Franklin D. Roosevelt

12119: 955: 26505: 3590: 3944:, the governor of New York, who had a reputation as a liberal in his party. They accused the Roosevelt administration of domestic corruption and bureaucratic inefficiency, but Dewey's most effective gambit was to raise discreetly the age issue. He assailed the President as a "tired old man" with "tired old men" in his cabinet, pointedly suggesting that the President's lack of vigor had produced a less than vigorous economic recovery. Roosevelt, as most observers could see from his weight loss and haggard appearance, was a tired man in 1944. But upon entering the campaign in earnest in late September 1944, Roosevelt displayed enough passion to allay most concerns and deflect Republican attacks. With the war still raging, he urged voters not to "change horses in mid-stream". Labor unions, which had grown rapidly in the war, fully supported Roosevelt. Roosevelt and Truman won the 851: 1657:, but most delegates entered the convention unbound to any particular candidate. On the first presidential ballot, Roosevelt received the votes of more than half but less than two-thirds of the delegates, with Smith finishing in a distant second place. Roosevelt then promised the vice-presidential nomination to Garner, who controlled the votes of Texas and California; Garner threw his support behind Roosevelt after the third ballot, and Roosevelt clinched the nomination on the fourth ballot. Roosevelt flew in from New York to Chicago after learning that he had won the nomination, becoming the first major-party presidential nominee to accept the nomination in person. His appearance was essential, to show himself as vigorous, despite his physical disability. 1273: 3500: 2063: 3149: 1607: 3140: 3992: 44: 2047:

political right to collect their pensions and unemployment benefits. With those taxes in there, no damn politician can ever scrap my social security program." Compared with the social security systems in western European countries, the Social Security Act of 1935 was rather conservative. But for the first time, the federal government took responsibility for the economic security of the aged, the temporarily unemployed, dependent children, and disabled people. Against Roosevelt's original intention for universal coverage, the act excluded farmers, domestic workers, and other groups, which made up about forty percent of the labor force.

3540:; and Chinese, British and American troops fought in Asia and the Pacific. The United States also continued to send aid via the Lend-Lease program to the Soviet Union and other countries. The Allies formulated strategy in a series of high-profile conferences as well as by contact through diplomatic and military channels. Beginning in May 1942, the Soviets urged an Anglo-American invasion of German-occupied France to divert troops from the Eastern front. Concerned that their forces were not yet ready, Churchill and Roosevelt decided to delay such an invasion until at least 1943 and instead focus on a landing in North Africa, known as 18113: 2688: 1140: 3581: 2332:

courthouses and post offices to facilities and infrastructure for national parks, bridges, and other infrastructure across the country, and architectural surveys and archaeological excavations—investments to construct facilities and preserve important resources. Beyond this, however, Roosevelt recommended to a special congressional session only a permanent national farm act, administrative reorganization, and regional planning measures, all of which were leftovers from a regular session. According to Burns, this attempt illustrated Roosevelt's inability to settle on a basic economic program.

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office. He laboriously taught himself to walk short distances while wearing iron braces on his hips and legs, by swiveling his torso while supporting himself with a cane. He was careful never to be seen using his wheelchair in public, and great care was taken to prevent any portrayal in the press that would highlight his disability. However, his disability was well known before and during his presidency and became a major part of his image. He usually appeared in public standing upright, supported on one side by an aide or one of his sons.

2019: 1163:, was well-read on the subject, and was an ardent supporter of a large, efficient force. With Wilson's support, Daniels and Roosevelt instituted a merit-based promotion system and extended civilian control over the autonomous departments of the Navy. Roosevelt oversaw the Navy's civilian employees and earned the respect of union leaders for his fairness in resolving disputes. No strikes occurred during his seven-plus years in the office, as he gained valuable experience in labor issues, wartime management, naval issues, and logistics. 18120: 3792:

States produced 2.4 million trucks, 300,000 military aircraft, 88,400 tanks, and 40 billion rounds of ammunition. The production capacity of the United States dwarfed that of other countries; for example, in 1944, the United States produced more military aircraft than the combined production of Germany, Japan, Britain, and the Soviet Union. The White House became the ultimate site for labor mediation, conciliation or arbitration. One particular battle royale occurred between Vice President Wallace, who headed the

3632:. Roosevelt did not push for the immediate evacuation of Soviet soldiers from Poland, but he won the issuance of the Declaration on Liberated Europe, which promised free elections in countries that had been occupied by Germany. Germany itself would not be dismembered but would be jointly occupied by the United States, France, Britain, and the Soviet Union. Against Soviet pressure, Roosevelt and Churchill refused to consent to impose huge reparations and deindustrialization on Germany after the war. Roosevelt's role in the 1480: 3231: 2923: 1793: 1774:

clash of wills that led to disarray, heartbreak, and anger but also set off pulses of executive energy and sparks of creativity...by handing out one job to several men and several jobs to one man, thus strengthening his own position as a court of appeals, as a depository of information, and as a tool of co-ordination; by ignoring or bypassing collective decision-making agencies, such as the Cabinet...and always by persuading, flattering, juggling, improvising, reshuffling, harmonizing, conciliating, manipulating.

1041: 3409:, the most senior officer in the military. Roosevelt avoided micromanaging the war and let his top military officers make most decisions. Roosevelt's civilian appointees handled the draft and procurement of men and equipment, but no civilians—not even the secretaries of War or Navy—had a voice in strategy. Roosevelt avoided the State Department and conducted high-level diplomacy through his aides, especially Harry Hopkins, whose influence was bolstered by his control of the Lend-Lease funds. 26577: 863: 1347: 2863:. Willkie supported much of the New Deal as well as rearmament and aid to Britain but warned that Roosevelt would drag the country into another European war. Responding to Willkie's attacks, Roosevelt promised to keep the country out of the war. Over its last month, the campaign degenerated into a series of outrageous accusations and mud-slinging by the parties. Roosevelt won the 1940 election with 55% of the popular vote, 38 of the 48 states, and almost 85% of the electoral vote. 3699: 3339: 774: 4348:, "the basis of the Democratic Party's aspirations for the better part of four decades". After his death, Eleanor continued to be a forceful presence in U.S. and world politics, serving as delegate to the conference which established the United Nations and championing civil rights and liberalism generally. Some junior New Dealers played leading roles in the presidencies of Truman, John Kennedy, and Lyndon Johnson. Kennedy came from a Roosevelt-hating family. Historian 3914: 2836: 2125: 1692: 26493: 26565: 26541: 19204: 14361: 13366: 2101:, savagely attacking Roosevelt and equating him with socialism. But Smith overplayed his hand, and his boisterous rhetoric let Roosevelt isolate his opponents and identify them with the wealthy vested interests that opposed the New Deal, strengthening Roosevelt for the 1936 landslide. By contrast, labor unions, energized by labor legislation, signed up millions of new members and became a major backer of Roosevelt's re-elections in 1936, 1940, and 1944. 1010:, soon after she was hired in 1914. That affair was discovered by Eleanor in 1918. Franklin contemplated divorcing Eleanor, but Sara objected, and Mercer would not marry a divorced man with five children. Franklin and Eleanor remained married, and Franklin promised never to see Mercer again. Eleanor never forgave him for the affair, and their marriage shifted to become a political partnership. Eleanor soon established a separate home in Hyde Park at 2715: 26553: 3967: 2557: 3483: 3078: 19214: 14371: 1076:, was strongly Republican. Roosevelt feared that opposition from Theodore could end his campaign, but Theodore encouraged his candidacy despite their party differences. Acting as his own campaign manager, Roosevelt traveled throughout the senate district via automobile at a time when few could afford a car. Due to his aggressive campaign, his name gained recognition in the Hudson Valley, and in the Democratic landslide in the 12114: 2183:. Roosevelt lost high-income voters, especially businessmen and professionals, but made major gains among the poor and minorities. He won 86 percent of the Jewish vote, 81 percent of Catholics, 80 percent of union members, 76 percent of Southerners, 76 percent of blacks in northern cities, and 75 percent of people on relief. Roosevelt carried 102 of the country's 106 cities with a population of 100,000 or more. 14464: 2784:, as Secretaries of War and the Navy, respectively. Both parties gave support to his plans for a rapid build-up of the American military, but the isolationists warned that Roosevelt would get the nation into an unnecessary war with Germany. In July 1940, a group of Congressmen introduced a bill that would authorize the nation's first peacetime draft, and with the support of the Roosevelt administration, the 26529: 4082: 2612:, renouncing the right to intervene unilaterally in the affairs of Latin American countries. Roosevelt also normalized relations with the Soviet Union, which the United States had refused to recognize since the 1920s. He hoped to renegotiate the Russian debt from World War I and open trade relations, but no progress was made on either issue and "both nations were soon disillusioned by the accord." 2848:

former Republican who strongly supported the New Deal and was popular in farm states. The choice was strenuously opposed by many of the party's conservatives, who felt Wallace was too radical and "eccentric" in his private life. But Roosevelt insisted that without Wallace on the ticket he would decline re-nomination, and Wallace won the vice-presidential nomination, defeating Speaker of the House

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grew 58% from 1932 to 1940, and then grew 56% from 1940 to 1945 in five years of wartime. Unemployment fell dramatically during Roosevelt's first term. It increased in 1938 ("a depression within a depression") but continually declined after 1938. Total employment during Roosevelt's term expanded by 18.31 million jobs, with an average annual increase in jobs during his administration of 5.3%.

3816: 2179:. Democrats expanded their majorities in Congress, controlling over three-quarters of the seats in each house. The election also saw the consolidation of the New Deal coalition; while the Democrats lost some of their traditional allies in big business, they were replaced by groups such as organized labor and African Americans, the latter of whom voted Democratic for the first time since the 1980:(TVA)—which built dams and power stations, controlled floods, and modernized agriculture and home conditions in the poverty-stricken Tennessee Valley. However, locals criticized the TVA for displacing thousands of people for these projects. The Soil Conservation Service trained farmers in the proper methods of cultivation, and with the TVA, Roosevelt became the father of soil conservation. 3895:

Roosevelt's health was poor; on October 12, for example, he announced that "The President's health is perfectly OK. There are absolutely no organic difficulties at all." Roosevelt realized that his declining health could eventually make it impossible for him to continue as president, and in 1945 he told a confidant that he might resign from the presidency following the end of the war.

4181:, and it played a major role in opening up new employment opportunities to nonwhite workers. During World War II, the proportion of African American men employed in manufacturing positions rose significantly. In response to Roosevelt's policies, African Americans increasingly defected from the Republican Party during the 1930s and 1940s, becoming an important Democratic 26517: 829:, who said to him: "My little man, I am making a strange wish for you. It is that you may never be President of the United States." Franklin's mother, the dominant influence in his early years, once declared, "My son Franklin is a Delano, not a Roosevelt at all." James, who was 54 when Franklin was born, was considered by some as a remote father, though biographer 3855:, medical care, unemployment insurance, job counseling, and low-cost loans for homes and businesses. The G.I. Bill passed unanimously in both houses of Congress and was signed into law in June 1944. Of the fifteen million Americans who served in World War II, more than half benefitted from the educational opportunities provided for in the G.I. Bill. 1894: 1707:, small farmers, the Southern whites, Catholics, big-city political machines, labor unions, northern black Americans (southern ones were still disfranchised), Jews, intellectuals, and political liberals. The creation of the New Deal coalition transformed American politics and started what political scientists call the "New Deal Party System" or the 1416:'s successful campaign in New York's 1922 gubernatorial election, which both aided Smith and showed Roosevelt's continuing relevance as a political figure. Roosevelt and Smith came from different backgrounds and never fully trusted one another, but Roosevelt supported Smith's progressive policies, while Smith was happy to have Roosevelt's backing. 1916:(PWA), under Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes, oversaw the construction of large-scale public works such as dams, bridges, and schools. The Rural Electrification Administration (REA) brought electricity for the first time to millions of rural homes. The most popular of all New Deal agencies—and Roosevelt's favorite—was the 4364:, and the consolidation of power that occurred due to his responses to the Depression and World War II but also his breaking with tradition by running for a third term as president. Long after his death, new lines of attack criticized Roosevelt's policies regarding helping the Jews of Europe, incarcerating the Japanese on the 1530:. Relations between Roosevelt and Smith suffered after he chose not to retain key Smith appointees like Moses. He and his wife Eleanor established an understanding for the rest of his career; she would dutifully serve as the governor's wife but would also be free to pursue her own agenda and interests. He also began holding " 2887:

relationships with Latin America and Canada were structured by wartime demands. Roosevelt maintained close personal control of all major diplomatic and military decisions, working closely with his generals and admirals, the war and Navy departments, the British, and even the Soviet Union. His key advisors on diplomacy were

2082:(NLRB) to facilitate wage agreements and suppress repeated labor disturbances. The act did not compel employers to reach an agreement with their employees, but it opened possibilities for American labor. The result was a tremendous growth of membership in the labor unions, especially in the mass-production sector. When the 2141:, a little-known bland candidate whose chances were damaged by the public re-emergence of the still-unpopular Herbert Hoover. While Roosevelt campaigned on his New Deal programs and continued to attack Hoover, Landon sought to win voters who approved of the goals of the New Deal but disagreed with its implementation. 517: 1846:. A quarter of the workforce was unemployed, and farmers were in deep trouble as prices had fallen by 60%. Industrial production had fallen by more than half since 1929. Two million people were homeless. By the evening of March 4, 32 of the 48 states—as well as the District of Columbia—had closed their banks. 4116:. Roosevelt ended federal involvement in the deportations. After 1934, deportations fell by approximately 50 percent. However, Roosevelt did not attempt to suppress the deportations on a local or state level. Mexican Americans were the only group explicitly excluded from New Deal benefits. The deprival of 518: 1669:

convention but promised to uphold the party platform. Otherwise, Roosevelt's primary campaign strategy was one of caution, intent upon avoiding mistakes that would distract from Hoover's failings on the economy. His statements attacked the incumbent and included no other specific policies or programs.

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Roosevelt had a lifelong interest in the environment and conservation starting with his youthful interest in forestry on his family estate. Although he was never an outdoorsman or sportsman on Theodore Roosevelt's scale, his growth of the national systems was comparable. When Franklin was Governor of

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His commitment to the working class and unemployed in need of relief in the nation's longest recession made him a favorite of blue-collar workers, labor unions, and ethnic minorities. The rapid expansion of government programs that occurred during Roosevelt's term redefined the role of government in

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has been controversial; critics charge that he naively trusted the Soviet Union to allow free elections in Eastern Europe, while supporters argue that there was little more that Roosevelt could have done for the Eastern European countries given the Soviet occupation and the need for cooperation with

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when he refused to run for a third term in 1796. Roosevelt refused to give a definitive statement, and he even indicated to some ambitious Democrats, such as James Farley, that he would not run for a third term and that they could seek the Democratic nomination. Farley and Vice President John Garner

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saw an unprecedented amount of legislation and set a benchmark against which future presidents have been compared. When the banks reopened on Monday, March 15, stock prices rose by 15 percent and in the following weeks over $ 1 billion was returned to bank vaults, ending the bank panic. On March 22,

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in the 1919 Senate debate. The new Society would not become involved in the Western Hemisphere, where the Monroe doctrine held sway. It would not have any control over military forces. Although Roosevelt's plan was never made public, he thought about the problem a great deal and incorporated some of

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and the New York State Council of Parks. Roosevelt accused Moses of using the name recognition of prominent individuals including Roosevelt to win political support for state parks, but then diverting funds to the ones Moses favored on Long Island, while Moses worked to block the appointment of Howe

1096:, a highly regarded judge whom Roosevelt found acceptable, and O'Gorman won the election in late March. Roosevelt in the process became a popular figure among New York Democrats. News articles and cartoons depicted "the second coming of a Roosevelt", sending "cold shivers down the spine of Tammany". 4050:

The following morning, Roosevelt's body was placed in a flag-draped coffin and loaded onto the presidential train for the trip back to Washington. Thousands flocked to the route to pay their respects. After a White House funeral on April 14, Roosevelt was transported by train from Washington to his

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Hospital physicians and two outside specialists ordered Roosevelt to rest. His personal physician, Admiral Ross McIntire, created a daily schedule that banned business guests for lunch and incorporated two hours of rest daily. During the 1944 re-election campaign, McIntire denied several times that

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In 1942, war production increased dramatically but fell short of Roosevelt's goals, due in part to manpower shortages. The effort was also hindered by numerous strikes, especially in the coal mining and railroad industries, which lasted well into 1944. Nonetheless, between 1941 and 1945, the United

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Roosevelt tried to keep his campaign promise by cutting the federal budget. This included a reduction in military spending from $ 752 million in 1932 to $ 531 million in 1934 and a 40% cut in spending on veterans benefits. 500,000 veterans and widows were removed from the pension rolls,

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Roosevelt was elected in November 1932 but like his predecessors did not take office until the following March. After the election, President Hoover sought to convince Roosevelt to renounce much of his campaign platform and to endorse the Hoover administration's policies. Roosevelt refused Hoover's

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Roosevelt requested that he be allowed to serve as a naval officer, but Wilson insisted that he continue as Assistant Secretary. For the next year, Roosevelt remained in Washington to coordinate the naval deployment, as the Navy expanded fourfold. In the summer of 1918, Roosevelt traveled to Europe

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for coming generations. Roosevelt firmly established U.S. leadership on the world stage with his role in shaping and financing World War II. His isolationist critics faded away, and even the Republicans joined in his overall policies. He also permanently increased the power of the president at the

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of African Americans, farmers and rural populations to manufacturing centers. African Americans from the South went to California and other West Coast states for new jobs in the defense industry. To pay for increased government spending, in 1941 Roosevelt proposed that Congress enact an income tax

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in Chicago, Roosevelt easily swept aside challenges from Farley and Vice President Garner, who had turned against Roosevelt in his second term because of his liberal economic and social policies. To replace Garner on the ticket, Roosevelt turned to Secretary of Agriculture Henry Wallace of Iowa, a

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Determined to overcome the opposition of conservative Democrats in Congress, Roosevelt became involved in the 1938 Democratic primaries, actively campaigning for challengers who were more supportive of New Deal reform. Roosevelt failed badly, managing to defeat only one of the ten targeted. In the

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into the plain below." Roosevelt argued that such apparently haphazard methodology was necessary. "The country needs and, unless I mistake its temper, the country demands bold, persistent experimentation," he wrote. "It is common sense to take a method and try it; if it fails, admit it frankly and

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Roosevelt gave presidential nominating speeches for Smith at the 1924 and 1928 Democratic National Conventions; the speech at the 1924 convention marked a return to public life following his illness and convalescence. That year, the Democrats were badly divided between an urban wing, led by Smith,

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and devoted herself to social and political causes independent of her husband. The emotional break in their marriage was so severe that when Franklin asked Eleanor in 1942—in light of his failing health—to come live with him again, she refused. Roosevelt was not always aware of Eleanor's visits to

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Burns indicates that young Franklin Roosevelt was self-assured and at ease in the upper class. On the other hand, Eleanor was shy and disliked social life. Initially, Eleanor stayed home to raise their children. As his father had done, Franklin left childcare to his wife, and Eleanor delegated the

2737:, American public opinion turned against Germany, and Roosevelt began preparing for a possible war with Germany. Relying on an interventionist political coalition of Southern Democrats and business-oriented Republicans, Roosevelt oversaw the expansion of U.S. airpower and war production capacity. 2541:

as a percentage of the GNP had more than doubled under Hoover from 16% to 40% of the GNP in early 1933. It held steady at close to 40% as late as fall 1941, then grew rapidly during the war. The GNP was 34% higher in 1936 than in 1932 and 58% higher in 1940 on the eve of war. That is, the economy

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enrolled 3.4 million young men and built 13,000 miles (21,000 kilometres) of trails, planted two billion trees, and upgraded 125,000 miles (201,000 kilometres) of dirt roads. Every state had its own state parks, and Roosevelt made sure that WPA and CCC projects were set up to upgrade them as

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to look for a criminal conspiracy (they found none). He then asked Congress for $ 5 billion (equivalent to $ 105.97 billion in 2023) in relief and public works funding. This created as many as 3.3 million WPA jobs by 1938. Projects accomplished under the WPA ranged from new federal

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reduction, farm relief, government-funded public works, and other government actions to address the Great Depression. Reflecting changing public opinion, the Democratic platform included a call for the repeal of Prohibition; Roosevelt himself had not taken a public stand on the issue prior to the

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by a wide margin, carrying every state outside of the South. Roosevelt accepted the loss and later reflected that the relationships and goodwill that he built in the 1920 campaign proved to be a major asset in his 1932 campaign. The 1920 election also saw the first public participation of Eleanor

4003:, many were shocked to see how old, thin and frail he looked. He spoke while seated in the well of the House, an unprecedented concession to his physical incapacity. During March 1945, he sent strongly worded messages to Stalin accusing him of breaking his Yalta commitments over Poland, Germany, 3171:

The Japanese were incensed by the embargo and Japanese leaders became determined to attack the United States unless it lifted the embargo. The Roosevelt administration was unwilling to reverse the policy, and Secretary of State Hull blocked a potential summit between Roosevelt and Prime Minister

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established Social Security and promised economic security for the elderly, the poor, and the sick. Roosevelt insisted that it should be funded by payroll taxes rather than from the general fund, saying, "We put those payroll contributions there so as to give the contributors a legal, moral, and

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The president stayed in charge of his administration...by drawing fully on his formal and informal powers as Chief Executive; by raising goals, creating momentum, inspiring a personal loyalty, getting the best out of people...by deliberately fostering among his aides a sense of competition and a

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As president, Roosevelt appointed powerful men to top positions in government. However, he made all of his administration's major decisions himself, regardless of any delays, inefficiencies, or resentments doing so may have caused. Analyzing the president's administrative style, Burns concludes:

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says that before 1960, "Kennedy showed a conspicuous lack of inclination to identify himself as a New Deal liberal." He adds, as president, "Kennedy never wholly embraced the Roosevelt tradition and at times he deliberately severed himself from it." By contrast, young Lyndon Johnson had been an

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board of directors, Roosevelt decided there were too many Jewish students at Harvard and helped institute a quota to limit the number of Jews admitted. After Kristallnacht in 1938, Roosevelt had his ambassador to Germany recalled to Washington. He did not loosen immigration quotas but did allow

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dominated Roosevelt's attention, with far more time devoted to world affairs than ever before. Domestic politics and relations with Congress were largely shaped by his efforts to achieve total mobilization of the nation's economic, financial, and institutional resources for the war effort. Even

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When Roosevelt began his run for a second term in May 1930, he reiterated his doctrine from the campaign two years before: "that progressive government by its very terms must be a living and growing thing, that the battle for it is never-ending and that if we let up for one single moment or one

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Though his mother favored his retirement from public life, Roosevelt, his wife, and Roosevelt's close friend and adviser, Louis Howe, were all determined that he continue his political career. He convinced many people that he was improving, which he believed to be essential prior to running for

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Roosevelt's declining physical health had been kept secret from the public. His death was met with shock and grief across the world. Germany surrendered during the 30-day mourning period, but Harry Truman (who had succeeded Roosevelt as president) ordered flags to remain at half-staff; he also

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through the Pacific Islands, with the objective of gaining bases from which strategic airpower could be brought to bear on Japan and from which Japan could ultimately be invaded. In contrast to Hitler, Roosevelt took no direct part in the tactical naval operations, though he approved strategic

2251:, the court began to take a more favorable view of economic regulations. Historians have described this as, "the switch in time that saved nine". That same year, Roosevelt appointed a Supreme Court Justice for the first time, and by 1941, had appointed seven of the court's nine justices. After 1459:

for the best plan to deliver world peace. Roosevelt had leisure time and interest, and he drafted a plan for the contest. He never submitted it because Eleanor was selected as a judge for the prize. His plan called for a new world organization that would replace the League of Nations. Although

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Burns suggests that Roosevelt's policy decisions were guided more by pragmatism than ideology and that he "was like the general of a guerrilla army whose columns, fighting blindly in the mountains through dense ravines and thickets, suddenly converge, half by plan and half by coincidence, and

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Roosevelt did not appoint or nominate a single African American as secretary or assistant secretary to his cabinet. About one hundred African Americans met informally, however, to provide the administration with advice on issues related to African Americans. Although sometimes described as a

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and other issues. When Stalin accused the western Allies of plotting behind his back a separate peace with Hitler, Roosevelt replied: "I cannot avoid a feeling of bitter resentment towards your informers, whoever they are, for such vile misrepresentations of my actions or those of my trusted

3784:. In 1944, Roosevelt requested that Congress enact legislation to tax all "unreasonable" profits, both corporate and individual, and thereby support his declared need for over $ 10 billion in revenue for the war and other government measures. Congress overrode Roosevelt's veto to pass a 3766:

The home front was subject to dynamic social changes throughout the war, though domestic issues were no longer Roosevelt's most urgent policy concern. The military buildup spurred economic growth. Unemployment fell from 7.7 million in spring 1940 to 3.4 million in fall 1941 and to

3051:; Churchill and Roosevelt would meet ten more times in person. Though Churchill pressed for an American declaration of war against Germany, Roosevelt believed that Congress would reject any attempt to bring the U.S. into the war. In September, a German submarine fired on the U.S. destroyer 4290:

to aid Jews and other victims of Axis atrocities. Aside from these actions, Roosevelt believed that the best way to help the persecuted populations of Europe was to end the war as quickly as possible. Top military leaders and War Department leaders rejected any campaign to bomb the

3929:. Party leaders prevailed upon Roosevelt to drop Vice President Wallace from the ticket, believing him to be an electoral liability and a poor potential successor in case of Roosevelt's death. Roosevelt preferred Byrnes as Wallace's replacement but was convinced to support Senator 3023:

program, which directed massive military and economic aid to Britain and China. In sharp contrast to the loans of World War I, there would be no repayment. As Roosevelt took a firmer stance against Japan, Germany, and Italy, American isolationists such as Charles Lindbergh and the

4265:"—the extermination of the European Jewish population—by January 1942, and American officials learned of the scale of the Nazi extermination campaign in the following months. Against the objections of the State Department, Roosevelt convinced the other Allied leaders to issue the 4255:, Roosevelt could have saved 190,000 Jewish lives by telling his State Department to fill immigration quotas to the legal limit, but his administration discouraged and disqualified Jewish refugees based on its prohibitive requirements that left less than 25% of the quotas filled. 3820: 3817: 2348:

with Southern Democrats, virtually ending Roosevelt's ability to enact his domestic proposals. Despite their opposition to Roosevelt's domestic policies, many of these conservative Congressmen would provide crucial support for his foreign policy before and during World War II.

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The NIRA included $ 3.3 billion (equivalent to $ 77.67 billion in 2023) of spending through the Public Works Administration to support recovery. Roosevelt worked with Senator Norris to create the largest government-owned industrial enterprise in American history—the

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With Roosevelt's influence on the wane following the failure of the Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937, conservative Democrats joined with Republicans to block the implementation of further New Deal programs. Roosevelt did manage to pass some legislation, including the

3818: 975:. Franklin and Sara Roosevelt also provided a townhouse for the newlyweds in New York City, and Sara had a house built for herself alongside that townhouse. Eleanor never felt at home in the houses at Hyde Park or New York; however, she loved the family's vacation home on 4277:. In 1943, Roosevelt told U.S. government officials that there should be limits on Jews in various professions to "eliminate the specific and understandable complaints which the Germans bore towards the Jews in Germany." The same year, Roosevelt was personally briefed by 3823: 3455:. Roosevelt feared the consequences of allowing Germany to have sole possession of the technology and authorized preliminary research into nuclear weapons. After Pearl Harbor, the Roosevelt administration secured funding to continue research and selected General 3822: 1932:

to increase commodity prices, by paying farmers to leave land uncultivated and cut herds. In many instances, crops were plowed under and livestock killed, while many Americans died of hunger and were ill-clothed; critics labeled such policies "utterly idiotic".

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and benefits were reduced for the remainder. Federal salaries were cut and spending on research and education was reduced. The veterans were well organized and strongly protested, so most benefits were restored or increased by 1934. Veterans groups such as the

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Historians categorized Roosevelt's program as "relief, recovery, and reform". Relief was urgently needed by the unemployed. Recovery meant boosting the economy back to normal, and reform was required of the financial and banking systems. Through Roosevelt's 30

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that Roosevelt, or any other high government officials, knew in advance about the attack on Pearl Harbor. The Japanese had kept their secrets closely guarded, so it is unlikely that American officials were aware of Japanese plans for a surprise attack on the

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and menaced Britain in mid-1940, Roosevelt decided that only he had the necessary experience and skills to see the nation safely through the Nazi threat. He was aided by the party's political bosses, who feared that no Democrat except Roosevelt could defeat

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notes that "the significance of the repeal of the two-thirds rule...is difficult to overstate. Not only did the power of the South in the Democratic party diminish, but without the repeal, it is open to question whether FDR could have been renominated in

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Franklin broke his promise to Eleanor regarding Lucy Mercer. He and Mercer maintained a formal correspondence and began seeing each other again by 1941. Roosevelt's son Elliott claimed that his father had a 20-year affair with his private secretary,

3216:" to Congress, in which he said: "Yesterday, December 7, 1941—a date which will live in infamy—the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan." In a nearly unanimous vote, Congress 1940:(NIRA) of 1933. It sought to end cutthroat competition by forcing industries to establish rules such as minimum prices, agreements not to compete, and production restrictions. Industry leaders negotiated the rules with NIRA officials, who suspended 25684: 4750:

This table shows the estimated unemployment related as calculated by two economists. Michael Darby's estimate counts individuals on work relief programs as employed, while Stanley Lebergott's estimate counts individuals on work relief programs as

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who was an eyewitness of the Holocaust; pleading for action, Karski told him that 1.8 million Jews had already been exterminated. Karski recalled that Roosevelt "did not ask one question about the Jews". In January 1944, Roosevelt established the

3551:, where Roosevelt met Stalin for the first time. Britain and the United States committed to opening a second front against Germany in 1944, while Stalin committed to entering the war against Japan at an unspecified date. Subsequent conferences at 2623:

in American foreign policy. Despite Roosevelt's Wilsonian background, he and Secretary of State Cordell Hull acted with great care not to provoke isolationist sentiment. The isolationist movement was bolstered in the early to mid-1930s by Senator

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legislation. He asserted that such legislation was unlikely to pass and that his support for it would alienate Southern congressmen, though by 1940 even his conservative Texan vice-president, Garner, supported federal action against lynching.

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On his second day in office, Roosevelt declared a four-day national "bank holiday", to end the run by depositors seeking to withdraw funds. He called for a special session of Congress on March 9, when Congress passed, almost sight unseen, the

1182:. He also was without Wilson's support, as the president needed Tammany's forces for his legislation and 1916 re-election. Roosevelt was soundly defeated in the Democratic primary by Gerard, who in turn lost the general election to Republican 515: 2132:

Eight million workers remained unemployed in 1936, and though economic conditions had improved since 1932, they remained sluggish. By 1936, Roosevelt had lost the backing he once held in the business community because of his support for the

1225:

to inspect naval installations and meet with French and British officials. On account of his relation to Theodore Roosevelt, he was received very prominently considering his relatively junior rank, obtaining long private audiences with King

3093:

After the German invasion of Poland, the primary concern of both Roosevelt and his top military staff was on the war in Europe, but Japan also presented foreign policy challenges. Relations with Japan had continually deteriorated since its

2234:" plan ran into intense political opposition from his own party, led by Vice President Garner since it upset the separation of powers. A bipartisan coalition of liberals and conservatives of both parties opposed the bill, and Chief Justice 3726:

as the de facto government of France in July 1944. After most of France had been liberated, Roosevelt granted formal recognition to de Gaulle's government in October 1944. Over the following months, the Allies liberated more territory and

2632:; the president was refused a provision he requested giving him the discretion to allow the sale of arms to victims of aggression. He largely acquiesced to Congress's non-interventionist policies in the early-to-mid 1930s. In the interim, 4168:

First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt vocally supported efforts designed to aid the African American community, including the Fair Labor Standards Act, which helped boost wages for nonwhite workers in the South. In 1941, Roosevelt established the

3952:

with 53.4% of the popular vote and 432 out of the 531 electoral votes. The president campaigned in favor of a strong United Nations, so his victory symbolized support for the nation's future participation in the international community.

3847:. He stated that all Americans should have the right to "adequate medical care", "a good education", "a decent home", and a "useful and remunerative job". In the most ambitious domestic proposal of his third term, Roosevelt proposed the 3122:

to ensure continued access to raw materials. In July 1941, after Japan occupied the remainder of French Indochina, Roosevelt cut off the sale of oil to Japan, depriving Japan of more than 95 percent of its oil supply. He also placed the

3925:. Roosevelt made it clear before the convention that he was seeking another term, and on the lone presidential ballot of the convention, Roosevelt won the vast majority of delegates, although a minority of Southern Democrats voted for 3734:

In the opening weeks of the war, Japan conquered the Philippines and the British and Dutch colonies in Southeast Asia. The Japanese advance reached its maximum extent by June 1942, when the U.S. Navy scored a decisive victory at the

1503:. Roosevelt initially resisted, as he was reluctant to leave Warm Springs and feared a Republican landslide. Party leaders eventually convinced him only he could defeat the Republican gubernatorial nominee, New York Attorney General 2055:(WPA). Under the leadership of Harry Hopkins, the WPA employed over three million people in its first year of operations. It undertook numerous massive construction projects in cooperation with local governments. It also set up the 895:, preached the duty of Christians to help the less fortunate and urged his students to enter public service. Peabody remained a strong influence throughout Roosevelt's life, officiating at his wedding and visiting him as president. 2939: 1092:, which was determined in a joint session of the New York state legislature, Roosevelt and nineteen other Democrats caused a prolonged deadlock by opposing a series of Tammany-backed candidates. Tammany threw its backing behind 3748:

decisions. Roosevelt gave way in part to insistent demands from the public and Congress that more effort be devoted against Japan, but he always insisted on Germany first. The strength of the Japanese navy was decimated in the

3571:

mantle, Roosevelt pushed the establishment of the United Nations as his highest postwar priority. Roosevelt expected it would be controlled by Washington, Moscow, London and Beijing, and would resolve all major world problems.

1897: 516: 3463:, which was charged with developing the first nuclear weapons. Roosevelt and Churchill agreed to jointly pursue the project, and Roosevelt helped ensure that American scientists cooperated with their British counterparts. 4099:

Roosevelt was viewed as a hero by many African Americans, Catholics, and Jews, and he was highly successful in attracting large majorities of these voters into his New Deal coalition. From his first term until 1939, the

3663:, the Allies agreed to defeat Axis forces in North Africa and then launch an invasion of Sicily, with an attack on France to take place in 1944. At the conference, Roosevelt also announced that he would only accept the 1460:

Roosevelt had been the vice-presidential candidate on the Democratic ticket of 1920 that supported the League, by 1924 he was ready to scrap it. His draft of a "Society of Nations" accepted the reservations proposed by

1854:", he presented his proposals directly to the American public as a series of radio addresses. Energized by his own victory over paralytic illness, he used persistent optimism and activism to renew the national spirit. 18579: 1060:. Roosevelt was a compelling recruit: he had the personality and energy for campaigning and the money to pay for his own campaign. But Roosevelt's campaign for the state assembly ended after the Democratic incumbent, 508: 2940: 2090:, Roosevelt broke with the precedent set by many former presidents and refused to intervene; the strike ultimately led to the unionization of both General Motors and its rivals in the American automobile industry. 21563: 21558: 3249: 2164:, while his allies overcame Southern resistance to abolish the long-established rule that required Democratic presidential candidates to win the votes of two-thirds of the delegates rather than a simple majority. 3804:; both agencies assumed responsibility for the acquisition of rubber supplies and came to loggerheads over funding. Roosevelt resolved the dispute by dissolving both agencies. In 1943, Roosevelt established the 1083:

Despite short legislative sessions, Roosevelt treated his new position as a full-time career. Taking his seat on January 1, 1911, Roosevelt soon became the leader of a group of "Insurgents" in opposition to the

1637:

However, Roosevelt's efforts as governor to address the effects of the depression in his own state established him as the front-runner for the 1932 Democratic presidential nomination. Roosevelt rallied the

4773:

Hull and others in the administration were unwilling to recognize the Japanese conquest of China and feared that an American accommodation with Japan would leave the Soviet Union vulnerable to a two-front

3330:. Senior American officials were aware that war was imminent, but they did not expect an attack on Pearl Harbor. Roosevelt assumed that the Japanese would attack either the Dutch East Indies or Thailand. 2050:

Roosevelt consolidated the various relief organizations, though some, like the PWA, continued to exist. After winning Congressional authorization for further funding of relief efforts, he established the

1015:

the White House. For some time, Eleanor could not easily reach Roosevelt on the telephone without his secretary's help; Franklin, in turn, did not visit Eleanor's New York City apartment until late 1944.

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began in September 1939 with Germany's invasion of Poland and Britain and France's declaration of war on Germany, Roosevelt sought ways to assist Britain and France militarily. Isolationist leaders like

1448:

to a salaried position as the Taconic commission's secretary. Roosevelt served on the commission until the end of 1928, and his contentious relationship with Moses continued as their careers progressed.

2209:

became Roosevelt's primary domestic focus during his second term after the court overturned many of his programs, including NIRA. The more conservative members of the court upheld the principles of the

962:

During his second year of college, Roosevelt met and proposed to Boston heiress Alice Sohier, who turned him down. Franklin then began courting his childhood acquaintance and fifth cousin once removed,

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during World War II. Roosevelt won strong support from Chinese Americans and Filipino Americans, but not Japanese Americans, as he presided over their internment during the war. African Americans and

2788:

passed in September. The size of the army increased from 189,000 men at the end of 1939 to 1.4 million in mid-1941. In September 1940, Roosevelt openly defied the Neutrality Acts by reaching the

1519:. While Smith lost the presidency in a landslide, and was defeated in his home state, Roosevelt was elected governor by a one-percent margin, and became a contender in the next presidential election. 1576:, the agency assisted over one-third of New York's population between 1932 and 1938. Roosevelt also began an investigation into corruption in New York City among the judiciary, the police force, and 1733:

During the transition, Roosevelt chose Howe as his chief of staff, and Farley as Postmaster General. Frances Perkins, as Secretary of Labor, became the first woman appointed to a cabinet position.

1127:. After the election, he served as chairman of the Agriculture Committee; his success with farm and labor bills was a precursor to his later New Deal policies. He had then become more consistently 4140:, respectively. Sitkoff reports that the WPA "provided an economic floor for the whole black community in the 1930s, rivaling both agriculture and domestic service as the chief source" of income. 3098:

in 1931 and worsened further with Roosevelt's support of China. With the war in Europe occupying the attention of the major colonial powers, Japanese leaders eyed vulnerable colonies such as the

18493: 18483: 10299:

Appleby, Joyce; Brands, H.W.; Dallek, Robert; Fitzpatrick, Ellen; Goodwin, Doris Kearns; Gordon, John Steele; Kennedy, David M.; McDougall, Walter; Noll, Mark; Wood, Gordon S. (December 2006).

2932: 1027:, who resided in the White House during part of World War II. Aides referred to her at the time as "the president's girlfriend", and gossip linking the two romantically appeared in newspapers. 916:

daily newspaper, which required ambition, energy, and the ability to manage others. He later said, "I took economics courses in college for four years, and everything I was taught was wrong."

18478: 3821: 967:, a niece of Theodore Roosevelt. In 1903, Franklin proposed to Eleanor. Following resistance from his mother, Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt were married on March 17, 1905. Eleanor's father, 21629: 3247: 1811: 4496: 26677: 18570: 11932: 3110:. After Roosevelt announced a $ 100 million loan (equivalent to $ 2.2 billion in 2023) to China in reaction to Japan's occupation of northern French Indochina, Japan signed the 26662: 26657: 26652: 26647: 3772:

rate of 99.5% on all income over $ 100,000; when the proposal failed, he issued an executive order imposing an income tax of 100% on income over $ 25,000, which Congress rescinded. The

2176: 875:

As a child, Roosevelt learned to ride, shoot, sail, and play polo, tennis, and golf. Frequent trips to Europe—beginning at age two and from age seven to fifteen—helped Roosevelt become

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if they entered the U.S. Navy zone. This "shoot on sight" policy brought the U.S. Navy into direct conflict with German submarines and was favored by Americans by a margin of 2-to-1.

4328:, although the order varies. Reflecting on Roosevelt's presidency, "which brought the United States through the Great Depression and World War II to a prosperous future", biographer 3283: 2222:, which would have allowed him to appoint an additional Justice for each incumbent Justice over the age of 70; in 1937, there were six Supreme Court Justices over the age of 70. The 26757: 23326: 23316: 13125: 1715:

and had won just four of seventeen presidential elections; from 1932 to 1979, Democrats won eight of twelve presidential elections and generally controlled both houses of Congress.

1048:

Roosevelt cared little for the practice of law and told friends he planned to enter politics. Despite his admiration for cousin Theodore, Franklin shared his father's bond with the

1896: 25380: 21375: 15134: 3616:

in Crimea. With the end of the war in Europe approaching, Roosevelt's primary focus was convincing Stalin to enter the war against Japan; the Joint Chiefs had estimated that an

923:

became U.S. president. Theodore's vigorous leadership style and reforming zeal made him Franklin's role model and hero. He graduated from Harvard in three years in 1903 with an

9906: 4205:, which relocated 110,000 Japanese-American citizens and immigrants, most of whom lived on the Pacific Coast. They were forced to liquidate their properties and businesses and 1809: 23546: 21533: 20336: 18488: 3220:. After Pearl Harbor, antiwar sentiment in the United States largely evaporated overnight. On December 11, 1941, Hitler and Mussolini declared war on the United States, which 2358:

New York, the Temporary Emergency Relief Administration was essentially a state-level predecessor of the federal Civilian Conservation Corps, with 10,000 or more men building

1873:. The act, first developed by the Hoover administration and Wall Street bankers, gave the president the power to determine the opening and closing of banks and authorized the 1193:

Roosevelt refocused on the Navy Department as World War I broke out in Europe in August 1914. Though he remained publicly supportive of Wilson, Roosevelt sympathized with the

26707: 21601: 21046: 18511: 4039:, Roosevelt said: "I have a terrific headache." He then slumped forward in his chair, unconscious, and was carried into his bedroom. The president's attending cardiologist, 3248: 1984:

declared that all privately held gold of American citizens was to be sold to the U.S. Treasury and the price raised from $ 20 to $ 35 per ounce. The goal was to counter the

1107:. The election became a three-way contest when Theodore Roosevelt left the Republican Party to launch a third-party campaign against Wilson and sitting Republican president 1328:, established herself as a valuable political player. After the election, Roosevelt returned to New York City, where he practiced law and served as a vice president of the 21834: 18531: 8556:

Anthony, Edwin D. Records of the Office of Inter-American Affairs. National Archives and Record Services – General Services Administration, Washington D.C., 1973, pp. 1–8

1634:, the dean of political commentators, who observed: "He is a pleasant man who, without any important qualifications for the office, would very much like to be president." 9880: 1756:, who expressed a "hate for all rulers". As he was attempting to shoot Roosevelt, Zangara was struck by a woman with her purse; he instead mortally wounded Chicago Mayor 26777: 25677: 23592: 23587: 20329: 20276: 20272: 19316: 19207: 13595: 13533: 12521: 12258: 12253: 3908: 2872: 2340:, Democrats lost six Senate seats and 71 House seats, with losses concentrated among pro-New Deal Democrats. When Congress reconvened in 1939, Republicans under Senator 1784: 568: 560: 1432:. Like many, Roosevelt did not abstain from alcohol during Prohibition, but publicly he sought to find a compromise on the issue acceptable to both wings of the party. 1412:

Roosevelt remained active in New York politics while also establishing contacts in the South, particularly in Georgia, in the 1920s. He issued an open letter endorsing

24821: 21659: 19250: 12593: 12467: 12263: 3285: 2878: 2551: 1549:

began. Roosevelt saw the seriousness of the situation and established a state employment commission. He also became the first governor to publicly endorse the idea of

3055:, and Roosevelt declared that the U.S. Navy would assume an escort role for Allied convoys in the Atlantic as far east as Britain and would fire upon German ships or 26727: 26682: 12675: 12526: 4761: 3646: 1507:. He won the party's gubernatorial nomination by acclamation and again turned to Howe to lead his campaign. Roosevelt was joined on the campaign trail by associates 710: 12578: 954: 26772: 26642: 21789: 21553: 21548: 18563: 15184: 4838: 4440: 10326: 3937:

and was acceptable to the various factions of the party. On the second vice presidential ballot of the convention, Truman defeated Wallace to win the nomination.

685:

was formed to block the implementation of further New Deal programs and reforms. Major surviving programs and legislation implemented under Roosevelt include the

26687: 21809: 6651: 4673: 4017: 1810: 1186:

He learned that federal patronage alone, without White House support, could not defeat a strong local organization. After the election, he and Tammany Hall boss

650: 5213: 21814: 19335: 16447: 16087: 15650: 15245: 14768: 12283: 10763: 4325: 2312: 1307:, both of which were unpopular in 1920. Roosevelt personally supported U.S. membership in the League, but, unlike Wilson, he favored compromising with Senator 1300:

with a famous name. Roosevelt, then 38, resigned as Assistant Secretary after the Democratic convention and campaigned across the nation for the party ticket.

757: 1197:, whose leaders strongly favored the Allied Powers and called for a military build-up. The Wilson administration initiated an expansion of the Navy after the 26612: 23217: 21774: 21709: 16740: 16416: 16056: 15619: 15214: 13040: 5165: 4686: 4410: 4230:

citizens were arrested or placed into internment camps. Unlike Japanese Americans, however, they were not sent to them on the sole basis of racial ancestry.

