Crimean War - Knowledge

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other naval docks was a humiliation. No compulsory disarmament had ever been imposed on a great power previously... The Allies did not really think that they were dealing with a European power in Russia. They regarded Russia as a semi-Asiatic state... In Russia itself, the Crimean defeat discredited the armed services and highlighted the need to modernize the country's defences, not just in the strictly military sense, but also through the building of railways, industrialization, sound finances and so on... The image many Russians had built up of their country—the biggest, richest and most powerful in the world—had suddenly been shattered. Russia's backwardness had been exposed... The Crimean disaster had exposed the shortcomings of every institution in Russia—not just the corruption and incompetence of the military command, the technological backwardness of the army and navy, or the inadequate roads and lack of railways that accounted for the chronic problems of supply, but the poor condition and illiteracy of the serfs who made up the armed forces, the inability of the serf economy to sustain a state of war against industrial powers, and the failures of autocracy itself."

3834: 485: 564: 292: 280: 179: 2792: 2898: 9212: 3730:, Kinburn as well as all other territories occupied by the allied troops". In conformity with Articles XI and XIII, the Tsar and the Sultan agreed not to establish any naval or military arsenal on the Black Sea coast. The Black Sea clauses weakened Russia, which no longer posed a naval threat to the Ottomans. The Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia were nominally returned to the Ottoman Empire, and the Austrian Empire was forced to abandon its annexation and to end its occupation of them, but they in practice became independent. The Treaty of Paris admitted the Ottoman Empire to the Concert of Europe, and the great powers pledged to respect its independence and territorial integrity. 12070: 2784: 548: 476: 268: 256: 166: 2379: 3167: 232: 1489:), Britain received unlimited access to the markets of the Ottoman Empire. "Britain imposed on the Porte a Tariff Convention which in effect transformed the Ottoman Empire into a virtual free-trade zone. Therefore its trade interests pushed it to protect the integrity of the Ottoman Empire. In the long term, the Ottoman Empire lost the opportunity to modernize and industrialize, but in the short term, it gained the opportunity to receive the support of European powers (primarily Britain) in opposing the desire of the conquered peoples for self-determination and Russia, which sought to crush its influence in the 596: 503: 340: 204: 4143:

able calmly to secure the revocation of the Treaty, which disarmed her in the Black Sea, the view became general of the war was stupid and unnecessary, and effected nothing... The Crimean war remained as a classic example... of how governments may plunge into war, how strong ambassadors may mislead weak prime ministers, how the public may be worked up into a facile fury, and how the achievements of the war may crumble to nothing. The Bright-Cobden criticism of the war was remembered and to a large extent accepted . Isolation from European entanglements seemed more than ever desirable.

3385: 2660:, which charged and fought hand to hand until the Russians retreated. That caused a more widespread Russian retreat, including a number of their artillery units. After the local commanders had failed to take advantage of the retreat, Lord Raglan sent out orders to move up and to prevent the withdrawal of naval guns from the recently captured redoubts on the heights. Raglan could see those guns because of his position on the hill. In the valley, that view was obstructed, and the wrong guns were in sight to the left. The local commanders ignored the demands, which led to the British 4115: 3022: 3224: 50: 1942: 3763: 2709: 3569: 2116: 2236: 4209: 5701: 2484: 2065:, the Russian squadron destroyed a patrol squadron of 11 Ottoman warships—mostly frigates—while they were anchored in port under defence of the onshore artillery garrison. The Ottoman fleet suffered a crushing defeat. The Russian victory in the naval battle in Sinope was called "the massacre of Sinope". Although Russia and the Ottoman Empire were already at war, and there was no evidence of Russian atrocities, the phrase was used as propaganda in the West. The press in both United Kingdom and France used Sinop as the 2693:". Although traditionally, the charge of the Light Brigade was looked upon as a glorious but wasted sacrifice of good men and horses, recent historians believe that the charge of the Light Brigade succeeded in at least some of its objectives. The aim of any cavalry charge is to scatter the enemy's lines and frighten the enemy off the battlefield. The Charge of the Light Brigade so unnerved the Russian cavalry, which had been routed by the Charge of the Heavy Brigade, that the Russians were set to full-scale flight. 2879:, a Russian defensive battlement just south of the city of Sevastopol, a position that had been attacked repeatedly for months. Whether the British captured the Redan remains in dispute: Russian historians recognise only the loss of the Malakhov Kurgan, a key point of defence, claiming that all other positions were retained. What is agreed is that the Russians abandoned the positions, blew up their powder magazines and retreated to the north. The city finally fell on 9 September 1855, after a 337-day-long siege. 2345:

armies on the western flank. Indeed, after attempting to mediate a peaceful settlement between Russia and the Ottomans, the Austrians entered the war on the side of the Ottomans with an attack against the Russians in the Danubian Principalities which threatened to cut off the Russian supply lines. Accordingly, the Russians were forced to raise the siege of Silistra on 23 June 1854 and to begin abandoning the principalities. The lifting of the siege reduced the threat of a Russian advance into Bulgaria.

1264: 580: 494: 2194: 2182: 2170: 2608: 3548:, to side with French and British forces during the war. This was an attempt at gaining the favour of the French, especially when the issue of uniting Italy would become an important matter. The deployment of Italian troops to Crimea, and the gallantry shown by them in the Battle of the Chernaya (16 August 1855) and in the Siege of Sevastopol, allowed the Kingdom of Sardinia to be among the participants at the peace conference at the end of the war, where it could address the issue of the 328: 316: 304: 192: 2206: 3518: 1910:, on a special mission to the Ottoman Sublime Porte in February 1853. By previous treaties, the sultan had committed "to protect the (Eastern Orthodox) Christian religion and its churches". Menshikov demanded a Russian protectorate over all 12 million Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire with control of the Orthodox Church's hierarchy. A compromise was reached regarding Orthodox access to the Holy Land, but the Sultan, strongly supported by the British ambassador, 3780: 3658: 2132:, Austria would side with him or at the very least remain neutral. Austria, however, felt threatened by the Russian troops in the Balkans. On 27 February 1854, the United Kingdom and France demanded the withdrawal of Russian forces from the principalities. Austria supported them and, without declaring war on Russia, refused to guarantee its neutrality. Russia's rejection of the ultimatum proved to be the justification used by Britain and France to enter the war. 9631: 1789:

the Russians had given up their privileged position in the Ottoman Empire and their control of the Straits, all in the hope of improving relations with Britain and isolating France". But Britain after 1838 was interested in preserving the integrity of the Ottoman Empire and rejected all Russian proposals. "The fall of the Ottoman Empire was not, however, a requirement of British policy in the East. A weak Ottoman state best suited British interests".

3690:, the Conservatives demanded an accounting of all soldiers, cavalry and sailors sent to Crimea and accurate figures as to the number of casualties sustained by all British armed forces in Crimea, especially concerning the Battle of Balaclava. When Parliament passed a bill to investigate by the vote of 305 to 148, Aberdeen said he had lost a vote of no confidence and resigned as prime minister on 30 January 1855. The veteran former Foreign Secretary 1534: 2321: 3197:. This required a 100-mile march south through a country with poor roads. In essence, it was a military demonstration in order to frighten the Russian command and force it to lift the siege of the fortress of Kars. "All luck depended on whether Muravyov (the Russian commander) would be scared or not". But the Russian command did not see a serious threat, the Siege of Kars was continued. The Russians planned to hold the line of the 2029: 517: 442: 430: 418: 406: 394: 382: 370: 358: 218: 4085:'s photographs. News from war correspondents reached all of the nations involved in the war and kept the public citizenry of those nations better informed of the day-to-day events of the war than had been the case in any earlier war. The British public was very well informed on the day-to-day realities of the war. After the French extended the telegraph to the coast of the Black Sea in late 1854, news reached 8960: 3101: 1921:"By the early 1850s Stratford Canning had become far more than an ambassador or adviser to the Porte. The ‘Great Elchi’, or Great Ambassador, as he was known in Constantinople, had a direct influence on the policies of the Turkish government. (...) His presence was a source of deep resentment among the Sultan's ministers, who lived in terror of a personal visit from the dictatorial ambassador". 1669: 1798: 1769:

unprepared for war. Its navy was weak and technologically backward. Its army, although very large, suffered from colonels who pocketed their men's pay, from poor morale, and from a technological deficit relative to Britain and France. By the war's end, the profound weaknesses of the Russian armed forces had become readily apparent, and the Russian leadership was determined to reform it.

1388: 2508:-class paddle sloop, to survey the harbour of Sevastopol and the coast near it. They managed to get close to the harbour mouth to inspect the formidable batteries. Returning, they reported that they believed that 15,000–20,000 troops were encamped. Ships were prepared to transport horses, and siege equipment was both manufactured and imported. 4196:(Nicholas I's son and successor) saw the military defeat of the Russian serf-army by free troops from Britain and France as proof of the need for emancipation. The Crimean War also led to the realisation by the Russian government of its technological inferiority, in military practices as well as weapons. Alexander also initiated the 1504:, said in 1839: "All that we hear about the decay of the Turkish Empire, and its being a dead body or a sapless trunk, and so forth, is pure and unadulterated nonsense. Given 10 years of peace under European protection, coupled with internal reform, there seemed to him no reason why it should not become again a respectable Power". 3155:. In the centre. the main forces stood at Kars and Gyumri. Both slowly approached along the Kars-Gyumri road and faced each other, neither side choosing to fight (June–July). On 4 August, Russian scouts saw a movement which they thought was the start of a withdrawal, the Russians advanced and the Ottomans attacked first. 4009:

inevitably be beaten again unless steps were taken to surmount its military weakness." To compensate for its defeat in the Crimean War, the Russian Empire then embarked in more intensive expansion in Asia, partially to restore national pride and partially to distract Britain on the world stage, intensifying the

1237:, drained the treasury and undermined Russia's influence in Europe. The empire would take decades to recover. Russia's humiliation forced its educated elites to identify its problems and recognise the need for fundamental reforms. They saw rapid modernisation as the sole way to recover the empire's status as a 3186:, but Muravyov chose not to. In late September he learned of the fall of Sevastopol and a Turkish landing at Batum. This led him to reverse policy and try a direct attack. It failed, the Russians losing 8,000 men and the Turks 1,500 (29 September). The blockade continued and Kars surrendered on 28 November. 4068:

have argued that Britain was following a geopolitical strategy in aiming to destroy the fledgling Russian Navy, which might challenge the Royal Navy for control of the seas, and that the war was also a joint European response to a century of Russian expansion not just southwards but also into Western

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The allies had had time to consider the problem, and the French were brought around to agree that the key to the defence was the Malakoff. Emphasis of the siege at Sevastopol shifted to the British left against the fortifications on Malakoff Hill. In March, there was fighting by the French over a new

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who were living under Ottoman rule to rebel. When the Russian troops crossed the River Pruth into Moldavia, the Orthodox Christians showed no interest in rising up against the Ottomans. Adding to Nicholas I's worries was the concern that Austria would enter the war against the Russians and attack his

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on 5 December 1853. The note met with the approval of Nicholas I, but Abdülmecid I rejected the proposal since he felt that the document's poor phrasing left it open to many different interpretations. The United Kingdom, France and Austria united in proposing amendments to mollify the Sultan, but the

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Nicholas began courting Britain by means of conversations with Seymour in January and February 1853. Nicholas insisted that he no longer wished to expand the Russian Empire but that he had an obligation to the Christian communities in the Ottoman Empire. He next dispatched a highly-abrasive diplomat,

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However, no matter how great the problems of Russia were, Russia believed those of the Ottomans were greater. "In a one-to-one fight Nikolai (Tsar) had no doubt of beating the Ottoman armies and navy". Russian foreign policy failed to understand the importance of Britain's trade interests and did not

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Russian historians tend to view that history as evidence that Russia lacked aggressive plans. The Russian historian V. N. Vinogradov writes: "The signing of the documents was the result of deliberate decisions: instead of bilateral (none of the great powers recognized this Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi),

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Turkish historian Candan Badem wrote, "Victory in this war did not bring any significant material gain, not even a war indemnity. On the other hand, the Ottoman treasury was nearly bankrupted due to war expenses". Badem adds that the Ottomans achieved no significant territorial gains, lost the right

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Historian Norman Rich argues that the war was not an accident, but was sought out by the determination of the British and French not to allow Russia an honourable retreat. Both insisted on a military victory to enhance their prestige in European affairs when a non-violent peaceful political solution

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population kept Muravyov well-informed about the Ottomans at Kars and he judged they had about five months of supplies. He therefore decided to control the surrounding area with cavalry and starve them out. He started in May and by June was south and west of the town. A relieving force fell back and

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Russia soon withdrew its troops from the Danubian Principalities, which were then occupied by Austria for the duration of the war. That removed the original grounds for war, but the British and the French continued with hostilities. Determined to address the Eastern Question by putting an end to the

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Russia had obtained recognition from the Ottoman Empire of the Tsar's role as special guardian of the Orthodox Christians in Moldavia and Wallachia. Russia now used the Sultan's failure to resolve the issue of the protection of the Christian sites in the Holy Land as a pretext for Russian occupation

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at St. Petersburg." Emperor Nicholas I assured that he did not intend to seize Constantinople and territories in the Balkans, he himself offered Britain to take over Egypt and Crete. Concessions at the conclusion of the London Straits Convention were made earlier in 1841. "By signing the convention,

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in charge of New Russia (Novorossiia), the sparsely populated territories newly conquered from the Ottomans on the Black Sea’s northern coastline, and ordered him to colonize the area". When Russia conquered those groups and gained possession of their territories, the Ottoman Empire lost its buffer

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was not the result of a calculated plan, nor even of hasty last-minute decisions made under stress. It was the consequence of more than two years of fatal blundering in slow-motion by inept statesmen who had months to reflect upon the actions they took. It arose from Napoleon's search for prestige;

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saw an opportunity to expand north and south into Ottoman areas that had large Greek Christian majorities. Greece did not coordinate its plans with Russia, did not declare war, and received no outside military or financial support. Greece, an Orthodox nation, had considerable support in Russia, but

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For the campaign of 1856, Britain and France planned an attack on the main base of the Russian Navy in the Baltic sea—Kronstadt. The attack was to be carried out using armoured floating batteries. The use of the latter proved to be highly effective in the attack on Kinburn on the Black Sea in 1855.

