volunteered for the WAC ( 3468:

as an uninhabited island for damaged aircraft to land and await rescue. Three Japanese Americans on Niihau assisted a Japanese pilot, Shigenori Nishikaichi, who crashed there. Despite the incident, the Territorial Governor of Hawaii

7013:(1956) features a protagonist from Seattle, who was incarcerated with his family and imprisoned for answering "no" to the last two questions on the loyalty questionnaire. It explores the postwar environment in the Pacific Northwest. 5165: 3835:. "Members of the Mochida family awaiting evacuation bus. Identification tags are used to aid in keeping the family unit intact during all phases of evacuation. Mochida operated a nursery and five greenhouses on a two-acre site in 3411:

It would seem that convicting people of disloyalty to our country without having specific evidence against them is too foreign to our way of life and too close akin to the kind of government we are fighting.... We must realize, as

5099: 5153: 5051: 2556:

and authorized a payment of $ 20,000 (equivalent to $ 52,000 in 2023) to each former detainee who was still alive when the act was passed. The legislation admitted that government actions were based on "race prejudice, war

3749:

There is but one way in which to regard the Presidential order empowering the Army to establish "military areas" from which citizens or aliens may be excluded. That is to accept the order as a necessary accompaniment of total

5797:

in New Jersey. He started a legal battle that was not resolved until 1953, when, after working as undocumented immigrants for almost ten years, those Japanese Peruvians remaining in the U.S. were finally offered citizenship.

5405:

y renunciation had been an expression of momentary emotional defiance in reaction to years of persecution suffered by myself and other Japanese Americans and, in particular, to the degrading interrogation by the FBI agent at

3012:

DeWitt also sought approval to conduct search and seizure operations which were aimed at preventing alien Japanese from making radio transmissions to Japanese ships. The Justice Department declined, stating that there was no

6067:

On September 27, 1992, the Civil Liberties Act Amendments of 1992, appropriating an additional $ 400 million to ensure all remaining detainees received their $ 20,000 redress payments, was signed into law by President

4990:. Further, it is noted that parents may have internalized these emotions to withhold their disappointment and anguish from affecting their children. Nevertheless, children still were cognizant of this emotional repression. 7181:

is about the camp's impact on her mother and grandmother. It was released on February 20, 2020, when California lawmakers passed a resolution to formally apologize to Japanese Americans for the Legislature's role in their

5267:

Most Nisei college students followed their families into camp, but a small number arranged for transfers to schools outside the exclusion zone. Their initial efforts expanded as sympathetic college administrators and the

3653:

on all charges related to their refusal to submit to exclusion and incarceration. The courts found that the government had intentionally withheld these reports and other critical evidence, at trials all the way up to the

3720:

one day would have elapsed after Pearl Harbor before the government had proceeded to round up and send to interior points all Japanese aliens and their immediate descendants for classification and possible incarceration.

2909:, enabled the implementation of the dedicated government policy of incarceration, with the action and methodology having been extensively prepared before war broke out despite multiple reports that had been consulted by 6459:, a Japanese American sculptor, decided to voluntarily relocate to Poston, Arizona from New York but eventually asked to be released because of the conditions and alienation from the Japanese American community in camp. 2626:

who lived on the West Coast resisted the arrival of this ethnic group, fearing competition, and making the exaggerated claim that hordes of Asians would take over white-owned farmland and businesses. Groups such as the

5263:

Japanese American students were no longer allowed to attend college in the West during the incarceration, and many found ways to transfer or attend schools in the Midwest and East in order to continue their education.

6147:

threaten the security of the detaining power. The internment of selected enemy alien belligerents, as opposed to mass incarceration, is legal both under US and international law. UCLA Asian American studies professor

6345:

World War II concentration camps." Moreover, Roosevelt himself publicly used the term "concentration camps" without any qualifiers to describe Japanese American incarceration in a press conference in November 1944.

5959:

on July 2, 1948, allowing Japanese Americans to apply for compensation for property losses which occurred as "a reasonable and natural consequence of the evacuation or exclusion". By the time the Act was passed, the

10224: 7281:

Several significant legal decisions arose out of Japanese American incarceration, relating to the powers of the government to detain citizens in wartime. Among the cases which reached the US Supreme Court were

2942:

report, which investigated the Pearl Harbor attack, was released on January 25 and accused persons of Japanese ancestry of espionage leading up to the attack. Although the report's key finding was that General

6096:, the highest civilian honor in the United States, to Korematsu in 1998, saying, "In the long history of our country's constant search for justice, some names of ordinary citizens stand for millions of souls: 3940:

men considered "potentially dangerous". Camp Lordsburg, in New Mexico, was the only site built specifically to confine Japanese Americans. In May 1943, the Army was given responsibility for the detention of

3561: 5063: 4886:; many of these "resident aliens" had been inhabitants of the United States for decades, but had been deprived by law of being able to become naturalized citizens. Also part of the West Coast removal were 6209:

stated "They were concentration camps. They called it relocation but they put them in concentration camps, and I was against it. We were in a period of emergency, but it was still the wrong thing to do."

2481:. Internees were prohibited from taking more than they could carry into the camps, and many were forced to sell some or all of their property, including businesses. At the camps, which were surrounded by 10380:"FDR-51: Letter, Harold L. Ickes to FDR, and Letter, FDR to Harold L. Ickes re: Conditions in Japanese-American Internment Camps, April 13 & 24, 1943 OF 4849: War Relocation Authority, 1943 (Box 1)" 19:

This article is about the internment of Japanese Americans and Japanese nationals in the United States during World War II. For the contemporary internment of German Americans and German nationals, see

4893:

Detainees of Japanese descent were first sent to one of 17 temporary "Civilian Assembly Centers", where most awaited transfer to more permanent relocation centers being constructed by the newly formed

5816:, a 6–3 decision upholding a Nisei's conviction for violating the military exclusion order, stated that, in general, the removal of Japanese Americans from the West Coast was constitutional. However, 12055: 5326:

apologized for discriminating against Nisei students. It issued posthumous degrees to the students whose educations were cut short or illegitimated, having already issued degrees to those surviving.

3223:

was the only elected official to publicly denounce the incarceration of American citizens (an act that cost his reelection, but gained him the gratitude of the Japanese American community, such that

5517:). Satoshi Ito, an incarceration camp inmate, reinforces the idea of the immigrants' children striving to demonstrate their patriotism to the United States. He notes that his mother would tell him, 5138: 5075: 3445: 2881:) dismissed all rumors of Japanese American espionage on behalf of the Japanese war effort, pressure mounted upon the administration as the tide of public opinion turned against Japanese Americans. 5386:

These renunciations of American citizenship have been highly controversial, for a number of reasons. Some apologists for incarceration have cited the renunciations as evidence that "disloyalty" or

4249:

were temporary camps, frequently located at horse tracks, where Japanese Americans were sent after they were removed from their communities. Eventually, most of the Japanese Americans were sent to

6570:

Two color guards and color bearers of the Japanese American 442nd Combat Team stand at attention while their citations are read. They are standing on the ground of Bruyeres, France, where many of

3367:

150,000 Japanese Americans who would have otherwise been sent to concentration camps which were located in Hawaii. As a result, only 1,200 to 1,800 Japanese Americans in Hawaii were incarcerated.

3180: 12304: 6201:

Following World War II, other government officials made statements suggesting that the use of the term "relocation center" had been largely euphemistic. In 1946, former Secretary of the Interior

5965:

establish that their claims were valid. Under the Act, Japanese American families filed 26,568 claims totaling $ 148 million in requests; about $ 37 million was approved and disbursed.

3394:. He turned against the Japanese by mid-February 1942, days before the executive order was issued, but he later regretted this decision and he attempted to atone for it for the rest of his life. 3239:

Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, and Peru—cooperated with the US by apprehending, detaining and deporting to the US 2,264 Japanese Latin American citizens and permanent residents of Japanese ancestry.

14470: 7265: 7104:(2019) about his time in concentration camps, the plight of Japanese Americans during the war, and the social & legal ramifications following the closure of the camps. It was co-written by 3631:, along with notes which show the numerous differences which exist between the original version and the redacted version. This earlier, racist and inflammatory version, as well as the FBI and 11772: 7379:

wrote: "The forcible relocation of U.S. citizens to concentration camps, solely and explicitly on the basis of race, is objectively unlawful and outside the scope of Presidential authority."

5567:(CDI). Agents in the Department of Justice's Special Defense Unit classified the subjects into three groups: A, B, and C, with A being the "most dangerous", and C being "possibly dangerous". 5295:, President William Dennis helped institute a program that enrolled several dozen Japanese American students in order to spare them from incarceration. While this action was controversial in 2513:

with 20,000 serving during the war. Over 4,000 students were allowed to leave the camps to attend college. Hospitals in the camps recorded 5,981 births and 1,862 deaths during incarceration.

7375:

upholding a ban on immigration of nationals from several Muslim majority countries but not overruled as it fell outside the case-law applicable to the lawsuit. Regarding the Korematsu case,

6217:

and their immigrant parents, were incarcerated by the US government during the war. These camps have been referred to as "war relocation centers", "relocation camps", "relocation centers", "

3890:

Eight U.S. Department of Justice Camps (in Texas, Idaho, North Dakota, New Mexico, and Montana) held Japanese Americans, primarily non-citizens and their families. The camps were run by the

11541: 4954: 3925:

in 1939. In addition 2,264 ethnic Japanese, 4,058 ethnic Germans, and 288 ethnic Italians were deported from 19 Latin American countries for a later-abandoned hostage exchange program with

6198:

lamented that "The present practice of keeping loyal American citizens in concentration camps for longer than is necessary is dangerous and repugnant to the principles of our government."

5930:; James Hatsuaki Wakasa, 65, while walking near the perimeter wire of Topaz; and Shoichi James Okamoto, 30, during a verbal altercation with a sentry at the Tule Lake Segregation Center. 1282: 2897:

while only 1% opposed it. According to the same poll, 59% supported the relocation of Japanese people who were born in the country and were United States citizens, while 25% opposed it.

6583: 3087:"). In Hawaii, under the auspices of martial law, both "enemy aliens" and citizens of Japanese and "German" descent were arrested and interned (incarcerated if they were a US citizen). 3058:

Japanese were placed in incarceration camps. Bendetsen, promoted to colonel, said in 1942, "I am determined that if they have one drop of Japanese blood in them, they must go to camp."

10736: 5422:

successfully challenged most of these renunciations as invalid, owing to the conditions of duress and intimidation under which the government obtained them. Many of the deportees were

14599: 6638: 57: 10255: 5537:. His story, along with the countless Japanese Americans willing to risk their lives in war, demonstrate the lengths many in their community went to prove their American patriotism. 106: 97: 86: 14815: 7362:

cases vacated the convictions of Korematsu and Hirabayashi (Yasui died before his case was heard, rendering it moot), and are regarded as part of the impetus to gain passage of the

5513:), where, after undergoing rigorous basic training, they had assignments as typists, clerks, and drivers. A smaller number of women also volunteered to serve as nurses for the ANC ( 4261:

housed Nikkei who the government considered disruptive as well as Nikkei who the government believed were of special interest. When most of the Assembly Centers closed, they became

3953: 2506:. The Court limited its decision to the validity of the exclusion orders, avoiding the issue of the incarceration of U.S. citizens without due process, but ruled on the same day in 77: 66: 5948:

addition to non-violent crimes like vandalism and the defacing of Japanese graves. In one of the few cases that went to trial, four men were accused of attacking the Doi family of

5922:

In addition to these monetary and property losses, there were seven who were shot and killed by sentries: Kanesaburo Oshima, 58, during an escape attempt from Fort Sill, Oklahoma;

16384: 10091: 6116:

of Civil Liberties and the Constitution", the first such ceremony ever to be held in commemoration of an Asian American in the United States. On June 14, 2011, Peruvian President

3235:). A total of 108 exclusion orders issued by the Western Defense Command over the next five months completed the removal of Japanese Americans from the West Coast in August 1942. 3294:. Instead, arguing it would better serve the community to follow government orders without protest, the organization advised the approximately 120,000 affected to go peacefully. 13022: 6934:

Many books and novels were written by and about Japanese Americans' experience during and after their residence in concentration camps among them can be mentioned the followed:

3850:

The government operated several different types of camps holding Japanese Americans. The best known facilities were the military-run Wartime Civil Control Administration (WCCA)

3464:

The Niihau Incident occurred in December 1941, just after the Imperial Japanese Navy's attack on Pearl Harbor. The Imperial Japanese Navy had designated the Hawaiian island of

7054:(2002) tells the story of an unnamed Japanese American family incarcerated at the Topaz War Relocation Center in Utah. The novel is based on Otsuka's own family's experiences. 5897:

raise the flag to half-staff during a memorial service for the first six Nisei soldiers from this Center who were killed in action in Italy. The service was attended by 1,500

2610:. Some 180,000 went to the U.S. mainland, with the majority of them settling on the West Coast and establishing farms or small businesses. Most arrived before 1908, when the 9100:

Robert Shaffer (1999) Opposition to Internment: Defending Japanese American Rights during World War II, The Historian, 61:3, 597–620, DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6563.1999.tb01039.x

7195:, during his monologues on individual rights and criticism towards the American government, spoke about the relocation of Japanese American citizens to the designated camps. 3149: 13314: 5873: 5334: 3266:

depicting Japanese Americans in California, Oregon, and Washington–states with the largest population of Japanese Americans–as prepared to conduct sabotage against the U.S.

3164: 3045:(and a future Chief Justice of the United States), had begun his efforts to persuade the federal government to remove all people of Japanese ethnicity from the West Coast. 16651: 16462: 16389: 15761: 14194: 6702: 6681: 6013: 4229: 2529: 273: 4237: 7571: 2827: 2763:

Roosevelt's decision to intern Japanese Americans was consistent with Roosevelt's long-time racial views. During the 1920s, for example, he had written articles in the

14522: 10234: 16498: 15738: 12887:

Barth, Gunther. "Japanese Americans." The New Encyclopedia of the American West, edited by Howard R. Lamar, Yale University Press, 1st edition, 1998. Credo Reference,

6945:(2017) presents the lifelong love affair between two immigrants, one of whom is Japanese American and who is sent along with his whole family to an concentration camp. 2755:(ONI), delivered to the President in January 1942, also found little evidence to support claims of Japanese American disloyalty and argued against mass incarceration. 16818: 12926:

Kashima, Tetsuden. "Internment Camps." Encyclopedia of American Studies, edited by Simon Bronner, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1st edition, 2016. Credo Reference,

10168: 5533:" to encourage Ito to successfully assimilate into American society. As a result, he worked exceptionally hard to excel in school and later became a professor at the 3982:

WRA camps.) The WCCA was dissolved on March 15, 1943, when it became the War Relocation Authority and turned its attentions to the more permanent relocation centers.

16692: 16549: 12900:

Brooks, Roy L. "Japanese American Internment and Relocation." Encyclopedia of Race and Racism, edited by Patrick L. Mason, Gale, 2nd edition, 2013. Credo Reference,

11208: 6929: 6740: 5834:

rulings were made public, on December 17, 1944, rescinding the exclusion orders and declaring that Japanese Americans could return to the West Coast the next month.

5122: 15465:

Kiyota, Minoru and Ronald S. Green. The case of Japanese Americans during World War II : suppression of civil liberty. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 2004.

8207:

Testimony of John L. DeWitt, April 13, 1943, House Naval Affairs Subcommittee to Investigate Congested Areas, Part 3, pp. 739–40 (78th Cong ., 1st Sess.), cited in

4951:

in northwestern Wyoming was a barbed-wire-surrounded enclave with unpartitioned toilets, cots for beds, and a budget of 45 cents daily per capita for food rations.

2528:

opened an investigation to determine whether the decision to put Japanese Americans into concentration camps had been justified by the government. He appointed the

16746: 15649:- website that contains the names of every single individual with Japanese ancestry who was incarcerated in an internment camp within the United States during WWII 9110: 6309:. Despite differences, all had one thing in common: the people in power removed a minority group from the general population and the rest of society let it happen. 5434:

Eventually 33,000 Japanese American men and many Japanese American women served in the U.S. military during World War II, of which 20,000 served in the U.S. Army.

3966:

exclusion zone, the military took charge of the now-mandatory evacuation. On April 9, 1942, the Wartime Civil Control Administration (WCCA) was established by the

1785: 10800: 3390:

opposed the incarceration, and as a result, he decided not to enforce it in the state and he also discouraged residents from harassing their fellow citizens, the

3383:, in a Lions Club speech on May 22, 1942, said "Japs live like rats, breed like rats and act like rats. We don't want them ... permanently located in our state." 2901:

organizations, along with other foreign nationals such as Germans and Italians, that were to be removed from society in the event of a conflict. The December 7th

10441: 6752:

Dozens of movies were filmed about and in the concentration camps; these relate the experiences of inmates or were made by former camp inmates. Examples follow.

2606:

in 1868 in search of employment. From 1869 to 1924, approximately 200,000 Japanese immigrated to the islands of Hawaii, mostly laborers expecting to work on the

5473:, was sent to Camps McCoy and Shelby for advanced training. Because of the 100th's superior training record, the War Department authorized the formation of the 16483: 6513: 831: 12420: 6152:

at the University of Cincinnati, has concluded that this terminology is wrongfully used by any government that wishes to include groups other than the Issei.

16887: 16862: 16570: 12285: 5310:, about 40 evacuated Nisei students were enrolled. One of them, Kenji Okuda, was elected as student council president. Three Nisei students were enrolled at 3358:. Many Japanese detainees were temporarily released from their camps – for instance, to harvest Western beet crops – to address this wartime labor shortage. 2751:

submitted November 7, 1941, "certified a remarkable, even extraordinary degree of loyalty among this generally suspect ethnic group." A subsequent report by

14943: 13920: 12065: 12779: 10092:""Concentration Camp U.S.A. – a personal account of the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II", Radio Netherlands Archives, September, 1991" 6817: 6746: 11046: 10656:

Foster, Karen (September 11, 2015). "Teaching Literacy Behind Barbed Wire in WWII: Elementary Schools in Japanese-American Internment Camps in Arkansas".

7045:, tells the story of Japanese female immigrants in California, and ends on the story of the concentration camps and the reaction of neighbors left behind. 10924: 7394:

The truth is—as this deplorable experience proves—that constitutions and laws are not sufficient of themselves...Despite the unequivocal language of the

5521:'you're here in the United States, you need to do well in school, you need to prepare yourself to get a good job when you get out into the larger society 1042: 11523: 10512: 9579: 6812:, tells the story of a European American man who elopes with a Japanese American woman and their subsequent incarceration following the outbreak of war. 6433:, was incarcerated at Rohwer and Tule Lake concentration camps between the ages of five and eight. He reflected on these experiences in the 2019 series 16912: 16729: 13864: 11979: 6834: 6641:

at Poston Camp Unit 1, the only surviving school complex at one of the camps and the only major surviving element of the Poston camp, was designated a

14816:"They Called Us Enemy: Expanded Edition by George Takei, Justin Eisinger, Steven Scott, Harmony Becker: 9781603094702 | PenguinRandomHouse.com: Books" 13404: 12558: 8443: 16882: 2503: 2196: 1557: 13571: 11779: 9447: 8474:"Executive Order 9066 dated February 19, 1942, in which President Franklin D. Roosevelt Authorizes the Secretary of War to Prescribe Military Areas" 5741:, India. Over half were Japanese Latin Americans (the rest being ethnic Germans and Italians) and of that number one-third were Japanese Peruvians. 4177:(WRA) was the U.S. civilian agency responsible for the relocation and detention. The WRA was created by President Roosevelt on March 18, 1942, with 3572:

and subsequent discrimination. Cheryl Greenberg adds "Not all Americans endorsed such racism. Two similarly oppressed groups, African Americans and

16897: 11721: 8195: 5563:, US officials began to compile lists of individuals, lists which were particularly focused on the Issei. This data was eventually included in the 2752: 2694: 2328: 993: 16715: 14861: 11545: 5750:

departed the U.S. with just over 1,300 Japanese nationals (including nearly a hundred from Canada and Mexico) en route for the exchange location,

4211: 16917: 13117:

The Mass Internment of Japanese Americans and the Quest for Legal Redress (Asian Americans and the Law: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives)

10274: 7759:

Nash, Gary B., Julie Roy Jeffrey, John R. Howe, Peter J. Frederick, Allen F. Davis, Allan M. Winkler, Charlene Mires, and Carla Gardina Pestana.

7486: 5680:

Five concentration camps were operated in the territory of Hawaii, referred to as the "Hawaiian Island Detention Camps". One camp was located on

3529:, also drawing on Lowman, has defended Malkin, and said that Japanese American incarceration was "a good idea" which offers "lessons for today". 14746: 11369:

Christgau, John (February 1985). "Collins versus the World: The Fight to Restore Citizenship to Japanese American Renunciants of World War II".

8751: 8131: 6205:

wrote "We gave the fancy name of 'relocation centers' to these dust bowls, but they were concentration camps nonetheless." In a 1961 interview,

5766:

In return, "non-official" Americans (secretaries, butlers, cooks, embassy staff workers, etc.) previously held by the Japanese Army boarded the

5653:

The vast majority of Japanese Americans and their immigrant parents in Hawaii were not incarcerated because the government had already declared

3828: 16725: 16253: 15731: 15187: 13838: 12010: 7029:(1973) about Jeanne's experiences in the Manzanar War Relocation Center and her life after. It explores her experience as a child in the camp. 5351:

or play on a baseball team? The final two questions on the form, which soon came to be known as the "loyalty questionnaire", were more direct:

3071: 2735: 906: 16720: 5338:

Lt. Eugene Bogard, commanding officer of the Army Registration team, explains the purpose of registration to a group of Japanese Americans at

3765:

since there is no sure test for loyalty to the United States, all must be restrained. Those truly loyal will understand and make no objection.

16892: 15849: 13238: 11828:

Gibson, Campbell and Kay, Jung. Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990

9613: 6233:

In 1998, the use of the term "concentration camps" gained greater credibility prior to the opening of an exhibit about the American camps at

6072:. He issued another formal apology from the U.S. government on December 7, 1991, on the 50th anniversary of the Pearl Harbor attack, saying: 3271:

uprooting their Japanese American competitors. Austin E. Anson, managing secretary of the Salinas Vegetable Grower-Shipper Association, told

3215:

Eviction from the West Coast began on March 24, 1942, with Civilian Exclusion Order No. 1, which gave the 227 Japanese American residents of

14972: 14607: 14266: 12961: 7517: 6318:

published an unsigned editorial supporting the use of "concentration camp" in the exhibit. An article quoted Jonathan Mark, a columnist for

3919:

from Hawaiʻi and the U.S. mainland were interned in DOJ camps, along with 500 German seamen already in custody after being rescued from the

3282:

weeks because the White farmers can take over and produce everything the Jap grows. And we do not want them back when the war ends, either.

16877: 16557: 16468: 16075: 15677: 15057: 13381: 12836: 12819: 7496: 7443: 7354: 3565: 3026: 2537: 2341: 1562: 204: 44: 16777: 15229: 13044: 8256: 6919:, examines the life of a 13-year-old Japanese American boy living in Hawaii whose father is interned after the Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor. 3022:; the manifesto contended that Japanese language schools were bastions of racism which advanced doctrines of Japanese racial superiority. 16704: 16080: 16070: 16065: 15829: 13640: 1532: 1135: 661: 16804: 13892: 12901: 12208: 7232:, addressesing the conflicting allegiances of Japanese Americans in the camps, was dramatized into a limited series of the same name by 7210: 3375:, the military governor of Hawaii, also argued that Japanese labor was "'absolutely essential' for rebuilding the defenses destroyed at 16473: 15819: 14157: 12639: 10335: 8136:. United States Army in World War II. Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, United States Army. pp. 120–23. Archived from 7448: 6294: 4474: 2581: 816: 16787: 6028:

However, four powerful Japanese American Democrats and Republicans who had war experience, with the support of Democratic congressmen

5944:

loosely meaning "perseverance", to overcome hardships; this was mistaken by non-Japanese as being introverted and lacking initiative.

5645:

at the time, and despite being fully part of the U.S., did not have a voting representative or senator in Congress) promoted that all

4262: 16867: 16857: 16797: 16761: 16509: 16414: 16100: 15834: 15824: 15724: 14698: 9595: 8592:

Transatlantic relations series. Germany and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History: a Multidisciplinary Encyclopedia. Volume II

7369:

The rulings of the US Supreme Court in the Korematsu and Hirabayashi cases were criticized in Dictum in the 2018 majority opinion of

6470: 6297:

and political dissidents were also victims of the Nazi concentration camps. In recent years, concentration camps have existed in the

5978: 5863: 5380: 3961:

photo (May 8, 1942) was captioned: "Hayward, California. Friends say good-bye as a family of Japanese ancestry await evacuation bus."

3836: 2693:

Buddhist women's associations, organized community events and did charitable work, provided loans and financial assistance and built

2521: 14328:

Takemoto, Tina (2014). "Looking for Jiro Onuma: A Queer Meditation on the Incarceration of Japanese Americans during World War II".

13990: 4864:

Somewhere between 110,000 and 120,000 people of Japanese ancestry were subject to this mass exclusion program, of whom about 80,000

16792: 16478: 15844: 13445:"American Jewish Committee, Japanese American National Museum Issue Joint Statement About Ellis Island Exhibit Set To Open April 3" 7481: 6985:(2006) is told from the perspective of the twelve-year-old Japanese American protagonist, and received many awards and recognition. 6362: 5984: 5494: 3874:, which were used to detain those suspected of crimes or of "enemy sympathies". The government also operated camps for a number of 743: 631: 16700: 11497: 5303:

in Missouri, Dr. William Lindsay Young attempted to get Nisei students enrolled despite backlash from the greater Parkville city.

4925:

international treaty. The legal difference between "interned" and relocated had significant effects on those who were imprisoned.

3706:

Editorials from major newspapers at the time were generally supportive of the incarceration of the Japanese by the United States.

16436: 16315: 16095: 15839: 6953: 6615: 5505:

Many Nisei worked to prove themselves as loyal American citizens. Of the 20,000 Japanese Americans who served in the Army during

5474: 5446: 4386: 3662:

officials writing during the war, the justifications were based on "willful historical inaccuracies and intentional falsehoods".

2553: 14050: 11850:

Chin, Aimee. "Long-Run Labor Market Effects of Japanese American Internment During World War II on Working-Age Male Internees,"

10794:"Imprisoned in the Desert: The Geography of World War II-Era, Japanese American Relocation Centers in the Western United States" 6849: 5486: 16090: 15495:

Leonard, Kevin Allen. "'Is That What We Fought for?' Japanese Americans and Racism in California, The Impact of World War II."

9865: 8644: 5826:

Having been alerted to the Court's decision, the Roosevelt administration issued Public Proclamation No. 21 the day before the

5722: 3891: 3658:, which proved that there was no military necessity for the exclusion and incarceration of Japanese Americans. In the words of 2632: 2297: 998: 753: 576: 561: 556: 386: 12665: 12387: 8400: 7568: 6478:

was a U.S. Representative from San Jose, Secretary of Commerce under Clinton, and Secretary of Transportation under President

6120:

apologized for his country's internment of Japanese immigrants during World War II, most of whom were transferred to the U.S.

16085: 15604: 15556: 15535: 15486: 15469: 15456: 15405: 15377: 15322: 15295: 14892: 14576: 14530: 14506: 13199: 13174: 13149: 13124: 12744: 12488: 12176: 11618: 11244: 11174: 10591: 10229: 9991: 9310:"So Let Me Get This Straight: Michelle Malkin Claims to Have Rewritten the History of Japanese Internment in Just 16 Months?" 8297: 7975: 7887: 7790: 6571: 6358: 6290: 5478: 3489:

Magic: The Untold Story of U.S. Intelligence and the Evacuation of Japanese Residents From the West Coast During World War II

821: 541: 15708: 14927: 14189: 12837:"President Gerald R. Ford's Remarks Upon Signing a Proclamation Concerning Japanese-American Internment During World War II" 2848: 2654:

The 1924 ban on immigration produced unusually well-defined generational groups within the Japanese American community. The

16243: 9076: 8208: 6997:(1945) centers on a high school senior and her family's treatment during the incarceration of Japanese Americans. It was a 6404: 5774:

headed for Tokyo. Because this exchange was done with those of Japanese ancestry officially described as "volunteering" to

4948: 4514: 4092: 3492: 2893:, after incarceration was becoming inevitable, 93% of Americans supported the relocation of Japanese non-citizens from the 2890: 2321: 1338: 636: 445: 15548:

The Colonel and the Pacifist: Karl Bendetsen, Perry Saito, and the Incarceration of Japanese Americans during World War II

14306: 12240: 11197: 10532: 10430:

Sandler, Martin. Imprisoned: The Betrayal of Japanese Americans during World War II. New York: Walker of Bloomsbury, 2013.

9642: 7993:

The New Deal's War on the Bill of Rights: The Untold Story of FDR's Concentration Camps, Censorship, and Mass Surveillance

16488: 13519: 10866: 9844: 6649: 6642: 6595: 6258: 5621: 5356:

forswear any form of allegiance or obedience to the Japanese emperor, or other foreign government, power or organization?

5000: 3867: 3659: 2862:

American public opinion initially stood by the large population of Japanese Americans living on the West Coast, with the

1998: 1654: 1567: 1458: 1125: 943: 566: 551: 15698: 13760: 3682:

drafted by the Office of Naval Intelligence, in order to justify the Roosevelt administration's actions in the cases of

3098:

included the entire "strategic area" of California, Oregon, Washington, and Alaska. On February 16 the President tasked

2803:

Tatsuro Masuda, a Japanese American, unfurled this banner in Oakland, California the day after the Pearl Harbor attack.

2781:

In the weeks immediately following the attack on Pearl Harbor the president disregarded the advice of advisors, notably

16872: 16659: 16565: 13318: 11588:

Takaki, Ronald T. "A Different Mirror: A History of Multicultural America". Boston: Little, Brown. 1993. Print, p. 384.

10793: 10550: 8945:

Takaki, Ronald T. "A Different Mirror: A History of Multicultural America". Boston: Little, Brown. 1993. Print, p. 378.

8000: 7648: 7273: 5807: 5269: 4913: 3655: 3560:

The shared experience of racial discrimination has led some modern Japanese American leaders to come out in support of

1552: 1025: 14958: 11597:

Takaki, Ronald T. "A Different Mirror: A History of Multicultural America". Boston: Little, Brown 1993. Print, p. 385.

11272: 8977:

Takaki, Ronald T. "A Different Mirror: A History of Multicultural America". Boston: Little, Brown 1993. Print, p. 379.

6469:

high school senior incarcerated in Manzanar, California who became a political activist for various causes, including

4482: 3858:(WRA) Many employees of the WRA had earlier worked for the WPA during the initial period of removal and construction. 2536:

found little evidence of Japanese disloyalty at the time and concluded that the incarceration had been the product of

16902: 16664: 16456: 15623: 15437: 15147: 15121: 14015: 13816: 13748: 13726: 13703: 13681: 13492: 13467: 13005: 12728: 12264: 12198:

Correspondence, Secretary of State to President Roosevelt, 740.00115 European War 1939/4476, PS/THH, August 27, 1942.

11436: 9941: 9218: 8858: 8599: 8574: 8535: 8473: 8109: 8075: 8050: 8025: 7213:(December 2013), is dedicated to solving a cold case murder at the Honouliuli Internment Camp, some 70 years earlier. 6660: 6624: 6611: 6603: 6337: 6249: 6002: 5793:

filed injunctions on behalf of the remaining internees, helping them obtain "parole" relocation to the labor-starved

5605: 5323: 3695: 3543: 3287: 2517: 1192: 1030: 497: 475: 15075: 12761: 12430: 9793: 9077:"Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) - Historical Society chief describes church's support for Japanese-American internees" 6112:

of San Francisco's annual Cherry Blossom Festival parade. On January 30, 2011, California first observed an annual "

6051:

signed the Civil Liberties Act of 1988, which had been sponsored by several representatives including Barney Frank,

5926:, during transfer to Lordsburg, New Mexico; James Ito, 17, and Katsuji James Kanegawa, 21, during the December 1942 3350:

joined the bandwagon, who demanded that "all Japanese, whether citizens or not, be placed in concentration camps."