2093:

While the First New Deal of 1933 had broad support from most sectors, the Second New Deal challenged the business community. Conservative Democrats, led by

1064:, chose to seek re-election. Rather than putting his political hopes on hold, Roosevelt ran for a seat in the state senate. The senate district, located in 23551: 23373: 21849: 21824: 21674: 21223: 12982: 12774: 12742: 9348: 4402: 4052: 3221: 3162: 3019:, Roosevelt laid out the case for an Allied battle for basic rights throughout the world. Assisted by Willkie, Roosevelt won Congressional approval of the 972: 876: 810: 350: 2814:, there was much speculation as to whether Roosevelt would run for an unprecedented third term. The two-term tradition, although not yet enshrined in the 26742: 25373: 21794: 21749: 21744: 21689: 21634: 18556: 15192: 4177:, which prohibited racial and religious discrimination in employment among defense contractors. The FEPC was the first national program directed against 3037: 2776:

in June 1940 shocked the American public, and isolationist sentiment declined. In July 1940, Roosevelt appointed two interventionist Republican leaders,

4246:

says Roosevelt's record on Jewish refugees and their rescue is "very poor" and one of the worst failures of his presidency. In 1923, as a member of the

25700: 24676: 23746: 16006: 4266: 1218: 7876: 2388: 2000:

won their campaign to transform their benefits from payments due in 1945 to immediate cash when Congress overrode the President's veto and passed the

23536: 23288: 21739: 21594: 18903: 18883: 18873: 18833: 16440: 16376: 16080: 15643: 15238: 14761: 4452: 3867:

throughout his adult life, had been in declining health since at least 1940. In March 1944, shortly after his 62nd birthday, he underwent testing at

2765:, in September 1939—the first of 1,700 letters and telegrams between them. Roosevelt forged a close personal relationship with Churchill, who became 10300: 4383:

and regulation of the economy. Those criticisms continued decades after his death. One factor in the revisiting of these issues was the election of

748:

but died in 1945 after his physical health seriously and steadily declined during the war years. Since then, several of his actions have come under

653:, Roosevelt spearheaded unprecedented federal legislation and directed the federal government during most of the Great Depression, implementing the 23212: 21839: 21829: 21387: 21370: 14276: 12227: 12218: 3322: 1724: 7544: 2238:

broke with precedent by publicly advocating the defeat of the bill. Any chance of passing the bill ended with the death of Senate Majority Leader

1684:

He also reconciled with the party's conservative wing, and even Al Smith was persuaded to support the Democratic ticket. Hoover's handling of the

1280:

Roosevelt's plan for Hoover to run fell through after Hoover publicly declared himself to be a Republican, but Roosevelt decided to seek the 1920

1256:—who claimed he could not "conceive of any use the fleet will ever have for aviation"—Roosevelt personally ordered the preservation of the Navy's 26737: 26627: 21859: 21528: 21313: 21168: 19325: 19272: 16778: 14286: 13995: 12150: 2628:

and others who succeeded in their effort to stop the "merchants of death" in the U.S. from selling arms abroad. This effort took the form of the

1699:

Roosevelt won 57% of the popular vote and carried all but six states. Historians and political scientists consider the 1932–36 elections to be a

1405:, in 1926, assembling a staff of physical therapists and using most of his inheritance to purchase the Merriweather Inn. In 1938, he founded the 1049: 13975: 3767:

1.5 million in fall 1942, out of a labor force of 54 million. There was a growing labor shortage, accelerating the second wave of the

25366: 24814: 23321: 23176: 23080: 22799: 21348: 20395: 19243: 16035: 14407: 14251: 12531: 3589: 2633: 2192: 1969: 1089: 11657: 4443:, a block of marble in front of the National Archives building suggested by Roosevelt himself, erected in 1965. Roosevelt's leadership in the 4212:

Roosevelt delegated the decision for internment to Secretary of War Stimson, who in turn relied on the judgment of Assistant Secretary of War

23434: 22495: 14246: 9412: 4480: 3723: 3714:

on June 6, 1944. Supported by 12,000 aircraft and the largest naval force ever assembled, the Allies successfully established a beachhead in

1654: 3921:

While some Democrats had opposed Roosevelt's nomination in 1940, the president faced little difficulty in securing his re-nomination at the

1730:

request to develop a joint program to stop the economic decline, claiming that it would tie his hands and that Hoover had the power to act.

1366:

in August 1921. His main symptoms were fever; symmetric, ascending paralysis; facial paralysis; bowel and bladder dysfunction; numbness and

740:

strategy. He also initiated the development of the first atomic bomb and worked with the other Allied leaders to lay the groundwork for the

669:

and other programs. He also instituted major regulatory reforms related to finance, communications, and labor, and presided over the end of

23366: 22757: 21587: 20199: 20179: 20159: 20139: 20119: 20099: 20079: 20059: 20039: 20019: 19999: 19979: 19959: 19939: 19914: 19894: 19874: 19854: 19834: 19814: 19794: 19774: 19754: 19734: 19714: 19694: 19674: 19654: 19634: 19217: 19113: 15773: 15703: 15379: 15286: 14321: 14296: 14261: 14236: 13118: 12992: 12248: 12238: 8564: 4521: 4032: 3761: 3114:

with Germany and Italy. The pact bound each country to defend the others against attack, and Germany, Japan, and Italy became known as the

3072: 10168: 7178: 2366:

and planting tree seedlings in marginal farmland in New York. As President, Roosevelt was active in expanding, funding, and promoting the

23485: 23156: 21460: 21435: 21323: 18853: 18793: 14241: 13168: 12243: 12233: 5708:

J. Simon Rofe, " 'Under the Influence of Mahan': Theodore and Franklin Roosevelt and their Understanding of American National Interest."

3362:

to coordinate the allocation of supplies. An agreement was also reached to establish a centralized command in the Pacific theater called

2725:

in 1938, and soon turned its attention to its eastern neighbors. Roosevelt made it clear that, in the event of German aggression against

2223: 1839: 1712: 1688:

further damaged the incumbent's popularity, as newspapers across the country criticized the use of force to disperse assembled veterans.

1642:

supporters of the Wilson administration while also appealing to many conservatives, establishing himself as the leading candidate in the

1406: 910:, and served as a school cheerleader. Roosevelt was relatively undistinguished as a student or athlete, but he became editor-in-chief of 7775:

Leshy, John (2009). "FDR's Expansion of Our National Patrimony: A Model for Leadership". In Woolner, David; Henderson, Henry L. (eds.).

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in November 1918, Daniels and Roosevelt supervised the demobilization of the Navy. Against the advice of older officers such as Admiral

559:

from 1933 until his death in 1945. The longest serving U.S. president, he is the only president to have served more than two terms. His

19173: 19103: 19063: 19053: 19043: 18893: 18803: 18516: 14291: 14281: 14266: 13234: 13004: 12879: 12660: 4396: 2785: 1341: 623: 5437: 3624:. The three leaders agreed to hold a conference in 1945 to establish the United Nations, and they also agreed on the structure of the 3620:

would cause as many as one million American casualties. In return, the Soviet Union was promised control of Asian territories such as

24807: 23207: 23182: 21445: 20578: 19236: 19093: 18813: 18135: 14331: 14271: 14256: 3520:" to refer to the "Big Four" Allied powers of World War II: the United States, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and China. The " 3217: 3158: 1584:. The Seabury investigations exposed an extortion ring, led many public officials to be removed from office, and made the decline of 1565: 995:

were born in 1906, 1907, and 1910, respectively. The couple's second son, Franklin, died in infancy in 1909. Another son, also named

529: 11780:

Sternsher, Bernard (Summer 1975). "The Emergence of the New Deal Party System: A Problem in Historical Analysis of Voter Behavior".

8494:

Charles, Douglas M. (Spring 2000). "Informing FDR: FBI Political Surveillance and the Isolationist-Interventionist Foreign Policy".

4804:

The Germans stopped research on nuclear weapons in 1942, choosing to focus on other projects. Japan gave up its own program in 1943.

3118:. Overcoming those who favored invading the Soviet Union, the Japanese Army high command successfully advocated for the conquest of 2823:

were not pleased with Roosevelt when he ultimately made the decision to break from Washington's precedent. As Germany swept through

1664:

for the American people... This is more than a political campaign. It is a call to arms." Roosevelt promised securities regulation,

26752: 26732: 26712: 23411: 23401: 23349: 22723: 21455: 21450: 21430: 19033: 19023: 19013: 19003: 18993: 18983: 18973: 18963: 18943: 18933: 18923: 18913: 18863: 18843: 18823: 18783: 18773: 18763: 18753: 18743: 18733: 18723: 18713: 18703: 18693: 18683: 18673: 18663: 18653: 18643: 18639: 18629: 18619: 18609: 18599: 16472: 16468: 16464: 16112: 16108: 16104: 15675: 15671: 15667: 15270: 15266: 15262: 14793: 14789: 14785: 14364: 14316: 14301: 13613: 13609: 13605: 13601: 13542: 13084: 13072: 13035: 12954: 12949: 12944: 12932: 12927: 12536: 12335: 4713: 3945: 3904: 3032:

the Soviet Union in June 1941, Roosevelt agreed to extend Lend-Lease to the Soviets. Thus, Roosevelt had committed the U.S. to the

2805: 2119: 1908:

Roosevelt saw the establishment of a number of agencies and measures designed to provide relief for the unemployed and others. The

1615: 1601: 1492: 1429: 1320: 1112: 745: 706: 702: 674: 635: 254: 22893: 22642: 10813: 9616: 2374:

systems. Their popularity soared, from three million visitors a year at the start of the decade to 15.5 million in 1939. The

1557:

single year, not merely do we stand still but we fall back in the march of civilization." His platform called for aid to farmers,

26787: 23361: 22348: 22252: 21486: 20211: 19183: 19083: 14652: 14497: 14374: 14341: 14336: 14326: 14311: 13734: 13672: 13642: 12999: 12709: 12541: 12516: 12388: 12369: 12295: 12171: 9644:

Jones, Jeffrey M.; Jones, Joni L. (September 2006). "Presidential Stroke: United States Presidents and Cerebrovascular Disease".

8545: 4532: 4406: 2657: 2231: 2219: 2200: 1957: 1909: 678: 12902: 10260: 9072: 4316:, and one of the most influential figures of the 20th century. Historians and political scientists consistently rank Roosevelt, 2034:; the Democrats gained seats instead. Empowered by the public's vote of confidence, the first item on Roosevelt's agenda in the 23739: 22735: 21333: 19163: 19153: 19073: 18352: 18180: 17978: 16017: 14671: 14306: 13333: 12410: 10369: 6129: 4337: 4076: 2665: 1929: 983:

task to caregivers. She later said that she knew "absolutely nothing about handling or feeding a baby." They had six children.

24: 18548: 4201:, which concluded that the attack on Pearl Harbor had been assisted by Japanese spies. On February 19, 1942, Roosevelt signed 1956:

to underwrite savings deposits. The act also limited affiliations between commercial banks and securities firms. In 1934, the

25967: 22971: 22257: 22247: 21538: 21203: 19143: 18526: 18521: 18506: 18160: 17973: 17958: 17292: 13030: 12859: 12608: 11942: 11918: 11899: 11871: 11850: 11828: 11770: 11746: 11725: 11704: 11683: 11647: 11618: 11597: 11570: 11549: 11525: 11504: 11479: 11454: 11431: 11410: 11389: 11359: 11335: 11316: 11219: 11190: 11168: 11146: 11114: 11058: 11029: 11008: 10977: 10954: 10929: 10884: 10862: 10569: 10517: 10485: 9996: 9969: 9863: 9798: 8910: 8858: 8767: 8542: 8343: 7784: 7623: 7464: 6631: 5342: 4129: 3536:, cooperated informally on a plan in which American and British troops concentrated in the West; Soviet troops fought on the 2292: 1953: 1546: 1474: 694: 495: 10058:

Collins, William J. (March 2001). "Race, Roosevelt, and Wartime Production: Fair Employment in World War II Labor Markets".

3671:, and in May 1943, the Allies secured the surrender of over 250,000 German and Italian soldiers in North Africa, ending the 1618:

approached, Roosevelt turned his attention to national politics, established a campaign team led by Howe and Farley, and a "

1370:; and a descending pattern of recovery. Roosevelt was left permanently paralyzed from the waist down and was diagnosed with 1023:. Another son, James, stated that "there is a real possibility that a romantic relationship existed" between his father and 850: 26747: 26637: 23018: 22362: 22338: 21699: 19439: 14346: 13057: 12685: 12330: 11782: 3422: 3359: 2766: 2260: 2256: 2167:

In the election against Landon and a third-party candidate, Roosevelt won 60.8% of the vote and carried every state except

690: 10898:

The New Deal's War on the Bill of Rights: The Untold Story of FDR's Concentration Camps, Censorship, and Mass Surveillance

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Rendezvous with Destiny: How Franklin D. Roosevelt and Five Extraordinary Men Took America into the War and into the World

891:. He was not among the more popular Groton students, who were better athletes and had rebellious streaks. Its headmaster, 26702: 26667: 23509: 22523: 22473: 21989: 21799: 21610: 21213: 20186: 20166: 20146: 20126: 20106: 20086: 20066: 20046: 20026: 20006: 19986: 19966: 19946: 19921: 19901: 19881: 19861: 19841: 19821: 19801: 19781: 19761: 19741: 19721: 19701: 19681: 19661: 19641: 19621: 19608: 19595: 19582: 19569: 19556: 19543: 19530: 19517: 19504: 19491: 19478: 19465: 19426: 19413: 19400: 19387: 19374: 19361: 19348: 19123: 18953: 17950: 17770: 17688: 17680: 17671: 16771: 16745: 16558: 16488: 16421: 16208: 16128: 16061: 15768: 15698: 15624: 15383: 15357: 15290: 15219: 14923: 14809: 14696: 14615: 14432: 14075: 13537: 13216: 12922: 12917: 12912: 12907: 12897: 12213: 12143: 12065: 4170: 3922: 2844: 2811: 2161: 1737:, a Republican industrialist close to Roosevelt, was chosen for Secretary of the Treasury, while Roosevelt chose Senator 1289: 1281: 1104: 78: 12937: 3731:. By April 1945, Nazi resistance was crumbling in the face of advances by both the Western Allies and the Soviet Union. 2859:

found the race to be essentially tied, but Roosevelt's popularity surged in September following the announcement of the

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in 1904 but dropped out in 1907 after passing the New York Bar Examination. In 1908, he took a job with the prestigious

665:. He created numerous programs to provide relief to the unemployed and farmers while seeking economic recovery with the 23541: 23416: 23394: 22143: 19133: 14400: 14095: 13062: 13050: 12573: 12420: 12320: 11136: 10905: 4507: 4428: 4357: 3801: 3768: 3728: 3472: 3003:

speech in January 1941, which proposed four fundamental freedoms that people "everywhere in the world" ought to enjoy:

2206: 1945: 1921: 1749:, two progressive Republicans, were selected for Secretary of the Interior and Secretary of Agriculture, respectively. 1639: 749: 686: 22611: 12724: 2995:

By late 1940, re-armament was in high gear, partly to expand and re-equip the Army and Navy and partly to become the "

1928:

broad regulatory powers and provided mortgage relief to millions of farmers and homeowners. Roosevelt also set up the

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and West. The chief opposition to Roosevelt's candidacy came from Northeastern conservatives, Speaker of the House

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in January 1936. It pumped sums equal to 2% of the GDP into the consumer economy and had a major stimulus effect.

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to organize a left-wing third party collapsed after Long's assassination in 1935. The remnants, helped by Father

2137:(NLRB) and the Social Security Act. The Republicans had few alternative candidates and nominated Kansas Governor 1148: 818: 698: 611: 591: 194: 160: 26076: 9468:

Bruenn, Howard G. (April 1970). "Clinical notes on the illness & death of President Franklin D. Roosevelt".

8759:

U.S. Navy Codebreakers, Linguists, and Intelligence Officers against Japan, 1910–1941: A Biographical Dictionary

4295:

or the rail lines leading to them, fearing it would be a diversion from the war effort. According to biographer

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in May 1935 declared NIRA unconstitutional, to Roosevelt's chagrin. He reformed financial regulations with the

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and then advanced further into France. Though reluctant to back an unelected government, Roosevelt recognized

3436: 3139: 1375: 26692: 24977: 24611: 23664: 23646: 23616: 23493: 23276: 23257: 22885: 22540: 22328: 22282: 21298: 21258: 21248: 21243: 20766: 20288: 20282: 20241: 17710: 17338: 16432: 16072: 15635: 15230: 14753: 14393: 14105: 14085: 14055: 13915: 13895: 13315: 13176: 12987: 12697: 12568: 12548: 12357: 12352: 12182: 8537:. Editors: Bronfman, Alejanda & Wood, Andrew Grant. University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, PA, 2012, 7738: 4537: 3521: 3440: 3379: 3205: 2758: 2534: 2371: 2337: 2056: 2052: 2027: 1359: 1249: 996: 741: 721: 23096: 10232: 5183: 736:. Roosevelt supervised the mobilization of the American economy to support the war effort and implemented a 728:

approved additional declarations of war in return. He worked closely with other national leaders in leading

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fleet and killing 2,403 American servicemen and civilians. At the same time, separate Japanese task forces

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the United States, and Roosevelt's advocacy for government social programs was instrumental in redefining

3499: 1296:. Although his nomination surprised most people, he balanced the ticket as a moderate, a Wilsonian, and a 24559: 23628: 23610: 23501: 23462: 23453: 22292: 22287: 22217: 22212: 21103: 21078: 20235: 20215: 18625: 18498: 17508: 17484: 17076: 16991: 16645: 16295: 15959: 15859: 15740: 15462: 15016: 14385: 14155: 14125: 13865: 13795: 13727: 13279: 13208: 12869: 12340: 12305: 12300: 11204: 10711: 6708: 4133: 3327: 3185: 3181: 2641: 2375: 2367: 2157: 2035: 1941: 1917: 1913: 1882: 1439:

Commission, and his fellow commissioners chose him as chairman. In this role, he came into conflict with

1210: 1183: 992: 939: 892: 408: 11632: 11069: 7734: 2230:, and Congress had altered the number of Justices six other times throughout U.S. history. Roosevelt's " 833:

indicates James interacted with his son more than was typical at the time. Franklin had a half-brother,

26483: 25395: 25112: 23406: 23333: 23247: 23142: 22833: 22601: 22333: 22312: 22242: 22237: 22227: 22222: 21503: 21263: 21238: 21143: 21108: 20939: 20312: 20306: 20300: 18699: 17715: 16700: 16658: 16329: 15930: 15525: 15343: 15029: 14205: 14195: 14175: 14145: 13955: 13805: 12630: 12376: 12325: 12038: 11474:(wide-ranging survey of national affairs by leading scholar; Pulitzer Prize). Oxford University Press. 10501: 4371:

Roosevelt was criticized by conservatives for his economic policies, especially the shift in tone from

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In August 1941, Roosevelt and Churchill conducted a secret bilateral meeting in which they drafted the

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Roosevelt's father died in 1900, distressing him greatly. The following year, Roosevelt's fifth cousin

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enthusiastic New Dealer and a favorite of Roosevelt. Johnson modelled his presidency on Roosevelt's.

4239: 4197:. This suspicion was fed by long-standing racism against Japanese immigrants and the findings of the 4193:

The attack on Pearl Harbor raised concerns among the public regarding the possibility of sabotage by

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In November 1943, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met to discuss strategy and post-war plans at the

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led the Army and was in nominal control of the Air Force, which in practice was commanded by General

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side with a policy of "all aid short of war". By July 1941, Roosevelt authorized the creation of the

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inevitable. Roosevelt supported reforestation with the Hewitt Amendment in 1931, which gave birth to

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Friends and Partners: The Legacy of Franklin D. Roosevelt and Basil O'Connor in the History of Polio

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Roosevelt had several extramarital affairs. He commenced an affair with Eleanor's social secretary,

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strategy that prioritized the defeat of Germany before Japan. The U.S. and Britain established the

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about running for the 1920 Democratic presidential nomination, with Roosevelt as his running mate.

1061: 1000: 971:, was deceased; Theodore, who was then president, gave away the bride. The young couple moved into 416: 25358: 13699: 11496:

Eleanor and Franklin: The Story of Their Relationship, Based on Eleanor Roosevelt's Private Papers

10403:"New ranking of U.S. presidents puts Lincoln at No. 1, Obama at 18; Kennedy judged most overrated" 6985: 2687: 26557: 25597: 25533: 25317: 25057: 24932: 23755: 23271: 22908: 22373: 22302: 22181: 21382: 21193: 21133: 21063: 20453: 20343: 20318: 17855: 17795: 17664: 17148: 17026: 16824: 16756: 14215: 12506: 12477: 12027: 11535: 10374: 9715: 5419: 4526: 4361: 3984:

Roosevelt's funeral procession in Washington, D.C., watched by 300,000 spectators, April 14, 1945

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in July 1943, capturing the island the following month. In September 1943, the Allies secured an

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authorized a strike against the United States. The Japanese believed that the destruction of the

3025: 2792:, which, in exchange for military base rights in the British Caribbean Islands, gave 50 American 2761:

basis. He also began a regular secret correspondence with Britain's First Lord of the Admiralty,

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After the convention, Roosevelt won endorsements from several progressive Republicans, including

1561:, unemployment insurance, and old-age pensions. He was elected to a second term by a 14% margin. 1073: 1057: 813:, a large estate south of Hyde Park's historic center. Roosevelt's father, James, graduated from 802: 10666: 10429:

Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr. (Summer 1997). "Ranking the Presidents: From Washington to Clinton".

8565:

Records of the Office of Inter-American Affairs at the U.S. National Archive at www.archives.gov

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in German and French. Except for attending public school in Germany at age nine, Roosevelt was

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A Patriot's History of the United States: From Columbus's Great Discovery to the War on Terror

11715: 11608: 11306: 10835: 8850: 8844: 8757: 7365: 6623: 6617: 3580: 3047:, conceptually outlining global wartime and postwar goals. This would be the first of several 1378:, but historians have continued to describe his paralysis according to the initial diagnosis. 25252: 24952: 24912: 24887: 24799: 24110: 23448: 22297: 22202: 21844: 21734: 21273: 21228: 21128: 20844: 19029: 18362: 18230: 18028: 18023: 16891: 16027: 15068: 14882: 14561: 14486: 13413: 13398: 13154: 12828: 12625: 12310: 11863:

The Wings of Democracy: The Influence of Air Power on the Roosevelt Administration, 1933–1941

11861: 10946:

Traitor to His Class: The Privileged Life and Radical Presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt

10685: 9986: 9941:"The Forgotten Repatriation of Persons of Mexican Ancestry and Lessons for the War on Terror" 9907:"The time a president deported 1 million Mexican Americans for supposedly stealing U.S. jobs" 9621: 7843: 7750: 7454: 4764:

ratified in 1951, would bar any individual from winning more than two presidential elections.

4060: 4028: 4013: 3978: 3844: 3828: 3660: 3386: 2609: 2576:. The United States frequently intervened in Latin America following the promulgation of the 2227: 2083: 2075: 1878: 1870: 1700: 1402: 1194: 888: 830: 587: 339: 248: 11992: 11973: 11889: 11736: 11400: 10505: 9961: 9955: 9590: 7994: 7957: 5091: 4833: 4238:

There is controversy among historians about Roosevelt's attitude to Jews and the Holocaust.

4216:. The Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the executive order in the 1944 case of 4165:", Roosevelt never officially acknowledged it as such nor did he make "appointments" to it. 4051:

birthplace at Hyde Park. On April 15 he was buried, per his wish, in the rose garden of his

3752:, and by April 1945 the Allies had re-captured much of their lost territory in the Pacific. 3667:

of Germany, Japan, and Italy. In February 1943, the Soviet Union won a major victory at the

2672:

in 1937, isolationism limited Roosevelt's ability to aid China, despite atrocities like the

797:. His parents, who were sixth cousins, came from wealthy, established New York families—the 634:

from 1929 to 1933, during which he promoted programs to combat the Great Depression. In the

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Territory controlled by the Allies (blue and red) and the Axis Powers (black) in June 1942

2972: 2291:(FLSA) of 1938, which was the last major piece of New Deal legislation. The FLSA outlawed 8: 26301: 26248: 26020: 25653: 25297: 25267: 25177: 25152: 25092: 25032: 24982: 24967: 24774: 23670: 23389: 23354: 23077: 22918: 22796: 22624: 21975: 21959: 21945: 21819: 21719: 21491: 20784: 20774: 20608: 20513: 20501: 20471: 20465: 19538: 19512: 19473: 19469: 19447: 19287: 19277: 18819: 18789: 18779: 18280: 18185: 18093: 17983: 17963: 17875: 17850: 17835: 17359: 17307: 17272: 17250: 17203: 17192: 17066: 15872: 15597: 15475: 14021: 13941: 13200: 13192: 13146: 13105: 13045: 12364: 12081: 12074: 12042: 12018: 11583: 10407: 10136: 8420:

The Allies: Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin, and the Unlikely Alliance That Won World War II

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During his presidency, and continuing to a lesser extent afterwards, there has been much

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on December 7, 1941, Roosevelt obtained a declaration of war on Japan. After Germany and

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Kalman, Laura (October 2005). "The Constitution, the Supreme Court, and the New Deal".

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said in 2007, "He lifted himself from a wheelchair to lift the nation from its knees."

4247: 4194: 4125: 4086: 4064: 4009: 3777: 3711: 3617: 3398: 3347: 3008: 2677: 2276: 2180: 1961: 1708: 1704: 1627: 1581: 1436: 1234: 1230: 1160: 1152: 1120: 920: 814: 662: 658: 471: 43: 21579: 9790: 2315:, making it "the nerve center of the federal administrative system". When the economy 1912:, under the leadership of Harry Hopkins, distributed relief to state governments. The 26717: 26545: 26400: 26227: 26213: 25837: 25809: 25767: 25760: 25739: 25725: 25505: 25500: 25450: 25287: 25242: 25077: 25067: 25012: 24997: 24962: 24847: 24478: 24431: 24423: 24407: 24363: 24339: 24251: 24167: 24143: 24102: 24086: 24036: 24028: 23953: 23881: 23773: 23165: 23072: 23059: 23036: 22985: 22815: 22751: 22690: 22659: 22616: 22580: 22457: 22129: 22055: 22019: 21999: 21985: 21935: 21925: 21919: 21804: 21684: 21402: 20949: 20944: 20919: 20899: 20889: 20716: 20680: 20596: 20525: 20495: 20447: 20435: 20417: 20407: 20377: 19994: 19885: 19869: 19749: 19729: 19590: 19564: 19089: 19039: 18979: 18879: 18769: 18659: 18462: 18457: 18432: 18412: 18285: 18255: 18205: 18190: 18150: 18073: 17988: 17925: 17890: 17865: 17860: 17830: 17705: 17520: 17497: 17474: 17452: 17354: 17277: 17229: 17197: 17051: 16971: 16956: 16876: 16856: 16718: 16679: 16611: 16308: 16276: 16234: 16177: 15901: 15840: 15729: 15590: 15564: 15504: 15485: 15338: 15333: 15316: 15126: 15087: 14986: 14897: 14827: 14685: 14623: 14573: 14505: 14440: 14161: 14111: 14041: 13981: 13961: 13951: 13811: 13761: 13586: 13484: 13321: 13297: 13261: 12791: 12273: 12099: 11938: 11914: 11895: 11867: 11846: 11824: 11766: 11756: 11742: 11721: 11700: 11679: 11643: 11614: 11593: 11577: 11566: 11560: 11545: 11539: 11521: 11500: 11475: 11450: 11427: 11421: 11406: 11385: 11370: 11355: 11349: 11331: 11312: 11255: 11233: 11215: 11186: 11175: 11164: 11142: 11132: 11120: 11110: 11054: 11025: 11004: 10983: 10973: 10965: 10950: 10925: 10901: 10880: 10565: 10513: 10481: 9992: 9965: 9914: 9859: 9794: 9752: 9661: 9485: 8906: 8854: 8763: 8557: 8538: 8339: 7872: 7780: 7619: 7573: 7460: 6627: 6113: 6105: 5338: 4717: 4699: 4463: 4329: 4317: 4296: 4287: 4113: 3719: 3548: 3525: 3460: 3128: 3099: 3082: 3016: 3012: 2819: 2762: 2746: 2661: 2268: 2264: 2018: 1734: 1647: 1461: 1363: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1253: 1242: 1020: 976: 964: 790: 643: 627: 619: 429: 372: 278: 187: 88: 25495: 25445: 12088: 11696:

Churchill and Roosevelt at War: The War They Fought and the Peace They Hoped to Make

10379: 9673: 7940: 6125: 6082: 3350:, which established a joint strategy between the U.S. and Britain. Both agreed on a 2561: 26521: 26276: 26199: 25988: 25851: 25718: 25658: 25548: 25455: 25440: 25422: 25417: 25127: 25082: 25017: 24947: 24862: 24415: 24355: 24283: 24094: 24070: 24066: 23634: 23573: 23517: 23294: 23224: 23109: 23041: 22977: 22632: 22593: 22565: 22444: 22439: 22166: 21969: 21784: 21729: 21694: 21644: 21481: 21338: 20954: 20934: 20924: 20914: 20894: 20710: 20698: 20674: 20662: 20638: 20620: 20489: 20441: 20353: 19809: 19769: 19689: 19560: 19551: 19547: 19534: 19508: 19395: 19378: 19365: 19356: 18939: 18909: 18849: 18437: 18387: 18367: 18290: 18265: 18250: 18225: 18215: 18078: 17915: 17905: 17750: 17584: 17415: 17409: 17398: 17364: 17317: 17302: 17255: 17222: 17036: 16996: 16961: 16946: 16881: 16871: 16861: 16795: 16689: 16155: 15948: 15919: 15438: 15097: 14892: 14722: 14679: 14542: 14446: 14001: 13991: 13971: 13931: 13881: 13831: 13781: 13549: 13440: 13247: 13224: 13067: 12714: 12670: 12398: 12123: 11881: 11791: 11105: 11046: 11040: 11019: 10438: 10069: 9780: 9653: 9477: 8505: 7928: 7852: 7489: 7195: 6097: 4672:

State legislatures elected United States senators prior to the ratification of the

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In contrast to Presidents Harding and Coolidge, Roosevelt stopped short of joining

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and other post-war institutions, even coining the term "United Nations". Roosevelt

626:

that permanently paralyzed his legs. Partly through the encouragement of his wife,

583: 564: 551:(January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945), commonly known by his initials 475: 450: 227: 97: 25465: 13712: 10788: 1660:

In his acceptance speech, Roosevelt declared, "I pledge you, I pledge myself to a

1479: 1303:

During the campaign, Cox and Roosevelt defended the Wilson administration and the

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and Ruthie Bie, the daughter of caretakers at his Hyde Park estate, February 1941

1316: 1179: 1175: 1128: 988: 903: 899: 794: 404: 290: 239: 134: 24090: 13635: 11351:

No Ordinary Time: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II

9597:. Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum Collections and Programs 8433:

Roosevelt's Centurions: FDR and the Commanders He Led to Victory in World War II

7836:"A New Deal Body Politic: Landscape, Labor, and the Civilian Conservation Corps" 7800: 1653:

Roosevelt entered the convention with a delegate lead due to his success in the

1040: 26533: 26414: 26386: 26372: 26368: 26118: 26097: 26083: 26034: 25788: 25781: 25732: 25618: 25592: 25337: 25332: 25292: 25257: 25202: 25157: 25072: 24992: 24987: 24917: 24902: 24746: 24709: 24619: 24584: 24530: 24465: 24461: 24399: 24295: 24279: 24180: 24012: 23857: 23845: 23837: 23797: 23676: 23067: 23054: 22957: 22664: 22637: 22570: 22531: 22509: 22505: 22434: 22079: 22065: 22059: 22009: 21899: 21854: 21724: 21714: 21669: 21649: 21036: 20959: 20929: 20864: 20859: 20829: 20824: 20819: 20804: 20789: 20722: 20704: 20656: 20632: 20537: 20483: 19990: 19974: 19954: 19849: 19645: 19625: 19603: 19499: 19495: 19430: 19352: 19339: 19079: 19019: 18959: 18889: 18809: 18669: 18442: 18422: 18347: 18295: 18270: 18170: 18165: 18068: 18033: 17968: 17930: 17765: 17730: 17612: 17557: 17442: 17437: 17392: 17312: 17245: 17216: 17176: 17165: 17101: 17016: 17011: 16981: 16976: 16941: 16911: 16866: 16851: 16841: 16621: 16616: 16271: 16251: 15815: 15428: 15410: 15401: 15348: 15039: 14997: 14991: 14902: 14716: 14629: 14579: 14181: 14061: 14031: 13921: 13901: 13871: 13821: 13494: 13348: 13303: 13130: 13079: 12785: 12779: 12645: 12558: 11490: 10893: 10870: 9481: 7570:

The Supreme Court Reborn: The Constitutional Revolution in the Age of Roosevelt

6101: 4467: 4444: 4299:, there is no evidence that anyone ever proposed such a campaign to Roosevelt. 4262: 4213: 4105: 4063:

and its celebrations to Roosevelt's memory. World War II ended with the signed

4021: 3797: 3695:

continued until 1945 as German and Italian troops resisted the Allied advance.

3564: 3517: 3444: 3390: 3173: 3119: 3107: 3040:

to counter perceived propaganda efforts in Latin America by Germany and Italy.

2899:

at Treasury. In military affairs, Roosevelt worked most closely with Secretary

2824: 2726: 2692: 2341: 2324: 2320: 2304: 2087: 1261: 1100: 639: 595: 434: 215: 122: 16462: 16102: 15665: 15260: 14783: 9657: 4741:. However, in 1941, Roosevelt elevated Stone to the position of Chief Justice. 3739:. American and Australian forces then began a slow and costly strategy called 1292:, he chose Roosevelt as his running mate, and the convention nominated him by 26591: 26456: 26290: 26255: 26220: 26185: 26171: 26132: 26090: 26002: 25981: 25960: 25939: 25890: 25802: 25587: 25470: 25460: 25182: 25142: 25132: 25102: 25097: 25042: 25002: 24972: 24857: 24758: 24693: 24684: 24563: 24549: 24486: 24469: 24457: 24391: 24375: 24371: 24347: 24331: 24225: 24213: 24098: 24078: 24074: 24054: 23897: 23873: 23789: 23563: 23300: 23283: 22876: 22823: 22741: 22717: 22712: 22588: 22419: 22075: 22069: 21979: 21955: 21909: 21759: 21654: 21639: 21543: 20988: 20974: 20752: 20614: 20555: 20365: 20190: 20174: 20074: 20014: 19909: 19829: 19685: 19577: 19391: 19129: 19099: 19049: 19009: 18869: 18859: 18839: 18427: 18342: 18195: 18155: 18008: 17993: 17820: 17790: 17780: 17745: 17503: 17479: 17468: 17447: 17425: 17332: 17267: 17261: 17210: 17096: 17091: 16966: 16931: 16896: 16710: 16532: 16368: 16339: 16261: 15998: 15969: 15940: 15890: 15810: 15572: 15535: 15493: 14981: 14862: 14710: 14151: 14121: 13861: 13791: 13655: 13252: 12975: 12864: 12823: 12758: 12501: 12487: 12095: 11259: 11247: 11156: 10987: 10163: 9918: 9784: 8446:

Commander in Chief: Franklin Delano Roosevelt, His Lieutenants, and Their War

6109: 4503: 4384: 4380: 4372: 4270: 4252: 4162: 4040: 3995:

Graves of Franklin D. Roosevelt and Eleanor Roosevelt in Hyde Park, New York

3926: 3864: 3529: 3456: 3213: 3000: 2952: 2892: 2888: 2750: 2734: 2573: 2538: 2279:, were particularly influential in reshaping the jurisprudence of the Court. 2153: 1851: 1677: 1573: 1531: 1523: 1425: 1371: 1367: 1116: 943: 884: 880: 806: 579: 455: 26234: 23208:

United Nations Commission on Human Rights (1947–1953, Chairperson 1946–1951)

9451:"How Much Confidence Should We Have in the Doctor's Account of FDR's Death?" 8509: 7909:

Margo, Robert A. (Spring 1993). "Employment and Unemployment in the 1930s".

4733:

The two Justices who Roosevelt did not originally appoint to the Court were

4251:

German Jews already in the U.S. on visas to stay indefinitely. According to

4070: 3972:

Last photograph of Roosevelt, taken April 11, 1945, the day before his death

3612:

Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met for a second time at the February 1945

2533:

Government spending increased from 8.0% of the gross national product (GNP)

1346: 1241:. In September, on the ship voyage back to the United States, he contracted 1115:

alienated some of his family, except Theodore. Roosevelt overcame a bout of

26509: 26497: 26379: 26354: 26326: 26294: 26241: 26206: 26125: 25974: 25911: 25876: 25746: 25699: 25322: 25307: 25277: 25247: 25207: 25187: 25167: 25162: 25037: 24957: 24937: 24892: 24877: 24786: 24701: 24680: 24667: 24659: 24635: 24627: 24510: 24502: 24447: 24315: 24259: 24205: 24184: 24159: 23988: 23865: 23805: 23724: 23640: 22903: 22606: 22575: 22105: 22099: 22095: 22085: 22049: 21769: 21754: 20964: 20869: 20854: 20799: 20668: 20626: 20561: 20130: 20110: 20094: 20050: 20030: 19970: 19950: 19665: 19616: 19139: 18899: 18689: 18580:

Unsuccessful major party candidates for Vice President of the United States

18337: 18305: 17815: 17600: 17563: 17552: 17542: 17386: 17187: 17111: 17106: 17006: 16916: 16886: 16537: 16394: 16318: 16182: 16172: 15882: 15825: 15076: 14941: 14852: 14598: 14567: 14480: 14201: 14191: 14171: 14141: 13801: 13381: 12719: 12482: 11667: 11199:

Dighe, Ranjit S. "Saving private capitalism: The US bank holiday of 1933."

11092: 10940: 10915: 9665: 7493: 7179:"Fiscal Policy and Economic Recovery: The Case of the 1936 Veterans' Bonus" 6117: 6081:

Goldman AS, Schmalstieg EJ, Freeman DH, Goldman DA, Schmalstieg FC (2003).

5161: 4977: 4738: 4660: 4345: 4258: 3872: 3744: 3698: 3656: 3374:

forces in the theater. On January 1, 1942, the United States and the other

3351: 3338: 3189: 3060: 2883: 2741: 2700: 2649: 2645: 2605: 2363: 2196: 1757: 1738: 1585: 1564:

Roosevelt proposed an economic relief package and the establishment of the

1516: 1440: 1394: 1285: 1085: 862: 737: 603: 572: 14415: 11124: 11050: 9489: 8240: 4312:

Roosevelt is widely considered to be one of the most important figures in

3812:, who came to be known as the "assistant president" due to his influence. 3028:

vehemently attacked Roosevelt as an irresponsible warmonger. When Germany

927:

in history. He remained there for a fourth year, taking graduate courses.

773: 26407: 26361: 26283: 26262: 26139: 26111: 26041: 26027: 25953: 25925: 25897: 25883: 25753: 25475: 25312: 25217: 25137: 24897: 24852: 24731: 24723: 24323: 24287: 24271: 24233: 23104: 23028: 22746: 22729: 22207: 22176: 22045: 22035: 22029: 21869: 21016: 20979: 20740: 20728: 20531: 20519: 20477: 20383: 19455: 19149: 18999: 18220: 18200: 18038: 18018: 18013: 17880: 17740: 17570: 17525: 17375: 17182: 17170: 17159: 17086: 16835: 15835: 14530: 14131: 13009: 12603: 11928: 11838: 11100: 10073: 7239: 7199: 6647: 4455:. On April 29, 1945, seventeen days after Roosevelt's death, the carrier 4436: 4243: 4182: 4117: 3428: 3115: 2581: 2211: 1619: 1293: 1007: 733: 599: 26564: 12128: 11760: 11088: 10480:(3rd ed.). United Kingdom: Princeton University Press. p. 14. 9988:

A new deal for Blacks: the emergence of civil rights as a national issue

3389:, which made the final decisions on American military strategy. Admiral 2753:

successfully mobilized opposition to Roosevelt's proposed repeal of the

2710:

during the first U.S. visit of a reigning British monarch (June 9, 1939)

1245:

with complicating pneumonia, which left him unable to work for a month.

26428: 26347: 26269: 26146: 26055: 26048: 25946: 25795: 25528: 25272: 25062: 24942: 24842: 24778: 24598: 24522: 24439: 24267: 24188: 23961: 23712: 22898: 22773: 22763: 22548: 22025: 22015: 21006: 21002: 20984: 20746: 20543: 20090: 19404: 19179: 19109: 18969: 18719: 18635: 18615: 18310: 18003: 17998: 17935: 17081: 15830: 15799: 15791: 14635: 13851: 13771: 13327: 12655: 11640:

By Order of the President: FDR and the Internment of Japanese Americans

11471:

Freedom From Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945

11402:

Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II

10450: 10081: 7932: 7864: 7801:"The National Parks: America's Best Idea: History Episode 5: 1933–1945" 7687: 4282: 3913: 3402: 3313: 3212:, the Philippines, and other targets. Roosevelt called for war in his " 3201: 3020: 2964: 2835: 2781: 2625: 2359: 2272: 2138: 2124: 1830: 1691: 1685: 1452: 1351: 1335: 1325: 1217:

and attacked several U.S. ships, Congress approved Wilson's call for a

1167: 12047: 11803: 10836:"COMING TO LIGHT: The Louis I. Kahn Monument to Franklin D. Roosevelt" 6324: 6083:"What was the cause of Franklin Delano Roosevelt's paralytic illness?" 4108:

continued under Roosevelt, which scholars today contend was a form of

3702:

The Allies (blue and red) and the Axis Powers (black) in December 1944

2214:, which saw numerous economic regulations struck down on the basis of 1147:

Roosevelt's support of Wilson led to his appointment in March 1913 as

1099:

Roosevelt also opposed Tammany Hall by supporting New Jersey Governor

26540: 26393: 25918: 25485: 25122: 24766: 24754: 24514: 22941: 22841: 22805: 22429: 21031: 21021: 20993: 20969: 20549: 20389: 20170: 20154: 20134: 20114: 19169: 19159: 19119: 18083: 14211: 12665: 12635: 12472: 11885: 11633:

https://archive.org/details/conservationunde0000owen/page/n5/mode/2up

10478:

The Presidential Difference Leadership Style from FDR to Barack Obama

10233:"Jan Karski, Humanity's hero: The Story of Poland's Wartime Emissary" 8307:

Private Plans and Public Dangers: The Story of FDR's Third Nomination

6367: 4274: 3848: 3568: 3371: 3209: 2793: 2722: 2568:

The main foreign policy initiative of Roosevelt's first term was the

2556: 2145: 2066:

1936 re-election handbill for Roosevelt promoting his economic policy

1985: 1202: 760:

consistently place him among the three greatest American presidents.

23134: 12104: 12007: 10442: 9450: 8561: 8336:

Roosevelt's Second Act: The Election of 1940 and the Politics of War

7856: 3966: 3843:

advocated that Americans should think of basic economic rights as a

3780:), greatly increased the tax base, and instituted the first federal 3077: 2757:, but Roosevelt won Congressional approval of the sale of arms on a 2714: 2319:, Roosevelt launched a rhetorical campaign against big business and 1465:

his 1924 ideas into the design for the United Nations in 1944–1945.

26069: 25844: 25388: 25022: 24576: 24494: 24176: 23203:

United States delegate, United Nations General Assembly (1946–1952)

22768: 22152: 21905: 21895: 21885: 20507: 20194: 19705: 19228: 19069: 18043: 17041: 17031: 16814: 15353: 15174: 14976: 13704: 13559: 13467: 12268: 12108: 11795: 10265: 10187: 9881:"California law seeks history of Mexican deportations in textbooks" 9830: 9693: 9289: 7545:"When Franklin Roosevelt Clashed with the Supreme Court – and Lost" 4466:

also has a stone tablet memorial to Roosevelt that was unveiled by

4153: 3715: 3482: 3293: 3259: 2300: 2094: 1863: 1661: 1484: 1413: 1226: 1166:

In 1914, Roosevelt ran for the seat of retiring Republican Senator

1011: 935: 907: 654: 175: 16786: 7996:

Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970

7959:

Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970

7146: 7134: 3776:

instituted top tax rates as high as 94% (after accounting for the

2186: 2022:

Roosevelt signs the Social Security Act into law, August 14, 1935.

1358:

Roosevelt sought to build support for a political comeback in the

817:

but chose not to practice law after receiving an inheritance from

26463: 25490: 24727: 24651: 20070: 20054: 20034: 11610:

A People and a Nation: A History of the United States. Since 1865

10592:

John Massaro, "LBJ and the Fortas Nomination for Chief Justice".

9957:

The Columbia Documentary History of the Asian American Experience

8955: 6723: 4813:

WPA workers were counted as unemployed by this set of statistics.

2389:

Great Depression in the United States § Roosevelt's New Deal

2172: 2106: 2078:

through unions of their own choice. The act also established the

1650:

of Texas and Al Smith, the 1928 Democratic presidential nominee.