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explain "a system which carried on a great war by plundering and destroying the property of defenceless villagers". In fact, the operations in the Baltic sea were in the nature of binding forces. It was very important to divert Russian forces from the south or, more precisely, not to allow Nicholas

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Reinforcements for the Russians gave them the courage to send out probing attacks. The Allied lines, beginning to suffer from cholera as early as September, were stretched. The French, on the west, had less to do than the British on the east, with their siege lines and the large nine-mile open wing

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In June 1854, the Allied expeditionary force landed at Varna, a city on the Black Sea's western coast, but made little advance from its base there. Karl Marx was noted to have quipped that "there they are, the French doing nothing and the British helping them as fast as possible". In July 1854, the

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had assumed a new character—that the acts of injustice towards the Greek church which it had been desired to prevent had been perpetrated and consequently that now the object must be to find a remedy for these wrongs. The success of French negotiations at Constantinople was to be ascribed solely to

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has claimed that "The motives of the British in promoting liberal reforms were not just to secure the independence of the Ottoman Empire against Russia. They were also to promote the influence of Britain in Turkey", also: "to promote British free-trade interests (which may have sounded splendid but

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The Crimean War marked the re-ascendancy of France to the position of pre-eminent power on the Continent, the continued decline of the Ottoman Empire and a period of crisis for Imperial Russia. As Fuller notes, "Russia had been beaten on the Crimean Peninsula, and the military feared that it would

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Both sides were now exhausted, and no further military operations were launched in Crimea before the onset of winter. The main objective of the siege was the destruction of the Russian fleet and docks and took place over the winter. On 28 February, multiple mines blew up the five docks, the canal,

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On 24 May 1855, 60 ships, containing 7,000 French, 5,000 Turkish and 3,000 British troops, set off for a raid on the city of Kerch, east of Sevastopol, in an attempt to open another front in Crimea and to cut off Russian supplies. When the allies landed the force at Kerch, the plan was to outflank

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in response. However, the Austrians had begun to fear the Russians more than the Ottomans. Indeed, like the British, the Austrians were now coming to see that an intact Ottoman Empire was necessary as a bulwark against the Russians. Accordingly, Austria resisted Russian diplomatic attempts to join

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Russia was militarily weak, technologically backward and administratively incompetent. Despite its grand ambitions toward the south, it had not built its railway network in that direction, and its communications were poor. Its bureaucracy was riddled with graft, corruption and inefficiency and was

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around 1853, Marx saw the Crimean War as a conflict between the democratic ideals of the west that started with the "great movement of 1789" against "Russia and Absolutism". He described the Ottoman Empire as a buffer against a pattern of expansionism by the Tsar. Marx and Engels also accused Lord

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Assistance from Western European powers or Russia had twice saved the Ottoman Empire from destruction, but the Ottomans also lost their independence in foreign policy. Britain and France desired more than any other states to preserve the integrity of the Ottoman Empire because they did not want to

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In some sense the Crimean War was predestined and had deep-seated causes. Neither Nicholas I nor Napoleon III nor the British government could retreat from the conflict for prestige once it was launched. Nicholas needed a subservient Turkey for the sake of Russian security; Napoleon needed success

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were true to their principles of foreign policy, which laid down the absolute minimum of intervention in European affairs and a deep moral reprobation of war... When the first enthusiasm was passed, when the dead were mourned, the sufferings revealed, and the cost counted, when in 1870 Russia was

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Dissatisfaction with the conduct of the war was growing with the public in Britain and other countries and was worsened by reports of fiascos, especially the devastating losses of the Charge of the Light Brigade at the Battle of Balaclava. On Sunday, 21 January 1855, a "snowball riot" occurred in

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points to the long-term damage Russia suffered: "The demilitarization of the Black Sea was a major blow to Russia, which was no longer able to protect its vulnerable southern coastal frontier against the British or any other fleet... The destruction of the Russian Black Sea Fleet, Sevastopol and

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The Allied armies moved without problems to the south, and the heavy artillery was brought ashore with batteries and connecting trenches built. By 10 October, some batteries were ready, and by 17 October, when the bombardment commenced—126 guns were firing, 53 of them French. The fleet meanwhile

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Those points, particularly the third, would require clarification through negotiations, which Russia refused. The allies, including Austria, therefore agreed that Britain and France should take further military action to prevent further Russian aggression against the Ottomans. Britain and France

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into the Ottoman-controlled Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. Fewer than half of the 80,000 Russian soldiers who crossed the Prut in 1853 survived. By far, nearly all of the deaths would result from sickness, rather than action, since the Russian Army still suffered from medical

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was signed and greatly benefited Russia. It provided for a military alliance between the Russian and the Ottoman Empires if one of them was attacked, and a secret additional clause allowed the Ottomans to opt out of sending troops but to close the Straits to foreign warships if Russia were under

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As the memory of the "Charge of the Light Brigade" demonstrates, the war became an iconic symbol of logistical, medical and tactical failures and mismanagement. Public opinion in Britain was outraged at the logistical and command failures of the war; the newspapers demanded drastic reforms, and

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The treaty punished the defeated Russia, but in the long run, Austria lost the most from the war despite having barely taken part in it. Having abandoned its alliance with Russia, Austria remained diplomatically isolated following the war, which contributed to its disastrous defeats in the 1859

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By then, the Russian withdrawal was complete, except for the fortress towns of northern Dobruja, and Russia's place in the principalities was taken by the Austrians as a neutral peacekeeping force. There was little further action on that front after late 1854, and in September, the allied force

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In the west, the Russians were dissuaded from attacking Vidin by the presence of the Austrian forces, which had swollen to 280,000 men. On 28 May 1854, a protocol of the Vienna Conference was signed by Austria and Russia. One of the aims of the Russian advance had been to encourage the Orthodox

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In 1870, Prussia persuaded Russia to remain neutral in the Franco-Prussian war. Bismarck, having declared it impossible to keep 100 million Russians in a humiliated position without sovereign rights to their Black Sea coastline, supported Russia against the Treaty of Paris, and in return,

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tried to drive them off and found himself trapped. The Ottomans failed to press their advantage; the remaining Russians rescued Orbeliani and the Ottomans retired west. Orbeliani lost about 1,000 men from 5,000. The Russians now decided to advance. The Ottomans took up a strong position on the

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The Russians evacuated Wallachia and Moldavia in late July 1854. Therefore, the immediate cause of war had now been withdrawn, and the war might have then ended. However, war fever among the public in both Britain and France had been whipped up by the press in both countries to the degree that

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The Crimean War also saw the first tactical use of railways and other modern inventions, such as the electric telegraph, with the first "live" war reporting by Russell. Some credit Russell with prompting the resignation of the sitting British government through his reporting of the lacklustre

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All the calculations of the Russian emperor turned out to be erroneous. Britain refused his proposals, it was not possible to prevent the Anglo-French rapprochement, Austria opposed his policy, the Ottoman Empire showed intransigence. On the contrary, a favourable situation was developing for

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Russian historian Vinogradov V.N. point out that Menshikov's demands did not go beyond the limits of previous treaties. "The agreement was reached on the administration of church rites of both clergy in respected temples and, secondly, that the tsar rejected the idea of expanding his right of

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of a miserable Jew and burns its fleet: that is a lawful action; but Russia demands a treaty to protect millions of Christians, and that is deemed to strengthen its position in the East at the expense of the balance of power. We can expect nothing from the West but blind hatred and malice....

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The agreement referred to by the French was in 1740. At present most historians (except for the new Russian Orthodox nationalists) accept that the question of the holy places was no more than a pretext for the Crimean War. As conflict emerged over the issue of the holy places, Nicholas I and

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Britain. Britain had great naval power and a powerful economy, but did not have a strong land army. The alliance with France, which had a strong land army, made it possible to strike at Russia. "With the help of French infantry, it was possible to overturn Russia's positions with one blow"

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The Danube campaign opened when the Russians occupied the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia in July 1853, which brought their forces to the north bank of the River Danube. In response, the Ottoman Empire also moved its forces up to the river, establishing strongholds at

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1854, Nicholas I, responding to an Austrian ultimatum, ordered the withdrawal of Russian troops from the principalities. Also, in late July 1854, following up on the Russian retreat, the French staged an expedition against the Russian forces still in Dobruja, but it was a failure.

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of those Danubian provinces. Nicholas believed that the European powers, especially Austria, would not object strongly to the annexation of a few neighbouring Ottoman provinces, especially since Russia had assisted Austria's efforts in suppressing the Hungarian Revolution in 1849.

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politicians found it untenable to propose immediately ending the war. The coalition government of George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen, fell on 30 January 1855 on a no-confidence vote, as Parliament voted to appoint a committee to investigate the mismanagement of the war.

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On 23 November, a small Russian naval force discovered the Ottoman fleet harboured in Sinop and began a blockade. Once the Russian blockade was reinforced, a squadron of 6 Russian ships of the line supported by 5 smaller warships, assaulted the harbour on 30 November 1853. During

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that was stationed there. In August 1854, the combined British and French fleet returned to Kronstadt for another attempt. The outnumbered Russian Baltic Fleet confined its movements to the areas around its fortifications. At the same time, the British and French commanders Sir

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In that charge, Cardigan formed up his unit and charged the length of the Valley of the Balaclava, under fire from Russian batteries in the hills. The charge of the Light Brigade caused 278 casualties of the 700-man unit. The Light Brigade was memorialised in the famous poem by

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was signed under pressure from the European countries. The new treaty deprived Russia of its right to block warships from passing into the Black Sea in case of war. Thus, the way to the Black Sea was open for British and French warships during a possible Russo-Ottoman conflict.

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Revolutionary situations in Europe, 1917–1922 : Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary = Situations revolutionnaires en Europe, 1917–1922 : Allemagne, Italie, Autriche-Hongrie : proceedings [of the] 2nd International Colloquium [held] March 25, 26, 27,

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was a forgotten theatre of the Crimean War. Popularisation of events elsewhere overshadowed the significance of this theatre, which was close to Saint Petersburg, the Russian capital. In April 1854, an Anglo-French fleet entered the Baltic to attack the Russian naval base of

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parliamentary investigations demonstrated the multiple failures of the army. The reform campaign was not well organised, and the traditional aristocratic leadership of the army pulled itself together, and blocked all serious reforms. No one was punished. The outbreak of the

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Russia depended on imports—both for its domestic economy and for the supply of its military forces: the blockade forced Russia to rely on more expensive overland shipments from Prussia. The blockade seriously undermined the Russian export economy and helped shorten the war.

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Nicholas fumed at "the infernal dictatorship of this Redcliffe" whose name and political ascendancy at the Porte personified for him the whole Eastern Question, The British and the French sent in naval task forces to support the Ottomans, as Russia had prepared to seize the

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In June, the fleets transported the Allied expeditionary forces to Varna to support the Ottoman operations on the Danube. In September they again transported the armies, this time to Crimea. The Russian fleet then declined to engage the allies but preferred to maintain a

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court of St. Petersburg ignored their suggestions. The United Kingdom and France then set aside the idea of continuing negotiations, but Austria and Prussia did not believe that the rejection of the proposed amendments justified the abandonment of the diplomatic process.

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in two days. When the British laid an underwater cable to Crimea in April 1855, news reached London in a few hours. The daily news reports energised public opinion, which brought down the Aberdeen government and carried Lord Palmerston into office as prime minister.

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The Crimean war was fought for the sake of Europe rather than for the Eastern question; it was fought against Russia, not in favour of Turkey.... The British fought Russia out of resentment and supposed that her defeat would strengthen the European Balance of Power.

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Nicholas's quest for control over the Straits; his naïve miscalculation of the probable reactions of the European powers; the failure of those powers to make their positions clear; and the pressure of public opinion in Britain and Constantinople at crucial moments.

3329:, led by Captain Viktor Poplonsky, defended the entrance to the harbour. The Allies fired over 20,000 shells but failed to defeat the Russian batteries. The British then built a massive new fleet of more than 350 gunboats and mortar vessels, which was known as the 2672:

questioned to which guns the order referred, the aide-de-camp pointed to the first Russian battery that he could see and allegedly said "There is your enemy, there are your guns", because of his obstructed view, which were wrong. Lucan then passed the order to the

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The naval operations of the Crimean War commenced with the dispatch in mid-1853 of the French and the British fleets to the Black Sea region, to support the Ottomans and to dissuade the Russians from encroachment. By June 1853, both fleets had been stationed at

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engaged the shore batteries. The British bombardment worked better than that of the French, who had smaller-calibre guns. The fleet suffered high casualties during the day. The British wanted to attack that afternoon, but the French wanted to defer the attack.

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Many more artillery pieces had arrived and had been dug into batteries. The first general assault of Sevastopol took place on 18 June 1855. There is a legend that the assault was scheduled for that date in favour of Napoleon III in the 40th anniversary of the

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The Treaty's guarantees to preserve Ottoman territories were broken 21 years later when Russia, exploiting nationalist unrest in the Balkans and seeking to regain lost prestige, once again declared war on the Ottoman Empire on 24 April 1877. In this later

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Omar Pasha, the Turkish commander at Crimea had long wanted to land in Georgia, but the western powers vetoed it. When they relented in August most of the campaigning season was lost. In 8 September Turks landed at Batum, but the main concentration was at

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resulted in 3,300 Allied losses. Failing to pursue the retreating forces was one of many strategic errors made during the war, and the Russians themselves noted that if the allies had pressed south that day, they would have easily captured Sevastopol.

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zone against Russian expansion, and both empires came into direct conflict. The conflict with the Ottoman Empire also presented a religious issue of importance, as Russia saw itself as the protector of history of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the

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during the 19th century, the Russian Empire stood poised to take advantage by expanding southward. In the 1850s, the British and the French Empires were allied with the Ottoman Empire and were determined to prevent that from happening. The historian

3806:(September 1870). During his reign, Napoleon, eager for the support of the United Kingdom, had opposed Russia over the Eastern Question. Russian interference in the Ottoman Empire did not in any significant manner threaten the interests of France ( 2401:

operated against Ottoman coastal traffic between Constantinople and the Caucasus ports, and the Ottoman fleet sought to protect the supply line. The clash came on 30 November 1853, when a Russian fleet attacked an Ottoman force in the harbour at

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captured the gunboat with all of its guns and blew it up. The third siege attempt was made 19–31 August 1855, but the city was already fortified, and the squadron could not approach close enough for landing operations. The allied fleet left the

2929:, no town, depot, building or fortification was immune from attack, and Russian naval power ceased to exist almost overnight. This Allied campaign led to a significant reduction in supplies flowing to the besieged Russian troops at Sevastopol. 2052:, where they drafted a note, which they hoped would be acceptable to both the Russians and the Ottomans. The peace terms arrived at by the four powers at the Vienna Conference (1853) were delivered to the Russians by Austrian Foreign Minister 2515:, the town surrendered, and 500 marines landed to occupy it. The town and the bay would provide a fallback position in case of disaster. The ships then sailed east to make the landing of the allied expeditionary force on the sandy beaches of 2071:("cause of war") to shape the public opinion in favour of war against Russia. By 28 March 1854, after Russia ignored an Anglo-French ultimatum to withdraw from the Danubian Principalities, the United Kingdom and France had both declared war. 3613:. Greece was not invited to the peace conference and made no gains out of the war. The frustrated Greek leadership blamed the King for failing to take advantage of the situation; his popularity plunged and he was forced to abdicate in 1862. 1684:

Because of "British commercial and strategic interests in the Middle East and India", the British joined the French, "cement an alliance with Britain and... reassert its military power". Among those who supported the British strategy were

3721:

on 30 March 1856. In compliance with Article III, Russia restored to the Ottoman Empire the city and the citadel of Kars and "all other parts of the Ottoman territory of which the Russian troop were in possession". Russia returned the

3205:, the rainy season had started, his camps were submerged in mud and there was no bread. Learning of the fall of Kars he withdrew to the Ingur. The Russians did nothing and he evacuated to Batum in February of the following year. 2836:, fell on 30 June 1855, and Raglan died on 28 June. Losses in those battles were so great that by agreement of military opponents short-term truces for removal of corpses were signed (these truces were described in the work of 3709:

Negotiations began in Paris in February 1856 and were surprisingly easy. France, under the leadership of Napoleon III, had no special interests in the Black Sea and so did not support the harsh British and Austrian proposals.