2811: 16540: 16181: 15877: 15867: 12888: 10126:"Japanese Relocation Archived from the original (FILM- original film viewable for free) on 16 July 2002. Retrieved" 7465: 6388: 6372: 6368: 6354: 6108: ... to that distinguished list, today we add the name of Fred Korematsu." That year, Korematsu served as the 5601: 5554: 5454: 5281: 5045:

Flag of allegiance pledge at Raphael Weill Public School, Geary and Buchanan Streets, San Francisco, April 20, 1942

4502: 4493: 4060: 3726: 3339: 2852: 2611: 2365: 1951: 1780: 1674: 1130: 1020: 226: 147: 14973:"SEE IT: George Carlin's mind-blowing takes on American politics in honor of the comedian's death eight years ago" 14911: 9754:. Series: Central Photographic File of the War Relocation Authority, 1941 – 1989. National Archives. May 8, 1942. 16636: 16605: 16176: 15912: 15892: 15684: 9111:"Christianity, Social Justice, and the Japanese American Incarceration during World War II | Anne M. Blankenship" 7932: 7459: 6907: 6620: 5586: 5550: 5482: 5411: 4811: 4556: 4219: 4199: 4028: 3628: 3291: 3205: 2734:

in the event of trouble" between Japan and the United States. In 1939, again by order of the President, the ONI,

2688: 2443: 2401: 2314: 1527: 1037: 791: 581: 289: 153: 25: 14108: 12866: 9526:

Roger Daniels (1982). "The Bureau of the Census and the Relocation of Japanese Americans: A Note and Document".

4185:, then an official of the Department of Agriculture, was chosen to head the WRA. In the 1943 US Government film 3911:

ancestry were also held in these facilities, often in the same camps as Japanese Americans. Approximately 7,000

16907: 16600: 16585: 16013: 14377: 14082: 13545: 12599: 8566: 7453: 7206: 7042: 6712: 6429: 5582: 5560: 5546: 5514: 4887: 4532: 4526: 4487: 4108: 3539: 3042: 2636: 2439: 646: 21: 15027: 14566: 10943:

Smith, Harold F. (2004). "The Battle of Parkville: Resistance to Japanese-American Students at Park College".

10920: 10634:

Hui Wu, "Writing and Teaching Behind Barbed Wire: An Exiled Composition Class in a Japanese Internment Camp",

10459: 9755: 7161:(2011) includes the song "Go For Broke" inspired by the World War II all-Japanese American 442nd US Army unit. 7084: 6566: 3735:

sense in this country running even the slightest risk of a major disaster from enemy groups within the nation.

3397:

Even though the incarceration was a generally popular policy in California, it was not universally supported.

796: 16710: 16669: 16626: 16161: 16110: 15948: 15872: 15814: 14162: 11527: 10501: 6970: 6628: 6093: 5898: 5894: 4641: 4590: 4508: 4450: 4076: 3844: 3216: 3160:

The baggage of Japanese Americans from the West Coast, at a makeshift reception center located at a racetrack

2788: 2570: 2228: 1936: 626: 15257: 13289: 11987: 11953: 11927: 10709: 8451: 6508: 3898:

agents rather than military police. The population of these camps included approximately 3,800 of the 5,500

16419: 16191: 16105: 15902: 15897: 15882: 15784: 15168: 14603: 12927: 9050: 8353: 7852: 7296: 6881: 6556: 5956: 5534: 4902: 4844: 4838: 4665:

Detainees convicted of crimes, usually draft resistance, were sent to these sites, mostly federal prisons:

4585: 4580: 4544: 4538: 4520: 4352: 4156: 4140: 4044: 3979: 3684: 3632: 3569: 3549:

Occasionally, the NAACP and the NCJW spoke out but few were more vocal in opposition to incarceration than

2727: 2715: 1485: 1433: 376: 302: 239: 135: 14425: 14407: 12613: 10108: 10051: 8876: 6829:, who voluntarily joined her Japanese American husband at a concentration camp. Inspired by Ishigo's book 2719:

A per-state population map of the Japanese American population, with California leading with 93,717, from

16575: 16424: 16378: 16248: 16221: 16156: 16060: 15988: 15953: 15907: 12359: 10765: 10318: 8702: 7363: 7050: 6040: 6024: 5407: 5188: 4695: 4669: 4573: 4550: 4318: 4282: 4203:

for individuals and families who were deemed "disloyal", and for those who were to be deported to Japan.

4124: 3933: 3916: 3908: 3895: 3879: 3804: 3173: 3139: 3079: 2549: 2474: 2139: 1983: 1388: 988: 926: 249: 12600:"Seattle School Board accepts the forced resignation of Japanese American teachers on February 27, 1942" 9489: 7834: 5854:

Santa Fe and Crystal City, took legal action in April 1946 in an attempt to avoid deportation to Japan.

5721:

During World War II, over 2,200 Japanese from Latin America were held in concentration camps run by the

5284:) and church scholarships, in addition to significant fundraising efforts led by Issei parents in camp. 16580: 16226: 16201: 16171: 16166: 16151: 15978: 15791: 15703: 15141: 14869: 13358: 12502: 12149: 11874: 11075: 10896: 8852: 8529: 8510: 8323: 7743: 7395: 7386:, who represented the US Department of Justice in the "relocation", writes in the epilogue to the book 7308: 6524: 6266: 6009: 5812: 5690: 4784: 4724: 4691: 4569: 3937: 3912: 3904: 3875: 3690: 3376: 3135: 3075: 2820: 2607: 2490: 2248: 1010: 681: 391: 318: 40: 15516:

Prisons and Patriots: Japanese American Wartime Citizenship, Civil Disobedience, and Historical Memory

13215: 11901: 11479: 10271: 10157:

Daniels, Roger, Sandra Taylor, Harry Kitano. Seattle Washington. University of Washington Press, 1991.

10020: 16831: 16395: 16216: 16186: 12902:

http://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/galerace/japanese_american_internment_and_relocation/0

10379: 8755: 8137: 6238: 5949: 5728:

The first group of Japanese Latin Americans arrived in San Francisco on April 20, 1942, on board the

5564: 5490: 4702: 4679: 4328: 3273: 2856: 2743: 2397: 1579: 1393: 1287: 1172: 838: 806: 455: 381: 128: 10978: 10408: 9895: 9508: 7549: 7252:(2013), which premiered in San Diego, California, was inspired by the camp experiences of its star, 5457:. Many of the soldiers from the continental U.S. serving in the units had families who were held in 2485:

fences patrolled by armed guards, internees lived in often-crowded and sparsely furnished barracks.

16431: 15998: 15993: 15973: 15968: 15958: 15809: 15188:"Supreme Court finally condemns 1944 decision that allowed Japanese internment during World War II" 13960: 13938: 12318: 11659: 10297: 9286: 8706: 7016: 6536: 6262: 6101: 5961: 5838: 5466: 5442: 5372: 5184: 4983: 4937: 4894: 4762: 4674: 4646: 4596: 4425: 4415: 4174: 3855: 3813: 3809: 3601:– even in the atmosphere of the wartime 1940s – that Bendetsen ordered all copies to be destroyed. 3521: 3496: 3458: 3453: 3224: 2855:

of a large portion of Asia and the Pacific including a small portion of the U.S. West Coast (i.e.,

2769: 2357: 1845: 1733: 1574: 1343: 1272: 1107: 1062: 916: 801: 781: 711: 641: 512: 14647: 14276: 13266: 9621: 6035: 3168:

Dressed in uniform marking his service in World War I, a U.S. Navy veteran, Hikotaro Yamada, from

16364: 16343: 16008: 15983: 15312: 12969: 12816: 11008:

Ito, Leslie A. (2000). "Japanese American Women and the Student Relocation Movement, 1942-1945".

10824:

Ito, Leslie A. (2000). "Japanese American Women and the Student Relocation Movement, 1942-1945".

8729: 8331: 7524: 7316:

the court established that peoples defined as 'white' were specifically of Caucasian descent; In

7037: 6988: 6916: 6796: 6591: 6540: 5907: 5234:

into Major League Baseball in 1947, sent a letter to all of the WRA camps expressing interest in

5214: 4751: 4606: 4454: 3967: 3307: 3067: 2969: 2644: 2462: 2144: 2124: 1978: 1968: 1926: 1542: 1383: 1237: 1207: 1202: 1152: 1087: 1072: 1005: 978: 963: 342: 15369: 14471:"Isabel Allende, The Japanese Lover: 'Fiction comes from the womb, not the brain' – book review" 13447:(Press release). Japanese American National Museum and American Jewish Committee. March 13, 1998 13083: 12844: 11461: 8671: 8175: 1182: 16751: 16336: 16322: 16029: 16003: 15963: 15943: 15933: 15928: 15777: 12466: 8778: 8560: 8264: 7290: 7284: 6965: 6435: 5759:

on October 16, 1943, the Gripsholm's passengers disembarked and then boarded the Japanese ship

5642: 4827: 4746: 4707: 4441: 4402: 4376: 4332: 4309: 4301: 4296: 3817: 3522:

In Defense of Internment: The Case for 'Racial Profiling' in World War II and the War on Terror

3403: 2902: 2840: 2478: 2431: 2381: 2243: 2216: 2206: 1664: 1644: 1507: 1378: 1267: 1217: 1187: 1167: 1102: 1082: 1057: 1052: 1047: 958: 921: 894: 870: 865: 440: 430: 310: 210: 15215: 14629: 13789: 13739: 13717: 12720: 12095: 12030: 11813: 11164: 10551:"A Brief History of the Heart Mountain Relocation Center and the Japanese American Experience" 9933: 9210: 8287: 8242:

Andrew E. Taslitz, "Stories of Fourth Amendment Disrespect: From Elian to the Internment," 70

7782: 6500: 6213:

In subsequent decades, debate has arisen over the terminology used to refer to camps in which

6064:

subjects of sometimes contentious debate within the Japanese American community and Congress.

2831:

A Japanese American shop, Asahi Dye Works, closing. The notice on the front is a reference to

2451:

in California, Arizona, Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, and Arkansas. California defined anyone with

16631: 16451: 16211: 16196: 16034: 15938: 14167: 13991:"'Proof I was there': every Japanese American incarcerated in second world war finally named" 13694: 13672: 12510: 12289: 12215: 9795:

Words Can Lie Or Clarify: Terminology Of The World War II Incarceration Of Japanese Americans

9332:"Why the Media Should Stop Paying Attention to the New Book that Defends Japanese Internment" 8514: 8428: 8379: 8101: 8095: 7879: 7833:

Sumida, Nami; Suzuki, Lea; Hartlaub, Peter; Blanchard, John; Zhu, Stephanie (April 4, 2024).

7598: 7399: 7333: 6804: 6758: 6632: 6578: 6462: 6242: 5990: 5846:

Eastern cities to pursue work or educational opportunities. For example, 20,000 were sent to

5702: 5694: 5510: 5470: 5311: 5272:

began to coordinate a larger student relocation program. The Friends petitioned WRA Director

5218: 4729: 4421: 4278: 3821: 3413: 3372: 2910: 2648: 2373: 2361: 2211: 2171: 2104: 1993: 1941: 1860: 1609: 1373: 1277: 1252: 1247: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1162: 1117: 1077: 983: 953: 848: 450: 189: 175: 14523:"Random House for High School Teachers – Catalog – Snow Falling on Cedars by David Guterson" 14030: 13596:

Schiffrin, Deborah (2001). "Language and public memorial: 'America's concentration camps'".

12336: 10350: 8801: 7967: 16533: 16446: 16350: 16308: 16294: 16039: 15771: 15766: 15230:"Supreme Court finally rejects infamous Korematsu decision on Japanese-American internment" 15174: 13572:"For Japanese Americans, the debate over what counts as a 'concentration camp' is familiar" 13084:"Japanese American internment | Definition, Camps, Locations, Conditions, & Facts" 11736: 7471: 7435: 7248: 7125: 7100: 7057: 7025: 6252:

and the AJC issued a joint statement (which was included in the exhibit) that read in part:

6148: 6016:(CWRIC) to study the matter. On February 24, 1983, the commission issued a report entitled 5810:

handed down two decisions on the legality of the incarceration under Executive Order 9066.

5794: 5681: 5437: 5299:, it helped strengthen the college's ties to Japan and the Japanese American community. At 5273: 5020:

The frequent dust storms of the high desert locations led to increased cases of asthma and

4978: 4795: 4757: 4654: 4621: 4611: 4466: 4431: 4392: 4362: 4358: 4182: 4178: 3584: 3500: 3482: 3169: 2782: 2369: 2082: 1594: 1468: 1177: 1142: 1092: 1067: 880: 843: 571: 425: 185: 123: 15000: 14706: 11498:"President Clinton Approves Medal of Honor for Asian Pacific American World War II Heroes" 11102: 10105:

Confinement and Ethnicity: An Overview of World War II Japanese American Relocation Sites,

5342:(February 11, 1943). All inmates between the ages of 18 and 38 were compelled to register. 2859:) between 1937 and 1942, some Americans feared that its military forces were unstoppable. 8: 16301: 16275: 16260: 15258:"Korematsu, Notorious Supreme Court Ruling on Japanese Internment, Is Finally Tossed Out" 14977: 13794: 10607: 10268:

Confinement and Ethnicity: An Overview of World War II Japanese American Relocation Sites

10048:

Confinement and Ethnicity: An Overview of World War II Japanese American Relocation Sites

9448:"Japanese-Americans in solidarity with Black community as they remember internment camps" 6410: 6376: 5625: 5578: 4790: 4773: 4446: 4411: 4348: 4274: 3832: 3741: 3220: 3201: 3156: 3144: 3105:

with replying. A conference on February 17 of Secretary Stimson with assistant secretary

3018:

manifesto further argued that all people of Japanese heritage were loyal subjects of the

2816: 2683: 2651:, effectively banned all immigration from Japan and other "undesirable" Asian countries. 2423: 2258: 2119: 1738: 1634: 1614: 1403: 1311: 1262: 1242: 1212: 1112: 899: 706: 14674:"Julie Otsuka :: author of The Buddha In The Attic and When The Emperor Was Divine" 13429:

McCarthy, Sheryl (July–August 1999). "Suffering Isn't One Group's Exclusive Privilege".

6081:

Over 81,800 people qualified by 1998 and $ 1.6 billion was distributed among them.

3515:

The controversial conclusions drawn by Lowman were defended by conservative commentator

2671:

Despite racist legislation which prevented Issei from becoming naturalized citizens (or

16441: 15804: 15362: 15345:

Daniels, Roger. "The Decisions to Relocate the North American Japanese: Another Look,"

15285: 15262: 14761: 14345: 14271: 14223: 14051:"NHL nomination for Poston Elementary School, Unit 1, Colorado River Relocation Center" 13621: 13613: 13258: 12292: 12165: 11685: 11501: 11386: 11025: 10960: 10841: 10673: 10256:

The Moab Museum wants to ensure the internment history of Dalton Wells isn’t overlooked

9845:"WWII Propaganda: The Influence of Racism – Artifacts Journal – University of Missouri" 9541: 9470: 9420: 9247: 9020:"Charles Sprague's Internal Wars: Civil Liberties Challenges of an Editor and Governor" 8710: 7815: 7623: 7476: 7218: 7157: 7105: 6314: 6302: 6274: 6261:. During World War II, America's concentration camps were clearly distinguishable from 6225:", and the controversy over which term is the most accurate and appropriate continues. 6222: 6214: 6113: 6077:

of Americans of Japanese ancestry was a great injustice, and it will never be repeated.

5923: 5847: 5646: 5637: 5613: 5597: 5593:-descended nationals who were seized from several Latin-American countries by the U.S. 5458: 5021: 4497:

Manzanar Children's Village superintendent Harry Matsumoto with several orphan children

4437: 4368: 4324: 4305: 4292: 4288: 3921: 3646: 3616: 3554: 3550: 3387: 3361: 3298: 3290:

did not question the constitutionality of the exclusion of Japanese Americans from the

3114: 2999:

DeWitt, who administered the incarceration program, repeatedly told newspapers that "A

2939: 2623: 2541: 2499: 2495: 2448: 2422:('first generation') immigrants born in Japan, who were ineligible for citizenship. In 2349: 2023: 2018: 2008: 1956: 1946: 1921: 1855: 1813: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1619: 911: 285: 15643:- resource about the history of the Japanese American WWII exclusion and incarceration 14840: 11138: 10336:"Docket No. 236-A, 236-B, Gila River Indian Community v. The United States of America" 8619: 7336:

and ruled that the WRA had no authority to subject a loyal citizen to its procedures.

7113: 7073:(2013) is set in and near the Rohwer Japanese American concentration camp in Arkansas. 4890:

of Japanese descent taken from orphanages and foster homes within the exclusion zone.

3970:

to coordinate the forced removal of Japanese Americans to inland concentration camps.

3427: 16756: 16641: 15619: 15600: 15593: 15581: 15552: 15546: 15531: 15525: 15514: 15482: 15476: 15452: 15433: 15416: 15401: 15395: 15373: 15318: 15291: 15117: 15111: 14572: 14502: 14496: 14349: 14057: 13774: 13744: 13722: 13699: 13677: 13625: 13341: 13195: 13170: 13145: 13120: 13001: 12724: 12713: 12673: 12395: 12260: 12172: 11614: 11608: 11571: 11240: 11170: 11072: 10952: 10677: 10587: 10581: 10200: 10075: 9997: 9987: 9980: 9937: 9926: 9412: 9214: 9203: 8595: 8570: 8504: 8293: 8105: 8071: 8046: 8021: 7996: 7971: 7960: 7883: 7873: 7786: 7775: 7644: 7117: 6846: 6698: 6653: 6270: 6069: 6043:

in August 1988, which granted reparations for the incarceration of Japanese Americans

5670: 5450: 5360:

Across the camps, people who answered No to both questions became known as "No Nos".

5296: 4883: 4616: 4241:

Former California artist Allen Hagio preparing a sign at the Rohwer Relocation Center

4222: 3786: 3771: 3756: 3711: 3470: 3321: 3189: 2948: 2864: 2698: 2587: 2461:

or more Japanese lineage as a person who should be incarcerated. A key member of the

2290: 2201: 2129: 2114: 1897: 1840: 1639: 1547: 1438: 1358: 1197: 480: 13921:"George Takei Recalls Time In An American Internment Camp In 'They Called Us Enemy'" 11047:"USC to apologize for sabotaging its Japanese American students' educations in WWII" 9869: 9136: 8648: 8381:

Bayonets in Paradise: A Half-Century Retrospect on Martial Law in Hawaiʻi, 1941–1946

7835:"Mass incarceration devastated S.F. Japantown. For the first time, we know how much" 7109: 6865:, a gay bachelor from San Francisco incarcerated at the Topaz War Relocation Center. 5989:

Beginning in the 1960s, a younger generation of Japanese Americans, inspired by the

3532: 3148:

totaling well over ten thousand—of people of German and Italian ancestry as well as

16357: 15716: 14845: 14337: 13605: 13250: 11378: 11017: 10833: 10665: 9537: 9528: 9404: 8989:"Thinning, Topping, and Loading: Japanese Americans and Beet Sugar in World War II" 7903: 7152: 7020: 6993: 6976: 6912: 6885:(2014) explores the experience of life at the Heart Mountain concentration camp in 6531: 6519: 6306: 6156: 5790: 5419: 5387: 5239: 4999:

Coast was carried out, the Wartime Civilian Control Administration worked with the

4987: 4928: 4898: 4767: 4382: 4338: 3942: 3407:, argued during the war that the incarceration was unethical and unconstitutional: 3219:

six days to prepare for their "evacuation" directly to Manzanar. Colorado governor

3110: 3102: 3099: 3034: 3019: 2982: 2628: 2595: 2430:), where more than 150,000 Japanese Americans comprised more than one-third of the 2253: 2238: 2166: 2087: 2057: 1872: 1708: 1408: 973: 968: 811: 701: 15427: 14789: 11646: 11634: 10669: 8877:"Carrying the Torch: Wayne Collins Jr. on His Father's Defense of the Renunciants" 5785:"Native" Peruvians expressed extreme animosity toward their Japanese citizens and 4912:

Under the National Student Council Relocation Program (supported primarily by the

4389:, including 3,800 housed in the main pavilion building) (Portland Assembly Center) 3473:

rejected calls for the mass incarceration of the Japanese Americans living there.

3416:

so wisely said, 'Liberty is always dangerous, but it is the safest thing we have.'

24:. For the contemporary internment of Italian Americans and Italian nationals, see 16781: 16590: 16526: 16270: 16206: 16136: 15418:

Impounded: Dorothea Lange and the Censored Images of Japanese American Internment

14199: 12823: 11234: 10928: 10536: 10278: 8159: 7727: 7575: 7371: 7324:

the court upheld the constitutionality of curfews based on Japanese ancestry; in

7225: 7076: 6853: 6439:. Takei has also recounted his time in a concentration camp in the graphic novel 6414: 6320: 6286: 6218: 6206: 6202: 6060: 5706: 5666: 5307: 5300: 5292: 5231: 4718: 3516: 3438: 3421: 3355: 3030: 2922: 2878: 2764: 2672: 2603: 2377: 2268: 2176: 2072: 2013: 1865: 1850: 1830: 1795: 1502: 1413: 1348: 1147: 1097: 875: 726: 214: 16518: 15349:(1982) 51#1 pp 71–77; states that the U.S. and Canada coordinated their policies 13609: 12889:

http://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/americanwest/japanese_americans/0

11610:

Serving Our Country: Japanese American Women in the Military during World War II

11422: 11073:"Lieutenant Eugene Bogard, Commanding Officer of the Army Registration team ..." 9490:"Confirmed: The U.S. Census Bureau Gave Up Names of Japanese-Americans in WW II" 8249: 7079:

wrote about the conflicting allegiances of Japanese Americans during the war in

6872:(2014) recounts the forced removal and incarceration of Japanese Americans from 5238:

some of the Nisei players. In the fall of 1943, three players tried out for the

4856: 2396:

in December 1941. Before the war, about 127,000 Japanese Americans lived in the

16595: 15567:

Japanese American Internment During World War II: A History and Reference Guide

14298: 12531: 11687:

Life Behind Barbed Wire: The World War II Internment Memoirs of a Hawaiʻi Issei

10737:"For Incarcerated Japanese-Americans, Baseball Was 'Wearing the American Flag'" 10529: 9461:

Greenberg, Cheryl (1995). "Black and Jewish Responses to Japanese Internment".

9374:"Japanese Internment: Why It Was a Good Idea – And the Lessons It Offers Today" 7777:

Japanese American Internment during World War II: A History and Reference Guide

6960: 6938: 6873: 6861:, explores queerness and homosexual desire in concentration camps, focusing on 6826: 6822: 6792: 6776: 6767: 6726:

According to the National Japanese American Memorial Foundation, the memorial:

6706: 6479: 6195: 5934: 4972: 4636: 4632:

The Citizen Isolation Centers were for those considered to be problem inmates.

4314: 4215: 4191: 3958: 3642: 3608: 3597: 3593: 3380: 3303: 3258: 3209: 3106: 3014: 2965: 2961: 2886: 2874: 2844: 2804: 2466: 2263: 2221: 2191: 2181: 2099: 2092: 2077: 2067: 1887: 1823: 1765: 1760: 1745: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1398: 1333: 853: 826: 671: 350: 15658: 14862:"It's Time to Applaud Luke virtuoso Shimabukuro, review of Peace Love Ukulele" 11121: 9395:

Trimble, E. G. (1950). "Reviewed work: Americans Betrayed., Morton Grodzins".

8289:

Representing Wars from 1860 to the Present: Fields of Action, Fields of Vision

7667: 6383:, and dislocations of other ethnic minority groups which also occurred during 6117: 5955:

To compensate former detainees for their property losses, Congress passed the

5927: 5693:, near Ewa, on the southwestern shore of Oahu in 1943. Another was located in 3780:

American people can go without milk and butter, but the Japs will be supplied.

3604: 3247: 248:

Formal apology and financial reparations given to surviving victims under the

16851: 16493: 16146: 16126: 16044: 15798: 15527:

Remembering Heart Mountain: Essays on Japanese American Internment in Wyoming

14341: 12677: 12582: 12399: 12280: 10956: 10867:"National Japanese American Student Relocation Council | Densho Encyclopedia" 10050:, Jeffery F. Burton, Mary M. Farrell, Florence B. Lord, and Richard W. Lord, 10001: 9828: 9416: 8825: 8693:

Naske, Claus M (July 1983). "The Relocation of Alaska's Japanese Residents".

8091: 7806:

Iwata, Masakazu (1962). "The Japanese immigrants in California agriculture".

7518:"Japanese Americans in World War II: National historic landmarks theme study" 7353:

These new court decisions rested on a series of documents recovered from the

7302: 7192: 7087:

published an English language translation by V. Dixon Morris under the title

6998: 6886: 6858: 6838: 6772: 6718:

also spoke at the dedication of the Memorial, where she shared a letter from

6475: 6456: 6282: 6109: 6052: 6048: 5916: 5889: 5818: 5427: 5243: 5235: 5227: 5012: 4932:

Trudging through the mud during rainy weather at the Jerome Relocation Center

4778: 4601: 3573: 3232: 3117: 2894: 2799: 2785:, who urged him to speak out in defense of the rights of Japanese Americans. 2747: 2616: 2599: 2545: 2508: 2470: 2275: 1882: 1818: 1803: 1659: 1624: 1604: 1475: 1418: 1353: 748: 651: 326: 253: 13058: 10558: 10169:"Farming Behind Barbed Wire: Japanese-Americans Remember WWII Incarceration" 8070:. Washington University Press (published December 1, 2003). pp. 41–42. 8045:. Washington University Press (published December 1, 2003). pp. 43–45. 6610:

Following recognition of the injustices done to Japanese Americans, in 1992

5469:, which was formed in June 1942 with 1,432 men of Japanese descent from the 4470:

Ruins of the buildings in the Gila River War Relocation Center of Camp Butte

16836: 16131: 15429:

Last Witnesses: Reflections on the Wartime Internment of Japanese Americans

13995: 13897: 11872: 11276: 10125: 10107:

Jeffery F. Burton, Mary M. Farrell, Florence B. Lord, and Richard W. Lord,

9556: 8862: 8539: 8068:

Judgement Without Trial: Japanese American Imprisonment During World War II

8043:

Judgement Without Trial: Japanese American Imprisonment During World War II

8020:. University of Washington Press (published December 1, 2003). p. 14. 8018:

Judgement Without Trial: Japanese American Imprisonment During World War II

7869: 7550:"Executive Order 9066: Resulting in Japanese-American Incarceration (1942)" 7491: 7421: 7383: 7376: 7253: 7174: 7146: 7142: 7121: 7032: 6899: 6719: 6424: 6384: 6234: 6097: 6089: 6029: 5939: 5775: 5746: 5506: 5276:

to place college students in Eastern and Midwestern academic institutions.

5093:

Senior physics class in barracks 11-F at the temporary high school quarters

4816: 4712: 4396: 3675: 3650: 3612: 3526: 2944: 2906: 2870: 2835:

being the first and one of the largest Japanese American detention centers.

2640: 2525: 2109: 1988: 1808: 1775: 1755: 1679: 1669: 1649: 1629: 1257: 1157: 885: 860: 716: 656: 621: 591: 586: 243: 15655:- Documentary produced, written and directed by Brian Tadashi Maeda (2023) 15364:

Japanese-American civilian prisoner exchanges and detention camps, 1941–45

13839:"Public Opinion Poll on Japanese Internment - Americans and the Holocaust" 13000:. Princeton University Press (published July 26, 2004). pp. 215–216. 12949:

Parks, Judi. "Cherry Blossom Festival marks 31st year in S.F". Asian Week.

12421:"PBS Investigations of the Tule Lake Camp. Retrieved August 24, 2007" 12167:

Japanese-American civilian prisoner exchanges and detention camps, 1941–45

11437:"Japanese Americans in military during World War II | Densho Encyclopedia" 10301: 9161:

Maki, Mitchell Takeshi and Kitano, Harry H. L. and Berthold, Sarah Megan.

8562:

Judgment Without trial: Japanese American Imprisonment During World War II

8481: 6085:

protect its citizens against prejudice, greed, and political expediency".

5024:, while the swampy, mosquito-infested Arkansas camps exposed residents to 3371:

significant portion of the agricultural laborers" on the islands. General

2697:

for their children. Excluded from setting up shop in white neighborhoods,

15083: 14944:

California Lawmakers Apologize For U.S. Internment Of Japanese Americans.

14035: 12060: 11745: 9749: 7689: 7341: 7164: 6894: 6809: 6664: 6552: 6392: 6380: 6278: 6001:

The campaign for redress was launched by Japanese Americans in 1978. The

5994: 5842: 5654: 5590: 5144: 5129: 4405: 3926: 3671: 3637: 3398: 3347: 3335: 3310:, reflected the growing public sentiment that was fueled by this report: 3038: 2934:

Several concerns over the loyalty of ethnic Japanese seemed to stem from

2758: 2482: 2427: 2393: 2389: 2003: 1963: 1931: 1790: 1750: 1584: 1497: 1448: 1423: 1323: 1015: 738: 721: 676: 596: 15397:

Pawns in a Triangle of Hate: The Peruvian Japanese and the United States

14552: 14456: 14363: 14252: 14238: 14086: 14010: 13617: 12928:

http://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/jhueas/internment_camps/0

12780:"The Causal Effect of Place: Evidence from Japanese-American Internment" 12121:

Pawns in a Triangle of Hate: The Peruvian Japanese and the United States

11720:

Densho, The Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University.

10964: 9474: 8714: 6709:, Italy, inspired a strong connection to the Memorial and its creation. 2873:

activity. Though some in the administration (including Attorney General

2843:

on December 7, 1941, led military and political leaders to suspect that

2708:

or Japantowns of urban centers, such as Los Angeles, San Francisco, and

2410:('second generation'; American-born Japanese with U.S. citizenship) and 16826: 16371: 16265: 16141: 15583:

By Order of the President: FDR and the Internment of Japanese Americans

15151: 13444: 13262: 13045:"Debate over words to describe Japanese American incarceration lingers" 12715:

Japanese American history: an A-to-Z reference from 1868 to the present

12583:"Enemy Alien Curfew Friday: German, Japs, Italians in New Restrictions" 12032:

By Order of the President: FDR and the Internment of Japanese Americans

11740: 11390: 11029: 10845: 10038:, Roger Daniels, Vol. 4 April 1942, Garland Publishing, New York, 1989. 9982:

America's Japanese Hostages: The US Plan For A Japanese Free Hemisphere

9833:. Washington, D.C.: Civil Liberties Public Education Fund. p. 459. 9424: 9019: 8988: 7819: 7138: 7004: 6981: 6948: 6862: 6788: 6780: 6715: 6686: 6446: 6418: 6336:

On July 7, 2012, at its annual convention, the National Council of the

6105: 6056: 6032:, sponsored the bill and pushed for its passage as their top priority. 5786: 5572: 4821: 4740: 3863:

terminology to them, including at a press conference in November 1944.

3343: 2731: 2703: 2345: 2285: 2280: 2161: 2156: 2052: 2028: 1877: 1770: 1728: 1684: 1492: 1480: 1453: 1443: 1363: 765: 760: 731: 666: 502: 15652: 15500: 12056:"Japanese-Peruvians still angry over wartime internment in U.S. camps" 9248:"Book defends WWII internment of Japanese Americans, racial profiling" 7339:

Korematsu's and Hirabayashi's convictions were vacated in a series of

5604:), for many reasons which were also based on fear and prejudice. Some 4653:

Some consider these camps illegal because they were not authorized by

3724:

This dealt with aliens, and the unassimilated. Going even farther, an

16329: 15290:. Cambridge, Mass., MIT Press for the California Historical Society. 14959:

HR-77 Relative to World War II Japanese American concentration camps.

14411: 14112: 13405:"What Is a Concentration Camp? Ellis Island Exhibit Prompts a Debate" 10979:""Oberlin Vouches For Them..." / Oberlin Alumni Magazine / Fall 2013" 9928:

Japanese American History: An A to Z History from 1868 to the Present

8423: 7091:

in 2007. It was dramatized into a limited series of the same name by

7009: 5969:

status, house prices, and housing quality roughly fifty years later.

5761: 5674: 5004: 4941: 3263: 3091: 2591: 2186: 2134: 1835: 1428: 536: 15574:

American Internment: World War II Japanese American Internment Camps

14385: 13254: 12640:"State Legislature passes resolution apologizing to fired employees" 12145: 11382: 11021: 10837: 10295:

The official WRA record from 1946 states it was 120,000 people. See

9596:"Final Report, Japanese Evacuation from the West Coast, 1942 (book)" 9408: 7761:

The American People, Concise Edition Creating a Nation and a Society

6876:

and how the community stood in quiet defiance against such policies.

4801: 3538:

Japanese was not far removed from (and it was interchangeable with)

3362:

Non-military advocates who opposed exclusion, removal, and detention

3319:

Other California newspapers also embraced this view. According to a

2586:

Due in large part to socio-political changes which stemmed from the

2532:(CWRIC) to investigate the camps. In 1983, the Commission's report, 15887: 15640: 15354:

Keeper of Concentration Camps: Dillon S. Meyer and American Racism.

15113:

Justice At War: The Story of the Japanese American Internment Cases

14915: 13239:"Incarceration of the Japanese Americans: A Sixty-Year Perspective" 12562: 12559:"Behind Barbed Wire: Remembering America's Largest Internment Camp" 9373: 9350: 9331: 9309: 9205:

Justice At War: The Story of the Japanese American Internment Cases

8973: 8971: 8969: 8967: 7962:

Justice At War: The Story of the Japanese American Internment Cases

7233: 7092: 6784: 5751: 5738: 5685: 5339: 4959: 4734: 4372: 4342: 4190:

democracy should—with real consideration for the people involved."