1630:

professors. Some were not so sanguine about his chances, such as

1159:

who paid it little attention. Roosevelt had an affection for the

26435: 11934:

The Abandonment of the Jews: America and the Holocaust 1941–1945

11070:"Party Systems and Realignments in the United States, 1868–2004" 10999:

Rightful Heritage: Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Land of America

10900:(First ed.). Oakland: Independent Institute. pp. 4–7. 9689:"President Franklin D. Roosevelt dies at age 63, April 12, 1945" 9349:"Democrats Aren't Moving Left. They're Returning to Their Roots" 8251: 7962:. The Bureau of the U.S. Census. 1976. pp. Y457, Y493, F32. 6080: 5375: 3258:

Speech given before Joint Session of Congress in entirety. (3.1

2580:

in 1823, and occupied several Latin American nations during the

1752:

In February 1933, Roosevelt escaped an assassination attempt by

1428:, a compromise candidate who suffered a landslide defeat in the 23242: 12060: 12051: 10876:

The Defining Moment: FDR's Hundred Days and the Triumph of Hope

10537: 10355: 9943:. Vol. 26, no. 1. Davis, California: Pace Law Review. 9807: 9325: 9241: 9229: 9040: 9003: 8111: 8003: 7663: 7047: 7000: 6807: 5214:"Presidents Roosevelt Honored With Posthumous Columbia Degrees" 3301: 3267: 3193: 3056: 2601: 24829: 23547:

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

10298: 10029: 10027: 7952: 7950: 7301:

New Deals: Business, Labor, and Politics in America, 1920–1935

4724:

would later set a new record, taking 61.1% of the popular vote

4627: 4120:

for Mexican Americans is cited as a precedent for Roosevelt's

4081: 1134: 11815:

The Man He Became: How FDR Defied Polio to Win the Presidency

8027: 7456:

Voting Deliberatively: FDR and the 1936 Presidential Campaign

6934: 4685:

Roosevelt was the last president inaugurated on March 4. The

4149: 4008:

subordinates." On March 29, 1945, Roosevelt departed for the

3292:

Section of Pearl Harbor speech including "infamy" line. (168

2593: 2168: 1170:

of New York. Though he had the backing of Treasury Secretary

11517:

The American President: From Teddy Roosevelt to Bill Clinton

11423:

From Colony to Superpower; U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776

11212:

Debating Franklin D. Roosevelt's Foreign Policies, 1933–1945

11161:

Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1932–1945

8241:"Roosevelt and Churchill: A Friendship That Saved The World" 6819: 5915: 4689:

changed presidential inaugurations to January 20, from 1937.

3933:

of Missouri, who had earned renown for his investigation of

3131:

into active duty to command U.S. forces in the Philippines.

2160:. Roosevelt won re-nomination with little opposition at the 1111:. Franklin's decision to back Wilson over his cousin in the 26678:

Democratic Party (United States) vice presidential nominees

26333: 24594: 22643:

Unknown Soldiers for World War II and the Korean War (1958)

22121: 12012: 10024: 9133: 9131: 9129: 8884: 8882: 7947: 7815: 7323: 7321: 6831: 4612: 4606: 4600: 4589: 4583: 4577: 3909:

1944 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection

3706:

To command the invasion of France, Roosevelt chose General

3447:. Szilard realized that the recently discovered process of 3363: 2873:

Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, third and fourth terms

2597: 1924:, which financed railroads and industry. Congress gave the 1785:

Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, first and second terms

1385:

Beginning in 1925, Roosevelt spent most of his time in the

1213:. In April 1917, after Germany declared it would engage in 785:

Franklin Delano Roosevelt was born on January 30, 1882, in

26663:

Candidates in the 1944 United States presidential election

26658:

Candidates in the 1940 United States presidential election

26653:

Candidates in the 1936 United States presidential election

26648:

Candidates in the 1932 United States presidential election

23177:

Chairwoman, Presidential Commission on the Status of Women

16644: 16294: 15858: 15461: 15015: 10401:

Rottinghaus, Brandon; Vaughn, Justin (February 16, 2015).

10132:"FDR defenders enlist TV critics to refute Holocaust film" 9544: 9496: 9052: 6357: 6355: 6353: 6351: 6064: 6062: 3382:, in which each nation pledged to defeat the Axis powers. 3346:

In late December 1941, Churchill and Roosevelt met at the

2879:

Foreign policy of the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration

2552:

Foreign policy of the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration

2175:. The Democratic ticket won the highest proportion of the 2026:

Roosevelt expected that his party would lose seats in the

1088:

machine that dominated the state Democratic Party. In the

17679: 12676:

Military history of the United States during World War II

11328:

Prisoners of Time: The Misdiagnosis of FDR's 1921 Illness

10599: 10560:

In the Shadow of FDR: From Harry Truman to George W. Bush

10525: 10039: 9508: 8919: 8737: 8581: 8516: 8451: 8352: 8161: 8099: 7306: 6240: 5987: 5618: 5567: 5387: 4898: 4344:

His Second Bill of Rights became, according to historian

4071:

Civil rights, repatriation, internment, and the Holocaust

3647:

Military history of the United States during World War II

3488:

Chiang Kai-shek, Roosevelt, and Winston Churchill at the

3297: 3263: 2933:

State of the Union (Four Freedoms) (January 6, 1941)

2729:, the U.S. would remain neutral. After completion of the 1703:. Roosevelt's victory was enabled by the creation of the 1056:, the party recruited Roosevelt to run for a seat in the 26758:

Presidents of the United States who died while in office

10738:"Conservatives want Reagan to replace FDR on U.S. dimes" 10280: 10088: 9520: 9366: 9313: 9301: 9179: 9167: 9155: 9143: 9126: 9114: 9102: 9090: 9028: 8991: 8979: 8967: 8943: 8879: 8812: 8800: 8776: 8725: 8713: 8701: 8689: 8677: 8665: 8653: 8641: 8629: 8617: 8605: 8569: 8463: 8388: 8376: 8312: 8275: 8209: 8197: 8185: 8173: 8149: 8063: 8015: 7751:"FDR's Conservation Legacy (U.S. National Park Service)" 7699: 7651: 7639: 7524: 7500: 7434: 7398: 7386: 7374: 7318: 7269: 7221: 7098: 7074: 7064: 7062: 6979: 6977: 6975: 6973: 6971: 6969: 6967: 6965: 6963: 6961: 6910: 6867: 6843: 6795: 6759: 6747: 6665: 6597: 6573: 6561: 6549: 6537: 6525: 6513: 6501: 6489: 6453: 6441: 6429: 6336: 6312: 6300: 6288: 6276: 6264: 4839:

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

1443:, a Smith protégé, who was the primary force behind the 958:

Eleanor and Franklin with their first two children, 1908

949: 21609: 12090:

Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Selections from His Writings

12019:

Full text and audio of a number of Roosevelt's speeches

11106:

The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York

10653:

Bruce Frohnen, Jeremy Beer and Jeffery O. Nelson, eds.

10327:"FDR: The President Who Made America Into a Superpower" 9932: 7281: 6652:

New York State Department of Environmental Conservation

6348: 6204: 6059: 6047: 6023: 6011: 5963: 5951: 5939: 5927: 5871: 5859: 5847: 5835: 5823: 5811: 5787: 5763: 5727: 5715: 5678: 5606: 5509: 5507: 5272: 5236: 5130: 5118: 4360:, some of it intense. Critics have questioned not only 3687:, but Germany quickly restored Mussolini to power. The 3066: 1718: 1288:

of Ohio won the party's presidential nomination at the

11911:

Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Making of Modern America

11655: 10635: 10301:"The 100 Most Influential Figures in American History" 9733: 9556: 9532: 9203: 8221: 8087: 7245: 7158: 7122: 7086: 6373: 6228: 5751: 5654: 5642: 5594: 5584: 5582: 5555: 5531: 5519: 5492: 5468: 5399: 5308: 5296: 5284: 5106: 5072: 5034: 4958: 4888: 4886: 4047:. At 3:35 p.m., Roosevelt died at the age of 63. 3999:

When Roosevelt returned to the United States from the

898:

Like most of his Groton classmates, Roosevelt went to

26481: 12008:

Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum

10623: 9855:

Decade of Betrayal: Mexican Repatriation in the 1930s

9852:

Balderrama, Francisco E.; Rodriguez, Raymond (2006).

9829:. Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. Archived from 9568: 9430: 9277: 9265: 9253: 9191: 8931: 8867: 8824: 8788: 8593: 8400: 8364: 8287: 8263: 8075: 8051: 8039: 7711: 7675: 7512: 7422: 7410: 7345: 7333: 7257: 7110: 7059: 7012: 6958: 6946: 6922: 6879: 6855: 6783: 6771: 6735: 6585: 6477: 6465: 6417: 6379: 6252: 6216: 5480: 5248: 5166:

Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum

4639: 4603: 4586: 3439:

to Roosevelt, warning of the possibility of a German

2866: 2030:, as the president's party had done in most previous 1778: 1267: 1035: 1030: 26708:

Knights Grand Cross of the Military Order of William

23552:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

10457: 10394: 10362: 9617:"President Franklin D. Roosevelt dies at 63 in 1945" 8475: 6147: 5999: 5799: 5504: 5456: 5363: 5351: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4873: 4871: 4630: 4624: 4618: 4615: 4609: 4597: 4580: 4574: 4462:

was launched and served from 1945 to 1977. London's

4242:

says Roosevelt "did what he could do" to help Jews;

3509:, February 1945, two months before Roosevelt's death 1336:

Paralytic illness and political comeback (1921–1928)

571:

saw him shift his focus to America's involvement in

555:, was an American politician who served as the 32nd 13742: 10344: 10292: 10108:"World War II Enemy Alien Control Program Overview" 9851: 7999:. The Bureau of the U.S. Census. 1976. p. F31. 7793: 6988:. Univ. of Virginia Miller Center of Public Affairs 6711:. Univ. of Virginia Miller Center of Public Affairs 6412:

The isolationist impulse: its 20th-century reaction

6035: 5975: 5775: 5739: 5690: 5666: 5630: 5579: 5543: 5260: 5194: 5184:"Franklin D. Roosevelt: Life Before the Presidency" 5142: 5022: 5010:. Univ. of Virginia Miller Center of Public Affairs 4946: 4934: 4883: 4594: 4571: 4016:, to rest before his anticipated appearance at the 3659:forces within days of landing. At the January 1943 3038:

Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs

2352: 1842:on March 4, 1933, the U.S. was at the nadir of the 1468: 1350:Rare photograph of Roosevelt in a wheelchair, with 1178:, he faced a formidable opponent in Tammany Hall's 1131:, in support of labor and social welfare programs. 724:declared war on the U.S. on December 11, 1941, the 26778:United States government officials of World War II 25704:100: The Most Important People of the 20th Century 11812: 11671: 11442: 10996: 10924:(interpretive detailed biography). PublicAffairs. 10611: 10557: 10167: 10014:"How FDR Killed Federal Anti-Lynching Legislation" 9413:"Franklin D Roosevelt: The man who conquered fear" 6702: 6700: 4910: 4267:Joint Declaration by Members of the United Nations 2572:, which was a re-evaluation of U.S. policy toward 2323:, alleging that the recession was the result of a 1491:Smith, the Democratic presidential nominee in the 1143:Roosevelt as Assistant Secretary of the Navy, 1913 23537:United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights 22884: 11541:Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1932–1940 10400: 8846:The Oxford Companion to American Military History 8135:Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs 7731:Franklin D. Roosevelt and Conservation, 1911-1945 7591:"How FDR unleashed his Supreme Court 'scorpions'" 7033:"History of measuring presidents' first 100 days" 6698: 6696: 6694: 6692: 6690: 6688: 6686: 6684: 6682: 6680: 4992: 4922: 4868: 4659:In 2008, Columbia awarded Roosevelt a posthumous 4447:is one reason he is commemorated on the American 3808:to oversee the home front; the agency was led by 26728:Democratic Party New York (state) state senators 26683:Democratic Party presidents of the United States 26589: 11656:Roosevelt, Franklin; Roosevelt, Elliott (1970). 10963: 10261:"Holocaust eyewitness briefs FDR, July 28, 1943" 10193: 4132:fared well in two New Deal relief programs, the 2718:Foreign trips of Roosevelt during his presidency 2303:pay for certain employees who work in excess of 2287:, a second Agricultural Adjustment Act, and the 2263:. Four of Roosevelt's Supreme Court appointees, 1725:Presidential transition of Franklin D. Roosevelt 1711:. Between the Civil War and 1929, Democrats had 1409:, leading to the development of polio vaccines. 16:President of the United States from 1933 to 1945 26773:United States Assistant Secretaries of the Navy 26643:1920 United States vice-presidential candidates 13705:Other articles related to Franklin D. Roosevelt 11734: 11674:Franklin and Eleanor: An Extraordinary Marriage 11326:Goldman, Armond S.; Goldman, Daniel A. (2017). 10564:, Cornell University Press, pp. 128, 178, 10158: 10156: 10154: 9235: 9073:"60 Years Later, Debating Yalta All Over Again" 7615:The Vinson Court: Justices, Rulings, and Legacy 7452: 6165: 5330:The Oxford Desk Dictionary of People and Places 5006:Leuchtenburg, William E. (September 26, 2016). 4474:was renamed after Roosevelt in September 1973. 2187:Supreme Court fight and second term legislation 1374:. A 2003 study strongly favored a diagnosis of 26688:Democratic Party governors of New York (state) 23322:Presidential Commission on the Status of Women 11325: 11254:, vol. 4 volumes, Little, Brown and Co., 11209: 10921:Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Champion of Freedom 8961: 8033: 6677: 6622:. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. pp. 6399:Franklin Delano Roosevelt: champion of freedom 5921: 5898:"Franklin Roosevelt was made in world war one" 4854:"When was the term United Nations first used?" 3397:commanded the Navy and Marines, while General 3127:under American command and reinstated General 2226:had been set at nine since the passage of the 2193:Franklin D. Roosevelt Supreme Court candidates 2007: 1424:. On the 101st ballot, the nomination went to 25685: 25374: 24815: 23740: 23436:Marian Anderson: the Lincoln Memorial Concert 23150: 22489: 22137: 21595: 19244: 18564: 17665: 16772: 16448: 16088: 15651: 15246: 14769: 14401: 13728: 12144: 10667:"Reagan says many New Dealers wanted fascism" 10506:"Liberalism in America: A Note for Europeans" 9386:"Medical Research Pays Off for All Americans" 9225:, US: Bureau of the Census, 1946, p. 173 4413:. Washington, D.C., hosts two memorials: the 3724:Provisional Government of the French Republic 2545: 2382: 2259:of economic regulations to the protection of 1857: 1595: 840: 26613:20th-century presidents of the United States 23754: 22248:Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) 13386: 12849: 11534: 11513: 11297:Franklin D. Roosevelt Launching the New Deal 11246: 10555: 10543: 10354:. C-SPAN Survey of Presidential Leadership. 10151: 9813: 9686: 9392:. National Institutes of Health. Summer 2007 9342: 9340: 9331: 9247: 9046: 9009: 8338:. Oxford University Press. pp. 229–46. 8257: 8131:"Travels of President Franklin D. Roosevelt" 8117: 8009: 7693: 7669: 7542: 7152: 7140: 7053: 7006: 6984:Leuchtenburg, William E. (October 4, 2016). 6983: 6813: 6707:Leuchtenburg, William E. (October 4, 2016). 6706: 6619:The Tiger: The Rise and Fall of Tammany Hall 5206: 5178: 5005: 4904: 4832: 4783:The United States would also declare war on 4522:Cultural depictions of Franklin D. Roosevelt 4143: 4085:Official portrait of President Roosevelt by 3762:United States home front during World War II 3655:in November 1942, securing the surrender of 3073:Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor 2999:" for Britain and other countries. With his 2947:Franklin Delano Roosevelt's January 6, 1941 2110:try another. But above all, try something." 1622:" of policy advisers, primarily composed of 661:, and realigning American politics into the 155:January 1, 1929 – December 31, 1932 23487:Eleanor and Franklin: The White House Years 21461:National Democratic Redistricting Committee 21436:Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee 12039:Franklin Delano Roosevelt: A Resource Guide 11592:(popular biography), Simon & Schuster, 11562:The Presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt 11232:. Edinburgh: Black & White Publishing. 11210:Doenecke, Justus D; Stoler, Mark A (2005), 10709: 10500: 10428: 9845: 9064: 5892: 3559:established the framework for the post-war 3405:. The Joint Chiefs were chaired by Admiral 2903:at the War Department, Army Chief of Staff 1407:National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis 1135:Assistant Secretary of the Navy (1913–1919) 26743:Politicians from Dutchess County, New York 25692: 25678: 25381: 25367: 24822: 24808: 23747: 23733: 23289:1940 Democratic National Convention speech 23243:"My Day" daily newspaper column, 1935–1962 23157: 23143: 22708:Unknown Soldier for the Vietnam War (1984) 22496: 22482: 22144: 22130: 21602: 21588: 19251: 19237: 19213: 18571: 18557: 17672: 17658: 16779: 16765: 16455: 16441: 16095: 16081: 15658: 15644: 15253: 15239: 14776: 14762: 14408: 14394: 14370: 13735: 13721: 12983:Springwood birthplace, home, and gravesite 12151: 12137: 11735:Schweikart, Larry; Allen, Michael (2004). 10475: 9779: 9643: 9591:"Franklin D. Roosevelt Day by Day – April" 8535:Media Sound & Culture in Latin America 7904: 7902: 5440:. Eleanor Roosevelt Papers. Archived from 4397:List of memorials to Franklin D. Roosevelt 4368:, and opposing anti-lynching legislation. 3385:In 1942, Roosevelt formed a new body, the 3198:launched a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor 2786:Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 1936:Reform of the economy was the goal of the 1435:In 1925, Smith appointed Roosevelt to the 1342:Paralytic illness of Franklin D. Roosevelt 763: 42: 19:"FDR" redirects here. For other uses, see 23417:Statue at the Franklin Roosevelt Memorial 23367:Franklin D. Roosevelt's paralytic illness 22354:National Bituminous Coal Conservation Act 21446:Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee 13015:Little White House, Warm Springs, Georgia 12158: 11880: 11859: 11779: 11692: 11201:Essays in Economic & Business History 11131: 10879:(popular history), Simon & Schuster, 10213:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 9337: 8900: 8762:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 311. 8743: 8522: 7922: 7363: 7024: 6900:"The FDR New Yorker cover that never ran" 6825: 6246: 5945: 4451:. Roosevelt has also appeared on several 3956: 3321:A majority of scholars have rejected the 2608:. In December 1933, Roosevelt signed the 2588:of 1898. After Roosevelt took office, he 1763: 1713:rarely controlled both houses of Congress 1566:Temporary Emergency Relief Administration 1393:. Intrigued by the potential benefits of 1319:defeated the Cox–Roosevelt ticket in the 1311:and other "Reservationists". Republicans 1119:that year and, with help from journalist 883:by tutors until age 14. He then attended 268:January 1, 1911 – March 17, 1913 207:March 17, 1913 – August 26, 1920 24683:/ Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / 23412:Eleanor Roosevelt Award for Human Rights 23253:Marian Anderson Lincoln Memorial Concert 21456:National Conference of Democratic Mayors 21451:Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee 21431:Democratic Attorneys General Association 16469:1944 United States presidential election 16109:1940 United States presidential election 15672:1936 United States presidential election 15267:1932 United States presidential election 14790:1920 United States presidential election 13085:Roosevelt Institute for American Studies 12928:1920 United States presidential election 12537:Harlan F. Stone Supreme Court nomination 12336:National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 12057:"Life Portrait of Franklin D. Roosevelt" 11662:. Vol. 1. Duell, Sloan, and Pearce. 11637: 11558: 11382:The New Deal and the Problem of Monopoly 11267:Franklin D. Roosevelt The Apprenticeship 11067: 10994: 10678: 10629: 10370:"Presidential Leadership – The Rankings" 10318: 10129: 10110:. National Archives. September 23, 2016. 10051: 10033: 10018:American Institute for Economic Research 9878: 9585: 9583: 9410: 9070: 8842: 8329: 8327: 7821: 7605: 7582: 6897: 6837: 6166:Lomazow, Steven; Fettmann, Eric (2010). 6074: 4795:, all of which had joined the Axis bloc. 4307: 4080: 3990: 3912: 3905:1944 United States presidential election 3835:broadcast on January 11, 1944 (excerpt). 3814: 3697: 3505:Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin at the 3337: 3076: 2971: 2834: 2806:1940 United States presidential election 2713: 2686: 2555: 2123: 2120:1936 United States presidential election 2061: 2017: 1892: 1890:, which brought Prohibition to a close. 1690: 1605: 1602:1932 United States presidential election 1568:to distribute those funds. Led first by 1483:Governor Roosevelt with his predecessor 1478: 1345: 1271: 1190:sought accommodation and became allies. 1138: 1039: 953: 772: 22253:Federal Emergency Relief Administration 21487:National Federation of Democratic Women 15392: 14932: 14818: 12609:U.S. occupation of Nicaragua, 1912–1933 12542:Wiley Rutledge Supreme Court nomination 12370:Aid to Families with Dependent Children 12296:Federal Emergency Relief Administration 12120:Works by or about Franklin D. Roosevelt 11908: 11659:F.D.R.: His Personal Letters, 1928–1945 11464: 11419: 11368: 11344: 11311:. St. Martin's Press. pp. 120–23. 11183:Franklin D. Roosevelt: A Political Life 10057: 10011: 9991:. Oxford University Press. p. 71. 9984: 9938: 9904: 9502: 9449:Lerner, Barron H. (November 23, 2007). 9404: 9058: 9021:Townsend Hoopes, and Douglas Brinkley, 8849:. Oxford University Press, US. p. 8587: 8493: 8309:(University of Notre Dame Press, 1965). 8227: 7899: 7611: 7287: 7176: 5993: 5757: 5624: 5573: 5474: 5417: 5405: 5393: 5381: 5112: 5078: 5040: 4533:List of Allied World War II conferences 4510:, dedicated in 1997 in Washington, D.C. 4027:In the afternoon of April 12, 1945, in 3948:, defeating Dewey and his running mate 3628:, which would be charged with ensuring 3184:(stationed in the Philippines) and the 3176:. After diplomatic efforts failed, the 2220:Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937 2201:Wiley Rutledge Supreme Court nomination 1960:was created to regulate the trading of 1910:Federal Emergency Relief Administration 1760:, who was sitting alongside Roosevelt. 1526:power plants and addressed the ongoing 1522:Roosevelt proposed the construction of 1420:and a conservative, rural wing, led by 837:, from his father's previous marriage. 825:, once took Franklin to meet President 586:families, Roosevelt was elected to the 72:March 4, 1933 – April 12, 1945 26738:People from Meriwether County, Georgia 26628:American politicians with disabilities 26590: 22612:Unknown Soldier for World War I (1921) 18494:Research, Development and Acquisitions 11717:Roosevelt, the Party Leader, 1932–1945 11713: 11666: 11606: 11582: 11440: 11398: 11379: 11180: 11155: 10939: 10730: 10655:American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia 10641: 10605: 10162: 10045: 9739: 9562: 9538: 9514: 9467: 9448: 9295: 9209: 8925: 8755: 8457: 8358: 8167: 8105: 8093: 7717: 7536: 7479: 7312: 7251: 7164: 7128: 7092: 7030: 6729: 6435: 6330: 6318: 6306: 6234: 6222: 6195: 6135:from the original on November 30, 2012 5865: 5853: 5829: 5612: 5513: 5486: 5278: 5254: 5242: 5136: 4273:and warned to try its perpetrators as 4077:Franklin D. Roosevelt and civil rights 3532:, together with Chinese Generalissimo 3466: 3358:to coordinate military policy and the 2317:began to deteriorate again in mid-1937 1930:Agricultural Adjustment Administration 1904:Collection of video clips of Roosevelt 1080:, Roosevelt won a surprising victory. 999:, was born in 1914, and the youngest, 711:official implementation of term limits 385: 25:Franklin D. Roosevelt (disambiguation) 25968:Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein 25673: 25362: 24803: 23728: 23213:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 23164: 23138: 22477: 22125: 21583: 21564:2018 House Caucus leadership election 21559:2006 House Caucus leadership election 19232: 18552: 18484:Energy, Installations and Environment 17681:United States Secretaries of the Navy 17653: 16760: 16643: 16436: 16293: 16076: 15857: 15639: 15460: 15234: 15014: 14757: 14389: 13716: 13703: 13385: 12132: 11927: 11837: 11810: 11755: 11304: 11038: 11017: 10914: 10892: 10869: 10863:Bibliography of Franklin D. Roosevelt 10617: 10531: 10463: 10352:"Presidential Historians Survey 2017" 10324: 10286: 10258: 10169:"What FDR said about Jews in private" 10094: 10012:Magness, Phillip W. (July 31, 2020). 9960:. Columbia University Press. p. 9879:McGreevy, Patrick (October 2, 2015). 9580: 9574: 9550: 9526: 9436: 9372: 9346: 9319: 9307: 9283: 9271: 9259: 9197: 9185: 9173: 9161: 9149: 9137: 9120: 9108: 9096: 9034: 8997: 8985: 8973: 8949: 8937: 8888: 8873: 8830: 8818: 8806: 8794: 8782: 8731: 8719: 8707: 8695: 8683: 8671: 8659: 8647: 8635: 8623: 8611: 8599: 8575: 8481: 8469: 8406: 8394: 8382: 8370: 8324: 8318: 8293: 8281: 8269: 8215: 8203: 8191: 8179: 8155: 8081: 8069: 8057: 8045: 8021: 7908: 7833: 7774: 7705: 7681: 7657: 7645: 7588: 7543:Leuchtenburg, William E. (May 2005). 7530: 7518: 7506: 7440: 7428: 7416: 7404: 7392: 7380: 7351: 7339: 7327: 7275: 7263: 7227: 7116: 7104: 7080: 7068: 7018: 6952: 6940: 6928: 6916: 6885: 6873: 6861: 6849: 6801: 6789: 6777: 6765: 6753: 6741: 6671: 6615: 6603: 6591: 6579: 6567: 6555: 6543: 6531: 6519: 6507: 6495: 6483: 6471: 6459: 6447: 6423: 6385: 6342: 6294: 6282: 6270: 6258: 6210: 6153: 6068: 6053: 6041: 6029: 6017: 6005: 5981: 5969: 5957: 5933: 5888: 5886: 5877: 5841: 5817: 5805: 5793: 5781: 5769: 5745: 5733: 5721: 5696: 5684: 5672: 5660: 5648: 5636: 5600: 5588: 5561: 5549: 5537: 5525: 5498: 5462: 5369: 5357: 5326: 5314: 5302: 5290: 5266: 5200: 5148: 5124: 5028: 4964: 4952: 4940: 4928: 4892: 4877: 4188: 3691:commenced in September 1943, but the 2914: 2619:in 1919–1920 marked the dominance of 2564:and other dignitaries in Brazil, 1936 1954:Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation 1944:laws in return for better wages. The 1547:Great Depression in the United States 1475:Governorship of Franklin D. Roosevelt 1205:, and Roosevelt helped establish the 1151:, the second-ranking official in the 950:Marriage, family, and marital affairs 695:Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation 24160:The Generation Twenty-Five and Under 23248:Co-Chair, Office of Civilian Defense 22374:Rural Electrification Administration 22339:Federal Energy Regulatory Commission 19258: 18479:Financial Management and Comptroller 13058:Franklin Delano Roosevelt Foundation 12898:Democratic National Convention, 1920 12698:Declaration by United Nations (1942) 12686:Combined Munitions Assignments Board 12331:National Labor Relations Act of 1935 11894:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. 11783:Journal of Interdisciplinary History 11489: 11445:FDR, Dewey, and the Election of 1944 11227: 11099: 10744:. Associated Press. December 5, 2003 10686:"Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial" 10378:. September 12, 2005. Archived from 10325:Walsh, Kenneth T. (April 10, 2015). 9378: 9071:Bumiller, Elizabeth (May 16, 2005). 6361: 6180: 5220:. September 26, 2008. Archived from 4916: 4152:leaders in pushing for federal anti- 3640: 3423:Nuclear weapons of the United States 3360:Combined Munitions Assignments Board 3067:Pearl Harbor and declarations of war 2767:Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 2699:, sailing from Washington, D.C., to 1741:of Tennessee as Secretary of State. 1719:Transition and assassination attempt 22524:State funerals in the United States 22329:Works Progress Administration (WPA) 21611:New York State Democratic Committee 13598:for President of the United States 13538:Vice President of the United States 12614:U.S. occupation of Haiti, 1915–1934 12416:Defense industry non-discrimination 12066:American Presidents: Life Portraits 11891:The Roosevelts: An Intimate History 9953: 9905:Bernard, Diane (October 28, 2021). 8333: 7768: 7364:Roosevelt, Franklin Delano (1933). 7242:. Ssa.gov. Retrieved July 14, 2013. 5418:McGrath, Charles (April 20, 2008). 5333:. Oxford University Press. p. 4387:in 1980, who opposed the New Deal. 4171:Fair Employment Practices Committee 3923:1944 Democratic National Convention 3898: 3858: 3827:Roosevelt announced the plan for a 3366:, named for the American, British, 2812:1940 Democratic National Convention 2799: 2560:Roosevelt with Brazilian president 2255:, the Court shifted its focus from 2162:1936 Democratic National Convention 2113: 1324:Roosevelt who, with the support of 1290:1920 Democratic National Convention 979:, which Sara also gave the couple. 868:Roosevelt in 1900, at the age of 18 856:Roosevelt in 1893, at the age of 11 590:from 1911 to 1913 and was then the 13: 25398:recipients 23542:International Bill of Human Rights 23395:Roosevelt Institute Campus Network 13063:Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial 13051:Roosevelt Institute Campus Network 12970: 12421:Fair Employment Practice Committee 12389:Securities and Exchange Commission 12321:Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act 12096:Works by Franklin Delano Roosevelt 12013:Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial 11866:. Texas A&M University Press. 11843:Franklin Delano Roosevelt, My Boss 10764:"Franklin Delano Roosevelt Issues" 9411:Hastings, Max (January 19, 2009). 9347:Zeitz, Joshua (November 4, 2018). 8905:. Penguin Press. pp. 147–49. 7882:from the original on June 2, 2016. 5883: 5054:"Family of Wealth Gave Advantages" 4826: 4508:Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial 3829:bill of social and economic rights 3802:Reconstruction Finance Corporation 3473:Diplomatic history of World War II 3412: 3312:Problems playing these files? See 3277:"A date which will live in infamy" 3229: 2921: 2867:Third and fourth terms (1941–1945) 2832:, the popular Republican nominee. 1988:which was paralyzing the economy. 1958:Securities and Exchange Commission 1922:Reconstruction Finance Corporation 1791: 1779:First and second terms (1933–1941) 1268:Campaign for vice president (1920) 1036:New York state senator (1910–1913) 1031:Early political career (1910–1920) 887:, an Episcopal boarding school in 687:Securities and Exchange Commission 630:, he returned to public office as 14: 26799: 22288:Public Works Administration (PWA) 22258:Frazier–Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act 22218:Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) 18527:Research, Engineering and Systems 12631:Second London Naval Treaty (1936) 12468:Executive Office of the President 12382:Federal Communications Commission 12030:collected news and commentary at 11953: 11287:Franklin D. Roosevelt The Triumph 11042:Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom 10556:Leuchtenburg, William E. (2001), 9789:. Simon & Schuster. pp. 8843:Chambers, John Whiteclay (1999). 7589:Blake, John (December 14, 2010). 7177:Hausman, Joshua K. (April 2016). 6648:"History Of State Forest Program" 5008:"FDR: Life Before the Presidency" 3689:Allied invasion of mainland Italy 3200:, knocking out the main American 3089:for 1941 Atlantic Charter meeting 2313:Executive Office of the President 1966:Federal Communications Commission 1445:Long Island State Park Commission 1389:, at first on his houseboat, the 26575: 26563: 26551: 26539: 26527: 26515: 26503: 26491: 25399: 25389: 24831:Hall of Fame for Great Americans 22313:Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) 22278:National Recovery Administration 22268:National Industrial Recovery Act 21509:High School Democrats of America 21441:Democratic Governors Association 21398:Congressional Progressive Caucus 20167:2020 (Milwaukee/other locations) 19212: 19208:All vice presidential candidates 19203: 19202: 18125: 18118: 18111: 17120: 14462: 14369: 14360: 14359: 13365: 13364: 12804:State of the Union Address (1934 12621:Good Neighbor Policy (1933–1945) 12346:National Recovery Administration 12112: 11720:. University Press of Kentucky. 11277:Franklin D. Roosevelt The Ordeal 10828: 10806: 10781: 10756: 10703: 10660: 10647: 10586: 10583:Leuchtenburg, pp. 208, 218, 226. 10577: 10549: 10494: 10469: 10422: 10252: 10225: 10199: 10123: 10114: 10100: 10005: 9978: 9947: 9898: 9872: 9819: 9773: 9745: 9708: 9680: 9637: 9609: 9461: 9442: 9215: 9015: 8894: 8836: 8749: 8550: 8528: 8487: 8438: 8425: 8412: 8299: 8233: 8123: 7987: 7966: 7911:Journal of Economic Perspectives 7886: 7827: 7743: 7723: 7562: 7473: 7446: 7357: 7293: 7233: 7170: 7031:Liptak, Kevin (April 23, 2017). 6891: 6640: 6609: 6404: 6391: 4807: 4798: 4777: 4767: 4754: 4744: 4727: 4706: 4692: 4679: 4567: 4495: 4479: 4233: 4122:internment of Japanese Americans 3977: 3965: 3588: 3579: 3498: 3481: 3281: 3245: 3159:declaration of war against Japan 3147: 3138: 3005:freedom of speech and expression 2963:Problems playing this file? See 2937: 2810:In the months prior to the July 2353:Conservation and the environment 2144:An attempt by Louisiana Senator 2074:guaranteed workers the right to 1938:National Industrial Recovery Act 1829:Problems playing this file? See 1807: 1580:, prompting the creation of the 1469:Governor of New York (1929–1932) 861: 849: 835:James Roosevelt "Rosy" Roosevelt 754:internment of Japanese Americans 679:expand the Supreme Court in 1937 667:National Recovery Administration 513: 494: 48:Official campaign portrait, 1944 26753:Presidents of the United States 26733:People from Hyde Park, New York 26713:Liberalism in the United States 23350:Val-Kill National Historic Site 23327:National Organization for Women 23186:First Lady of the United States 23127:: Presidents and chief justices 22384:United States Housing Authority 21376:Steering and Outreach Committee 13744:Presidents of the United States 13448:Assistant Secretary of the Navy 13186:World War II: When Lions Roared 13041:Presidential Library and Museum 12316:Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944 12194:Assistant Secretary of the Navy 12023:Miller Center of Public Affairs 11819:. Simon and Schuster. pp. 11678:. Farrar, Straus & Giroux. 11021:Roosevelt: The Lion and the Fox 11018:Burns, James MacGregor (1956). 10259:Glass, Andrew (July 28, 2018). 10130:Everhart, Karen (May 9, 1994). 9827:"Jewish Vote in U.S. Elections" 9687:Andrew Glass (April 12, 2016). 9457:. George Washington University. 6333:, pp. 267, 269–72, 286–87. 6189: 6174: 6159: 5702: 5430: 5411: 5320: 5188:Miller Center of Public Affairs 5172: 5154: 5084: 5046: 4978:"FDR Biography-The Early Years" 4970: 4666: 4653: 4207:interned in hastily built camps 3626:United Nations Security Council 2845:July 1940 Democratic Convention 2329:Federal Bureau of Investigation 2248:West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish 2245:Starting with the 1937 case of 1844:worst depression in its history 1276:Cox and Roosevelt in Ohio, 1920 1149:Assistant Secretary of the Navy 1025:Crown Princess Märtha of Norway 707:ran successfully for reelection 651:his first 100 days as president 638:, Roosevelt defeated president 612:1920 U.S. presidential election 592:assistant Secretary of the Navy 563:were centered on combating the 381: 195:Assistant Secretary of the Navy 26788:World War II political leaders 25845:Unknown Tiananmen Square rebel 22359:National Labor Relations Board 22349:Judicial Procedures Reform Act 13502:President of the United States 12681:Home front during World War II 12175:President of the United States 12105:Works by Franklin D. Roosevelt 11860:Underwood, Jeffery S. (1991). 11565:. University Press of Kansas. 11514:Leuchtenburg, William (2015). 11308:FDR and His Enemies: A History 11181:——— (2017). 11039:——— (1970). 10856: 10710:jessiekratz (April 10, 2015). 9023:FDR and the Creation of the UN 7482:The American Historical Review 6709:"FDR: Campaigns and Elections" 6196:Wooten, Heather Green (2009). 5092:"Almanac: The 1st cheerleader" 4980:. Roosevely Library and Museum 4846: 4842:(5th ed.). HarperCollins. 4559: 4269:, which condemned the ongoing 4209:in interior, harsh locations. 2861:Destroyers for Bases Agreement 2790:Destroyers for Bases Agreement 2604:, ending their status as U.S. 2596:and reached new treaties with 2537:in 1932 to 10.2% in 1936. The 2379:well as the national systems. 2135:National Labor Relations Board 2080:National Labor Relations Board 1590:New York's State Forest system 1215:unrestricted submarine warfare 809:, respectively—and resided at 781:Roosevelt in 1884, 2 years old 752:, such as his ordering of the 624:contracted a paralytic illness 557:president of the United States 60:President of the United States 1: 25711:Leaders & revolutionaries 23647:Franklin Delano Roosevelt III 23495:Backstairs at the White House 23277:National Youth Administration 22283:National Youth Administration 17640:indicate acting officeholders 13286:Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr. 13178:Backstairs at the White House 12850:Early life, education, career 12527:Federal Judicial appointments 12358:National Youth Administration 12353:Works Progress Administration 11699:. New York University Press. 11499:. W.W. Norton & Company. 11279:(1954), covers 1919 to 1928, 11141:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 11045:. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. 10789:"FDR Library – USS Roosevelt" 10657:(2006). pp. 619–621, 645–646. 7779:. Springer. pp. 177–78. 7729:See also Edgar B. Nixon, ed. 7618:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 162–63. 7459:. Penn State UP. p. 19. 6898:Davidson, Amy (May 5, 2012). 5438:"Lucy Page Mercer Rutherfurd" 4090: 3755: 3729:began the invasion of Germany 3561:international monetary system 3380:Declaration by United Nations 2986: 2951:introducing the theme of the 2895:in the State Department, and 2311:and subsequently created the 2086:threatened the production of 2057:National Youth Administration 2053:Works Progress Administration 1495:, asked Roosevelt to run for 1219:declaration of war on Germany 1052:, and in preparation for the 709:, one entire term before the 509:Franklin D. Roosevelt's voice 25544:Jaime Augusto Zobel de Ayala 23374:Hyde Park home and gravesite 22344:Farm Security Administration 22151: 21477:College Democrats of America 18489:Manpower and Reserve Affairs 12888:1928 New York state election 12829:1944 (Second Bill of Rights) 12753:Madison Square Garden speech 12626:Montevideo Convention (1933) 12507:Jefferson's Birthday holiday 12446:Japanese American internment 11998:Resources in other libraries 11979:Resources in other libraries 11449:. Indiana University Press. 11384:. Fordham University Press. 11214:, Rowman & Littlefield, 10972:, Harvard University Press, 10331:U.S. News & World Report 10194:Breitman & Lichtman 2013 10061:The American Economic Review 9939:Johnson, Kevin (Fall 2005). 9298:, pp. 139–44, 151, 246. 9025:(Yale UP, 1997) pp. ix, 175. 7834:Maher, Neil M. (July 2002). 6090:Journal of Medical Biography 5094:. CBS News. November 2, 2014 4820: 4486:1948 statue of Roosevelt in 4390: 4185:in several Northern states. 3683:from Italian prime minister 3333: 3165:(right) on December 11, 1941 2855:A late August poll taken by 2584:that occurred following the 2072:National Labor Relations Act 2028:1934 Congressional elections 1610:Roosevelt in the early 1930s 1330:Fidelity and Deposit Company 1199:sinking of the RMS Lusitania 1078:1910 United States elections 940:Carter Ledyard & Milburn 768: 691:National Labor Relations Act 7: 26748:Politicians with paraplegia 26638:Burials in New York (state) 23629:Eleanor Roosevelt Seagraves 23455:The Eleanor Roosevelt Story 22293:Public Works of Art Project 22213:Agricultural Adjustment Act 19440:1860 (Charleston/Baltimore) 18512:Installations and Logistics 18499:General Counsel of the Navy 13292:John Aspinwall Roosevelt II 12517:Judicial Court-Packing Bill 12456:Italian-American internment 12341:Public Works Administration 12306:Agricultural Adjustment Act 12301:Civilian Conservation Corps 12111:(public domain audiobooks) 11520:. Oxford University Press. 11426:. Oxford University Press. 11420:Herring, George C. (2008). 11068:Campbell, James E. (2006). 10814:"Franklin Delano Roosevelt" 10594:Political Science Quarterly 10431:Political Science Quarterly 9470:Annals of Internal Medicine 9236:Schweikart & Allen 2004 8901:Fullilove, Michael (2013). 7974:"Presidents and Job Growth" 7572:. Oxford University Press. 4515: 4222:. A much smaller number of 4134:Civilian Conservation Corps 3935:war production inefficiency 3917:1944 electoral vote results 3516:Roosevelt coined the term " 3186:United States Pacific Fleet 3182:United States Asiatic Fleet 2839:1940 electoral vote results 2376:Civilian Conservation Corps 2128:1936 electoral vote results 2008:Second New Deal (1935–1936) 1970:regulate telecommunications 1918:Civilian Conservation Corps 1914:Public Works Administration 1883:73rd United States Congress 1695:1932 electoral vote results 1284:nomination. After Governor 1237:, as well as a tour of the 1211:Council of National Defense 1184:James Wolcott Wadsworth Jr. 1123:, he was re-elected in the 10: 26804: 26703:The Harvard Crimson people 26668:Columbia Law School alumni 25862:Artists & entertainers 25396:Philippine Legion of Honor 25113:Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 24021:Hungarian Freedom Fighters 23407:Eleanor Roosevelt Monument 23334:Encampment for Citizenship 22894:Chestnut and Gibson (1998) 22834:Herbert C. Hoover Building 22334:Federal Project Number One 22243:Farm Credit Administration 22238:Homeowners Refinancing Act 22223:Civil Works Administration 21554:2017 chairmanship election 21549:2005 chairmanship election 21504:Young Democrats of America 18532:Shipbuilding and Logistics 14460: 13080:White House Roosevelt Room 12661:1940 Selective Service Act 12584:Presidential Proclamations 12451:German-American internment 12377:Communications Act of 1934 12326:Tennessee Valley Authority 11909:Winkler, Allan M. (2006). 11607:Norton, Mary Beth (2009). 10995:Brinkley, Douglas (2016). 10860: 10793:docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu 9625:. New York. April 13, 1945 9482:10.7326/0003-4819-72-4-579 8962:Doenecke & Stoler 2005 8756:Maffeo, Steven E. (2015). 8137:. U.S. Department of State 8034:Doenecke & Stoler 2005 7696:, pp. 262–63, 271–73. 6732:, pp. 232–36, 246–51. 6401:(Hachette UK, 2012) p 160. 6374:F. Roosevelt, E. Roosevelt 6102:10.1177/096777200301100412 5922:Goldman & Goldman 2017 5710:Diplomacy & Statecraft 4394: 4379:with the expansion of the 4219:Korematsu v. United States 4074: 3940:The Republicans nominated 3902: 3841:State of the Union Address 3833:State of the Union address 3806:Office of War Mobilization 3788:raising $ 2 billion. 3759: 3644: 3618:American invasion of Japan 3470: 3453:weapon of mass destruction 3451:could be used to create a 3419:History of nuclear weapons 3416: 3070: 2949:State of the Union Address 2876: 2870: 2818:, had been established by 2803: 2644:, and the Italians joined 2549: 2546:Foreign policy (1933–1941) 2386: 2383:GNP and unemployment rates 2309:Reorganization Act of 1939 2190: 2117: 2011: 1978:Tennessee Valley Authority 1861: 1858:First New Deal (1933–1934) 1782: 1722: 1616:1932 presidential election 1599: 1596:1932 presidential election 1536:New York State Legislature 1472: 1455:established the $ 100,000 1430:1924 presidential election 1339: 1207:United States Navy Reserve 1105:1912 Democratic nomination 1103:'s successful bid for the 841:Education and early career 675:won a landslide reelection 636:1932 presidential election 578:A member of the prominent 18: 26318: 26164:Scientists & thinkers 26163: 26012: 25861: 25710: 25627: 25606: 25575: 25557: 25514: 25408: 25053:Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. 25048:Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. 24838: 24541: 24307: 23972: 23962:The American Fighting-Man 23765: 23665:Elliott Bulloch Roosevelt 23617:Franklin D. Roosevelt Jr. 23572: 23529: 23422:Eleanor Roosevelt College 23382: 23342: 23309: 23233: 23195: 23172: 23122: 23095: 23017: 22940: 22931: 22875: 22850: 22832: 22814: 22782: 22539: 22530: 22521: 22453: 22397: 22369:Rural Electrification Act 22321: 22195: 22159: 21878: 21617: 21569:Weekly Democratic Address 21521: 21497:Stonewall Young Democrats 21469: 21423: 21358: 21347: 21045: 20762: 20577: 20328: 20210: 19308: 19268: 19198: 18590: 18586: 18471: 18330: 18319: 18134: 18109: 17949: 17696: 17687: 17633: 17129: 17118: 16802: 16732: 16699: 16678: 16657: 16639: 16594: 16567: 16550: 16525: 16497: 16480: 16408: 16386: 16357: 16328: 16307: 16289: 16244: 16217: 16200: 16165: 16137: 16120: 16049: 16016: 15987: 15958: 15929: 15900: 15871: 15853: 15782: 15764: 15753: 15712: 15694: 15683: 15611: 15582: 15553: 15524: 15503: 15474: 15456: 15421: 15371: 15326: 15299: 15278: 15206: 15173: 15144: 15115: 15086: 15057: 15028: 15010: 14959: 14915: 14845: 14801: 14732: 14695: 14670: 14653:Secretary of the Interior 14651: 14614: 14589: 14552: 14521: 14498:Secretary of the Treasury 14496: 14471: 14431: 14355: 14227: 13750: 13710: 13682: 13670: 13662: 13652: 13640: 13632: 13627: 13617: 13593: 13583: 13564: 13556: 13546: 13531: 13523: 13518: 13508: 13499: 13491: 13481: 13472: 13464: 13454: 13445: 13437: 13432: 13422: 13410: 13404: 13397: 13392: 13343: 13310:James Roosevelt Roosevelt 13243: 13023: 12963: 12878: 12842: 12748:Commonwealth Club Address 12733: 12703:Dumbarton Oaks Conference 12651:Destroyers-for-bases deal 12592: 12428:Indian Reorganization Act 12212: 12166: 12028:Franklin Delano Roosevelt 11993:Resources in your library 11974:Resources in your library 11693:Sainsbury, Keith (1994). 11629:Conservation under F.D.R. 11559:McJimsey, George (2000). 10502:Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr 9985:Sitkoff, Harvard (1978). 9858:. UNM Press. p. 82. 9716:"Roosevelt Funeral Train" 9658:10.1017/S1092852900014760 7568:Leuchtenburg, E. (1996). 6616:Allen, Oliver E. (1993). 5384:, pp. 28, 38, 48–49. 4302: 4240:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. 4179:employment discrimination 4144:Lynching and civil rights 4138:Indian Reorganization Act 3794:Board of Economic Warfare 3675:. The Allies launched an 3395:Chief of Naval Operations 3161:(left) on December 8 and 2218:. Roosevelt proposed the 1877:to issue banknotes. The " 1655:1932 Democratic primaries 1090:1911 U.S. Senate election 902:. He was a member of the 549:Franklin Delano Roosevelt 542: 533:Recorded December 8, 1941 502: 490: 464: 443: 422: 395: 366: 356: 346: 329: 310:Franklin Delano Roosevelt 305: 300: 296: 284: 272: 261: 245: 233: 221: 211: 200: 193: 181: 169: 159: 148: 140: 128: 116: 76: 65: 57: 53: 41: 34: 26723:New York (state) lawyers 25517:(Marangal na Komandante) 25394: 25238:William Tecumseh Sherman 24928:George Washington Carver 24679:: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. 23653:John Roosevelt Boettiger 23471:Eleanor: The Years Alone 22389:Fair Labor Standards Act 21324:Northern Mariana Islands 18522:Research and Development 14672:Secretary of Agriculture 13666:Donald Wills Douglas Sr. 13628:Awards and achievements 13519:Party political offices 13387:Offices and distinctions 12971:Early life and education 12860:Governorship of New York 12710:World War II conferences 12441:War Relocation Authority 11987:By Franklin D. Roosevelt 11845:. Kessinger Publishing. 11714:Savage, Sean J. (1991). 11536:Leuchtenburg, William E. 11441:Jordan, David M (2011). 11375:. Harper & Brothers. 11354:. Simon & Schuster. 10712:"The other FDR Memorial" 10476:Greenstein, F I (2009). 10238:Museum of Polish History 7983:(graphic). July 2, 2003. 7612:Belknap, Michal (2004). 7453:Mary E. Stuckey (2015). 7370:. John Day. p. 141. 7187:American Economic Review 6198:The Polio Years in Texas 5327:Abate, Frank R. (1999). 5180:Leuchtenburg, William E. 4552: 4261:chose to implement the " 4045:intracerebral hemorrhage 3889:congestive heart failure 3853:post-secondary education 3356:Combined Chiefs of Staff 2295:, established a federal 2289:Fair Labor Standards Act 2059:and arts organizations. 1998:Veterans of Foreign Wars 1926:Federal Trade Commission 1528:farm crisis of the 1920s 1248:After Germany signed an 1062:Lewis Stuyvesant Chanler 942:, working in the firm's 26768:Time Person of the Year 25598:Alfredo Montelibano Sr. 25534:Fernando Zobel de Ayala 25318:John Greenleaf Whittier 24933:William Ellery Channing 24177:The Apollo 8 Astronauts 23272:American Youth Congress 22303:Railroad Retirement Act 22182:American Liberty League 21534:Presidential candidates 13417:from the 26th district 12725:Morgenthau Plan support 12671:Atlantic Charter (1941) 12394:Monetary gold ownership 11638:Robinson, Greg (2001), 11399:Herman, Arthur (2012). 11372:Roosevelt in Retrospect 11289:(1956) covers 1929–32, 11230:The Eagle in the Mirror 10375:The Wall Street Journal 8510:10.1111/0145-2096.00210 7777:FDR and the Environment 7240:Social Security History 6986:"FDR: Domestic Affairs" 6943:, pp. 157, 167–68. 6181:Rose, David M. (2016). 4762:Twenty-second Amendment 4543:– Roosevelt's limousine 4527:August Adolph Gennerich 4470:and Churchill in 1948. 4362:his policies, positions 3881:coronary artery disease 3665:unconditional surrender 3437:Einstein–Szilárd letter 3241:FDR Pearl Harbor speech 3026:America First Committee 2723:Germany annexed Austria 2338:November 1938 elections 2099:American Liberty League 2097:, fought back with the 1538:to advance his agenda. 1399:a rehabilitation center 1376:Guillain–Barré syndrome 1058:New York State Assembly 764:Early life and marriage 716:Following the Japanese 606:'s running mate on the 26698:Harvard College alumni 26633:American Episcopalians 26618:American anti-fascists 25775:Martin Luther King Jr. 25576:Commander (Komandante) 25303:James McNeill Whistler 25233:Augustus Saint-Gaudens 25148:Matthew Fontaine Maury 24136:Martin Luther King Jr. 23689:Martha Stewart Bulloch 23683:Theodore Roosevelt Sr. 23599:Anna Eleanor Roosevelt 23402:Roosevelt Study Center 23317:First Lady of New York 23267:Eleanor, West Virginia 23258:Tuskegee Airmen flight 22784:National Statuary Hall 21413:Problem Solvers Caucus 21408:New Democrat Coalition 20262:(1885–1889; 1893–1897) 18740:Theodore Frelinghuysen 15728:Incumbent VP nominee: 15185:Robert Colvin Macauley 14873:Nicholas Murray Butler 14868:William Cameron Sproul 13842:William Henry Harrison 13268:Anna Roosevelt Halsted 12855:Warm Springs Institute 12798:The More Abundant Life 12743:1932 Acceptance speech 12494:Four Freedoms Monument 12433:Executive Orders 9066, 12411:Record on civil rights 12259:Third and fourth terms 12254:First and second terms 12202:New York State Senator 11380:Hawley, Ellis (1995). 11369:Gunther, John (1950). 11305:Fried, Albert (2001). 11269:(vol 1 1952) to 1918, 11077:Social Science History 10768:National Postal Museum 10211:Holocaust Encyclopedia 9954:Odo, Franklin (2002). 