2091:

wrote on 8 February to Burgoyne, "Your visit to Paris has produced a visible change in the Emperor's views, and he is making every preparation for a land expedition in case the last attempt at negotiation should break down".

2406:

and destroyed it at the Battle of Sinop. The battle outraged British public opinion, which called for war. There was little additional naval action until March 1854, when after the declaration of war, the British frigate

3267:

fortress too well-defended to engage. Thus, shelling of the Russian batteries was limited to two attempts in 1854 and 1855, and initially, the attacking fleets limited their actions to blockading Russian trade in the

2083:, a senior advisor to Lord Aberdeen, urged for the Dardanelles to be occupied and works of sufficient strength to be built to block any Russian move to capture Constantinople and gain access to the Mediterranean. The 3746:

We cannot deceive ourselves any longer; we must say that we are both weaker and poorer than the first-class powers, and furthermore poorer not only in material terms but in mental resources, especially in matters of

3071:

and awaited reinforcements (13 November), but the Russians routed them. The claimed losses were 4,000 Turks and 400 Russians. 3. In the south about 30,000 Turks slowly moved east to the main Russian concentration at

2442:

after they had stripped them of their guns and men to reinforce batteries on shore. During the siege, the Russians lost four 110- or 120-gun, three-decker ships of the line, twelve 84-gun two-deckers and four 60-gun

1780:"The Tsar Nicholas had always, as we have seen, been anxious to maintain a cordial understanding with England in regard to the Eastern Question, and early in the spring of 1853 he had a series of interviews with Sir 2316:

from 14 April with 60,000 troops. The defenders had 15,000 troops and supplies for three months. The siege was lifted on 23 June 1854. The British and the French could not then take the field for lack of equipment.

1902:

Nesselrode began a diplomatic offensive, which they hoped would prevent either British or French interference in any conflict between Russia and the Ottomans and prevent both from forming an anti-Russian alliance.

2862:

For months, each side had been building forward rifle pits and defensive positions, which resulted in many skirmishes. Artillery fire aimed to gain superiority over the enemy guns. The final assault was made on

2738:

The storm and the heavy traffic caused the road from the coast to the troops to disintegrate into a quagmire, which required engineers to devote most of their time to its repair, including by quarrying stone. A

4805: 1971:. Lord Stratford then turned around, sailed back to Constantinople, arriving there on 5 April 1853 and convinced the Sultan there to reject the Russian treaty proposal as compromising Ottoman independence. The 1714:, gave Nicholas I a summary of Russia's policy towards the Slavs in the war. Nicholas' answer was filled with grievances against the West. Nicholas shared Pogodin's sense that Russia's role as the protector of 2447:

in the Black Sea, as well as a large number of smaller vessels. During the rest of the campaign, the allied fleets remained in control of the Black Sea and ensured that the various fronts were kept supplied.

1222:. The war quickly became a symbol of logistical, medical and tactical failures and of mismanagement. The reaction in Britain led to a demand for the professionalisation of medicine, most famously achieved by 11641: 1059:

be placed under his protection. Britain attempted to mediate and arranged a compromise to which Nicholas agreed. When the Ottomans demanded changes to the agreement, Nicholas recanted and prepared for war.

3119:

The British and French declared war on 28 March. Early in the year on 3 January, the Anglo-French fleet appeared in the Black Sea, and the Russians abandoned the Black Sea Defensive Line from Anapa south.

2284:

was the first engagement since the declaration of war. The Russians counterattacked but were beaten back. On 31 December 1853, the Ottoman forces at Calafat moved against the Russian force at Chetatea or

2920:

and destroyed the coast battery of the Kamishevaya Bay. Once through the Kerch Strait, British and French warships struck at every vestige of Russian power along the coast of the Sea of Azov. Except for

4362: 3686:

by pelting cabs and pedestrians with snowballs. When the police intervened, the snowballs were directed at the constables. The riot was finally put down by troops and police acting with truncheons. In

1325:) helped the empire in the longer term but deprived it of its existing standing army in the short term. In 1827, the Anglo-Franco-Russian fleet destroyed almost all of the Ottoman naval forces at the 1288:

for the sake of his domestic position; the British government needed an independent Turkey for the security of the Eastern Mediterranean... Mutual fear, not mutual aggression, caused the Crimean War.

1458:. Moreover, Muhammad Ali had to admit a formal dependence on the Ottoman sultan. After Muhammad Ali refused to obey the requirements of the convention, the allied Anglo-Austrian fleet blockaded the 2526:

The landing took place north of Sevastopol and so the Russians had arrayed their army in expectation of a direct attack. The allies advanced and on the morning of 20 September came up to the River

968: 2530:

and engaged the Russian Army. The Russian position was strong, but after three hours, the allied frontal attack had driven the Russians out of their dug-in positions with losses of 6,000 men. The

2589:

A postponement was agreed, but on the next day, the French were still not ready. By 19 October the Russians had transferred some heavy guns to the southern defences and had outgunned the allies.

3047:

There were four main events. 1. In the north, the Ottomans captured the border fort of Saint Nicholas in a surprise night attack (27/28 October). They then pushed about 20,000 troops across the

2639:

with which his troops were armed at the Battle of Alma, a month earlier, and he was confident that his men could beat back the Russians. His tactics succeeded. From up on the ridge to the west,

1639:

Britain's immediate fear was Russia's expansion at the expense of the Ottoman Empire. The British desired to preserve Ottoman integrity and were concerned that Russia might make advances toward

9322: 3814:), and France abandoned its opposition to Russia after the establishment of the republic. Encouraged by the new attitude of French diplomacy after the surrenders of the besieged French Army at 3304:

to transfer to Crimea a huge army guarding the Baltic coast and the capital. This goal Anglo-French forces achieved. The Russian Army in Crimea was forced to act without superiority in forces.

3089:, losing 6,000 men, half their artillery and all of their supply train. The Russians lost 1,300, including Prince Orbeliani. This was Prince Ellico Orbeliani, whose wife was later kidnapped by 1411:

was the last thing desired by the Power which wished, naturally enough, to command the gate into the Mediterranean". Russia was satisfied with the weak government in Constantinople (Istanbul).

1777:). Russia attempted to "honestly" negotiate with the United Kingdom on the partition of the Ottoman Empire and made concessions in order to eliminate all objections from the United Kingdom. 4130:

points out the war was enthusiastically supported by the British populace as it was happening, but the mood changed very dramatically afterwards. Pacifists and critics were unpopular but:

3201:

river which separates Abkhazia from Georgia proper. Omar crossed the Ingur on 7 November and then wasted a great deal of time, the Russians doing little. By 2 December he had reached the

2422:

and caused much damage to the town. To show support for the Ottomans after the Battle of Sinop, on 22 December 1853, the Anglo-French squadron entered the Black Sea and the steamship HMS

3585:

the Russian government decided it was too dangerous to help Greece expand its holdings. When the Russians invaded the Principalities, the Ottoman forces were tied down so Greece invaded

2821:, but the legend is not confirmed by historians. However, the appearance of such a legend is undoubtedly symptomatic since the war in France was understood as a certain revanche for the 1812:'s ambition to restore France's grandeur initiated the immediate chain of events that led to France and Britain declaring war on Russia on 27 and 28 March 1854, respectively. He pursued 10732: 2635:", the traditional method of repelling cavalry, Campbell took the risky decision to have his Highlanders form a single line two men deep. Campbell had seen the effectiveness of the new 1700:

Palmerston of playing along with the interests of Russia and being unserious in preparing for the conflict. Marx believed Palmerston to be bribed by Russia, and shared this belief with

2762:. In February 1855, the Russians attacked the allied base at Eupatoria, where an Ottoman army had built up and was threatening Russian supply routes. The Russians were defeated at the 5331: 3477:. In September 1854, an Allied landing force was beaten back with heavy casualties, and the Allies withdrew. The victory at Petropavlovsk was for Russia in the words of the future 3033:, the Caucasus front was secondary to what happened in the west. Perhaps because of better communications, western events sometimes influenced the east. The main events were the 2769:

The strain of directing the war had taken its toll on the health of Tsar Nicholas. Full of remorse for the disasters that he had caused, he caught pneumonia and died on 2 March.

2394:, outside the Dardanelles. With the Russian occupation of the Danube Principalities in July 1853, they moved to the Bosphorus, and on 3 January 1854, they entered the Black Sea. 1407:. The rights secured to Russia by a succession of treaties were also directly jeopardized. The substitution of a virile Albanian dynasty at Constantinople in place of the effete 1203:

became largely independent. Christians in the Ottoman Empire gained a degree of official equality, and the Orthodox Church regained control of the Christian churches in dispute.

2438:", a strategy that failed when Sevastopol, the main port and the base of most of the Black Sea fleet, came under siege. The Russians were reduced to scuttling their warships as 1918:

patronage and, in fact, insisted on confirming the terms of the Kucuk-Kaynardzhiy treaty of 1774, which allowed giving advice to the Sultan, but did not oblige them to accept".

1745:, who have, it seems, offended them: no one has the right to intervene; but Russia is obliged to ask Europe for permission if it quarrels with its neighbour. England threatens 8332: 3694:

became prime minister. Palmerston took a hard line and wanted to expand the war, foment unrest inside the Russian Empire and reduce the Russian threat to Europe permanently.

10660: 2743:

was ordered and arrived in January with a civilian engineering crew, but it took until March before it had become sufficiently advanced to be of any appreciable value. An

2747:

was also ordered, but the frozen ground delayed its installation until March, when communications from the base port of Balaklava to the British HQ was established. The

1309:, which began in early 1821, provided further evidence of the empire's internal and military weakness, and the commission of atrocities by Ottoman military forces (see 12330: 11636: 4152:

shifted attention to the heroic defence of British interest by the army, and further talk of reform went nowhere. The demand for professionalisation was achieved by

3726:

to Moldavia. By Article IV, Britain, France, Sardinia and Ottoman Empire restored to Russia "the towns and ports of Sevastopol, Balaklava, Kamish, Eupatoria, Kerch,

1122:, causing economic damage to Russia by blockading trade while also forcing the Russians to keep a large army guarding St. Petersburg from a potential allied attack. 4102:. The stories detail the lives of the Russian soldiers and citizens in Sevastopol during the siege. Because of this work, Tolstoy has been called the world's first 3950:

for an increased role in the Balkans at the expense of the Ottoman Empire, the foundations were in place for building the diplomatic alliances that would shape the

3946:; the two countries shared the Danubian Empire. With France now hostile to Germany and gravitating towards Russia, and with Russia competing with the newly renamed 8579: 4800: 1137:. After extended preparations, allied forces landed on the peninsula in September 1854 and marched their way to a point south of Sevastopol after they had won the 873: 2511:

The Crimean campaign opened in September 1854. In seven columns, 360 ships sailed, each steamer towing two sailing ships. Anchoring on 13 September in the bay of

2289:, a small village nine miles north of Calafat, and engaged it on 6 January 1854. The battle began when the Russians made a move to recapture Calafat. Most of the 10998: 9114: 4185:

from their commanders in London due to such rapid communications. Newspaper readership informed public opinion in the United Kingdom and France as never before.

3974:

achieved its autonomy from direct Ottoman rule. Russia took over Southern Bessarabia, lost in 1856. The regions of Batum and Kars, as well as those inhabited by

2944:. The vast amounts of food, especially bread, wheat, barley and rye, that were amassed in the city after the outbreak of war were prevented from being exported. 4170:

spoke highly of Seacole's skill as a healer, writing "A more tender or skilful hand about a wound or a broken limb could not be found among our best surgeons."

1454:

on 15 July 1840 that granted Muhammad Ali and his descendants the right to inherit power in Egypt in exchange for the removal of Egyptian forces from Syria and

1911: 8391: 8146: 12736: 11690: 7919: 6158:

The Great War with Russia: The Invasion of the Crimea; a Personal Retrospect of the Battles of the Alma, Balaclava and Inkerman, and of the Winter of 1854–55

2875:

and resulted in the French capture of the Malakoff fort. The Russians failed to retake it and their defences collapsed. Meanwhile, the British assaulted the

3159:

and lost 8,000 men to the Russian 3,000. Also, 10,000 irregulars deserted to their villages. Both sides withdrew to their former positions. About then, the

3151:, retired behind the Cholok river and suspended action for the rest of the year (June). In the far south, Wrangel pushed west, fought a battle and occupied 1741:

and stays there several years during peacetime: that is nothing; but Russia only thinks of occupying Constantinople, and the peace of Europe is threatened.

9667: 2700:. On 5 November 1854, the Russians attempted to raise the siege at Sevastopol with an attack against the allies, which resulted in another allied victory. 1990:

Shortly after the Tsar had learned of the failure of Menshikov's diplomacy toward the end of June 1853, he sent armies under the commands of Field Marshal

3644:

and other orders of the local authorities and, in some cases, attacking priests who were accused of hiding a decree about the liberation of the peasants.

12731: 11739: 9602: 3922:, which meant the end of Austrian influence in peninsular Italy. Furthermore, Russia did not do anything to assist its former ally, Austria, in the 1866 1482:

the new Treaty of London was obligatory for all, it closed the Bosphorus and Dardanelles. In the absence of expansion plans, this was a sound decision".

2806:, on a hill in front of the Malakoff. Several weeks of fighting resulted in little change in the front line, and the Mamelon remained in Russian hands. 5292: 3484:"a ray of light among the dark clouds". The Russians escaped under the cover of snow in early 1855 after Allied reinforcements arrived in the region. 2696:

The shortage of men led to the failure of the British and the French to follow up on the Battle of Balaclava, which led directly to the much bloodier

9185: 3833: 2809:

In April 1855, the allies staged a second all-out bombardment, which led to an artillery duel with the Russian guns, but no ground assault followed.