4012: 3899: 3428:

Statement of military necessity as a justification of incarceration

2913:

expressing the notion that Japanese Americans posed little threat.

2832: 2558: 2552:

which officially apologized for the incarceration on behalf of the

2151: 1973: 1892: 1537: 1463: 1368: 1328: 696: 691: 686: 611: 606: 546: 141: 15314:

Executive Order 9066: The Internment of 110,000 Japanese Americans

15287:

Executive Order 9066: The Internment of 110,000 Japanese Americans

14134: 13382:"Sue Kunitomi Embrey: Concentration Camps, Not Relocation Centers" 11645:

Ito, Satoshi Interview. 01.MP3, "Ito Interview Interview Part 1",

11633:

Ito, Satoshi Interview. 01.MP3, "Ito Interview Interview Part 1",

8328:

A More Perfect Union: Japanese Americans and the U.S. Constitution

7875:

Years of Infamy: The Untold Story of America's Concentration Camps

7388:

Executive Order 9066: The Internment of 110,000 Japanese Americans

7328:

the court upheld the constitutionality of the exclusion order. In

5985:

Go for Broke Monument § Quotations below the main inscription

5881: 4478:

Harvesting spinach, Tule Lake Relocation Center, September 8, 1942

14438: 14267:"NY Times: Days of Waiting: The Life & Art of Estelle Ishigo" 13641:"JACL Ratifies Power Of Words Handbook: What Are The Next Steps?" 12602:(November 25, 2001), HistoryLink.org. Retrieved February 5, 2015. 8953: 8951: 8895:

The Eliminationists: How Hate Talk Radicalized the American Right

8401:"Roosevelt ushers in Japanese-American internment – Jan 14, 1942" 7523:. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior. Archived from 5025: 4832: 3533:

Black and Jewish reactions to the Japanese American incarceration

3354:

to fill these jobs, under the banner of what became known as the

3185: 2709: 616: 507: 487: 460: 435: 358: 15673: 14378:"Heart Mountain Documentary Film – The Legacy of Heart Mountain" 13865:"George Takei's Family's Japanese American Internment Nightmare" 12666:"For Japanese-Americans, Housing Injustices Outlived Internment" 12388:"For Japanese-Americans, Housing Injustices Outlived Internment" 10442:"Work of the War Relocation Authority, An Anniversary Statement" 8964: 8865:, footnote 12 (Supreme Court of the United States 1944). 7736: 3252: 2981:

He further stated in a conversation with California's governor,

15507:

Japanese American Relocation in World War II: A Reconsideration

14728: 13869: 13104:, Washington : U.S. G.P.O., June 2, 1980, pp. 171–173 9751:

Photograph of Members of the Mochida Family Awaiting Evacuation

9051:"In his own words: R.C. Hoiles on the WWII Japanese internment" 8506:

The Thousand-mile War: World War II in Alaska and the Aleutians

7995:(First ed.). Oakland: Independent Institute. p. 172. 7118:

Asian/Pacific American Librarians Association (APLA)-Literature

7061: 6690: 6560: 6547: 5617: 5207:

class at Rohwer. Classes were held every afternoon and evening.

4872: 3465: 3228: 2935: 2807:

took this photograph in March 1942, just before his internment.

2768:

local Japanese American population in the event of war, “every

2412: 1589: 601: 492: 470: 465: 415: 14961:

Revised February 20, 2020. California Legislative Information.

13967:. National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution 13941:. National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution 13643:. Japanese American Citizens League via the Manzanar Committee 13167:

Uprooted: The Japanese American Experience During World War II

11841:. Temple University Press, 1st edition (January 8, 1992) p117. 10897:"From camp to college: the story of Japanese American student" 10651: 10649: 10647: 8948: 8356:

Brief Overview of the World War II Enemy Alien Control Program

6911:(2014), by Japanese American director Tim Savage and based on 5877:

Graveyard at the Granada Relocation Center in Amache, Colorado

3184:

Children wave from the window of a special train as it leaves

15595:

A Tragedy of Democracy: Japanese Confinement in North America

15310: 15283: 14673: 14158:"National Japanese American Memorial to Patriotism Dedicated" 13718:

Widening horizons: essays in honour of Professor Mohit K. Ray

11524:"Central Europe Campaign – (522nd Field Artillery Battalion)" 11239:(illustrated, reprint ed.). ABC-CLIO. pp. 19, 282. 7832: 6367:

The incarceration of Japanese Americans has been compared to

6298: 5710: 5423: 5376: 4878: 4866: 4860:

Japanese Americans in front of posters with internment orders

3808:

Institutions of the Wartime Civil Control Administration and

3568:

to be paid to African-Americans because they are affected by

3391: 2663: 2656: 2418: 2406: 1599: 420: 16463:

Japanese American Memorial to Patriotism During World War II

15762:

Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians

14195:

Japanese American Memorial to Patriotism During World War II

11873:

Stetson Conn; Rose C. Engelman; Byron Fairchild (May 1961).

10583:

Exile within: The Schooling of Japanese Americans, 1942–1945

9557:"Final Report; Japanese Evacuation from the West Coast 1942" 8130:

Conn, Stetson; Engelman, Rose C.; Fairchild, Byron (2000) .

8097:

December 7, 1941: The Day the Japanese Attacked Pearl Harbor

7641:

Through The Eyes Of Innocents: Children Witness World War II

6762:(1955) is about the wartime bias against Japanese Americans. 6703:

Japanese American Memorial to Patriotism During World War II

6682:

Japanese American Memorial to Patriotism During World War II

6398: 6141: 6014:

Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians

5485:, then on detached service within the U.S. Army in Bavaria, 5368:

camps to the maximum-security Tule Lake Segregation Center.

4882:(first generation) who were subject to internment under the 3625:

Final Report: Japanese Evacuation from the West Coast – 1942

3256:

1942 editorial propaganda cartoon in the New York newspaper

2921:

Although the impact on US authorities is controversial, the

2530:

Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians

2469:, went so far as to say “I am determined that if they have " 274:

Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians

15662:(1942) - US Government film on Japanese-American Internment 15466: 13315:"Densho: Terminology & Glossary: A Note On Terminology" 12487:"Japanese Americans Internment Camps During World War II," 12364: 11839:

Cane Fires: The Anti-Japanese Movement in Hawaii, 1865–1945

11542:"Central Europe Campaign – 522nd Field Artillery Battalion" 10938: 10936: 10644: 10281:" (National Park Service, 2000). Retrieved August 13, 2014. 9581:

Final Report, Japanese Evacuation from the West Coast, 1942

6973:

refer to the incarceration of the Imada family in Manzanar.

5698: 5609: 5258: 5204: 5147:

photo of softball from the Heart Mountain Relocation Center

4225:

visiting the Gila River Relocation Center on April 23, 1943

3248:

Non-military advocates of exclusion, removal, and detention

3128: 2869:

and other Americans became nervous about the potential for

2416:('third generation', the children of Nisei). The rest were 2385: 2233: 2062: 238:

Partial financial compensation for lost property under the

16499:

Fred T. Korematsu Institute for Civil Rights and Education

12452: 12209:"Japanese Americans, the Civil Rights Movement and Beyond" 8214:, reproduced at findlaw.com. Retrieved September 11, 2006. 6449:, the American actor who played the role of Mr. Miyagi in 6172:

find it objectionable. It is better to say that they were

5885:

A monument at Manzanar, "to console the souls of the dead"

5500: 4408:(Site of present-day Walerga Park) (migrant workers' camp) 3945:

and all civilian internees were transferred to DOJ camps.

3579: 2721:

Final Report, Japanese Evacuation From the West Coast 1942

15234: 14947: 14931: 14897: 13192:

Japanese American Internment (Eyewitness to World War II)

12998:

Democratizing the Enemy: The Japanese American Internment

12425: 9189:

Democratizing the enemy: the Japanese American internment

6857:(2011), by visual studies scholar and performance artist 6779:, discovers a box containing references to the deaths of 5755: 5493:

on April 29, 1945, and only days later, on May 2, halted

3000: 2739: 2575: 12305:

public domain material from this U.S government document

11526:. Go For Broke National Education Center. Archived from 11169:(illustrated, reprint ed.). ABC-CLIO. p. 124. 10933: 10426: 10424: 10422: 10296: 9866:"Sites of Shame (Note: click on Dept. of Justice Camps)" 7763:, Combined Volume (6th Edition). New York: Longman, 2007 5222:

carry-overs from teams formed before the incarceration.

13984: 13982: 13740:

The dark side of democracy: explaining ethnic cleansing

13715:

Mohit Kumar Ray, Rama Kundu, Pradip Kumar Dey (2005). "

12123:(University of Washington Press: Seattle, 1981), 25–29. 7578:, internmentarchives.com. Retrieved September 19, 2006. 2622:

As the Japanese American population continued to grow,

2498:

upheld the constitutionality of the removals under the

16484:

Bainbridge Island Japanese American Exclusion Memorial

15646: 15135: 15133: 14075: 13422: 13373: 12259:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 100–04. 10112: 10055: 9829:

Commission on Wartime Relocation of Civilians (1997).

8613: 8611: 7662: 7660: 6514:

Bainbridge Island Japanese American Exclusion Memorial

2759:

Roosevelt's racial attitudes toward Japanese Americans

2473:

of Japanese blood in them, they must go to camp." The

16571:

United States aircraft production during World War II

14299:"The 63rd Academy Awards (1991) Nominees and Winners" 10419: 10387:

Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum

10225:"Alien Enemy Detention Facility, Crystal City, Texas" 9775: 9773: 8190:

Fred Mullen, "DeWitt Attitude on Japs Upsets Plans,"

8129: 7515: 7277:

Gordon Hirabayashi's Medal of Freedom and certificate

7222:(2019) takes place at a fictional WRA camp in Oregon. 5616:

or sent them to the United States for incarceration.

4876:(third generation) were U.S. citizens. The rest were 4563: 4395:(fairgrounds racetrack stables, Informally known as " 3932:

Several U.S. Army incarceration camps held Japanese,

3066:

Upon the bombing of Pearl Harbor and pursuant to the

2972:, questioned Japanese American loyalty. DeWitt said: 15746: 14841:"George Takei, Ocean Vuong win American Book Awards" 14630:"University of Washington Press – Books – No-No Boy" 13979: 13893:"The Uneven Historical Horror of The Terror: Infamy" 13208: 11928:"Wartime stain in history retraced in O'ahu's brush" 9554: 8395: 8393: 8391: 7918: 7916: 7516:

National Park Service (2012). Wyatt, Barbara (ed.).

7411: 7171:

uses the incarceration program as its central theme.

6747:

List of films about the Japanese American internment

6584:

National Register of Historic Places listing in Utah

6453:. He and his family were incarcerated at Gila River. 5329: 5322:

Student Relocation Commemorative Fund. In 2021, The

4851: 4434:(San Joaquin County Fairgrounds, racetrack, stables) 4181:

and it officially ceased to exist on June 30, 1946.

3420:

Members of some Christian religious groups (such as

15154: (Supreme Court of the United States 1944). 15130: 15068: 15055: 14101: 13931: 13511: 13230: 12745:"Terrorist incidents against West Coast returnees," 12360:"What happened to Chicago's Japanese neighborhood?" 9973: 9017: 8647:. Japanese American National Museum. Archived from 8608: 8542: (Supreme Court of the United States 1944). 8210:

Korematsu v. United States (Murphy, J., dissenting)

7657: 5487:

liberated at least one of the satellite labor camps

5105:

A part of the brass section of the high school band

4909:additional compensation for some items of dispute. 4901:as part of the single largest forced relocation in 3885: 3033:, which in January demanded that all Japanese with 2849:

full-scale invasion of the United States West Coast

15613: 15592: 15478:The Long Afterlife of Nikkei Wartime Incarceration 15361: 15058:"For Japanese Americans, 'The Terror' is personal" 14784: 14782: 14127: 13340: 13333: 13307: 12712: 12164: 12115: 12113: 12029: 10759: 10757: 9979: 9971: 9969: 9967: 9965: 9963: 9961: 9959: 9957: 9955: 9953: 9925: 9770: 9202: 8318: 8316: 7959: 7774: 7269:Grandfather and grandson at Manzanar, July 2, 1942 6902:, who spent several years in a concentration camp. 6427:, an American actor famed for his role as Sulu in 6283:Six million Jews were slaughtered in the Holocaust 5171:A group of girls around a puppy at a football game 16548: 14928:Play It Forward: The Multiplicity Of Mia Doi Todd 12759:Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment, 12500: 11978:Greg Mebel, Anthony Pignataro (August 20, 2007). 9889: 9887: 8721: 8521: 8388: 8377: 8285: 7913: 7722: 7720: 6656:regarding the history of two concentration camps. 6331: 5249: 5159:A basketball game at the Rohwer Relocation Center 4802:Immigration and Naturalization Service facilities 3948: 2504:Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution 2364:. Approximately two-thirds of the detainees were 2197:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 16849: 15205: 14833: 14498:Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet: A Novel 14214: 13563: 13396: 13343:Reflections: Three Self-Guided Tours Of Manzanar 13281: 12146:"Department of Justice and U.S. Army Facilities" 11312:Japanese American Internment During World War II 10219: 10217: 9791: 9351:"Japanese Internment: Why Daniel Pipes Is Wrong" 7933:"What Happened After the Attack of Pearl Harbor" 7618: 7616: 7563: 7561: 7559: 6930:Books about the internment of Japanese Americans 6741:Films about the internment of Japanese Americans 5410:and being terrorized by the guards and gangs at 5057:Teacher Lily Namimoto and her second grade class 3894:, under the umbrella of the DOJ, and guarded by 3760:editorial dated February 28, 1942, stated that: 3745:editorial dated February 22, 1942, stated that: 3730:editorial dated February 20, 1942, stated that: 3715:editorial dated February 19, 1942, stated that: 2477:assisted the incarceration efforts by providing 265:At least 1,862; at least 7 homicides by sentries 15415:Gordon, Linda and Gary Y. Okihiro, ed. (2006). 15356:Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989. 15162: 15160: 15025: 14992: 14779: 13817:"Wwii Reparations: Japanese-American Internees" 13781: 12962:"California Marks the First Fred Korematsu Day" 12538:. National Japanese American Historical Society 12532:"Japanese American Internment » Tule Lake" 12110: 12047: 12042:(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1981. 11881:. United States Army Center of Military History 11613:. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. 10754: 9950: 9742: 9075:Church (U.S.A.), Presbyterian (June 22, 2016). 9074: 8436: 8313: 8194:, April 16, 1943. p.1, reproduced by 7845: 7487:Stereotypes of East Asians in the United States 7149:'s grandfather and his experience in the camps. 6373:internal deportation of Ethnically Volga German 5823:was not—thus paving the way for their release. 3775:editorial dated December 8, 1942, stated that: 3037:be placed in concentration camps. By February, 2516:In the 1970s, under mounting pressure from the 1841:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) 16254:List of inmates of Topaz War Relocation Center 15614:Tsukamoto, Mary; Pinkerton, Elizabeth (1988). 15590: 15032:reminds us of the horrors of internment camps" 13537: 11732: 11730: 11700: 11417: 11415: 11413: 10763: 10630: 10628: 10509:Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library 10155:Japanese Americans From Relocation to Redress. 9884: 9860: 9858: 9787: 9785: 9506: 8959:Japanese Americans, from Relocation to Redress 8639: 8637: 8554: 8552: 8550: 8548: 8502: 8168: 7717: 7684: 7682: 7680: 7098:George Takei published a graphic novel titled 6495: 5581:, was one such camp where Japanese Americans, 5461:in the United States while they fought abroad. 5183:A tense moment in a football game between the 5069:Fourth grade class in barracks 3-4-B at Rohwer 3084: 3072:Presidential Proclamations 2525, 2526 and 2527 2682:community groups for immigrants from the same 1317:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups 16534: 15732: 15551:. Salty Lake City: University of Utah Press. 15425: 15109: 14893:"Kishi Bashi's 'Omoiyari' Fosters Compassion" 14859: 14747:"Book Review: Camp Nine by Vivienne Schiffer" 14600:"Newbery Medal and Honor Books, 1922–Present" 13809: 13761:"Japanese Canadian Internment — UW Libraries" 13632: 13361:. Civil Liberties Public Education Fund. 1996 12257:A History of Us: War, Peace and All That Jazz 12021: 11875:"Guarding the United States and Its Outposts" 10214: 9719:"Kindness to Alien Japs Proves Poor Policy". 9525: 9200: 8921:Labor and Capital in the Age of Globalization 7957: 7613: 7556: 7542: 5868: 4698:detainees in addition to Japanese Americans: 4576:detainees in addition to Japanese Americans: 4418:, racetrack, stables) Salinas Assembly Center 3790:editorial dated April 22, 1943, stated that: 3641:retrials which overturned the convictions of 3061: 2938:rather than any evidence of malfeasance. The 2322: 16888:United States home front during World War II 16863:Anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States 16469:Densho: The Japanese American Legacy Project 16076:Fort Missoula Alien Enemy Detention Facility 15678:National Archives and Records Administration 15653:We Said No!No! A Story of Civil Disobedience 15157: 14083:"Significant Milestones of the Topaz Museum" 13953: 13347:. Manzanar Committee. 1998. pp. iii–iv. 12817:President Gerald R. Ford's Proclamation 4417 12501:Burton, J.; Farrell, M.; Lord, F.; Lord, R. 11657: 11355:Kiyota, Minoru and Keenan, Linda Klepinger. 11322: 11320: 11267: 11265: 11263: 11236:Encyclopedia of Japanese American Internment 11166:Encyclopedia of Japanese American Internment 11116: 11114: 10266:Burton, J.; Farrell, M.; Lord, F.; Lord, R. 10195: 10193: 10191: 10189: 10070: 10068: 10066: 10064: 9606: 9548: 7896: 7712:The Columbia Guide to Asian American History 7497:Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies 7444:Anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States 6369:Canada's incarceration of Japanese Canadians 6328:footnote was added to the exhibit brochure. 5754:, the main port of the Portuguese colony of 5540: 5375:, a law that made it possible for Nisei and 4660: 4627: 4428:racetrack, stables) Tanforan Assembly Center 4268: 3150:Germans who were expelled from Latin America 3090:Presidential Proclamation 2537 (codified at 3027:Native Sons and Daughters of the Golden West 2994: 45:United States home front during World War II 16081:Fort Stanton Alien Enemy Detention Facility 16071:Fort Lincoln Alien Enemy Detention Facility 16066:Crystal City Alien Enemy Detention Facility 15523: 15481:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 15446: 15400:. Seattle: University of Washington Press. 14912:Take What You Can Carry (Scientist Dub One) 14555:. January 7, 2000 – via www.imdb.com. 14303:Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences 14291: 14255:. January 1, 1991 – via www.imdb.com. 13133: 12273: 11945: 11919: 11902:"How bigots 'cleansed' Legislature in 1942" 11727: 11423:"Japanese American women in World World II" 11410: 11377:(1). University of California Press: 1–31. 11097: 11095: 11093: 10945:The Journal of Presbyterian History (1997-) 10625: 10291: 10289: 10287: 9855: 9782: 9209:. University of Washington Press. pp. 8986: 8770: 8686: 8663: 8634: 8545: 8259:Short History of Amache Japanese Internment 8133:Guarding the United States and its Outposts 7966:. University of Washington Press. pp. 7677: 7358:report to reduce their racist content. The 7179:Take What You Can Carry (Scientist Dub One) 6504:Japanese American Memorial (Eugene, Oregon) 6123: 5716: 5589:were interned along with a large number of 5081:General office in the high school at Rohwer 4233:Music class at the Rohwer Relocation Center 2742:began working together to compile a larger 2639:organized in response to the rise of this " 2344:, the United States forcibly relocated and 1533:List of people killed for being transgender 16541: 16527: 16474:Japanese Evacuation and Resettlement Study 15739: 15725: 15586:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 13673:Waiting for America: a story of emigration 13485: 13459: 12311: 11977: 11683: 11362: 10699:Wu (2007), "Writing and Teaching", pg. 240 10690:Wu (2007), "Writing and Teaching", pg. 241 10303:The Evacuated People: A Quantitative Study 9704:"Dies Confirms Need for Removal of Japs". 8238: 8236: 8234: 8232: 8230: 8228: 8226: 8224: 8222: 8220: 7878:. New York: William Morrow & Company. 7449:Deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union 6898:(2014) chronicles the early life of actor 5972: 5483:Nisei segregated field artillery battalion 5453:, served with uncommon distinction in the 4919: 4486:Nurse tending four orphaned babies at the 4387:Pacific International Livestock Exposition 2582:Japanese American life before World War II 2329: 2315: 16913:Political repression in the United States 16762:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 16101:Seagoville Alien Enemy Detention Facility 15530:. Wyoming: Western History Publications. 15105: 15103: 15101: 14259: 14241:. June 22, 1984 – via www.imdb.com. 13890: 13595: 13520:"NYC; Defending Jews' Lexicon Of Anguish" 13437: 13095: 13093: 12008: 11806: 11368: 11317: 11260: 11111: 10791: 10319:"Childhood Lost: The Orphans of Manzanar" 10186: 10166: 10061: 9919: 9917: 9915: 9913: 9487: 9460: 9134: 8957:Ogawa, Dennis M. and Fox, Jr., Evarts C. 6701:, which became the center feature of the 6399:Notable individuals who were incarcerated 6375:Soviet citizens from the western USSR to 5979:Japanese American redress and court cases 5924:Toshio Kobata, 58, and Hirota Isomura, 59 5864:Japanese-American life after World War II 3985: 3457:(1944), a 20-minute film produced by the 3242: 2647:, which followed the example of the 1882 2540:. It recommended that the government pay 2434:, only 1,200 to 1,800 were incarcerated. 16:World War II mass incarceration in the US 16883:Human rights abuses in the United States 15579: 15519:. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. 15393: 15311:Conrat, Maisie; Conrat, Richard (1992). 15284:Conrat, Maisie; Conrat, Richard (1992). 15227: 14998: 14890: 14571:. Simon and Schuster. January 27, 2009. 14327: 14155: 13961:"A More Perfect Union Collection Search" 13939:"A More Perfect Union Online Exhibition" 13862: 13517: 13465: 13428: 13402: 13359:"CLPEF Resolution Regarding Terminology" 13108: 12777: 12357: 12027: 12011:"Hawaii News Archive - Starbulletin.com" 11690:. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press. 11338: 11336: 11090: 10446:The Harry S. Truman Library & Museum 10284: 10015: 10013: 10011: 9371: 9135:Hallstead, William (November 12, 2000). 9011: 8744: 8125: 8123: 8121: 7482:Nativism (politics) in the United States 7272: 7264: 6577: 6565: 6546: 6530: 6518: 6507: 6499: 6363:Population transfers in the Soviet Union 6034: 5888: 5880: 5872: 5529:'don't be a dumb farmer like me, like us 5436: 5333: 5259:Student leave to attend Eastern colleges 5230:, who would be responsible for bringing 5128:A baseball game at Manzanar. Picture by 4953: 4927: 4855: 4492: 4481: 4473: 4465: 4236: 4228: 4210: 3952: 3839:. He raised snapdragons and sweet peas." 3827: 3803: 3603: 3588:Official notice of exclusion and removal 3583: 3442: 3251: 3179: 3163: 3155: 3129:Executive Order 9066 and related actions 2826: 2810: 2798: 2787: 2746:. Early in 1941, Roosevelt commissioned 2714: 632:Social determinants of health in poverty 16898:World War II sites in the United States 16316:Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet 16096:Santa Fe Alien Enemy Detention Facility 15359: 15249: 14056:. National Park Service. Archived from 13743:". Cambridge University Press. p. 328. 13638: 13236: 13183: 13158: 13139: 13114: 12995: 12663: 12503:"Confinement and Ethnicity (Chapter 3)" 12385: 12358:Nagasawa, Katherine (August 13, 2017). 12162: 12089: 12087: 12085: 12083: 12054:Nanami, Masaharu (September 16, 2009). 11971: 11716: 11714: 11712: 11500:. US Army. May 12, 2000. Archived from 11232: 11162: 11003: 11001: 10999: 10891: 10889: 10887: 10861: 10859: 10857: 10855: 10819: 10817: 10815: 10813: 10734: 10499: 10368:War Relocation Authority annual reports 10325:March 11, 1997 (accessed May 23, 2014). 10021:"Wartime Civil Control Administration," 9977: 9614:"Bad landmark; righting a racial wrong" 9509:"Papers show Census role in WWII camps" 9394: 9307: 8727: 8583: 8558: 8217: 8065: 8040: 8015: 7592: 7590: 7588: 7586: 7584: 6954:Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet 6485: 6039:U.S. President Ronald Reagan signs the 5744:On September 2, 1943, the Swedish ship 5501:Proving commitment to the United States 4685: 3929:countries or confinement in DOJ camps. 3870:(DOJ) operated camps officially called 3701: 3674:, after a year of investigation, found 3580:United States District Court's opinions 2701:-owned small businesses thrived in the 2353: 16918:Forced migrations in the United States 16850: 16091:Kooskia Alien Enemy Detention Facility 15544: 15474: 15414: 15329:Quote from the back cover of the book. 15255: 15098: 15056:Yamato, Jen (Staff) (August 9, 2019). 14468: 13543: 13379: 13351: 13189: 13164: 13090: 12991: 12989: 12987: 12773: 12771: 12201: 12053: 11954:"Under Honouliuli brush, dark history" 11951: 11925: 11041: 11039: 10806:from the original on January 29, 2017. 10787: 10785: 10783: 10655: 10464:The National WWII Museum | New Orleans 10132:. U.S. Office of War Information. 1943 9910: 9758:from the original on September 5, 2017 9284: 8874: 8868: 8090: 7868: 7638: 7332:, the court accepted a petition for a 6228: 6180:and to define the larger event as the 5723:Immigration and Naturalization Service 5596:The Canadian government also confined 5559:As early as September 1931, after the 5217:, which urged him to continue playing 4703:Fort McDowell/Angel Island, California 3892:Immigration and Naturalization Service 2955: 2905:, bringing the United States into the 2633:California Joint Immigration Committee 2576:Japanese Americans before World War II 2400:, of which about 112,000 lived on the 16522: 16086:Kenedy Alien Enemy Detention Facility 15720: 14309:from the original on October 20, 2014 14182: 13891:Li Coomes, Nina (September 2, 2019). 13863:Anderson, Stuart (December 4, 2019). 13676:". Syracuse University Press. p. 30. 13569: 13468:"Accord On Term "Concentration Camp"" 13020: 12710: 12691: 12664:Pearson, Bradford (August 20, 2020). 12637: 12386:Pearson, Bradford (August 20, 2020). 12254: 11812:Jane L. Scheiber, Harry N. Scheiber. 11773:"Japanese Internment Camps In Hawaii" 11743:, "Peru sorry for WWII internments", 11606: 11333: 11214:from the original on February 3, 2017 11010:Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies 10942: 10826:Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies 10636:College Composition and Communication 10579: 10349:: 250. April 28, 1971. Archived from 10230:The Texas Archive of the Moving Image 10167:Morehouse, Lisa (February 19, 2017). 10008: 9923: 9893: 9577: 9555:Lt. Gen. J.L. DeWitt (June 5, 1943). 8980: 8692: 8384:. University of Hawaii School of Law. 8118: 7990: 7805: 6523:Rohwer Memorial Cemetery, declared a 6359:World War II evacuation and expulsion 6265:. Nazi camps were places of torture, 6136: 5933:Psychological injury was observed by 5801: 5371:Afterward, the government passed the 5016:walk-outs at Heart Mountain in 1943. 4461: 3029:and the California Department of the 3003:'s a Jap" and testified to Congress: 2929: 2776: 2544:to the detainees. In 1988, President 16893:Civil detention in the United States 16244:Category:Japanese-American internees 15512: 15451:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 14999:Yamamoto, J.K. (December 11, 2013). 14970: 14494: 14221:"Metro to Stress Big-Budget Films", 14156:Williams, Rudi (November 15, 2000). 14043: 13988: 13918: 13709: 13290:"Concentration Camp Or Summer Camp?" 12614:"Japanese Fired in WWII Win Redress" 12611: 12556: 12494: 12464: 12080: 11803:Library of Congress. Behind the Wire 11709: 11273:"Tule Lake Committee - tulelake.org" 10996: 10884: 10852: 10810: 10735:Michael, Beschloss (June 20, 2014). 10528:Heart Mountain Wyoming Foundation. " 10484: 10439: 10201:"Japanese American Internment Camps" 8589: 7781:. Westport, CT: Greenwood. pp. 7581: 6188: 5288:communities during the school year. 4949:Heart Mountain War Relocation Center 4515:Heart Mountain War Relocation Center 3670:In May 2011, U.S. Solicitor General 3665: 3432: 3008:time until he is wiped off the map. 2891:American Institute of Public Opinion 2815:A child is "Tagged for evacuation", 1339:Capital punishment for homosexuality 637:Social determinants of mental health 16878:Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt 16489:Japanese American Internment Museum 13731: 13686: 13664: 13466:Sengupta, Somini (March 10, 1998). 13287: 13194:. Compass Point Books. p. 93. 13144:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 195. 13023:"Americans' Misuse of "Internment"" 12984: 12959: 12953: 12768: 12719:. New York: Facts On File. p. 11899: 11854:, University of Houston (2004) p10. 11036: 11007: 10823: 10780: 10518:from the original on April 4, 2017. 10489:. Organizer of American Historians. 9649:May 27, 2011. Accessed June 7, 2011 9620:. November 21, 1983. Archived from 9348: 9285:Malkin, Michelle (August 3, 2004). 9018:Floyd J. McKay (Winter 1995–1996). 8875:Yamato, Sharon (October 21, 2014). 8799: 8752:"The Colorado History Organization" 8503:Brian Garfield (February 1, 1995). 8480:. February 19, 1942. Archived from 8444:"WWII Enemy Alien Control Overview" 6745:For a more comprehensive list, see 6650:Japanese American Internment Museum 6643:National Historic Landmark District 6596:National Museum of American History 6182:incarceration of Japanese Americans 6165:Japanese internment, incarceration, 6047:On August 10, 1988, U.S. President 5598:its citizens with Japanese ancestry 5381:renounce their American citizenship 5001:United States Public Health Service 3200:Included in the forced removal was 1459:Genital modification and mutilation 34:Incarceration of Japanese Americans 13: 16660:Hispanic Americans in World War II 16566:American music during World War II 15676:from websites or documents of the 15509:(Cambridge University Press, 2018) 15447:Hinnershitz, Stephanie D. (2022). 15338: 15228:de Vogue, Ariane (June 26, 2018). 15116:. University of Washington Press. 14891:Thompson, Stephen (May 23, 2019). 14860:Harada, Wayne (January 12, 2011). 13787: 13544:Harris, David A (March 13, 1998). 13518:Haberman, Clyde (March 13, 1998). 13403:Sengupta, Somini (March 8, 1998). 13380:Embrey, Bruce (October 21, 2010). 13288:Ito, Robert (September 15, 1998). 13027:Seattle Journal for Social Justice 12960:Liu, Ling Woo (January 29, 2011). 11926:Gordon, Mike (November 27, 2005). 11879:United States Army in World War II 11660:"Custodial detention / A-B-C list" 10792:Lillquist, Karl (September 2007). 10548: 10502:"Interview of Nancy Ikeda Baldwin" 10343:Indian Claims Commission Decisions 9542:10.17953/amer.9.1.h4p7lk32q1k441p3 9463:Journal of American Ethnic History 9115:University of North Carolina Press 8645:"Chronology of WWII Incarceration" 8100:. New York: McGraw Hill. pp. 7772: 6835:Academy Award for Best Documentary 6490: 5449:, which was composed primarily of 5270:American Friends Service Committee 5246:, but none of them made the team. 4914:American Friends Service Committee 4564:Justice Department detention camps 4440:(fairgrounds, racetrack, stables) 3074:were issued designating Japanese, 2916: 2368:. These actions were initiated by 167:February 19, 1942 – March 20, 1946 14: 16929: 16665:Native Americans and World War II 16457:Japanese American National Museum 15634: 15394:Gardiner, Clinton Harvey (1981). 15256:Savage, Charlie (June 26, 2018). 15026:Franich, Darren (July 19, 2019). 14759: 14501:. Random House Publishing Group. 14469:Walker, Tim (November 15, 2015). 14410:. August 25, 2015. Archived from 14031:"75 WWII Camps Listed on Ireichō" 14016:Japanese American National Museum 13989:Weik, Taylor (October 11, 2022). 12948: 12638:Hirai, Tomo (September 5, 2013). 12612:Hall, Carla (February 28, 1998). 12334: 11952:Gordon, Mike (February 5, 2006). 11724:c. 2003, accessed April 12, 2009. 10580:James, Thomas (October 1, 2013). 9643:"The truth about WWII internment" 9578:Brian, Niiya (February 1, 2014). 9507:Haya El Nasser (March 30, 2007). 9049:Hoiles, R.C. (October 14, 1942). 8776: 8669: 8617: 8424:"Manzanar National Historic Site" 7596: 7396:Constitution of the United States 7345:cases in the early 1980s. In the 6693:, created the sculpture entitled 6625:Honouliuli National Historic Site 6604:Japanese American National Museum 6338:Japanese American Citizens League 6250:Japanese American National Museum 6167:and adding the following wording: 6003:Japanese American Citizens League 5495:a death march in southern Bavaria 5330:Loyalty questions and segregation 5324:University of Southern California 4852:Exclusion, removal, and detention 4245:There were three types of camps. 3696:Federal Communications Commission 3288:Japanese American Citizens League 2518:Japanese American Citizens League 16868:Internments in the United States 16858:Internment of Japanese Americans 16682: 16611:Internment of Japanese Americans 16182:Fort Sam Houston Internment Camp 15835:Military service in World War II 15748:Internment of Japanese Americans 15690:Internment of Japanese Americans 15672: This article incorporates 15667: 15304: 15277: 15221: 15180: 15049: 15019: 14964: 14952: 14937: 14921: 14905: 14884: 14853: 14808: 14753: 14739: 14721: 14691: 14666: 14640: 14622: 14592: 14559: 14545: 14515: 14495:Ford, Jamie (January 27, 2009). 14488: 14462: 14449: 14431: 14418: 14400: 14370: 14366:. 2014 – via www.imdb.com. 14356: 14321: 14245: 14231: 14149: 14109:"Topaz Museum Mission Statement" 14023: 14011:"Ireichō: About this Exhibition" 14003: 13912: 13884: 13856: 13831: 13767: 13753: 13655: 13589: 13076: 13051: 13037: 13014: 12942: 12933: 12920: 12907: 12894: 12881: 12859: 12829: 12810: 12797: 12753: 12737: 12704: 12657: 12631: 12605: 12592: 12576: 12550: 12524: 12481: 12458: 12445: 12413: 12379: 12351: 12328: 12296: 12248: 12233: 12192: 12155: 12139: 12126: 12002: 11893: 11866: 11857: 11844: 11831: 11822: 11797: 11765: 11752: 11694: 11677: 11651: 11639: 11627: 11600: 11591: 11582: 11564: 11534: 11516: 11490: 11472: 11454: 11429: 11397: 11349: 11304: 11291: 11226: 11190: 11156: 11136: 11130: 11065: 10971: 10914: 10728: 10710:"Japanese Americans at Manzanar" 10702: 10693: 10684: 10600: 10573: 10542: 10522: 10493: 10478: 10452: 10433: 10401: 10372: 10360: 10328: 10311: 10260: 10249: 10160: 10148: 10118: 10098: 10084: 10041: 10029: 9837: 9822: 9813: 9727: 9712: 9708:. February 28, 1942. p. A4. 9693:. February 22, 1942. p. B6. 9663:. February 19, 1942. p. A4. 8934:The Japanese American Internment 8861:, Dissenting opinion by Justice 8538:, Dissenting opinion by Justice 7853:Custodial detention / A-B-C list 7744:Anti-Japanese exclusion movement 7466:Internment of Japanese Canadians 7428: 7414: 6808:(1990), written and directed by 6791:'s character) being awarded the 6355:Internment of Japanese Canadians 6163:, changing the entry heading to 5602:Internment of Japanese Canadians 5555:Internment of Japanese Canadians 5455:European Theatre of World War II 5196: 5176: 5164: 5152: 5137: 5121: 5098: 5086: 5074: 5062: 5050: 5038: 4940:report, inmates were housed in " 4503:Gila River War Relocation Center 4345:– Owens Valley Reception Center) 4206: 3886:DOJ and Army incarceration camps 3623:In 1980, a copy of the original 3025:The manifesto was backed by the 2376:on February 19, 1942, following 1952:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 1781:Law for Protection of the Nation 1675:White genocide conspiracy theory 357: 227:United States federal government 105: 96: 85: 76: 65: 56: 16606:Internment of Italian Americans 16177:Fort Richardson Internment Camp 15449:Japanese American Incarceration 13639:Noguchi, Andy (July 16, 2012). 13570:Flynn, Meagan (June 20, 2019). 12557:Weik, Taylor (March 16, 2016). 12093: 11900:Dye, Bob (September 16, 2001). 11405:Masking Selves, Making Subjects 10766:"Sports and recreation in camp" 10764:Rafferty-Osaki, Terumi (2015). 10638:, Vol. 59, No. 2, December 2007 10485:Hane, Mikiso (September 1990). 9792:Herzig Yoshinaga, AIko (2009), 9723:. December 8, 1942. p. A4. 9697: 9682: 9678:. February 20, 1942. p. 8. 9667: 9652: 9636: 9588: 9571: 9519: 9500: 9481: 9454: 9440: 9431: 9388: 9365: 9342: 9324: 9301: 9278: 9265: 9240: 9227: 9194: 9181: 9168: 9155: 9128: 9103: 9094: 9068: 9042: 8993:The Pacific Northwest Quarterly 8939: 8926: 8913: 8900: 8887: 8844: 8818: 8800:Mak, Stephen (April 18, 2017). 8793: 8730:"Bainbridge Island, Washington" 8695:The Pacific Northwest Quarterly 8496: 8466: 8416: 8407: 8371: 8346: 8279: 8201: 8198:. Retrieved September 11, 2006. 8192:Watsonville Register-Pajaronian 8184: 8152: 8084: 8059: 8034: 8009: 7984: 7951: 7925: 7862: 7826: 7799: 7766: 7753: 7460:Internment of Italian Americans 7260: 6868:Greg Chaney's documentary film 6621:Minidoka National Historic Site 6142:Misuse of the term "internment" 5551:Internment of Italian Americans 5525:". He said she would tell him, 4993: 4812:East Boston Immigration Station 4557:Tule Lake War Relocation Center 3476: 2678:In both rural and urban areas, 2594:which was caused by the abrupt 2479:specific individual census data 2362:western interior of the country 1786:MSM blood donation restrictions 1528:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory 152:Making camouflage nets for the 26:Internment of Italian Americans 16601:Internment of German Americans 16586:New Mexico during World War II 16014:Woodland Civil Control Station 15545:Nevers, Nacy Clark de (2004). 14568:Weedflower by Cynthia Kadohata 13843:United States Holocaust Museum 13317:. Densho. 1997. Archived from 13021:Himel, Yoshinori H.T. (2016). 12996:Hayashi, Brian Masaru (2004). 12778:Carollo, Nick; Shoag, Daniel. 12455:." Retrieved January 27, 2015. 11480:"442nd Regimental Combat Team" 11275:. tulelake.org. Archived from 10440:Myer, Dillon S. (March 1943). 9896:"German and Italian detainees" 9163:Achieving the Impossible Dream 8567:University of Washington Press 7704: 7632: 7509: 7454:Internment of German Americans 7211:Episode 81, "Honor Thy Father" 7186: 7043:PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction 6713:United States Attorney General 6512:The cedar "story wall" at the 6348: 6332:On the rejection of euphemisms 6215:Americans of Japanese ancestry 5608:on the Pacific Coast, such as 5561:Japanese invasion of Manchuria 5547:Internment of German Americans 5250:Tule Lake Agricultural Program 4533:Minidoka War Relocation Center 4527:Manzanar War Relocation Center 4373:Los Angeles County Fairgrounds 3949:WCCA Civilian Assembly Centers 3206:Minidoka War Relocation Center 3123: 3043:Attorney General of California 2736:Military Intelligence Division 2661:citizens. The members of this 2637:Native Sons of the Golden West 1799:(as religious or racial quota) 22:Internment of German Americans 1: 16670:Puerto Ricans in World War II 16627:Women Airforce Service Pilots 16550:United States in World War II 16162:Fort McDowell Internment Camp 16111:Tuna Canyon Detention Station 15949:Owens Valley Reception Center 15850:Military Intelligence Service 15599:. Columbia University Press. 15001:"Five-0 Flashes Back to WWII" 14971:Lisi, Brian (June 22, 2016). 14699:"When the Emperor Was Divine" 14457:Under the Blood Red Sun: IMDB 14163:American Forces Press Service 13790:"Civil Liberties Act of 1988" 13721:". Sarup & Sons. p. 150. 12750:. Retrieved February 5, 2015. 12589:. Retrieved February 5, 2015. 11705:. New York: John Day Company. 10670:10.1080/00094056.2015.1090853 10539:" Retrieved November 17, 2014 9849:artifactsjournal.missouri.edu 9738:. April 22, 1943. p. A4. 9048: 7629:. Retrieved February 5, 2015. 7502: 7382:Former Supreme Court Justice 7199: 6923: 6629:Amache National Historic Site 6267:barbarous medical experiments 6094:Presidential Medal of Freedom 5895:Granada War Relocation Center 5535:College of William & Mary 4642:Dalton Wells Isolation Center 4509:Granada War Relocation Center 4451:Stanislaus County Fairgrounds 3845:Works Projects Administration 3799: 3553:, an associate editor of the 3386:Initially, Oregon's governor 3217:Bainbridge Island, Washington 2571:History of Japanese Americans 2564: 2229:Second-generation gender bias 1937:Constitutional colorblindness 627:Social determinants of health 16637:Woman's Land Army of America 16192:Griffith Park Detention Camp 16106:Sharp Park Detention Station 15709:Resources in other libraries 15497:Western Historical Quarterly 15169:Hirabayashi v. United States 14652:Facing History and Ourselves 14604:American Library Association 14426:To Be Takei: Sundance Review 13218:. Public Broadcasting System 13169:. Knopf Books. p. 131. 13059:"Associated Press Stylebook" 12491:. Retrieved October 1, 2006. 12489:Library web page at Utah.edu 12152:. Retrieved August 31, 2006. 10586:. Harvard University Press. 10460:"Mealtime in the Mess Halls" 10272:Temporary Detention Stations 10115:. Retrieved August 31, 2006. 10058:. Retrieved August 31, 2006. 10036:American Concentration Camps 9488:JR Minkel (March 30, 2007). 8181:. Retrieved August 14, 2018. 8165:. Retrieved August 14, 2018. 7910:. Retrieved August 14, 2014. 7859:. Retrieved August 14, 2014. 7750:. Retrieved August 14, 2014. 7733:. Retrieved August 14, 2014. 7674:. Retrieved August 14, 2014. 