9754:Allies Overrun Germany 7894:Conservation Under FDR 7892:Anna L. Riesch Owen, 7494:10.1086/ahr.110.4.1052 5420:"No End of the Affair" 4647:-zə-velt, -⁠vəlt 4431:, located next to the 4407:National Historic Site 4358:criticism of Roosevelt 4096: 4043:, diagnosed a massive 3996: 3957:Final months and death 3918: 3871:and was found to have 3836: 3703: 3673:North African Campaign 3630:international security 3343: 3234: 3178:Privy Council of Japan 3090: 2992: 2926: 2852:and other candidates. 2840: 2719: 2711: 2652:in supporting General 2565: 2346:Conservative coalition 2327:and even ordering the 2240:Joseph Taylor Robinson 2129: 2067: 2038:was the creation of a 2023: 1905: 1796: 1776: 1764:Presidency (1933–1945) 1696: 1682:Robert La Follette Jr. 1611: 1551:unemployment insurance 1488: 1387:Southern United States 1355: 1277: 1188:Charles Francis Murphy 1144: 1045: 959: 782: 746:won reelection in 1944 726:United States Congress 718:attack on Pearl Harbor 683:conservative coalition 530:declaring war on Japan 526:attack on Pearl Harbor 26623:American philatelists 26598:Franklin D. Roosevelt 26013:Builders & titans 25817:Franklin D. Roosevelt 25481:Franklin D. Roosevelt 25253:Harriet Beecher Stowe 25223:Franklin D. Roosevelt 24953:James Fenimore Cooper 24913:William Cullen Bryant 24888:Alexander Graham Bell 24593:The Good Samaritans: 23890:Franklin D. Roosevelt 23830:Franklin D. Roosevelt 23814:Franklin D. Roosevelt 23641:Sara Delano Roosevelt 23582:Franklin D. Roosevelt 23444:Sunrise at Campobello 22405:Franklin D. Roosevelt 22298:Reciprocal Tariff Act 22203:Emergency Banking Act 21879:Gubernatorial tickets 19030:Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. 18930:Franklin D. Roosevelt 16507:Franklin D. Roosevelt 16359:Socialist Labor Party 16147:Franklin D. Roosevelt 16054:Other 1936 elections: 16028:William Dudley Pelley 15989:Socialist Labor Party 15741:Henry S. Breckinridge 15722:Franklin D. Roosevelt 15555:Socialist Labor Party 15309:Franklin D. Roosevelt 15146:Socialist Labor Party 15069:Parley P. Christensen 14950:Franklin D. Roosevelt 14883:Robert M. La Follette 14697:Secretary of Commerce 14616:Secretary of the Navy 14562:Homer Stille Cummings 14487:Edward Stettinius Jr. 14424:Franklin D. Roosevelt 14072:Franklin D. Roosevelt 13399:New York State Senate 13170:The White House Years 13156:Sunrise at Campobello 13092:Franklin D. Roosevelt 12870:Assassination attempt 12311:Emergency Banking Act 12160:Franklin D. Roosevelt 11965:Franklin D. Roosevelt 11811:Tobin, James (2013). 11578:online free to borrow 11346:Goodwin, Doris Kearns 11252:Franklin D. Roosevelt 11176:online free to borrow 11163:. Oxford University. 10861:Further information: 10690:National Park Service 10596:97.4 (1982): 603–621. 8334:Moe, Richard (2013). 8245:National Park Service 7844:Environmental History 7155:, pp. 4, 448–52. 7143:, pp. 4, 320–39. 6247:Ward & Burns 2014 4716:Democratic ticket of 4674:Seventeenth Amendment 4459:Franklin D. Roosevelt 4341:expense of Congress. 4308:Historical reputation 4104:started by President 4084: 4075:Further information: 4061:Victory in Europe Day 4029:Warm Springs, Georgia 4014:Warm Springs, Georgia 3994: 3916: 3845:Second Bill of Rights 3826: 3701: 3661:Casablanca Conference 3387:Joint Chiefs of Staff 3341: 3233: 3218:declared war on Japan 3096:invasion of Manchuria 3080: 2975: 2925: 2877:Further information: 2838: 2733:and the execution of 2717: 2690: 2615:The rejection of the 2610:Montevideo Convention 2559: 2307:. He also passed the 2228:Judiciary Act of 1869 2127: 2084:Flint sit-down strike 2076:collective bargaining 2065: 2021: 1903: 1886:Roosevelt signed the 1875:Federal Reserve Banks 1871:Emergency Banking Act 1795: 1771: 1701:political realignment 1694: 1609: 1541:In October 1929, the 1482: 1403:Warm Springs, Georgia 1349: 1340:Further information: 1321:presidential election 1275: 1239:battlefield at Verdun 1195:Preparedness Movement 1142: 1043: 957: 889:Groton, Massachusetts 831:James MacGregor Burns 821:. James, a prominent 793:and his second wife, 776: 673:. In 1936, Roosevelt 622:. In 1921, Roosevelt 588:New York State Senate 340:Warm Springs, Georgia 249:New York State Senate 36:Franklin D. Roosevelt 26693:Groton School alumni 26154:Thomas J. Watson Jr. 25560:(Marangal na Pinuno) 25539:Jaime Zobel de Ayala 25433:Dwight D. Eisenhower 25283:Booker T. Washington 25193:Alice Freeman Palmer 25173:William T. G. Morton 25118:James Russell Lowell 24710:The Silence Breakers 24577:The American Soldier 24558:The Whistleblowers: 24416:The Endangered Earth 24198:The Middle Americans 24152:William Westmoreland 24045:Dwight D. Eisenhower 23914:Dwight D. Eisenhower 23593:presidency 1941–1945 23588:presidency 1933–1941 23479:Eleanor and Franklin 23463:Eleanor and Franklin 22516:in the United States 22425:Henry Morgenthau Jr. 22273:National Housing Act 22233:Executive Order 6102 21314:District of Columbia 19987:1984 (San Francisco) 19882:1964 (Atlantic City) 19662:1920 (San Francisco) 18920:Charles W. Fairbanks 18800:Francis P. Blair Jr. 16792:lieutenant governors 16737:Other 1944 elections 16413:Other 1940 elections 15616:Other 1932 elections 15515:William David Upshaw 15211:Other 1920 elections 14967:William Gibbs McAdoo 14537:Harry Hines Woodring 14512:Henry Morgenthau Jr. 14092:Dwight D. Eisenhower 13686:Claire Lee Chennault 13571:Governor of New York 13475:Governor of New York 13164:Eleanor and Franklin 12824:1941 (Four Freedoms) 12770:Arsenal of Democracy 12765:Day of Infamy speech 12691:War Production Board 12186:Governor of New York 11741:. Penguin Group US. 11228:Fink, Jesse (2023). 10675:. December 22, 1981. 10510:The Politics of Hope 10074:10.1257/aer.91.1.272 9833:on February 13, 2010 9595:In Roosevelt History 9553:, pp. 533, 562. 9455:History News Network 9223:Statistical Abstract 8305:Bernard F. Donahoe, 7549:Smithsonian Magazine 7200:10.1257/aer.20130957 5712:19.4 (2008): 732–45. 4441:more modest memorial 4411:Presidential library 4350:William Leuchtenburg 4203:Executive Order 9066 4175:Executive Order 8802 4173:(FEPC) to implement 4102:Mexican Repatriation 4037:Elizabeth Shoumatoff 4031:, while sitting for 3786:smaller revenue bill 3750:Battle of Leyte Gulf 3708:Dwight D. Eisenhower 3669:Battle of Stalingrad 3604:King Farouk of Egypt 3528:, and Soviet leader 2997:Arsenal of Democracy 2897:Henry Morgenthau Jr. 2891:in the White House, 2691:The Roosevelts with 2617:Treaty of Versailles 2586:Spanish–American War 2570:Good Neighbor Policy 2305:forty hours per week 2236:Charles Evans Hughes 2156:of the newly formed 1982:Executive Order 6102 1497:governor of New York 1457:American Peace Award 1422:William Gibbs McAdoo 1229:and prime ministers 1172:William Gibbs McAdoo 1003:, was born in 1916. 681:, the same year the 632:governor of New York 143:Governor of New York 21:FDR (disambiguation) 26302:Ludwig Wittgenstein 26249:John Maynard Keynes 26021:Stephen Bechtel Sr. 25654:Edith Nourse Rogers 25411:(Punong Komandante) 25298:George Westinghouse 25268:Henry David Thoreau 25178:John Lothrop Motley 25153:Albert A. Michelson 25033:Nathaniel Hawthorne 24983:Ralph Waldo Emerson 24968:James Buchanan Eads 24775:Volodymyr Zelenskyy 23759:Persons of the Year 23671:Anna Hall Roosevelt 23659:James Roosevelt III 23390:Roosevelt Institute 23355:Val-Kill Industries 22686:J. E. Hoover (1972) 21492:Stonewall Democrats 20147:2016 (Philadelphia) 19802:1948 (Philadelphia) 19742:1936 (Philadelphia) 19288:Fourth Party System 19278:Second Party System 18820:Thomas A. Hendricks 18790:George H. Pendleton 18780:Herschel V. Johnson 18626:Charles C. Pinckney 16659:America First Party 15720:Incumbent nominee: 15598:William Hope Harvey 14022:William Howard Taft 13942:Rutherford B. Hayes 13202:Hyde Park on Hudson 13148:The Roosevelt Story 13137:I'd Rather Be Right 13126:U.S. Postage stamps 13120:Unfinished portrait 13106:Four Freedoms Award 13046:Roosevelt Institute 12775:"...is fear itself" 12478:Cullen–Harrison Act 12473:G.I. Bill of Rights 12365:Social Security Act 12082:American Experience 12076:The Presidents: FDR 12043:Library of Congress 11627:Riesch Owen, A. L. 11109:. New York: Knopf. 10964:Breitman, Richard; 10816:. Westminster Abbey 10718:. National Archives 10534:, pp. 1126–27. 10512:, Riverside Press, 10408:The Washington Post 10382:on November 2, 2005 9911:The Washington Post 8431:Joseph E. Persico, 8260:, pp. 399–402. 7209:on October 31, 2014 6168:FDR's Deadly Secret 5896:(August 10, 2024). 5182:(October 4, 2016). 4687:Twentieth Amendment 4453:U.S. Postage stamps 4326:greatest presidents 4293:extermination camps 4281:intelligence agent 4126:concentration camps 4018:founding conference 3800:, in charge of the 3774:Revenue Act of 1942 3653:French North Africa 3651:The Allies invaded 3467:Wartime conferences 3323:conspiracy theories 3125:Philippine military 3049:wartime conferences 2955:(starting at 32:02) 2850:William B. Bankhead 2703:, Virginia, on the 2670:Japan invaded China 2666:Spanish Republicans 2621:non-interventionism 2395: 2394:Unemployment rates 2285:Housing Act of 1937 2216:freedom of contract 2044:Social Security Act 1968:was established to 1888:Cullen–Harrison Act 1838:When Roosevelt was 1624:Columbia University 1501:1928 state election 1109:William Howard Taft 932:Columbia Law School 913:The Harvard Crimson 906:fraternity and the 787:Hyde Park, New York 758:historical rankings 677:. He was unable to 482:Columbia University 323:Hyde Park, New York 26422:Emmeline Pankhurst 26341:Lady Diana Spencer 26319:Heroes & icons 26105:Charles E. Merrill 25824:Theodore Roosevelt 25644:Teodoro Locsin Sr. 25614:Benigno Aquino Jr. 25583:Benigno Aquino Jr. 25567:Teodoro Locsin Jr. 25228:Theodore Roosevelt 25168:Samuel F. B. Morse 25028:Alexander Hamilton 24973:Thomas Alva Edison 24883:Henry Ward Beecher 24868:John James Audubon 24340:Ayatollah Khomeini 24005:John Foster Dulles 23695:Theodore Roosevelt 23605:James Roosevelt II 23505:(2014 documentary) 23218:Drafting committee 22886:US Capitol rotunda 22852:Old Senate Chamber 22541:US Capitol rotunda 22263:Glass–Steagall Act 22228:Communications Act 22172:New Deal Coalition 22052:(1986, 1990, 1994) 21932:(1932, 1934, 1936) 21393:Blue Dog Coalition 20067:2000 (Los Angeles) 19922:1972 (Miami Beach) 19862:1960 (Los Angeles) 19642:1916 (Saint Louis) 19596:1904 (Saint Louis) 19583:1900 (Kansas City) 19544:1888 (Saint Louis) 19505:1876 (Saint Louis) 19298:Sixth Party System 19293:Fifth Party System 19283:Third Party System 18950:Joseph T. Robinson 18830:William H. English 18730:Richard M. Johnson 16669:Gerald L. K. Smith 16348:Maynard C. Krueger 15444:James W. Wadsworth 15156:William Wesley Cox 15059:Farmer–Labor Party 14972:A. Mitchell Palmer 14888:Jeter C. Pritchard 14858:Frank Orren Lowden 14734:Secretary of Labor 14591:Postmaster General 14473:Secretary of State 14012:Theodore Roosevelt 13680:November 29, 1943 13596:Democratic nominee 13534:Democratic nominee 13527:Thomas R. Marshall 13433:Political offices 13274:James Roosevelt II 13251: • 13073:Four Freedoms Park 12641:Export Control Act 12564:Modern Oval Office 12512:Jefferson Memorial 12463:Brownlow Committee 12279:New Deal coalition 12069:, October 11, 1999 12033:The New York Times 11937:, Pantheon Books, 11757:Smith, Jean Edward 11138:The Grand Alliance 11133:Churchill, Winston 10840:archweb.cooper.edu 10672:The New York Times 10608:, pp. 624–25. 10546:, pp. 174–75. 10289:, pp. 607–13. 10196:, pp. 114–15. 10120:Beito, p. 180-183. 10097:, pp. 549–53. 10048:, pp. 307–08. 10036:, pp. 162–63. 9816:, pp. 243–52. 9759:Universal Newsreel 9529:, pp. 617–19. 9517:, pp. 618–19. 9505:, pp. 372–74. 9375:, pp. 584–85. 9334:, pp. 223–25. 9322:, pp. 339–42. 9310:, pp. 571–72. 9250:, pp. 221–22. 9188:, pp. 630–31. 9176:, pp. 613–17. 9164:, pp. 596–97. 9152:, pp. 581–82. 9140:, pp. 575–76. 9123:, pp. 573–74. 9111:, pp. 565–67. 9099:, pp. 563–64. 9077:The New York Times 9061:, pp. 584–87. 9049:, pp. 233–34. 9037:, pp. 623–24. 9012:, pp. 214–16. 9000:, pp. 587–88. 8988:, pp. 560–61. 8976:, pp. 557–59. 8964:, pp. 109–10. 8952:, pp. 578–81. 8928:, pp. 678–80. 8891:, pp. 598–99. 8821:, pp. 180–85. 8809:, pp. 545–47. 8785:, pp. 523–39. 8734:, pp. 533–39. 8722:, pp. 531–33. 8710:, pp. 518–30. 8698:, pp. 522–23. 8686:, pp. 516–17. 8674:, pp. 134–46. 8662:, pp. 513–14. 8650:, pp. 510–11. 8638:, pp. 509–10. 8626:, pp. 506–08. 8614:, pp. 141–42. 8578:, pp. 126–28. 8497:Diplomatic History 8472:, pp. 488–90. 8460:, pp. 128–29. 8397:, pp. 476–77. 8385:, pp. 474–75. 8361:, pp. 389–90. 8321:, pp. 408–30. 8284:, pp. 464–66. 8218:, pp. 436–41. 8206:, pp. 503–06. 8194:, pp. 426–29. 8182:, pp. 425–26. 8170:, pp. 166–73. 8158:, pp. 423–24. 8120:, pp. 188–90. 8108:, pp. 146–47. 8072:, pp. 417–18. 8024:, pp. 341–43. 8012:, pp. 203–10. 7981:The New York Times 7933:10.1257/jep.7.2.41 7824:, pp. 170–86. 7708:, pp. 440–41. 7672:, pp. 187–88. 7660:, pp. 408–09. 7648:, pp. 390–91. 7533:, pp. 384–89. 7509:, pp. 379–82. 7443:, pp. 373–75. 7407:, pp. 360–61. 7395:, pp. 371–72. 7383:, pp. 364–66. 7330:, pp. 120–23. 7315:, pp. 463–67. 7278:, pp. 353–56. 7230:, pp. 349–51. 7107:, pp. 331–32. 7083:, pp. 318–23. 7056:, pp. 151–52. 7009:, pp. 147–48. 6919:, pp. 347–48. 6876:, pp. 292–95. 6852:, pp. 290–91. 6840:, pp. 127–49. 6828:, pp. 127–49. 6816:, pp. 183–96. 6804:, pp. 282–84. 6768:, pp. 266–67. 6756:, pp. 276–77. 6674:, pp. 261–63. 6606:, pp. 250–52. 6582:, pp. 243–44. 6570:, pp. 119–20. 6558:, pp. 242–43. 6546:, pp. 240–41. 6534:, pp. 238–39. 6522:, pp. 235–37. 6510:, pp. 230–33. 6498:, pp. 237–38. 6462:, pp. 225–28. 6450:, pp. 223–25. 6414:(1957) pp 200–201. 6364:, pp. 289–91. 6345:, pp. 160–67. 6297:, pp. 255–56. 6285:, pp. 215–19. 6273:, pp. 213–14. 6213:, pp. 195–96. 6071:, pp. 184–85. 6056:, pp. 182–83. 6032:, pp. 175–76. 6020:, pp. 181–82. 5996:, pp. 215–16. 5972:, pp. 177–81. 5960:, pp. 176–77. 5936:, pp. 171–72. 5880:, pp. 139–40. 5844:, pp. 130–32. 5820:, pp. 125–26. 5796:, pp. 57, 60. 5772:, pp. 122–23. 5736:, pp. 113–14. 5724:, pp. 102–06. 5687:, pp. 97–101. 5627:, pp. 205–06. 5576:, pp. 202–03. 5424:The New York Times 5396:, pp. 202–03. 5127:, pp. 18, 20. 5058:The New York Times 4735:Harlan Fiske Stone 4433:Jefferson Memorial 4429:Roosevelt Memorial 4427:-acre (3-hectare) 4248:Harvard University 4199:Roberts Commission 4195:Japanese Americans 4189:Japanese Americans 4097: 4087:Frank O. Salisbury 4065:surrender of Japan 4010:Little White House 3997: 3919: 3837: 3778:excess profits tax 3712:Operation Overlord 3704: 3677:invasion of Sicily 3637:the Soviet Union. 3598:Ethiopian Emperor 3399:George C. Marshall 3348:Arcadia Conference 3344: 3235: 3157:Roosevelt signing 3091: 3009:freedom of worship 2993: 2927: 2915:Lead-up to the war 2841: 2720: 2712: 2566: 2393: 2277:William O. Douglas 2130: 2068: 2024: 1950:Glass–Steagall Act 1906: 1797: 1709:Fifth Party System 1705:New Deal coalition 1697: 1628:Harvard University 1612: 1582:Seabury Commission 1489: 1437:Taconic State Park 1356: 1278: 1243:pandemic influenza 1235:Georges Clemenceau 1231:David Lloyd George 1145: 1121:Louis McHenry Howe 1046: 960: 930:Roosevelt entered 921:Theodore Roosevelt 815:Harvard Law School 783: 663:Fifth Party System 659:New Deal coalition 614:, but Cox lost to 472:Harvard University 26479: 26478: 26473: 26472: 26401:Charles Lindbergh 26334:The American G.I. 26228:Robert H. Goddard 26214:Alexander Fleming 25838:Margaret Thatcher 25810:Eleanor Roosevelt 25768:Ruhollah Khomeini 25761:Pope John Paul II 25740:Mikhail Gorbachev 25726:Winston Churchill 25667: 25666: 25506:Claudio Teehankee 25501:Maxwell D. Taylor 25451:Douglas MacArthur 25356: 25355: 25288:George Washington 25243:John Philip Sousa 25078:Thomas J. Jackson 25068:Washington Irving 25013:William C. Gorgas 24998:Benjamin Franklin 24963:Charlotte Cushman 24848:John Quincy Adams 24797: 24796: 24779:Spirit of Ukraine 24479:Pope John Paul II 24456:The Peacemakers: 24432:George H. W. Bush 24424:Mikhail Gorbachev 24408:Mikhail Gorbachev 24252:Susan Brownmiller 24168:Lyndon B. Johnson 24144:Lyndon B. Johnson 24053:U.S. Scientists: 24037:Charles de Gaulle 24029:Nikita Khrushchev 23981:Mohammed Mosaddeq 23954:Winston Churchill 23882:Winston Churchill 23774:Charles Lindbergh 23722: 23721: 23623:John Roosevelt II 23611:Elliott Roosevelt 23521:(2023 miniseries) 23497:(1979 miniseries) 23236:the United States 23166:Eleanor Roosevelt 23132: 23131: 23118: 23117: 23110:Lautenberg (2013) 23019:Great Hall of the 22927: 22926: 22871: 22870: 22638:R. A. Taft (1953) 22471: 22470: 22160:Causes and legacy 22119: 22118: 21577: 21576: 21517: 21516: 21403:Justice Democrats 21027:Wasserman Schultz 19518:1880 (Cincinnati) 19427:1856 (Cincinnati) 19226: 19225: 19194: 19193: 19090:Geraldine Ferraro 19040:William E. Miller 18980:Charles L. McNary 18880:Adlai Stevenson I 18770:William L. Dayton 18760:William A. Graham 18750:William O. Butler 18546: 18545: 18542: 18541: 18107: 18106: 17647: 17646: 17149:J. Van Rensselaer 17144:S. Van Rensselaer 16754: 16753: 16728: 16727: 16719:Darlington Hoopes 16680:Prohibition Party 16635: 16634: 16612:Douglas MacArthur 16546: 16545: 16430: 16429: 16404: 16403: 16309:Prohibition Party 16285: 16284: 16277:Arthur Vandenberg 16235:Charles L. McNary 16196: 16195: 16178:John Nance Garner 16070: 16069: 16045: 16044: 15978:Thomas C. O'Brien 15902:Prohibition Party 15849: 15848: 15841:Frederick Steiwer 15808:Other candidates: 15749: 15748: 15738:Other candidates: 15730:John Nance Garner 15633: 15632: 15607: 15606: 15591:James Renshaw Cox 15565:Verne L. Reynolds 15505:Prohibition Party 15486:William Z. Foster 15452: 15451: 15367: 15366: 15339:William H. Murray 15334:John Nance Garner 15317:John Nance Garner 15228: 15227: 15202: 15201: 15193:Richard C. Barnum 15127:James E. Ferguson 15088:Prohibition Party 15006: 15005: 14987:Edward I. Edwards 14911: 14910: 14898:Howard Sutherland 14828:Warren G. Harding 14751: 14750: 14686:Claude R. Wickard 14624:Claude A. Swanson 14574:Robert H. Jackson 14506:William H. Woodin 14441:John Nance Garner 14383: 14382: 14162:George H. W. Bush 14112:Lyndon B. Johnson 14042:Warren G. Harding 13982:Benjamin Harrison 13962:Chester A. Arthur 13952:James A. Garfield 13812:John Quincy Adams 13762:George Washington 13697: 13696: 13692: 13691: 13683:Succeeded by 13653:Succeeded by 13618:Succeeded by 13587:Herbert H. Lehman 13584:Succeeded by 13547:Succeeded by 13509:Succeeded by 13485:Herbert H. Lehman 13482:Succeeded by 13455:Succeeded by 13423:Succeeded by 13407:John F. Schlosser 13379: 13378: 13356:Harry S. Truman → 13322:Warren Delano Jr. 13298:James Roosevelt I 13280:Elliott Roosevelt 13262:Eleanor Roosevelt 13005:Paralytic illness 12792:Quarantine Speech 12100:Project Gutenberg 11960:Library resources 11944:978-0-394-42813-0 11920:978-0-321-41285-0 11901:978-0-385-35306-9 11882:Ward, Geoffrey C. 11873:978-0-89096-388-3 11852:978-1-4179-8926-3 11830:978-1-4516-9867-1 11772:978-1-4000-6121-1 11748:978-1-101-21778-8 11727:978-0-8131-3079-8 11706:978-0-8147-7991-0 11685:978-0-374-15857-6 11649:978-1-5226-7771-0 11620:978-0-547-17560-7 11599:978-0-671-45495-1 11572:978-0-7006-1012-9 11551:978-0-06-133025-4 11527:978-0-19-517616-2 11506:978-0-393-07459-8 11481:978-0-19-503834-7 11456:978-0-253-35683-3 11433:978-0-19-507822-0 11412:978-0-679-60463-1 11391:978-0-8232-1609-3 11361:978-0-684-80448-4 11337:978-1-939-82403-5 11318:978-1-250-10659-9 11221:978-0-8476-9415-0 11192:978-0-69-818172-4 11170:978-0-19-509732-0 11148:978-0-395-41057-8 11116:978-0-394-48076-3 11060:978-0-15-678870-0 11031:978-0-15-678870-0 11010:978-0-06-208923-6 11003:. HarperCollins. 10979:978-0-674-05026-6 10966:Lichtman, Allan J 10956:978-0-307-27794-7 10931:978-1-58648-282-4 10886:978-0-7432-4600-2 10716:Pieces of History 10571:978-0-8014-8737-8 10544:Leuchtenburg 2015 10519:978-0-691-13475-8 10487:978-0-691-14383-5 10174:Los Angeles Times 10166:(April 7, 2013). 9998:978-0-19-502418-0 9971:978-0-231-11030-3 9885:Los Angeles Times 9865:978-0-8263-3973-7 9814:Leuchtenburg 2015 9800:978-0-671-86920-5 9781:McCullough, David 9332:Leuchtenburg 2015 9248:Leuchtenburg 2015 9047:Leuchtenburg 2015 9010:Leuchtenburg 2015 8912:978-1-59420-435-7 8860:978-0-19-507198-6 8769:978-1-4422-5564-7 8590:, pp. 15–16. 8543:978-0-8229-6187-1 8345:978-0-19-998191-5 8258:Leuchtenburg 1963 8118:Leuchtenburg 2015 8010:Leuchtenburg 1963 7786:978-0-230-10067-1 7694:Leuchtenburg 1963 7670:Leuchtenburg 2015 7625:978-1-57607-201-1 7466:978-0-271-07192-3 7153:Freidel 1952–1973 7141:Freidel 1952–1973 7054:Leuchtenburg 2015 7007:Leuchtenburg 2015 6814:Leuchtenburg 1963 6633:978-0-201-62463-2 6438:, pp. 96–98. 6321:, pp. 87–96. 6309:, pp. 87–88. 5894:O'Brien, Phillips 5868:, pp. 65–66. 5856:, pp. 62–63. 5832:, pp. 59–61. 5663:, pp. 44–46. 5651:, pp. 62–63. 5615:, pp. 57–60. 5603:, pp. 68–69. 5564:, pp. 65–66. 5540:, pp. 60–64. 5528:, pp. 60–62. 5501:, pp. 58–60. 5344:978-0-19-513872-6 5317:, pp. 57–58. 5305:, pp. 77–79. 5293:, pp. 54–55. 5281:, pp. 35–36. 5245:, pp. 38–39. 5139:, pp. 28–29. 4967:, pp. 20–25. 4905:Leuchtenburg 2015 4718:Lyndon B. Johnson 4700:Jean Edward Smith 4502:Engraving of the 4464:Westminster Abbey 4403:home in Hyde Park 4330:Jean Edward Smith 4318:George Washington 4297:Jean Edward Smith 4288:War Refugee Board 4114:Mexican Americans 4053:Springwood estate 3869:Bethesda Hospital 3839:Roosevelt's 1944 3824: 3720:Charles de Gaulle 3641:Course of the war 3549:Tehran Conference 3526:Winston Churchill 3461:Manhattan Project 3287: 3253: 3222:responded in kind 3206:attacked Thailand 3129:Douglas MacArthur 3100:Dutch East Indies 3083:Winston Churchill 3017:freedom from fear 3013:freedom from want 2978:Freedom from Fear 2942: 2820:George Washington 2763:Winston Churchill 2747:Charles Lindbergh 2662:Spanish Civil War 2642:overcome Ethiopia 2592:U.S. forces from 2531: 2530: 2269:Robert H. Jackson 2265:Felix Frankfurter 2224:size of the Court 2032:midterm elections 1901: 1812: 1735:William H. Woodin 1648:John Nance Garner 1545:occurred and the 1543:Wall Street Crash 1462:Henry Cabot Lodge 1397:, he established 1364:Campobello Island 1313:Warren G. Harding 1309:Henry Cabot Lodge 1305:League of Nations 1282:vice presidential 1258:Aviation Division 1094:James A. O'Gorman 1044:Roosevelt in 1912 1021:Marguerite LeHand 977:Campobello Island 965:Eleanor Roosevelt 791:James Roosevelt I 789:, to businessman 644:landslide victory 628:Eleanor Roosevelt 620:Warren G. Harding 610:'s ticket in the 561:initial two terms 546: 545: 519: 430:James Roosevelt I 373:Eleanor Roosevelt 351:Springwood Estate 279:John F. Schlosser 188:Herbert H. Lehman 165:Herbert H. Lehman 89:John Nance Garner 26795: 26783:Wheelchair users 26763:Roosevelt family 26580: 26579: 26578: 26568: 26567: 26558:New York (state) 26556: 26555: 26554: 26544: 26543: 26532: 26531: 26530: 26520: 26519: 26518: 26508: 26507: 26506: 26496: 26495: 26494: 26487: 26466: 26459: 26452: 26445: 26438: 26431: 26424: 26417: 26410: 26403: 26396: 26389: 26382: 26375: 26364: 26357: 26350: 26343: 26336: 26329: 26311: 26304: 26297: 26286: 26279: 26277:William Shockley 26272: 26265: 26258: 26251: 26244: 26237: 26230: 26223: 26216: 26209: 26202: 26200:Philo Farnsworth 26195: 26188: 26181: 26174: 26156: 26149: 26142: 26135: 26128: 26121: 26114: 26107: 26100: 26093: 26086: 26079: 26072: 26065: 26058: 26051: 26044: 26037: 26030: 26023: 26005: 25998: 25991: 25989:Steven Spielberg 25984: 25977: 25970: 25963: 25956: 25949: 25942: 25935: 25928: 25921: 25914: 25907: 25900: 25893: 25886: 25879: 25872: 25854: 25847: 25840: 25833: 25826: 25819: 25812: 25805: 25798: 25791: 25784: 25777: 25770: 25763: 25756: 25749: 25742: 25735: 25728: 25721: 25719:David Ben-Gurion 25694: 25687: 25680: 25671: 25670: 25659:Richard Sakakida 25607:Officer (Pinuno) 25549:Napoleon G. Rama 25456:Ferdinand Marcos 25441:Francisco Franco 25423:Hassanal Bolkiah 25418:Emilio Aguinaldo 25403: 25393: 25383: 25376: 25369: 25360: 25359: 25128:Edward MacDowell 25083:Thomas Jefferson 25018:Ulysses S. Grant 24978:Jonathan Edwards 24948:Grover Cleveland 24863:Susan B. Anthony 24824: 24817: 24810: 24801: 24800: 24790: 24782: 24770: 24762: 24750: 24742: 24740: 24713: 24705: 24697: 24689: 24687: 24671: 24663: 24655: 24647: 24639: 24631: 24623: 24615: 24607: 24605: 24588: 24580: 24572: 24570: 24553: 24550:Rudolph Giuliani 24534: 24526: 24518: 24506: 24498: 24490: 24482: 24474: 24472: 24451: 24443: 24435: 24427: 24419: 24411: 24403: 24395: 24387: 24379: 24367: 24359: 24351: 24343: 24335: 24327: 24319: 24300: 24298: 24284:Billie Jean King 24250:American Women: 24245: 24237: 24229: 24217: 24209: 24201: 24193: 24191: 24171: 24163: 24155: 24147: 24139: 24131: 24123: 24115: 24113: 24095:William Shockley 24071:Joshua Lederberg 24067:Donald A. Glaser 24048: 24040: 24032: 24024: 24016: 24008: 24000: 23992: 23984: 23965: 23957: 23949: 23941: 23933: 23925: 23917: 23909: 23901: 23893: 23885: 23877: 23869: 23861: 23849: 23841: 23833: 23825: 23817: 23809: 23801: 23793: 23785: 23777: 23749: 23742: 23735: 23726: 23725: 23635:Curtis Roosevelt 23574:Roosevelt family 23513:(2022 TV series) 23474:(1972 biography) 23466:(1971 biography) 23295:Women in Defense 23225:Human Rights Day 23159: 23152: 23145: 23136: 23135: 23021:US Supreme Court 22938: 22937: 22882: 22881: 22660:MacArthur (1964) 22537: 22536: 22498: 22491: 22484: 22475: 22474: 22445:Robert F. Wagner 22440:Francis Townsend 22167:Great Depression 22146: 22139: 22132: 22123: 22122: 21604: 21597: 21590: 21581: 21580: 21482:Democrats Abroad 21371:Policy Committee 21356: 21355: 21339:Democrats Abroad 20127:2012 (Charlotte) 19622:1912 (Baltimore) 19492:1872 (Baltimore) 19414:1852 (Baltimore) 19401:1848 (Baltimore) 19388:1844 (Baltimore) 19375:1840 (Baltimore) 19362:1835 (Baltimore) 19349:1832 (Baltimore) 19262: 19261:Democratic Party 19253: 19246: 19239: 19230: 19229: 19216: 19215: 19206: 19205: 18940:Charles W. Bryan 18910:James S. Sherman 18850:Allen G. Thurman 18588: 18587: 18573: 18566: 18559: 18550: 18549: 18403:T. Roosevelt Jr. 18358:T. Roosevelt Sr. 18328: 18327: 18129: 18128: 18122: 18121: 18115: 18114: 17951:Dept. of Defense 17694: 17693: 17674: 17667: 17660: 17651: 17650: 17124: 17123: 16781: 16774: 16767: 16758: 16757: 16690:Claude A. Watson 16641: 16640: 16595:Other candidates 16583:Vice President: 16565: 16564: 16553:Republican Party 16526:Other candidates 16514:Vice President: 16495: 16494: 16483:Democratic Party 16457: 16450: 16443: 16434: 16433: 16291: 16290: 16245:Other candidates 16233:Vice President: 16215: 16214: 16203:Republican Party 16166:Other candidates 16156:Henry A. Wallace 16154:Vice President: 16135: 16134: 16123:Democratic Party 16097: 16090: 16083: 16074: 16073: 16007:Emil F. Teichert 15949:George A. Nelson 15920:Claude A. Watson 15855: 15854: 15762: 15761: 15756:Republican Party 15692: 15691: 15686:Democratic Party 15660: 15653: 15646: 15637: 15636: 15458: 15457: 15439:Joseph I. France 15422:Other candidates 15409:Vice President: 15390: 15389: 15374:Republican Party 15327:Other candidates 15315:Vice President: 15297: 15296: 15281:Democratic Party 15255: 15248: 15241: 15232: 15231: 15135:William J. Hough 15098:Aaron S. Watkins 15012: 15011: 14960:Other candidates 14948:Vice President: 14930: 14929: 14918:Democratic Party 14893:Miles Poindexter 14846:Other candidates 14834:Vice President: 14816: 14815: 14804:Republican Party 14778: 14771: 14764: 14755: 14754: 14723:Henry A. Wallace 14680:Henry A. Wallace 14554:Attorney General 14543:Henry L. Stimson 14523:Secretary of War 14466: 14465: 14447:Henry A. Wallace 14410: 14403: 14396: 14387: 14386: 14373: 14372: 14363: 14362: 14002:William McKinley 13992:Grover Cleveland 13972:Grover Cleveland 13932:Ulysses S. Grant 13882:Millard Fillmore 13832:Martin Van Buren 13782:Thomas Jefferson 13737: 13730: 13723: 13714: 13713: 13701: 13700: 13663:Preceded by 13633:Preceded by 13557:Preceded by 13550:Charles W. Bryan 13524:Preceded by 13492:Preceded by 13465:Preceded by 13441:Beekman Winthrop 13438:Preceded by 13405:Preceded by 13395: 13394: 13383: 13382: 13368: 13367: 13349:← Herbert Hoover 13212:2014 documentary 13068:Roosevelt Island 12715:Quebec Agreement 12636:ABCD line (1940) 12579:Executive Orders 12399:Gold Reserve Act 12205: 12197: 12189: 12178: 12153: 12146: 12139: 12130: 12129: 12124:Internet Archive 12116: 12115: 12015:, Washington, DC 11947: 11924: 11905: 11877: 11856: 11834: 11818: 11807: 11776: 11765:. Random House. 11752: 11731: 11710: 11689: 11677: 11663: 11652: 11624: 11602: 11589:FDR: A Biography 11576: 11555: 11531: 11510: 11485: 11466:Kennedy, David M 11460: 11448: 11437: 11416: 11405:. Random House. 11395: 11376: 11365: 11341: 11322: 11262: 11243: 11224: 11196: 11174: 11152: 11128: 11096: 11074: 11064: 11035: 11024:. Easton Press. 11014: 11002: 10990: 10970:FDR and the Jews 10960: 10949:. Anchor Books. 10935: 10911: 10889: 10851: 10850: 10848: 10846: 10832: 10826: 10825: 10823: 10821: 10810: 10804: 10803: 10801: 10799: 10785: 10779: 10778: 10776: 10774: 10760: 10754: 10753: 10751: 10749: 10734: 10728: 10727: 10725: 10723: 10707: 10701: 10700: 10698: 10696: 10682: 10676: 10664: 10658: 10651: 10645: 10639: 10633: 10627: 10621: 10615: 10609: 10603: 10597: 10590: 10584: 10581: 10575: 10574: 10563: 10553: 10547: 10541: 10535: 10529: 10523: 10522: 10498: 10492: 10491: 10473: 10467: 10461: 10455: 10454: 10426: 10420: 10419: 10417: 10415: 10398: 10392: 10391: 10389: 10387: 10366: 10360: 10359: 10348: 10342: 10341: 10339: 10337: 10322: 10316: 10315: 10313: 10311: 10296: 10290: 10284: 10278: 10277: 10275: 10273: 10256: 10250: 10249: 10247: 10245: 10229: 10223: 10222: 10220: 10218: 10203: 10197: 10191: 10185: 10184: 10182: 10180: 10171: 10160: 10149: 10148: 10146: 10144: 10127: 10121: 10118: 10112: 10111: 10104: 10098: 10092: 10086: 10085: 10055: 10049: 10043: 10037: 10031: 10022: 10021: 10009: 10003: 10002: 9982: 9976: 9975: 9951: 9945: 9944: 9936: 9930: 9929: 9927: 9925: 9902: 9896: 9895: 9893: 9891: 9876: 9870: 9869: 9849: 9843: 9842: 9840: 9838: 9823: 9817: 9811: 9805: 9804: 9777: 9771: 9770: 9768: 9766: 9749: 9743: 9737: 9731: 9730: 9728: 9726: 9712: 9706: 9705: 9703: 9701: 9684: 9678: 9677: 9641: 9635: 9634: 9632: 9630: 9613: 9607: 9606: 9604: 9602: 9587: 9578: 9572: 9566: 9560: 9554: 9548: 9542: 9536: 9530: 9524: 9518: 9512: 9506: 9500: 9494: 9493: 9465: 9459: 9458: 9446: 9440: 9434: 9428: 9427: 9425: 9423: 9408: 9402: 9401: 9399: 9397: 9390:NIH Medline Plus 9382: 9376: 9370: 9364: 9363: 9361: 9359: 9344: 9335: 9329: 9323: 9317: 9311: 9305: 9299: 9293: 9287: 9281: 9275: 9269: 9263: 9257: 9251: 9245: 9239: 9233: 9227: 9226: 9219: 9213: 9207: 9201: 9195: 9189: 9183: 9177: 9171: 9165: 9159: 9153: 9147: 9141: 9135: 9124: 9118: 9112: 9106: 9100: 9094: 9088: 9087: 9085: 9083: 9068: 9062: 9056: 9050: 9044: 9038: 9032: 9026: 9019: 9013: 9007: 9001: 8995: 8989: 8983: 8977: 8971: 8965: 8959: 8953: 8947: 8941: 8935: 8929: 8923: 8917: 8916: 8898: 8892: 8886: 8877: 8871: 8865: 8864: 8840: 8834: 8828: 8822: 8816: 8810: 8804: 8798: 8792: 8786: 8780: 8774: 8773: 8753: 8747: 8741: 8735: 8729: 8723: 8717: 8711: 8705: 8699: 8693: 8687: 8681: 8675: 8669: 8663: 8657: 8651: 8645: 8639: 8633: 8627: 8621: 8615: 8609: 8603: 8597: 8591: 8585: 8579: 8573: 8567: 8554: 8548: 8532: 8526: 8520: 8514: 8513: 8491: 8485: 8479: 8473: 8467: 8461: 8455: 8449: 8442: 8436: 8429: 8423: 8416: 8410: 8404: 8398: 8392: 8386: 8380: 8374: 8368: 8362: 8356: 8350: 8349: 8331: 8322: 8316: 8310: 8303: 8297: 8291: 8285: 8279: 8273: 8267: 8261: 8255: 8249: 8248: 8237: 8231: 8225: 8219: 8213: 8207: 8201: 8195: 8189: 8183: 8177: 8171: 8165: 8159: 8153: 8147: 8146: 8144: 8142: 8127: 8121: 8115: 8109: 8103: 8097: 8091: 8085: 8079: 8073: 8067: 8061: 8055: 8049: 8043: 8037: 8031: 8025: 8019: 8013: 8007: 8001: 8000: 7991: 7985: 7984: 7978: 7970: 7964: 7963: 7954: 7945: 7944: 7926: 7906: 7897: 7896:(Praeger, 1983). 7890: 7884: 7883: 7881: 7840: 7831: 7825: 7819: 7813: 7812: 7810: 7808: 7797: 7791: 7790: 7772: 7766: 7765: 7763: 7761: 7747: 7741: 7727: 7721: 7715: 7709: 7703: 7697: 7691: 7685: 7679: 7673: 7667: 7661: 7655: 7649: 7643: 7637: 7636: 7634: 7632: 7609: 7603: 7602: 7600: 7598: 7586: 7580: 7566: 7560: 7559: 7557: 7555: 7540: 7534: 7528: 7522: 7516: 7510: 7504: 7498: 7497: 7477: 7471: 7470: 7450: 7444: 7438: 7432: 7426: 7420: 7414: 7408: 7402: 7396: 7390: 7384: 7378: 7372: 7371: 7361: 7355: 7349: 7343: 7337: 7331: 7325: 7316: 7310: 7304: 7297: 7291: 7285: 7279: 7273: 7267: 7261: 7255: 7249: 7243: 7237: 7231: 7225: 7219: 7218: 7216: 7214: 7208: 7202:. Archived from 7183: 7174: 7168: 7162: 7156: 7150: 7144: 7138: 7132: 7126: 7120: 7114: 7108: 7102: 7096: 7090: 7084: 7078: 7072: 7066: 7057: 7051: 7045: 7044: 7042: 7040: 7028: 7022: 7016: 7010: 7004: 6998: 6997: 6995: 6993: 6981: 6956: 6950: 6944: 6938: 6932: 6926: 6920: 6914: 6908: 6907: 6895: 6889: 6883: 6877: 6871: 6865: 6859: 6853: 6847: 6841: 6835: 6829: 6823: 6817: 6811: 6805: 6799: 6793: 6787: 6781: 6775: 6769: 6763: 6757: 6751: 6745: 6739: 6733: 6727: 6721: 6720: 6718: 6716: 6704: 6675: 6669: 6663: 6662: 6660: 6658: 6644: 6638: 6637: 6613: 6607: 6601: 6595: 6589: 6583: 6577: 6571: 6565: 6559: 6553: 6547: 6541: 6535: 6529: 6523: 6517: 6511: 6505: 6499: 6493: 6487: 6481: 6475: 6469: 6463: 6457: 6451: 6445: 6439: 6433: 6427: 6421: 6415: 6408: 6402: 6395: 6389: 6383: 6377: 6371: 6365: 6359: 6346: 6340: 6334: 6328: 6322: 6316: 6310: 6304: 6298: 6292: 6286: 6280: 6274: 6268: 6262: 6256: 6250: 6244: 6238: 6232: 6226: 6220: 6214: 6208: 6202: 6201: 6193: 6187: 6186: 6178: 6172: 6171: 6163: 6157: 6151: 6145: 6144: 6142: 6140: 6134: 6087: 6078: 6072: 6066: 6057: 6051: 6045: 6039: 6033: 6027: 6021: 6015: 6009: 6003: 5997: 5991: 5985: 5979: 5973: 5967: 5961: 5955: 5949: 5943: 5937: 5931: 5925: 5919: 5913: 5912: 5910: 5908: 5890: 5881: 5875: 5869: 5863: 5857: 5851: 5845: 5839: 5833: 5827: 5821: 5815: 5809: 5803: 5797: 5791: 5785: 5779: 5773: 5767: 5761: 5755: 5749: 5743: 5737: 5731: 5725: 5719: 5713: 5706: 5700: 5694: 5688: 5682: 5676: 5670: 5664: 5658: 5652: 5646: 5640: 5634: 5628: 5622: 5616: 5610: 5604: 5598: 5592: 5586: 5577: 5571: 5565: 5559: 5553: 5547: 5541: 5535: 5529: 5523: 5517: 5511: 5502: 5496: 5490: 5484: 5478: 5472: 5466: 5460: 5454: 5453: 5451: 5449: 5444:on March 4, 2010 5434: 5428: 5427: 5415: 5409: 5403: 5397: 5391: 5385: 5379: 5373: 5367: 5361: 5355: 5349: 5348: 5324: 5318: 5312: 5306: 5300: 5294: 5288: 5282: 5276: 5270: 5264: 5258: 5252: 5246: 5240: 5234: 5233: 5231: 5229: 5224:on April 6, 2018 5210: 5204: 5198: 5192: 5191: 5176: 5170: 5169: 5158: 5152: 5146: 5140: 5134: 5128: 5122: 5116: 5110: 5104: 5103: 5101: 5099: 5088: 5082: 5076: 5070: 5069: 5067: 5065: 5060:. April 15, 1945 5050: 5044: 5038: 5032: 5026: 5020: 5019: 5017: 5015: 5003: 4990: 4989: 4987: 4985: 4974: 4968: 4962: 4956: 4950: 4944: 4938: 4932: 4926: 4920: 4914: 4908: 4902: 4896: 4890: 4881: 4875: 4866: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4856:. United Nations 4850: 4844: 4843: 4830: 4814: 4811: 4805: 4802: 4796: 4781: 4775: 4771: 4765: 4758: 4752: 4748: 4742: 4731: 4725: 4710: 4704: 4696: 4690: 4683: 4677: 4670: 4664: 4657: 4651: 4646: 4642: 4637: 4636: 4633: 4632: 4629: 4626: 4621: 4620: 4617: 4614: 4611: 4608: 4605: 4602: 4599: 4596: 4592: 4591: 4588: 4585: 4582: 4579: 4576: 4573: 4563: 4547:Air Mail scandal 4539:Sunshine Special 4499: 4488:Grosvenor Square 4483: 4426: 4425: 4421: 4418: 4409:and home to his 4279:Polish Home Army 4130:Native Americans 4110:ethnic cleansing 4095: 4092: 4005:prisoners of war 4001:Yalta Conference 3981: 3969: 3899:Election of 1944 3859:Declining health 3825: 3737:Battle of Midway 3693:Italian Campaign 3634:Yalta Conference 3614:Yalta Conference 3600:Haile Selassie I 3592: 3583: 3524:" of Roosevelt, 3507:Yalta Conference 3502: 3490:Cairo Conference 3485: 3427:In August 1939, 3407:William D. Leahy 3289: 3288: 3255: 3254: 3232: 3151: 3142: 3104:French Indochina 3045:Atlantic Charter 2991: 2988: 2944: 2943: 2924: 2909:William D. Leahy 2901:Henry L. Stimson 2800:Election of 1940 2778:Henry L. Stimson 2731:Munich Agreement 2674:Nanking Massacre 2654:Francisco Franco 2638:Benito Mussolini 2396: 2392: 2150:Charles Coughlin 2114:Election of 1936 2040:social insurance 1902: 1819:Inaugural speech 1814: 1813: 1794: 1754:Giuseppe Zangara 1747:Henry A. Wallace 1674:George W. Norris 1157:Josephus Daniels 1155:after Secretary 1113:general election 1050:Democratic Party 893:Endicott Peabody 865: 853: 827:Grover Cleveland 823:Bourbon Democrat 608:Democratic Party 602:. Roosevelt was 594:under President 569:third and fourth 565:Great Depression 521: 520: 498: 451:Roosevelt family 389: 387: 383: 336: 320:January 30, 1882 319: 317: 301:Personal details 287: 275: 266: 251: 236: 228:Beekman Winthrop 224: 205: 184: 172: 153: 131: 119: 98:Henry A. Wallace 81: 70: 46: 32: 31: 26803: 26802: 26798: 26797: 26796: 26794: 26793: 26792: 26588: 26587: 26586: 26576: 26574: 26562: 26552: 26550: 26538: 26528: 26526: 26516: 26514: 26504: 26502: 26492: 26490: 26482: 26480: 26475: 26474: 26469: 26462: 26455: 26450:Andrei Sakharov 26448: 26443:Jackie Robinson 26441: 26434: 26427: 26420: 26413: 26406: 26399: 26392: 26385: 26378: 26367: 26360: 26353: 26346: 26339: 26332: 26325: 26314: 26309:Wright brothers 26307: 26300: 26289: 26282: 26275: 26268: 26261: 26254: 26247: 26240: 26233: 26226: 26219: 26212: 26205: 26198: 26193:Albert Einstein 26191: 26184: 26179:Tim Berners-Lee 26177: 26170: 26159: 26152: 26145: 26138: 26131: 26124: 26117: 26110: 26103: 26096: 26089: 26082: 26075: 26068: 26063:Amadeo Giannini 26061: 26054: 26047: 26040: 26033: 26026: 26019: 26008: 26001: 25996:Igor Stravinsky 25994: 25987: 25980: 25973: 25966: 25959: 25952: 25945: 25938: 25933:Aretha Franklin 25931: 25924: 25917: 25910: 25905:Charlie Chaplin 25903: 25896: 25889: 25882: 25875: 25870:Louis Armstrong 25868: 25857: 25850: 25843: 25836: 25831:Margaret Sanger 25829: 25822: 25815: 25808: 25801: 25794: 25787: 25780: 25773: 25766: 25759: 25752: 25745: 25738: 25731: 25724: 25717: 25706: 25698: 25668: 25663: 25649:Geronima Pecson 25629: 25623: 25602: 25571: 25559: 25553: 25524:Gilbert Teodoro 25516: 25515:Grand Commander 25510: 25437:Leonardo Espina 25428:Chiang Kai-shek 25410: 25409:Chief Commander 25404: 25387: 25357: 25352: 25328:Frances Willard 25263:Sylvanus Thayer 25213:Edgar Allan Poe 25198:Francis Parkman 25108:Abraham Lincoln 25088:John Paul Jones 25008:Josiah W. Gibbs 24923:Andrew Carnegie 24908:Phillips Brooks 24873:George Bancroft 24834: 24828: 24798: 24793: 24785: 24773: 24765: 24753: 24745: 24720:Jamal Khashoggi 24718:The Guardians: 24717: 24716: 24708: 24700: 24692: 24675: 24674: 24666: 24658: 24650: 24644:Mark Zuckerberg 24642: 24634: 24626: 24618: 24610: 24592: 24591: 24583: 24575: 24568:Sherron Watkins 24557: 24556: 24548: 24537: 24529: 24521: 24509: 24501: 24493: 24485: 24477: 24455: 24454: 24446: 24438: 24430: 24422: 24414: 24406: 24398: 24390: 24384:Peter Ueberroth 24382: 24370: 24362: 24354: 24346: 24338: 24330: 24322: 24314: 24303: 24256:Kathleen Byerly 24249: 24248: 24240: 24232: 24222:Henry Kissinger 24220: 24212: 24204: 24196: 24175: 24174: 24166: 24158: 24150: 24142: 24134: 24128:Pope John XXIII 24126: 24120:John F. Kennedy 24118: 24111:Robert Woodward 24107:James Van Allen 24052: 24051: 24043: 24035: 24027: 24019: 24011: 24003: 23997:Konrad Adenauer 23995: 23987: 23979: 23968: 23960: 23952: 23946:Harry S. Truman 23944: 23938:George Marshall 23936: 23930:James F. Byrnes 23928: 23922:Harry S. Truman 23920: 23912: 23906:George Marshall 23904: 23896: 23888: 23880: 23872: 23864: 23854:Chiang Kai-shek 23852: 23844: 23836: 23828: 23822:Hugh S. Johnson 23820: 23812: 23804: 23798:Mohandas Gandhi 23796: 23788: 23782:Walter Chrysler 23780: 23772: 23761: 23753: 23723: 23718: 23707:Bamie Roosevelt 23643:(granddaughter) 23631:(granddaughter) 23568: 23559:Morgenthau Plan 23525: 23378: 23362:Campobello home 23338: 23305: 23235: 23229: 23191: 23168: 23163: 23133: 23128: 23114: 23091: 23087:O'Connor (2023) 23078:Ginsburg (2020, 23055:Blackmun (1999) 23037:Marshall (1993) 23020: 23013: 22923: 22919:Williams (2022) 22909:Sicknick (2021) 22867: 22846: 22828: 22810: 22797:Ginsburg (2020, 22792:Cummings (2019) 22778: 22699:Humphrey (1978) 22633:Pershing (1948) 22602:L'Enfant (1909) 22526: 22517: 22502: 22472: 22467: 22449: 22415:Frances Perkins 22410:Harold L. Ickes 22393: 22379:Social Security 22322:Second New Deal 22317: 22191: 22155: 22150: 22120: 22115: 21874: 21613: 21608: 21578: 21573: 21513: 21465: 21419: 21350: 21343: 21050: 21048: 21041: 20764: 20758: 20651:C. A. Culberson 20597:J. W. Stevenson 20588: 20585: 20583: 20580: 20573: 20460:D. B. Culberson 20345: 20342: 20340: 20335: 20331: 20324: 20216:administrations 20214: 20206: 20027:1992 (New York) 19967:1980 (New York) 19947:1976 (New York) 19682:1924 (New York) 19479:1868 (New York) 19327: 19324: 19322: 19318: 19315: 19311: 19304: 19264: 19260: 19257: 19227: 19222: 19218:Vice presidents 19190: 19189: 19060:Sargent Shriver 18990:John W. Bricker 18710:Francis Granger 18680:Nathaniel Macon 18650:Jared Ingersoll 18606:Thomas Pinckney 18582: 18577: 18547: 18538: 18467: 18322: 18315: 18137: 18130: 18126: 18124: 18123: 18119: 18117: 18116: 18112: 18103: 17945: 17683: 17678: 17648: 17643: 17629: 17619:Stewart-Cousins 17607:Stewart-Cousins 17131: 17125: 17121: 17116: 16798: 16785: 16755: 16750: 16724: 16701:Socialist Party 16695: 16674: 16653: 16631: 16627:Wendell Willkie 16607:Everett Dirksen 16602:Riley A. Bender 16590: 16585:John W. Bricker 