2554:, agreed. On 25 September, the whole army began to march southeast and encircled the city from the south after it had established port facilities at 2095:

Burgoyne and his team of engineers inspected and surveyed the Dardanelles area in February. They were fired on by Russian riflemen when they went to

651: 2136:

Russian threat to the Ottomans, the allies in August 1854 proposed the "Four Points" for ending the conflict in addition to the Russian withdrawal:

11705: 11035: 3512: 2852: 1157: 2044:

The European powers continued to pursue diplomatic avenues. The representatives of the four Great Powers (the United Kingdom, France, Austria and

11824: 9129: 3991: 3895: 1275: 10317: 1569:". However, Britain could not tolerate Russian dominance of Ottoman affairs, which would challenge its domination of the eastern Mediterranean. 12636: 11902: 11569: 11261: 9176: 1961:

reappointed Lord Stratford as British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire. Having resigned the ambassadorship in January, he had been replaced by

1581: 3706:

France, which had sent far more soldiers to the war and suffered far more casualties than Britain had, wanted the war to end, as did Austria.

3340:. Perhaps the most influential contributor to the development of naval mining was a Swede resident in Russia, the inventor and civil engineer 11678: 4357: 8887:

Medical and Surgical History of the British Army which served in Turkey and the Crimea during the War against Russia in the Years 1854–55–56

3810:

uses Napoleon's pandering to journalists and public opinion on this subject—at the expense of the true interests of France—as an example of

2260:

in the east, near the mouth of the Danube. The Ottoman move up the River Danube was also of concern to the Austrians, who moved forces into

11919: 7668: 4197: 4156:, who gained worldwide attention for pioneering and publicising modern nursing while treating the wounded. Another nurse, a Jamaican named 3739: 2120: 1958: 1242: 866: 308: 11631: 11626: 10886: 9211: 8732: 3372:

to 'self-acting mines underwater', were among the novelties attempted by the Russians in their defenses about Cronstadt and Sevastopol."

995: 197: 8950: 7238: 1839:

from 1774), the Ottomans reversed their earlier decision, renounced the French treaty and declared that Russia was the protector of the

12696: 12691: 12686: 11547: 10947: 9597: 2619:

is remembered in Britain for the actions of two British units. At the start of the battle, a large body of Russian cavalry charged the

1554: 1497: 320: 2959:

refused an allied ultimatum by responding, "Russians never surrender their cities". The Anglo-French squadron bombarded Taganrog for 6

2844:"). The assault was beaten back with heavy casualties and in an undoubted victory for Russia. It is worth mentioning that the Russian 1485:

In 1838, Britain lost interest in crushing the Ottoman Empire. On the contrary, after the conclusion of the trade treaty of 1838 (see

12121: 3930:

and, more importantly, its influence in most German-speaking lands. The status of Austria as a great power, with the unifications of

3323:. More than 1,000 enemy guns tested the strength of the fortress for two days. Despite the shelling, the sailors of the 120-gun ship 1972: 1517:"From this moment (1838) the export of British manufactured goods to Turkey rose steeply. There was an elevenfold increase by 1850". 8329: 1897:

of kings, being, it had been seen, the means which the present ruler of France was in the habit of employing in the first instance.

11173: 10768: 10287: 9890: 9660: 8419: 7607:

Hughes, Gavin; Trigg, Jonathan (2008). "Remembering the Charge of the Light Brigade: Its Commemoration, War Memorials and Memory".

6825: 4342: 1373: 1079:

4 October] 1853, having obtained promises of support from France and Britain, the Ottomans declared war on Russia. Led by

10864: 1095:, in the Ottoman Empire, led to a siege, and an Ottoman attempt to reinforce the garrison was destroyed by a Russian fleet at the 12539: 12208: 12069: 11028: 11013: 8992: 4352: 4282: 2720:

on both sides led to a halt in ground operations. Sevastopol remained invested by the allies, whose armies were hemmed in by the

2650: 2546:, Sir John Burgoyne, the engineer advisor, recommended for the allies attack to Sevastopol from the south. The joint commanders, 2297:. The siege would continue until May 1854 when it was lifted by the Russians. The Ottomans would also later beat the Russians in 859: 818: 11995: 11779: 11710: 11003: 10937: 10750: 9394: 9357: 9144: 4122:

and her team of nurses cleaned up the military hospitals and set up the first training school for nurses in the United Kingdom.

3256: 2690: 1976: 1435: 624:

Casualties include death by disease. In all cases, death by disease exceeded the sum of "killed in action" or "died of wounds".

1863:

to accept a new treaty confirming France and the Catholic Church's supreme authority over Catholic holy places, including the

12711: 11307: 10083: 8706: 8687: 8461: 8054: 7962: 7929: 7884: 7843: 7800: 7745: 7720: 7566: 7135: 7029: 6958: 6399: 6182: 5587: 5223: 5143: 4928: 4885: 3478: 2674: 1146: 644: 9757: 6814: 2851:

In August, the Russians again made an attack towards the base at Balaclava, which was defended by the French, newly arrived

1718:

was not understood and that Russia was unfairly treated by the West. Nicholas especially approved of the following passage:

12706: 12641: 12616: 12203: 11658: 11648: 10942: 10840: 10113: 9926: 8411:

Trager, Robert F. "Long-term consequences of aggressive diplomacy: European relations after Austrian Crimean War threats."

7824: 7531: 4337: 2791: 2754:

The troops suffered greatly from cold and sickness, and the shortage of fuel led them to start dismantling their defensive

2293:

until the Russians were driven out of the village. Despite the setback at Chetatea, Russian forces on 28 January 1854 laid

1430:

In 1838 in a situation similar to that of 1831, Muhammad Ali of Egypt was not happy about his lack of control and power in

1041: 7451:

Vinogradov V. N. 2005. "Was there a connection between the triumph of France in the Crimean war and its defeat at Sedan?"

3376:

Undoubtedly, this threat contributed on the part of Russia the decision on the conclusion of peace on unfavourable terms.

1738: 12716: 12544: 12503: 12024: 11683: 10756: 10690: 9653: 9372: 4265: 3911: 2778: 2245: 1206:

The Crimean War was one of the first conflicts in which military forces used modern technologies such as explosive naval

1161: 999: 791: 208: 8585: 3163:

made a semi-secret agreement to remain neutral in exchange for the cancellation of the indemnity from the previous war.

12518: 12508: 12183: 11897: 11729: 11616: 11095: 9968: 9592: 9384: 9302: 9201: 9104: 7905: 7862: 7351: 6887: 6757: 6704: 5954: 5881: 5782: 5755: 5680: 5113: 4718: 4695: 4212: 3276:

in the Gulf of Finland, proved more successful. Additionally, allies conducted raids on less fortified sections of the

2897: 2547: 2276:

in October 1853. Simultaneously, in the east, the Ottomans crossed the Danube at Silistra and attacked the Russians at

2153:

Russia was to abandon any claim granting it the right to interfere in Ottoman affairs on behalf of Orthodox Christians.

1868: 1715: 1621: 1056: 332: 4200:, which were aimed at strengthening and modernising the Russian state in the light of weaknesses revealed by the war. 2205: 2103:

arrived in March, and major building works commenced on a seven-mile line of defence, which was designed to block the

12513: 12218: 12188: 12143: 11839: 11458: 11404: 11399: 11347: 11342: 11332: 11297: 11292: 11282: 11272: 11250: 11245: 11222: 11217: 11192: 11168: 11163: 11148: 11008: 10569: 9914: 9763: 9134: 8603: 8437: 8309: 8237: 8218: 8098: 8024: 7403: 6543: 5007: 4591: 4312: 3986:, were also annexed to Russia in the Caucasus. At the same time, "protectors" of the Ottoman Empire Britain received 3959: 3826:, Russia in October 1870 renounced the Black Sea clauses of the treaty agreed to in 1856. As the United Kingdom with 2669: 2615:

A large Russian assault on the allied supply base to the southeast at Balaclava was rebuffed on 25 October 1854. The

2349:

Ottomans, under Omar Pasha, crossed the Danube into Wallachia and on 7 July 1854 engaged the Russians in the city of

1585: 1014: 947: 937: 932: 927: 922: 917: 907: 902: 897: 883: 60: 8481: 6773: 5635:

V. N. Vinogradov (2006). "Lord Palmerston in European diplomacy". New and Recent History (in Russian) (5): 182–209.

2087:

sent men to the Dardanelles, and Burgoyne went to Paris and met with the British ambassador and the French emperor.

1983:, blamed Aberdeen and Stratford's actions for making war inevitable, which started the process that would force the 1415: 12661: 12621: 12016: 11441: 11377: 11202: 11115: 10786: 9793: 9316: 8382: 8152: 3687: 3459: 3325: 2088: 1962: 1651:. A distraction (in the form of the Ottoman Empire) on the Russian southwest flank would mitigate that threat. The 637: 1836: 12721: 12701: 12078: 12039: 11834: 11594: 11579: 11520: 10879: 10834: 10419: 9751: 9389: 8908: 8489: 7935: 4057:, who portrayed the British as victims of newspaper sensationalism and duplicitous French and Ottoman diplomacy. 3927: 3695: 3541: 2628: 2010:

The United Kingdom, hoping to maintain the Ottoman Empire as a bulwark against the expansion of Russian power in

1907: 1677: 1334: 386: 11734: 4945: 2828:

In June, a third bombardment was followed after two days by a successful attack on the Mamelon, but a follow-up

12676: 12666: 12477: 12386: 12285: 12233: 11302: 11266: 10774: 10131: 10046: 9715: 9362: 9196: 9171: 8168:

Lambert, Andrew (1989). "Preparing for the Russian War: British Strategic Planning, March, 1853 – March 1854".

3252: 2845: 2538:

Believing the northern approaches to the city too well defended, especially because of the presence of a large

1851: 1825: 1187:

in March 1856. France and Britain welcomed the development, owing to the conflict's domestic unpopularity. The

3177:

Up to May 1855, Ottomans forces in the east were reduced from 120,000 to 75,000, mostly by disease. The local

1835:

Russia disputed that attempted change in authority. Referring to two previous treaties (one from 1757 and the

12681: 12671: 12646: 12131: 11717: 11468: 11197: 11023: 11018: 10973: 10227: 10215: 10203: 10173: 10149: 10143: 10137: 10119: 10095: 9609: 9352: 9156: 9028: 6834: 5167: 4347: 3894:

to a navy in the Black Sea, and failed to gain status as a great power. Further, the war gave impetus to the

3841: 3125: 2783: 2551: 2222: 2193: 2181: 2169: 2053: 1995: 1076: 1006: 422: 398: 296: 10167: 3610: 3348:). Immanuel Nobel helped the Russian war effort by applying his knowledge of industrial explosives, such as 2712:

Historical map showing the territory between Balaclava and Sevastopol at the time of the Siege of Sevastopol

1376:, which forced Mahmud II to seek Russian military aid. A Russian army of 10,000 landed on the shores of the 12656: 12401: 12096: 11794: 11764: 11759: 11700: 11589: 11584: 11552: 11493: 11414: 11372: 11255: 10485: 9697: 9677: 9139: 6047: 5824: 4332: 3129: 2748: 2519:, on the south-west coast of Crimea. The landing surprised the Russians, as they had expected a landing at 2226: 2129: 1785: 1629: 1562: 1403:"The reasons for the Tsar's disquietude are not obscure. Not Turkey alone was threatened by the advance of 1283:

argued that the war had resulted not from aggression, but from the interacting fears of the major players:

1191:, signed on 30 March 1856, ended the war. It forbade Russia to base warships in the Black Sea. The Ottoman 705: 20: 10155: 9645: 2908:

In early 1855, the allied Anglo-French commanders decided to send an Anglo-French naval squadron into the

12651: 12580: 12158: 12034: 11929: 11912: 11784: 11653: 11621: 11557: 11446: 11337: 11322: 11158: 10672: 10624: 10209: 10010: 9348: 9023: 8985: 8895: 8892: 5101: 4278: 4189: 3463: 3300: 3214: 3063:. Both sides remained immobile for the next seven months. 2. In the centre the Ottomans moved north from 3041:

coast. Several commanders on both sides were either incompetent or unlucky, and few fought aggressively.

2678: 2657: 1451: 1338: 1246: 957: 813: 8633: 4181:

condition of British forces deployed in Crimea. Additionally, the telegraph reduced the independence of

3231: 1882:

in Wallachia, as a direct threat to the Ottoman lands south of the river. He had Foreign Minister Count

12487: 12238: 12193: 12059: 11988: 11829: 11367: 11357: 11327: 11317: 10932: 10872: 10233: 10161: 10101: 9950: 9166: 9149: 9124: 9013: 8927: 8789: 6568: 5239: 3967: 3919: 3140:. When the allies chose a land attack on Sevastopol, any plan for a landing in the east was abandoned. 1722: 1361: 1268: 344: 1773:

understand the changes in the situation after the conclusion of the Anglo-Ottoman Treaty in 1838 (see

12472: 12198: 11668: 11562: 11362: 10491: 9878: 9805: 9721: 9282: 4177:, who pioneered the system of field surgery that other nations came to only in the First World War". 3144: 3021: 2876: 2822: 2391: 2304:

In early 1854, the Russians again advanced by crossing the River Danube into the Turkish province of

2230: 2147: 1474: 1306: 1018: 801: 8754: 5670: 4032:

Prussia achieved freedom of action against France in 1870–71 and inflicted a crushing defeat on it.

3166: 1704:. Urquhart, for his part, was a British politician who was a major advocate for the Ottoman Empire. 12106: 11809: 11515: 11090: 10894: 10744: 10557: 10503: 10389: 10377: 10347: 10089: 9980: 9781: 9775: 9408: 9310: 9191: 9181: 6928: 4306: 4149: 3971: 3714: 3444: 2922: 2751:

failed because of the hard frozen soil, but nevertheless 21 miles (34 km) of cable were laid.

2468: 2378: 2084: 1164:, involving brutal conditions for troops on both sides. Smaller military actions took place in the 774: 3580:

Greece played a peripheral role in the war. When Russia attacked the Ottoman Empire in 1853, King

3086: 710: 12451: 12441: 11722: 11451: 11070: 10708: 10642: 10479: 10443: 10245: 10221: 10179: 10052: 10040: 9962: 9956: 9739: 9367: 9287: 9099: 9051: 6963: 6694: 4458: 3947: 3679: 3121: 2572: 1926: 1840: 1781: 1711: 1396: 1102:

Fearing the growth of influence of the Russian Empire, the British and French fleets entered the

1064: 1034: 434: 12178: 10329: 10022: 7855:

Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015

5264: 3738:

Some members of the Russian intelligentsia saw defeat as a pressure to modernise their society.