7297:Hirabayashi v. United States 7228:'s Japanese language novel, 7145:" (2005) tells the story of 6882:The Legacy of Heart Mountain 6675: 6631:have also been added to the 6557:442nd Regimental Combat Team 6541:442nd Regimental Combat Team 5957:Japanese-American Claims Act 5857: 5638:Japanese Americans in Hawaii 5475:442nd Regimental Combat Team 5447:442nd Regimental Combat Team 5031: 4586:Fort Lincoln Internment Camp 4545:Rohwer War Relocation Center 4539:Poston War Relocation Center 4521:Jerome War Relocation Center 4353:Poston War Relocation Center 3685:Hirabayashi v. United States 3633:Office of Naval Intelligence 3048:Those who were as little as 2728:Office of Naval Intelligence 303:Hirabayashi v. United States 240:Japanese-American Claims Act 7: 16576:Arizona during World War II 16425:Civil Liberties Act of 1988 16379:When the Emperor was Divine 16249:List of inmates of Manzanar 16222:Sand Island Internment Camp 16157:Fort Howard Internment Camp 16061:Catalina Federal Honor Camp 15989:Santa Anita Assembly Center 15954:Parker Dam Reception Center 14190:"Symbolism in the Memorial" 13610:10.1177/0957926501012004005 13237:Daniels, Roger (May 2002). 12239:Higashide, Seiichi. (2000). 12134:America's Japanese Hostages 12040:Pawns in a Triangle of Hate 12038:citing C. Harvey Gardiner, 11722:"Japanese Latin Americans," 9024:Oregon Historical Quarterly 8987:Louis Fiset (Summer 1999). 8779:"Civilian exclusion orders" 8703:Pacific Northwest Quarterly 7643:. Basic Books. p. 85. 7574:September 20, 2012, at the 7407: 7364:Civil Liberties Act of 1988 7116:. The book was awarded the 7085:University of Hawaiʻi Press 7051:When the Emperor was Divine 6825:, is about a white artist, 6582:Remains of Dalton Wells, a 6535:Monument to the men of the 6496:Exhibitions and collections 6405:Japanese-American internees 6041:Civil Liberties Act of 1988 6025:Civil Liberties Act of 1988 6012:, Congress established the 5643:incorporated U.S. territory 5318:large public universities. 4551:Topaz War Relocation Center 4488:Manzanar Children's Village 4319:Civilian Conservation Corps 4283:Santa Anita assembly center 3678:had intentionally withheld 3174:Santa Anita Assembly Center 2602:—people emigrated from the 2550:Civil Liberties Act of 1988 2475:United States Census Bureau 2140:Medical model of disability 1984:Hate speech laws by country 250:Civil Liberties Act of 1988 10: 16934: 16581:Nevada during World War II 16227:Stringtown Internment Camp 16202:Honouliuli Internment Camp 16172:Fort Lewis Internment Camp 16167:Fort Meade Internment Camp 16152:Fort Bliss Internment Camp 15979:Sacramento Assembly Center 15142:Korematsu v. United States 14305:. AMPAS. October 4, 2014. 13216:"The Manzanar Controversy" 13119:. Routledge. p. 175. 12869:. Nps.gov. January 8, 2007 12467:"War Relocation Authority" 12319:Korematsu v. United States 12303:This article incorporates 12150:U.S. National Park Service 12096:"Japanese Latin Americans" 11852:Journal of Labor Economics 11819:. Retrieved July 15, 2014. 11462:"100th Infantry Battalion" 11127:(accessed March 14, 2014). 11108:(accessed March 14, 2014). 11076:California Digital Library 10081:(accessed March 14, 2014). 10026:(accessed March 14, 2014). 9287:"In Defense Of Internment" 9275:. 2004, pp. 128, 135, 275. 9252:Seattle Post Intelligencer 9055:The Orange County Register 8853:Korematsu v. United States 8594:. ABC-CLIO. p. 1182. 8590:Adam, Thomas, ed. (2005). 8559:Kashima, Tetsuden (2003). 8530:Korematsu v. United States 8511:University of Alaska Press 8378:Harry N. Scheiber (1997). 8286:Catherine Collins (2018). 8066:Kashima, Tetsuden (2003). 8041:Kashima, Tetsuden (2003). 8016:Kashima, Tetsuden (2003). 7309:Korematsu v. United States 7240: 7069:Vivienne Schiffer's novel 6927: 6744: 6738: 6679: 6555:depicting soldiers of the 6543:, Rohwer Memorial Cemetery 6525:National Historic Landmark 6408: 6402: 6352: 5982: 5976: 5901:internees. August 5, 1944. 5869:Hardship and material loss 5861: 5813:Korematsu v. United States 5806:On December 18, 1944, the 5691:Honouliuli Internment Camp 5544: 4785:Honouliuli Internment Camp 4725:Camp Lordsburg, New Mexico 3691:Korematsu v. United States 3635:(ONI) reports, led to the 3540:sentiments against Negroes 3480: 3436: 3109:, Provost Marshal General 3062:Presidential Proclamations 2793:The San Francisco Examiner 2608:islands' sugar plantations 2579: 2568: 2491:Korematsu v. United States 2249:Social model of disability 682:Discrimination against men 319:Korematsu v. United States 41:history of Asian Americans 18: 16873:Japanese-American history 16832:Destroyers-for-bases deal 16817: 16770: 16739: 16730:Medal of Honor recipients 16691: 16680: 16650: 16619: 16556: 16507: 16407: 16284: 16235: 16217:Lordsburg Internment Camp 16187:Fort Sill Internment Camp 16119: 16053: 16023:Citizen Isolation centers 16022: 15921: 15860: 15754: 15704:Resources in your library 15524:Mike Mackey, ed. (1998). 15513:Lyon, Chertin M. (2012). 15475:Inouye, Karen M. (2016). 15421:. New York: W. W. Norton. 15347:Pacific Historical Review 14382:www.heartmountainfilm.com 13115:McClain, Charles (1994). 12939:Tateishi and Yoshino 2000 12867:"Personal Justice Denied" 12822:December 4, 2017, at the 12015:archives.starbulletin.com 12009:Star-Bulletin, Honolulu. 11607:Moore, Brenda L. (2003). 11371:Pacific Historical Review 11328:Japanese American History 11233:Okihiro, Gary Y. (2013). 11163:Okihiro, Gary Y. (2013). 10277:November 6, 2014, at the 9235:Japanese American history 8908:Japanese American History 8478:National Archives Catalog 8196:Santa Cruz Public Library 7690:"About the Incarceration" 7567:100th Congress, S. 1009, 6787:camp, and to Mr. Miyagi ( 6783:'s wife and child in the 6471:Japanese American redress 6340:unanimously ratified the 6285:. Many others, including 6239:American Jewish Committee 5950:Placer County, California 5631: 5600:during World War II (see 5565:Custodial Detention index 5541:Other concentration camps 5491:Dachau concentration camp 5114: 4680:McNeil Island, Washington 4661:Federal Bureau of Prisons 4628:Citizen Isolation Centers 4355:– Poston assembly center) 4329:Merced County Fairgrounds 4269:Civilian Assembly Centers 4247:Civilian Assembly Centers 3564:, a bill which calls for 3274:The Saturday Evening Post 3192:internees, March 30, 1942 3085:Other concentration camps 2857:Aleutian Islands Campaign 2744:Custodial Detention Index 2695:Japanese language schools 2398:continental United States 1580:Opposition to immigration 471:Race / Ethnicity 295: 280: 269: 261: 232: 222: 195: 181: 171: 163: 129:Granada Relocation Center 50: 38: 16903:Persecution of Buddhists 16819:Diplomatic participation 16432:Renunciation Act of 1944 15999:Tanforan Assembly Center 15994:Stockton Assembly Center 15974:Puyallup Assembly Center 15969:Portland Assembly Center 15959:Pinedale Assembly Center 15845:100th Infantry Battalion 15820:Life before World War II 15810:War Relocation Authority 15317:. Asian American Books. 14866:Honolulu Star Advertiser 14553:"Snow Falling on Cedars" 14342:10.1215/10642684-2422665 14269:. Movies & TV Dept. 14178:– via defense.gov. 13692:Michael Rywkin (1994). " 13190:Burgan, Michael (2017). 11814:"Martial law in Hawaii," 11762:, 24: 2 (July 2009) p54. 11299:In Defense of Internment 11103:"Loyalty questionnaire," 10500:Sleeper, Lu Ann (2013). 10298:War Relocation Authority 9978:Connell, Thomas (2002). 9868:. Densho. Archived from 9734:"Stupid and Dangerous". 9676:The Atlanta Constitution 9273:In Defense of Internment 8803:Japanese Latin Americans 8707:University of Washington 8672:"Military Areas 1 and 2" 7991:Beito, David T. (2023). 7132: 7017:Jeanne Wakatsuki Houston 6734: 6671:until November 19, 2017. 6537:100th Infantry Battalion 6379:, and the persecutions, 6342:Power of Words Handbook, 6257:in the Spanish American 6124:Social impact and legacy 5839:War Relocation Authority 5717:Japanese Latin Americans 5703:Kilauea Detention Center 5606:Latin American countries 5467:100th Infantry Battalion 5373:Renunciation Act of 1944 4984:Jeanne Wakatsuki Houston 4938:War Relocation Authority 4895:War Relocation Authority 4870:(second generation) and 4675:Fort Leavenworth, Kansas 4647:Fort Stanton, New Mexico 4597:Fort Stanton, New Mexico 4363:Pinedale Assembly Center 4339:Owens Valley, California 4308:(migrant workers' camp) 4175:War Relocation Authority 3856:War Relocation Authority 3810:War Relocation Authority 3497:National Security Agency 3459:War Relocation Authority 3454:A Challenge to Democracy 2629:Asiatic Exclusion League 2534:Personal Justice Denied, 2358:War Relocation Authority 2348:about 120,000 people of 1575:Occupational segregation 1344:Compulsory sterilization 117:Clockwise from top left: 16415:Redress and court cases 16365:Under the Blood Red Sun 16344:The Buddha in the Attic 16009:Turlock Assembly Center 15984:Salinas Assembly Center 15840:442nd Infantry Regiment 15825:Life after World War II 15591:Robinson, Greg (2009). 15580:Robinson, Greg (2001). 15360:Elleman, Bruce (2006). 15110:Irons, Peter. (1996) . 14443:underthebloodredsun.com 14253:"Come See the Paradise" 14135:"Then They Came For Me" 13698:". M.E. Sharpe. p. 66. 13670:Maxim Shrayer (2007). " 13598:Discourse & Society 13165:Marrin, Albert (2016). 13140:Neiwert, David (2005). 12762:Personal Justice Denied 12697:"The WRA says Thirty," 12337:"Franklin D. Roosevelt" 12325:(accessed 5 June 2014). 12163:Elleman, Bruce (2006). 12028:Robinson, Greg (2001). 11958:The Honolulu Advertiser 11932:The Honolulu Advertiser 11906:The Honolulu Advertiser 11703:A Brother is a Stranger 11701:Toru Matsumoto (1946). 11441:encyclopedia.densho.org 11143:encyclopedia.densho.org 10927:April 15, 2012, at the 10871:encyclopedia.densho.org 10640:(subscription required) 10608:"Children of the Camps" 10535:March 29, 2019, at the 9831:Personal Justice Denied 9801:, Aiko Herzig Yoshinaga 9600:encyclopedia.densho.org 9397:The Journal of Politics 9187:Hayashi, Brian Masaru. 8332:Smithsonian Institution 8246:. 2257, 2306–07 (2002). 7937:www.historyonthenet.com 7839:San Francisco Chronicle 7639:Werner, Emmy E (2001). 7038:The Buddha in the Attic 6989:Florence Crannell Means 6908:Under the Blood Red Sun 6797:442nd Infantry Regiment 6795:while serving with the 6648:On April 16, 2013, the 6602:In September 2022, the 6592:Smithsonian Institution 6248:After the meeting, the 6155:On April 22, 2022, The 6018:Personal Justice Denied 5973:Reparations and redress 5489:of the Nazis' original 5215:Kenesaw Mountain Landis 4920:Conditions in the camps 4763:Fort Richardson, Alaska 4690:These camps often held 4568:These camps often held 4511:, Colorado (AKA Amache) 4455:Turlock Assembly Center 4375:, racetrack, stables) ( 3968:Western Defense Command 3499:operative, argues that 3143:were required to leave 2970:Western Defense Command 2964:and Lieutenant General 2903:attack on Pearl Harbour 2853:rapid military conquest 2645:Immigration Act of 1924 2463:Western Defense Command 2125:Internalized oppression 1979:Fighting Discrimination 1969:Fat acceptance movement 1927:Anti-discrimination law 1553:Native American mascots 288:, mostly living on the 209:Hysteria following the 16752:Attack on Pearl Harbor 16693:Military participation 16337:Snow Falling on Cedars 16323:Judgment Without Trial 16030:Leupp Isolation Center 16004:Tulare Assembly Center 15964:Pomona Assembly Center 15944:Merced Assembly Center 15934:Fresno Assembly Center 15929:Arboga Assembly Center 15674:public domain material 15499:21.4 (1990): 463-482. 15432:. Palgrave, New York. 15426:Harth, Erica. (2001). 15150:, Majority opinion by 14820:PenguinRandomhouse.com 14762:"Two Homelands (book)" 14648:"Farewell to Manzanar" 14275:. 2012. Archived from 13965:americanhistory.si.edu 13737:Michael Mann (2005). " 12587:The San Francisco News 12451:Tule Lake Committee, " 11749:, June 16, 2011, p. 2. 10901:oac-upstream.cdlib.org 9689:"Military Necessity". 9602:. Densho Encyclopedia. 9584:. Densho Encyclopedia. 9201:Irons, Peter. (1993). 8826:"Victory at the IACHR" 8620:"Voluntary Evacuation" 8292:. Brill. p. 105. 7958:Irons, Peter. (1993). 7870:Weglyn, Michi Nishiura 7599:"Medical care in camp" 7405: 7291:Yasui v. United States 7285:Ozawa v. United States 7278: 7270: 7041:(2011), winner of the 6966:Snow Falling on Cedars 6917:novel of the same name 6852:April 1, 2017, at the 6732: 6616:National Historic Site 6586: 6575: 6563: 6544: 6528: 6516: 6505: 6311: 6186: 6079: 6044: 5902: 5886: 5878: 5462: 5418:Civil rights attorney 5416: 5398: 5358: 5343: 5242:in front of MLB scout 4963: 4933: 4861: 4828:San Pedro, Los Angeles 4743:, New Mexico and Texas 4708:Camp Blanding, Florida 4498: 4490: 4479: 4471: 4442:Tulare Assembly Center 4403:Sacramento, California 4377:Pomona assembly center 4333:Merced Assembly Center 4310:Arboga Assembly Center 4297:Fresno Assembly Center 4295:, racetrack, stables) 4242: 4234: 4226: 3992:WRA Relocation Centers 3986:WRA Relocation Centers 3962: 3840: 3825: 3797: 3782: 3767: 3752: 3737: 3722: 3620: 3589: 3461: 3418: 3404:Orange County Register 3332: 3317: 3286:The Leadership of the 3284: 3267: 3243:Support and opposition 3193: 3177: 3161: 3010: 2992: 2979: 2841:attack on Pearl Harbor 2836: 2824: 2808: 2796: 2723: 2432:territory's population 2382:attack on Pearl Harbor 2372:, issued by President 2366:United States citizens 2244:Social identity threat 2217:Reverse discrimination 2207:Racial color blindness 1665:Violence against women 1645:Sex-selective abortion 311:Yasui v. United States 211:attack on Pearl Harbor 134:Harvesting spinach at 16908:Collective punishment 16479:The Long Journey Home 16452:Go for Broke Monument 16420:Evacuation Claims Act 16390:List of feature films 16385:List of documentaries 16212:Kilauea Military Camp 16197:Haiku Internment Camp 16035:Moab Isolation Center 15939:Mayer Assembly Center 15618:. Laguna Publishers. 15368:. Routledge. p. 15028:"AMC's horror series 14170:on September 30, 2017 13546:"Exhibition on Camps" 13493:"Words for Suffering" 12930:Accessed 29 Mar 2017. 12904:Accessed 29 Mar 2017. 12891:Accessed 29 Mar 2017. 12711:Niiya, Brian (1993). 12511:National Park Service 12469:. Densho Encyclopedia 12339:. Densho Encyclopedia 11990:on September 20, 2012 11530:on November 25, 2009. 11139:"Questions 27 and 28" 10768:. Densho Encyclopedia 10714:National Park Service 10356:on September 3, 2006. 10094:. September 26, 1991. 9986:. Praeger-Greenwood. 9924:Niiya, Brian (1993). 9674:"Time To Get Tough". 8806:. Densho Encyclopedia 8651:on September 27, 2007 8454:on September 13, 2016 8429:National Park Service 7601:. Densho Encyclopedia 7552:. September 22, 2021. 7400:writ of habeas corpus 7392: 7377:Chief Justice Roberts 7334:writ of habeas corpus 7276: 7268: 7048:Julie Otsuka's novel 6892:The documentary film 6805:Come See The Paradise 6759:Bad Day at Black Rock 6728: 6659:In January 2015, the 6639:The elementary school 6581: 6569: 6550: 6534: 6522: 6511: 6503: 6463:Aiko Herzig-Yoshinaga 6275:extermination centers 6254: 6243:National Park Service 6169: 6159:edited its entry for 6074: 6038: 6010:Carter administration 5991:civil rights movement 5977:Further information: 5892: 5884: 5876: 5862:Further information: 5701:, in addition to the 5545:Further information: 5479:U.S. military history 5471:Hawaii National Guard 5440: 5403: 5393: 5353: 5337: 5312:Mount Holyoke College 5219:Major League Baseball 4962:War Relocation Center 4957: 4931: 4888:101 orphaned children 4859: 4747:Fort Howard, Maryland 4730:Camp McCoy, Wisconsin 4649:(AKA Old Raton Ranch) 4496: 4485: 4477: 4469: 4422:San Bruno, California 4279:Santa Anita Racetrack 4240: 4232: 4214: 3956: 3868:Department of Justice 3854:and the civilian-run 3831: 3807: 3792: 3777: 3762: 3747: 3732: 3717: 3660:Department of Justice 3607: 3587: 3451: 3414:Henry Emerson Fosdick 3409: 3373:Delos Carleton Emmons 3327: 3312: 3279: 3255: 3183: 3167: 3159: 3005: 2987: 2974: 2830: 2819:, May 1942. Photo by 2814: 2802: 2791: 2718: 2649:Chinese Exclusion Act 2612:Gentlemen's Agreement 2580:Further information: 2569:Further information: 2522:redress organizations 2488:In its 1944 decision 2374:Franklin D. Roosevelt 2360:(WRA), mostly in the 2212:Religious intolerance 2172:Political correctness 1994:Intersex human rights 1942:Cultural assimilation 1610:Religious persecution 1374:Disability hate crime 190:Franklin D. Roosevelt 176:Western United States 16447:Empty Chair Memorial 16351:The Invisible Thread 16309:Farewell to Manzanar 16054:Detention facilities 16040:Old Raton Ranch Camp 15772:Executive Order 9102 15767:Executive Order 9066 15148:323 U.S. 214 15086:on February 21, 2015 14849:, September 14, 2020 14749:. November 12, 2012. 14610:on February 11, 2011 13695:Moscow's lost empire 13384:. Manzanar Committee 13269:on December 29, 2002 12913:Hatamiya, Leslie T. 12847:on February 17, 2017 12119:C. Harvey Gardiner. 11737:Agence France-Presse 11279:on February 27, 2010 10237:on December 27, 2011 10130:The Internet Archive 9624:on December 19, 2007 9450:. February 18, 2021. 9174:Leslie T. Hatamiya. 8859:323 U.S. 214 8830:Campaign for Justice 8536:323 U.S. 214 8140:on December 25, 2007 7851:Kashima, Tetsuden. " 7808:Agricultural History 7726:Nakamura, Kelli Y. " 7472:Expulsion of Germans 7436:United States portal 7101:They Called Us Enemy 7060:'s historical novel 7058:Kermit Roosevelt III 7026:Farewell to Manzanar 6979:'s historical novel 6971:1999 film adaptation 6633:National Park System 6486:Aftermath and legacy 6441:They Called Us Enemy 6059:in the House and by 5709:and Camp Kalaheo on 5641:(Hawaii was only an 5622:imposed restrictions 5575:and Toru Matsumoto. 5314:during World War 2. 5282:Carnegie Corporation 4979:Farewell to Manzanar 4936:According to a 1943 4796:Stringtown, Oklahoma 4791:Sand Island, Hawaiʻi 4758:Fort Meade, Maryland 4686:U.S. Army facilities 4655:Executive Order 9066 4622:Forest Park, Georgia 4612:Santa Fe, New Mexico 4432:Stockton, California 4393:Puyallup, Washington 4359:Pinedale, California 4183:Milton S. Eisenhower 4179:Executive Order 9102 3727:Atlanta Constitution 3702:Newspaper editorials 3483:Magic (cryptography) 3334:U.S. Representative 3306:, who wrote for the 2783:John Franklin Carter 2548:signed into law the 2404:. About 80,000 were 2370:Executive Order 9066 1595:Political repression 582:Anti-left handedness 572:Anti-intellectualism 205:Anti-Japanese racism 186:Executive Order 9066 124:Woodland, California 122:Boarding a train in 16302:Born Free and Equal 16276:Elaine Black Yoneda 16261:Estelle Peck Ishigo 16236:Notable incarcerees 15861:Concentration camps 15660:Japanese Relocation 15641:Densho Encyclopedia 14978:New York Daily News 14872:on October 16, 2015 14709:on November 7, 2015 14703:www.julieotsuka.com 14678:www.julieotsuka.com 14527:www.randomhouse.com 14414:on August 25, 2015. 14279:on October 16, 2012 14137:. Alphawood Gallery 13795:Densho Encyclopedia 13243:The History Teacher 13063:www.apstylebook.com 12972:on February 2, 2011 12841:Ford Library Museum 12803:Stone, Geoffrey R. 12748:Densho Encyclopedia 12323:Densho Encyclopedia 12255:Hakim, Joy (1995). 11817:Densho Encyclopedia 11684:Keiho Soga (2008). 11504:on November 4, 2007 11484:Densho Encyclopedia 11466:Densho Encyclopedia 11344:Impossible Subjects 11207:. August 15, 2016. 11125:Densho Encyclopedia 11106:Densho Encyclopedia 11078:. February 15, 1943 10921:Historical brochure 10658:Childhood Education 10079:Densho Encyclopedia 10076:"Assembly centers," 10024:Densho Encyclopedia 9494:Scientific American 9437:Beito, p. 188, 253. 9141:The Niihau Incident 8919:Berberoglu, Berch. 8728:Blankenship, Anne. 8179:Densho Encyclopedia 8163:Densho Encyclopedia 7908:Densho Encyclopedia 7857:Densho Encyclopedia 7748:Densho Encyclopedia 7731:Densho Encyclopedia 7672:Densho Encyclopedia 7627:Densho Encyclopedia 7624:"Homicide in Camp," 7622:Kashima, Tetsuden. 7530:on January 13, 2015 7126:American Book Award 7112:and illustrated by 6831:Lone Heart Mountain 6572:their comrades fell 6411:Estelle Peck Ishigo 6377:Soviet Central Asia 6299:former Soviet Union 6229:Towards a consensus 6223:concentration camps 6161:Japanese internment 6008:In 1980, under the 5665:Lieutenant General 5579:Crystal City, Texas 5459:concentration camps 4774:Fort Sill, Oklahoma 4581:Crystal City, Texas 4447:Turlock, California 4412:Salinas, California 4349:Parker Dam, Arizona 4275:Arcadia, California 4251:Relocation Centers, 4187:Japanese Relocation 3994: 3860:Relocation Centers, 3833:Hayward, California 3401:, publisher of the 3227:was erected in the 3221:Ralph Lawrence Carr 2956:Questioning loyalty 2911:President Roosevelt 2817:Salinas, California 2684:Japanese prefecture 2449:concentration camps 2354:concentration camps 2342:During World War II 2120:Historical eugenics 1635:Segregation academy 1615:Religious terrorism 1404:Enemy of the people 1312:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 822:Jehovah's Witnesses 707:Perpetual foreigner 296:Supreme Court cases 201:anti-spying policy 140:Adults in class at 35: 16798:Japanese Americans 16632:Women's Army Corps 16442:Fred Korematsu Day 16437:Day of Remembrance 15805:Lordsburg killings 15569:(Greenwood, 2002). 15505:Lotchin, Roger W. 15352:Drinnon, Richard. 15263:The New York Times 15080:Allegiance Musical 15030:The Terror: Infamy 14946:February 20, 2020 14930:November 12, 2020 14634:www.washington.edu 14533:on January 2, 2016 14272:The New York Times 14224:The New York Times 14063:on January 2, 2016 14039:. October 1, 2022. 13919:Lehoczky, Etelka. 13775:"Deportation 1941" 12917:. 1994, pp. 108–09 12670:The New York Times 12585:(March 24, 1942), 12392:The New York Times 12136:: 2002, pp. 145–48 11863:Beito, p. 176-177. 11658:Tetsuden Kashima. 11403:Yamamoto, Traise. 11297:Malkin, Michelle. 11120:Cherstin M. Lyon. 11101:Cherstin M. Lyon. 11053:. October 19, 2021 10923:, Earlham College 10487:Wartime Internment 10323:Los Angeles Times, 9932:. VNR AG. p. 9779:Beito, p. 182-183. 9659:"Action on Japs". 9647:Los Angeles Times, 9271:Malkin, Michelle. 8758:on October 2, 2006 8267:on October 4, 2008 8244:Fordham Law Review 7939:. December 6, 2016 7922:Beito, p. 165-173. 7773:Ng, Wendy (2002). 7742:Anderson, Emily. " 7666:Anderson, Emily. " 7477:Japanese Americans 7279: 7271: 7219:The Terror: Infamy 7158:Peace Love Ukulele 7021:James D. Houston's 7001:recipient in 1946. 6943:The Japanese Lover 6699:red-crowned cranes 6587: 6576: 6564: 6545: 6529: 6517: 6506: 6436:The Terror: Infamy 6315:The New York Times 6271:summary executions 6137:Terminology debate 6114:Fred Korematsu Day 6045: 5903: 5893:Boy Scouts at the 5887: 5879: 5848:Lake View, Chicago 5802:Incarceration ends 5684:, at the mouth of 5647:Japanese Americans 5511:Women's Army Corps 5463: 5451:Japanese Americans 5344: 5022:coccidioidomycosis 4964: 4958:Dust storm at the 4934: 4862: 4499: 4491: 4480: 4472: 4462:Relocation Centers 4438:Tulare, California 4369:Pomona, California 4325:Merced, California 4306:Arboga, California 4293:Fresno Fairgrounds 4289:Fresno, California 4243: 4235: 4227: 3990: 3963: 3841: 3826: 3647:Gordon Hirabayashi 3621: 3617:Gordon Hirabayashi 3590: 3555:Pittsburgh Courier 3551:George S. Schuyler 3462: 3388:Charles A. Sprague 3299:Roberts Commission 3268: 3194: 3178: 3162: 3115:Army Ground Forces 3113:, Deputy chief of 2940:Roberts Commission 2930:Roberts Commission 2837: 2825: 2809: 2797: 2777:After Pearl Harbor 2732:concentration camp 2726:In the 1930s, the 2724: 2624:European Americans 2598:'s economy to the 2500:Due Process Clause 2496:U.S. Supreme Court 2024:Social integration 2019:Self-determination 2009:Racial integration 1957:Diversity training 1947:Cultural pluralism 1922:Affirmative action 1814:Racial segregation 1724:Crime of apartheid 1620:Religious violence 1122:Indigenous people 498:Sexual orientation 286:Japanese Americans 242:of 1948 signed by 33: 16845: 16844: 16813: 16812: 16793:Chinese Americans 16778:African Americans 16757:Normandy landings 16678: 16677: 16642:Rosie the Riveter 16516: 16515: 15685:Library resources 15606:978-0-231-12922-0 15558:978-0-87480-789-9 15537:978-0-9661556-1-7 15488:978-1-5036-0056-0 15470:978-0-7734-6450-6 15458:978-0-8122-9995-3 15407:978-0-295-95855-2 15379:978-0-415-33188-3 15324:978-0-262-53023-1 15297:978-0-262-53023-1 15062:Los Angeles Times 14578:978-1-4169-7566-3 14508:978-0-345-51250-5 14388:on April 19, 2022 14364:"The Empty Chair" 14202:on April 12, 2019 13201:978-0-7565-5585-6 13176:978-0-553-50936-6 13151:978-1-4039-6792-3 13126:978-0-8153-1866-8 12618:Los Angeles Times 12598:Long, Priscilla. 12433:on March 30, 2010 12178:978-0-415-33188-3 12036:. p. 264n2. 11620:978-0-8135-3278-3 11548:on March 20, 2016 11246:978-0-313-39916-9 11205:National Archives 11176:978-0-313-39916-9 10593:978-0-674-18472-5 10555:chem.nwc.cc.wy.us 10415:. April 27, 2021. 9993:978-0-275-97535-7 9894:Rosenfeld, Alan. 9736:Los Angeles Times 9721:Los Angeles Times 9706:Los Angeles Times 9661:Los Angeles Times 9312:. History Network 9289:. Michelle Malkin 8484:on March 18, 2021 8413:Conn, pp. 133–136 8324:"Removal process" 8299:978-90-04-35324-4 8092:Prange, Gordon W. 7977:978-0-520-08312-7 7889:978-0-688-07996-3 7792:978-0-313-31375-2 7710:Okihiro, Gary Y. 7468:, in World War II 7462:, in World War II 7456:, in World War II 7355:National Archives 7230:Futatsu no Sokoku 7081:Futatsu no Sokoku 6905:The feature film 6720:President Clinton 6654:McGehee, Arkansas 6614:was designated a 6237:. Initially, the 6194:attorney general 6189:Which term to use 6070:George H. W. Bush 5671:Thomas Sakakihara 5587:Italian Americans 5428:stateless persons 5297:Richmond, Indiana 5274:Milton Eisenhower 4884:Alien Enemies Act 4670:Catalina, Arizona 4617:Seagoville, Texas 4223:Eleanor Roosevelt 4171: 4170: 3917:Italian Americans 3880:Italian Americans 3787:Los Angeles Times 3772:Los Angeles Times 3757:Los Angeles Times 3712:Los Angeles Times 3680:The Ringle Report 3666:The Ringle Report 3629:National Archives 3627:was found in the 3598:Colonel Bendetsen 3471:Joseph Poindexter 3449: 3322:Los Angeles Times 3308:Hearst newspapers 3190:Bainbridge Island 3068:Alien Enemies Act 2949:Husband E. Kimmel 2877:and FBI Director 2865:Los Angeles Times 2851:. Due to Japan's 2588:Meiji Restoration 2444:Italian Americans 2339: 2338: 2202:Racism by country 2130:Intersectionality 2115:Heteronormativity 1898:Voter suppression 1640:Sexual harassment 1439:Forced conversion 1359:Cultural genocide 1021:African Americans 832:post–Cold War era 817:Eastern Orthodoxy 567:Anti-drug addicts 562:Anti-homelessness 481:Scientific racism 336: 335: 16925: 16805:Jewish Americans 16737: 16736: 16686: 16617: 16616: 16543: 16536: 16529: 16520: 16519: 16358:The Moved-Outers 16207:Kalaheo Stockade 15922:Assembly centers 15741: 15734: 15727: 15718: 15717: 15671: 15670: 15629: 15610: 15598: 15587: 15562: 15541: 15520: 15492: 15462: 15443: 15422: 15411: 15390: 15388: 15386: 15367: 15332: 15331: 15308: 15302: 15301: 15281: 15275: 15274: 15272: 15270: 15253: 15247: 15246: 15244: 15242: 15225: 15219: 15209: 15203: 15202: 15200: 15198: 15184: 15178: 15172: 15164: 15155: 15145: 15137: 15128: 15127: 15107: 15096: 15095: 15093: 15091: 15082:. Archived from 15072: 15066: 15065: 15053: 15047: 15046: 15044: 15042: 15023: 15017: 15016: 15014: 15012: 14996: 14990: 14989: 14987: 14985: 14968: 14962: 14956: 14950: 14941: 14935: 14925: 14919: 14909: 14903: 14902: 14888: 14882: 14881: 14879: 14877: 14868:. Archived from 14857: 14851: 14850: 14846:Associated Press 14837: 14831: 14830: 14828: 14826: 14812: 14806: 14805: 14803: 14801: 14786: 14777: 14776: 14774: 14772: 14757: 14751: 14750: 14743: 14737: 14736: 14733:Kermit Roosevelt 14725: 14719: 14718: 14716: 14714: 14705:. Archived from 14695: 14689: 14688: 14686: 14684: 14670: 14664: 14663: 14661: 14659: 14644: 14638: 14637: 14626: 14620: 14619: 14617: 14615: 14606:. Archived from 14596: 14590: 14589: 14587: 14585: 14563: 14557: 14556: 14549: 14543: 14542: 14540: 14538: 14529:. Archived from 14519: 14513: 14512: 14492: 14486: 14485: 14483: 14481: 14466: 14460: 14453: 14447: 14446: 14435: 14429: 14422: 14416: 14415: 14404: 14398: 14397: 14395: 14393: 14384:. Archived from 14374: 14368: 14367: 14360: 14354: 14353: 14325: 14319: 14318: 14316: 14314: 14295: 14289: 14288: 14286: 14284: 14263: 14257: 14256: 14249: 14243: 14242: 14239:"The Karate Kid" 14235: 14229: 14228: 14227:, August 7, 1953 14218: 14212: 14211: 14209: 14207: 14198:. Archived from 14186: 14180: 14179: 14177: 14175: 14166:. Archived from 14153: 14147: 14146: 14144: 14142: 14131: 14125: 14124: 14122: 14120: 14115:on June 16, 2016 14111:. Archived from 14105: 14099: 14098: 14096: 14094: 14089:on July 12, 2016 14085:. Archived from 14079: 14073: 14072: 14070: 14068: 14062: 14055: 14047: 14041: 14040: 14027: 14021: 14020: 14007: 14001: 14000: 13986: 13977: 13976: 13974: 13972: 13957: 13951: 13950: 13948: 13946: 13935: 13929: 13928: 13916: 13910: 13909: 13907: 13905: 13888: 13882: 13881: 13879: 13877: 13860: 13854: 13853: 13851: 13849: 13835: 13829: 13828: 13826: 13824: 13819:. Democracy Now! 13813: 13807: 13806: 13804: 13802: 13788:Yamato, Sharon. 13785: 13779: 13778: 13771: 13765: 13764: 13757: 13751: 13735: 13729: 13713: 13707: 13690: 13684: 13668: 13662: 13659: 13653: 13652: 13650: 13648: 13636: 13630: 13629: 13593: 13587: 13586: 13584: 13582: 13567: 13561: 13560: 13558: 13556: 13541: 13535: 13534: 13532: 13530: 13515: 13509: 13508: 13506: 13504: 13499:. March 10, 1998 13489: 13483: 13482: 13480: 13478: 13463: 13457: 13456: 13454: 13452: 13441: 13435: 13434: 13426: 13420: 13419: 13417: 13415: 13400: 13394: 13393: 13391: 13389: 13377: 13371: 13370: 13368: 13366: 13355: 13349: 13348: 13346: 13337: 13331: 13330: 13328: 13326: 13321:on June 24, 2007 13311: 13305: 13304: 13302: 13300: 13285: 13279: 13278: 13276: 13274: 13265:. Archived from 13234: 13228: 13227: 13225: 13223: 13212: 13206: 13205: 13187: 13181: 13180: 13162: 13156: 13155: 13137: 13131: 13130: 13112: 13106: 13105: 13097: 13088: 13087: 13080: 13074: 13073: 13071: 13069: 13055: 13049: 13048: 13041: 13035: 13034: 13018: 13012: 13011: 12993: 12982: 12981: 12979: 12977: 12968:. Archived from 12957: 12951: 12950: 12946: 12940: 12937: 12931: 12924: 12918: 12915:Righting a Wrong 12911: 12905: 12898: 12892: 12885: 12879: 12878: 12876: 12874: 12863: 12857: 12856: 12854: 12852: 12843:. Archived from 12833: 12827: 12814: 12808: 12801: 12795: 12794: 12792: 12790: 12775: 12766: 12757: 12751: 12741: 12735: 12734: 12718: 12708: 12702: 12701:112, pp. 867–68. 