16577:Thomas E. Dewey 16556: 16542: 16521: 16486: 16476: 16461: 16431: 16426: 16400: 16382: 16377:Aaron M. Orange 16353: 16330:Socialist Party 16324: 16303: 16281: 16240: 16227:Wendell Willkie 16206: 16192: 16188:Millard Tydings 16161: 16126: 16116: 16101: 16071: 16066: 16041: 16018:Christian Party 16012: 15983: 15954: 15931:Socialist Party 15925: 15912:D. Leigh Colvin 15896: 15873:Communist Party 15867: 15845: 15821:L. J. Dickinson 15778: 15745: 15708: 15679: 15664: 15634: 15629: 15603: 15578: 15549: 15544:James H. Maurer 15526:Socialist Party 15520: 15499: 15476:Communist Party 15470: 15448: 15434:Calvin Coolidge 15417: 15377: 15363: 15322: 15284: 15274: 15259: 15229: 15224: 15198: 15169: 15164:August Gillhaus 15140: 15111: 15106:D. Leigh Colvin 15082: 15053: 15048:Seymour Stedman 15030:Socialist Party 15024: 15002: 14955: 14921: 14907: 14878:Calvin Coolidge 14841: 14836:Calvin Coolidge 14807: 14797: 14782: 14752: 14747: 14742:Frances Perkins 14728: 14705:Daniel C. Roper 14691: 14666: 14661:Harold L. Ickes 14647: 14642:James Forrestal 14610: 14605:Frank C. Walker 14585: 14548: 14517: 14492: 14467: 14463: 14458: 14453:Harry S. Truman 14427: 14414: 14384: 14379: 14351: 14277:F. D. Roosevelt 14229: 14223: 14222: 14221: 14102:John F. Kennedy 14082:Harry S. Truman 14052:Calvin Coolidge 13912:Abraham Lincoln 13892:Franklin Pierce 13752: 13746: 13741: 13706: 13698: 13693: 13688: 13679: 13668: 13658: 13649: 13638: 13623: 13621:Harry S. Truman 13600: 13589: 13574: 13562: 13552: 13541: 13529: 13514: 13512:Harry S. Truman 13505: 13497: 13487: 13478: 13470: 13460: 13458:Gordon Woodbury 13451: 13443: 13428: 13426:James E. Towner 13419: 13416: 13414:New York Senate 13408: 13388: 13380: 13375: 13339: 13316:Isaac Roosevelt 13304:Sara Ann Delano 13250: 13245: 13239: 13235:Other namesakes 13228:2023 miniseries 13220:2022 miniseries 13188:1997 miniseries 13180:1979 miniseries 13019: 13000:Campobello home 12959: 12874: 12838: 12735: 12729: 12595: 12588: 12522:Cannabis policy 12289:Second New Deal 12232:Inaugurations ( 12216: 12208: 12200: 12192: 12181: 12170: 12162: 12157: 12113: 12004: 12003: 12002: 11984: 11983: 11968: 11967: 11963: 11956: 11951: 11945: 11921: 11902: 11874: 11853: 11831: 11773: 11749: 11728: 11707: 11686: 11650: 11621: 11600: 11573: 11552: 11528: 11507: 11482: 11457: 11434: 11413: 11392: 11362: 11338: 11319: 11295:Frank Freidel, 11285:Frank Freidel, 11275:Frank Freidel, 11265:Frank Freidel, 11240: 11222: 11193: 11171: 11149: 11117: 11072: 11061: 11032: 11011: 10980: 10957: 10932: 10908: 10894:Beito, David T. 10887: 10871:Alter, Jonathan 10865: 10859: 10854: 10844: 10842: 10834: 10833: 10829: 10819: 10817: 10812: 10811: 10807: 10797: 10795: 10787: 10786: 10782: 10772: 10770: 10762: 10761: 10757: 10747: 10745: 10736: 10735: 10731: 10721: 10719: 10708: 10704: 10694: 10692: 10684: 10683: 10679: 10665: 10661: 10652: 10648: 10640: 10636: 10628: 10624: 10616: 10612: 10604: 10600: 10591: 10587: 10582: 10578: 10572: 10554: 10550: 10542: 10538: 10530: 10526: 10520: 10499: 10495: 10488: 10474: 10470: 10462: 10458: 10443:10.2307/2657937 10427: 10423: 10413: 10411: 10399: 10395: 10385: 10383: 10368: 10367: 10363: 10350: 10349: 10345: 10335: 10333: 10323: 10319: 10309: 10307: 10297: 10293: 10285: 10281: 10271: 10269: 10257: 10253: 10243: 10241: 10231: 10230: 10226: 10216: 10214: 10205: 10204: 10200: 10192: 10188: 10178: 10176: 10161: 10152: 10142: 10140: 10128: 10124: 10119: 10115: 10106: 10105: 10101: 10093: 10089: 10056: 10052: 10044: 10040: 10032: 10025: 10010: 10006: 9999: 9983: 9979: 9972: 9952: 9948: 9937: 9933: 9923: 9921: 9903: 9899: 9889: 9887: 9877: 9873: 9866: 9850: 9846: 9836: 9834: 9825: 9824: 9820: 9812: 9808: 9801: 9778: 9774: 9764: 9762: 9751: 9750: 9746: 9738: 9734: 9724: 9722: 9714: 9713: 9709: 9699: 9697: 9685: 9681: 9642: 9638: 9628: 9626: 9615: 9614: 9610: 9600: 9598: 9589: 9588: 9581: 9573: 9569: 9561: 9557: 9549: 9545: 9537: 9533: 9525: 9521: 9513: 9509: 9501: 9497: 9466: 9462: 9447: 9443: 9435: 9431: 9421: 9419: 9417:The Independent 9409: 9405: 9395: 9393: 9384: 9383: 9379: 9371: 9367: 9357: 9355: 9345: 9338: 9330: 9326: 9318: 9314: 9306: 9302: 9294: 9290: 9282: 9278: 9270: 9266: 9258: 9254: 9246: 9242: 9234: 9230: 9221: 9220: 9216: 9208: 9204: 9196: 9192: 9184: 9180: 9172: 9168: 9160: 9156: 9148: 9144: 9136: 9127: 9119: 9115: 9107: 9103: 9095: 9091: 9081: 9079: 9069: 9065: 9057: 9053: 9045: 9041: 9033: 9029: 9020: 9016: 9008: 9004: 8996: 8992: 8984: 8980: 8972: 8968: 8960: 8956: 8948: 8944: 8936: 8932: 8924: 8920: 8913: 8899: 8895: 8887: 8880: 8872: 8868: 8861: 8841: 8837: 8829: 8825: 8817: 8813: 8805: 8801: 8793: 8789: 8781: 8777: 8770: 8754: 8750: 8742: 8738: 8730: 8726: 8718: 8714: 8706: 8702: 8694: 8690: 8682: 8678: 8670: 8666: 8658: 8654: 8646: 8642: 8634: 8630: 8622: 8618: 8610: 8606: 8598: 8594: 8586: 8582: 8574: 8570: 8555: 8551: 8533: 8529: 8521: 8517: 8492: 8488: 8480: 8476: 8468: 8464: 8456: 8452: 8444:Eric Larrabee, 8443: 8439: 8430: 8426: 8418:Winston Groom, 8417: 8413: 8405: 8401: 8393: 8389: 8381: 8377: 8369: 8365: 8357: 8353: 8346: 8332: 8325: 8317: 8313: 8304: 8300: 8292: 8288: 8280: 8276: 8268: 8264: 8256: 8252: 8239: 8238: 8234: 8226: 8222: 8214: 8210: 8202: 8198: 8190: 8186: 8178: 8174: 8166: 8162: 8154: 8150: 8140: 8138: 8129: 8128: 8124: 8116: 8112: 8104: 8100: 8092: 8088: 8080: 8076: 8068: 8064: 8056: 8052: 8044: 8040: 8032: 8028: 8020: 8016: 8008: 8004: 7993: 7992: 7988: 7976: 7972: 7971: 7967: 7956: 7955: 7948: 7924:10.1.1.627.1613 7907: 7900: 7891: 7887: 7879: 7857:10.2307/3985917 7838: 7832: 7828: 7820: 7816: 7806: 7804: 7799: 7798: 7794: 7787: 7773: 7769: 7759: 7757: 7749: 7748: 7744: 7733:(2 vol. 1957); 7728: 7724: 7716: 7712: 7704: 7700: 7692: 7688: 7680: 7676: 7668: 7664: 7656: 7652: 7644: 7640: 7630: 7628: 7626: 7610: 7606: 7596: 7594: 7587: 7583: 7567: 7563: 7553: 7551: 7541: 7537: 7529: 7525: 7517: 7513: 7505: 7501: 7478: 7474: 7467: 7451: 7447: 7439: 7435: 7427: 7423: 7415: 7411: 7403: 7399: 7391: 7387: 7379: 7375: 7367:Looking forward 7362: 7358: 7350: 7346: 7338: 7334: 7326: 7319: 7311: 7307: 7298: 7294: 7286: 7282: 7274: 7270: 7262: 7258: 7250: 7246: 7238: 7234: 7226: 7222: 7212: 7210: 7206: 7181: 7175: 7171: 7163: 7159: 7151: 7147: 7139: 7135: 7127: 7123: 7115: 7111: 7103: 7099: 7091: 7087: 7079: 7075: 7067: 7060: 7052: 7048: 7038: 7036: 7029: 7025: 7017: 7013: 7005: 7001: 6991: 6989: 6982: 6959: 6955:, pp. 4–7. 6951: 6947: 6939: 6935: 6927: 6923: 6915: 6911: 6896: 6892: 6884: 6880: 6872: 6868: 6860: 6856: 6848: 6844: 6836: 6832: 6824: 6820: 6812: 6808: 6800: 6796: 6788: 6784: 6776: 6772: 6764: 6760: 6752: 6748: 6740: 6736: 6728: 6724: 6714: 6712: 6705: 6678: 6670: 6666: 6656: 6654: 6646: 6645: 6641: 6634: 6614: 6610: 6602: 6598: 6590: 6586: 6578: 6574: 6566: 6562: 6554: 6550: 6542: 6538: 6530: 6526: 6518: 6514: 6506: 6502: 6494: 6490: 6482: 6478: 6470: 6466: 6458: 6454: 6446: 6442: 6434: 6430: 6422: 6418: 6409: 6405: 6396: 6392: 6384: 6380: 6372: 6368: 6360: 6349: 6341: 6337: 6329: 6325: 6317: 6313: 6305: 6301: 6293: 6289: 6281: 6277: 6269: 6265: 6257: 6253: 6245: 6241: 6233: 6229: 6221: 6217: 6209: 6205: 6194: 6190: 6179: 6175: 6164: 6160: 6152: 6148: 6138: 6136: 6132: 6085: 6079: 6075: 6067: 6060: 6052: 6048: 6040: 6036: 6028: 6024: 6016: 6012: 6004: 6000: 5992: 5988: 5980: 5976: 5968: 5964: 5956: 5952: 5944: 5940: 5932: 5928: 5920: 5916: 5906: 5904: 5891: 5884: 5876: 5872: 5864: 5860: 5852: 5848: 5840: 5836: 5828: 5824: 5816: 5812: 5804: 5800: 5792: 5788: 5780: 5776: 5768: 5764: 5756: 5752: 5744: 5740: 5732: 5728: 5720: 5716: 5707: 5703: 5695: 5691: 5683: 5679: 5671: 5667: 5659: 5655: 5647: 5643: 5635: 5631: 5623: 5619: 5611: 5607: 5599: 5595: 5587: 5580: 5572: 5568: 5560: 5556: 5548: 5544: 5536: 5532: 5524: 5520: 5512: 5505: 5497: 5493: 5485: 5481: 5473: 5469: 5461: 5457: 5447: 5445: 5436: 5435: 5431: 5416: 5412: 5404: 5400: 5392: 5388: 5380: 5376: 5368: 5364: 5356: 5352: 5345: 5325: 5321: 5313: 5309: 5301: 5297: 5289: 5285: 5277: 5273: 5265: 5261: 5257:, pp. 3–6. 5253: 5249: 5241: 5237: 5227: 5225: 5212: 5211: 5207: 5199: 5195: 5177: 5173: 5162:"FDR Biography" 5160: 5159: 5155: 5147: 5143: 5135: 5131: 5123: 5119: 5111: 5107: 5097: 5095: 5090: 5089: 5085: 5077: 5073: 5063: 5061: 5052: 5051: 5047: 5039: 5035: 5027: 5023: 5013: 5011: 5004: 4993: 4983: 4981: 4976: 4975: 4971: 4963: 4959: 4951: 4947: 4939: 4935: 4927: 4923: 4915: 4911: 4903: 4899: 4895:, pp. 5–6. 4891: 4884: 4876: 4869: 4859: 4857: 4852: 4851: 4847: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4818: 4817: 4812: 4808: 4803: 4799: 4782: 4778: 4772: 4768: 4759: 4755: 4749: 4745: 4732: 4728: 4722:Hubert Humphrey 4711: 4707: 4697: 4693: 4684: 4680: 4671: 4667: 4658: 4654: 4644: 4640: 4623: 4593: 4570: 4566: 4564: 4560: 4555: 4529:– his bodyguard 4518: 4511: 4500: 4491: 4484: 4423: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4399: 4393: 4322:Abraham Lincoln 4310: 4305: 4236: 4191: 4146: 4093: 4079: 4073: 3989: 3988: 3987: 3986: 3985: 3982: 3974: 3973: 3970: 3959: 3950:John W. Bricker 3942:Thomas E. Dewey 3931:Harry S. Truman 3911: 3903:Main articles: 3901: 3885:angina pectoris 3877:atherosclerosis 3861: 3815: 3810:James F. Byrnes 3782:withholding tax 3769:Great Migration 3764: 3758: 3685:Pietro Badoglio 3649: 3643: 3622:Sakhalin Island 3610: 3609: 3608: 3607: 3595: 3594: 3593: 3585: 3584: 3542:Operation Torch 3534:Chiang Kai-shek 3514: 3513: 3512: 3511: 3510: 3503: 3494: 3493: 3492: 3486: 3475: 3469: 3459:to oversee the 3449:nuclear fission 3445:nuclear weapons 3433:Albert Einstein 3425: 3415: 3413:Nuclear program 3336: 3319: 3318: 3310: 3308: 3307: 3306: 3305: 3290: 3282: 3279: 3273: 3272: 3271: 3256: 3246: 3243: 3236: 3230: 3169: 3168: 3167: 3166: 3163:against Germany 3154: 3153: 3152: 3144: 3143: 3112:Tripartite Pact 3087:Prince of Wales 3075: 3069: 2989: 2983:Norman Rockwell 2970: 2969: 2961: 2959: 2958: 2957: 2956: 2945: 2938: 2935: 2928: 2922: 2917: 2905:George Marshall 2881: 2875: 2869: 2830:Wendell Willkie 2808: 2802: 2697:Queen Elizabeth 2630:Neutrality Acts 2578:Monroe Doctrine 2554: 2548: 2391: 2385: 2372:National Forest 2355: 2299:, and required 2261:civil liberties 2257:judicial review 2203: 2189: 2122: 2116: 2016: 2014:Second New Deal 2010: 1994:American Legion 1952:, creating the 1893: 1866: 1860: 1836: 1835: 1827: 1825: 1824: 1823: 1822: 1815: 1808: 1805: 1803:Nothing to Fear 1798: 1792: 1787: 1781: 1766: 1743:Harold L. Ickes 1727: 1721: 1632:Walter Lippmann 1604: 1598: 1578:organized crime 1570:Jesse I. Straus 1559:full employment 1513:Frances Perkins 1509:Samuel Rosenman 1505:Albert Ottinger 1477: 1471: 1344: 1338: 1317:Calvin Coolidge 1270: 1180:James W. Gerard 1176:Martin H. Glynn 1153:Navy Department 1137: 1038: 1033: 952: 904:Alpha Delta Phi 900:Harvard College 873: 872: 871: 870: 869: 866: 858: 857: 854: 843: 819:his grandfather 795:Sara Ann Delano 771: 766: 756:. Nonetheless, 699:Social Security 657:, building the 538: 537: 536: 535: 534: 532: 522: 514: 511: 486: 460: 439: 391: 379: 375: 357:Political party 338: 334: 321: 315: 313: 312: 311: 291:James E. Towner 285: 273: 267: 262: 252: 247: 240:Gordon Woodbury 234: 222: 206: 201: 182: 170: 154: 149: 135:Harry S. Truman 129: 117: 112: 109: 108:(Jan–Apr. 1945) 107: 106:Harry S. Truman 102: 100: 93: 91: 77: 71: 66: 49: 37: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 26801: 26791: 26790: 26785: 26780: 26775: 26770: 26765: 26760: 26755: 26750: 26745: 26740: 26735: 26730: 26725: 26720: 26715: 26710: 26705: 26700: 26695: 26690: 26685: 26680: 26675: 26670: 26665: 26660: 26655: 26650: 26645: 26640: 26635: 26630: 26625: 26620: 26615: 26610: 26605: 26600: 26585: 26584: 26572: 26560: 26548: 26536: 26524: 26512: 26500: 26477: 26476: 26471: 26470: 26468: 26467: 26460: 26453: 26446: 26439: 26432: 26425: 26418: 26415:Marilyn Monroe 26411: 26404: 26397: 26390: 26387:Kennedy family 26383: 26376: 26373:Tenzing Norgay 26369:Edmund Hillary 26365: 26358: 26351: 26344: 26337: 26330: 26322: 26320: 26316: 26315: 26313: 26312: 26305: 26298: 26287: 26280: 26273: 26266: 26259: 26252: 26245: 26238: 26231: 26224: 26217: 26210: 26203: 26196: 26189: 26182: 26175: 26167: 26165: 26161: 26160: 26158: 26157: 26150: 26143: 26136: 26129: 26122: 26119:Walter Reuther 26115: 26108: 26101: 26098:Louis B. Mayer 26094: 26087: 26084:William Levitt 26080: 26073: 26066: 26059: 26052: 26045: 26038: 26035:Willis Carrier 26031: 26024: 26016: 26014: 26010: 26009: 26007: 26006: 25999: 25992: 25985: 25978: 25971: 25964: 25957: 25950: 25943: 25936: 25929: 25922: 25915: 25908: 25901: 25894: 25887: 25880: 25873: 25865: 25863: 25859: 25858: 25856: 25855: 25848: 25841: 25834: 25827: 25820: 25813: 25806: 25799: 25792: 25789:Nelson Mandela 25785: 25782:Vladimir Lenin 25778: 25771: 25764: 25757: 25750: 25743: 25736: 25733:Mahatma Gandhi 25729: 25722: 25714: 25712: 25708: 25707: 25697: 25696: 25689: 25682: 25674: 25665: 25664: 25662: 25661: 25656: 25651: 25646: 25641: 25633: 25631: 25625: 25624: 25622: 25621: 25619:Manny Pacquiao 25616: 25610: 25608: 25604: 25603: 25601: 25600: 25595: 25593:Sotero Cabahug 25590: 25585: 25579: 25577: 25573: 25572: 25570: 25569: 25563: 25561: 25555: 25554: 25552: 25551: 25546: 25541: 25536: 25531: 25526: 25520: 25518: 25512: 25511: 25509: 25508: 25503: 25498: 25496:Lorenzo Tañada 25493: 25491:Achmad Sukarno 25488: 25483: 25478: 25473: 25468: 25463: 25458: 25453: 25448: 25446:José P. Laurel 25443: 25438: 25435: 25430: 25425: 25420: 25414: 25412: 25406: 25405: 25386: 25385: 25378: 25371: 25363: 25354: 25353: 25351: 25350: 25345: 25343:Orville Wright 25340: 25338:Woodrow Wilson 25335: 25333:Roger Williams 25330: 25325: 25320: 25315: 25310: 25305: 25300: 25295: 25293:Daniel Webster 25290: 25285: 25280: 25275: 25270: 25265: 25260: 25258:Gilbert Stuart 25255: 25250: 25245: 25240: 25235: 25230: 25225: 25220: 25215: 25210: 25205: 25203:George Peabody 25200: 25195: 25190: 25185: 25180: 25175: 25170: 25165: 25160: 25158:Maria Mitchell 25155: 25150: 25145: 25140: 25135: 25130: 25125: 25120: 25115: 25110: 25105: 25100: 25095: 25090: 25085: 25080: 25075: 25073:Andrew Jackson 25070: 25065: 25060: 25055: 25050: 25045: 25040: 25035: 25030: 25025: 25020: 25015: 25010: 25005: 25000: 24995: 24993:Stephen Foster 24990: 24988:David Farragut 24985: 24980: 24975: 24970: 24965: 24960: 24955: 24950: 24945: 24940: 24935: 24930: 24925: 24920: 24918:Luther Burbank 24915: 24910: 24905: 24903:Louis Brandeis 24900: 24895: 24890: 24885: 24880: 24875: 24870: 24865: 24860: 24855: 24850: 24845: 24839: 24836: 24835: 24827: 24826: 24819: 24812: 24804: 24795: 24794: 24792: 24791: 24783: 24771: 24763: 24751: 24747:Greta Thunberg 24743: 24714: 24706: 24698: 24690: 24677:Ebola Fighters 24672: 24664: 24656: 24648: 24640: 24632: 24624: 24620:Vladimir Putin 24616: 24608: 24589: 24585:George W. Bush 24581: 24573: 24560:Cynthia Cooper 24554: 24545: 24543: 24539: 24538: 24536: 24535: 24531:George W. Bush 24527: 24519: 24507: 24499: 24491: 24483: 24475: 24466:Nelson Mandela 24462:F. W. de Klerk 24452: 24444: 24436: 24428: 24420: 24412: 24404: 24400:Corazon Aquino 24396: 24388: 24380: 24368: 24360: 24352: 24344: 24336: 24328: 24320: 24311: 24309: 24305: 24304: 24302: 24301: 24280:Barbara Jordan 24246: 24238: 24230: 24218: 24210: 24202: 24194: 24181:William Anders 24172: 24164: 24156: 24148: 24140: 24132: 24124: 24116: 24103:Charles Townes 24083:Edward Purcell 24059:Charles Draper 24049: 24041: 24033: 24025: 24017: 24013:Harlow Curtice 24009: 24001: 23993: 23985: 23976: 23974: 23970: 23969: 23967: 23966: 23958: 23950: 23942: 23934: 23926: 23918: 23910: 23902: 23894: 23886: 23878: 23870: 23862: 23858:Soong Mei-ling 23850: 23846:Wallis Simpson 23842: 23838:Haile Selassie 23834: 23826: 23818: 23810: 23802: 23794: 23786: 23778: 23769: 23767: 23763: 23762: 23752: 23751: 23744: 23737: 23729: 23720: 23719: 23717: 23716: 23710: 23704: 23698: 23692: 23686: 23680: 23677:Hall Roosevelt 23674: 23668: 23662: 23656: 23650: 23644: 23638: 23632: 23626: 23620: 23614: 23608: 23602: 23596: 23590: 23585: 23578: 23576: 23570: 23569: 23567: 23566: 23561: 23556: 23555: 23554: 23549: 23539: 23533: 23531: 23527: 23526: 23524: 23523: 23515: 23511:The First Lady 23507: 23503:The Roosevelts 23499: 23491: 23483: 23475: 23467: 23459: 23451: 23440: 23432: 23424: 23419: 23414: 23409: 23404: 23399: 23398: 23397: 23386: 23384: 23380: 23379: 23377: 23376: 23371: 23370: 23369: 23359: 23358: 23357: 23346: 23344: 23343:Life and homes 23340: 23339: 23337: 23336: 23331: 23330: 23329: 23319: 23313: 23311: 23307: 23306: 23304: 23303: 23298: 23291: 23286: 23281: 23280: 23279: 23269: 23260: 23255: 23250: 23245: 23239: 23237: 23231: 23230: 23228: 23227: 23222: 23221: 23220: 23210: 23205: 23199: 23197: 23196:United Nations 23193: 23192: 23190: 23189: 23180: 23173: 23170: 23169: 23162: 23161: 23154: 23147: 23139: 23130: 23129: 23123: 23120: 23119: 23116: 23115: 23113: 23112: 23107: 23101: 23099: 23097:Senate Chamber 23093: 23092: 23090: 23089: 23084: 23075: 23073:Stevens (2019) 23070: 23065: 23057: 23052: 23050:Brennan (1997) 23047: 23039: 23034: 23025: 23023: 23015: 23014: 23012: 23011: 22999: 22991: 22983: 22975: 22963: 22955: 22946: 22944: 22935: 22933:Lain in repose 22929: 22928: 22925: 22924: 22922: 22921: 22916: 22911: 22906: 22901: 22896: 22890: 22888: 22879: 22873: 22872: 22869: 22868: 22866: 22865: 22856: 22854: 22848: 22847: 22845: 22844: 22838: 22836: 22830: 22829: 22827: 22826: 22820: 22818: 22812: 22811: 22809: 22808: 22803: 22794: 22788: 22786: 22780: 22779: 22777: 22776: 22771: 22766: 22761: 22749: 22744: 22739: 22727: 22715: 22710: 22701: 22696: 22688: 22683: 22681:Dirksen (1969) 22678: 22670: 22662: 22657: 22645: 22640: 22635: 22630: 22622: 22614: 22609: 22604: 22599: 22591: 22586: 22578: 22573: 22568: 22566:Stevens (1868) 22563: 22551: 22545: 22543: 22534: 22528: 22527: 22522: 22519: 22518: 22501: 22500: 22493: 22486: 22478: 22469: 22468: 22466: 22465: 22460: 22454: 22451: 22450: 22448: 22447: 22442: 22437: 22435:Herbert Hoover 22432: 22427: 22422: 22417: 22412: 22407: 22401: 22399: 22395: 22394: 22392: 22391: 22386: 22381: 22376: 22371: 22366: 22356: 22351: 22346: 22341: 22336: 22331: 22325: 22323: 22319: 22318: 22316: 22315: 22310: 22308:Securities Act 22305: 22300: 22295: 22290: 22285: 22280: 22275: 22270: 22265: 22260: 22255: 22250: 22245: 22240: 22235: 22230: 22225: 22220: 22215: 22210: 22205: 22199: 22197: 22193: 22192: 22190: 22189: 22184: 22179: 22174: 22169: 22163: 22161: 22157: 22156: 22149: 22148: 22141: 22134: 22126: 22117: 22116: 22114: 22113: 22103: 22093: 22083: 22073: 22063: 22053: 22043: 22033: 22023: 22013: 22003: 21993: 21983: 21973: 21963: 21953: 21943: 21933: 21923: 21913: 21903: 21893: 21882: 21880: 21876: 21875: 21873: 21872: 21867: 21862: 21857: 21852: 21847: 21842: 21837: 21832: 21827: 21822: 21817: 21812: 21807: 21802: 21797: 21792: 21787: 21782: 21777: 21772: 21767: 21762: 21757: 21752: 21747: 21742: 21737: 21732: 21727: 21722: 21717: 21712: 21707: 21702: 21697: 21692: 21687: 21682: 21677: 21672: 21667: 21662: 21657: 21652: 21647: 21642: 21637: 21632: 21627: 21621: 21619: 21615: 21614: 21607: 21606: 21599: 21592: 21584: 21575: 21574: 21572: 21571: 21566: 21561: 21556: 21551: 21546: 21541: 21536: 21531: 21525: 21523: 21519: 21518: 21515: 21514: 21512: 21511: 21506: 21501: 21500: 21499: 21489: 21484: 21479: 21473: 21471: 21467: 21466: 21464: 21463: 21458: 21453: 21448: 21443: 21438: 21433: 21427: 21425: 21421: 21420: 21418: 21417: 21416: 21415: 21410: 21405: 21400: 21395: 21385: 21380: 21379: 21378: 21373: 21362: 21360: 21353: 21345: 21344: 21342: 21341: 21336: 21334:Virgin Islands 21331: 21326: 21321: 21316: 21311: 21309:American Samoa 21306: 21301: 21296: 21291: 21286: 21281: 21276: 21271: 21266: 21261: 21256: 21254:South Carolina 21251: 21246: 21241: 21236: 21231: 21226: 21221: 21219:North Carolina 21216: 21211: 21206: 21201: 21196: 21191: 21186: 21181: 21176: 21171: 21166: 21161: 21156: 21151: 21146: 21141: 21136: 21131: 21126: 21121: 21116: 21111: 21106: 21101: 21096: 21091: 21086: 21081: 21076: 21071: 21066: 21061: 21055: 21053: 21043: 21042: 21040: 21039: 21034: 21029: 21024: 21019: 21014: 21009: 21000: 20991: 20982: 20977: 20972: 20967: 20962: 20957: 20952: 20947: 20942: 20937: 20932: 20927: 20922: 20917: 20912: 20907: 20902: 20897: 20892: 20887: 20882: 20877: 20872: 20867: 20862: 20857: 20852: 20847: 20842: 20837: 20832: 20827: 20822: 20817: 20812: 20807: 20802: 20797: 20792: 20787: 20782: 20777: 20771: 20769: 20760: 20759: 20757: 20756: 20750: 20744: 20738: 20732: 20726: 20720: 20714: 20708: 20702: 20696: 20690: 20684: 20678: 20672: 20666: 20660: 20654: 20648: 20642: 20636: 20630: 20624: 20618: 20612: 20606: 20600: 20593: 20591: 20575: 20574: 20572: 20571: 20565: 20559: 20553: 20547: 20541: 20535: 20529: 20523: 20517: 20511: 20505: 20499: 20493: 20487: 20481: 20475: 20469: 20463: 20457: 20451: 20445: 20439: 20433: 20427: 20421: 20411: 20405: 20399: 20393: 20387: 20381: 20375: 20369: 20363: 20357: 20350: 20348: 20326: 20325: 20323: 20322: 20316: 20310: 20304: 20298: 20292: 20286: 20280: 20269: 20263: 20257: 20251: 20245: 20239: 20233: 20227: 20220: 20218: 20208: 20207: 20205: 20204: 20203: 20202: 20187:2024 (Chicago) 20184: 20183: 20182: 20164: 20163: 20162: 20144: 20143: 20142: 20124: 20123: 20122: 20104: 20103: 20102: 20084: 20083: 20082: 20064: 20063: 20062: 20047:1996 (Chicago) 20044: 20043: 20042: 20024: 20023: 20022: 20007:1988 (Atlanta) 20004: 20003: 20002: 19984: 19983: 19982: 19964: 19963: 19962: 19944: 19943: 19942: 19919: 19918: 19917: 19902:1968 (Chicago) 19899: 19898: 19897: 19879: 19878: 19877: 19859: 19858: 19857: 19842:1956 (Chicago) 19839: 19838: 19837: 19822:1952 (Chicago) 19819: 19818: 19817: 19799: 19798: 19797: 19782:1944 (Chicago) 19779: 19778: 19777: 19762:1940 (Chicago) 19759: 19758: 19757: 19739: 19738: 19737: 19722:1932 (Chicago) 19719: 19718: 19717: 19702:1928 (Houston) 19699: 19698: 19697: 19679: 19678: 19677: 19659: 19658: 19657: 19639: 19638: 19637: 19619: 19606: 19593: 19580: 19570:1896 (Chicago) 19567: 19557:1892 (Chicago) 19554: 19541: 19531:1884 (Chicago) 19528: 19515: 19502: 19489: 19476: 19466:1864 (Chicago) 19463: 19437: 19424: 19411: 19398: 19385: 19372: 19359: 19346: 19332: 19330: 19306: 19305: 19303: 19302: 19301: 19300: 19295: 19290: 19285: 19280: 19269: 19266: 19265: 19256: 19255: 19248: 19241: 19233: 19224: 19223: 19221: 19220: 19210: 19199: 19196: 19195: 19192: 19191: 19188: 19187: 19177: 19167: 19157: 19147: 19137: 19127: 19117: 19107: 19097: 19087: 19080:Walter Mondale 19077: 19067: 19057: 19047: 19037: 19027: 19020:Estes Kefauver 19017: 19007: 18997: 18987: 18977: 18967: 18960:Charles Curtis 18957: 18947: 18937: 18927: 18917: 18907: 18897: 18890:Henry G. Davis 18887: 18877: 18867: 18857: 18847: 18837: 18827: 18817: 18810:B. Gratz Brown 18807: 18797: 18787: 18777: 18767: 18757: 18747: 18737: 18727: 18717: 18707: 18697: 18687: 18677: 18670:Nathan Sanford 18667: 18660:John E. Howard 18657: 18647: 18633: 18623: 18613: 18603: 18596:George Clinton 18592: 18591: 18584: 18583: 18576: 18575: 18568: 18561: 18553: 18544: 18543: 18540: 18539: 18537: 18536: 18535: 18534: 18529: 18524: 18519: 18514: 18509: 18501: 18496: 18491: 18486: 18481: 18475: 18473: 18469: 18468: 18466: 18465: 18460: 18455: 18450: 18445: 18440: 18435: 18430: 18425: 18420: 18415: 18410: 18405: 18400: 18395: 18390: 18385: 18380: 18375: 18370: 18365: 18360: 18355: 18350: 18345: 18340: 18334: 18332: 18325: 18317: 18316: 18314: 18313: 18308: 18303: 18298: 18293: 18288: 18283: 18278: 18273: 18268: 18263: 18258: 18253: 18248: 18243: 18238: 18233: 18228: 18223: 18218: 18213: 18208: 18203: 18198: 18193: 18188: 18183: 18178: 18173: 18168: 18163: 18158: 18153: 18148: 18142: 18140: 18132: 18131: 18110: 18108: 18105: 18104: 18102: 18101: 18096: 18091: 18086: 18081: 18076: 18071: 18066: 18061: 18056: 18051: 18046: 18041: 18036: 18031: 18026: 18021: 18016: 18011: 18006: 18001: 17996: 17991: 17986: 17981: 17976: 17971: 17966: 17961: 17955: 17953: 17947: 17946: 17944: 17943: 17938: 17933: 17928: 17923: 17918: 17913: 17908: 17903: 17898: 17893: 17888: 17883: 17878: 17873: 17868: 17863: 17858: 17853: 17848: 17843: 17838: 17833: 17828: 17823: 17818: 17813: 17808: 17803: 17798: 17793: 17788: 17783: 17778: 17773: 17768: 17763: 17758: 17753: 17748: 17743: 17738: 17733: 17728: 17723: 17718: 17713: 17708: 17702: 17700: 17691: 17685: 17684: 17677: 17676: 17669: 17662: 17654: 17645: 17644: 17642: 17641: 17634: 17631: 17630: 17628: 17627: 17622: 17615: 17610: 17603: 17598: 17593: 17588: 17581: 17574: 17567: 17560: 17555: 17550: 17545: 17540: 17533: 17528: 17523: 17518: 17511: 17506: 17501: 17494: 17487: 17482: 17477: 17472: 17465: 17460: 17455: 17450: 17445: 17440: 17435: 17428: 17423: 17418: 17413: 17406: 17401: 17396: 17389: 17384: 17379: 17372: 17367: 17362: 17357: 17352: 17347: 17342: 17335: 17330: 17325: 17320: 17315: 17310: 17305: 17300: 17295: 17290: 17285: 17280: 17275: 17270: 17265: 17258: 17253: 17248: 17243: 17238: 17233: 17226: 17219: 17214: 17207: 17200: 17195: 17190: 17185: 17180: 17173: 17168: 17163: 17156: 17151: 17146: 17141: 17135: 17133: 17127: 17126: 17119: 17117: 17115: 17114: 17109: 17104: 17099: 17094: 17089: 17084: 17079: 17074: 17069: 17064: 17059: 17054: 17049: 17044: 17039: 17034: 17029: 17024: 17019: 17014: 17009: 17004: 16999: 16994: 16989: 16984: 16979: 16974: 16969: 16964: 16959: 16954: 16949: 16944: 16939: 16934: 16929: 16924: 16919: 16914: 16909: 16904: 16899: 16894: 16889: 16884: 16879: 16874: 16869: 16864: 16859: 16854: 16849: 16844: 16839: 16832: 16827: 16822: 16817: 16812: 16806: 16804: 16800: 16799: 16784: 16783: 16776: 16769: 16761: 16752: 16751: 16749: 16748: 16743: 16733: 16730: 16729: 16726: 16725: 16723: 16722: 16714: 16705: 16703: 16697: 16696: 16694: 16693: 16684: 16682: 16676: 16675: 16673: 16672: 16663: 16661: 16655: 16654: 16637: 16636: 16633: 16632: 16630: 16629: 16624: 16622:Robert A. Taft 16619: 16617:Harold Stassen 16614: 16609: 16604: 16598: 16596: 16592: 16591: 16589: 16588: 16580: 16571: 16569: 16562: 16548: 16547: 16544: 16543: 16541: 16540: 16535: 16529: 16527: 16523: 16522: 16520: 16519: 16511: 16501: 16499: 16492: 16478: 16477: 16460: 16459: 16452: 16445: 16437: 16428: 16427: 16425: 16424: 16419: 16409: 16406: 16405: 16402: 16401: 16399: 16398: 16390: 16388: 16384: 16383: 16381: 16380: 16372: 16363: 16361: 16355: 16354: 16352: 16351: 16343: 16334: 16332: 16326: 16325: 16323: 16322: 16313: 16311: 16305: 16304: 16287: 16286: 16283: 16282: 16280: 16279: 16274: 16269: 16264: 16259: 16254: 16252:Styles Bridges 16248: 16246: 16242: 16241: 16239: 16238: 16230: 16221: 16219: 16212: 16198: 16197: 16194: 16193: 16191: 16190: 16185: 16180: 16175: 16169: 16167: 16163: 16162: 16160: 16159: 16151: 16141: 16139: 16132: 16118: 16117: 16100: 16099: 16092: 16085: 16077: 16068: 16067: 16065: 16064: 16059: 16050: 16047: 16046: 16043: 16042: 16040: 16039: 16031: 16022: 16020: 16014: 16013: 16011: 16010: 16002: 15993: 15991: 15985: 15984: 15982: 15981: 15973: 15964: 15962: 15956: 15955: 15953: 15952: 15944: 15935: 15933: 15927: 15926: 15924: 15923: 15915: 15906: 15904: 15898: 15897: 15895: 15894: 15886: 15877: 15875: 15869: 15868: 15851: 15850: 15847: 15846: 15844: 15843: 15838: 15833: 15828: 15823: 15818: 15816:Stephen A. Day 15813: 15804: 15803: 15795: 15786: 15784: 15780: 15779: 15777: 15776: 15771: 15765: 15759: 15751: 15750: 15747: 15746: 15744: 15743: 15734: 15733: 15725: 15716: 15714: 15710: 15709: 15707: 15706: 15701: 15695: 15689: 15681: 15680: 15663: 15662: 15655: 15648: 15640: 15631: 15630: 15628: 15627: 15622: 15612: 15609: 15608: 15605: 15604: 15602: 15601: 15594: 15586: 15584: 15580: 15579: 15577: 15576: 15568: 15559: 15557: 15551: 15550: 15548: 15547: 15539: 15530: 15528: 15522: 15521: 15519: 15518: 15509: 15507: 15501: 15500: 15498: 15497: 15489: 15480: 15478: 15472: 15471: 15454: 15453: 15450: 15449: 15447: 15446: 15441: 15436: 15431: 15429:John J. Blaine 15425: 15423: 15419: 15418: 15416: 15415: 15411:Charles Curtis 15406: 15402:Herbert Hoover 15396: 15394: 15387: 15369: 15368: 15365: 15364: 15362: 15361: 15351: 15349:Albert Ritchie 15346: 15341: 15336: 15330: 15328: 15324: 15323: 15321: 15320: 15312: 15303: 15301: 15294: 15276: 15275: 15258: 15257: 15250: 15243: 15235: 15226: 15225: 15223: 15222: 15217: 15207: 15204: 15203: 15200: 15199: 15197: 15196: 15188: 15179: 15177: 15171: 15170: 15168: 15167: 15159: 15150: 15148: 15142: 15141: 15139: 15138: 15130: 15121: 15119: 15117:American Party 15113: 15112: 15110: 15109: 15101: 15092: 15090: 15084: 15083: 15081: 15080: 15072: 15063: 15061: 15055: 15054: 15052: 15051: 15043: 15040:Eugene V. Debs 15034: 15032: 15026: 15025: 15008: 15007: 15004: 15003: 15001: 15000: 14998:Robert L. Owen 14995: 14992:Woodrow Wilson 14989: 14984: 14979: 14974: 14969: 14963: 14961: 14957: 14956: 14954: 14953: 14945: 14936: 14934: 14927: 14913: 14912: 14909: 14908: 14906: 14905: 14903:Herbert Hoover 14900: 14895: 14890: 14885: 14880: 14875: 14870: 14865: 14860: 14855: 14849: 14847: 14843: 14842: 14840: 14839: 14831: 14822: 14820: 14813: 14799: 14798: 14781: 14780: 14773: 14766: 14758: 14749: 14748: 14746: 14745: 14738: 14736: 14730: 14729: 14727: 14726: 14720: 14717:Jesse H. Jones 14714: 14708: 14701: 14699: 14693: 14692: 14690: 14689: 14683: 14676: 14674: 14668: 14667: 14665: 14664: 14657: 14655: 14649: 14648: 14646: 14645: 14639: 14633: 14630:Charles Edison 14627: 14620: 14618: 14612: 14611: 14609: 14608: 14602: 14595: 14593: 14587: 14586: 14584: 14583: 14580:Francis Biddle 14577: 14571: 14565: 14558: 14556: 14550: 14549: 14547: 14546: 14540: 14534: 14527: 14525: 14519: 14518: 14516: 14515: 14509: 14502: 14500: 14494: 14493: 14491: 14490: 14484: 14477: 14475: 14469: 14468: 14461: 14459: 14457: 14456: 14450: 14444: 14437: 14435: 14433:Vice President 14429: 14428: 14413: 14412: 14405: 14398: 14390: 14381: 14380: 14378: 14377: 14367: 14356: 14353: 14352: 14350: 14349: 14344: 14339: 14334: 14329: 14324: 14319: 14314: 14309: 14304: 14299: 14294: 14289: 14284: 14279: 14274: 14269: 14264: 14259: 14254: 14249: 14244: 14239: 14233: 14231: 14225: 14224: 14220: 14219: 14209: 14199: 14189: 14182:George W. Bush 14179: 14169: 14159: 14149: 14139: 14129: 14119: 14109: 14099: 14089: 14079: 14069: 14062:Herbert Hoover 14059: 14049: 14039: 14032:Woodrow Wilson 14029: 14019: 14009: 13999: 13989: 13979: 13969: 13959: 13949: 13939: 13929: 13922:Andrew Johnson 13919: 13909: 13902:James Buchanan 13899: 13889: 13879: 13872:Zachary Taylor 13869: 13859: 13849: 13839: 13829: 13822:Andrew Jackson 13819: 13809: 13799: 13789: 13779: 13769: 13758: 13757: 13756: 13754: 13751:Presidents and 13748: 13747: 13740: 13739: 13732: 13725: 13717: 13711: 13708: 13707: 13695: 13694: 13690: 13689: 13684: 13681: 13669: 13664: 13660: 13659: 13654: 13651: 13639: 13634: 13630: 13629: 13625: 13624: 13619: 13616: 13591: 13590: 13585: 13582: 13563: 13558: 13554: 13553: 13548: 13545: 13530: 13525: 13521: 13520: 13516: 13515: 13510: 13507: 13498: 13495:Herbert Hoover 13493: 13489: 13488: 13483: 13480: 13471: 13466: 13462: 13461: 13456: 13453: 13444: 13439: 13435: 13434: 13430: 13429: 13424: 13421: 13412:Member of the 13409: 13406: 13402: 13401: 13393: 13390: 13389: 13377: 13376: 13374: 13373: 13360: 13359: 13352: 13344: 13341: 13340: 13338: 13337: 13331: 13325: 13319: 13313: 13312:(half-brother) 13307: 13301: 13295: 13289: 13283: 13277: 13271: 13265: 13258: 13256: 13241: 13240: 13238: 13237: 13232: 13231: 13230: 13222: 13218:The First Lady 13214: 13210:The Roosevelts 13206: 13198: 13190: 13182: 13174: 13160: 13152: 13141: 13133: 13131:Roosevelt dime 13128: 13123: 13116: 13108: 13103: 13095: 13087: 13082: 13077: 13076: 13075: 13065: 13060: 13055: 13054: 13053: 13048: 13038: 13033: 13027: 13025: 13021: 13020: 13018: 13017: 13012: 13007: 13002: 12997: 12996: 12995: 12985: 12980: 12979: 12978: 12967: 12965: 12964:Life and homes 12961: 12960: 12958: 12957: 12952: 12947: 12942: 12941: 12940: 12930: 12925: 12920: 12915: 12910: 12905: 12900: 12895: 12890: 12884: 12882: 12876: 12875: 12873: 12872: 12867: 12862: 12857: 12852: 12846: 12844: 12840: 12839: 12837: 12836: 12831: 12826: 12821: 12816: 12811: 12806: 12801: 12794: 12789: 12786:Look to Norway 12782: 12780:Fireside chats 12777: 12772: 12767: 12762: 12755: 12750: 12745: 12739: 12737: 12731: 12730: 12728: 12727: 12722: 12717: 12712: 12707: 12706: 12705: 12695: 12694: 12693: 12688: 12683: 12673: 12668: 12663: 12658: 12653: 12648: 12646:Four Policemen 12643: 12638: 12633: 12628: 12623: 12618: 12617: 12616: 12611: 12600: 12598: 12596:foreign policy 12590: 12589: 12587: 12586: 12581: 12576: 12571: 12566: 12561: 12559:March of Dimes 12556: 12551: 12546: 12545: 12544: 12539: 12534: 12524: 12519: 12514: 12509: 12504: 12499: 12498: 12497: 12485: 12480: 12475: 12470: 12465: 12460: 12459: 12458: 12453: 12448: 12443: 12430: 12425: 12424: 12423: 12418: 12408: 12407: 12406: 12404:Silver seizure 12401: 12391: 12386: 12385: 12384: 12374: 12373: 12372: 12362: 12361: 12360: 12350: 12349: 12348: 12343: 12333: 12328: 12323: 12318: 12313: 12308: 12303: 12298: 12293: 12292: 12291: 12286: 12284:First 100 days 12281: 12276: 12266: 12264:Foreign policy 12261: 12256: 12251: 12246: 12241: 12236: 12230: 12224: 12222: 12210: 12209: 12207: 12206: 12198: 12190: 12179: 12167: 12164: 12163: 12156: 12155: 12148: 12141: 12133: 12127: 12126: 12117: 12102: 12093: 12086: 12072: 12071: 12070: 12045: 12036: 12025: 12016: 12010: 12001: 12000: 11995: 11989: 11985: 11982: 11981: 11976: 11970: 11969: 11958: 11957: 11955: 11954:External links 11952: 11950: 11949: 11943: 11929:Wyman, David S 11925: 11919: 11906: 11900: 11878: 11872: 11857: 11851: 11835: 11829: 11808: 11796:10.2307/202828 11777: 11771: 11753: 11747: 11732: 11726: 11711: 11705: 11690: 11684: 11664: 11653: 11648: 11635: 11625: 11619: 11604: 11598: 11580: 11571: 11556: 11550: 11532: 11526: 11511: 11505: 11491:Lash, Joseph P 11487: 11480: 11462: 11455: 11438: 11432: 11417: 11411: 11396: 11390: 11377: 11366: 11360: 11342: 11336: 11330:. EHDP Press. 11323: 11317: 11302: 11301: 11300: 11293: 11283: 11273: 11248:Freidel, Frank 11244: 11238: 11225: 11220: 11207: 11197: 11191: 11178: 11169: 11157:Dallek, Robert 11153: 11147: 11129: 11115: 11097: 11065: 11059: 11051:2027/heb.00626 11036: 11030: 11015: 11009: 10992: 10978: 10961: 10955: 10937: 10930: 10912: 10907:978-1598133561 10906: 10890: 10885: 10866: 10858: 10855: 10853: 10852: 10827: 10805: 10780: 10755: 10729: 10702: 10677: 10659: 10646: 10644:, p. 626. 10634: 10622: 10610: 10598: 10585: 10576: 10570: 10548: 10536: 10524: 10518: 10493: 10486: 10468: 10456: 10421: 10393: 10361: 10343: 10317: 10291: 10279: 10251: 10224: 10198: 10186: 10164:Medoff, Rafael 10150: 10122: 10113: 10099: 10087: 10050: 10038: 10023: 10004: 9997: 9977: 9970: 9946: 9931: 9897: 9871: 9864: 9844: 9818: 9806: 9799: 9772: 9744: 9742:, p. 620. 9732: 9707: 9679: 9636: 9608: 9579: 9577:, p. 587. 9567: 9565:, p. 520. 9555: 9543: 9541:, p. 321. 9531: 9519: 9507: 9495: 9460: 9441: 9439:, p. 448. 9429: 9403: 9377: 9365: 9336: 9324: 9312: 9300: 9288: 9286:, p. 343. 9276: 9274:, p. 333. 9264: 9262:, p. 436. 9252: 9240: 9238:, p. 602. 9228: 9214: 9212:, p. 785. 9202: 9200:, p. 228. 9190: 9178: 9166: 9154: 9142: 9125: 9113: 9101: 9089: 9063: 9051: 9039: 9027: 9014: 9002: 8990: 8978: 8966: 8954: 8942: 8940:, p. 580. 8930: 8918: 8911: 8893: 8878: 8876:, p. 546. 8866: 8859: 8835: 8833:, p. 547. 8823: 8811: 8799: 8797:, p. 159. 8787: 8775: 8768: 8748: 8746:, p. 184. 8744:Sainsbury 1994 8736: 8724: 8712: 8700: 8688: 8676: 8664: 8652: 8640: 8628: 8616: 8604: 8602:, p. 502. 8592: 8580: 8568: 8549: 8527: 8525:, p. 119. 8523:Churchill 1977 8515: 8486: 8474: 8462: 8450: 8437: 8424: 8411: 8409:, p. 454. 8399: 8387: 8375: 8373:, p. 472. 8363: 8351: 8344: 8323: 8311: 8298: 8296:, p. 438. 8286: 8274: 8272:, p. 420. 8262: 8250: 8232: 8220: 8208: 8196: 8184: 8172: 8160: 8148: 8122: 8110: 8098: 8096:, p. 180. 8086: 8084:, p. 256. 8074: 8062: 8060:, p. 255. 8050: 8048:, p. 254. 8038: 8026: 8014: 8002: 7986: 7965: 7946: 7898: 7885: 7826: 7814: 7792: 7785: 7767: 7742: 7722: 7710: 7698: 7686: 7684:, p. 320. 7674: 7662: 7650: 7638: 7624: 7604: 7581: 7561: 7535: 7523: 7521:, p. 312. 7511: 7499: 7488:(4): 1052–80. 7472: 7465: 7445: 7433: 7431:, p. 284. 7421: 7419:, p. 366. 7409: 7397: 7385: 7373: 7356: 7354:, p. 226. 7344: 7342:, p. 350. 7332: 7317: 7305: 7299:Colin Gordon, 7292: 7290:, p. 291. 7280: 7268: 7266:, p. 353. 7256: 7254:, p. 670. 7244: 7232: 7220: 7194:(4): 1100–43. 7169: 7167:, p. 249. 7157: 7145: 7133: 7131:, p. 160. 7121: 7119:, p. 346. 7109: 7097: 7095:, p. 124. 7085: 7073: 7071:, p. 322. 7058: 7046: 7023: 7021:, p. 312. 7011: 6999: 6957: 6945: 6933: 6931:, p. 190. 6921: 6909: 6904:The New Yorker 6890: 6888:, p. 147. 6878: 6866: 6864:, p. 146. 6854: 6842: 6830: 6826:Sternsher 1975 6818: 6806: 6794: 6792:, p. 279. 6782: 6780:, p. 278. 6770: 6758: 6746: 6744:, p. 139. 6734: 6722: 6676: 6664: 6639: 6632: 6608: 6596: 6594:, p. 121. 6584: 6572: 6560: 6548: 6536: 6524: 6512: 6500: 6488: 6486:, p. 229. 6476: 6474:, p. 101. 6464: 6452: 6440: 6428: 6426:, p. 100. 6416: 6403: 6397:Conrad Black, 6390: 6388:, p. 231. 6378: 6366: 6347: 6335: 6323: 6311: 6299: 6287: 6275: 6263: 6261:, p. 220. 6251: 6249:, p. 332. 6239: 6237:, p. 120. 6227: 6225:, p. 125. 6215: 6203: 6200:. p. 192. 6188: 6185:. p. 179. 6173: 6158: 6156:, p. 355. 6146: 6073: 6058: 6046: 6034: 6022: 6010: 6008:, p. 181. 5998: 5986: 5974: 5962: 5950: 5946:Underwood 1991 5938: 5926: 5914: 5882: 5870: 5858: 5846: 5834: 5822: 5810: 5808:, p. 125. 5798: 5786: 5774: 5762: 5760:, p. 212. 5750: 5738: 5726: 5714: 5701: 5689: 5677: 5665: 5653: 5641: 5629: 5617: 5605: 5593: 5578: 5566: 5554: 5542: 5530: 5518: 5503: 5491: 5489:, p. 254. 5479: 5477:, p. 153. 5467: 5465:, p. 340. 5455: 5429: 5410: 5408:, p. 195. 5398: 5386: 5374: 5372:, p. 160. 5362: 5360:, p. 153. 5350: 5343: 5319: 5307: 5295: 5283: 5271: 5259: 5247: 5235: 5205: 5193: 5171: 5153: 5141: 5129: 5117: 5115:, p. 175. 5105: 5083: 5081:, p. 176. 5071: 5045: 5043:, p. 174. 5033: 5021: 4991: 4969: 4957: 4945: 4943:, p. 110. 4933: 4921: 4919:, p. 111. 4909: 4897: 4882: 4867: 4845: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4816: 4815: 4806: 4797: 4776: 4766: 4753: 4743: 4726: 4705: 4691: 4678: 4665: 4652: 4557: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4550: 4549: 4544: 4535: 4530: 4524: 4517: 4514: 4513: 4512: 4501: 4494: 4492: 4485: 4478: 4472:Welfare Island 4445:March of Dimes 4395:Main article: 4392: 4389: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4263:Final Solution 4235: 4232: 4214:John J. McCloy 4190: 4187: 4145: 4142: 4106:Herbert Hoover 4072: 4069: 4067:in September. 4022:United Nations 3983: 3976: 3975: 3971: 3964: 3963: 3962: 3961: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3900: 3897: 3860: 3857: 3798:Jesse H. Jones 3760:Main article: 3757: 3754: 3741:island hopping 3642: 3639: 3597: 3596: 3587: 3586: 3578: 3577: 3576: 3575: 3574: 3565:United Nations 3557:Dumbarton Oaks 3518:Four Policemen 3504: 3497: 3496: 3495: 3487: 3480: 3479: 3478: 3477: 3476: 3468: 3465: 3414: 3411: 3391:Ernest J. King 3335: 3332: 3309: 3291: 3280: 3275: 3274: 3257: 3244: 3239: 3238: 3237: 3228: 3227: 3226: 3188:(stationed at 3174:Fumimaro Konoe 3156: 3155: 3146: 3145: 3137: 3136: 3135: 3134: 3133: 3120:Southeast Asia 3108:British Malaya 3081:Roosevelt and 3068: 3065: 2960: 2946: 2936: 2931: 2930: 2929: 2920: 2919: 2918: 2916: 2913: 2907:, and Admiral 2871:Main article: 2868: 2865: 2825:Western Europe 2804:Main article: 2801: 2798: 2774:Fall of France 2759:cash-and-carry 2755:Neutrality Act 2727:Czechoslovakia 2693:King George VI 2562:Getúlio Vargas 2550:Main article: 2547: 2544: 2529: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2518: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2507: 2506: 2503: 2500: 2496: 2495: 2492: 2489: 2485: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2474: 2473: 2470: 2467: 2463: 2462: 2459: 2456: 2452: 2451: 2448: 2445: 2441: 2440: 2435: 2430: 2424: 2423: 2418: 2413: 2407: 2406: 2403: 2400: 2384: 2381: 2354: 2351: 2325:capital strike 2321:monopoly power 2242:in July 1937. 