2312:, where they were finally halted. In the centre, the Russian forces crossed the Danube and laid 1967: 1632:, promulgated after the war, largely reversed much of the second-class status, most notably the 12631: 12482: 12049: 11924: 11599: 11120: 11055: 10684: 10293: 10275: 10269: 10058: 9992: 9860: 9745: 9727: 9555: 9489: 9475: 8978: 8836: 7255: 6873: 6663: 6632: 5891: 4669: 4619: 4514: 4300: 4253: 4193: 4167: 4021: 3998: 3915: 3766: 3757: 3718: 3617: 3573: 3563: 3526: 3470: 3466: 3438: 3277: 3076:

or Alexandropol (November). They crossed the border and set up artillery south of town. Prince

2856: 2813:

the Russian Army. The landings were successful, but the force made little progress thereafter.

2646: 1864: 1577: 1404: 1346: 1188: 840: 769: 374: 37: 11312: 7895: 7341: 6844: 6747: 5944: 5213: 3852:

would be easily captured in any future war with the British; therefore, Alexander II opted to

2668:, personally delivering the quickly-written and confusing order to attack the artillery. When 2649:

saw the Highlanders as a "thin red streak topped with steel", a phrase which soon became the "

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The burning of tar warehouses and ships led to international criticism, and in London the MP

3137: 2721: 2686: 2419: 1774: 1656: 1486: 1467: 1365: 1234: 1045: 762: 752: 7021: 7015: 4920: 4914: 4114: 3097:. 4. At sea the Turks sent a fleet east, which was destroyed by Admiral Nakhimov at Sinope. 2483: 2281: 1249:

and overhauls in the justice system, local self-government, education and military service.

1183:. Isolated and facing a bleak prospect of invasion by the West if the war continued, Russia 678: 12611: 12275: 12004: 11387: 11060: 10957: 10927: 10738: 10527: 10473: 10401: 10323: 10311: 10107: 9866: 9787: 9509: 9255: 8940: 8443: 8192:

The triumph of Lord Palmerston: a study of public opinion in England before the Crimean War

8116:

Gorizontov, Leonid E. (2012). "The Crimean War as a Test of Russia's Imperial Durability".

7318:

Frederick Kellogg, Purdue University Press, 1995, The Road to Romanian Independence, p. 191

5199:

Franz Mering. "Karl Marx. His life story". Moscow. Gospolitizdat. 1957. p. 264 (in Russian)

4153: 4119: 4025: 3819: 3783: 3389: 3296: 3223: 2970: 2948: 2744: 2488: 1941: 1875: 1821: 1223: 1218:. The war was also one of the first to be documented extensively in written reports and in 1118:, an Anglo-French fleet instituted a naval blockade and bottled up the outnumbered Russian 1052: 991: 912: 484: 362: 184: 49: 5860: 4220: 3890:

was available. The war then wrecked the Concert of Europe, which had long kept the peace.

1160:

to Crimea, siding with France, Britain and the Ottoman Empire. The front settled into the

8: 12570: 12565: 12560: 12356: 12163: 12116: 12101: 12086: 11962: 11892: 11749: 11277: 11212: 10983: 10612: 10425: 10383: 9836: 9703: 9519: 9161: 9089: 8964: 8876: 8822: 8806: 8802: 8798: 8447: 6300: 5297: 4294: 4271: 4247: 4240: 4098: 3935: 3923: 3903: 3837: 3811: 3795: 3723: 3448: 3308: 3227: 3156: 3109: 2841: 2763: 2725: 2616: 2602: 2104: 1946: 1750: 1612: 1322: 1142: 830: 808: 757: 725: 595: 502: 339: 203: 146: 8818: 8775: 8416: 7188:

Lieven, Dominic (1993): "Nicholas II: Emperor of all the Russias". London: Pimlico. p. 6

6822: 1297:

In the early 1800s, the Ottoman Empire suffered a number of existential challenges. The

12421: 12411: 12340: 12305: 12148: 11952: 11934: 11887: 11869: 11849: 11488: 11240: 11138: 11110: 10993: 10978: 10780: 10648: 10630: 10581: 10545: 10533: 10521: 10467: 10239: 10197: 10028: 10004: 9974: 9902: 9584: 9570: 9504: 9444: 9336: 9277: 8781: 8742: 8653: 8620: 8554: 8530: 8406: 8369: 8288: 8272: 8264: 8190: 8133: 7624: 6610: 6156:

The famous dispatches of a British war correspondent appear in William Howard Russell,

5064: 5056: 4288: 4259: 3943: 3931: 3868: 3830:

could not enforce the clauses, Russia once again established a fleet in the Black Sea.

3762: 3593:. To block further Greek moves, the British and French occupied the main Greek port at 3545: 3537: 3426: 3411: 3357: 3077: 3030: 3010: 2985: 2829: 2818: 2795: 2708: 2697: 2531: 2427: 2408: 2045: 1817: 1593: 1566: 1558: 1392: 1326: 1298: 1207: 1180: 1150: 1138: 1026: 1017:, and the British and French preference to preserve the Ottoman Empire to maintain the 825: 796: 786: 693: 55: 41: 12366: 11973: 8545:(March 1958). "The Crimean War in Selected Documents and Secondary Works since 1940". 4173:

Outstanding achievements in battlefield surgery were done during the war of 1853–56. "

3568: 2150:, which allowed only Ottoman and Russian warships in the Black Sea, was to be revised. 1129:), the allied commanders decided to attack Russia's main naval base in the Black Sea, 12585: 12575: 12396: 12376: 12228: 11859: 11799: 11606: 11532: 11510: 11409: 11287: 11100: 11080: 11075: 11065: 10900: 10798: 10792: 10702: 10563: 10509: 10365: 10016: 9938: 9908: 9799: 9560: 9434: 9267: 9038: 8862: 8851: 8702: 8683: 8657: 8624: 8502: 8457: 8433: 8305: 8276: 8233: 8214: 8137: 8094: 8050: 8020: 7958: 7925: 7901: 7880: 7858: 7839: 7820: 7796: 7741: 7716: 7628: 7562: 7409: 7399: 7347: 7131: 7123: 7025: 6940: 6883: 6869: 6753: 6700: 6539: 6395: 6389: 6178: 5950: 5778: 5751: 5676: 5583: 5441: 5219: 5139: 5109: 5068: 5048: 5013: 5003: 4949: 4924: 4881: 4873: 4714: 4587: 4367: 4233: 4103: 4065: 4041: 4017: 3823: 3683: 3533: 3474: 3361: 3136:, recommended withdrawal north of the Caucasus. For that purpose, he was replaced by 3038: 2892: 2729: 2520: 2456: 2313: 2235: 2080: 1984: 1980: 1856: 1816:

support by asserting France's "sovereign authority" over the Christian population of

1746: 1522: 1501: 1330: 1083:, the Ottomans fought a strong defensive campaign and stopped the Russian advance at 1022: 952: 835: 720: 715: 237: 8830: 8814: 8810: 8326:

Austria, Great Britain, and the Crimean War: The Destruction of the European Concert

5108:(1st ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Trade & Reference Publishers. 3798:

of 1870–71. While Prussia and several other German states united to form a powerful

1233:

The Crimean War marked a turning point for the Russian Empire. The war weakened the

1141:

on 20 September 1854. The Russians counterattacked on 25 October in what became the

12406: 12320: 12315: 12300: 12280: 12254: 12168: 12153: 11844: 11789: 11695: 11436: 11207: 11177: 11143: 10988: 10822: 10810: 10804: 10762: 10666: 10636: 10551: 10371: 10353: 10335: 10305: 9920: 9769: 9709: 9565: 9524: 9061: 8771: 8645: 8612: 8522: 8498: 8364: 8359: 8351: 8319: 8256: 8177: 8125: 7915: 7616: 7090: 6675: 6644: 6601:

Anderson, Edgar (1969). "The Scandinavian Area and the Crimean War in the Baltic".

6170: 5575: 5184: 5163: 5040: 4505: 4496: 4449: 4383: 4002: 3872: 3675: 3633: 3609:. The insurrections were failures that were easily crushed by the Ottomans' allied 3452: 3152: 3006: 2620: 2563: 2309: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2240: 2115: 1847: 1695: 1690: 1616: 1611:"The plan to develop Russia as a southern power had begun in earnest in 1776, when 1542: 1258: 1115: 1110:

in June 1854 and arrived just in time for the Russians to abandon Silistra. In the

1010: 688: 683: 450: 8922: 8285:

The New Cambridge Modern History: Vol. 10: The Zenith of European Power, 1830–1870

4208: 3641: 3620:

was formed in the Danubian Principalities in 1854 and later fought at Sevastopol.

1828:, a zealous leading member of the Catholic clericalists, as his ambassador to the 1565:, and expected a free hand in settling its problems with the Ottoman Empire, the " 12446: 12416: 12335: 12223: 11864: 11611: 11463: 11431: 11105: 11085: 10714: 10654: 10593: 10587: 10515: 10395: 10299: 10281: 9932: 9854: 9635: 9614: 9403: 9109: 9094: 9056: 8853:

The War (volume 2): from the death of Lord Raglan to the evacuation of the Crimea

8566: 8542: 8513:(October 1956). "A Century of Historiography on the Origins of the Crimean War". 8510: 8423: 8342:

Schmitt, Bernadotte E (1919). "The Diplomatic Preliminaries of the Crimean War".

8336: 7952: 7677: 7159: 6983:, "The Aims of the Negotiations – Polemic Against Prussia – A Snowball Riot", in 6829: 6818: 6811: 5135:

War and the Marxists: Socialist Theory and Practice in Capitalist Wars, 1848–1918

4440: 4373: 4227: 4174: 3951: 3853: 3827: 3815: 3691: 3481: 3269: 3260: 3060: 2632: 2500: 2398: 2329: 2096: 2062: 2037: 2033: 2023: 1950: 1883: 1742: 1707: 1601: 1573: 1443: 1439: 1408: 1280: 1238: 1219: 1184: 1149:'s forces were seriously depleted as a result. A second Russian counterattack at 1107: 1096: 1030: 742: 4053:

The view of "diplomatic drift" as the cause of the war was first popularised by

3336:

Part of the Russian resistance was credited to the deployment of newly invented

2867:, when another French bombardment (the sixth) was followed by an assault by the 2353:

and conquered it. The capture of Giurgiu by the Ottomans immediately threatened

1945:

The death of Colonel Filhol de Camas of the French 6th Infantry Regiment at the

1860: 12436: 12431: 12426: 12381: 12371: 12213: 12054: 12028: 11947: 11774: 11537: 11527: 10904: 10846: 10575: 10497: 10455: 10449: 10437: 10125: 9681: 9539: 9514: 9439: 8872: 8840: 8826: 8181: 8129: 6546:; Tolstoy wrote three firsthand battlefield observations "Sebastopol Sketches." 4643: 4182: 4135: 4127: 4077:

Documentation of the war was provided by William Howard Russell, who wrote for

4061: 4054: 3995: 3864: 3849: 3662: 3581: 3341: 3330: 3202: 3105: 2833: 2803: 2543: 2435: 2430:. Its commander received an ultimatum not to allow any ships in the Black Sea. 1991: 1701: 1648: 1597: 1538: 1381: 1341:

granted Russian and Western European commercial ships free passage through the

1310: 1263: 1025:. The flashpoint was a disagreement over the rights of Christian minorities in 987: 983: 579: 547: 493: 475: 446: 410: 223: 171: 100: 7094: 6679: 6648: 5044: 3698:

and Prussia were willing to join Britain and France, and Russia was isolated.

2636: 2607: 12605: 12325: 12310: 12290: 12259: 12111: 11907: 11744: 11382: 10852: 10828: 10726: 10720: 10618: 9986: 9872: 9842: 9529: 9237: 9079: 8945: 8842:

The War (volume 1): from the Landing at Gallipoli to the Death of Lord Raglan

8718: 8616: 8001:(in Russian). Vol. II. Moscow and Leningrad: Izdatel'stvo Akademii Nauk. 7872: 7620: 7427: 7395:

St. Petersburg and Moscow : Tsarist and Soviet foreign policy, 1814–1974

7368:"The Great Game, 1856–1907: Russo-British Relations in Central and East Asia" 7151: 6944: 6572: 5097: 5052: 4953: 4318: 3857: 3799: 3787: 3772: 3606: 3598: 3500: 3369: 3349: 3034: 2981: 2952: 2941: 2527: 2403: 1829: 1726: 1640: 1550: 1507: 1431: 1173: 730: 7761: 7367: 5445: 5017: 3802:

in January 1871, the French deposed Emperor Napoleon III and proclaimed the

2268:

After the Ottoman ultimatum in September 1853, forces under Ottoman General

12467: 12361: 12138: 12044: 11663: 11187: 11153: 10908: 10696: 10539: 10413: 10064: 10034: 9817: 9675: 9272: 9260: 9046: 5440:. Montreal: Interuniversity Centre for European Studies. pp. 201–233. 4946:"Journal of a residence in Circassia during the years 1837, 1838, and 1839" 4157: 4082: 3550: 3517: 3345: 3247: 3056: 2974: 2956: 2917: 2661: 2516: 2286: 2261: 2014:, sent a fleet to the Dardanelles, where it joined a fleet sent by France. 1894: 1809: 1802: 1420: 1192: 1119: 1048: 1029:, then part of the Ottoman Empire, with the French promoting the rights of 284: 260: 142: 11424: 10359: 8649: 8283:

Ramm, Agatha, and B. H. Sumner. "The Crimean War." in J. P. T. Bury, ed.,

7641:

Peter Burroughs, "An Unreformed Army? 1815–1868," in David Chandler, ed.,

7413: 7163: 7081:

Mosse, W.E. (1955). "How Russia made peace September 1855 to April 1856".

3794:

The Treaty of Paris stood until 1871, when Prussia defeated France in the

3779: 3285: 3218: 1126: 747: 12391: 11769: 11498: 11352: 11182: 10816: 10461: 10257: 10191: 9998: 9848: 9242: 9232: 9220: 8247:

Puryear, Vernon J (1931). "New Light on the Origins of the Crimean War".

6777: 4691: 4139: 4093: 3657: 3522: 3422: 3264: 3090: 2868: 2837: 2665: 2460: 2067: 1855:

to the Black Sea and thereby violated the London Straits Convention. The

1644: 1605: 1589: 1496:

Publicly, European politicians made broad promises to the Ottomans. Lord

1342: 1314: 7516:

Bektas Y. (2017). "The Crimean War as a Technological Enterprise."

6614: 3882:

throughout the war, when she died in 2004 this made her the last living

3871:

was found on a Portuguese ship by Captain John Guy Courtenay-Everard on

2277: 2140:

Russia was to give up its protectorate over the Danubian Principalities.