12695: 12689: 12688: 12686: 12684: 12661: 12655: 12654: 12652: 12650: 12644:Nichi Bei Weekly 12635: 12629: 12628: 12626: 12624: 12609: 12603: 12596: 12590: 12580: 12574: 12573: 12571: 12569: 12554: 12548: 12547: 12545: 12543: 12528: 12522: 12521: 12519: 12517: 12498: 12492: 12485: 12479: 12478: 12476: 12474: 12465:Robinson, Greg. 12462: 12456: 12449: 12443: 12442: 12440: 12438: 12429:. Archived from 12417: 12411: 12410: 12408: 12406: 12383: 12377: 12376: 12374: 12372: 12355: 12349: 12348: 12346: 12344: 12332: 12326: 12315: 12309: 12300: 12299: 12277: 12271: 12270: 12252: 12246: 12237: 12231: 12230: 12228: 12226: 12221:on July 14, 2011 12220: 12214:. Archived from 12213: 12205: 12199: 12196: 12190: 12189: 12187: 12185: 12170: 12159: 12153: 12143: 12137: 12132:Connel, Thomas. 12130: 12124: 12117: 12108: 12107: 12105: 12103: 12091: 12078: 12077: 12075: 12073: 12068:on July 14, 2019 12064:. Archived from 12051: 12045: 12044: 12035: 12025: 12019: 12018: 12006: 12000: 11999: 11997: 11995: 11986:. Archived from 11975: 11969: 11968: 11966: 11964: 11949: 11943: 11942: 11940: 11938: 11923: 11917: 11916: 11914: 11912: 11897: 11891: 11890: 11888: 11886: 11870: 11864: 11861: 11855: 11848: 11842: 11835: 11829: 11826: 11820: 11810: 11804: 11801: 11795: 11794: 11792: 11790: 11784: 11778:. Archived from 11777: 11769: 11763: 11756: 11750: 11734: 11725: 11718: 11707: 11706: 11698: 11692: 11691: 11681: 11675: 11674: 11672: 11670: 11655: 11649: 11643: 11637: 11631: 11625: 11624: 11604: 11598: 11595: 11589: 11586: 11580: 11579: 11572:"Search Results" 11568: 11562: 11561: 11555: 11553: 11544:. Archived from 11538: 11532: 11531: 11520: 11514: 11513: 11511: 11509: 11494: 11488: 11487: 11476: 11470: 11469: 11458: 11452: 11451: 11449: 11447: 11433: 11427: 11426: 11419: 11408: 11401: 11395: 11394: 11366: 11360: 11353: 11347: 11340: 11331: 11324: 11315: 11308: 11302: 11295: 11289: 11288: 11286: 11284: 11269: 11258: 11257: 11255: 11253: 11230: 11224: 11223: 11221: 11219: 11213: 11202: 11198:"Justice Denied" 11194: 11188: 11187: 11185: 11183: 11160: 11154: 11153: 11151: 11149: 11137:Lyon, Cherstin. 11134: 11128: 11118: 11109: 11099: 11088: 11087: 11085: 11083: 11069: 11063: 11062: 11060: 11058: 11043: 11034: 11033: 11005: 10994: 10993: 10991: 10989: 10983:www2.oberlin.edu 10975: 10969: 10968: 10940: 10931: 10918: 10912: 10911: 10909: 10907: 10893: 10882: 10881: 10879: 10877: 10863: 10850: 10849: 10821: 10808: 10807: 10805: 10798: 10789: 10778: 10777: 10775: 10773: 10761: 10752: 10751: 10749: 10747: 10732: 10726: 10725: 10723: 10721: 10706: 10700: 10697: 10691: 10688: 10682: 10681: 10653: 10642: 10641: 10632: 10623: 10622: 10620: 10618: 10604: 10598: 10597: 10577: 10571: 10570: 10568: 10566: 10561:on March 4, 2008 10557:. Archived from 10546: 10540: 10526: 10520: 10519: 10517: 10506: 10497: 10491: 10490: 10482: 10476: 10475: 10473: 10471: 10456: 10450: 10449: 10437: 10431: 10428: 10417: 10416: 10405: 10399: 10398: 10396: 10394: 10389:. April 13, 1943 10384: 10376: 10370: 10364: 10358: 10357: 10355: 10340: 10332: 10326: 10315: 10309: 10307: 10293: 10282: 10264: 10258: 10253: 10247: 10246: 10244: 10242: 10233:. Archived from 10221: 10212: 10211: 10209: 10207: 10197: 10184: 10183: 10181: 10179: 10164: 10158: 10152: 10146: 10145: 10139: 10137: 10122: 10116: 10102: 10096: 10095: 10088: 10082: 10072: 10059: 10045: 10039: 10033: 10027: 10017: 10006: 10005: 9985: 9975: 9948: 9947: 9931: 9921: 9908: 9907: 9905: 9903: 9891: 9882: 9881: 9879: 9877: 9872:on April 5, 2007 9862: 9853: 9852: 9841: 9835: 9834: 9826: 9820: 9817: 9811: 9809: 9808: 9806: 9800: 9789: 9780: 9777: 9768: 9767: 9765: 9763: 9746: 9740: 9739: 9731: 9725: 9724: 9716: 9710: 9709: 9701: 9695: 9694: 9686: 9680: 9679: 9671: 9665: 9664: 9656: 9650: 9640: 9634: 9633: 9631: 9629: 9610: 9604: 9603: 9592: 9586: 9585: 9575: 9569: 9568: 9566: 9564: 9552: 9546: 9545: 9529:Amerasia Journal 9523: 9517: 9516: 9504: 9498: 9497: 9485: 9479: 9478: 9458: 9452: 9451: 9444: 9438: 9435: 9429: 9428: 9392: 9386: 9385: 9383: 9381: 9369: 9363: 9362: 9360: 9358: 9349:Khawaja, Irfan. 9346: 9340: 9339: 9328: 9322: 9321: 9319: 9317: 9305: 9299: 9298: 9296: 9294: 9282: 9276: 9269: 9263: 9262: 9260: 9258: 9244: 9238: 9231: 9225: 9224: 9208: 9198: 9192: 9185: 9179: 9176:Righting a Wrong 9172: 9166: 9159: 9153: 9152: 9150: 9148: 9132: 9126: 9125: 9123: 9121: 9107: 9101: 9098: 9092: 9091: 9089: 9087: 9072: 9066: 9065: 9063: 9061: 9046: 9040: 9039: 9037: 9035: 9015: 9009: 9008: 9006: 9004: 8984: 8978: 8975: 8962: 8955: 8946: 8943: 8937: 8932:Hanel, Rachael. 8930: 8924: 8917: 8911: 8904: 8898: 8893:Neiwert, David. 8891: 8885: 8884: 8872: 8866: 8856: 8848: 8842: 8841: 8839: 8837: 8822: 8816: 8815: 8813: 8811: 8797: 8791: 8790: 8788: 8786: 8774: 8768: 8767: 8765: 8763: 8754:. Archived from 8748: 8742: 8741: 8739: 8737: 8725: 8719: 8718: 8690: 8684: 8683: 8681: 8679: 8667: 8661: 8660: 8658: 8656: 8641: 8632: 8631: 8629: 8627: 8615: 8606: 8605: 8587: 8581: 8580: 8556: 8543: 8533: 8525: 8519: 8518: 8500: 8494: 8493: 8491: 8489: 8470: 8464: 8463: 8461: 8459: 8450:. Archived from 8440: 8434: 8433: 8420: 8414: 8411: 8405: 8404: 8397: 8386: 8385: 8375: 8369: 8368: 8366: 8364: 8350: 8344: 8343: 8341: 8339: 8334:. March 16, 2012 8320: 8311: 8310: 8308: 8306: 8283: 8277: 8276: 8274: 8272: 8263:. Archived from 8253: 8247: 8240: 8215: 8205: 8199: 8188: 8182: 8172: 8166: 8156: 8150: 8149: 8147: 8145: 8127: 8116: 8115: 8088: 8082: 8081: 8063: 8057: 8056: 8038: 8032: 8031: 8013: 8007: 8006: 7988: 7982: 7981: 7965: 7955: 7949: 7948: 7946: 7944: 7929: 7923: 7920: 7911: 7900: 7894: 7893: 7866: 7860: 7849: 7843: 7842: 7830: 7824: 7823: 7803: 7797: 7796: 7780: 7770: 7764: 7757: 7751: 7740: 7734: 7724: 7715: 7708: 7702: 7701: 7699: 7697: 7686: 7675: 7664: 7655: 7654: 7636: 7630: 7620: 7611: 7610: 7608: 7606: 7594: 7579: 7565: 7554: 7553: 7546: 7540: 7539: 7537: 7535: 7529: 7522: 7513: 7438: 7433: 7432: 7431: 7424: 7419: 7418: 7417: 7153:Jake Shimabukuro 6994:The Moved-Outers 6977:Cynthia Kadohata 6913:Graham Salisbury 6879:The documentary 6847:Looking for Jiro 6815:The documentary 6559:fighting in the 6476:Norman Y. Mineta 6219:internment camps 6157:Associated Press 6149:Lane Hirabayashi 5583:German Americans 5532: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5515:Army Nurse Corps 5420:Wayne M. Collins 5391:"renunciation": 5388:anti-Americanism 5240:Brooklyn Dodgers 5226:American teams. 5200: 5180: 5168: 5156: 5141: 5125: 5102: 5090: 5078: 5066: 5054: 5042: 4988:James D. Houston 4899:Southern Arizona 4768:Fort Sam Houston 4574:Italian-American 4383:Portland, Oregon 4255:internment camps 4198:The WRA camp at 3995: 3989: 3943:prisoners of war 3913:German Americans 3876:German Americans 3872:Internment Camps 3852:Assembly Centers 3574:Jewish Americans 3450: 3111:Allen W. Gullion 3103:Henry L. Stimson 3100:Secretary of War 3057: 3056: 3052: 3035:dual citizenship 3020:Emperor of Japan 2983:Culbert L. Olson 2936:racial prejudice 2907:Second World War 2847:was preparing a 2770:Japanese citizen 2596:opening of Japan 2460: 2459: 2455: 2356:operated by the 2350:Japanese descent 2331: 2324: 2317: 2254:Social privilege 2239:Social exclusion 2167:Police brutality 2088:Multiculturalism 2058:Amatonormativity 1873:Social exclusion 1709:Age of candidacy 1503:Homeless dumping 1409:Ethnic cleansing 361: 338: 337: 109: 100: 89: 80: 69: 60: 36: 32: 16933: 16932: 16928: 16927: 16926: 16924: 16923: 16922: 16848: 16847: 16846: 16841: 16809: 16788:Asian Americans 16782:Tuskegee Airmen 16766: 16747:List of battles 16735: 16687: 16674: 16646: 16615: 16591:G.I. Generation 16552: 16547: 16517: 16512: 16503: 16403: 16286: 16280: 16271:Isamu Shibayama 16231: 16137:Camp Livingston 16120:Army facilities 16115: 16049: 16018: 15917: 15856: 15750: 15745: 15715: 15714: 15713: 15693: 15692: 15688: 15668: 15637: 15632: 15626: 15607: 15559: 15538: 15489: 15459: 15440: 15408: 15384: 15382: 15380: 15341: 15339:Further reading 15336: 15335: 15325: 15309: 15305: 15298: 15282: 15278: 15268: 15266: 15254: 15250: 15240: 15238: 15226: 15222: 15212:Trump v. Hawaii 15210: 15206: 15196: 15194: 15186: 15185: 15181: 15166: 15165: 15158: 15139: 15138: 15131: 15124: 15108: 15099: 15089: 15087: 15074: 15073: 15069: 15054: 15050: 15040: 15038: 15024: 15020: 15010: 15008: 14997: 14993: 14983: 14981: 14969: 14965: 14957: 14953: 14942: 14938: 14926: 14922: 14914:Mia Doi Todd's 14910: 14906: 14889: 14885: 14875: 14873: 14858: 14854: 14839: 14838: 14834: 14824: 14822: 14814: 14813: 14809: 14799: 14797: 14796:. July 21, 2019 14790:"Two Homelands" 14788: 14787: 14780: 14770: 14768: 14758: 14754: 14745: 14744: 14740: 14727: 14726: 14722: 14712: 14710: 14697: 14696: 14692: 14682: 14680: 14672: 14671: 14667: 14657: 14655: 14646: 14645: 14641: 14628: 14627: 14623: 14613: 14611: 14598: 14597: 14593: 14583: 14581: 14579: 14565: 14564: 14560: 14551: 14550: 14546: 14536: 14534: 14521: 14520: 14516: 14509: 14493: 14489: 14479: 14477: 14475:The Independent 14467: 14463: 14454: 14450: 14437: 14436: 14432: 14423: 14419: 14406: 14405: 14401: 14391: 14389: 14376: 14375: 14371: 14362: 14361: 14357: 14326: 14322: 14312: 14310: 14297: 14296: 14292: 14282: 14280: 14265: 14264: 14260: 14251: 14250: 14246: 14237: 14236: 14232: 14220: 14219: 14215: 14205: 14203: 14188: 14187: 14183: 14173: 14171: 14154: 14150: 14140: 14138: 14133: 14132: 14128: 14118: 14116: 14107: 14106: 14102: 14092: 14090: 14081: 14080: 14076: 14066: 14064: 14060: 14053: 14049: 14048: 14044: 14029: 14028: 14024: 14009: 14008: 14004: 13987: 13980: 13970: 13968: 13959: 13958: 13954: 13944: 13942: 13937: 13936: 13932: 13917: 13913: 13903: 13901: 13889: 13885: 13875: 13873: 13861: 13857: 13847: 13845: 13837: 13836: 13832: 13822: 13820: 13815: 13814: 13810: 13800: 13798: 13786: 13782: 13773: 13772: 13768: 13759: 13758: 13754: 13736: 13732: 13714: 13710: 13691: 13687: 13669: 13665: 13660: 13656: 13646: 13644: 13637: 13633: 13594: 13590: 13580: 13578: 13576:Washington Post 13568: 13564: 13554: 13552: 13542: 13538: 13528: 13526: 13516: 13512: 13502: 13500: 13491: 13490: 13486: 13476: 13474: 13464: 13460: 13450: 13448: 13443: 13442: 13438: 13427: 13423: 13413: 13411: 13401: 13397: 13387: 13385: 13378: 13374: 13364: 13362: 13357: 13356: 13352: 13339: 13338: 13334: 13324: 13322: 13313: 13312: 13308: 13298: 13296: 13286: 13282: 13272: 13270: 13255:10.2307/3054440 13235: 13231: 13221: 13219: 13214: 13213: 13209: 13202: 13188: 13184: 13177: 13163: 13159: 13152: 13142:Strawberry Days 13138: 13134: 13127: 13113: 13109: 13099: 13098: 13091: 13086:. May 17, 2023. 13082: 13081: 13077: 13067: 13065: 13057: 13056: 13052: 13043: 13042: 13038: 13019: 13015: 13008: 12994: 12985: 12975: 12973: 12958: 12954: 12947: 12943: 12938: 12934: 12925: 12921: 12912: 12908: 12899: 12895: 12886: 12882: 12872: 12870: 12865: 12864: 12860: 12850: 12848: 12835: 12834: 12830: 12824:Wayback Machine 12815: 12811: 12802: 12798: 12788: 12786: 12784:Harvard College 12776: 12769: 12758: 12754: 12742: 12738: 12731: 12709: 12705: 12696: 12692: 12682: 12680: 12662: 12658: 12648: 12646: 12636: 12632: 12622: 12620: 12610: 12606: 12597: 12593: 12581: 12577: 12567: 12565: 12555: 12551: 12541: 12539: 12530: 12529: 12525: 12515: 12513: 12499: 12495: 12486: 12482: 12472: 12470: 12463: 12459: 12450: 12446: 12436: 12434: 12419: 12418: 12414: 12404: 12402: 12384: 12380: 12370: 12368: 12356: 12352: 12342: 12340: 12333: 12329: 12316: 12312: 12297: 12278: 12274: 12267: 12253: 12249: 12242:Adios to Tears, 12238: 12234: 12224: 12222: 12218: 12211: 12207: 12206: 12202: 12197: 12193: 12183: 12181: 12179: 12160: 12156: 12144: 12140: 12131: 12127: 12118: 12111: 12101: 12099: 12092: 12081: 12071: 12069: 12052: 12048: 12026: 12022: 12007: 12003: 11993: 11991: 11976: 11972: 11962: 11960: 11950: 11946: 11936: 11934: 11924: 11920: 11910: 11908: 11898: 11894: 11884: 11882: 11871: 11867: 11862: 11858: 11849: 11845: 11837:Okihiro, Gary. 11836: 11832: 11827: 11823: 11811: 11807: 11802: 11798: 11788: 11786: 11785:on May 27, 2010 11782: 11775: 11771: 11770: 11766: 11757: 11753: 11735: 11728: 11719: 11710: 11699: 11695: 11682: 11678: 11668: 11666: 11656: 11652: 11644: 11640: 11632: 11628: 11621: 11605: 11601: 11596: 11592: 11587: 11583: 11570: 11569: 11565: 11551: 11549: 11540: 11539: 11535: 11522: 11521: 11517: 11507: 11505: 11496: 11495: 11491: 11478: 11477: 11473: 11460: 11459: 11455: 11445: 11443: 11435: 11434: 11430: 11421: 11420: 11411: 11402: 11398: 11383:10.2307/3638863 11367: 11363: 11354: 11350: 11341: 11334: 11325: 11318: 11309: 11305: 11301:. 2004, p. 111. 11296: 11292: 11282: 11280: 11271: 11270: 11261: 11251: 11249: 11247: 11231: 11227: 11217: 11215: 11211: 11200: 11196: 11195: 11191: 11181: 11179: 11177: 11161: 11157: 11147: 11145: 11135: 11131: 11119: 11112: 11100: 11091: 11081: 11079: 11071: 11070: 11066: 11056: 11054: 11045: 11044: 11037: 11022:10.2307/3347107 11006: 10997: 10987: 10985: 10977: 10976: 10972: 10941: 10934: 10929:Wayback Machine 10919: 10915: 10905: 10903: 10895: 10894: 10885: 10875: 10873: 10865: 10864: 10853: 10838:10.2307/3347107 10822: 10811: 10803: 10796: 10790: 10781: 10771: 10769: 10762: 10755: 10745: 10743: 10733: 10729: 10719: 10717: 10716:. United States 10708: 10707: 10703: 10698: 10694: 10689: 10685: 10654: 10645: 10639: 10633: 10626: 10616: 10614: 10606: 10605: 10601: 10594: 10578: 10574: 10564: 10562: 10547: 10543: 10537:Wayback Machine 10527: 10523: 10515: 10504: 10498: 10494: 10483: 10479: 10469: 10467: 10458: 10457: 10453: 10438: 10434: 10429: 10420: 10411:www.history.com 10407: 10406: 10402: 10392: 10390: 10382: 10378: 10377: 10373: 10365: 10361: 10353: 10338: 10334: 10333: 10329: 10316: 10312: 10294: 10285: 10279:Wayback Machine 10265: 10261: 10254: 10250: 10240: 10238: 10223: 10222: 10215: 10205: 10203: 10199: 10198: 10187: 10177: 10175: 10165: 10161: 10153: 10149: 10135: 10133: 10124: 10123: 10119: 10103: 10099: 10090: 10089: 10085: 10073: 10062: 10046: 10042: 10034: 10030: 10018: 10009: 9994: 9976: 9951: 9944: 9922: 9911: 9901: 9899: 9892: 9885: 9875: 9873: 9864: 9863: 9856: 9843: 9842: 9838: 9827: 9823: 9818: 9814: 9804: 9802: 9798: 9790: 9783: 9778: 9771: 9761: 9759: 9748: 9747: 9743: 9733: 9732: 9728: 9718: 9717: 9713: 9703: 9702: 9698: 9691:Washington Post 9688: 9687: 9683: 9673: 9672: 9668: 9658: 9657: 9653: 9641: 9637: 9627: 9625: 9612: 9611: 9607: 9594: 9593: 9589: 9576: 9572: 9562: 9560: 9553: 9549: 9524: 9520: 9505: 9501: 9486: 9482: 9459: 9455: 9446: 9445: 9441: 9436: 9432: 9409:10.2307/2126093 9393: 9389: 9379: 9377: 9370: 9366: 9356: 9354: 9347: 9343: 9330: 9329: 9325: 9315: 9313: 9306: 9302: 9292: 9290: 9283: 9279: 9270: 9266: 9256: 9254: 9246: 9245: 9241: 9232: 9228: 9221: 9199: 9195: 9186: 9182: 9173: 9169: 9160: 9156: 9146: 9144: 9133: 9129: 9119: 9117: 9109: 9108: 9104: 9099: 9095: 9085: 9083: 9073: 9069: 9059: 9057: 9047: 9043: 9033: 9031: 9016: 9012: 9002: 9000: 8985: 8981: 8976: 8965: 8961:. 1991, p. 135. 8956: 8949: 8944: 8940: 8931: 8927: 8918: 8914: 8905: 8901: 8892: 8888: 8881:Discover Nikkei 8873: 8869: 8850: 8849: 8845: 8835: 8833: 8832:. July 26, 2020 8824: 8823: 8819: 8809: 8807: 8798: 8794: 8784: 8782: 8775: 8771: 8761: 8759: 8750: 8749: 8745: 8735: 8733: 8726: 8722: 8691: 8687: 8677: 8675: 8668: 8664: 8654: 8652: 8643: 8642: 8635: 8625: 8623: 8616: 8609: 8602: 8588: 8584: 8577: 8557: 8546: 8527: 8526: 8522: 8501: 8497: 8487: 8485: 8472: 8471: 8467: 8457: 8455: 8442: 8441: 8437: 8422: 8421: 8417: 8412: 8408: 8399: 8398: 8389: 8376: 8372: 8362: 8360: 8352: 8351: 8347: 8337: 8335: 8322: 8321: 8314: 8304: 8302: 8300: 8284: 8280: 8270: 8268: 8255: 8254: 8250: 8241: 8218: 8206: 8202: 8189: 8185: 8174:Niiya, Brian. " 8173: 8169: 8158:Niiya, Brian. " 8157: 8153: 8143: 8141: 8128: 8119: 8112: 8089: 8085: 8078: 8064: 8060: 8053: 8039: 8035: 8028: 8014: 8010: 8003: 7989: 7985: 7978: 7956: 7952: 7942: 7940: 7931: 7930: 7926: 7921: 7914: 7902:Niiya, Brian. " 7901: 7897: 7890: 7867: 7863: 7850: 7846: 7831: 7827: 7804: 7800: 7793: 7771: 7767: 7758: 7754: 7741: 7737: 7725: 7718: 7709: 7705: 7695: 7693: 7688: 7687: 7678: 7665: 7658: 7651: 7637: 7633: 7621: 7614: 7604: 7602: 7595: 7582: 7576:Wayback Machine 7566: 7557: 7548: 7547: 7543: 7533: 7531: 7527: 7520: 7514: 7510: 7505: 7434: 7429: 7427: 7420: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7372:Trump v. Hawaii 7263: 7243: 7226:Toyoko Yamasaki 7202: 7189: 7135: 7106:Justin Eisinger 7077:Toyoko Yamasaki 6969:(1994) and its 6932: 6928:Main category: 6926: 6870:The Empty Chair 6854:Wayback Machine 6818:Days of Waiting 6750: 6743: 6739:Main category: 6737: 6684: 6678: 6498: 6493: 6491:Cultural legacy 6488: 6421: 6415:Isamu Shibayama 6407: 6403:Main category: 6401: 6365: 6353:Main articles: 6351: 6334: 6321:The Jewish Week 6231: 6207:Harry S. Truman 6191: 6144: 6139: 6126: 6061:Spark Matsunaga 5987: 5981: 5975: 5871: 5866: 5860: 5841:(WRA) Director 5804: 5776:return to Japan 5719: 5667:Delos C. Emmons 5634: 5626:ethnic Japanese 5614:ethnic Japanese 5557: 5543: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5503: 5332: 5308:Oberlin College 5293:Earlham College 5261: 5252: 5232:Jackie Robinson 5208: 5201: 5192: 5181: 5172: 5169: 5160: 5157: 5148: 5142: 5133: 5126: 5117: 5106: 5103: 5094: 5091: 5082: 5079: 5070: 5067: 5058: 5055: 5046: 5043: 5034: 4996: 4922: 4854: 4804: 4719:Camp Livingston 4688: 4663: 4630: 4570:German-American 4566: 4464: 4271: 4265:for US troops. 4259:Detention camps 4209: 4148:September 1942 4132:September 1942 3988: 3951: 3938:German American 3888: 3802: 3742:Washington Post 3704: 3668: 3619:(right) in 1986 3582: 3535: 3517:Michelle Malkin 3485: 3479: 3443: 3441: 3439:Niihau Incident 3435: 3433:Niihau Incident 3430: 3364: 3356:Bracero Program 3250: 3245: 3225:a statue of him 3131: 3126: 3092:7 Fed. Reg. 329 3064: 3054: 3050: 3049: 3031:American Legion 2997: 2995:"A Jap's a Jap" 2958: 2932: 2923:Niihau incident 2919: 2917:Niihau incident 2879:J. Edgar Hoover 2779: 2765:Macon Telegraph 2761: 2673:owning property 2604:Empire of Japan 2584: 2578: 2573: 2567: 2554:U.S. government 2457: 2453: 2452: 2335: 2306: 2305: 2304: 2303: 2302: 2177:Polyculturalism 2073:Civil liberties 2045: 2037: 2036: 2035: 2034: 2033: 2014:Reappropriation 1914: 1913:Countermeasures 1906: 1905: 1904: 1903: 1902: 1831:Racial steering 1797:Numerus clausus 1701: 1693: 1692: 1691: 1690: 1689: 1414:Ethnic conflict 1349:Corrective rape 1304: 1296: 1295: 1294: 1293: 1292: 946: 935: 934: 933: 932: 931: 784: 774: 773: 772: 771: 770: 662:HIV/AIDS stigma 529: 521: 520: 519: 518: 517: 466:Mental disorder 408: 400: 399: 398: 397: 396: 369: 215:Niihau incident 159: 158: 146:Ice skating at 114: 113: 112: 111: 110: 102: 101: 92: 91: 90: 82: 81: 72: 71: 70: 62: 61: 29: 17: 12: 11: 5: 16931: 16921: 16920: 16915: 16910: 16905: 16900: 16895: 16890: 16885: 16880: 16875: 16870: 16865: 16860: 16843: 16842: 16840: 16839: 16834: 16829: 16823: 16821: 16815: 16814: 16811: 16810: 16808: 16807: 16802: 16801: 16800: 16795: 16785: 16774: 16772: 16768: 16767: 16765: 16764: 16759: 16754: 16749: 16743: 16741: 16734: 16733: 16726:Service medals 16723: 16718: 16713: 16711:Army Air Force 16708: 16697: 16695: 16689: 16688: 16681: 16679: 16676: 16675: 16673: 16672: 16667: 16662: 16656: 16654: 16648: 16647: 16645: 16644: 16639: 16634: 16629: 16623: 16621: 16620:American women 16614: 16613: 16608: 16603: 16598: 16596:Schools at War 16593: 16588: 16583: 16578: 16573: 16568: 16562: 16560: 16554: 16553: 16546: 16545: 16538: 16531: 16523: 16514: 16513: 16508: 16505: 16504: 16502: 16501: 16496: 16491: 16486: 16481: 16476: 16471: 16466: 16459: 16454: 16449: 16444: 16439: 16434: 16429: 16428: 16427: 16422: 16411: 16409: 16405: 16404: 16402: 16401: 16400: 16399: 16387: 16382: 16375: 16368: 16361: 16354: 16347: 16340: 16333: 16326: 16319: 16312: 16305: 16298: 16290: 16288: 16282: 16281: 16279: 16278: 16273: 16268: 16263: 16258: 16257: 16256: 16251: 16239: 16237: 16233: 16232: 16230: 16229: 16224: 16219: 16214: 16209: 16204: 16199: 16194: 16189: 16184: 16179: 16174: 16169: 16164: 16159: 16154: 16149: 16144: 16139: 16134: 16129: 16123: 16121: 16117: 16116: 16114: 16113: 16108: 16103: 16098: 16093: 16088: 16083: 16078: 16073: 16068: 16063: 16057: 16055: 16051: 16050: 16048: 16047: 16042: 16037: 16032: 16026: 16024: 16020: 16019: 16017: 16016: 16011: 16006: 16001: 15996: 15991: 15986: 15981: 15976: 15971: 15966: 15961: 15956: 15951: 15946: 15941: 15936: 15931: 15925: 15923: 15919: 15918: 15916: 15915: 15910: 15905: 15900: 15895: 15890: 15885: 15880: 15878:Heart Mountain 15875: 15870: 15864: 15862: 15858: 15857: 15855: 15854: 15853: 15852: 15847: 15842: 15832: 15827: 15822: 15817: 15812: 15807: 15802: 15795: 15788: 15781: 15774: 15769: 15764: 15758: 15756: 15752: 15751: 15744: 15743: 15736: 15729: 15721: 15712: 15711: 15706: 15701: 15695: 15694: 15683: 15682: 15665: 15664: 15656: 15650: 15644: 15636: 15635:External links 15633: 15631: 15630: 15624: 15611: 15605: 15588: 15577: 15572:Platts, Adam. 15570: 15563: 15557: 15542: 15536: 15521: 15510: 15503: 15493: 15487: 15472: 15463: 15457: 15444: 15438: 15423: 15412: 15406: 15391: 15378: 15357: 15350: 15342: 15340: 15337: 15334: 15333: 15323: 15303: 15296: 15276: 15248: 15220: 15204: 15179: 15156: 15129: 15122: 15097: 15067: 15048: 15018: 14991: 14963: 14951: 14936: 14920: 14904: 14883: 14852: 14832: 14807: 14778: 14760:Niiya, Brian. 14752: 14738: 14720: 14690: 14665: 14654:. May 12, 2020 14639: 14621: 14591: 14577: 14558: 14544: 14514: 14507: 14487: 14461: 14448: 14430: 14417: 14408:"George Takei" 14399: 14369: 14355: 14320: 14290: 14258: 14244: 14230: 14213: 14181: 14148: 14126: 14100: 14074: 14042: 14022: 14002: 13978: 13952: 13930: 13911: 13883: 13855: 13830: 13808: 13780: 13766: 13752: 13730: 13708: 13685: 13663: 13661:Beito, p. 198. 13654: 13631: 13604:(4): 505–534. 13588: 13562: 13550:New York Times 13536: 13524:New York Times 13510: 13497:New York Times 13484: 13472:New York Times 13458: 13436: 13421: 13409:New York Times 13395: 13372: 13350: 13332: 13306: 13280: 13229: 13207: 13200: 13182: 13175: 13157: 13150: 13132: 13125: 13107: 13089: 13075: 13050: 13036: 13013: 13006: 12983: 12952: 12941: 12932: 12919: 12906: 12893: 12880: 12858: 12828: 12809: 12807:. 2004, p. 305 12805:Perilous Times 12796: 12767: 12752: 12743:Niiya, Brian. 12736: 12729: 12703: 12690: 12656: 12630: 12604: 12591: 12575: 12549: 12523: 12493: 12480: 12457: 12444: 12412: 12378: 12350: 12335:Niiya, Brian. 12327: 12310: 12272: 12265: 12247: 12232: 12200: 12191: 12177: 12154: 12138: 12125: 12109: 12094:Mak, Stephen. 12079: 12046: 12020: 12001: 11970: 11944: 11918: 11892: 11865: 11856: 11843: 11830: 11821: 11805: 11796: 11764: 11751: 11726: 11708: 11693: 11676: 11650: 11638: 11626: 11619: 11599: 11590: 11581: 11563: 11533: 11515: 11489: 11471: 11453: 11428: 11409: 11407:. 1999, p. 284 11396: 11361: 11359:. 1997, p. 129 11357:Beyond Loyalty 11348: 11346:. 2004, p. 192 11332: 11330:. 1993, p. 293 11326:Niiya, Brian. 11316: 11303: 11290: 11259: 11245: 11225: 11189: 11175: 11155: 11129: 11122:"Segregation," 11110: 11089: 11064: 11035: 10995: 10970: 10932: 10913: 10883: 10851: 10809: 10779: 10753: 10741:New York Times 10727: 10701: 10692: 10683: 10643: 10624: 10599: 10592: 10572: 10549:Mackey, Mike. 10541: 10521: 10492: 10477: 10466:. July 7, 2021 10451: 10432: 10418: 10400: 10371: 10359: 10327: 10310: 10283: 10259: 10248: 10213: 10185: 10159: 10147: 10117: 10097: 10083: 10074:Konrad Linke. 10060: 10040: 10028: 10007: 9992: 9949: 9942: 9909: 9883: 9854: 9836: 9821: 9812: 9781: 9769: 9741: 9726: 9711: 9696: 9681: 9666: 9651: 9635: 9605: 9587: 9570: 9547: 9536:(1): 101–105. 9518: 9499: 9480: 9453: 9439: 9430: 9403:(1): 157–161. 9387: 9372:Daniel Piper. 9364: 9341: 9323: 9300: 9277: 9264: 9239: 9237:. 1993, p. 222 9226: 9219: 9193: 9180: 9178:. 1994, p. 106 9167: 9165:. 1999, p. 143 9154: 9127: 9102: 9093: 9067: 9041: 9010: 8979: 8963: 8947: 8938: 8925: 8912: 8906:Niiya, Brian. 8899: 8897:. 2009, p. 195 8886: 8867: 8843: 8817: 8792: 8777:Niiya, Brian. 8769: 8743: 8720: 8685: 8670:Niiya, Brian. 8662: 8633: 8618:Niiya, Brian. 8607: 8600: 8582: 8575: 8544: 8520: 8495: 8465: 8435: 8415: 8406: 8403:. History.com. 8387: 8370: 8345: 8312: 8298: 8278: 8248: 8216: 8200: 8183: 8167: 8151: 8117: 8110: 8083: 8076: 8058: 8051: 8033: 8026: 8008: 8002:978-1598133561 8001: 7983: 7976: 7950: 7924: 7912: 7904:Kenneth Ringle 7895: 7888: 7861: 7844: 7825: 7798: 7791: 7765: 7752: 7735: 7716: 7714:. 2005, p. 104 7703: 7676: 7656: 7650:978-0813338682 7649: 7631: 7612: 7597:Fiset, Louis. 7580: 7555: 7541: 7507: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7500: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7463: 7457: 7451: 7446: 7440: 7439: 7425: 7409: 7406: 7262: 7259: 7258: 7257: 7242: 7239: 7238: 7237: 7223: 7214: 7201: 7198: 7197: 7196: 7188: 7185: 7184: 7183: 7182:incarceration. 7172: 7167:'s 2019 album 7162: 7155:'s solo album 7150: 7134: 7131: 7130: 7129: 7114:Harmony Becker 7096: 7074: 7067: 7055: 7046: 7030: 7014: 7002: 6986: 6974: 6961:David Guterson 6958: 6946: 6939:Isabel Allende 6925: 6922: 6921: 6920: 6903: 6890: 6877: 6874:Juneau, Alaska 6866: 6842: 6827:Estelle Ishigo 6823:Steven Okazaki 6813: 6800: 6793:Medal of Honor 6775:'s character, 6768:The Karate Kid 6763: 6736: 6733: 6680:Main article: 6677: 6674: 6673: 6672: 6668: 6657: 6652:was opened in 6646: 6636: 6608: 6600: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6483: 6482: 6480:George W. Bush 6473: 6460: 6454: 6451:The Karate Kid 6444: 6400: 6397: 6350: 6347: 6333: 6330: 6263:Nazi Germany's 6241:(AJC) and the 6230: 6227: 6196:Francis Biddle 6190: 6187: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6125: 6122: 5974: 5971: 5935:Dillon S. Myer 5917:tenant farmers 5870: 5867: 5859: 5856: 5803: 5800: 5795:Seabrook Farms 5718: 5715: 5633: 5630: 5542: 5539: 5502: 5499: 5481:. The 442nd's 5331: 5328: 5260: 5257: 5251: 5248: 5210: 5209: 5202: 5195: 5193: 5182: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5151: 5149: 5143: 5136: 5134: 5127: 5120: 5116: 5113: 5108: 5107: 5104: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5037: 5033: 5030: 4995: 4992: 4973:shikata ga nai 4921: 4918: 4853: 4850: 4849: 4848: 4842: 4836: 4830: 4825: 4819: 4814: 4803: 4800: 4799: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4782: 4776: 4771: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4749: 4744: 4738: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4716: 4710: 4705: 4687: 4684: 4683: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4662: 4659: 4651: 4650: 4644: 4639: 4637:Leupp, Arizona 4629: 4626: 4625: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4607:Kooskia, Idaho 4604: 4599: 4594: 4588: 4583: 4565: 4562: 4561: 4560: 4554: 4548: 4542: 4536: 4530: 4524: 4518: 4512: 4506: 4463: 4460: 4459: 4458: 4444: 4435: 4429: 4419: 4409: 4400: 4390: 4380: 4366: 4356: 4346: 4336: 4322: 4315:Mayer, Arizona 4312: 4299: 4286: 4270: 4267: 4263:training camps 4253:also known as 4216:Dillon S. Myer 4208: 4205: 4192:Dillon S. Myer 4169: 4168: 4165: 4162: 4159: 4153: 4152: 4149: 4146: 4143: 4137: 4136: 4133: 4130: 4127: 4121: 4120: 4117: 4114: 4111: 4105: 4104: 4101: 4098: 4095: 4093:Heart Mountain 4089: 4088: 4085: 4082: 4079: 4073: 4072: 4069: 4066: 4063: 4057: 4056: 4053: 4050: 4047: 4041: 4040: 4037: 4034: 4031: 4025: 4024: 4021: 4018: 4015: 4009: 4008: 4005: 4002: 3999: 3987: 3984: 3959:Dorothea Lange 3950: 3947: 3887: 3884: 3801: 3798: 3703: 3700: 3667: 3664: 3643:Fred Korematsu 3609:Fred Korematsu 3594:General DeWitt 3581: 3578: 3534: 3531: 3481:Main article: 3478: 3475: 3437:Main article: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3381:Chase A. Clark 3363: 3360: 3304:Henry McLemore 3249: 3246: 3244: 3241: 3210:Southern Idaho 3130: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3107:John J. McCloy 3063: 3060: 3015:probable cause 2996: 2993: 2968:, head of the 2966:John L. DeWitt 2962:Karl Bendetsen 2957: 2954: 2931: 2928: 2918: 2915: 2887:Francis Biddle 2875:Francis Biddle 2845:Imperial Japan 2805:Dorothea Lange 2778: 2775: 2760: 2757: 2753:Kenneth Ringle 2617:picture brides 2577: 2574: 2566: 2563: 2467:Karl Bendetsen 2440:against German 2378:Imperial Japan 2337: 2336: 2334: 2333: 2326: 2319: 2311: 2308: 2307: 2301: 2300: 2295: 2294: 2293: 2283: 2278: 2273: 2272: 2271: 2266: 2261: 2251: 2246: 2241: 2236: 2231: 2226: 2225: 2224: 2222:Reverse racism 2214: 2209: 2204: 2199: 2194: 2192:Prisoner abuse 2189: 2184: 2182:Power distance 2179: 2174: 2169: 2164: 2159: 2154: 2149: 2148: 2147: 2137: 2132: 2127: 2122: 2117: 2112: 2107: 2102: 2100:Ethnic penalty 2097: 2096: 2095: 2093:Neurodiversity 2090: 2080: 2078:Dehumanization 2075: 2070: 2068:Cisnormativity 2065: 2060: 2055: 2049: 2048: 2047: 2046: 2044:Related topics 2043: 2042: 2039: 2038: 2032: 2031: 2026: 2021: 2016: 2011: 2006: 2001: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1981: 1976: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1960: 1959: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1918: 1917: 1916: 1915: 1912: 1911: 1908: 1907: 1901: 1900: 1895: 1890: 1888:State religion 1885: 1880: 1875: 1870: 1869: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1827: 1826: 1824:Nuremberg Laws 1821: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1768: 1766:Ghetto benches 1763: 1761:Gerrymandering 1758: 1753: 1748: 1746:Gender pay gap 1743: 1742: 1741: 1736: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1705: 1704: 1703: 1702: 1699: 1698: 1695: 1694: 1688: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1587: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1571: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1523:Lavender scare 1520: 1518:Kill Haole Day 1515: 1513:Indian rolling 1510: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1490: 1489: 1488: 1478: 1473: 1472: 1471: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1399:Eliminationism 1396: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1334:Cancel culture 1331: 1326: 1321: 1320: 1319: 1308: 1307: 1306: 1305: 1303:Manifestations 1302: 1301: 1298: 1297: 1291: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1193:Middle Eastern 1190: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1139: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1034: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1013: 1008: 1003: 1002: 1001: 996: 991: 981: 976: 971: 966: 961: 956: 950: 949: 948: 947: 941: 940: 937: 936: 930: 929: 927:Zoroastrianism 924: 919: 914: 909: 904: 903: 902: 892: 891: 890: 889: 888: 883: 878: 873: 858: 857: 856: 854:Untouchability 851: 841: 836: 835: 834: 829: 824: 819: 814: 804: 799: 794: 788: 787: 786: 785: 780: 779: 776: 775: 769: 768: 763: 758: 757: 756: 751: 746: 736: 735: 734: 729: 719: 714: 709: 704: 699: 694: 689: 684: 679: 674: 672:Leprosy stigma 669: 664: 659: 654: 649: 644: 639: 634: 629: 624: 619: 614: 609: 604: 599: 594: 589: 584: 579: 574: 569: 564: 559: 554: 549: 544: 539: 533: 532: 531: 530: 527: 526: 523: 522: 516: 515: 510: 505: 500: 495: 490: 485: 484: 483: 478: 468: 463: 458: 453: 448: 443: 438: 433: 428: 423: 418: 412: 411: 410: 409: 406: 405: 402: 401: 395: 394: 389: 384: 379: 373: 372: 371: 370: 367: 366: 363: 362: 354: 353: 351:Discrimination 347: 346: 334: 333: 332: 331: 323: 315: 307: 297: 293: 292: 282: 278: 277: 271: 267: 266: 263: 259: 258: 257: 256: 246: 234: 230: 229: 224: 220: 219: 218: 217: 207: 202: 197: 193: 192: 183: 179: 178: 173: 169: 168: 165: 161: 160: 157: 156: 154:War Department 150: 148:Heart Mountain 144: 138: 132: 126: 119: 115: 104: 103: 95: 94: 93: 84: 83: 75: 74: 73: 64: 63: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 48: 47: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16930: 16919: 16916: 16914: 16911: 16909: 16906: 16904: 16901: 16899: 16896: 16894: 16891: 16889: 16886: 16884: 16881: 16879: 16876: 16874: 16871: 16869: 16866: 16864: 16861: 16859: 16856: 16855: 16853: 16838: 16835: 16833: 16830: 16828: 16825: 16824: 16822: 16820: 16816: 16806: 16803: 16799: 16796: 16794: 16791: 16790: 16789: 16786: 16783: 16779: 16776: 16775: 16773: 16769: 16763: 16760: 16758: 16755: 16753: 16750: 16748: 16745: 16744: 16742: 16738: 16731: 16727: 16724: 16722: 16719: 16717: 16714: 16712: 16709: 16706: 16702: 16699: 16698: 16696: 16694: 16690: 16685: 16671: 16668: 16666: 16663: 16661: 16658: 16657: 16655: 16653: 16649: 16643: 16640: 16638: 16635: 16633: 16630: 16628: 16625: 16624: 16622: 16618: 16612: 16609: 16607: 16604: 16602: 16599: 16597: 16594: 16592: 16589: 16587: 16584: 16582: 16579: 16577: 16574: 16572: 16569: 16567: 16564: 16563: 16561: 16559: 16555: 16551: 16544: 16539: 16537: 16532: 16530: 16525: 16524: 16521: 16511: 16506: 16500: 16497: 16495: 16494:Sakura Square 16492: 16490: 16487: 16485: 16482: 16480: 16477: 16475: 16472: 16470: 16467: 16465: 16464: 16460: 16458: 16455: 16453: 16450: 16448: 16445: 16443: 16440: 16438: 16435: 16433: 16430: 16426: 16423: 16421: 16418: 16417: 16416: 16413: 16412: 16410: 16406: 16398: 16397: 16396:Go for Broke! 