2188: 2185: 2118:Main article: 2115: 2112: 2088:General Motors 2012:Main article: 2009: 2006: 1879:first 100 Days 1862:Main article: 1859: 1856: 1852:fireside chats 1826: 1817:Sample of the 1816: 1806: 1801: 1800: 1799: 1790: 1789: 1788: 1783:Main article: 1780: 1777: 1765: 1762: 1723:Main article: 1720: 1717: 1600:Main article: 1597: 1594: 1532:fireside chats 1473:Main article: 1470: 1467: 1360:1922 elections 1337: 1334: 1298:prohibitionist 1269: 1266: 1262:Herbert Hoover 1254:William Benson 1136: 1133: 1125:1912 elections 1101:Woodrow Wilson 1054:1910 elections 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 951: 948: 867: 860: 859: 855: 848: 847: 846: 845: 844: 842: 839: 770: 767: 765: 762: 742:United Nations 640:Herbert Hoover 596:Woodrow Wilson 544: 543: 540: 539: 523: 512: 507: 506: 505: 504: 503: 500: 499: 492: 488: 487: 485: 484: 479: 468: 466: 462: 461: 459: 458: 453: 447: 445: 441: 440: 438: 437: 432: 426: 424: 420: 419: 397: 393: 392: 377: 371: 370: 368: 364: 363: 358: 354: 353: 348: 344: 343: 337:(aged 63) 333:April 12, 1945 331: 327: 326: 309: 307: 303: 302: 298: 297: 294: 293: 288: 282: 281: 276: 270: 269: 259: 258: 246:Member of the 243: 242: 237: 231: 230: 225: 219: 218: 216:Woodrow Wilson 213: 209: 208: 198: 197: 191: 190: 185: 179: 178: 173: 167: 166: 163: 157: 156: 146: 145: 138: 137: 132: 126: 125: 123:Herbert Hoover 120: 114: 113: 111: 110: 105: 103: 96: 94: 87: 84: 82: 79:Vice President 74: 73: 63: 62: 55: 54: 51: 50: 47: 39: 38: 35: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 26800: 26789: 26786: 26784: 26781: 26779: 26776: 26774: 26771: 26769: 26766: 26764: 26761: 26759: 26756: 26754: 26751: 26749: 26746: 26744: 26741: 26739: 26736: 26734: 26731: 26729: 26726: 26724: 26721: 26719: 26716: 26714: 26711: 26709: 26706: 26704: 26701: 26699: 26696: 26694: 26691: 26689: 26686: 26684: 26681: 26679: 26676: 26674: 26673:Delano family 26671: 26669: 26666: 26664: 26661: 26659: 26656: 26654: 26651: 26649: 26646: 26644: 26641: 26639: 26636: 26634: 26631: 26629: 26626: 26624: 26621: 26619: 26616: 26614: 26611: 26609: 26606: 26604: 26601: 26599: 26596: 26595: 26593: 26583: 26582:United States 26573: 26571: 26566: 26561: 26559: 26549: 26547: 26542: 26537: 26535: 26525: 26523: 26513: 26511: 26501: 26499: 26489: 26488: 26485: 26465: 26461: 26458: 26457:Mother Teresa 26454: 26451: 26447: 26444: 26440: 26437: 26433: 26430: 26426: 26423: 26419: 26416: 26412: 26409: 26405: 26402: 26398: 26395: 26391: 26388: 26384: 26381: 26377: 26374: 26370: 26366: 26363: 26359: 26356: 26352: 26349: 26345: 26342: 26338: 26335: 26331: 26328: 26324: 26323: 26321: 26317: 26310: 26306: 26303: 26299: 26296: 26292: 26291:Francis Crick 26288: 26285: 26281: 26278: 26274: 26271: 26267: 26264: 26260: 26257: 26256:Leakey family 26253: 26250: 26246: 26243: 26239: 26236: 26232: 26229: 26225: 26222: 26221:Sigmund Freud 26218: 26215: 26211: 26208: 26204: 26201: 26197: 26194: 26190: 26187: 26186:Rachel Carson 26183: 26180: 26176: 26173: 26172:Leo Baekeland 26169: 26168: 26166: 26162: 26155: 26151: 26148: 26144: 26141: 26137: 26134: 26133:David Sarnoff 26130: 26127: 26123: 26120: 26116: 26113: 26109: 26106: 26102: 26099: 26095: 26092: 26091:Lucky Luciano 26088: 26085: 26081: 26078: 26074: 26071: 26067: 26064: 26060: 26057: 26053: 26050: 26046: 26043: 26039: 26036: 26032: 26029: 26025: 26022: 26018: 26017: 26015: 26011: 26004: 26003:Oprah Winfrey 26000: 25997: 25993: 25990: 25986: 25983: 25982:Frank Sinatra 25979: 25976: 25972: 25969: 25965: 25962: 25961:Pablo Picasso 25958: 25955: 25951: 25948: 25944: 25941: 25940:Martha Graham 25937: 25934: 25930: 25927: 25923: 25920: 25916: 25913: 25909: 25906: 25902: 25899: 25895: 25892: 25891:Marlon Brando 25888: 25885: 25881: 25878: 25874: 25871: 25867: 25866: 25864: 25860: 25853: 25849: 25846: 25842: 25839: 25835: 25832: 25828: 25825: 25821: 25818: 25814: 25811: 25807: 25804: 25803:Ronald Reagan 25800: 25797: 25793: 25790: 25786: 25783: 25779: 25776: 25772: 25769: 25765: 25762: 25758: 25755: 25751: 25748: 25744: 25741: 25737: 25734: 25730: 25727: 25723: 25720: 25716: 25715: 25713: 25709: 25705: 25703: 25695: 25690: 25688: 25683: 25681: 25676: 25675: 25672: 25660: 25657: 25655: 25652: 25650: 25647: 25645: 25642: 25640: 25639: 25638:Escuadrón 201 25635: 25634: 25632: 25630:(Lehiyonaryo) 25626: 25620: 25617: 25615: 25612: 25611: 25609: 25605: 25599: 25596: 25594: 25591: 25589: 25588:Eulogio Balao 25586: 25584: 25581: 25580: 25578: 25574: 25568: 25565: 25564: 25562: 25558:Grand Officer 25556: 25550: 25547: 25545: 25542: 25540: 25537: 25535: 25532: 25530: 25527: 25525: 25522: 25521: 25519: 25513: 25507: 25504: 25502: 25499: 25497: 25494: 25492: 25489: 25487: 25484: 25482: 25479: 25477: 25474: 25472: 25471:Jesse Robredo 25469: 25467: 25466:Sergio Osmeña 25464: 25462: 25461:Imelda Marcos 25459: 25457: 25454: 25452: 25449: 25447: 25444: 25442: 25439: 25436: 25434: 25431: 25429: 25426: 25424: 25421: 25419: 25416: 25415: 25413: 25407: 25402: 25397: 25392: 25384: 25379: 25377: 25372: 25370: 25365: 25364: 25361: 25349: 25348:Wilbur Wright 25346: 25344: 25341: 25339: 25336: 25334: 25331: 25329: 25326: 25324: 25321: 25319: 25316: 25314: 25311: 25309: 25306: 25304: 25301: 25299: 25296: 25294: 25291: 25289: 25286: 25284: 25281: 25279: 25276: 25274: 25271: 25269: 25266: 25264: 25261: 25259: 25256: 25254: 25251: 25249: 25246: 25244: 25241: 25239: 25236: 25234: 25231: 25229: 25226: 25224: 25221: 25219: 25216: 25214: 25211: 25209: 25206: 25204: 25201: 25199: 25196: 25194: 25191: 25189: 25186: 25184: 25183:Simon Newcomb 25181: 25179: 25176: 25174: 25171: 25169: 25166: 25164: 25161: 25159: 25156: 25154: 25151: 25149: 25146: 25144: 25143:John Marshall 25141: 25139: 25136: 25134: 25133:James Madison 25131: 25129: 25126: 25124: 25121: 25119: 25116: 25114: 25111: 25109: 25106: 25104: 25103:Robert E. Lee 25101: 25099: 25098:Sidney Lanier 25096: 25094: 25091: 25089: 25086: 25084: 25081: 25079: 25076: 25074: 25071: 25069: 25066: 25064: 25061: 25059: 25056: 25054: 25051: 25049: 25046: 25044: 25043:Patrick Henry 25041: 25039: 25036: 25034: 25031: 25029: 25026: 25024: 25021: 25019: 25016: 25014: 25011: 25009: 25006: 25004: 25003:Robert Fulton 25001: 24999: 24996: 24994: 24991: 24989: 24986: 24984: 24981: 24979: 24976: 24974: 24971: 24969: 24966: 24964: 24961: 24959: 24956: 24954: 24951: 24949: 24946: 24944: 24941: 24939: 24936: 24934: 24931: 24929: 24926: 24924: 24921: 24919: 24916: 24914: 24911: 24909: 24906: 24904: 24901: 24899: 24896: 24894: 24891: 24889: 24886: 24884: 24881: 24879: 24876: 24874: 24871: 24869: 24866: 24864: 24861: 24859: 24858:Louis Agassiz 24856: 24854: 24851: 24849: 24846: 24844: 24841: 24840: 24837: 24832: 24825: 24820: 24818: 24813: 24811: 24806: 24805: 24802: 24788: 24784: 24780: 24776: 24772: 24768: 24764: 24760: 24759:Kamala Harris 24756: 24752: 24748: 24744: 24739: 24738: 24733: 24729: 24725: 24721: 24715: 24711: 24707: 24703: 24699: 24695: 24694:Angela Merkel 24691: 24686: 24685:Salome Karwah 24682: 24678: 24673: 24669: 24665: 24661: 24657: 24653: 24652:The Protester 24649: 24645: 24641: 24637: 24633: 24629: 24625: 24621: 24617: 24613: 24609: 24604: 24603:Melinda Gates 24600: 24596: 24590: 24586: 24582: 24578: 24574: 24569: 24565: 24564:Coleen Rowley 24561: 24555: 24551: 24547: 24546: 24544: 24540: 24532: 24528: 24524: 24520: 24516: 24512: 24508: 24504: 24500: 24496: 24492: 24488: 24487:Newt Gingrich 24484: 24480: 24476: 24471: 24470:Yitzhak Rabin 24467: 24463: 24459: 24458:Yasser Arafat 24453: 24449: 24445: 24441: 24437: 24433: 24429: 24425: 24421: 24417: 24413: 24409: 24405: 24401: 24397: 24393: 24392:Deng Xiaoping 24389: 24385: 24381: 24377: 24376:Yuri Andropov 24373: 24372:Ronald Reagan 24369: 24365: 24361: 24357: 24353: 24349: 24348:Ronald Reagan 24345: 24341: 24337: 24333: 24332:Deng Xiaoping 24329: 24325: 24321: 24317: 24313: 24312: 24310: 24306: 24297: 24293: 24289: 24285: 24281: 24277: 24273: 24269: 24265: 24261: 24257: 24253: 24247: 24243: 24239: 24235: 24231: 24227: 24226:Richard Nixon 24223: 24219: 24215: 24214:Richard Nixon 24211: 24207: 24203: 24199: 24195: 24190: 24186: 24182: 24178: 24173: 24169: 24165: 24161: 24157: 24153: 24149: 24145: 24141: 24137: 24133: 24129: 24125: 24121: 24117: 24112: 24108: 24104: 24100: 24099:Edward Teller 24096: 24092: 24088: 24084: 24080: 24079:Linus Pauling 24076: 24075:Willard Libby 24072: 24068: 24064: 24060: 24056: 24055:George Beadle 24050: 24046: 24042: 24038: 24034: 24030: 24026: 24022: 24018: 24014: 24010: 24006: 24002: 23998: 23994: 23990: 23989:Elizabeth II 23986: 23982: 23978: 23977: 23975: 23971: 23963: 23959: 23955: 23951: 23947: 23943: 23939: 23935: 23931: 23927: 23923: 23919: 23915: 23911: 23907: 23903: 23899: 23898:Joseph Stalin 23895: 23891: 23887: 23883: 23879: 23875: 23874:Joseph Stalin 23871: 23867: 23863: 23859: 23855: 23851: 23847: 23843: 23839: 23835: 23831: 23827: 23823: 23819: 23815: 23811: 23807: 23803: 23799: 23795: 23791: 23790:Owen D. Young 23787: 23783: 23779: 23775: 23771: 23770: 23768: 23764: 23760: 23758: 23750: 23745: 23743: 23738: 23736: 23731: 23730: 23727: 23714: 23711: 23708: 23705: 23702: 23699: 23696: 23693: 23691:(grandmother) 23690: 23687: 23685:(grandfather) 23684: 23681: 23678: 23675: 23672: 23669: 23666: 23663: 23660: 23657: 23654: 23651: 23648: 23645: 23642: 23639: 23636: 23633: 23630: 23627: 23624: 23621: 23618: 23615: 23612: 23609: 23606: 23603: 23600: 23597: 23594: 23591: 23589: 23586: 23583: 23580: 23579: 23577: 23575: 23571: 23565: 23564:Lorena Hickok 23562: 23560: 23557: 23553: 23550: 23548: 23545: 23544: 23543: 23540: 23538: 23535: 23534: 23532: 23528: 23522: 23520: 23516: 23514: 23512: 23508: 23506: 23504: 23500: 23498: 23496: 23492: 23490: 23488: 23484: 23482: 23480: 23476: 23473: 23472: 23468: 23465: 23464: 23460: 23458: 23456: 23452: 23450: 23447: 23445: 23441: 23439: 23437: 23433: 23431: 23430: 23425: 23423: 23420: 23418: 23415: 23413: 23410: 23408: 23405: 23403: 23400: 23396: 23393: 23392: 23391: 23388: 23387: 23385: 23381: 23375: 23372: 23368: 23365: 23364: 23363: 23360: 23356: 23353: 23352: 23351: 23348: 23347: 23345: 23341: 23335: 23332: 23328: 23325: 23324: 23323: 23320: 23318: 23315: 23314: 23312: 23308: 23302: 23301:Freedom House 23299: 23297: 23296: 23292: 23290: 23287: 23285: 23284:Black Cabinet 23282: 23278: 23275: 23274: 23273: 23270: 23268: 23264: 23261: 23259: 23256: 23254: 23251: 23249: 23246: 23244: 23241: 23240: 23238: 23234:First Lady of 23232: 23226: 23223: 23219: 23216: 23215: 23214: 23211: 23209: 23206: 23204: 23201: 23200: 23198: 23194: 23187: 23184: 23181: 23178: 23175: 23174: 23171: 23167: 23160: 23155: 23153: 23148: 23146: 23141: 23140: 23137: 23126: 23121: 23111: 23108: 23106: 23103: 23102: 23100: 23098: 23094: 23088: 23085: 23082: 23079: 23076: 23074: 23071: 23069: 23068:Scalia (2016) 23066: 23064: 23062: 23058: 23056: 23053: 23051: 23048: 23046: 23044: 23040: 23038: 23035: 23033: 23031: 23027: 23026: 23024: 23022: 23016: 23009: 23006: 23004: 23000: 22998: 22996: 22992: 22990: 22988: 22984: 22982: 22980: 22976: 22973: 22970: 22968: 22964: 22962: 22960: 22956: 22954: 22952: 22948: 22947: 22945: 22943: 22939: 22936: 22934: 22930: 22920: 22917: 22915: 22912: 22910: 22907: 22905: 22904:Graham (2018) 22902: 22900: 22897: 22895: 22892: 22891: 22889: 22887: 22883: 22880: 22878: 22877:Lain in honor 22874: 22864: 22862: 22858: 22857: 22855: 22853: 22849: 22843: 22840: 22839: 22837: 22835: 22831: 22825: 22824:Hooper (1875) 22822: 22821: 22819: 22817: 22816:House Chamber 22813: 22807: 22804: 22801: 22798: 22795: 22793: 22790: 22789: 22787: 22785: 22781: 22775: 22772: 22770: 22767: 22765: 22762: 22759: 22756: 22754: 22750: 22748: 22747:McCain (2018) 22745: 22743: 22742:Inouye (2012) 22740: 22737: 22734: 22732: 22728: 22725: 22722: 22720: 22716: 22714: 22713:Pepper (1989) 22711: 22709: 22705: 22702: 22700: 22697: 22695: 22693: 22689: 22687: 22684: 22682: 22679: 22677: 22675: 22671: 22669: 22667: 22663: 22661: 22658: 22655: 22652: 22650: 22646: 22644: 22641: 22639: 22636: 22634: 22631: 22629: 22627: 22623: 22621: 22619: 22615: 22613: 22610: 22608: 22605: 22603: 22600: 22598: 22596: 22592: 22590: 22587: 22585: 22583: 22579: 22577: 22576:Wilson (1875) 22574: 22572: 22571:Sumner (1874) 22569: 22567: 22564: 22561: 22558: 22556: 22552: 22550: 22547: 22546: 22544: 22542: 22538: 22535: 22533: 22532:Lain in state 22529: 22525: 22520: 22515: 22511: 22507: 22506:lain in state 22499: 22494: 22492: 22487: 22485: 22480: 22479: 22476: 22464: 22461: 22459: 22456: 22455: 22452: 22446: 22443: 22441: 22438: 22436: 22433: 22431: 22428: 22426: 22423: 22421: 22420:Harry Hopkins 22418: 22416: 22413: 22411: 22408: 22406: 22403: 22402: 22400: 22396: 22390: 22387: 22385: 22382: 22380: 22377: 22375: 22372: 22370: 22367: 22364: 22360: 22357: 22355: 22352: 22350: 22347: 22345: 22342: 22340: 22337: 22335: 22332: 22330: 22327: 22326: 22324: 22320: 22314: 22311: 22309: 22306: 22304: 22301: 22299: 22296: 22294: 22291: 22289: 22286: 22284: 22281: 22279: 22276: 22274: 22271: 22269: 22266: 22264: 22261: 22259: 22256: 22254: 22251: 22249: 22246: 22244: 22241: 22239: 22236: 22234: 22231: 22229: 22226: 22224: 22221: 22219: 22216: 22214: 22211: 22209: 22206: 22204: 22201: 22200: 22198: 22194: 22188: 22185: 22183: 22180: 22178: 22175: 22173: 22170: 22168: 22165: 22164: 22162: 22158: 22154: 22147: 22142: 22140: 22135: 22133: 22128: 22127: 22124: 22111: 22107: 22104: 22101: 22097: 22094: 22091: 22087: 22084: 22081: 22077: 22074: 22071: 22067: 22064: 22061: 22057: 22054: 22051: 22047: 22044: 22041: 22037: 22034: 22031: 22027: 22024: 22021: 22017: 22014: 22011: 22007: 22004: 22001: 21997: 21994: 21991: 21987: 21984: 21981: 21977: 21974: 21971: 21967: 21964: 21961: 21957: 21954: 21951: 21947: 21944: 21941: 21937: 21934: 21931: 21927: 21924: 21921: 21917: 21914: 21911: 21907: 21904: 21901: 21897: 21894: 21891: 21887: 21884: 21883: 21881: 21877: 21871: 21868: 21866: 21863: 21861: 21858: 21856: 21853: 21851: 21848: 21846: 21843: 21841: 21838: 21836: 21833: 21831: 21828: 21826: 21823: 21821: 21818: 21816: 21813: 21811: 21808: 21806: 21803: 21801: 21798: 21796: 21793: 21791: 21788: 21786: 21783: 21781: 21778: 21776: 21773: 21771: 21768: 21766: 21763: 21761: 21758: 21756: 21753: 21751: 21748: 21746: 21743: 21741: 21738: 21736: 21733: 21731: 21728: 21726: 21723: 21721: 21718: 21716: 21713: 21711: 21708: 21706: 21703: 21701: 21698: 21696: 21693: 21691: 21688: 21686: 21683: 21681: 21678: 21676: 21673: 21671: 21668: 21666: 21663: 21661: 21658: 21656: 21653: 21651: 21648: 21646: 21643: 21641: 21638: 21636: 21633: 21631: 21628: 21626: 21623: 21622: 21620: 21616: 21612: 21605: 21600: 21598: 21593: 21591: 21586: 21585: 21582: 21570: 21567: 21565: 21562: 21560: 21557: 21555: 21552: 21550: 21547: 21545: 21544:Superdelegate 21542: 21540: 21537: 21535: 21532: 21530: 21527: 21526: 21524: 21520: 21510: 21507: 21505: 21502: 21498: 21495: 21494: 21493: 21490: 21488: 21485: 21483: 21480: 21478: 21475: 21474: 21472: 21468: 21462: 21459: 21457: 21454: 21452: 21449: 21447: 21444: 21442: 21439: 21437: 21434: 21432: 21429: 21428: 21426: 21422: 21414: 21411: 21409: 21406: 21404: 21401: 21399: 21396: 21394: 21391: 21390: 21389: 21386: 21384: 21381: 21377: 21374: 21372: 21369: 21368: 21367: 21366:Senate Caucus 21364: 21363: 21361: 21357: 21354: 21352: 21346: 21340: 21337: 21335: 21332: 21330: 21327: 21325: 21322: 21320: 21317: 21315: 21312: 21310: 21307: 21305: 21302: 21300: 21297: 21295: 21294:West Virginia 21292: 21290: 21287: 21285: 21282: 21280: 21277: 21275: 21272: 21270: 21267: 21265: 21262: 21260: 21257: 21255: 21252: 21250: 21247: 21245: 21242: 21240: 21237: 21235: 21232: 21230: 21227: 21225: 21222: 21220: 21217: 21215: 21212: 21210: 21207: 21205: 21202: 21200: 21199:New Hampshire 21197: 21195: 21192: 21190: 21187: 21185: 21182: 21180: 21177: 21175: 21172: 21170: 21167: 21165: 21162: 21160: 21159:Massachusetts 21157: 21155: 21152: 21150: 21147: 21145: 21142: 21140: 21137: 21135: 21132: 21130: 21127: 21125: 21122: 21120: 21117: 21115: 21112: 21110: 21107: 21105: 21102: 21100: 21097: 21095: 21092: 21090: 21087: 21085: 21082: 21080: 21077: 21075: 21072: 21070: 21067: 21065: 21062: 21060: 21057: 21056: 21054: 21052: 21044: 21038: 21035: 21033: 21030: 21028: 21025: 21023: 21020: 21018: 21015: 21013: 21010: 21008: 21004: 21001: 20999: 20995: 20992: 20990: 20986: 20983: 20981: 20978: 20976: 20973: 20971: 20968: 20966: 20963: 20961: 20958: 20956: 20953: 20951: 20948: 20946: 20943: 20941: 20938: 20936: 20933: 20931: 20928: 20926: 20923: 20921: 20918: 20916: 20913: 20911: 20908: 20906: 20903: 20901: 20898: 20896: 20893: 20891: 20888: 20886: 20883: 20881: 20878: 20876: 20873: 20871: 20868: 20866: 20863: 20861: 20858: 20856: 20853: 20851: 20848: 20846: 20843: 20841: 20838: 20836: 20833: 20831: 20828: 20826: 20823: 20821: 20818: 20816: 20813: 20811: 20808: 20806: 20803: 20801: 20798: 20796: 20793: 20791: 20788: 20786: 20783: 20781: 20778: 20776: 20773: 20772: 20770: 20768: 20761: 20754: 20751: 20748: 20745: 20742: 20739: 20736: 20733: 20730: 20727: 20724: 20721: 20718: 20715: 20712: 20709: 20706: 20703: 20700: 20697: 20694: 20691: 20688: 20685: 20682: 20679: 20676: 20673: 20670: 20667: 20664: 20661: 20658: 20655: 20652: 20649: 20646: 20643: 20640: 20637: 20634: 20631: 20628: 20625: 20622: 20619: 20616: 20613: 20610: 20607: 20604: 20601: 20598: 20595: 20594: 20592: 20590: 20582: 20576: 20569: 20566: 20563: 20560: 20557: 20554: 20551: 20548: 20545: 20542: 20539: 20536: 20533: 20530: 20527: 20524: 20521: 20518: 20515: 20512: 20509: 20506: 20503: 20500: 20497: 20494: 20491: 20488: 20485: 20482: 20479: 20476: 20473: 20470: 20467: 20464: 20461: 20458: 20455: 20452: 20449: 20446: 20443: 20440: 20437: 20434: 20431: 20428: 20425: 20422: 20419: 20415: 20412: 20409: 20406: 20403: 20400: 20397: 20394: 20391: 20388: 20385: 20382: 20379: 20376: 20373: 20370: 20367: 20364: 20361: 20358: 20355: 20352: 20351: 20349: 20347: 20338: 20333: 20327: 20320: 20317: 20314: 20311: 20308: 20305: 20302: 20299: 20296: 20295:L. B. Johnson 20293: 20290: 20287: 20284: 20281: 20278: 20274: 20270: 20267: 20264: 20261: 20258: 20255: 20252: 20249: 20246: 20243: 20240: 20237: 20234: 20231: 20228: 20225: 20222: 20221: 20219: 20217: 20213: 20209: 20201: 20198: 20197: 20196: 20192: 20188: 20185: 20181: 20178: 20177: 20176: 20172: 20168: 20165: 20161: 20158: 20157: 20156: 20152: 20148: 20145: 20141: 20138: 20137: 20136: 20132: 20128: 20125: 20121: 20118: 20117: 20116: 20112: 20108: 20107:2008 (Denver) 20105: 20101: 20098: 20097: 20096: 20092: 20088: 20087:2004 (Boston) 20085: 20081: 20078: 20077: 20076: 20072: 20068: 20065: 20061: 20058: 20057: 20056: 20052: 20048: 20045: 20041: 20038: 20037: 20036: 20032: 20028: 20025: 20021: 20018: 20017: 20016: 20012: 20008: 20005: 20001: 19998: 19997: 19996: 19992: 19988: 19985: 19981: 19978: 19977: 19976: 19972: 19968: 19965: 19961: 19958: 19957: 19956: 19952: 19948: 19945: 19941: 19938: 19937: 19935: 19931: 19927: 19923: 19920: 19916: 19913: 19912: 19911: 19907: 19903: 19900: 19896: 19893: 19892: 19891: 19887: 19883: 19880: 19876: 19873: 19872: 19871: 19867: 19863: 19860: 19856: 19853: 19852: 19851: 19847: 19843: 19840: 19836: 19833: 19832: 19831: 19827: 19823: 19820: 19816: 19813: 19812: 19811: 19807: 19803: 19800: 19796: 19793: 19792: 19791: 19787: 19783: 19780: 19776: 19773: 19772: 19771: 19767: 19763: 19760: 19756: 19753: 19752: 19751: 19747: 19743: 19740: 19736: 19733: 19732: 19731: 19727: 19723: 19720: 19716: 19713: 19712: 19711: 19707: 19703: 19700: 19696: 19693: 19692: 19691: 19687: 19683: 19680: 19676: 19673: 19672: 19671: 19667: 19663: 19660: 19656: 19653: 19652: 19651: 19647: 19643: 19640: 19636: 19633: 19632: 19631: 19627: 19623: 19620: 19618: 19614: 19610: 19609:1908 (Denver) 19607: 19605: 19601: 19597: 19594: 19592: 19588: 19584: 19581: 19579: 19575: 19571: 19568: 19566: 19562: 19558: 19555: 19553: 19549: 19545: 19542: 19540: 19536: 19532: 19529: 19527: 19523: 19519: 19516: 19514: 19510: 19506: 19503: 19501: 19497: 19493: 19490: 19488: 19484: 19480: 19477: 19475: 19471: 19467: 19464: 19461: 19457: 19453: 19449: 19445: 19441: 19438: 19436: 19432: 19428: 19425: 19423: 19419: 19415: 19412: 19410: 19406: 19402: 19399: 19397: 19393: 19389: 19386: 19384: 19380: 19376: 19373: 19371: 19367: 19363: 19360: 19358: 19354: 19350: 19347: 19345: 19341: 19337: 19334: 19333: 19331: 19329: 19320: 19313: 19307: 19299: 19296: 19294: 19291: 19289: 19286: 19284: 19281: 19279: 19276: 19275: 19274: 19271: 19270: 19267: 19263: 19254: 19249: 19247: 19242: 19240: 19235: 19234: 19231: 19219: 19211: 19209: 19201: 19200: 19197: 19185: 19181: 19178: 19175: 19171: 19168: 19165: 19161: 19158: 19155: 19151: 19148: 19145: 19141: 19138: 19135: 19131: 19130:Joe Lieberman 19128: 19125: 19121: 19118: 19115: 19111: 19108: 19105: 19101: 19100:Lloyd Bentsen 19098: 19095: 19091: 19088: 19085: 19081: 19078: 19075: 19071: 19068: 19065: 19061: 19058: 19055: 19051: 19050:Edmund Muskie 19048: 19045: 19041: 19038: 19035: 19031: 19028: 19025: 19021: 19018: 19015: 19011: 19010:John Sparkman 19008: 19005: 19001: 18998: 18995: 18991: 18988: 18985: 18981: 18978: 18975: 18971: 18968: 18965: 18961: 18958: 18955: 18951: 18948: 18945: 18941: 18938: 18935: 18931: 18928: 18925: 18921: 18918: 18915: 18911: 18908: 18905: 18901: 18898: 18895: 18891: 18888: 18885: 18881: 18878: 18875: 18871: 18870:Arthur Sewall 18868: 18865: 18861: 18860:Whitelaw Reid 18858: 18855: 18851: 18848: 18845: 18841: 18840:John A. Logan 18838: 18835: 18831: 18828: 18825: 18821: 18818: 18815: 18811: 18808: 18805: 18801: 18798: 18795: 18791: 18788: 18785: 18781: 18778: 18775: 18771: 18768: 18765: 18761: 18758: 18755: 18751: 18748: 18745: 18741: 18738: 18735: 18731: 18728: 18725: 18721: 18718: 18715: 18711: 18708: 18705: 18701: 18700:John Sergeant 18698: 18695: 18691: 18688: 18685: 18681: 18678: 18675: 18671: 18668: 18665: 18661: 18658: 18655: 18651: 18648: 18645: 18641: 18637: 18634: 18631: 18627: 18624: 18621: 18617: 18614: 18611: 18607: 18604: 18601: 18597: 18594: 18593: 18589: 18585: 18581: 18574: 18569: 18567: 18562: 18560: 18555: 18554: 18551: 18533: 18530: 18528: 18525: 18523: 18520: 18518: 18515: 18513: 18510: 18508: 18505: 18504: 18502: 18500: 18497: 18495: 18492: 18490: 18487: 18485: 18482: 18480: 18477: 18476: 18474: 18470: 18464: 18461: 18459: 18456: 18454: 18451: 18449: 18446: 18444: 18441: 18439: 18436: 18434: 18431: 18429: 18426: 18424: 18421: 18419: 18416: 18414: 18411: 18409: 18406: 18404: 18401: 18399: 18396: 18394: 18391: 18389: 18386: 18384: 18381: 18379: 18376: 18374: 18371: 18369: 18366: 18364: 18361: 18359: 18356: 18354: 18351: 18349: 18346: 18344: 18341: 18339: 18336: 18335: 18333: 18329: 18326: 18324: 18318: 18312: 18309: 18307: 18304: 18302: 18299: 18297: 18294: 18292: 18289: 18287: 18284: 18282: 18279: 18277: 18274: 18272: 18269: 18267: 18264: 18262: 18259: 18257: 18254: 18252: 18249: 18247: 18244: 18242: 18239: 18237: 18234: 18232: 18229: 18227: 18224: 18222: 18219: 18217: 18214: 18212: 18209: 18207: 18204: 18202: 18199: 18197: 18194: 18192: 18189: 18187: 18184: 18182: 18179: 18177: 18174: 18172: 18169: 18167: 18164: 18162: 18159: 18157: 18154: 18152: 18149: 18147: 18144: 18143: 18141: 18139: 18133: 18100: 18097: 18095: 18092: 18090: 18087: 18085: 18082: 18080: 18077: 18075: 18072: 18070: 18067: 18065: 18062: 18060: 18057: 18055: 18052: 18050: 18047: 18045: 18042: 18040: 18037: 18035: 18032: 18030: 18027: 18025: 18022: 18020: 18017: 18015: 18012: 18010: 18007: 18005: 18002: 18000: 17997: 17995: 17992: 17990: 17987: 17985: 17982: 17980: 17977: 17975: 17972: 17970: 17967: 17965: 17962: 17960: 17957: 17956: 17954: 17952: 17948: 17942: 17939: 17937: 17934: 17932: 17929: 17927: 17924: 17922: 17919: 17917: 17914: 17912: 17909: 17907: 17904: 17902: 17899: 17897: 17894: 17892: 17889: 17887: 17884: 17882: 17879: 17877: 17874: 17872: 17869: 17867: 17864: 17862: 17859: 17857: 17854: 17852: 17849: 17847: 17844: 17842: 17839: 17837: 17834: 17832: 17829: 17827: 17824: 17822: 17819: 17817: 17814: 17812: 17809: 17807: 17804: 17802: 17799: 17797: 17794: 17792: 17789: 17787: 17784: 17782: 17779: 17777: 17774: 17772: 17769: 17767: 17764: 17762: 17759: 17757: 17754: 17752: 17749: 17747: 17744: 17742: 17739: 17737: 17734: 17732: 17729: 17727: 17726:Crowninshield 17724: 17722: 17719: 17717: 17714: 17712: 17709: 17707: 17704: 17703: 17701: 17699: 17698:Cabinet-level 17695: 17692: 17690: 17686: 17682: 17675: 17670: 17668: 17663: 17661: 17656: 17655: 17652: 17639: 17636: 17635: 17632: 17626: 17623: 17621: 17620: 17616: 17614: 17611: 17609: 17608: 17604: 17602: 17599: 17597: 17594: 17592: 17589: 17587: 17586: 17582: 17580: 17579: 17575: 17573: 17572: 17568: 17566: 17565: 17561: 17559: 17556: 17554: 17551: 17549: 17546: 17544: 17541: 17539: 17538: 17534: 17532: 17529: 17527: 17524: 17522: 17519: 17517: 17516: 17512: 17510: 17507: 17505: 17502: 17500: 17499: 17495: 17493: 17492: 17488: 17486: 17483: 17481: 17478: 17476: 17473: 17471: 17470: 17466: 17464: 17461: 17459: 17456: 17454: 17451: 17449: 17446: 17444: 17441: 17439: 17436: 17434: 17433: 17429: 17427: 17424: 17422: 17419: 17417: 17414: 17412: 17411: 17407: 17405: 17402: 17400: 17397: 17395: 17394: 17390: 17388: 17385: 17383: 17380: 17378: 17377: 17373: 17371: 17368: 17366: 17363: 17361: 17358: 17356: 17353: 17351: 17348: 17346: 17343: 17341: 17340: 17336: 17334: 17331: 17329: 17326: 17324: 17321: 17319: 17316: 17314: 17311: 17309: 17306: 17304: 17301: 17299: 17296: 17294: 17291: 17289: 17286: 17284: 17281: 17279: 17276: 17274: 17271: 17269: 17266: 17264: 17263: 17259: 17257: 17254: 17252: 17249: 17247: 17244: 17242: 17239: 17237: 17236:E. Livingston 17234: 17232: 17231: 17227: 17225: 17224: 17220: 17218: 17215: 17213: 17212: 17208: 17206: 17205: 17204:P. Livingston 17201: 17199: 17196: 17194: 17191: 17189: 17186: 17184: 17181: 17179: 17178: 17174: 17172: 17169: 17167: 17164: 17162: 17161: 17157: 17155: 17152: 17150: 17147: 17145: 17142: 17140: 17139:Van Cortlandt 17137: 17136: 17134: 17128: 17113: 17110: 17108: 17105: 17103: 17100: 17098: 17095: 17093: 17090: 17088: 17085: 17083: 17080: 17078: 17075: 17073: 17070: 17068: 17065: 17063: 17060: 17058: 17055: 17053: 17050: 17048: 17045: 17043: 17040: 17038: 17035: 17033: 17030: 17028: 17025: 17023: 17020: 17018: 17015: 17013: 17010: 17008: 17005: 17003: 17000: 16998: 16995: 16993: 16990: 16988: 16985: 16983: 16980: 16978: 16975: 16973: 16970: 16968: 16965: 16963: 16960: 16958: 16955: 16953: 16950: 16948: 16945: 16943: 16940: 16938: 16935: 16933: 16930: 16928: 16925: 16923: 16920: 16918: 16915: 16913: 16910: 16908: 16905: 16903: 16900: 16898: 16895: 16893: 16890: 16888: 16885: 16883: 16880: 16878: 16875: 16873: 16870: 16868: 16865: 16863: 16860: 16858: 16855: 16853: 16850: 16848: 16845: 16843: 16840: 16838: 16837: 16833: 16831: 16828: 16826: 16823: 16821: 16818: 16816: 16813: 16811: 16808: 16807: 16805: 16801: 16797: 16793: 16789: 16782: 16777: 16775: 16770: 16768: 16763: 16762: 16759: 16747: 16744: 16742: 16738: 16735: 16734: 16731: 16721: 16720: 16715: 16713: 16712: 16711:Norman Thomas 16707: 16706: 16704: 16702: 16698: 16692: 16691: 16686: 16685: 16683: 16681: 16677: 16671: 16670: 16665: 16664: 16662: 16660: 16656: 16651: 16647: 16642: 16638: 16628: 16625: 16623: 16620: 16618: 16615: 16613: 16610: 16608: 16605: 16603: 16600: 16599: 16597: 16593: 16587: 16586: 16581: 16579: 16578: 16573: 16572: 16570: 16566: 16563: 16560: 16555: 16554: 16549: 16539: 16536: 16534: 16533:Harry F. Byrd 16531: 16530: 16528: 16524: 16518: 16517: 16512: 16509: 16508: 16503: 16502: 16500: 16496: 16493: 16490: 16485: 16484: 16479: 16474: 16470: 16466: 16458: 16453: 16451: 16446: 16444: 16439: 16438: 16435: 16423: 16420: 16418: 16414: 16411: 16410: 16407: 16397: 16396: 16392: 16391: 16389: 16385: 16379: 16378: 16373: 16371: 16370: 16369:John W. Aiken 16365: 16364: 16362: 16360: 16356: 16350: 16349: 16344: 16342: 16341: 16340:Norman Thomas 16336: 16335: 16333: 16331: 16327: 16321: 16320: 16315: 16314: 16312: 16310: 16306: 16301: 16297: 16292: 16288: 16278: 16275: 16273: 16270: 16268: 16265: 16263: 16262:Frank Gannett 16260: 16258: 16255: 16253: 16250: 16249: 16247: 16243: 16237: 16236: 16231: 16229: 16228: 16223: 16222: 16220: 16216: 16213: 16210: 16205: 16204: 16199: 16189: 16186: 16184: 16181: 16179: 16176: 16174: 16171: 16170: 16168: 16164: 16158: 16157: 16152: 16149: 16148: 16143: 16142: 16140: 16136: 16133: 16130: 16125: 16124: 16119: 16114: 16110: 16106: 16098: 16093: 16091: 16086: 16084: 16079: 16078: 16075: 16063: 16060: 16058: 16055: 16052: 16051: 16048: 16038: 16037: 16032: 16030: 16029: 16024: 16023: 16021: 16019: 16015: 16009: 16008: 16003: 16001: 16000: 15999:John W. Aiken 15995: 15994: 15992: 15990: 15986: 15980: 15979: 15974: 15972: 15971: 15970:William Lemke 15966: 15965: 15963: 15961: 15957: 15951: 15950: 15945: 15943: 15942: 15941:Norman Thomas 15937: 15936: 15934: 15932: 15928: 15922: 15921: 15916: 15914: 15913: 15908: 15907: 15905: 15903: 15899: 15893: 15892: 15891:James W. Ford 15887: 15885: 15884: 15879: 15878: 15876: 15874: 15870: 15865: 15861: 15856: 15852: 15842: 15839: 15837: 15834: 15832: 15829: 15827: 15824: 15822: 15819: 15817: 15814: 15812: 15811:William Borah 15809: 15806: 15805: 15802: 15801: 15796: 15794: 15793: 15788: 15787: 15785: 15781: 15775: 15772: 15770: 15767: 15766: 15763: 15760: 15758: 15757: 15752: 15742: 15739: 15736: 15735: 15732: 15731: 15726: 15724: 15723: 15718: 15717: 15715: 15711: 15705: 15702: 15700: 15697: 15696: 15693: 15690: 15688: 15687: 15682: 15677: 15673: 15669: 15661: 15656: 15654: 15649: 15647: 15642: 15641: 15638: 15626: 15623: 15621: 15617: 15614: 15613: 15610: 15600: 15599: 15595: 15593: 15592: 15588: 15587: 15585: 15581: 15575: 15574: 15573:John W. Aiken 15569: 15567: 15566: 15561: 15560: 15558: 15556: 15552: 15546: 15545: 15540: 15538: 15537: 15536:Norman Thomas 15532: 15531: 15529: 15527: 15523: 15517: 15516: 15511: 15510: 15508: 15506: 15502: 15496: 15495: 15494:James W. Ford 15490: 15488: 15487: 15482: 15481: 15479: 15477: 15473: 15468: 15464: 15459: 15455: 15445: 15442: 15440: 15437: 15435: 15432: 15430: 15427: 15426: 15424: 15420: 15413: 15412: 15407: 15404: 15403: 15398: 15397: 15395: 15391: 15388: 15385: 15381: 15376: 15375: 15370: 15359: 15355: 15352: 15350: 15347: 15345: 15344:James A. Reed 15342: 15340: 15337: 15335: 15332: 15331: 15329: 15325: 15319: 15318: 15313: 15311: 15310: 15305: 15304: 15302: 15298: 15295: 15292: 15288: 15283: 15282: 15277: 15272: 15268: 15264: 15256: 15251: 15249: 15244: 15242: 15237: 15236: 15233: 15221: 15218: 15216: 15212: 15209: 15208: 15205: 15195: 15194: 15189: 15187: 15186: 15181: 15180: 15178: 15176: 15172: 15166: 15165: 15160: 15158: 15157: 15152: 15151: 15149: 15147: 15143: 15137: 15136: 15131: 15129: 15128: 15123: 15122: 15120: 15118: 15114: 15108: 15107: 15102: 15100: 15099: 15094: 15093: 15091: 15089: 15085: 15079: 15078: 15073: 15071: 15070: 15065: 15064: 15062: 15060: 15056: 15050: 15049: 15044: 15042: 15041: 15036: 15035: 15033: 15031: 15027: 15022: 15018: 15013: 15009: 14999: 14996: 14993: 14990: 14988: 14985: 14983: 14982:John W. Davis 14980: 14978: 14975: 14973: 14970: 14968: 14965: 14964: 14962: 14958: 14952: 14951: 14946: 14944: 14943: 14938: 14937: 14935: 14931: 14928: 14925: 14920: 14919: 14914: 14904: 14901: 14899: 14896: 14894: 14891: 14889: 14886: 14884: 14881: 14879: 14876: 14874: 14871: 14869: 14866: 14864: 14863:Hiram Johnson 14861: 14859: 14856: 14854: 14851: 14850: 14848: 14844: 14838: 14837: 14832: 14830: 14829: 14824: 14823: 14821: 14817: 14814: 14811: 14806: 14805: 14800: 14795: 14791: 14787: 14779: 14774: 14772: 14767: 14765: 14760: 14759: 14756: 14743: 14740: 14739: 14737: 14735: 14731: 14724: 14721: 14718: 14715: 14712: 14711:Harry Hopkins 14709: 14706: 14703: 14702: 14700: 14698: 14694: 14687: 14684: 14681: 14678: 14677: 14675: 14673: 14669: 14662: 14659: 14658: 14656: 14654: 14650: 14643: 14640: 14637: 14634: 14631: 14628: 14625: 14622: 14621: 14619: 14617: 14613: 14606: 14603: 14600: 14597: 14596: 14594: 14592: 14588: 14581: 14578: 14575: 14572: 14569: 14566: 14563: 14560: 14559: 14557: 14555: 14551: 14544: 14541: 14538: 14535: 14532: 14529: 14528: 14526: 14524: 14520: 14513: 14510: 14507: 14504: 14503: 14501: 14499: 14495: 14488: 14485: 14482: 14479: 14478: 14476: 14474: 14470: 14454: 14451: 14448: 14445: 14442: 14439: 14438: 14436: 14434: 14430: 14425: 14422: 14418: 14411: 14406: 14404: 14399: 14397: 14392: 14391: 14388: 14376: 14368: 14366: 14358: 14357: 14354: 14348: 14345: 14343: 14340: 14338: 14335: 14333: 14330: 14328: 14325: 14323: 14322:G. H. W. Bush 14320: 14318: 14315: 14313: 14310: 14308: 14305: 14303: 14300: 14298: 14297:L. B. Johnson 14295: 14293: 14290: 14288: 14285: 14283: 14280: 14278: 14275: 14273: 14270: 14268: 14265: 14263: 14260: 14258: 14255: 14253: 14250: 14248: 14245: 14243: 14240: 14238: 14235: 14234: 14232: 14226: 14217: 14213: 14210: 14207: 14203: 14200: 14197: 14193: 14190: 14187: 14183: 14180: 14177: 14173: 14170: 14167: 14163: 14160: 14157: 14153: 14152:Ronald Reagan 14150: 14147: 14143: 14140: 14137: 14133: 14130: 14127: 14123: 14122:Richard Nixon 14120: 14117: 14113: 14110: 14107: 14103: 14100: 14097: 14093: 14090: 14087: 14083: 14080: 14077: 14073: 14070: 14067: 14063: 14060: 14057: 14053: 14050: 14047: 14043: 14040: 14037: 14033: 14030: 14027: 14023: 14020: 14017: 14013: 14010: 14007: 14003: 14000: 13997: 13993: 13990: 13987: 13983: 13980: 13977: 13973: 13970: 13967: 13963: 13960: 13957: 13953: 13950: 13947: 13943: 13940: 13937: 13933: 13930: 13927: 13923: 13920: 13917: 13913: 13910: 13907: 13903: 13900: 13897: 13893: 13890: 13887: 13883: 13880: 13877: 13873: 13870: 13867: 13863: 13862:James K. Polk 13860: 13857: 13853: 13850: 13847: 13843: 13840: 13837: 13833: 13830: 13827: 13823: 13820: 13817: 13813: 13810: 13807: 13803: 13800: 13797: 13793: 13792:James Madison 13790: 13787: 13783: 13780: 13777: 13773: 13770: 13767: 13763: 13760: 13759: 13755: 13749: 13745: 13738: 13733: 13731: 13726: 13724: 13719: 13718: 13715: 13709: 13702: 13687: 13678: 13677: 13676: 13667: 13661: 13657: 13656:John L. Lewis 13650:May 28, 1923 13648: 13647: 13646: 13637: 13631: 13626: 13622: 13615: 13611: 13607: 13603: 13599: 13597: 13592: 13588: 13581: 13577: 13573: 13572: 13568: 13561: 13555: 13551: 13544: 13540: 13539: 13535: 13528: 13522: 13517: 13513: 13504: 13503: 13496: 13490: 13486: 13477: 13476: 13469: 13463: 13459: 13450: 13449: 13442: 13436: 13431: 13427: 13418: 13415: 13403: 13400: 13396: 13391: 13384: 13372: 13371: 13362: 13361: 13358: 13357: 13353: 13351: 13350: 13346: 13345: 13342: 13335: 13332: 13329: 13326: 13324:(grandfather) 13323: 13320: 13318:(grandfather) 13317: 13314: 13311: 13308: 13305: 13302: 13299: 13296: 13293: 13290: 13287: 13284: 13281: 13278: 13275: 13272: 13269: 13266: 13263: 13260: 13259: 13257: 13254: 13249: 13242: 13236: 13233: 13229: 13227: 13223: 13221: 13219: 13215: 13213: 13211: 13207: 13205: 13203: 13199: 13197: 13195: 13191: 13189: 13187: 13183: 13181: 13179: 13175: 13173: 13171: 13167: 13165: 13161: 13159: 13157: 13153: 13151: 13149: 13145: 13144: 13142: 13140: 13138: 13134: 13132: 13129: 13127: 13124: 13122: 13121: 13117: 13115: 13113: 13112:Four Freedoms 13109: 13107: 13104: 13102: 13101: 13096: 13094: 13093: 13088: 13086: 13083: 13081: 13078: 13074: 13071: 13070: 13069: 13066: 13064: 13061: 13059: 13056: 13052: 13049: 13047: 13044: 13043: 13042: 13039: 13037: 13034: 13032: 13029: 13028: 13026: 13022: 13016: 13013: 13011: 13008: 13006: 13003: 13001: 12998: 12994: 12991: 12990: 12989: 12986: 12984: 12981: 12977: 12976:Groton School 12974: 12973: 12972: 12969: 12968: 12966: 12962: 12956: 12953: 12951: 12948: 12946: 12943: 12939: 12936: 12935: 12934: 12931: 12929: 12926: 12924: 12921: 12919: 12916: 12914: 12911: 12909: 12906: 12904: 12901: 12899: 12896: 12894: 12891: 12889: 12886: 12885: 12883: 12881: 12877: 12871: 12868: 12866: 12865:Business Plot 12863: 12861: 12858: 12856: 12853: 12851: 12848: 12847: 12845: 12841: 12835: 12832: 12830: 12827: 12825: 12822: 12820: 12817: 12815: 12812: 12810: 12807: 12805: 12802: 12799: 12795: 12793: 12790: 12787: 12783: 12781: 12778: 12776: 12773: 12771: 12768: 12766: 12763: 12760: 12759:Four Freedoms 12756: 12754: 12751: 12749: 12746: 12744: 12741: 12740: 12738: 12732: 12726: 12723: 12721: 12718: 12716: 12713: 12711: 12708: 12704: 12701: 12700: 12699: 12696: 12692: 12689: 12687: 12684: 12682: 12679: 12678: 12677: 12674: 12672: 12669: 12667: 12664: 12662: 12659: 12657: 12654: 12652: 12649: 12647: 12644: 12642: 12639: 12637: 12634: 12632: 12629: 12627: 12624: 12622: 12619: 12615: 12612: 12610: 12607: 12606: 12605: 12602: 12601: 12599: 12597: 12591: 12585: 12582: 12580: 12577: 12575: 12572: 12570: 12567: 12565: 12562: 12560: 12557: 12555: 12554:"Brain Trust" 12552: 12550: 12547: 12543: 12540: 12538: 12535: 12533: 12532:Supreme Court 12530: 12529: 12528: 12525: 12523: 12520: 12518: 12515: 12513: 12510: 12508: 12505: 12503: 12502:Black Cabinet 12500: 12496: 12495: 12491: 12490: 12489: 12488:Four Freedoms 12486: 12484: 12481: 12479: 12476: 12474: 12471: 12469: 12466: 12464: 12461: 12457: 12454: 12452: 12449: 12447: 12444: 12442: 12439: 12438: 12437: 12434: 12431: 12429: 12426: 12422: 12419: 12417: 12414: 12413: 12412: 12409: 12405: 12402: 12400: 12397: 12396: 12395: 12392: 12390: 12387: 12383: 12380: 12379: 12378: 12375: 12371: 12368: 12367: 12366: 12363: 12359: 12356: 12355: 12354: 12351: 12347: 12344: 12342: 12339: 12338: 12337: 12334: 12332: 12329: 12327: 12324: 12322: 12319: 12317: 12314: 12312: 12309: 12307: 12304: 12302: 12299: 12297: 12294: 12290: 12287: 12285: 12282: 12280: 12277: 12275: 12272: 12271: 12270: 12267: 12265: 12262: 12260: 12257: 12255: 12252: 12250: 12247: 12245: 12242: 12240: 12237: 12235: 12231: 12229: 12226: 12225: 12223: 12220: 12215: 12211: 12203: 12199: 12195: 12191: 12187: 12184: 12180: 12176: 12173: 12169: 12168: 12165: 12161: 12154: 12149: 12147: 12142: 12140: 12135: 12134: 12131: 12125: 12121: 12118: 12110: 12106: 12103: 12101: 12097: 12094: 12092: 12091: 12087: 12084: 12083: 12078: 12077: 12073: 12068: 12067: 12062: 12058: 12055: 12054: 12053: 12049: 12046: 12044: 12040: 12037: 12035: 12034: 12029: 12026: 12024: 12020: 12017: 12014: 12011: 12009: 12006: 12005: 11999: 11996: 11994: 11991: 11990: 11988: 11980: 11977: 11975: 11972: 11971: 11966: 11961: 11946: 11940: 11936: 11935: 11930: 11926: 11922: 11916: 11912: 11907: 11903: 11897: 11893: 11892: 11887: 11883: 11879: 11875: 11869: 11865: 11864: 11858: 11854: 11848: 11844: 11840: 11836: 11832: 11826: 11822: 11817: 11816: 11809: 11805: 11801: 11797: 11793: 11790:(1): 127–49. 11789: 11785: 11784: 11778: 11774: 11768: 11764: 11763: 11758: 11754: 11750: 11744: 11740: 11739: 11733: 11729: 11723: 11719: 11718: 11712: 11708: 11702: 11698: 11697: 11691: 11687: 11681: 11676: 11675: 11669: 11668:Rowley, Hazel 11665: 11661: 11660: 11654: 11651: 11645: 11641: 11636: 11634: 11630: 11626: 11622: 11616: 11612: 11611: 11605: 11601: 11595: 11591: 11590: 11585: 11581: 11579: 11574: 11568: 11564: 11563: 11557: 11553: 11547: 11543: 11542: 11537: 11533: 11529: 11523: 11519: 11518: 11512: 11508: 11502: 11498: 11497: 11492: 11488: 11483: 11477: 11473: 11472: 11467: 11463: 11458: 11452: 11447: 11446: 11439: 11435: 11429: 11425: 11424: 11418: 11414: 11408: 11404: 11403: 11397: 11393: 11387: 11383: 11378: 11374: 11373: 11367: 11363: 11357: 11353: 11352: 11347: 11343: 11339: 11333: 11329: 11324: 11320: 11314: 11310: 11309: 11303: 11298: 11294: 11292: 11288: 11284: 11282: 11278: 11274: 11272: 11268: 11264: 11263: 11261: 11257: 11253: 11250:(1952–1973), 11249: 11245: 11241: 11239:9781785305108 11235: 11231: 11226: 11223: 11217: 11213: 11208: 11206: 11202: 11198: 11194: 11188: 11184: 11179: 11177: 11172: 11166: 11162: 11158: 11154: 11150: 11144: 11140: 11139: 11134: 11130: 11126: 11122: 11118: 11112: 11108: 11107: 11102: 11098: 11094: 11090: 11086: 11083:(3): 359–86. 11082: 11078: 11071: 11066: 11062: 11056: 11052: 11048: 11044: 11043: 11037: 11033: 11027: 11023: 11022: 11016: 11012: 11006: 11001: 11000: 10993: 10989: 10985: 10981: 10975: 10971: 10967: 10962: 10958: 10952: 10948: 10947: 10942: 10941:Brands, H. W. 10938: 10933: 10927: 10923: 10922: 10917: 10916:Black, Conrad 10913: 10909: 10903: 10899: 10895: 10891: 10888: 10882: 10878: 10877: 10872: 10868: 10867: 10864: 10845:September 25, 10841: 10837: 10831: 10815: 10809: 10798:September 25, 10794: 10790: 10784: 10769: 10765: 10759: 10743: 10739: 10733: 10717: 10713: 10706: 10691: 10687: 10681: 10674: 10673: 10668: 10663: 10656: 10650: 10643: 10638: 10631: 10630:Robinson 2001 10626: 10619: 10614: 10607: 10602: 10595: 10589: 10580: 10573: 10567: 10562: 10561: 10552: 10545: 10540: 10533: 10528: 10521: 10515: 10511: 10507: 10503: 10497: 10489: 10483: 10479: 10472: 10466:, p. ix. 10465: 10460: 10452: 10448: 10444: 10440: 10437:(2): 179–90. 10436: 10432: 10425: 10410: 10409: 10404: 10397: 10381: 10377: 10376: 10371: 10365: 10357: 10353: 10347: 10332: 10328: 10321: 10306: 10302: 10295: 10288: 10283: 10268: 10267: 10262: 10255: 10240: 10239: 10234: 10228: 10212: 10208: 10202: 10195: 10190: 10175: 10170: 10165: 10159: 10157: 10155: 10139: 10138: 10133: 10126: 10117: 10109: 10103: 10096: 10091: 10083: 10079: 10075: 10071: 10068:(1): 272–86. 10067: 10063: 10062: 10054: 10047: 10042: 10035: 10034:McJimsey 2000 10030: 10028: 10019: 10015: 10008: 10000: 9994: 9990: 9989: 9981: 9973: 9967: 9963: 9959: 9958: 9950: 9942: 9935: 9920: 9916: 9912: 9908: 9901: 9886: 9882: 9875: 9867: 9861: 9857: 9856: 9848: 9832: 9828: 9822: 9815: 9810: 9802: 9796: 9792: 9788: 9787: 9782: 9776: 9760: 9756: 9755: 9748: 9741: 9736: 9721: 9717: 9711: 9696: 9695: 9690: 9683: 9675: 9671: 9667: 9663: 9659: 9655: 9652:(9): 674–78. 9651: 9647: 9646:CNS Spectrums 9640: 9624: 9623: 9618: 9612: 9596: 9592: 9586: 9584: 9576: 9571: 9564: 9559: 9552: 9547: 9540: 9535: 9528: 9523: 9516: 9511: 9504: 9499: 9491: 9487: 9483: 9479: 9476:(4): 579–91. 9475: 9471: 9464: 9456: 9452: 9445: 9438: 9433: 9418: 9414: 9407: 9391: 9387: 9381: 9374: 9369: 9354: 9350: 9343: 9341: 9333: 9328: 9321: 9316: 9309: 9304: 9297: 9292: 9285: 9280: 9273: 9268: 9261: 9256: 9249: 9244: 9237: 9232: 9224: 9218: 9211: 9206: 9199: 9194: 9187: 9182: 9175: 9170: 9163: 9158: 9151: 9146: 9139: 9134: 9132: 9130: 9122: 9117: 9110: 9105: 9098: 9093: 9078: 9074: 9067: 9060: 9055: 9048: 9043: 9036: 9031: 9024: 9018: 9011: 9006: 8999: 8994: 8987: 8982: 8975: 8970: 8963: 8958: 8951: 8946: 8939: 8934: 8927: 8922: 8914: 8908: 8904: 8897: 8890: 8885: 8883: 8875: 8870: 8862: 8856: 8852: 8848: 8847: 8839: 8832: 8827: 8820: 8815: 8808: 8803: 8796: 8791: 8784: 8779: 8771: 8765: 8761: 8760: 8752: 8745: 8740: 8733: 8728: 8721: 8716: 8709: 8704: 8697: 8692: 8685: 8680: 8673: 8668: 8661: 8656: 8649: 8644: 8637: 8632: 8625: 8620: 8613: 8608: 8601: 8596: 8589: 8584: 8577: 8572: 8566: 8563: 8559: 8553: 8547: 8544: 8540: 8536: 8531: 8524: 8519: 8511: 8507: 8504:(2): 211–32. 