2107:. French sappers worked on half of the line, which was finished in May. 1473:

On 13 July 1841, after the expiry of the Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi, the

12590: 11804: 11754: 11673: 11542: 10263: 10185: 9896: 9733: 9422: 9379: 9018: 8558: 8534: 8456:]. Великие противостояния (in Russian). Saint Petersburg: Poligon. 8373: 8268: 7810: 7393: 5350:

St. Petersburg and Moscow: Tsarist and Soviet Foreign Policy, 1814–1974

5060: 4586:Зайончковский А. М. Восточная война 1853–1856. – СПб.: Полигон, 2002. 4216: 4010: 3666: 3544:, sent an expeditionary corps of 15,000 soldiers, commanded by General 3397: 3337: 3307:

In August 1854 a Franco-British naval force captured and destroyed the

3238: 3160: 3094: 3068: 2989: 2913: 2512: 2383: 2341: 2269: 2244:(1829) participated in numerous important naval battles, including the 1729:: none of this disturbs the balance of power; but when Russia occupies 1652: 1459: 1215: 1130: 1111: 1080: 1072: 272: 112: 8665:

Lambert, Albert (2003). Loades, David (ed.). "Crimean War 1853–1856".

6177:. Vol. 13. New York: International Publishers. pp. 477–479. 4363:

List of British recipients of the Légion d'Honneur for the Crimean War

1533: 1313:) further undermined the empire. The disbandment of the centuries-old 12091: 11392: 10678: 10431: 10251: 9534: 9247: 7520:: the Royal Society Journal of the History of Science. 71(3):233–262. 6980: 5159: 4162: 4160:, also made an impact providing care for wounded and dying soldiers. 3983: 3979: 3975: 3939: 3807: 3727: 3601:. The Greeks, gambling on a Russian victory, incited the large-scale 3418: 3393: 3353: 3243: 2832:

failed with heavy losses. Meanwhile, the garrison commander, Admiral

2641: 2555: 2539: 2439: 2354: 2320: 2124:, by Roger Fenton, one of the most famous pictures of the Crimean War 1734: 1686: 1377: 1354: 1318: 1196: 1169: 1103: 1055:

refused to back down. Nicholas issued an ultimatum that demanded the

851: 116: 108: 8526: 8355: 5731:

O.Figes, The Crimean War. Metropolitan Books. New York. 2014, p. 137

4096:

wrote a few short sketches on the Siege of Sevastopol, collected in

4005:

of 1912, when the combined forces of the Balkan states defeated it.

2728:," a major weather event, sank 30 allied transport ships, including 2128:

Nicholas felt that because of Russian assistance in suppressing the

11957: 11819: 10407: 9084: 9069: 8260: 6879: 4759:

The Eastern Question, 1774–1923: A Study in International Relations

4519: 3907: 3629: 3586: 3492: 3488: 3320: 3001: 2937: 2909: 2740: 2717: 2559: 2472: 2257: 1886:

undertake talks with the Ottomans. Nesselrode confided to Seymour:

1813: 1730: 1350: 1211: 1200: 1165: 1088: 1084: 120: 8970: 8939: 7557:

Starry Dog (2003). "Revolution and Industry: The British Empire".

7428:"diplomacy – The Concert of Europe to the outbreak of World War I" 7038: 4798:

V. N. Vinogradov (2006). "Lord Palmerston in European diplomacy".

3597:

from April 1854 to February 1857, and effectively neutralized the

3312: 3272:. Naval attacks on other ports, such as the ones in the island of 3147:

pushed southwest, fought two battles, forced the Ottomans back to

2498:

French and British officers and engineers were sent on 20 July on

2028: 1561:

in 1815. Russia had assisted Austria's efforts in suppressing the

1372:

of the Ottoman Empire, declared independence. Ottoman forces were

9074: 3963: 3883: 3594: 3365: 3281: 3273: 3194: 3183: 3178: 3064: 3048: 2933: 2848:

depicts the moment of the assault of Sevastopol on 18 June 1855.

2759: 2624: 2464: 2444: 2350: 2305: 2273: 1893:

intrigue and violence—violence which had been supposed to be the

1490: 1455: 1447: 1227: 1068: 104: 8083:

Crimean War Basics: Organisation and Uniforms: Russia and Turkey

7921:

Victoria's Scottish Lion: The Life of Colin Campbell, Lord Clyde

5031:

Strachan, Hew (June 1978). "Soldiers, Strategy and Sebastopol".

2656:

Soon afterward, a Russian cavalry movement was countered by the

2463:. In September, they moved against Russian installations in the 1040:

The churches worked out their differences with the Ottomans and

10896: 9292: 9001: 8959: 7981:

The Eastern Question. An Historical Study in European Diplomacy

5747:

The Crimean War: British Grand Strategy Against Russia, 1853–56

4086: 3987: 3879: 3590: 3443:

Minor naval skirmishes also occurred in the Far East, where at

3317:

tried to destroy heavily defended Russian dockyards at Sveaborg

3198: 3148: 3133: 3073: 2980:

In July 1855, the allied squadron tried to go past Taganrog to

2755: 2415: 2367: 2325: 2100: 2049: 1879: 1737:, albeit only temporarily, that disturbs the balance of power. 1625: 1463: 1369: 1302: 1134: 96: 5774:

Defence and Diplomacy: Britain and the Great Powers, 1815–1914

4001:

in 1908. Finally, Ottoman rule in the Balkans ended after the

3100: 2859:

was a defeat for the Russians, who suffered heavy casualties.

1292: 1179:

Sevastopol finally fell after eleven months, after the French

629: 3636:(province) in February 1855 spread across the whole Kiev and 3402: 2912:

to undermine Russian communications and supplies to besieged

2902: 2452: 2337: 2253: 1633: 8878:

Turkey and the Crimean War: a narrative of historical events

8601:

Hopf, Ted (2016). "'Crimea is ours': A discursive history".

7990:

The Crimean War: Queen Victoria's War with the Russian Tsars

6985:

Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 13

4997: 4662: 3848:

After being defeated in the Crimean War, Russia feared that

2611:

British cavalry charging against Russian forces at Balaclava

1797: 1668: 8397:

from the original on 17 August 2021 – via archive.org

8010:. Vol. I. Chatham: The Institution of Royal Engineers. 7398:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 200–201. 6845:

https://books.google.com/books?id=_UreS--MoD0C&pg=PA112

6215: 5946:

Crisis of the Ottoman Empire: Prelude to Collapse 1839–1878

4570: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4556: 4554: 3970:

gained international recognition of their independence and

3496: 3082: 3052: 2997: 2926: 2011: 1999: 1957:

In February 1853, the British government of Prime Minister

1859:

show of force, together with money, induced Ottoman Sultan

1846:

Napoleon III responded with a show of force by sending the

1673: 1387: 1092: 7239:"U.S. cuts deal to buy Alaska from Russia, March 30, 1867" 6504: 5999: 3410:

In late 1854, a squadron of three British warships led by

1470:. Muhammad Ali then accepted the convention's conditions. 982:

was fought from October 1853 to February 1856 between the

8200:

Pearce, Robert (2011). "The Results of the Crimean War".

8074:

The Great Powers and the European States System 1814–1914

7648: 7588: 7498: 7486: 7191: 7170: 7101: 7050: 6723:

The Annual Register of World Events: A Review of the Year

6432: 6366: 5963: 4203: 4188:

The Crimean War was a contributing factor in the Russian

4016:

The war also marked the demise of the first phase of the

1878:

then deployed his 4th and 5th Army Corps along the River

1553:, had operated as the "police of Europe" to maintain the 7302: 7300: 7298: 6752:(5th ed.). London, England: Palgrave. p. 106. 6104: 6102: 6011: 5987: 5926: 5924: 5909: 5897: 5869: 5650: 5617: 5293:"When the West wanted Islam to curb Christian extremism" 4739: 4551: 3259:

although they led the largest fleet assembled since the

3051:

river border. Being outnumbered, the Russians abandoned

2973:

in the centre of Taganrog, but they were thrown back by

2716:

Winter weather and a deteriorating supply of troops and

2582:) for the French. The Russians retreated into the city. 1380:

in 1833 and helped prevent the Egyptians from capturing

74:

16 October 1853 – 30 March 1856

12003: 6850: 5840: 5713: 5558: 5556: 5554: 5392: 5380: 5240:"The Story of the Life of Lord Palmerston by Karl Marx" 5002:(2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4830: 4776: 4764: 2996:

grounded near Taganrog thanks to a fisherman who moved

2357:

in Wallachia with capture by the same Ottoman army. On

2328:

and Russian soldiers engaged in hand-to-hand combat at

2308:. By April 1854, the Russians had reached the lines of 1364:, which had been under Ottoman rule, in 1830. In 1831, 1226:, who gained worldwide attention for pioneering modern 7857:(4th ed.). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. 7740:. Harlow, England: Pearson Education. pp. 49–55. 7203: 6799:

Administrative-Territorial Division of Murmansk Oblast

6633:"The Baltic as a Theatre of War: The Campaign of 1854" 6549: 6492: 6480: 6408: 6354: 6342: 6330: 6318: 6203: 6191: 6138: 5457: 5455: 4979: 4820: 4818: 3315:. In the August 1855, the Western Allied Baltic Fleet 3128:, fearing an Anglo-French landing in conjunction with 1912:

Stratford Canning, 1st Viscount Stratford de Redcliffe

11691:

Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

7692: 7321: 7295: 7283: 7062: 6908: 6896: 6582: 6516: 6468: 6456: 6444: 6420: 6255: 6126: 6099: 6087: 5921: 5803: 5791: 4937: 4616:

Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History

4463: 3013:

along the Azov Sea coast continuing until late 1855.

2577: 2265:

the war but remained neutral during the Crimean War.

2079:

Britain was concerned about Russian activity and Sir

1423:

remained nominally under Ottoman sovereignty but was

6976: 6974: 6114: 6075: 6063: 6035: 6023: 5975: 5689: 5638: 5551: 5491: 5479: 5467: 5312: 5075: 4727: 3333:, but the war ended before the attack was launched. 2916:. On 12 May 1855, Anglo-French warships entered the 2158:

agreed on the invasion of Crimea as the first step.

2032:

The Russian destruction of the Ottoman fleet at the

1349:

received autonomy, and the Danubian Principalities (

8777:

A Review of the Crimean War to the winter of 1854–5

5862:

Death or glory : the legacy of the Crimean War

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The Danube was to be opened up to foreign commerce.