16393: 16392: 16391: 16388: 16386: 16383: 16381: 16380: 16376: 16374: 16373: 16369: 16367: 16366: 16362: 16360: 16359: 16355: 16353: 16352: 16348: 16346: 16345: 16341: 16339: 16338: 16334: 16332: 16331: 16327: 16325: 16324: 16320: 16318: 16317: 16313: 16311: 16310: 16306: 16304: 16303: 16299: 16297: 16296: 16292: 16291: 16289: 16283: 16277: 16274: 16272: 16269: 16267: 16264: 16262: 16259: 16255: 16252: 16250: 16247: 16246: 16245: 16241: 16240: 16238: 16234: 16228: 16225: 16223: 16220: 16218: 16215: 16213: 16210: 16208: 16205: 16203: 16200: 16198: 16195: 16193: 16190: 16188: 16185: 16183: 16180: 16178: 16175: 16173: 16170: 16168: 16165: 16163: 16160: 16158: 16155: 16153: 16150: 16148: 16147:Camp Florence 16145: 16143: 16140: 16138: 16135: 16133: 16130: 16128: 16127:Camp Blanding 16125: 16124: 16122: 16118: 16112: 16109: 16107: 16104: 16102: 16099: 16097: 16094: 16092: 16089: 16087: 16084: 16082: 16079: 16077: 16074: 16072: 16069: 16067: 16064: 16062: 16059: 16058: 16056: 16052: 16046: 16045:Camp Tulelake 16043: 16041: 16038: 16036: 16033: 16031: 16028: 16027: 16025: 16021: 16015: 16012: 16010: 16007: 16005: 16002: 16000: 15997: 15995: 15992: 15990: 15987: 15985: 15982: 15980: 15977: 15975: 15972: 15970: 15967: 15965: 15962: 15960: 15957: 15955: 15952: 15950: 15947: 15945: 15942: 15940: 15937: 15935: 15932: 15930: 15927: 15926: 15924: 15920: 15914: 15911: 15909: 15906: 15904: 15901: 15899: 15896: 15894: 15891: 15889: 15886: 15884: 15881: 15879: 15876: 15874: 15871: 15869: 15866: 15865: 15863: 15859: 15851: 15848: 15846: 15843: 15841: 15838: 15837: 15836: 15833: 15831: 15828: 15826: 15823: 15821: 15818: 15816: 15813: 15811: 15808: 15806: 15803: 15801: 15800: 15799:Ex parte Endo 15796: 15794: 15793: 15789: 15787: 15786: 15782: 15780: 15779: 15775: 15773: 15770: 15768: 15765: 15763: 15760: 15759: 15757: 15753: 15749: 15742: 15737: 15735: 15730: 15728: 15723: 15722: 15719: 15710: 15707: 15705: 15702: 15700: 15697: 15696: 15691: 15686: 15681: 15679: 15675: 15663: 15661: 15657: 15654: 15651: 15648: 15645: 15642: 15639: 15638: 15627: 15625:0-944665-42-X 15621: 15617: 15616:We the People 15612: 15608: 15602: 15597: 15596: 15589: 15585: 15584: 15578: 15576:(Lulu, 2022). 15575: 15571: 15568: 15565:Ng, Wendy L. 15564: 15560: 15554: 15550: 15549: 15543: 15539: 15533: 15529: 15528: 15522: 15518: 15517: 15511: 15508: 15504: 15502: 15498: 15494: 15490: 15484: 15480: 15479: 15473: 15471: 15468: 15464: 15460: 15454: 15450: 15445: 15441: 15439:0-312-22199-1 15435: 15431: 15430: 15424: 15420: 15419: 15413: 15409: 15403: 15399: 15398: 15392: 15385:September 14, 15381: 15375: 15371: 15366: 15365: 15358: 15355: 15351: 15348: 15344: 15343: 15330: 15326: 15320: 15316: 15315: 15307: 15299: 15293: 15289: 15288: 15280: 15265: 15264: 15259: 15252: 15237: 15236: 15231: 15224: 15217: 15213: 15208: 15197:September 22, 15193: 15189: 15183: 15176: 15171: 15170: 15163: 15161: 15153: 15149: 15144: 15143: 15136: 15134: 15125: 15123:0-520-08312-1 15119: 15115: 15114: 15106: 15104: 15102: 15085: 15081: 15077: 15071: 15063: 15059: 15052: 15037: 15033: 15031: 15022: 15007:. Rafu Shimpo 15006: 15002: 14995: 14980: 14979: 14974: 14967: 14960: 14955: 14949: 14945: 14940: 14933: 14929: 14924: 14917: 14913: 14908: 14900: 14899: 14894: 14887: 14871: 14867: 14863: 14856: 14848: 14847: 14842: 14836: 14821: 14817: 14811: 14795: 14791: 14785: 14783: 14767: 14763: 14756: 14748: 14742: 14734: 14730: 14724: 14708: 14704: 14700: 14694: 14679: 14675: 14669: 14653: 14649: 14643: 14635: 14631: 14625: 14609: 14605: 14601: 14595: 14580: 14574: 14570: 14569: 14562: 14554: 14548: 14532: 14528: 14524: 14518: 14510: 14504: 14500: 14499: 14491: 14476: 14472: 14465: 14458: 14452: 14444: 14440: 14434: 14427: 14421: 14413: 14409: 14403: 14387: 14383: 14379: 14373: 14365: 14359: 14351: 14347: 14343: 14339: 14336:(3): 241–75. 14335: 14331: 14324: 14308: 14304: 14300: 14294: 14278: 14274: 14273: 14268: 14262: 14254: 14248: 14240: 14234: 14226: 14225: 14217: 14201: 14197: 14196: 14191: 14185: 14169: 14165: 14164: 14159: 14152: 14136: 14130: 14114: 14110: 14104: 14088: 14084: 14078: 14059: 14052: 14046: 14038: 14037: 14032: 14026: 14018: 14017: 14012: 14006: 13998: 13997: 13992: 13985: 13983: 13966: 13962: 13956: 13940: 13934: 13926: 13922: 13915: 13900: 13899: 13894: 13887: 13872: 13871: 13866: 13859: 13844: 13840: 13834: 13818: 13812: 13797: 13796: 13791: 13784: 13776: 13770: 13762: 13756: 13750: 13749:0-521-53854-8 13746: 13742: 13741: 13734: 13728: 13727:81-7625-598-X 13724: 13720: 13719: 13712: 13705: 13704:1-56324-237-0 13701: 13697: 13696: 13689: 13683: 13682:0-8156-0893-4 13679: 13675: 13674: 13667: 13658: 13642: 13635: 13627: 13623: 13619: 13615: 13611: 13607: 13603: 13599: 13592: 13577: 13573: 13566: 13551: 13547: 13540: 13525: 13521: 13514: 13498: 13494: 13488: 13473: 13469: 13462: 13446: 13440: 13432: 13425: 13410: 13406: 13399: 13383: 13376: 13360: 13354: 13345: 13344: 13336: 13320: 13316: 13310: 13295: 13291: 13284: 13268: 13264: 13260: 13256: 13252: 13248: 13244: 13240: 13233: 13217: 13211: 13203: 13197: 13193: 13186: 13178: 13172: 13168: 13161: 13153: 13147: 13143: 13136: 13128: 13122: 13118: 13111: 13103: 13096: 13094: 13085: 13079: 13064: 13060: 13054: 13046: 13040: 13033:(3): 797–837. 13032: 13028: 13024: 13017: 13009: 13007:9781400837748 13003: 12999: 12992: 12990: 12988: 12971: 12967: 12963: 12956: 12945: 12936: 12929: 12923: 12916: 12910: 12903: 12897: 12890: 12884: 12868: 12862: 12846: 12842: 12838: 12832: 12825: 12821: 12818: 12813: 12806: 12800: 12785: 12781: 12774: 12772: 12764: 12763: 12756: 12749: 12746: 12740: 12732: 12730:0-8160-2680-7 12726: 12722: 12717: 12716: 12707: 12700: 12694: 12679: 12675: 12671: 12667: 12660: 12645: 12641: 12634: 12619: 12615: 12608: 12601: 12595: 12588: 12584: 12579: 12564: 12560: 12553: 12537: 12533: 12527: 12512: 12508: 12504: 12497: 12490: 12484: 12468: 12461: 12454: 12448: 12432: 12428: 12427: 12422: 12416: 12401: 12397: 12393: 12389: 12382: 12367: 12366: 12361: 12354: 12338: 12331: 12324: 12320: 12317:Shiho Imai. " 12314: 12308: 12306: 12295: (1944). 12294: 12291: 12287: 12283: 12282: 12281:Ex parte Endo 12276: 12268: 12266:0-19-509514-6 12262: 12258: 12251: 12245: 12243: 12236: 12217: 12210: 12204: 12195: 12184:September 14, 12180: 12174: 12171:. Routledge. 12169: 12168: 12158: 12151: 12147: 12142: 12135: 12129: 12122: 12116: 12114: 12097: 12090: 12088: 12086: 12084: 12067: 12063: 12062: 12057: 12050: 12043: 12041: 12034: 12033: 12024: 12016: 12012: 12005: 11989: 11985: 11981: 11974: 11959: 11955: 11948: 11933: 11929: 11922: 11907: 11903: 11896: 11880: 11876: 11869: 11860: 11853: 11847: 11840: 11834: 11825: 11818: 11815: 11809: 11800: 11781: 11774: 11768: 11761: 11755: 11748: 11747: 11742: 11738: 11733: 11731: 11723: 11717: 11715: 11713: 11704: 11697: 11689: 11688: 11680: 11669:September 29, 11665: 11661: 11654: 11648:, time 10:36. 11647: 11642: 11636:, time 11:35. 11635: 11630: 11622: 11616: 11612: 11611: 11603: 11594: 11585: 11577: 11576:www.ushmm.org 11573: 11567: 11560: 11547: 11543: 11537: 11529: 11525: 11519: 11503: 11499: 11493: 11485: 11481: 11475: 11467: 11463: 11457: 11442: 11438: 11432: 11424: 11418: 11416: 11414: 11406: 11400: 11392: 11388: 11384: 11380: 11376: 11372: 11365: 11358: 11352: 11345: 11342:Ngai, Mae M. 11339: 11337: 11329: 11323: 11321: 11314:. 2002, p. 61 11313: 11310:Ng, Wendy L. 11307: 11300: 11294: 11278: 11274: 11268: 11266: 11264: 11248: 11242: 11238: 11237: 11229: 11210: 11206: 11199: 11193: 11178: 11172: 11168: 11167: 11159: 11144: 11140: 11133: 11126: 11123: 11117: 11115: 11107: 11104: 11098: 11096: 11094: 11077: 11074: 11068: 11052: 11048: 11042: 11040: 11031: 11027: 11023: 11019: 11015: 11011: 11004: 11002: 11000: 10984: 10980: 10974: 10966: 10962: 10958: 10954: 10950: 10946: 10939: 10937: 10930: 10926: 10922: 10917: 10902: 10898: 10892: 10890: 10888: 10872: 10868: 10862: 10860: 10858: 10856: 10847: 10843: 10839: 10835: 10831: 10827: 10820: 10818: 10816: 10814: 10802: 10795: 10788: 10786: 10784: 10767: 10760: 10758: 10742: 10738: 10731: 10715: 10711: 10705: 10696: 10687: 10679: 10675: 10671: 10667: 10664:(5): 378–87. 10663: 10659: 10652: 10650: 10648: 10637: 10631: 10629: 10613: 10609: 10603: 10595: 10589: 10585: 10584: 10576: 10560: 10556: 10552: 10545: 10538: 10534: 10531: 10525: 10514: 10510: 10503: 10496: 10488: 10481: 10465: 10461: 10455: 10447: 10443: 10436: 10427: 10425: 10423: 10414: 10412: 10404: 10388: 10381: 10375: 10369: 10363: 10352: 10348: 10344: 10337: 10331: 10324: 10320: 10317:Tawa, Renee. 10314: 10305: 10304: 10299: 10292: 10290: 10288: 10280: 10276: 10273: 10269: 10263: 10257: 10252: 10236: 10232: 10231: 10226: 10220: 10218: 10202: 10196: 10194: 10192: 10190: 10174: 10170: 10163: 10156: 10151: 10144: 10131: 10127: 10121: 10114: 10110: 10106: 10101: 10093: 10087: 10080: 10077: 10071: 10069: 10067: 10065: 10057: 10053: 10049: 10044: 10037: 10032: 10025: 10022: 10019:Brian Niiya. 10016: 10014: 10012: 10003: 9999: 9995: 9989: 9984: 9983: 9974: 9972: 9970: 9968: 9966: 9964: 9962: 9960: 9958: 9956: 9954: 9945: 9943:0-8160-2680-7 9939: 9935: 9930: 9929: 9920: 9918: 9916: 9914: 9897: 9890: 9888: 9871: 9867: 9861: 9859: 9850: 9846: 9840: 9832: 9825: 9819:Beito, p.198. 9816: 9797: 9796: 9788: 9786: 9776: 9774: 9757: 9753: 9752: 9745: 9737: 9730: 9722: 9715: 9707: 9700: 9692: 9685: 9677: 9670: 9662: 9655: 9648: 9644: 9639: 9623: 9619: 9618:Time Magazine 9615: 9609: 9601: 9597: 9591: 9583: 9582: 9574: 9558: 9551: 9543: 9539: 9535: 9531: 9530: 9522: 9514: 9510: 9503: 9495: 9491: 9484: 9476: 9472: 9468: 9464: 9457: 9449: 9443: 9434: 9426: 9422: 9418: 9414: 9410: 9406: 9402: 9398: 9391: 9375: 9368: 9352: 9345: 9337: 9333: 9327: 9311: 9308:Eric Muller. 9304: 9288: 9281: 9274: 9268: 9253: 9249: 9243: 9236: 9233:Brian Niiya. 9230: 9222: 9220:0-520-08312-1 9216: 9212: 9207: 9206: 9197: 9190: 9184: 9177: 9171: 9164: 9158: 9142: 9138: 9131: 9116: 9112: 9106: 9097: 9082: 9081:www.pcusa.org 9078: 9071: 9056: 9052: 9045: 9029: 9025: 9021: 9014: 8998: 8994: 8990: 8983: 8974: 8972: 8970: 8968: 8960: 8954: 8952: 8942: 8936:. 2008, p. 20 8935: 8929: 8923:. 2002, p. 90 8922: 8916: 8910:. 1993, p. 54 8909: 8903: 8896: 8890: 8882: 8878: 8871: 8864: 8860: 8855: 8854: 8847: 8831: 8827: 8821: 8805: 8804: 8796: 8780: 8773: 8757: 8753: 8747: 8731: 8724: 8716: 8712: 8708: 8704: 8700: 8696: 8689: 8673: 8666: 8650: 8646: 8640: 8638: 8621: 8614: 8612: 8603: 8601:1-85109-628-0 8597: 8593: 8586: 8578: 8576:0-295-98299-3 8572: 8568: 8564: 8563: 8555: 8553: 8551: 8549: 8541: 8537: 8532: 8531: 8524: 8516: 8512: 8508: 8507: 8499: 8483: 8479: 8475: 8469: 8453: 8449: 8445: 8439: 8431: 8430: 8425: 8419: 8410: 8402: 8396: 8394: 8392: 8383: 8382: 8374: 8359: 8357: 8349: 8333: 8329: 8325: 8319: 8317: 8305:September 29, 8301: 8295: 8291: 8290: 8282: 8266: 8262: 8260: 8252: 8245: 8239: 8237: 8235: 8233: 8231: 8229: 8227: 8225: 8223: 8221: 8213: 8211: 8204: 8197: 8193: 8187: 8180: 8176: 8171: 8164: 8160: 8155: 8139: 8135: 8134: 8126: 8124: 8122: 8113: 8111:0-07-050682-5 8107: 8103: 8099: 8098: 8093: 8087: 8079: 8077:9780295802336 8073: 8069: 8062: 8054: 8052:9780295802336 8048: 8044: 8037: 8029: 8027:9780295802336 8023: 8019: 8012: 8004: 7998: 7994: 7987: 7979: 7973: 7969: 7964: 7963: 7954: 7943:September 17, 7938: 7934: 7928: 7919: 7917: 7909: 7905: 7899: 7891: 7885: 7881: 7877: 7876: 7871: 7865: 7858: 7854: 7848: 7840: 7836: 7829: 7821: 7817: 7813: 7809: 7802: 7794: 7788: 7784: 7779: 7778: 7769: 7762: 7756: 7749: 7745: 7739: 7732: 7728: 7723: 7721: 7713: 7707: 7691: 7685: 7683: 7681: 7673: 7669: 7663: 7661: 7652: 7646: 7642: 7635: 7628: 7625: 7619: 7617: 7600: 7593: 7591: 7589: 7587: 7585: 7577: 7573: 7570: 7569:reproduced at 7564: 7562: 7560: 7551: 7545: 7526: 7519: 7512: 7508: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7467: 7464: 7461: 7458: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7441: 7437: 7426: 7423: 7412: 7404: 7401: 7397: 7391: 7389: 7385: 7380: 7378: 7374: 7373: 7367: 7365: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7348: 7344: 7343: 7337: 7335: 7331: 7327: 7323: 7319: 7315: 7311: 7310: 7305: 7304: 7303:ex parte Endo 7299: 7298: 7293: 7292: 7287: 7286: 7275: 7267: 7255: 7251: 7250: 7245: 7244: 7235: 7231: 7227: 7224: 7221: 7220: 7215: 7212: 7209: 7208: 7207:Hawaii Five-0 7204: 7203: 7194: 7193:George Carlin 7191: 7190: 7180: 7177:'s 2020 song 7176: 7173: 7170: 7166: 7163: 7160: 7159: 7154: 7151: 7148: 7144: 7140: 7137: 7136: 7127: 7123: 7119: 7115: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7102: 7097: 7094: 7090: 7089:Two Homelands 7086: 7082: 7078: 7075: 7072: 7068: 7065: 7064: 7059: 7056: 7053: 7052: 7047: 7044: 7040: 7039: 7034: 7031: 7028: 7027: 7022: 7018: 7015: 7012: 7011: 7006: 7003: 7000: 6999:Newbery Honor 6996: 6995: 6990: 6987: 6984: 6983: 6978: 6975: 6972: 6968: 6967: 6962: 6959: 6956: 6955: 6950: 6947: 6944: 6940: 6937: 6936: 6935: 6931: 6918: 6914: 6910: 6909: 6904: 6901: 6897: 6896: 6891: 6888: 6887:Cody, Wyoming 6884: 6883: 6878: 6875: 6871: 6867: 6864: 6860: 6859:Tina Takemoto 6856: 6855: 6851: 6848: 6843: 6840: 6839:Peabody Award 6836: 6832: 6828: 6824: 6820: 6819: 6814: 6811: 6807: 6806: 6801: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6786: 6782: 6778: 6774: 6773:Ralph Macchio 6770: 6769: 6764: 6761: 6760: 6755: 6754: 6753: 6748: 6742: 6731: 6727: 6724: 6721: 6717: 6714: 6710: 6708: 6704: 6700: 6696: 6695:Golden Cranes 6692: 6688: 6683: 6669: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6655: 6651: 6647: 6644: 6640: 6637: 6634: 6630: 6626: 6622: 6617: 6613: 6612:Manzanar camp 6609: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6590:In 1987, the 6589: 6588: 6585: 6580: 6573: 6568: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6549: 6542: 6538: 6533: 6526: 6521: 6515: 6510: 6502: 6481: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6468: 6464: 6461: 6458: 6457:Isamu Noguchi 6455: 6452: 6448: 6445: 6442: 6438: 6437: 6432: 6431: 6426: 6423: 6422: 6420: 6416: 6412: 6406: 6396: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6374: 6370: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6346: 6343: 6339: 6329: 6325: 6323: 6322: 6317: 6316: 6310: 6308: 6304: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6260: 6259:and Boer Wars 6253: 6251: 6246: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6226: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6211: 6208: 6204: 6199: 6197: 6185: 6183: 6179: 6175: 6168: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6153: 6150: 6134: 6130: 6121: 6119: 6115: 6111: 6110:Grand Marshal 6107: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6073: 6071: 6065: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6053:Norman Mineta 6050: 6049:Ronald Reagan 6042: 6037: 6033: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6006: 6004: 5999: 5996: 5992: 5986: 5980: 5970: 5966: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5951: 5945: 5943: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5929: 5928:Manzanar Riot 5925: 5920: 5918: 5912: 5909: 5900: 5896: 5891: 5883: 5875: 5865: 5855: 5851: 5849: 5844: 5840: 5835: 5833: 5829: 5824: 5821: 5820: 5819:Ex parte Endo 5815: 5814: 5809: 5808:Supreme Court 5799: 5796: 5792: 5791:Wayne Collins 5788: 5783: 5779: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5763: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5748: 5742: 5740: 5734: 5731: 5726: 5724: 5714: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5687: 5683: 5678: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5663: 5659: 5656: 5651: 5648: 5644: 5639: 5629: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5594: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5574: 5568: 5566: 5562: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5538: 5536: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5498: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5415: 5413: 5409: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5389: 5384: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5352: 5350: 5341: 5336: 5327: 5325: 5319: 5315: 5313: 5309: 5304: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5289: 5285: 5283: 5277: 5275: 5271: 5265: 5256: 5247: 5245: 5244:George Sisler 5241: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5228:Branch Rickey 5223: 5220: 5216: 5206: 5199: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5179: 5174: 5167: 5162: 5155: 5150: 5146: 5140: 5135: 5131: 5124: 5119: 5118: 5112: 5101: 5096: 5089: 5084: 5077: 5072: 5065: 5060: 5053: 5048: 5041: 5036: 5035: 5029: 5027: 5023: 5017: 5014: 5008: 5006: 5002: 4991: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4980: 4975: 4974: 4968: 4961: 4956: 4952: 4950: 4945: 4943: 4939: 4930: 4926: 4917: 4915: 4910: 4906: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4891: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4880: 4875: 4874: 4869: 4868: 4858: 4847:, Los Angeles 4846: 4843: 4840: 4837: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4809: 4808: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4786: 4783: 4780: 4779:Griffith Park 4777: 4775: 4772: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4742: 4739: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4720: 4717: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4700: 4699: 4697: 4693: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4667: 4666: 4658: 4656: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4634: 4633: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4602:Kenedy, Texas 4600: 4598: 4595: 4592: 4591:Fort Missoula 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4578: 4577: 4575: 4571: 4558: 4555: 4552: 4549: 4546: 4543: 4540: 4537: 4534: 4531: 4528: 4525: 4522: 4519: 4516: 4513: 4510: 4507: 4504: 4501: 4500: 4495: 4489: 4484: 4476: 4468: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4439: 4436: 4433: 4430: 4427: 4423: 4420: 4417: 4413: 4410: 4407: 4404: 4401: 4398: 4394: 4391: 4388: 4384: 4381: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4367: 4365:, warehouses) 4364: 4360: 4357: 4354: 4350: 4347: 4344: 4340: 4337: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4323: 4320: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4287: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4273: 4272: 4266: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4239: 4231: 4224: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4207:List of camps 4204: 4201: 4196: 4193: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4166: 4164:October 1942 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4154: 4150: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4138: 4134: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4122: 4118: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4106: 4102: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4090: 4086: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4074: 4070: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4058: 4054: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4042: 4038: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4026: 4022: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4010: 4006: 4003: 4000: 3997: 3996: 3993: 3983: 3981: 3975: 3971: 3969: 3960: 3955: 3946: 3944: 3939: 3935: 3930: 3928: 3924: 3923: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3901: 3897: 3896:Border Patrol 3893: 3883: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3864: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3848: 3846: 3838: 3837:Eden Township 3834: 3830: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3806: 3796: 3791: 3789: 3788: 3781: 3776: 3774: 3773: 3766: 3761: 3759: 3758: 3751: 3746: 3744: 3743: 3736: 3731: 3729: 3728: 3721: 3716: 3714: 3713: 3707: 3699: 3697: 3693: 3692: 3687: 3686: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3663: 3661: 3657: 3656:Supreme Court 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3639: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3618: 3615:(middle) and 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3599: 3595: 3586: 3577: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3558: 3556: 3552: 3547: 3545: 3541: 3530: 3528: 3524: 3523: 3518: 3513: 3510: 3504: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3484: 3474: 3472: 3467: 3460: 3456: 3455: 3440: 3425: 3423: 3422:Presbyterians 3417: 3415: 3408: 3406: 3405: 3400: 3395: 3393: 3389: 3384: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3368: 3359: 3357: 3351: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3331: 3326: 3324: 3323: 3316: 3311: 3309: 3305: 3300: 3295: 3293: 3289: 3283: 3278: 3276: 3275: 3265: 3261: 3260: 3254: 3240: 3236: 3234: 3233:Sakura Square 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3213: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3198: 3191: 3187: 3182: 3175: 3171: 3166: 3158: 3154: 3151: 3146: 3141: 3137: 3121: 3119: 3118:Mark W. Clark 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3101: 3095: 3093: 3088: 3086: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3059: 3046: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3023: 3021: 3016: 3009: 3004: 3002: 2991: 2986: 2984: 2978: 2973: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2953: 2950: 2946: 2941: 2937: 2927: 2924: 2914: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2898: 2896: 2895:Pacific Coast 2892: 2888: 2882: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2867: 2866: 2860: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2839:The surprise 2834: 2829: 2822: 2818: 2813: 2806: 2801: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2784: 2774: 2771: 2766: 2756: 2754: 2749: 2748:Curtis Munson 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2722: 2717: 2713: 2711: 2707: 2705: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2690: 2685: 2681: 2676: 2674: 2669: 2666: 2665: 2659: 2658: 2652: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2625: 2620: 2618: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2600:world economy 2597: 2593: 2589: 2583: 2572: 2562: 2560: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2546:Ronald Reagan 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2514: 2511: 2510: 2509:Ex parte Endo 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2492: 2486: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2450: 2445: 2441: 2435: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2420: 2415: 2414: 2409: 2408: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2332: 2327: 2325: 2320: 2318: 2313: 2312: 2310: 2309: 2299: 2296: 2292: 2289: 2288: 2287: 2284: 2282: 2279: 2277: 2276:Social stigma 2274: 2270: 2267: 2265: 2262: 2260: 2257: 2256: 2255: 2252: 2250: 2247: 2245: 2242: 2240: 2237: 2235: 2232: 2230: 2227: 2223: 2220: 2219: 2218: 2215: 2213: 2210: 2208: 2205: 2203: 2200: 2198: 2195: 2193: 2190: 2188: 2185: 2183: 2180: 2178: 2175: 2173: 2170: 2168: 2165: 2163: 2160: 2158: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2146: 2143: 2142: 2141: 2138: 2136: 2133: 2131: 2128: 2126: 2123: 2121: 2118: 2116: 2113: 2111: 2108: 2106: 2103: 2101: 2098: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2085: 2084: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2066: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2050: 2041: 2040: 2030: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2020: 2017: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1985: 1982: 1980: 1977: 1975: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1958: 1955: 1954: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1919: 1910: 1909: 1899: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1884: 1883:State atheism 1881: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1871: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1848: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1825: 1822: 1820: 1819:Jim Crow laws 1817: 1816: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1805: 1804:One-drop rule 1802: 1800: 1798: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1731: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1719:Blood quantum 1717: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1706: 1697: 1696: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1660:Victimisation 1658: 1656: 1655:Trans bashing 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1625:Religious war 1623: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1605:Racialization 1603: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1555: 1554: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1487: 1484: 1483: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1476:Glass ceiling 1474: 1470: 1467: 1466: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1419:Ethnic hatred 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1354:Counter-jihad 1352: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1318: 1315: 1314: 1313: 1310: 1309: 1300: 1299: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1137: 1136:United States 1134: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1123: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1018: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1000: 999:United States 997: 995: 992: 990: 987: 986: 985: 982: 980: 977: 975: 972: 970: 967: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 951: 945: 939: 938: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 912:Protestantism 910: 908: 905: 901: 898: 897: 896: 893: 887: 884: 882: 879: 877: 874: 872: 869: 868: 867: 864: 863: 862: 859: 855: 852: 850: 847: 846: 845: 842: 840: 837: 833: 830: 828: 827:LDS or Mormon 825: 823: 820: 818: 815: 813: 810: 809: 808: 805: 803: 800: 798: 795: 793: 790: 789: 783: 778: 777: 767: 764: 762: 759: 755: 752: 750: 749:Transmisogyny 747: 745: 742: 741: 740: 737: 733: 730: 728: 725: 724: 723: 720: 718: 715: 713: 710: 708: 705: 703: 700: 698: 695: 693: 690: 688: 685: 683: 680: 678: 675: 673: 670: 668: 665: 663: 660: 658: 655: 653: 652:Gerontophobia 650: 648: 645: 643: 640: 638: 635: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 580: 578: 577:Anti-intersex 575: 573: 570: 568: 565: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 552:Anti-albinism 550: 548: 545: 543: 540: 538: 535: 534: 525: 524: 514: 511: 509: 506: 504: 501: 499: 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 482: 479: 477: 474: 473: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 413: 404: 403: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 377:Institutional 375: 374: 365: 364: 360: 356: 355: 352: 349: 348: 344: 340: 339: 329: 328: 327:Ex parte Endo 324: 321: 320: 316: 313: 312: 308: 305: 304: 300: 299: 298: 294: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 272: 268: 264: 260: 255: 254:Ronald Reagan 251: 247: 245: 241: 237: 236: 235: 231: 228: 225: 221: 216: 212: 208: 206: 203: 200: 199: 198: 194: 191: 187: 184: 180: 177: 174: 170: 166: 162: 155: 151: 149: 145: 143: 139: 137: 133: 130: 127: 125: 121: 120: 118: 108: 99: 88: 79: 68: 59: 49: 46: 42: 37: 31: 27: 23: 16837:Project Hula 16716:Marine Corps 16610: 16461: 16394: 16377: 16370: 16363: 16356: 16349: 16342: 16335: 16328: 16321: 16314: 16307: 16300: 16293: 16132:Camp Forrest 15797: 15790: 15783: 15776: 15747: 15699:Online books 15689: 15666: 15659: 15615: 15594: 15582: 15573: 15566: 15547: 15526: 15515: 15506: 15496: 15477: 15448: 15428: 15417: 15396: 15383:. Retrieved 15363: 15353: 15346: 15328: 15313: 15306: 15286: 15279: 15267:. Retrieved 15261: 15251: 15239:. Retrieved 15233: 15223: 15216:585 U.S. ___ 15211: 15207: 15195:. Retrieved 15191: 15182: 15167: 15140: 15112: 15090:February 23, 15088:. Retrieved 15084:the original 15079: 15076:"Allegiance" 15070: 15061: 15051: 15039:. Retrieved 15035: 15029: 15021: 15009:. Retrieved 15004: 14994: 14982:. Retrieved 14976: 14966: 14954: 14939: 14923: 14907: 14896: 14886: 14874:. Retrieved 14870:the original 14865: 14855: 14844: 14835: 14823:. Retrieved 14819: 14810: 14798:. Retrieved 14793: 14769:. Retrieved 14765: 14755: 14741: 14732: 14723: 14711:. Retrieved 14707:the original 14702: 14693: 14681:. Retrieved 14677: 14668: 14656:. Retrieved 14651: 14642: 14633: 14624: 14614:December 30, 14612:. Retrieved 14608:the original 14594: 14584:December 17, 14582:. Retrieved 14567: 14561: 14547: 14535:. Retrieved 14531:the original 14526: 14517: 14497: 14490: 14478:. Retrieved 14474: 14464: 14451: 14442: 14433: 14420: 14412:the original 14402: 14390:. Retrieved 14386:the original 14381: 14372: 14358: 14333: 14329: 14323: 14311:. Retrieved 14302: 14293: 14281:. Retrieved 14277:the original 14270: 14261: 14247: 14233: 14222: 14216: 14204:. Retrieved 14200:the original 14193: 14184: 14172:. Retrieved 14168:the original 14161: 14151: 14139:. Retrieved 14129: 14117:. Retrieved 14113:the original 14103: 14091:. Retrieved 14087:the original 14077: 14065:. Retrieved 14058:the original 14045: 14034: 14025: 14014: 14005: 13996:The Guardian 13994: 13969:. Retrieved 13964: 13955: 13943:. Retrieved 13933: 13924: 13914: 13902:. Retrieved 13898:The Atlantic 13896: 13886: 13874:. Retrieved 13868: 13858: 13846:. Retrieved 13842: 13833: 13821:. Retrieved 13811: 13799:. Retrieved 13793: 13783: 13769: 13755: 13738: 13733: 13716: 13711: 13693: 13688: 13671: 13666: 13657: 13645:. Retrieved 13634: 13601: 13597: 13591: 13579:. Retrieved 13575: 13565: 13553:. Retrieved 13549: 13539: 13527:. Retrieved 13523: 13513: 13503:December 31, 13501:. Retrieved 13496: 13487: 13475:. Retrieved 13471: 13461: 13451:December 30, 13449:. Retrieved 13439: 13430: 13424: 13412:. Retrieved 13408: 13398: 13386:. Retrieved 13375: 13363:. Retrieved 13353: 13342: 13335: 13323:. Retrieved 13319:the original 13309: 13299:November 18, 13297:. Retrieved 13294:Mother Jones 13293: 13283: 13271:. Retrieved 13267:the original 13246: 13242: 13232: 13220:. Retrieved 13210: 13191: 13185: 13166: 13160: 13141: 13135: 13116: 13110: 13100: 13078: 13066:. Retrieved 13062: 13053: 13039: 13030: 13026: 13016: 12997: 12974:. Retrieved 12970:the original 12965: 12955: 12944: 12935: 12922: 12914: 12909: 12896: 12883: 12871:. Retrieved 12861: 12849:. Retrieved 12845:the original 12840: 12831: 12812: 12804: 12799: 12787:. Retrieved 12783: 12760: 12755: 12747: 12739: 12714: 12706: 12699:New Republic 12698: 12693: 12683:September 7, 12681:. Retrieved 12669: 12659: 12647:. Retrieved 12643: 12633: 12621:. Retrieved 12617: 12607: 12594: 12586: 12578: 12568:November 30, 12566:. Retrieved 12552: 12542:November 30, 12540:. Retrieved 12535: 12526: 12516:November 30, 12514:. Retrieved 12506: 12496: 12483: 12471:. Retrieved 12460: 12447: 12437:September 1, 12435:. Retrieved 12431:the original 12424: 12415: 12403:. Retrieved 12391: 12381: 12369:. Retrieved 12363: 12353: 12341:. Retrieved 12330: 12322: 12313: 12302: 12279: 12275: 12256: 12250: 12241: 12235: 12223:. Retrieved 12216:the original 12203: 12194: 12182:. Retrieved 12166: 12157: 12141: 12133: 12128: 12120: 12100:. Retrieved 12070:. Retrieved 12066:the original 12059: 12049: 12039: 12037: 12031: 12023: 12014: 12004: 11992:. Retrieved 11988:the original 11983: 11973: 11963:December 10, 11961:. Retrieved 11957: 11947: 11937:December 10, 11935:. Retrieved 11931: 11921: 11911:December 23, 11909:. Retrieved 11905: 11895: 11883:. Retrieved 11878: 11868: 11859: 11851: 11846: 11838: 11833: 11824: 11816: 11808: 11799: 11787:. Retrieved 11780:the original 11767: 11760:World War II 11759: 11754: 11744: 11702: 11696: 11686: 11679: 11667:. Retrieved 11663: 11653: 11641: 11629: 11609: 11602: 11593: 11584: 11575: 11566: 11557: 11550:. Retrieved 11546:the original 11536: 11528:the original 11518: 11506:. Retrieved 11502:the original 11492: 11483: 11474: 11465: 11456: 11444:. Retrieved 11440: 11431: 11404: 11399: 11374: 11370: 11364: 11356: 11351: 11343: 11327: 11311: 11306: 11298: 11293: 11281:. Retrieved 11277:the original 11250:. Retrieved 11235: 11228: 11216:. Retrieved 11204: 11192: 11180:. Retrieved 11165: 11158: 11146:. Retrieved 11142: 11132: 11124: 11105: 11080:. Retrieved 11067: 11057:November 18, 11055:. Retrieved 11050: 11013: 11009: 10988:November 18, 10986:. Retrieved 10982: 10973: 10951:(1): 46–51. 