8503: 8499: 8498: 8490: 8484:, p. 95. 8483: 8478: 8471: 8466: 8459: 8454: 8447: 8441: 8434: 8428: 8421: 8415: 8408: 8403: 8396: 8391: 8384: 8379: 8372: 8367: 8360: 8355: 8347: 8341: 8337: 8330: 8328: 8320: 8315: 8308: 8302: 8295: 8290: 8283: 8278: 8271: 8266: 8259: 8254: 8246: 8242: 8236: 8230:, p. 15. 8229: 8224: 8217: 8212: 8205: 8200: 8193: 8188: 8181: 8176: 8169: 8164: 8157: 8152: 8136: 8132: 8126: 8119: 8114: 8107: 8102: 8095: 8090: 8083: 8078: 8071: 8066: 8059: 8054: 8047: 8042: 8036:, p. 18. 8035: 8030: 8023: 8018: 8011: 8006: 7998: 7997: 7990: 7982: 7975: 7969: 7961: 7960: 7953: 7951: 7942: 7938: 7934: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7916: 7912: 7905: 7903: 7895: 7889: 7878: 7874: 7870: 7866: 7862: 7858: 7854: 7851:(3): 435–61. 7850: 7846: 7845: 7837: 7830: 7823: 7822:Brinkley 2016 7818: 7802: 7796: 7788: 7782: 7778: 7771: 7756: 7752: 7746: 7740: 7736: 7732: 7726: 7720:, p. 19. 7719: 7714: 7707: 7702: 7695: 7690: 7683: 7678: 7671: 7666: 7659: 7654: 7647: 7642: 7627: 7621: 7617: 7616: 7608: 7592: 7585: 7579: 7578:0-19-511131-1 7575: 7571: 7565: 7550: 7546: 7539: 7532: 7527: 7520: 7515: 7508: 7503: 7495: 7491: 7487: 7483: 7476: 7468: 7462: 7458: 7457: 7449: 7442: 7437: 7430: 7425: 7418: 7413: 7406: 7401: 7394: 7389: 7382: 7377: 7369: 7368: 7360: 7353: 7348: 7341: 7336: 7329: 7324: 7322: 7314: 7309: 7303:(1994) p. 225 7302: 7296: 7289: 7284: 7277: 7272: 7265: 7260: 7253: 7248: 7241: 7236: 7229: 7224: 7205: 7201: 7197: 7193: 7189: 7188: 7180: 7173: 7166: 7161: 7154: 7149: 7142: 7137: 7130: 7125: 7118: 7113: 7106: 7101: 7094: 7089: 7082: 7077: 7070: 7065: 7063: 7055: 7050: 7034: 7027: 7020: 7015: 7008: 7003: 6987: 6980: 6978: 6976: 6974: 6972: 6970: 6968: 6966: 6964: 6962: 6954: 6949: 6942: 6937: 6930: 6925: 6918: 6913: 6905: 6901: 6894: 6887: 6882: 6875: 6870: 6863: 6858: 6851: 6846: 6839: 6838:Campbell 2006 6834: 6827: 6822: 6815: 6810: 6803: 6798: 6791: 6786: 6779: 6774: 6767: 6762: 6755: 6750: 6743: 6738: 6731: 6726: 6710: 6703: 6701: 6699: 6697: 6695: 6693: 6691: 6689: 6687: 6685: 6683: 6681: 6673: 6668: 6653: 6649: 6643: 6635: 6629: 6625: 6621: 6620: 6612: 6605: 6600: 6593: 6588: 6581: 6576: 6569: 6564: 6557: 6552: 6545: 6540: 6533: 6528: 6521: 6516: 6509: 6504: 6497: 6492: 6485: 6480: 6473: 6468: 6461: 6456: 6449: 6444: 6437: 6432: 6425: 6420: 6413: 6410:Selig Adler, 6407: 6400: 6394: 6387: 6382: 6376:, p. 21. 6375: 6370: 6363: 6358: 6356: 6354: 6352: 6344: 6339: 6332: 6327: 6320: 6315: 6308: 6303: 6296: 6291: 6284: 6279: 6272: 6267: 6260: 6255: 6248: 6243: 6236: 6231: 6224: 6219: 6212: 6207: 6199: 6192: 6184: 6177: 6170:. p. 27. 6169: 6162: 6155: 6150: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6115: 6111: 6107: 6103: 6099: 6096:(4): 232–40. 6095: 6091: 6084: 6077: 6070: 6065: 6063: 6055: 6050: 6044:, p. 74. 6043: 6038: 6031: 6026: 6019: 6014: 6007: 6002: 5995: 5990: 5984:, p. 73. 5983: 5978: 5971: 5966: 5959: 5954: 5948:, p. 11. 5947: 5942: 5935: 5930: 5924:, p. 15. 5923: 5918: 5903: 5902:The Spectator 5899: 5895: 5889: 5887: 5879: 5874: 5867: 5862: 5855: 5850: 5843: 5838: 5831: 5826: 5819: 5814: 5807: 5802: 5795: 5790: 5784:, p. 56. 5783: 5778: 5771: 5766: 5759: 5754: 5748:, p. 52. 5747: 5742: 5735: 5730: 5723: 5718: 5711: 5705: 5699:, p. 51. 5698: 5693: 5686: 5681: 5675:, p. 43. 5674: 5669: 5662: 5657: 5650: 5645: 5639:, p. 49. 5638: 5633: 5626: 5621: 5614: 5609: 5602: 5597: 5591:, p. 34. 5590: 5585: 5583: 5575: 5570: 5563: 5558: 5552:, p. 65. 5551: 5546: 5539: 5534: 5527: 5522: 5516:, p. 41. 5515: 5510: 5508: 5500: 5495: 5488: 5483: 5476: 5471: 5464: 5459: 5443: 5439: 5433: 5425: 5421: 5414: 5407: 5402: 5395: 5390: 5383: 5378: 5371: 5366: 5359: 5354: 5346: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5331: 5323: 5316: 5311: 5304: 5299: 5292: 5287: 5280: 5275: 5269:, p. 26. 5268: 5263: 5256: 5251: 5244: 5239: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5209: 5203:, p. 28. 5202: 5197: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5175: 5167: 5163: 5157: 5151:, p. 24. 5150: 5145: 5138: 5133: 5126: 5121: 5114: 5109: 5093: 5087: 5080: 5075: 5059: 5055: 5049: 5042: 5037: 5031:, p. 16. 5030: 5025: 5009: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4979: 4973: 4966: 4961: 4955:, p. 21. 4954: 4949: 4942: 4937: 4930: 4925: 4918: 4913: 4907:, p. 16. 4906: 4901: 4894: 4889: 4887: 4879: 4874: 4872: 4855: 4849: 4841: 4840: 4835: 4829: 4825: 4810: 4801: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4780: 4770: 4763: 4757: 4747: 4740: 4736: 4730: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4709: 4701: 4695: 4688: 4682: 4675: 4669: 4662: 4656: 4649: 4648: 4635: 4562: 4558: 4548: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4519: 4509: 4505: 4504:Four Freedoms 4498: 4493: 4489: 4482: 4477: 4476: 4475: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4460: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4398: 4388: 4386: 4385:Ronald Reagan 4382: 4381:welfare state 4378: 4374: 4373:individualism 4369: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4354: 4351: 4347: 4342: 4339: 4333: 4331: 4327: 4324:as the three 4323: 4319: 4315: 4300: 4298: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4275:war criminals 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4254: 4253:Rafael Medoff 4249: 4245: 4241: 4234:The Holocaust 4231: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4186: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4166: 4164: 4163:Black Cabinet 4158: 4155: 4151: 4141: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4068: 4066: 4062: 4056: 4054: 4048: 4046: 4042: 4041:Howard Bruenn 4038: 4034: 4030: 4025: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4006: 4002: 3993: 3980: 3968: 3954: 3951: 3947: 3946:1944 election 3943: 3938: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3927:Harry F. Byrd 3924: 3915: 3910: 3906: 3896: 3892: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3863:Roosevelt, a 3856: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3834: 3830: 3813: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3789: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3770: 3763: 3753: 3751: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3732: 3730: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3700: 3696: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3648: 3638: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3605: 3601: 3591: 3582: 3573: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3553:Bretton Woods 3550: 3545: 3543: 3539: 3538:Eastern front 3535: 3531: 3530:Joseph Stalin 3527: 3523: 3519: 3508: 3501: 3491: 3484: 3474: 3464: 3462: 3458: 3457:Leslie Groves 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3424: 3420: 3410: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3383: 3381: 3377: 3376:Allied Powers 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3340: 3331: 3329: 3328:Pacific Fleet 3324: 3317: 3315: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3278: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3242: 3225: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3214:Infamy Speech 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3164: 3160: 3150: 3141: 3132: 3130: 3126: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3088: 3084: 3079: 3074: 3064: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3041: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 3001:Four Freedoms 2998: 2984: 2981:from painter 2980: 2979: 2974: 2968: 2966: 2954: 2953:Four Freedoms 2950: 2934: 2912: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2893:Sumner Welles 2890: 2889:Harry Hopkins 2885: 2880: 2874: 2864: 2862: 2858: 2853: 2851: 2846: 2837: 2833: 2831: 2826: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2807: 2797: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2770: 2769:in May 1940. 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2751:William Borah 2748: 2743: 2738: 2736: 2735:Kristallnacht 2732: 2728: 2724: 2716: 2709: 2708: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2689: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2640:proceeded to 2639: 2635: 2634:Fascist Italy 2631: 2627: 2622: 2618: 2613: 2611: 2607: 2606:protectorates 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2574:Latin America 2571: 2563: 2558: 2553: 2543: 2540: 2539:national debt 2536: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2519: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2508: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2497: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2486: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2475: 2471: 2468: 2465: 2464: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2453: 2449: 2446: 2443: 2442: 2439: 2436: 2434: 2431: 2429: 2426: 2425: 2422: 2419: 2417: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2408: 2404: 2401: 2398: 2397: 2390: 2380: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2368:National Park 2365: 2361: 2350: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2333: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2280: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2249: 2243: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2232:court packing 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2208: 2207:Supreme Court 2202: 2198: 2194: 2184: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2165: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2154:William Lemke 2151: 2147: 2142: 2140: 2136: 2126: 2121: 2111: 2108: 2102: 2100: 2096: 2091: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2064: 2060: 2058: 2054: 2048: 2045: 2042:program. The 2041: 2037: 2036:74th Congress 2033: 2029: 2020: 2015: 2005: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1989: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1973: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1946:Supreme Court 1943: 1939: 1934: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1891: 1889: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1865: 1855: 1853: 1847: 1845: 1841: 1834: 1832: 1820: 1804: 1786: 1775: 1770: 1761: 1759: 1755: 1750: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1716: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1693: 1689: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1678:Hiram Johnson 1675: 1670: 1667: 1663: 1658: 1656: 1651: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1635: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1608: 1603: 1593: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1574:Harry Hopkins 1571: 1567: 1562: 1560: 1554: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1524:hydroelectric 1520: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1493:1928 election 1486: 1481: 1476: 1466: 1463: 1458: 1454: 1449: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1433: 1431: 1427: 1426:John W. Davis 1423: 1417: 1415: 1410: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1383: 1379: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1368:hyperesthesia 1365: 1361: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1301: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1274: 1265: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1246: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1222: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1174:and Governor 1173: 1169: 1164: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1141: 1132: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1117:typhoid fever 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1081: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1042: 1028: 1026: 1022: 1016: 1013: 1009: 1004: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 980: 978: 974: 970: 966: 956: 947: 945: 944:admiralty law 941: 937: 933: 928: 926: 922: 917: 915: 914: 909: 905: 901: 896: 894: 890: 886: 885:Groton School 882: 878: 864: 852: 838: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 780: 775: 761: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 714: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 647: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 576: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 541: 531: 527: 510: 501: 497: 493: 489: 483: 480: 477: 473: 470: 469: 467: 463: 457: 456:Delano family 454: 452: 449: 448: 446: 442: 436: 433: 431: 428: 427: 425: 421: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 399:6, including 398: 394: 374: 369: 365: 362: 359: 355: 352: 349: 347:Resting place 345: 341: 332: 328: 324: 308: 304: 299: 295: 292: 289: 283: 280: 277: 271: 265: 260: 256: 250: 244: 241: 238: 232: 229: 226: 220: 217: 214: 210: 204: 199: 196: 192: 189: 186: 180: 177: 174: 168: 164: 162: 158: 152: 147: 144: 139: 136: 133: 127: 124: 121: 115: 104: 99: 95: 90: 86: 85: 83: 80: 75: 69: 64: 61: 56: 52: 45: 40: 33: 30: 26: 22: 26380:Helen Keller 26355:Billy Graham 26327:Muhammad Ali 26295:James Watson 26242:Edwin Hubble 26207:Enrico Fermi 26126:Pete Rozelle 26077:Estée Lauder 25975:Bart Simpson 25912:Le Corbusier 25877:Lucille Ball 25816: 25747:Adolf Hitler 25701: 25636: 25480: 25323:Emma Willard 25308:Walt Whitman 25278:Lillian Wald 25248:Joseph Story 25222: 25208:William Penn 25188:Thomas Paine 25163:James Monroe 25058:Mark Hopkins 25038:Joseph Henry 24958:Peter Cooper 24938:Rufus Choate 24893:Daniel Boone 24878:Clara Barton 24787:Taylor Swift 24735: 24702:Donald Trump 24681:Kent Brantly 24668:Pope Francis 24660:Barack Obama 24636:Ben Bernanke 24628:Barack Obama 24542:2001–present 24511:Bill Clinton 24503:Andrew Grove 24448:Bill Clinton 24364:The Computer 24316:Jimmy Carter 24292:Carol Sutton 24260:Alison Cheek 24206:Willy Brandt 24185:Frank Borman 24091:Emilio Segrè 23889: 23866:Adolf Hitler 23829: 23813: 23806:Pierre Laval 23756: 23715:(family dog) 23581: 23518: 23510: 23502: 23494: 23486: 23478: 23469: 23461: 23454: 23443: 23435: 23428: 23310:Other events 23293: 23124: 23060: 23042: 23029: 23002: 22994: 22993: 22986: 22978: 22966: 22958: 22950: 22914:Evans (2021) 22899:Parks (2005) 22860: 22842:Brown (1996) 22806:Young (2022) 22764:Lewis (2020) 22752: 22730: 22718: 22691: 22673: 22665: 22648: 22625: 22617: 22607:Dewey (1917) 22594: 22589:Logan (1886) 22581: 22554: 22504:Individuals 22404: 22102:(2014, 2018) 21982:(1956, 1958) 21922:(1928, 1930) 21915: 21902:(1922, 1924) 21790:Prendergrast 21618:Chairpersons 21383:House Caucus 21259:South Dakota 21249:Rhode Island 21244:Pennsylvania 21224:North Dakota 20354:A. Stevenson 20212:Presidential 19846:Stevenson II 19826:Stevenson II 19785: 19765: 19745: 19725: 19669: 19452:Breckinridge 19435:Breckinridge 19382: 19326:presidential 19317:presidential 19140:John Edwards 18929: 18900:John W. Kern 18690:Richard Rush 18418:H. Roosevelt 18393:F. Roosevelt 18392: 17637: 17617: 17605: 17583: 17576: 17569: 17562: 17535: 17513: 17496: 17489: 17467: 17430: 17408: 17391: 17374: 17337: 17260: 17228: 17221: 17209: 17202: 17175: 17158: 17047:F. Roosevelt 17046: 17012:J. Alden Dix 16987:T. Roosevelt 16942:J. Adams Dix 16834: 16736: 16717:VP nominee: 16716: 16708: 16687: 16666: 16582: 16574: 16551: 16538:James Farley 16516:Harry Truman 16513: 16506: 16504: 16481: 16473:→ 1948 16465:← 1940 16412: 16395:Gracie Allen 16393: 16387:Independents 16375:VP nominee: 16374: 16366: 16346:VP nominee: 16345: 16337: 16319:Roger Babson 16316: 16267:Arthur James 16257:Thomas Dewey 16232: 16224: 16201: 16183:Cordell Hull 16173:James Farley 16153: 16146: 16144: 16121: 16113:→ 1944 16105:← 1936 16053: 16036:Willard Kemp 16034:VP nominee: 16033: 16025: 16005:VP nominee: 16004: 15996: 15976:VP nominee: 15975: 15967: 15947:VP nominee: 15946: 15938: 15918:VP nominee: 15917: 15909: 15889:VP nominee: 15888: 15883:Earl Browder 15880: 15826:Warren Green 15807: 15798:VP nominee: 15797: 15789: 15754: 15737: 15727: 15721: 15719: 15684: 15676:→ 1940 15668:← 1932 15615: 15596: 15589: 15583:Independents 15571:VP nominee: 15570: 15562: 15542:VP nominee: 15541: 15533: 15512: 15492:VP nominee: 15491: 15483: 15408: 15399: 15372: 15314: 15308: 15306: 15279: 15271:→ 1936 15263:← 1928 15210: 15191:VP nominee: 15190: 15182: 15162:VP nominee: 15161: 15153: 15133:VP nominee: 15132: 15124: 15104:VP nominee: 15103: 15095: 15077:Max S. Hayes 15075:VP nominee: 15074: 15066: 15046:VP nominee: 15045: 15037: 14949: 14947: 14942:James M. Cox 14939: 14916: 14853:Leonard Wood 14833: 14825: 14802: 14794:→ 1924 14786:← 1916 14599:James Farley 14568:Frank Murphy 14481:Cordell Hull 14423: 14247:T. Roosevelt 14216:2021–present 14202:Donald Trump 14192:Barack Obama 14172:Bill Clinton 14142:Jimmy Carter 14071: 13802:James Monroe 13753:presidencies 13674: 13671: 13644: 13641: 13636:René Viviani 13594: 13569:nominee for 13565: 13532: 13500: 13473: 13446: 13411: 13363: 13354: 13347: 13336:(family dog) 13330:(family dog) 13225: 13217: 13209: 13201: 13194:Warm Springs 13193: 13185: 13177: 13169: 13163: 13155: 13147: 13139:1937 musical 13136: 13119: 13111: 13099: 13091: 13031:Bibliography 12843:Other events 12734:Presidential 12720:Europe first 12594:Presidential 12569:Official car 12492: 12483:Roerich Pact 12159: 12089: 12080: 12075: 12064: 12031: 11986: 11964: 11933: 11910: 11890: 11862: 11842: 11839:Tully, Grace 11814: 11787: 11781: 11761: 11737: 11716: 11695: 11673: 11658: 11639: 11628: 11609: 11588: 11561: 11540: 11516: 11494: 11470: 11444: 11422: 11401: 11381: 11371: 11350: 11327: 11307: 11296: 11286: 11276: 11266: 11251: 11229: 11211: 11200: 11182: 11160: 11137: 11104: 11101:Caro, Robert 11093:Project Muse 11091:– via 11080: 11076: 11041: 11020: 10998: 10969: 10945: 10920: 10897: 10875: 10843:. 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Retrieved 4848: 4837: 4828: 4809: 4800: 4779: 4769: 4756: 4746: 4739:Owen Roberts 4729: 4708: 4694: 4681: 4668: 4661:Juris Doctor 4655: 4561: 4541:(automobile) 4538: 4458: 4401:Roosevelt's 4400: 4377:collectivism 4370: 4355: 4346:Joshua Zeitz 4343: 4334: 4314:U.S. history 4311: 4259:Adolf Hitler 4257: 4237: 4217: 4211: 4192: 4167: 4159: 4147: 4098: 4057: 4049: 4026: 3998: 3939: 3920: 3893: 3873:hypertension 3865:chain-smoker 3862: 3838: 3790: 3765: 3745:leapfrogging 3733: 3705: 3657:Vichy French 3650: 3611: 3546: 3515: 3426: 3384: 3352:Europe first 3345: 3320: 3311: 3190:Pearl Harbor 3170: 3092: 3086: 3061:Kriegsmarine 3052: 3042: 2994: 2976: 2962: 2884:World War II 2882: 2854: 2842: 2816:Constitution 2809: 2796:to Britain. 2771: 2749:and Senator 2742:World War II 2739: 2721: 2706: 2701:Mount Vernon 2679: 2658:Nationalists 2650:Adolf Hitler 2646:Nazi Germany 2614: 2567: 2535:under Hoover 2532: 2437: 2432: 2427: 2420: 2415: 2410: 2364:soil erosion 2362:, combating 2356: 2334: 2297:minimum wage 2281: 2252: 2246: 2244: 2204: 2197:Hughes Court 2177:popular vote 2166: 2152:, supported 2143: 2131: 2103: 2092: 2069: 2049: 2025: 1990: 1974: 1964:, while the 1935: 1907: 1867: 1848: 1837: 1828: 1818: 1772: 1767: 1758:Anton Cermak 1751: 1739:Cordell Hull 1732: 1728: 1698: 1671: 1659: 1652: 1636: 1613: 1586:Tammany Hall 1572:and then by 1563: 1555: 1540: 1521: 1517:James Farley 1490: 1450: 1441:Robert Moses 1434: 1418: 1411: 1395:hydrotherapy 1390: 1384: 1380: 1357: 1302: 1286:James M. Cox 1279: 1247: 1223: 1201:by a German 1192: 1165: 1146: 1098: 1086:Tammany Hall 1082: 1047: 1017: 1005: 981: 961: 929: 918: 911: 897: 881:homeschooled 874: 784: 738:Europe first 732:against the 715: 648: 604:James M. Cox 577: 573:World War II 567:, while his 552: 548: 547: 413:Franklin Jr. 335:(1945-04-12) 286:Succeeded by 263: 235:Succeeded by 202: 183:Succeeded by 150: 130:Succeeded by 67: 29: 26608:1945 deaths 26603:1882 births 26408:Harvey Milk 26362:Che Guevara 26284:Alan Turing 26263:Jean Piaget 26140:Juan Trippe 26112:Akio Morita 26042:Walt Disney 26028:Leo Burnett 25954:James Joyce 25926:T. S. Eliot 25898:Coco Chanel 25884:The Beatles 25852:Lech Wałęsa 25754:Ho Chi Minh 25628:Legionnaire 25476:Chino Roces 25313:Eli Whitney 25218:Walter Reed 25138:Horace Mann 24898:Edwin Booth 24853:Jane Addams 24737:The Capital 24734:/ Staff of 24732:Kyaw Soe Oo 24724:Maria Ressa 24356:Lech Wałęsa 24324:Anwar Sadat 24296:Addie Wyatt 24288:Susie Sharp 24276:Carla Hills 24272:Ella Grasso 24264:Jill Conway 24242:King Faisal 24234:John Sirica 24087:Isidor Rabi 24063:John Enders 23489:(1977 film) 23481:(1976 film) 23457:(1965 film) 23446:(1958 play, 23438:(1939 film) 23188:(1933–1945) 23179:(1961–1962) 23105:Byrd (2010) 22774:Reid (2022) 22769:Dole (2021) 22549:Clay (1852) 22398:Individuals 22208:Economy Act 22177:Brain Trust 21960:Corning 2nd 21910:Corning 1st 21775:Fitzpatrick 21424:Fundraising 21329:Puerto Rico 21174:Mississippi 21089:Connecticut 21049:territorial 20749:(2005–2017) 20743:(1995–2005) 20737:(1989–1995) 20731:(1977–1989) 20725:(1961–1977) 20719:(1953–1961) 20713:(1951–1953) 20707:(1949–1951) 20701:(1937–1949) 20695:(1923–1937) 20689:(1920–1923) 20683:(1919–1920) 20677:(1917–1919) 20671:(1913–1917) 20665:(1911–1913) 20659:(1909–1911) 20653:(1907–1909) 20647:(1906–1907) 20641:(1903–1906) 20635:(1899–1903) 20633:J. K. Jones 20629:(1898–1899) 20623:(1890–1898) 20617:(1885–1890) 20611:(1881–1885) 20605:(1877–1881) 20599:(1873–1877) 20579:U.S. Senate 20564:(2003–2023) 20558:(1995–2003) 20552:(1989–1995) 20546:(1987–1989) 20540:(1977–1987) 20534:(1971–1977) 20528:(1962–1971) 20522:(1940–1961) 20516:(1936–1940) 20510:(1935–1936) 20504:(1933–1934) 20498:(1929–1933) 20492:(1923–1929) 20486:(1921–1923) 20480:(1909–1921) 20474:(1903–1909) 20468:(1897–1903) 20462:(1895–1897) 20456:(1891–1895) 20450:(1889–1891) 20444:(1883–1889) 20438:(1876–1881) 20432:(1875–1876) 20426:(1873–1875) 20420:(1869–1871) 20410:(1859–1861) 20404:(1857–1859) 20398:(1855–1857) 20396:G. W. Jones 20392:(1851–1855) 20386:(1849–1851) 20380:(1845–1847) 20374:(1843–1845) 20372:J. W. Jones 20368:(1835–1839) 20362:(1834–1835) 20356:(1827–1834) 20315:(2009–2017) 20309:(1993–2001) 20303:(1977–1981) 20297:(1963–1969) 20291:(1961–1963) 20285:(1945–1953) 20271:Roosevelt ( 20268:(1913–1921) 20256:(1868–1869) 20250:(1857–1861) 20244:(1853–1857) 20238:(1845–1849) 20232:(1837–1841) 20226:(1829–1837) 19591:Stevenson I 19565:Stevenson I 19336:1828 (None) 19312:conventions 19150:Sarah Palin 19000:Earl Warren 18398:G. Woodbury 18323:Secretaries 18286:Livingstone 18138:Secretaries 18094:Braithwaite 17746:L. Woodbury 17689:Secretaries 17298:Floyd-Jones 17072:Rockefeller 16650:independent 16646:Third-party 16575:President: 16510:(incumbent) 16505:President: 16300:independent 16296:Third-party 16272:Robert Taft 16225:President: 16150:(incumbent) 16145:President: 15960:Union Party 15864:independent 15860:Third-party 15836:Earl Warren 15467:independent 15463:Third party 15414:(incumbent) 15405:(incumbent) 15400:President: 15307:President: 15021:independent 15017:Third party 14994:(incumbent) 14940:President: 14826:President: 14744:(1933–1945) 14719:(1940–1945) 14713:(1938–1940) 14707:(1933–1938) 14688:(1940–1945) 14682:(1933–1940) 14663:(1933–1945) 14644:(1944–1945) 14638:(1940–1944) 14632:(1939–1940) 14626:(1933–1939) 14607:(1940–1945) 14601:(1933–1940) 14582:(1941–1945) 14576:(1940–1941) 14570:(1939–1940) 14564:(1933–1939) 14545:(1940–1945) 14539:(1936–1940) 14533:(1933–1936) 14531:George Dern 14514:(1934–1945) 14489:(1944–1945) 14483:(1933–1944) 14449:(1941–1945) 14443:(1933–1941) 14426:(1933–1945) 14132:Gerald Ford 13010:Top Cottage 12988:Adams House 12604:Banana Wars 12204:(1911–1913) 12196:(1913–1920) 12188:(1929–1932) 12177:(1933–1945) 12085:documentary 12048:Appearances 11913:. Longman. 11613:. Cengage. 11584:Morgan, Ted 11544:. Harpers. 10857:Works cited 10748:January 22, 10695:January 19, 10642:Dallek 2017 10606:Dallek 2017 10336:October 13, 10310:October 13, 10046:Dallek 2017 9837:February 7, 9740:Dallek 2017 9725:February 7, 9563:Dallek 1995 9539:Jordan 2011 9515:Dallek 2017 9296:Herman 2012 9210:Brands 2009 9082:October 14, 8926:Brands 2009 8458:Herman 2012 8359:Dallek 2017 8168:Dallek 1995 8141:December 2, 8106:Dallek 1995 8094:Dallek 1995 7737:; also see 7718:Dallek 2017 7597:October 10, 7313:Brands 2009 7252:Norton 2009 7213:October 22, 7165:Dallek 2017 7129:Savage 1991 7093:Hawley 1995 6992:January 29, 6730:Brands 2009 6715:January 28, 6436:Dallek 2017 6331:Morgan 1985 6319:Dallek 2017 6307:Dallek 2017 6235:Rowley 2010 6223:Rowley 2010 5866:Dallek 2017 5854:Dallek 2017 5830:Dallek 2017 5613:Brands 2009 5514:Dallek 2017 5487:Rowley 2010 5448:February 7, 5279:Dallek 2017 5255:Rowley 2010 5243:Dallek 2017 5137:Dallek 2017 5098:December 1, 5014:January 25, 4984:January 25, 4834:"Roosevelt" 4698:Biographer 4565:Pronounced 4437:Tidal Basin 4244:David Wyman 4183:voting bloc 4118:due process 4094: 1947 3602:(left) and 3443:to develop 3429:Leo Szilard 3378:issued the 3116:Axis powers 3085:aboard HMS 2990: 1943 2582:Banana Wars 2360:fire trails 2342:Robert Taft 2293:child labor 2212:Lochner era 2158:Union Party 1840:inaugurated 1640:progressive 1620:brain trust 1294:acclamation 1129:progressive 1008:Lucy Mercer 734:Axis powers 671:Prohibition 600:World War I 435:Sara Delano 274:Preceded by 223:Preceded by 171:Preceded by 118:Preceded by 101:(1941–1945) 92:(1933–1941) 26592:Categories 26546:Liberalism 26429:Rosa Parks 26348:Anne Frank 26270:Jonas Salk 26235:Kurt Gödel 26147:Sam Walton 26056:Bill Gates 26049:Henry Ford 25947:Jim Henson 25796:Mao Zedong 25529:Emilio Yap 25273:Mark Twain 25093:James Kent 25063:Elias Howe 24943:Henry Clay 24843:John Adams 24599:Bill Gates 24523:Jeff Bezos 24440:Ted Turner 24268:Betty Ford 24189:Jim Lovell 23701:presidency 23661:(grandson) 23655:(grandson) 23649:(grandson) 23637:(grandson) 23601:(daughter) 23449:1960 film) 23263:Arthurdale 22674:Eisenhower 22626:W. H. Taft 21986:Morgenthau 21810:Cunningham 21349:Affiliated 21289:Washington 21209:New Mexico 21204:New Jersey 21079:California 20466:Richardson 20330:U.S. House 20254:A. Johnson 20151:H. Clinton 20051:B. Clinton 20031:B. Clinton 19886:L. Johnson 19870:L. Johnson 19448:H. Johnson 19370:R. Johnson 19180:Mike Pence 19110:Dan Quayle 18970:Frank Knox 18720:John Tyler 18636:Rufus King 18616:Aaron Burr 18231:Middendorf 18024:Middendorf 17836:R Thompson 17731:S Thompson 17323:Dorsheimer 17130:Lieutenant 16852:D. Clinton 16842:D. Clinton 16820:G. Clinton 16810:G. Clinton 16652:candidates 16559:Convention 16489:Convention 16302:candidates 16209:Convention 16129:Convention 15866:candidates 15831:Frank Knox 15800:Frank Knox 15792:Alf Landon 15783:Candidates 15769:Convention 15713:Candidates 15699:Convention 15469:candidates 15384:Convention 15291:Convention 15175:Single Tax 15023:candidates 14924:Convention 14810:Convention 14636:Frank Knox 14332:G. W. Bush 14287:Eisenhower 14237:Washington 14228:Presidency 13852:John Tyler 13772:John Adams 13567:Democratic 13506:1933–1945 13479:1929–1932 13452:1913–1920 13420:1911–1913 13270:(daughter) 12938:theme song 12656:Lend-Lease 12228:Transition 12214:Presidency 11886:Burns, Ken 11203:29 (2011) 11185:. Viking. 10618:Wyman 1984 10532:Black 2005 10464:Smith 2007 10287:Smith 2007 10095:Smith 2007 9924:August 12, 9890:August 12, 9720:c-span.org 9622:Daily News 9575:Burns 1970 9551:Burns 1970 9527:Smith 2007 9437:Burns 1970 9373:Smith 2007 9320:Burns 1970 9308:Smith 2007 9284:Burns 1970 9272:Burns 1970 9260:Burns 1970 9198:Burns 1970 9186:Smith 2007 9174:Smith 2007 9162:Smith 2007 9150:Smith 2007 9138:Smith 2007 9121:Smith 2007 9109:Smith 2007 9097:Smith 2007 9035:Smith 2007 8998:Smith 2007 8986:Smith 2007 8974:Smith 2007 8950:Smith 2007 8938:Smith 2007 8889:Smith 2007 8874:Smith 2007 8831:Smith 2007 8819:Burns 1970 8807:Smith 2007 8795:Burns 1970 8783:Smith 2007 8732:Smith 2007 8720:Smith 2007 8708:Smith 2007 8696:Smith 2007 8684:Smith 2007 8672:Burns 1970 8660:Smith 2007 8648:Smith 2007 8636:Smith 2007 8624:Smith 2007 8612:Burns 1970 8600:Smith 2007 8576:Burns 1970 8482:Burns 1970 8470:Smith 2007 8407:Burns 1956 8395:Smith 2007 8383:Smith 2007 8371:Smith 2007 8319:Burns 1956 8294:Burns 1956 8282:Smith 2007 8270:Burns 1956 8216:Smith 2007 8204:Black 2005 8192:Smith 2007 8180:Smith 2007 8156:Smith 2007 8082:Burns 1956 8070:Smith 2007 8058:Burns 1956 8046:Burns 1956 8022:Smith 2007 7706:Smith 2007 7682:Burns 1956 7658:Smith 2007 7646:Smith 2007 7531:Smith 2007 7519:Burns 1956 7507:Smith 2007 7441:Smith 2007 7429:Burns 1956 7417:Smith 2007 7405:Smith 2007 7393:Smith 2007 7381:Smith 2007 7352:Burns 1956 7340:Burns 1956 7328:Fried 2001 7276:Smith 2007 7264:Smith 2007 7228:Smith 2007 7117:Smith 2007 7105:Smith 2007 7081:Smith 2007 7069:Smith 2007 7039:October 9, 7019:Smith 2007 6953:Tobin 2013 6941:Burns 1956 6929:Alter 2006 6917:Burns 1970 6886:Burns 1956 6874:Smith 2007 6862:Burns 1956 6850:Smith 2007 6802:Smith 2007 6790:Smith 2007 6778:Smith 2007 6766:Smith 2007 6754:Smith 2007 6742:Burns 1956 6672:Smith 2007 6604:Smith 2007 6592:Burns 1956 6580:Smith 2007 6568:Burns 1956 6556:Smith 2007 6544:Smith 2007 6532:Smith 2007 6520:Smith 2007 6508:Smith 2007 6496:Smith 2007 6484:Smith 2007 6472:Burns 1956 6460:Smith 2007 6448:Smith 2007 6424:Burns 1956 6386:Smith 2007 6343:Black 2005 6295:Smith 2007 6283:Smith 2007 6271:Smith 2007 6259:Smith 2007 6211:Smith 2007 6154:Alter 2006 6069:Smith 2007 6054:Smith 2007 6042:Burns 1956 6030:Smith 2007 6018:Smith 2007 6006:Smith 2007 5982:Burns 1956 5970:Smith 2007 5958:Smith 2007 5934:Smith 2007 5907:August 10, 5878:Smith 2007 5842:Smith 2007 5818:Smith 2007 5806:Smith 2007 5794:Burns 1956 5782:Burns 1956 5770:Smith 2007 5746:Burns 1956 5734:Smith 2007 5722:Smith 2007 5697:Burns 1956 5685:Smith 2007 5673:Burns 1956 5661:Burns 1956 5649:Black 2005 5637:Burns 1956 5601:Smith 2007 5589:Burns 1956 5562:Smith 2007 5550:Smith 2007 5538:Smith 2007 5526:Smith 2007 5499:Smith 2007 5463:Tully 2005 5370:Smith 2007 5358:Smith 2007 5315:Smith 2007 5303:Burns 1956 5291:Smith 2007 5267:Burns 1956 5201:Burns 1956 5149:Burns 1956 5125:Burns 1956 5029:Burns 1956 4965:Smith 2007 4953:Black 2005 4941:Smith 2007 4929:Burns 1956 4893:Smith 2007 4878:Burns 1956 4751:unemployed 4366:West Coast 4338:liberalism 4283:Jan Karski 4059:dedicated 4033:a portrait 3756:Home front 3645:See also: 3471:See also: 3417:See also: 3403:Hap Arnold 3372:Australian 3314:media help 3208:, British 3202:battleship 3071:See also: 3021:Lend-Lease 2965:media help 2794:destroyers 2782:Frank Knox 2626:Gerald Nye 2387:See also: 2273:Hugo Black 2191:See also: 2139:Alf Landon 1962:securities 1831:media help 1686:Bonus Army 1453:Edward Bok 1326:Louis Howe 1168:Elihu Root 973:Springwood 946:division. 877:conversant 811:Springwood 803:Aspinwalls 799:Roosevelts 779:unbreeched 730:the Allies 616:Republican 361:Democratic 316:1882-01-30 161:Lieutenant 26522:Biography 26394:Bruce Lee 25919:Bob Dylan 25486:Jaime Sin 25123:Mary Lyon 24833:inductees 24767:Elon Musk 24755:Joe Biden 24515:Ken Starr 24308:1976–2000 23973:1951–1975 23766:1927–1950 23679:(brother) 23429:Roosevelt 23061:Rehnquist 22995:Roosevelt 22942:East Room 22733:(2006–07, 22666:H. Hoover 22514:in repose 22430:Huey Long 22187:Criticism 21916:Roosevelt 21815:Baranello 21529:Primaries 21470:Sectional 21299:Wisconsin 21264:Tennessee 21169:Minnesota 21144:Louisiana 21047:State and 21012:McAuliffe 20840:McCormick 20763:Chairs of 20723:Mansfield 20711:McFarland 20687:Underwood 20681:Hitchcock 20645:Blackburn 20609:Pendleton 20526:McCormack 20277:1941–1945 20273:1933–1941 20260:Cleveland 20230:Van Buren 20200:primaries 20180:primaries 20160:primaries 20140:primaries 20120:primaries 20100:primaries 20080:primaries 20075:Lieberman 20060:primaries 20040:primaries 20020:primaries 20000:primaries 19980:primaries 19960:primaries 19940:primaries 19915:primaries 19895:primaries 19875:primaries 19855:primaries 19835:primaries 19815:primaries 19795:primaries 19786:Roosevelt 19775:primaries 19766:Roosevelt 19755:primaries 19746:Roosevelt 19735:primaries 19726:Roosevelt 19715:primaries 19695:primaries 19675:primaries 19670:Roosevelt 19655:primaries 19635:primaries 19561:Cleveland 19548:Cleveland 19539:Hendricks 19535:Cleveland 19513:Hendricks 19474:Pendleton 19470:McClellan 19379:Van Buren 19366:Van Buren 19357:Van Buren 19328:primaries 19170:Tim Kaine 19160:Paul Ryan 19120:Jack Kemp 18503:defunct: 18472:Post–1954 18383:Satterlee 18321:Assistant 18241:Macdonald 18176:Whitehair 18146:Forrestal 17941:Forrestal 17886:Bonaparte 17751:Dickerson 17548:McCaughey 17416:Schoeneck 17273:Patterson 17251:Dickinson 17193:Tallmadge 17132:governors 16962:Cleveland 16862:Van Buren 16803:Governors 16788:Governors 16709:Nominee: 16688:Nominee: 16667:Nominee: 16367:Nominee: 16338:Nominee: 16317:Nominee: 16026:Nominee: 15997:Nominee: 15968:Nominee: 15939:Nominee: 15910:Nominee: 15881:Nominee: 15790:Nominee: 15774:Primaries 15704:Primaries 15563:Nominee: 15534:Nominee: 15513:Nominee: 15484:Nominee: 15380:Primaries 15287:Primaries 15183:Nominee: 15154:Nominee: 15125:Nominee: 15096:Nominee: 15067:Nominee: 15038:Nominee: 14421:President 14230:timelines 14212:Joe Biden 14206:2017–2021 14196:2009–2017 14186:2001–2009 14176:1993–2001 14166:1989–1993 14156:1981–1989 14146:1977–1981 14136:1974–1977 14126:1969–1974 14116:1963–1969 14106:1961–1963 14096:1953–1961 14086:1945–1953 14076:1933–1945 14066:1929–1933 14056:1923–1929 14046:1921–1923 14036:1913–1921 14026:1909–1913 14016:1901–1909 14006:1897–1901 13996:1893–1897 13986:1889–1893 13976:1885–1889 13966:1881–1885 13946:1877–1881 13936:1869–1877 13926:1865–1869 13916:1861–1865 13906:1857–1861 13896:1853–1857 13886:1850–1853 13876:1849–1850 13866:1845–1849 13856:1841–1845 13836:1837–1841 13826:1829–1837 13816:1825–1829 13806:1817–1825 13796:1809–1817 13786:1801–1809 13776:1797–1801 13766:1789–1797 13673:Cover of 13643:Cover of 13248:Roosevelt 13114:paintings 13100:Roosevelt 12993:FDR Suite 12880:Elections 12666:Hull note 12574:Criticism 12041:from the 11260:459748221 10988:812248674 10918:(2005) . 10820:April 16, 10742:USA Today 10504:(2007) , 10272:April 16, 10244:April 16, 10217:April 16, 10179:April 16, 10143:April 16, 9919:0190-8286 9757:(video). 8562:73-600146 8546:pp. 41–54 7919:CiteSeerX 7873:144800756 7807:April 23, 6362:Caro 1974 6110:0967-7720 4917:Lash 1971 4821:Citations 4405:is now a 4391:Memorials 4271:Holocaust 3849:G.I. Bill 3681:armistice 3569:Wilsonian 3522:Big Three 3435:sent the 3334:War plans 3210:Hong Kong 2402:Lebergott 2344:formed a 2181:Civil War 2146:Huey Long 2002:Bonus Act 1986:deflation 1942:antitrust 1881:" of the 1250:armistice 1203:submarine 777:A young, 769:Childhood 750:criticism 584:Roosevelt 491:Signature 465:Education 444:Relatives 264:In office 253:from the 212:President 203:In office 151:In office 141:44th 68:In office 58:32nd 26718:New Deal 26570:Politics 26070:Ray Kroc 25023:Asa Gray 24495:David Ho 23673:(mother) 23667:(father) 23584:(husband 22979:McKinley 22951:Harrison 22595:McKinley 22582:Garfield 22510:in honor 22458:Category 22196:New Deal 22153:New Deal 22096:A. Cuomo 22086:A. Cuomo 22080:Paterson 22046:M. Cuomo 22040:DelBello 22036:M. Cuomo 22030:M. Cuomo 22010:Paterson 22006:Goldberg 21996:O'Connor 21976:Harriman 21855:Paterson 21820:Hennessy 21700:Campbell 21695:Danforth 21690:Hinckley 21665:Faulkner 21640:Richmond 21388:Factions 21359:Congress 21284:Virginia 21234:Oklahoma 21214:New York 21189:Nebraska 21179:Missouri 21164:Michigan 21154:Maryland 21139:Kentucky 21119:Illinois 21094:Delaware 21084:Colorado 21074:Arkansas 21037:Harrison 20998:Grossman 20940:Westwood 20905:Mitchell 20900:McKinney 20885:Hannegan 20845:Cummings 20735:Mitchell 20693:Robinson 20568:Jeffries 20556:Gephardt 20514:Bankhead 20472:Williams 20442:Carlisle 20337:Speakers 20248:Buchanan 19930:Eagleton 19926:McGovern 19906:Humphrey 19890:Humphrey 19850:Kefauver 19830:Sparkman 19710:Robinson 19690:C. Bryan 19686:J. Davis 19650:Marshall 19630:Marshall 19613:W. Bryan 19604:H. Davis 19587:W. Bryan 19574:W. Bryan 19431:Buchanan 19310:National 19070:Bob Dole 18517:Material 18408:Robinson 18388:Winthrop 18378:Newberry 18331:Pre–1954 18301:Davidson 18256:Goodrich 18186:T. Gates 18161:Sullivan 18156:A. Gates 18099:Del Toro 18009:Ignatius 17994:Connally 17984:T. Gates 17974:Anderson 17964:Matthews 17959:Sullivan 17896:Newberry 17851:Chandler 17786:Bancroft 17756:Paulding 17736:Southard 17716:Hamilton 17706:Stoddert 17613:Benjamin 17558:Paterson 17537:Anderson 17531:DelBello 17526:M. Cuomo 17515:Anderson 17360:Woodruff 17339:McCarthy 17318:Robinson 17308:Woodford 17293:Campbell 17256:Gardiner 17223:Stebbins 17107:A. Cuomo 17102:Paterson 17087:M. Cuomo 17067:Harriman 16952:Robinson 16830:Tompkins 16796:New York 16568:Nominees 16498:Nominees 16218:Nominees 16138:Nominees 15393:Nominees 15358:campaign 15354:Al Smith 15300:Nominees 14977:Al Smith 14933:Nominees 14819:Nominees 14365:Category 14267:Coolidge 14242:McKinley 13560:Al Smith 13468:Al Smith 13370:Category 13306:(mother) 13300:(father) 12736:speeches 12274:overview 12269:New Deal 12219:timeline 12109:LibriVox 11931:(1984), 11888:(2014). 11841:(2005). 11759:(2007). 11670:(2010). 11586:(1985), 11538:(1963). 11493:(1971). 11468:(1999). 11348:(1995). 11159:(1995). 11135:(1977). 11103:(1974). 11089:40267912 10968:(2013), 10943:(2009). 10896:(2023). 10873:(2006), 10722:June 19, 10266:Politico 9791:345, 381 9783:(1992). 9694:Politico 9674:44889213 9666:16946692 9422:July 25, 9396:July 25, 9353:Politico 7941:26369842 7877:Archived 7760:June 28, 7631:March 3, 7554:March 1, 6657:June 28, 6130:Archived 6126:39957366 6118:14562158 5228:April 6, 4785:Bulgaria 4676:in 1913. 4516:See also 4490:, London 4439:, and a 4154:lynching 4136:and the 4112:towards 3883:causing 3716:Normandy 3563:and the 3304:format). 3270:format). 2682:incident 2676:and the 2656:and the 2590:withdrew 2301:overtime 2095:Al Smith 1996:and the 1864:New Deal 1821:from FDR 1662:new deal 1485:Al Smith 1451:In 1923 1414:Al Smith 1227:George V 1209:and the 1070:Columbia 1066:Dutchess 1012:Val-Kill 997:Franklin 936:law firm 908:Fly Club 805:and the 655:New Deal 618:nominee 396:Children 257:district 176:Al Smith 26534:History 26484:Portals 26464:Bill W. 24728:Wa Lone 23530:Related 23081:funeral 23008:funeral 23003:Kennedy 22987:Harding 22972:funeral 22967:Lincoln 22800:funeral 22758:funeral 22736:funeral 22724:funeral 22704:Blassie 22692:Johnson 22654:funeral 22649:Kennedy 22618:Harding 22560:funeral 22555:Lincoln 22463:Commons 22110:Delgado 22076:Spitzer 22060:Frankel 22056:Vallone 22050:Lundine 22020:Krupsak 22000:Samuels 21950:Poletti 21946:Bennett 21940:Poletti 21850:O'Neill 21845:Farrell 21805:Crangle 21760:Corning 21745:Kellogg 21720:Huppuch 21710:Conners 21675:O'Brien 21670:Manning 21660:Purcell 21635:Bingham 21539:Debates 21522:Related 21304:Wyoming 21279:Vermont 21184:Montana 21124:Indiana 21104:Georgia 21099:Florida 21069:Arizona 21059:Alabama 21051:parties 21003:Rendell 20975:Wilhelm 20945:Strauss 20935:O'Brien 20925:O'Brien 20915:Jackson 20890:McGrath 20835:McCombs 20825:Taggart 20815:Harrity 20790:Belmont 20785:Smalley 20775:Hallett 20755:(2017–) 20753:Schumer 20741:Daschle 20717:Johnson 20699:Barkley 20603:Wallace 20581:leaders 20570:(2023–) 20538:O'Neill 20520:Rayburn 20490:Garrett 20484:Kitchin 20436:Randall 20424:Niblack 20418:Randall 20414:Niblack 20408:Houston 20332:leaders 20321:(2021–) 20307:Clinton 20289:Kennedy 20224:Jackson 20095:Edwards 20015:Bentsen 20011:Dukakis 19995:Ferraro 19991:Mondale 19975:Mondale 19955:Mondale 19934:Shriver 19866:Kennedy 19810:Barkley 19770:Wallace 19552:Thurman 19526:English 19522:Hancock 19496:Greeley 19483:Seymour 19444:Douglas 19353:Jackson 19344:Calhoun 19340:Jackson 19319:tickets 19273:History 18453:Koehler 18448:Andrews 18428:Compton 18413:Jahncke 18373:Darling 18368:Hackett 18261:Garrett 18246:Woolsey 18226:Sanders 18211:Baldwin 18171:Kimball 18089:Spencer 18074:England 18059:O'Keefe 18054:Garrett 18034:Hidalgo 18029:Claytor 17969:Kimball 17926:Swanson 17906:Daniels 17891:Metcalf 17866:Herbert 17856:Whitney 17831:Robeson 17806:Kennedy 17796:Preston 17771:Henshaw 17638:Italics 17625:Delgado 17591:Ravitch 17553:Donohue 17543:Lundine 17521:Krupsak 17498:Mahoney 17475:Wallace 17463:Poletti 17448:Corning 17382:Chanler 17365:Higgins 17350:Sheehan 17328:Hoskins 17283:Raymond 17246:Bradish 17198:Pitcher 17166:Clinton 17097:Spitzer 17057:Poletti 17027:Whitman 16997:Higgins 16957:Cornell 16937:Hoffman 16927:Seymour 16907:Seymour 16857:Pitcher 14417:Cabinet 14327:Clinton 14292:Kennedy 14262:Harding 13036:Statues 12549:Cabinet 12122:at the 12059:, from 11631:(1983) 11299:(1973). 10773:May 11, 10451:2657937 10137:Current 10082:2677909 9700:May 21, 9601:May 14, 9490:4908628 8435:(2013). 7865:3985917 7755:nps.gov 6139:July 4, 4793:Romania 4789:Hungary 4663:degree. 4643:-ə-noh 4506:at the 4435:on the 4422:⁄ 4228:Italian 4020:of the 3831:in the 3441:project 3059:of the 3057:U-boats 3030:invaded 2843:At the 2707:Potomac 2668:. 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Franklin D. Roosevelt

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