8896:Volume II: History of disease, wounds and injuries 8794:The Invasion of the Crimea, (nine volumes, London) 6267: 5172:. London: George Allen and Unwin. pp. 121–202 4028:, before a resurgence of great power conferences. 2487:Russo-British skirmish during the Crimean War. By 1655:also wanted to forestall the threat of a powerful 1333:became independent after ten years of war and the 8699:The Crimean War: As Seen by Those Who Reported It 7339: 6971: 6383: 6381: 6175:Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels 5668: 5166:(1953). Blackstock, Paul; Hoselitz, Bert (eds.). 4692:"Crimea war of 1853–1856 began – 16 October 1853" 2735:, which was carrying a cargo of winter clothing. 2036:on 30 November 1853 sparked the war (painting by 1156:By 1855, the Italian Kingdom of Sardinia sent an 12603: 11706:Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944) 11036:List of battles involving the Russian Federation 8734:Historiography of the Origins of the Crimean War 5582:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 118–122. 4797: 4303:(aka "Battle of Traktir Bridge"), 16 August 1855 3990:as a colonial possession, while Austria-Hungary 3844:– the only Crimean War Monument in North America 3513:Sardinian expeditionary corps in the Crimean War 2291:heavy fighting took place in and around Chetatea 1763:Mikhail Pogodin's memorandum to Nicholas I, 1853 11825:Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts 11740:Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953) 6736:Tarle E.V. Crimean war. М.-L.: 1941–1944. p. 88 6249:Balaclava 1854: The charge of the light brigade 3451:a British and French Allied squadron including 3364:dates modern naval mining to the Crimean War: " 1576:in the early 1700s, after centuries of Ottoman 1511:was arguably damaging to the Ottoman Empire)". 1357:) became territories under Russian protection. 8295:The Crimean War in Imperial Context, 1854–1856 6378: 3914:and later in the loss of the Habsburg rule of 2593:back to their supply base on the south coast. 1301:in 1804 resulted in the autonomy of the first 11989: 11679:Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940) 10880: 9661: 8986: 8581:Death or Glory: The Legacy of the Crimean War 8035:The Struggle for Mastery in Europe: 1848–1918 7738:The Abolition of Serfdom in Russia, 1762–1907 7532:"The stories that reveal the soul of Ukraine" 6692: 5942: 4880:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 280–319. 4793: 4791: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4628: 4469: 4358:List of Crimean War Victoria Cross recipients 3085:road and attacked-only to be defeated in the 2451:In May 1855, the allies successfully invaded 1824:). To achieve that, he in May 1851 appointed 1820:, to the detriment of Russia (the sponsor of 1013:"), the expansion of Russia in the preceding 986:and an ultimately victorious alliance of the 867: 645: 12737:George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen 12173: 8954:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 8472: 7118: 7116: 6626: 6624: 5096: 4872: 1438:. The Ottomans lost to the Egyptians at the 1005:Geopolitical causes of the war included the 11632:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930) 11627:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929) 8716:Small, Hugh (2014). "Sebastopol Besieged". 8482:"The Crimean War and its lessons for today" 8041: 7606: 6005: 4614:Mara Kozelsky, "The Crimean War, 1853–56." 4479: 3640:, with peasants refusing to participate in 2969: hours and landed 300 troops near the 2936:and armed steamers attacked the seaport of 2418:Harbour. In response an Anglo-French fleet 1727:England annexes another Indian principality 1442:on 24 June 1839 but were saved by Britain, 1293:Weakening of the Ottoman Empire: 1820–1840s 12732:Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston 11996: 11982: 10948:Military history of the Russian Federation 10887: 10873: 9668: 9654: 8993: 8979: 8680:The Crimean War in the British Imagination 7852: 7556: 7226:. Cambridge University Press. p. 227. 6812:A Brief History of Sakhalin and the Kurils 6696:The Crimean War: The Truth Behind the Myth 5949:. Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 242–262. 5332:"The Long History of Russian Whataboutism" 5158: 5106:The Reader's Companion to Military History 5092: 5090: 5039:(2). Cambridge University Press: 303–325. 4788: 4625: 4574: 4406: 4404: 3661:One of three 17th-century church bells in 3506: 3299:demanded in the House of Commons that the 3215:Charles John Napier § Baltic Campaign 2623:, who were posted north of the village of 1792: 1063:In July 1853, Russian troops occupied the 874: 860: 652: 638: 12122:Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states 11198:Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689) 8363: 7950: 7914: 7666: 7209: 7113: 7000:The Great Rivalry: Gladstone and Disraeli 6929:"The Greek Volunteers in the Crimean War" 6621: 6387: 6221: 4256:, 30–31 August 1854, on the Pacific coast 3669:as trophies at the end of the Crimean War 3462:and a French force under Counter-Admiral 2272:crossed the Danube at Vidin and captured 2211:All battles and sieges in the Crimean War 1716:Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire 1659:. Taylor stated the British perspective: 1091:). A separate action on the fort town of 8017:Crimea: The Great Crimean War, 1854–1856 7978: 7816:Historical Dictionary of the Crimean War 7786: 7561:. WS Pacific Publications. p. 172. 7391: 7221: 7158:(in Russian). Vol. 2. p. 545. 7122: 6926: 6600: 6246: 5858: 5770: 5719: 5580:Russia's Balkan Entanglements, 1806–1914 5574: 5434: 5398: 5386: 5030: 4836: 4782: 4422: 4343:Egyptian intervention in the Crimean War 4207: 4113: 4109: 3938:, now became very precarious. It had to 3832: 3778: 3761: 3656: 3567: 3516: 3383: 3222: 3165: 3099: 3020: 2896: 2790: 2782: 2766:, leading to a change in their command. 2707: 2606: 2542:and the city being on the south side of 2482: 2377: 2319: 2234: 2114: 2027: 1987:to resign in January 1855 over the war. 1940: 1796: 1667: 1626:legally treated as second-class citizens 1532: 1386: 1262: 1125:After a minor skirmish at Köstence (now 228: 214: 175: 12540:Anniversary of the Unification of Italy 12209:Brigandage in Southern Italy after 1861 11159:Russian Conquest of Siberia (1580–1747) 11029:List of wars involving the Soviet Union 8763: 8148:The Mid-Victorian Generation, 1846–1886 8008:History of the Corps of Royal Engineers 7278:Why the Crimean War?: A Cautionary Tale 6996: 6661: 6630: 5743: 5087: 4912: 4413: 4401: 4389: 4268:, 25 September 1854 to 8 September 1855 3822:and supported by the German Chancellor 3368:mines, if I may use this name given by 2003:services that ranged from bad to none. 1528: 1305:Christian nation under the empire. The 1243:reforms of Russia's social institutions 1057:Orthodox subjects of the Ottoman Empire 12604: 11780:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 11711:Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944 11570:Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920) 11548:Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919 11262:Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739) 10938:Military history of the Russian Empire 9182:Supreme Council of Crimea (until 2014) 8302:Why the Crimean War: A Cautionary Tale 8287:(1960) pp. 468–492, short survey 8032: 8005: 7809: 7643:The Oxford History of the British Army 7477: 7343:Strategy and Power in Russia 1600–1914 7013: 6868: 6840: 6766: 6555: 6510: 6498: 6486: 6414: 6360: 6348: 6336: 6324: 6285: 6209: 6197: 6169: 6144: 6132: 6108: 6093: 6053: 5930: 5887: 5830: 5809: 5797: 5707: 5363:Strategy and Power in Russia 1600–1914 5207: 5205: 5131: 5081: 4770: 4204:Chronology of major battles of the war 4035: 3898:and ultimately to their independence. 3733: 3623: 3257:Alexandre Ferdinand Parseval-Deschenes 2772: 2724:in the interior. On 14 November, the " 2703: 2596: 1914:, rejected the most sweeping demands. 1743:The English declare war on the Chinese 881: 12637:Military history of Georgia (country) 11977: 11930:Deployment in Nagorno-Karabakh (2020) 11308:Russian colonization of North America 10868: 9649: 9468: 9192:Prime Minister of Crimea (until 2014) 8974: 8893:Volume I: History of individual Corps 8430:The Crimean War: A Diplomatic History 8403:England and the Near East: The Crimea 8014: 7996: 7987: 7893: 7871: 7833: 7698: 7654: 7594: 7504: 7492: 7327: 7306: 7289: 7236: 7197: 7176: 7150: 7107: 7080: 7068: 7056: 7044: 6914: 6902: 6856: 6719: 6588: 6522: 6474: 6462: 6450: 6438: 6426: 6372: 6273: 6261: 6173:(1980) . "The News from the Crimea". 6120: 6081: 6069: 6041: 6029: 6017: 5993: 5981: 5969: 5915: 5903: 5875: 5846: 5739: 5737: 5695: 5656: 5644: 5623: 5602: 5562: 5545: 5533: 5521: 5509: 5497: 5485: 5473: 5461: 5422: 5410: 5374: 5324: 5318: 5211: 5127: 5125: 4998:Lapidus, Ira M. (Ira Marvin) (2002). 4985: 4973: 4900: 4860: 4848: 4824: 4745: 4733: 4602: 4545: 3701: 3025:Caucasus front during the Crimean War 1241:. The war thus became a catalyst for 1106:in January 1854. They moved north to 855: 633: 12504:Museum of the Risorgimento (Bologna) 12204:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy 10943:Military history of the Soviet Union 9927:Regulator Movement in North Carolina 8864:The British expedition to the Crimea 8701:. Louisiana State University Press. 8195:, Hutchinson – via archive.org 8049:. London: Constable & Robinson. 7795:] (in Russian). Moscow: Moskva. 7735: 7713:The British Army in the 20th Century 7710: 7529: 7385: 7360: 6745: 4943: 4708: 4338:Foreign policy of the Russian Empire 3896:union of the Danubian principalities 3751: 3491:also made several small landings on 3379: 2901:Disembarkation of the expedition to 2802:fort being built by the Russians at 2373: 1936: 1033:, and Russia promoting those of the 12545:National Unity and Armed Forces Day 11684:Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940 9000: 8230:The Origins of the Crimean Alliance 8081:Cox, Michael; Lenton, John (1997), 7997:Tarle, Evgenii Viktorovich (1950). 7836:The Ottoman Crimean War (1853–1856) 7346:. Simon and Schuster. p. 273. 7156:Krymskai͡a︡ voĭna. М.-L.: 1941–1944 6288:Inkerman 1854: The Soldiers' Battle 5771:Bartlett, Christopher John (1993). 5202: 4353:International relations (1814–1919) 3652: 3628:A peasant revolt that began in the 3525:halt the Russian attack during the 3016: 2478: 1756:comment in the margin by Nicholas I 1252: 13: 12519:Museum of the Risorgimento (Turin) 12509:Museum of the Risorgimento (Milan) 12184:Second Italian War of Independence 11730:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 11096:1993 Russian constitutional crisis 9202:Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People 9105:Crimean campaigns of 1687 and 1689 8151:. pp. 167–183. Archived from 8064: 8047:A Brief History of the Crimean War 8006:Porter, Maj Gen Whitworth (1889). 7924:. UK: History Press. p. 496. 7256:"Timmy the tortoise dies aged 160" 7003:. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 98. 6160:(Cambridge University Press, 2012) 5734: 5614:Lord Kinross The Ottoman Centuries 5435:Bertrand, Charles L., ed. (1977). 5122: 4696:Boris Yeltsin Presidential Library 3682:in which 1,500 people gathered to 3432: 3280:coast. These battles are known in 3182:there was a possibility of taking 2855:and Ottoman troops. The resulting 2216: 2017: 14: 12748: 12697:Wars involving the United Kingdom 12692:Wars involving the Ottoman Empire 12687:Wars involving the Russian Empire 12514:Museum of the Risorgimento (Rome) 12219:Third Italian War of Independence 12189:United Provinces of Central Italy 12144:First Italian War of Independence 11595:Red Army intervention in Mongolia 9676:Colonial conflicts involving the 9197:Council of Ministers (until 2014) 8938:Charles Francis Atkinson (1911). 8902: 8667:Reader's Guide to British History 8432:(1985) Columbia University Press 7715:. London: Ian Allan. p. 11. 6391:Alexander II: The Last Great Tsar 5777:. Manchester UP. pp. 51–52. 5675:. Routledge. pp. 1852–1855. 4919:. New York: Dial Press. pp. 3665:, England, which were taken from 3647: 3208: 2366:boarded ships at Varna to invade 2110: 1557:that had been established in the 1521:see Russia gaining access to the 12068: 11649:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 11442:Russian conquest of Central Asia 11378:Russian conquest of the Caucasus 11174:Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618) 11116:Insurgency in the North Caucasus 9630: 9629: 9210: 9162:President of Crimea (historical) 8958: 8861:Russell, William Howard (1877). 8850:Russell, William Howard (1856). 8697:Russell, William Howard (2009). 8503:10.1111/j.1468-2346.2012.01078.x 8232:. University of Virginia Press. 7983:. Oxford at the Clarendon Press. 7754: 7729: 7704: 7660: 7635: 7600: 7575: 7550: 7523: 7510: 7478:Clough, Shepard B., ed. (1964). 7471: 7458: 7445: 7420: 7333: 7312: 7270: 7248: 7230: 7215: 7182: 7144: 7074: 7007: 6990: 6951: 6920: 6862: 6804: 6792: 6749:Mastering Modern British History 6739: 6730: 6713: 6686: 6655: 6594: 6561: 6528: 6293: 6279: 6240: 6227: 6163: 6150: 4072: 3906:that resulted in the cession of 2886: 2204: 2192: 2180: 2168: 1723:France takes Algeria from Turkey 594: 578: 562: 546: 515: 501: 492: 483: 474: 440: 428: 416: 404: 392: 380: 368: 356: 338: 326: 314: 302: 290: 278: 266: 254: 230: 216: 202: 190: 177: 164: 48: 11935:Deployment in Kazakhstan (2022) 11580:Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan 11521:1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine 9752:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland 7793:The history of the Russian Army 7609:Journal of Conflict Archaeology 7581:R. B. McCallum in Elie Halevy, 7237:Glass, Andrew (30 March 2018), 7224:Imperial Russian Foreign Policy 6875:A Global Chronology of Conflict 5936: 5852: 5815: 5764: 5725: 5662: 5629: 5608: 5568: 5428: 5355: 5342: 5285: 5257: 5232: 5193: 5152: 5024: 4991: 4944:Bell, James Stanislaus (1840). 4906: 4866: 4751: 4702: 4684: 3742:, a son of the Tsar, remarked: 3717:resulted in the signing of the 3576:fought for Russia at Sevastopol 3487:The Anglo-French forces in the 2779:Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855) 2691:The Charge of the Light Brigade 1588:across the sparsely-populated " 1374:defeated in a number of battles 1360:France took the opportunity to 1230:while she treated the wounded. 659: 87:(2 years, 5 months and 2 weeks) 12478:Francis II of the Two Sicilies 12286:Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour 12234:Italian entry into World War I 11617:Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926) 11267:War of the Austrian Succession 9855:Father Rale's War/Dummer's War 9135:1944 Crimean Tatar deportation 8682:. Cambridge University Press. 8571:The origins of the Crimean War 8515:The American Historical Review 8109:The Origins of the Crimean War 8089:Curtiss, John Shelton (1979), 7583:The Victorian Years: 1841–1895 7480:A History of the Western World 6699:. Random House. pp. 2–3. 6664:"The Navy and the Crimean War" 6235:The thin red line of Balaclava 5180:– via www.marxists.org. 5000:A history of Islamic societies 4608: 4580: 4431: 3425:(which was destroyed) and the 3356:. An account given in 1860 by 2940:, the most important hub near 2846:Siege of Sevastopol (panorama) 2074: 1826:Charles, marquis de La Valette 1634:tax that only non-Muslims paid 1525:. Austria had the same fears. 