10948: 10944: 10916: 10906:November 18, 10904:. Retrieved 10900: 10876:November 18, 10874:. Retrieved 10870: 10829: 10825: 10772:February 10, 10770:. Retrieved 10746:February 10, 10744:. Retrieved 10740: 10730: 10720:February 10, 10718:. Retrieved 10713: 10704: 10695: 10686: 10661: 10657: 10635: 10617:February 10, 10615:. Retrieved 10611: 10602: 10582: 10575: 10563:. Retrieved 10559:the original 10554: 10544: 10530:Life in Camp 10524: 10508: 10495: 10486: 10480: 10468:. Retrieved 10463: 10454: 10445: 10435: 10410: 10403: 10393:December 11, 10391:. Retrieved 10386: 10374: 10367: 10362: 10351:the original 10346: 10342: 10330: 10322: 10313: 10306:. p. 8. 10302: 10267: 10262: 10251: 10239:. Retrieved 10235:the original 10228: 10204:. Retrieved 10178:September 9, 10176:. Retrieved 10172: 10162: 10154: 10150: 10141: 10136:November 17, 10134:. Retrieved 10129: 10120: 10104: 10100: 10086: 10078: 10047: 10043: 10035: 10031: 10023: 9981: 9927: 9900:. Retrieved 9874:. Retrieved 9870:the original 9848: 9839: 9830: 9824: 9815: 9803:, retrieved 9794: 9762:September 4, 9760:. Retrieved 9750: 9744: 9735: 9729: 9720: 9714: 9705: 9699: 9690: 9684: 9675: 9669: 9660: 9654: 9646: 9638: 9626:. Retrieved 9622:the original 9617: 9608: 9599: 9590: 9580: 9573: 9561:. Retrieved 9550: 9533: 9527: 9521: 9512: 9502: 9493: 9483: 9466: 9462: 9456: 9442: 9433: 9400: 9396: 9390: 9378:. Retrieved 9367: 9355:. Retrieved 9344: 9335: 9326: 9314:. Retrieved 9303: 9291:. Retrieved 9280: 9272: 9267: 9255:. Retrieved 9251: 9242: 9234: 9229: 9204: 9196: 9191:. 2004, p. 6 9188: 9183: 9175: 9170: 9162: 9157: 9147:February 17, 9145:. Retrieved 9143:. HistoryNet 9140: 9137:"HistoryNet" 9130: 9118:. Retrieved 9114: 9105: 9096: 9084:. Retrieved 9080: 9070: 9060:February 23, 9058:. Retrieved 9054: 9044: 9032:. Retrieved 9030:(4): 326–361 9027: 9023: 9013: 9001:. Retrieved 8999:(3): 123–139 8996: 8992: 8982: 8958: 8941: 8933: 8928: 8920: 8915: 8907: 8902: 8894: 8889: 8880: 8870: 8863:Frank Murphy 8851: 8846: 8834:. Retrieved 8829: 8820: 8808:. Retrieved 8802: 8795: 8783:. Retrieved 8772: 8760:. Retrieved 8756:the original 8746: 8734:. Retrieved 8723: 8698: 8694: 8688: 8676:. Retrieved 8665: 8653:. Retrieved 8649:the original 8624:. Retrieved 8591: 8585: 8561: 8540:Owen Roberts 8528: 8523: 8505: 8498: 8488:December 15, 8486:. Retrieved 8482:the original 8477: 8468: 8456:. Retrieved 8452:the original 8448:archives.gov 8447: 8438: 8427: 8418: 8409: 8380: 8373: 8361:. Retrieved 8355: 8348: 8336:. Retrieved 8327: 8303:. Retrieved 8288: 8281: 8269:. Retrieved 8265:the original 8258: 8251: 8243: 8212:, footnote 2 8209: 8203: 8191: 8186: 8178: 8170: 8162: 8154: 8142:. Retrieved 8138:the original 8132: 8096: 8086: 8067: 8061: 8042: 8036: 8017: 8011: 7992: 7986: 7961: 7953: 7941:. Retrieved 7936: 7927: 7907: 7898: 7874: 7864: 7856: 7847: 7838: 7828: 7814:(1): 25–37. 7811: 7807: 7801: 7776: 7768: 7760: 7755: 7747: 7738: 7730: 7711: 7706: 7694:. Retrieved 7671: 7640: 7634: 7626: 7603:. Retrieved 7544: 7534:February 22, 7532:. Retrieved 7525:the original 7511: 7492:Yellow Peril 7422:Japan portal 7393: 7387: 7384:Tom C. Clark 7381: 7370: 7368: 7359: 7352: 7346: 7340: 7338: 7329: 7325: 7322:Hirabayashi, 7321: 7317: 7313: 7307: 7306:(1944), and 7301: 7295: 7289: 7283: 7280: 7261:Legal legacy 7254:George Takei 7247: 7246:The musical 7229: 7217: 7205: 7178: 7175:Mia Doi Todd 7168: 7156: 7147:Mike Shinoda 7122:Eisner Award 7110:Steven Scott 7099: 7088: 7080: 7070: 7062: 7049: 7036: 7033:Julie Otsuka 7024: 7008: 6992: 6980: 6964: 6952: 6942: 6933: 6906: 6900:George Takei 6893: 6880: 6869: 6845: 6833:, it won an 6830: 6816: 6803: 6766: 6757: 6751: 6729: 6725: 6711: 6694: 6685: 6661:Topaz Museum 6551:Painting by 6466: 6450: 6440: 6434: 6428: 6425:George Takei 6385:World War II 6366: 6341: 6335: 6326: 6319: 6313: 6312: 6279:gas chambers 6273:; some were 6255: 6247: 6235:Ellis Island 6232: 6212: 6203:Harold Ickes 6200: 6192: 6181: 6177: 6174:incarcerated 6173: 6170: 6164: 6160: 6154: 6145: 6131: 6127: 6092:awarded the 6090:Bill Clinton 6087: 6083: 6080: 6075: 6066: 6046: 6030:Barney Frank 6022: 6017: 6007: 6000: 5988: 5967: 5954: 5946: 5938: 5932: 5921: 5913: 5904: 5852: 5836: 5831: 5827: 5825: 5817: 5811: 5805: 5784: 5780: 5771: 5767: 5760: 5747:MS Gripsholm 5745: 5743: 5737:the port of 5735: 5729: 5727: 5720: 5679: 5664: 5660: 5652: 5635: 5628:population. 5595: 5577: 5569: 5558: 5507:World War II 5504: 5464: 5432: 5417: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5385: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5359: 5354: 5348: 5345: 5320: 5316: 5305: 5301:Park College 5290: 5286: 5278: 5266: 5262: 5253: 5224: 5211: 5109: 5018: 5009: 4997: 4994:Medical care 4977: 4971: 4970:The phrase " 4969: 4965: 4946: 4935: 4923: 4911: 4907: 4903:U.S. history 4892: 4877: 4871: 4865: 4863: 4841:, California 4835:, Washington 4817:Ellis Island 4805: 4781:, California 4754:, Washington 4713:Camp Forrest 4689: 4664: 4652: 4631: 4567: 4559:, California 4529:, California 4397:Camp Harmony 4281:, stables) ( 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4244: 4197: 4186: 4172: 4116:August 1942 4100:August 1942 4084:August 1942 3991: 3976: 3972: 3964: 3931: 3920: 3889: 3871: 3865: 3859: 3851: 3849: 3842: 3793: 3785: 3783: 3778: 3770: 3768: 3763: 3755: 3753: 3748: 3740: 3738: 3733: 3725: 3723: 3718: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3689: 3683: 3679: 3676:Charles Fahy 3669: 3651:Minoru Yasui 3636: 3624: 3622: 3613:Minoru Yasui 3592:A letter by 3591: 3559: 3548: 3536: 3527:Daniel Pipes 3520: 3519:in her book 3514: 3508: 3505: 3493:David Lowman 3488: 3486: 3477:Cryptography 3463: 3452: 3419: 3410: 3402: 3396: 3385: 3377:Pearl Harbor 3369: 3365: 3352: 3333: 3328: 3320: 3318: 3313: 3296: 3285: 3280: 3272: 3269: 3257: 3237: 3231:Japantown's 3214: 3199: 3195: 3176:(April 1942) 3132: 3096: 3089: 3065: 3047: 3024: 3011: 3006: 2998: 2988: 2980: 2975: 2959: 2947:and Admiral 2945:Walter Short 2933: 2920: 2899: 2883: 2871:fifth column 2863: 2861: 2838: 2833:Owens Valley 2795:, April 1942 2792: 2780: 2762: 2725: 2720: 2702: 2687: 2679: 2677: 2670: 2662: 2655: 2653: 2641:Yellow Peril 2621: 2585: 2533: 2526:Jimmy Carter 2524:, President 2515: 2507: 2489: 2487: 2436: 2426:(then under 2417: 2411: 2405: 2346:incarcerated 2340: 2110:Gender-blind 1989:Human rights 1809:Racial quota 1796: 1776:Jewish quota 1756:Gerontocracy 1751:Gender roles 1729:Disabilities 1714:Blood purity 1680:Wife selling 1670:White flight 1650:Slut-shaming 1630:Scapegoating 1548:Murder music 1213:Palestinians 1031:South Africa 1016:Black people 994:South Africa 807:Christianity 797:Baháʼí Faith 717:Sectarianism 657:Heterosexism 622:Ephebiphobia 592:Antisemitism 587:Anti-Masonry 446:Hair texture 325: 317: 309: 301: 244:Harry Truman 116: 39:Part of the 30: 15785:Hirabayashi 14876:October 12, 14794:Rafu Shimpo 14713:October 27, 14537:October 27, 14480:January 16, 14283:December 4, 14067:December 7, 14036:Rafu Shimpo 13823:January 24, 12976:January 31, 12851:January 30, 12765:, Chapter 4 12649:February 5, 12623:February 5, 12507:www.nps.gov 12473:January 27, 12405:October 23, 12343:January 27, 12061:Japan Times 11885:November 7, 11789:December 5, 11746:Japan Times 11552:January 12, 11508:October 20, 11283:January 24, 11252:February 1, 11218:February 1, 11182:February 2, 11148:February 1, 11082:October 16, 11016:(3): 1–24. 10832:(3): 1–24. 10565:October 18, 10470:January 25, 9559:. U.S. Army 9469:(2): 3–37. 9380:December 5, 9357:January 24, 9316:December 5, 9293:December 5, 9257:January 24, 8762:January 24, 8363:December 6, 7668:Immigration 7605:November 3, 7360:coram nobis 7347:coram nobis 7342:coram nobis 7312:(1944). In 7187:Spoken word 7165:Kishi Bashi 6895:To Be Takei 6821:(1990), by 6810:Alan Parker 6665:Delta, Utah 6553:Don Troiani 6349:Comparisons 6295:homosexuals 6118:Alan García 5995:Gerald Ford 5843:Dillon Myer 5787:expatriates 5682:Sand Island 5655:martial law 5612:, interned 5189:Santa Anita 5145:Smithsonian 5130:Ansel Adams 4845:Tuna Canyon 4721:, Louisiana 4715:, Tennessee 4416:fairgrounds 4406:Camp Kohler 4033:California 4020:March 1942 4017:California 3922:SS Columbus 3672:Neal Katyal 3638:coram nobis 3566:reparations 3495:, a former 3399:R.C. Hoiles 3348:Los Angeles 3336:Leland Ford 3325:editorial, 3124:Development 3039:Earl Warren 2821:Russell Lee 2542:reparations 2520:(JACL) and 2483:barbed wire 2428:martial law 2394:Wake Island 2390:Philippines 2004:Nonviolence 1999:LGBT rights 1964:Empowerment 1932:Anti-racism 1846:Segregation 1791:No kid zone 1585:Persecution 1498:Hate speech 1449:Gay bashing 1424:Ethnic joke 1379:Dog whistle 1324:Blood libel 1011:Azerbaijani 907:Neopaganism 900:Persecution 866:Persecution 849:Persecution 812:Catholicism 739:Transphobia 722:Supremacism 677:Lesbophobia 597:Aporophobia 557:Anti-autism 392:Taste-based 387:Statistical 223:Perpetrator 131:in Colorado 16852:Categories 16827:Lend-Lease 16771:Minorities 16652:Minorities 16558:Home front 16372:Weedflower 16295:Allegiance 16285:Literature 16266:Ralph Lazo 16142:Camp McCoy 15868:Gila River 15830:Propaganda 15755:Key topics 15152:Hugo Black 15041:August 27, 13431:HumanQuest 13249:(3): 4–6. 12371:August 14, 11980:"The Camp" 11741:Jiji Press 11664:densho.org 10206:October 2, 10052:Chapter 16 9034:August 16, 9003:August 16, 8709:: 124–29. 8458:January 8, 7503:References 7326:Korematsu, 7249:Allegiance 7200:Television 7139:Fort Minor 7063:Allegiance 7005:John Okada 6982:Weedflower 6949:Jamie Ford 6924:Literature 6863:Jiro Onuma 6802:The movie 6789:Pat Morita 6781:Mr. Miyagi 6716:Janet Reno 6687:Nina Akamu 6663:opened in 6447:Pat Morita 6419:Ralph Lazo 6409:See also: 6387:, both in 6381:expulsions 6088:President 6057:Bob Matsui 5983:See also: 5770:while the 5573:Keiho Soga 5132:, c. 1943. 4839:Sharp Park 4822:Cincinnati 4752:Fort Lewis 4741:Fort Bliss 4547:, Arkansas 4523:, Arkansas 4302:Marysville 4220:First Lady 4068:July 1942 4061:Gila River 4007:Max. Pop. 3915:and 3,000 3814:Midwestern 3800:Facilities 3302:Columnist 3292:West Coast 2704:Nihonmachi 2680:kenjinkai, 2635:, and the 2565:Background 2465:, Colonel 2402:West Coast 2286:Stereotype 2281:Speciesism 2162:Oppression 2157:Oikophobia 2053:Allophilia 2029:Toleration 1878:Sodomy law 1771:Internment 1685:Witch-hunt 1563:Blackhawks 1493:Hate group 1481:Hate crime 1454:Gendercide 1444:Freak show 1434:Excellence 1394:Employment 1364:Defamation 1288:Vietnamese 1283:Venezuelan 1173:Lithuanian 839:Falun Gong 766:Xenophobia 761:Vegaphobia 744:Non-binary 702:Pedophobia 667:Homophobia 476:Skin color 436:Disability 407:Attributes 382:Structural 290:West Coast 252:signed by 188:signed by 136:Gila River 16330:No-No Boy 15913:Tule Lake 15792:Korematsu 15011:March 15, 14800:March 12, 14771:March 11, 14683:March 29, 14350:145132740 13971:April 24, 13945:April 24, 13848:March 27, 13801:March 11, 13626:144215421 12789:August 8, 12678:0362-4331 12536:njahs.org 12400:0362-4331 12225:April 10, 11984:Maui Time 11486:. Densho. 11468:. Densho. 10957:1521-9216 10678:143014131 10241:August 5, 10143:involved. 10109:Chapter 3 10002:606835431 9805:March 28, 9513:USA Today 9417:0022-3816 8785:March 31, 8736:March 31, 8678:March 12, 8655:March 12, 8626:March 12, 8271:April 21, 7398:that the 7071:Camp Nine 7035:'s novel 7010:No-No Boy 7007:'s novel 6963:'s novel 6951:'s novel 6941:'s novel 6844:The film 6756:The film 6676:Sculpture 6430:Star Trek 5858:Aftermath 5837:Although 5828:Korematsu 5772:Teia Maru 5768:Gripsholm 5762:Teia Maru 5675:Sanji Abe 5636:Although 5412:Tule Lake 5401:to face. 5032:Education 5005:dysentery 4942:tar paper 4787:, Hawaiʻi 4737:, Arizona 4593:, Montana 4541:, Arizona 4517:, Wyoming 4505:, Arizona 4200:Tule Lake 4161:Arkansas 4145:Arkansas 4081:Colorado 4052:May 1942 4036:May 1942 4029:Tule Lake 3795:involved. 3277:in 1942: 3264:Dr. Seuss 2592:recession 2259:Christian 2187:Prejudice 2135:Masculism 2083:Diversity 1861:religious 1836:Redlining 1429:Ethnocide 1389:Education 1273:Ukrainian 1208:Pakistani 1198:Mongolian 1126:Australia 1108:Hungarian 1063:Colombian 1043:Bulgarian 917:Rastafari 871:Ahmadiyya 782:Religious 754:Trans men 712:Pregnancy 647:Gayphobia 642:Fatphobia 542:Acephobia 537:Arophobia 513:Viewpoint 281:Prisoners 270:Inquiries 16705:Uniforms 16510:Category 16287:and arts 15893:Minidoka 15888:Manzanar 15269:June 26, 15241:June 26, 15005:rafu.com 14984:June 25, 14916:Bandcamp 14825:July 29, 14392:July 21, 14307:Archived 14206:June 25, 14174:June 25, 14119:July 11, 14093:July 11, 13618:42888381 13581:April 4, 13555:July 11, 13529:July 11, 13477:June 13, 13414:July 11, 13365:July 20, 13325:July 15, 13273:July 18, 13222:July 18, 12873:April 1, 12820:Archived 12563:NBC News 12102:March 5, 12098:. Densho 12072:June 25, 11994:April 4, 11209:Archived 11051:NBC News 10965:23336327 10925:Archived 10801:Archived 10533:Archived 10513:Archived 10366:Source: 10300:(1946). 10275:Archived 9902:March 5, 9898:. Densho 9876:July 13, 9756:Archived 9628:March 3, 9563:March 3, 9475:27500003 9376:. Hnn.us 9353:. Hnn.us 8836:March 5, 8810:March 5, 8781:. Densho 8732:. Densho 8715:40490551 8705:and the 8674:. Densho 8622:. Densho 8338:June 25, 8144:June 13, 8094:(1962). 7872:(1976). 7696:July 13, 7692:. Densho 7572:Archived 7408:See also 7390:(1992): 7300:(1943), 7294:(1943), 7288:(1922), 7236:in 2019. 7234:TV Tokyo 7216:Much of 7169:Omoiyari 7128:in 2020. 7095:in 2019. 7093:TV Tokyo 7083:(1983). 6991:' novel 6850:Archived 6785:Manzanar 6771:(1984), 6645:in 2012. 6303:Cambodia 6221:", and " 6178:detained 5752:Marmagao 5739:Marmagao 5686:Honolulu 5340:Manzanar 5236:scouting 5185:Stockton 4960:Manzanar 4735:Florence 4426:Tanforan 4343:Manzanar 4109:Minidoka 4097:Wyoming 4065:Arizona 4049:Arizona 4013:Manzanar 3900:Buddhist 3818:Southern 3750:defense. 3611:(left), 3170:Torrance 2689:fujinkai 2559:hysteria 2471:one drop 2298:The talk 2234:Snobbery 2152:Net bias 1974:Feminism 1893:Ugly law 1734:Catholic 1700:Policies 1543:Mortgage 1538:Lynching 1469:examples 1464:Genocide 1384:Economic 1369:Democide 1329:Bullying 1238:Romanian 1203:Nigerian 1153:Japanese 1088:Georgian 1073:Filipino 1006:Assyrian 979:Armenian 969:American 964:Albanian 944:national 922:Yazidism 844:Hinduism 802:Buddhism 697:Nepotism 692:Misogyny 687:Misandry 612:Clannism 607:Biphobia 547:Adultism 456:Language 343:a series 341:Part of 284:120,000 213:and the 172:Location 142:Manzanar 15873:Granada 15815:History 14658:July 6, 14313:May 19, 14141:July 7, 13904:May 30, 13876:May 30, 13647:May 20, 13388:May 11, 13263:3054440 13068:May 14, 12453:History 12244:p. 179. 11446:June 6, 11391:3638863 11030:3347107 10846:3347107 10612:PBS.org 10173:NPR.org 9851:. 2023. 9810:page 13 9425:2126093 9120:May 22, 9086:May 22, 7820:3740395 7241:Theater 6697:of two 6607:Ireihi. 6527:in 1992 6287:Gypsies 5624:on its 5026:malaria 4833:Seattle 4770:, Texas 4696:Italian 4535:, Idaho 4103:10,767 4077:Granada 4071:13,348 4055:17,814 4039:18,789 4023:10,046 4004:Opened 3934:Italian 3909:Italian 3822:Western 3812:in the 3570:slavery 3186:Seattle 3172:enters 3140:Italian 3080:Italian 3053:⁄ 2710:Seattle 2590:—and a 2502:of the 2456:⁄ 2352:in ten 2105:Figleaf 1508:Housing 1268:Turkish 1218:Pashtun 1188:Mexican 1168:Kurdish 1148:Italian 1098:Haitian 1083:Finnish 1058:Chinese 1053:Chechen 1048:Catalan 1038:Bengali 959:African 942:Ethnic/ 895:Judaism 886:Sunnism 876:Shi'ism 792:Atheism 617:Elitism 503:Species 441:Genetic 431:Dialect 233:Outcome 16740:Events 16408:Legacy 15903:Rohwer 15898:Poston 15883:Jerome 15687:about 15647:Ireizō 15622: 15603: 15555: 15534: 15501:online 15485: 15455: 15436: 15404: 15376: 15321: 15294: 15218:(2018) 15173:, 15146:, 15120: 14766:Densho 14575: 14505: 14439:"HOME" 14348: 13870:Forbes 13747: 13725: 13702: 13680: 13624: 13616: 13261: 13198: 13173: 13148: 13123: 13004: 12727: 12676: 12398: 12301: 12284:, 12263: 12175: 11617: 11389: 11243: 11173: 11028: 10963: 10955: 10844: 10676: 10590: 10000: 9990: 9940: 9473: 9423: 9415: 9336:hnn.us 9217: 8857:, 8713: 8598: 8573: 8534:, 8296: 8108: 8102:375–77 8074: 8049: 8024: 7999: 7974: 7886: 7818: 7789: 7647: 7314:Ozawa, 7124:, and 6837:and a 6777:Daniel 6691:Sansei 6561:Vosges 6417:, and 6389:Europe 6371:, the 6361:, and 6307:Bosnia 6098:Plessy 6055:, and 5908:Nikkei 5899:Amache 5730:Etolin 5707:Hawaii 5632:Hawaii 5618:Brazil 5585:, and 5553:, and 5115:Sports 5013:Nikkei 4873:Sansei 4824:, Ohio 4692:German 4553:, Utah 4167:8,497 4157:Jerome 4151:8,475 4141:Rohwer 4135:8,130 4119:9,397 4113:Idaho 4087:7,318 4045:Poston 4001:State 3980:Poston 3936:, and 3905:German 3466:Niihau 3229:Denver 3202:Alaska 3145:Alaska 3136:German 3076:German 3041:, the 2977:basis. 2960:Major 2738:, and 2699:nikkei 2686:, and 2631:, the 2538:racism 2494:, the 2424:Hawaii 2413:Sansei 2392:, and 2388:, the 2291:threat 2145:autism 1866:sexual 1856:racial 1739:Jewish 1590:Pogrom 1568:Chiefs 1558:Braves 1278:Uyghur 1253:Somali 1248:Slavic 1233:Romani 1228:Quebec 1223:Polish 1163:Korean 1158:Jewish 1131:Canada 1118:Indian 1103:Hazara 1078:Fulani 989:France 954:Afghan 881:Sufism 602:Audism 528:Social 451:Height 330:(1944) 322:(1944) 314:(1943) 306:(1943) 276:(1983) 262:Deaths 196:Motive 16242:See: 15908:Topaz 15778:Yasui 14346:S2CID 14061:(PDF) 14054:(PDF) 13622:S2CID 13614:JSTOR 13259:JSTOR 12288: 12219:(PDF) 12212:(PDF) 11783:(PDF) 11776:(PDF) 11387:JSTOR 11212:(PDF) 11201:(PDF) 11026:JSTOR 10961:JSTOR 10842:JSTOR 10804:(PDF) 10797:(PDF) 10674:S2CID 10516:(PDF) 10505:(PDF) 10383:(PDF) 10354:(PDF) 10339:(PDF) 9799:(PDF) 9471:JSTOR 9421:JSTOR 8711:JSTOR 8701:(3). 8515:p. 48 7880:p. 34 7816:JSTOR 7528:(PDF) 7521:(PDF) 7318:Yasui 7143:Kenji 7133:Music 7023:book 6735:Films 6707:Massa 6467:nisei 6291:Poles 6277:with 6106:Parks 6102:Brown 5940:gaman 5711:Kauai 5695:Haiku 5620:also 5443:100th 5424:Issei 5408:Topaz 5377:Kibei 5191:teams 4879:Issei 4867:Nisei 4321:camp) 4218:with 4129:Utah 4125:Topaz 3998:Name 3957:This 3562:HR 40 3509:Magic 3501:Magic 3392:Nisei 3346:) of 3188:with 2664:Nisei 2657:Issei 2419:Issei 2407:Nisei 2269:white 1600:Purge 1258:Tatar 1183:Māori 1178:Malay 1143:Irish 1093:Greek 1068:Croat 1026:China 984:Asian 861:Islam 727:White 461:Looks 426:Class 421:Caste 368:Forms 182:Cause 16721:Navy 16701:Army 15620:ISBN 15601:ISBN 15553:ISBN 15532:ISBN 15483:ISBN 15467:ISBN 15453:ISBN 15434:ISBN 15402:ISBN 15387:2009 15374:ISBN 15319:ISBN 15292:ISBN 15271:2018 15243:2018 15199:2018 15175:Text 15118:ISBN 15092:2015 15043:2019 15013:2015 14986:2019 14918:page 14878:2015 14827:2020 14802:2020 14773:2020 14715:2015 14685:2017 14660:2022 14616:2009 14586:2014 14573:ISBN 14539:2015 14503:ISBN 14482:2016 14394:2022 14315:2019 14285:2008 14208:2019 14176:2019 14143:2017 14121:2016 14095:2016 14069:2015 13973:2012 13947:2012 13906:2021 13878:2021 13850:2022 13825:2010 13803:2014 13745:ISBN 13723:ISBN 13700:ISBN 13678:ISBN 13649:2017 13583:2020 13557:2011 13531:2011 13505:2007 13479:2010 13453:2007 13416:2011 13390:2017 13367:2007 13327:2007 13301:2010 13275:2007 13224:2007 13196:ISBN 13171:ISBN 13146:ISBN 13121:ISBN 13102:5499 13070:2022 13002:ISBN 12978:2011 12966:Time 12875:2015 12853:2017 12791:2016 12725:ISBN 12685:2020 12674:ISSN 12651:2015 12625:2015 12570:2016 12544:2016 12518:2016 12475:2015 12439:2017 12407:2020 12396:ISSN 12373:2017 12365:WBEZ 12345:2015 12290:U.S. 12261:ISBN 12227:2009 12186:2009 12173:ISBN 12104:2014 12074:2019 11996:2011 11965:2009 11939:2009 11913:2009 11887:2011 11791:2011 11671:2019 11615:ISBN 11554:2015 11510:2008 11448:2019 11285:2010 11254:2020 11241:ISBN 11220:2020 11184:2020 11171:ISBN 11150:2020 11084:2020 11059:2022 10990:2022 10953:ISSN 10908:2022 10878:2022 10774:2015 10748:2015 10722:2015 10619:2015 10588:ISBN 10567:2019 10472:2024 10395:2015 10243:2011 10208:2007 10180:2021 10138:2017 9998:OCLC 9988:ISBN 9938:ISBN 9904:2014 9878:2019 9807:2015 9764:2017 9630:2011 9565:2011 9413:ISSN 9382:2011 9359:2010 9318:2011 9295:2011 9259:2010 9215:ISBN 9213:–5. 9149:2015 9122:2024 9088:2024 9062:2016 9036:2020 9005:2020 8838:2021 8812:2021 8787:2014 8764:2010 8738:2014 8680:2014 8657:2014 8628:2014 8596:ISBN 8571:ISBN 8490:2015 8460:2007 8365:2012 8340:2019 8307:2019 8294:ISBN 8273:2008 8146:2018 8106:ISBN 8072:ISBN 8047:ISBN 8022:ISBN 7997:ISBN 7972:ISBN 7970:–9. 7945:2020 7884:ISBN 7787:ISBN 7785:–9. 7698:2019 7645:ISBN 7607:2014 7536:2017 7330:Endo 7320:and 7141:'s " 7108:and 7019:and 6689:, a 6627:and 6465:, a 6393:Asia 6391:and 6305:and 6269:and 6023:The 5832:Endo 5830:and 5699:Maui 5673:and 5610:Peru 5591:Axis 5465:The 5441:The 5349:judo 5205:judo 5187:and 4986:and 4947:The 4694:and 4572:and 4173:The 3927:Axis 3907:and 3878:and 3866:The 3843:The 3824:U.S. 3820:and 3688:and 3649:and 3596:and 3544:Jews 3542:and 3297:The 3078:and 2458:16th 2442:and 2386:Guam 2264:male 2063:Bias 1486:LGBT 1263:Thai 1243:Serb 1113:Igbo 974:Arab 732:Male 508:Size 488:Rank 164:Date 43:and 15370:179 15235:CNN 15192:Vox 14948:NPR 14932:NPR 14898:NPR 14338:doi 14330:GLQ 13925:NPR 13606:doi 13251:doi 12721:143 12426:PBS 12293:283 12286:323 11379:doi 11018:doi 10834:doi 10666:doi 10270:, " 10113:NPS 10056:NPS 9934:191 9538:doi 9405:doi 9211:374 8177:," 8161:," 7906:," 7855:," 7746:," 7729:," 7670:," 6915:'s 6765:In 6594:'s 6176:or 5962:IRS 5756:Goa 5705:on 5379:to 5306:At 5291:At 4982:by 4905:. 4351:– ( 3546:." 3487:In 3262:by 3208:in 3138:or 3001:Jap 2740:FBI 2619:." 2380:'s 1851:age 493:Sex 416:Age 16854:: 15680:. 15372:. 15327:. 15260:. 15232:. 15214:, 15190:. 15159:^ 15132:^ 15100:^ 15078:. 15060:. 15036:EW 15034:. 15003:. 14975:. 14895:. 14864:. 14843:, 14818:. 14792:. 14781:^ 14764:. 14731:. 14701:. 14676:. 14650:. 14632:. 14602:. 14525:. 14473:. 14441:. 14380:. 14344:. 14334:20 14332:. 14301:. 14192:. 14160:. 14033:. 14013:. 13993:. 13981:^ 13963:. 13923:. 13895:. 13867:. 13841:. 13792:. 13620:. 13612:. 13602:12 13600:. 13574:. 13548:. 13522:. 13495:. 13470:. 13407:. 13292:. 13257:. 13247:35 13245:. 13241:. 13092:^ 13061:. 13031:14 13029:. 13025:. 12986:^ 12964:. 12839:. 12782:. 12770:^ 12723:. 12672:. 12668:. 12642:. 12616:. 12561:. 12534:. 12509:. 12505:. 12423:. 12394:. 12390:. 12362:. 12321:" 12161:* 12148:, 12112:^ 12082:^ 12058:. 12013:. 11982:. 11956:. 11930:. 11904:. 11877:. 11729:^ 11711:^ 11662:. 11574:. 11556:. 11482:. 11464:. 11439:. 11412:^ 11385:. 11375:54 11373:. 11335:^ 11319:^ 11262:^ 11203:. 11141:. 11113:^ 11092:^ 11049:. 11038:^ 11024:. 11014:21 11012:. 10998:^ 10981:. 10959:. 10949:82 10947:. 10935:^ 10899:. 10886:^ 10869:. 10854:^ 10840:. 10830:21 10828:. 10812:^ 10799:. 10782:^ 10756:^ 10739:. 10712:. 10672:. 10662:91 10660:. 10646:^ 10627:^ 10610:. 10553:. 10511:. 10507:. 10462:. 10444:. 10421:^ 10385:. 10347:25 10345:. 10341:. 10321:, 10286:^ 10227:. 10216:^ 10188:^ 10171:. 10140:. 10128:. 10111:, 10063:^ 10054:, 10010:^ 9996:. 9952:^ 9936:. 9912:^ 9886:^ 9857:^ 9847:. 9784:^ 9772:^ 9645:, 9616:. 9598:. 9532:. 9511:. 9492:. 9467:14 9465:. 9419:. 9411:. 9401:12 9399:. 9334:. 9250:. 9139:. 9113:. 9079:. 9053:. 9028:96 9026:. 9022:. 8997:90 8995:. 8991:. 8966:^ 8950:^ 8879:. 8828:. 8699:74 8697:. 8636:^ 8610:^ 8569:. 8565:. 8547:^ 8513:. 8509:. 8476:. 8446:. 8426:. 8390:^ 8330:. 8326:. 8315:^ 8219:^ 8120:^ 8104:. 7935:. 7915:^ 7882:. 7837:. 7812:36 7810:. 7719:^ 7679:^ 7659:^ 7615:^ 7583:^ 7558:^ 7366:. 7120:, 6623:. 6413:, 6395:. 6357:, 6301:, 6293:, 6289:, 6281:. 6184:. 6104:, 6100:, 5713:. 5697:, 5677:. 5549:, 5497:. 5430:. 5203:A 5007:. 4657:. 4453:– 4399:") 4331:– 4304:/ 4257:. 3816:, 3784:A 3769:A 3754:A 3739:A 3709:A 3698:. 3645:, 3491:, 3344:CA 3259:PM 3212:. 3070:, 3055:16 2985:: 2712:. 2384:, 345:on 16784:) 16780:( 16732:) 16728:( 16707:) 16703:( 16542:e 16535:t 16528:v 15740:e 15733:t 15726:v 15628:. 15609:. 15561:. 15540:. 15491:. 15461:. 15442:. 15410:. 15389:. 15300:. 15273:. 15245:. 15201:. 15177:. 15126:. 15094:. 15064:. 15045:. 15015:. 14988:. 14934:. 14901:. 14880:. 14829:. 14804:. 14775:. 14735:. 14717:. 14687:. 14662:. 14636:. 14618:. 14588:. 14541:. 14511:. 14484:. 14459:" 14455:" 14445:. 14428:" 14424:" 14396:. 14352:. 14340:: 14317:. 14287:. 14210:. 14145:. 14123:. 14097:. 14071:. 14019:. 13999:. 13975:. 13949:. 13927:. 13908:. 13880:. 13852:. 13827:. 13805:. 13777:. 13763:. 13706:. 13651:. 13628:. 13608:: 13585:. 13559:. 13533:. 13507:. 13481:. 13455:. 13433:. 13418:. 13392:. 13369:. 13329:. 13303:. 13277:. 13253:: 13226:. 13204:. 13179:. 13154:. 13129:. 13072:. 13047:. 13010:. 12980:. 12877:. 12855:. 12826:. 12793:. 12733:. 12687:. 12653:. 12627:. 12572:. 12546:. 12520:. 12477:. 12441:. 12409:. 12375:. 12347:. 12307:. 12269:. 12229:. 12188:. 12106:. 12076:. 12017:. 11998:. 11967:. 11941:. 11915:. 11889:. 11793:. 11739:/ 11673:. 11623:. 11578:. 11512:. 11450:. 11425:. 11393:. 11381:: 11287:. 11256:. 11222:. 11186:. 11152:. 11086:. 11061:. 11032:. 11020:: 10992:. 10967:. 10910:. 10880:. 10848:. 10836:: 10776:. 10750:. 10724:. 10680:. 10668:: 10621:. 10596:. 10569:. 10474:. 10448:. 10413:" 10409:" 10397:. 10245:. 10210:. 10182:. 10004:. 9946:. 9906:. 9880:. 9766:. 9632:. 9567:. 9544:. 9540:: 9534:9 9515:. 9496:. 9477:. 9427:. 9407:: 9384:. 9361:. 9338:. 9320:. 9297:. 9261:. 9223:. 9151:. 9124:. 9090:. 9064:. 9038:. 9007:. 8883:. 8840:. 8814:. 8789:. 8766:. 8740:. 8717:. 8682:. 8659:. 8630:. 8604:. 8579:. 8517:. 8492:. 8462:. 8432:. 8367:. 8358:" 8354:" 8342:. 8309:. 8275:. 8261:" 8257:" 8148:. 8114:. 8080:. 8055:. 8030:. 8005:. 7980:. 7968:7 7947:. 7892:. 7841:. 7822:. 7795:. 7783:8 7700:. 7653:. 7609:. 7538:. 7256:. 6889:. 6841:. 6799:. 6749:. 6635:. 6574:. 6539:/ 6443:. 5942:, 5764:. 5531:' 5527:" 5523:' 5519:" 5445:/ 5414:. 4457:) 4449:( 4424:( 4414:( 4385:( 4379:) 4371:( 4361:( 4341:( 4335:) 4327:( 4317:( 4291:( 4285:) 4277:( 3342:- 3340:R 3338:( 3083:" 3051:1 2823:. 2706:, 2691:, 2615:" 2454:1 2330:e 2323:t 2316:v 28:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.