1267:Southeastern Europe after the 1114:, near the Russian capital of 1: 12331:Annibale Santore di Santarosa 11840:South Ossetia war (1991–1992) 11718:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 11469:Russian invasion of Manchuria 11459:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) 11405:Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829) 11400:Russo-Persian War (1826–1828) 11343:Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812) 11333:Russo-Persian War (1804–1813) 11298:Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) 11293:Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) 11283:Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) 11273:Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743) 11251:Russo-Persian War (1722–1723) 11246:Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711) 11223:Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700) 11218:Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681) 11193:Russo-Persian War (1651–1653) 11169:Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595) 11164:Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570) 11149:Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557) 11024:List of wars involving Russia 11019:Sino-Russian border conflicts 10252:Black War (Van Diemen's Land) 10096:Castle Hill convict rebellion 9353:Autonomous Republic of Crimea 9157:Autonomous Republic of Crimea 9029:Autonomous Republic of Crimea 8480:Benn, David Wedgwood (2012). 8228:Pottinger Saab, Anne (1977). 7667:Jan Marsh (21 January 2005). 7559:Encyclopedia of World History 7020:. New York: Dutton. pp. 5218:. W. W. Norton. p. 211. 4532: 4348:Grand Crimean Central Railway 3108:defeated the Ottomans at the 2223:Wallachian Revolution of 1848 2199:Map of Crimean War, year 1855 2187:Map of Crimean War, year 1854 2175:Map of Crimean War, year 1853 2121:Valley of the Shadow of Death 1867:, which had been held by the 1758:: 'This is the whole point'). 1007:decline of the Ottoman Empire 12712:Crimea in the Russian Empire 12402:Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi 12097:Revolutions during the 1820s 11795:Eritrean War of Independence 11765:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 11760:East German uprising of 1953 11701:Eastern Front (World War II) 11590:Red Army invasion of Georgia 11585:Red Army invasion of Armenia 11553:Estonian War of Independence 11494:Russian occupation of Tabriz 11415:Hungarian Revolution of 1848 11373:War of the Seventh Coalition 11256:War of the Polish Succession 11203:Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) 9140:Renaming of Crimean toponyms 8928:Resources in other libraries 8678:Markovits, Stefanie (2009). 8578:Edgerton, Robert B. (1999). 8384:Britain in Europe, 1789–1914 8145:Hoppen, K. Theodore (1998). 8107:Goldfrank, David M. (1993). 8076:. London: Pearson Education. 7530:Self, John (22 March 2022). 7083:Cambridge Historical Journal 7047:, pp. 400–402, 406–408. 5750:. Ashgate. pp. 94, 97. 5169:The Russian Menace to Europe 4878:The Russian Empire 1801–1917 4333:Crimean War Research Society 4183:British overseas possessions 3616:In addition, a 1,000-strong 3130:Shamil, 3rd Imam of Dagestan 2749:pipe-and-cable-laying plough 2227:Moldavian Revolution of 1848 2130:Hungarian revolution of 1848 1710:, a professor of history at 1630:Ottoman Reform Edict of 1856 1563:Hungarian Revolution of 1848 1075:). On 16 October [ 21:Crimean War (disambiguation) 7: 12707:1850s in the Russian Empire 12642:Military history of Ukraine 12617:1850s in the Ottoman Empire 12581:Revisionism of Risorgimento 12159:Sicilian revolution of 1848 12040:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia 12035:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 11835:War in Abkhazia (1992–1993) 11785:Sino-Soviet border conflict 11654:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang 11622:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929) 11558:Latvian War of Independence 11447:Russian conquest of Bukhara 11338:War of the Fourth Coalition 11323:War of the Second Coalition 9373:2014 parliamentary election 9024:Republic of Crimea (Russia) 8790:Kinglake, Alexander William 8381:Seton-Watson, R.W. (1938), 8297:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2015). 7957:. Simon & Schuster UK. 7787:Егоршина, Петрова (2023). 6774:"Mining in the Crimean War" 5859:Edgerton, Robert B (1999). 4464: 4325: 4279:Charge of the Light Brigade 3464:Auguste Febvrier Despointes 3301:First Lord of the Admiralty 3230:during the Crimean War, by 2992:. On 12 July 1855 HMS 2679:Charge of the Light Brigade 2578: 1622:Ottoman Orthodox Christians 1549:Russia, as a member of the 1339:Treaty of Adrianople (1829) 1335:Russo-Turkish War (1828–29) 1172:(July–August 1854) and the 1145:and were repulsed, but the 814:Charge of the Light Brigade 536:Total: 165,363–223,000 dead 10: 12753: 12717:Military history of Crimea 12488:Joseph Radetzky von Radetz 12194:Expedition of the Thousand 12060:Duchy of Modena and Reggio 11830:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 11368:War of the Sixth Coalition 11358:War of the Fifth Coalition 11328:War of the Third Coalition 10933:Military history of Russia 10895:Armed conflicts involving 10769:Jewish revolt in Palestine 10414:Fenian Rebellion in Canada 10059:Dwyer's guerrilla campaign 9951:American Revolutionary War 9167:2003 Tuzla Island conflict 9150:Crimean Tatar repatriation 8634:"The Crimean War, 1853–56" 8344:American Historical Review 8182:10.1179/106980489790305605 8130:10.2753/rsh1061-1983510103 8118:Russian Studies in History 8037:. Oxford University Press. 7900:. Henry Holt and Company. 7897:The Crimean War: A History 7780: 7392:Jelavich, Barbara (1974). 7340:William C. Fuller (1998). 7152:Tarle, Yevgeny Viktorovich 6569:William Edward David Allen 6388:Radzinsky, Edvard (2005). 5669:Lawrence Sondhaus (2012). 4913:Lincoln, W. Bruce (1981). 4811:(in Russian) (5): 182–209. 4321:, June to 28 November 1855 4313:Sea of Azov naval campaign 4060:More recently, historians 3755: 3713:Peace negotiations at the 3561: 3554:to other European powers. 3510: 3436: 3309:Russian Bomarsund fortress 3212: 3009:on 2 September 1855, with 2890: 2776: 2627:. Commanding them was Sir 2600: 2220: 2161: 2148:Straits Convention of 1841 2021: 1693:. In his articles for the 1269:Treaty of Bucharest (1812) 1256: 541:119,593 non-combat deaths 18: 12553: 12532: 12496: 12473:Franz Joseph I of Austria 12460: 12350:Literature and philosophy 12349: 12268: 12247: 12199:Dictatorship of Garibaldi 12077: 12066: 12015: 11943: 11878: 11669:Soviet invasion of Poland 11479: 11363:French invasion of Russia 11231: 11129: 11048: 10974:Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars 10966: 10923: 10916: 10603: 10540:Jameson Raid South Africa 10074: 9827: 9688: 9627: 9583: 9548: 9497: 9488: 9464: 9457: 9430: 9421: 9344: 9335: 9301: 9228: 9219: 9208: 9177:2014 annexation by Russia 9115:1783 annexation by Russia 9037: 9009: 8923:Resources in your library 8473:Historiography and memory 8449:Восточная война 1853–1856 8249:Journal of Modern History 8189:Martin, Kingsley (1963), 8093:, Duke University Press, 8033:Taylor, A. J. P. (1954). 7979:Marriott, J.A.R. (1917). 7128:The Crimean War 1853–1856 7095:10.1017/S1474691300003085 6680:10.1080/03071844009427344 6649:10.1080/03071844109424963 5045:10.1017/s0018246x00000558 4470: 4453: 3557: 3406:(popular print) from 1868 3145:Georgiy Evseevich Eristov 3067:to within cannon-shot of 3011:minor military operations 2955:, and Lieutenant-General 2567: 2457:operated against Taganrog 2231:Convention of Balta Liman 1475:London Straits Convention 1450:and Russia, who signed a 1416:Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi 1307:Greek War of Independence 966: 893: 669: 623: 619:376,890 non-combat deaths 528: 463: 244: 157: 66: 47: 35: 30: 11810:South African Border War 11735:Guerrilla war in Ukraine 11637:Chechen uprising of 1932 11318:Russo-Persian War (1796) 10751:Arab revolt in Palestine 10348:Second Anglo-Burmese War 10090:Second Anglo-Maratha War 9981:Australian frontier wars 9409:Crimean Federal District 9145:1954 transfer to Ukraine 8881:. Smith, Elder & Co. 8617:10.1177/0047117816645646 8401:Temperley, Harold W. V. 8318:(1970) pp. 425–454 7877:Crimea: The Last Crusade 7788: 7621:10.1163/157407808X382755 6927:Todorova, Maria (1984). 6567:This section summarizes 6394:. New York: Free Press. 6301:"Crimean War, 1853–1856" 6286:Mercer, Patrick (1998), 6237:(London: Hamilton, 1970) 5744:Lambert, Andrew (2011). 5672:Naval Warfare, 1815–1914 5182:Originally published in 4963:– via archive.org. 4948:. London: Edward Moxon. 4757:Matthew Smith Anderson, 4713:. Mcmillan. p. 17. 4394: 4307:Battle of Kinburn (1855) 4236:, 5 April – 25 June 1854 4150:Indian Rebellion of 1857 4118:During the Crimean War, 3605:as well as uprisings in 3417:left the Baltic for the 3232:Antoine Léon Morel-Fatio 3228:Bombardment of Bomarsund 3170:The Capitulation of Kars 3000:into shallow water. The 2677:, which resulted in the 2475:ships in naval warfare. 2382:Turkish troops storming 2085:Corps of Royal Engineers 1973:Leader of the Opposition 1837:Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca 1725:, and almost every year 590:17,580 non-combat deaths 574:75,375 non-combat deaths 558:24,500 non-combat deaths 12662:Wars involving Chechnya 12622:19th century in Ukraine 12452:Francesco Saverio Salfi 12442:Gian Domenico Romagnosi 11452:Khivan campaign of 1873 11303:Russo-Polish War (1792) 10745:Second Mohmand campaign 10480:Third Anglo-Burmese War 10444:Second Anglo-Afghan War 10246:First Anglo-Burmese War 10222:Third Anglo-Maratha War 10053:Fourth Anglo-Mysore War 9963:Second Anglo-Mysore War 9957:First Anglo-Maratha War 9052:Crimea in the Roman era 8951:Encyclopædia Britannica 8837:Russell, William Howard 8632:Kozelsky, Mara (2012). 8604:International Relations 8365:2027/njp.32101066363589 8209:Ponting, Clive (2004). 8072:Bridge; Bullen (2005). 7894:Figes, Orlando (2011). 7853:Clodfelter, M. (2017). 7432:Encyclopedia Britannica 7222:Ragsdale, Hugh (1993). 7130:. Arnold. p. 212. 7014:Ridley, Jasper (1970). 6964:Encyclopedia of Ukraine 6247:Sweetman, John (1990), 5212:Wheen, Francis (2000). 4648:Encyclopedia Britannica 4040:According to historian 4022:unifications of Germany 3948:Austro-Hungarian Empire 3684:protest against the war 3680:St Martin-in-the-Fields 3538:Victor Emmanuel II 3507:Piedmontese involvement 2977:and a volunteer corps. 2830:assault on the Malakoff 2558:for the British and at 2397:Meanwhile, the Russian 1949:. Watercolour c1897 by 1927:Danubian Principalities 1843:in the Ottoman Empire. 1832:of the Ottoman Empire. 1793:Immediate causes of war 1782:George Hamilton Seymour 1436:resumed military action 1397:Ambroise Louis Garneray 1395:(1827), as depicted by 1181:assaulted Fort Malakoff 1071:but then under Ottoman 1065:Danubian Principalities 1035:Eastern Orthodox Church 606:2,138 non-combat deaths 12722:Alexander II of Russia 12702:Wars involving Tunisia 12483:Klemens von Metternich 12050:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 12005:Unification of Italy ( 11925:Western Libya campaign 11600:East Karelian uprising 11121:Wagner Group rebellion 11056:Uprising of Bolotnikov 10685:Third Anglo-Afghan War 10570:First Mohmand campaign 10294:First Anglo-Afghan War 9993:Third Anglo-Mysore War 9476:Crimean Premier League 9323:Urban-type settlements 9172:2014 status referendum 9130:Crimea in World War II 8415:21.2 (2012): 232–265. 8043:Troubetzkoy, Alexis S. 8019:, Palgrave Macmillan, 8015:Royle, Trevor (2000), 7951:Kissinger, H. (2012). 7879:. London: Allen Lane. 7834:Badem, Candan (2010). 7453:New and Recent History 6997:Leonard, Dick (2013). 6720:Burke, Edmund (1855). 6693:Clive Ponting (2011). 6662:Colvile, R.F. (1940). 6631:Colvile, R.F. (1941). 6577:Caucasian Battlefields 5943:James J. Reid (2000). 5132:Kissin, S. F. (2020). 5033:The Historical Journal 4801:New and Recent History 4509: 4500: 4444: 4315:, May to November 1855 4301:Battle of the Chernaya 4254:Siege of Petropavlovsk 4223: 4168:William Howard Russell 4145: 4123: 4051: 3999:Bosnia and Herzegovina 3878:in 1854. Serving as a 3845: 3791: 3769: 3767:Treaty of Paris (1856) 3758:Treaty of Paris (1856) 3749: 3740:Grand Duke Constantine 3670: 3638:Chernigov governorates 3618:Greek Volunteer Legion 3577: 3564:Greek Volunteer Legion 3530: 3527:Battle of the Chernaya 3439:Siege of Petropavlovsk 3407: 3234: 3171: 3113: 3035:second capture of Kars 3026: 2905: 2857:Battle of the Chernaya 2798: 2788: 2713: 2647:William Howard Russell 2612: 2491: 2386: 2332: 2248: 2125: 2041: 1954: 1899: 1865:Church of the Nativity 1805: 1766: 1681: 1666: 1546: 1543:Ottoman-ruled Bulgaria 1400: 1290: 1274:As the Ottoman Empire 1271: 1153:ended in a stalemate. 309:George Hamilton-Gordon 245:Commanders and leaders 56:Attack on the Malakoff 38:Ottoman wars in Europe 12677:Wars involving Greece 12667:Wars involving France 12524:Tricolour Flag Museum 12296:Federico Confalonieri 12127:Republic of San Marco 11920:Intervention in Syria 11855:Tajikistani Civil War 11563:Lithuanian–Soviet War 11504:Battle of Robat Karim 10953:Post-Soviet conflicts 10342:Second Anglo-Sikh War 9999:Cotiote (Wayanad) War 9885:French and Indian War 9603:Ukrainian Catholicism 9283:Pontic–Caspian steppe 8731:Young, Peter (2012). 8650:10.1353/kri.2012.0047 8490:International Affairs 8454:Eastern War 1853–1856 8444:Zayonchkovski, Andrei 8213:. Chatto and Windus. 7789:История русской армии 7711:Hogg, Ian V. (1985). 7466:Thoughts and Memories 7372:reviews.history.ac.uk 6828:12 April 2009 at the 6746:Lowe, Norman (2017). 4618:13.4 (2012): 903–917 4211: 4134:in the end they won. 4132: 4117: 4110:Criticisms and reform 4046: 3836: 3804:French Third Republic 3782: 3765: 3744: 3660: 3603:Epirus Revolt of 1854 3571: 3520: 3421:, where they shelled 3387: 3226: 3190:1855: Georgian coast: 3169: 3138:Aleksandr Baryatinsky 3103: 3087:Battle of Başgedikler 3037:and a landing on the 3024: 2900: 2794: 2786: 2722:Imperial Russian Army 2711: 2687:Alfred, Lord Tennyson 2610: 2486: 2414:was fired on outside 2381: 2323: 2238: 2118: 2031: 1944: 1888: 1869:Greek Orthodox Church 1800: 1775:Treaty of Balta Liman 1720: 1671: 1661: 1657:Imperial Russian Navy 1545:, July–September 1828 1536: 1487:Treaty of Balta Liman 1390: 1366:Muhammad Ali of Egypt 1285: 1266: 1235:Imperial Russian Army 1051:and the Russian tsar 529:Casualties and losses 297:J. L. de Saint-Arnaud 12682:Wars involving Italy 12672:Wars involving Egypt 12647:Nicholas I of Russia 12179:Plombières Agreement 11903:Annexation of Crimea 11607:Central Asian Revolt 11516:Ukrainian–Soviet War 11388:Russo-Circassian War 11071:Pugachev's Rebellion 11014:Russo-Ukrainian Wars 10958:Russian Armed Forces 10928:Early modern warfare 10504:Hunza–Nagar Campaign 10312:First Anglo-Sikh War 10288:Egyptian–Ottoman War 9385:Legislative Assembly 8967:at Wikimedia Commons 8764:Contemporary sources 8422:7 March 2021 at the 8335:9 March 2016 at the 8091:Russia's Crimean War 7988:Small, Hugh (2007), 7736:Moon, David (2001). 6817:9 April 2010 at the 6603:Scandinavian Studies 5972:, pp. 131, 137. 4390:Notes and references 4190:abolition of serfdom 4154:Florence Nightingale 4120:Florence Nightingale 3926:, when Austria lost 3886:of the Crimean war. 3842:Halifax, Nova Scotia 3784:Crimean War Memorial 3390:Solovetsky Monastery 3388:"Bombardment of the 3297:Thomas Milner Gibson 3175:1855: Siege of Kars: 2949:Governor of Taganrog 2932:On 21 May 1855, the 2745:electrical telegraph 2471:in the first use of 1739:France occupies Rome 1586:southwards expansion 1529:Russian expansionism 1452:convention in London 1368:, the most powerful 1247:abolition of serfdom 1224:Florence Nightingale 1042:came to an agreement 617:73,125 combat deaths 572:20,240 combat deaths 556:20,900 combat deaths 539:45,770 combat deaths 19:For other uses, see 12657:Invasions of Russia 12571:Italian nationalism 12566:Italian irredentism 12561:Altare della Patria 12357:Giovanni Arrivabene 12164:Ten Days of Brescia 12117:Revolutions of 1848 12102:Revolutions of 1830 12087:Rimini Proclamation 12025:Kingdom of Sardinia 11963:Sphere of influence 11893:Russo-Ukrainian War 11750:First Indochina War 11723:Soviet–Japanese War 11659:Xinjiang War (1937) 11528:Kazakhstan Campaign 11313:Kościuszko Uprising 11213:Second Northern War 11091:Coup attempt (1991) 10984:Soviet-Finnish wars 10757:Waziristan campaign 10691:Waziristan campaign 10384:Revolt of Rajab Ali 9861:War of Jenkins' Ear 9100:Genoese–Mongol Wars 9090:Empire of Trebizond 8941:"Crimean War" 8867:. George Routledge. 8856:. George Routledge. 8845:. George Routledge. 8588:on 8 September 2015 8328:(Cornell Up, 1972) 8324:Schroeder, Paul W. 8304:(1985) McGraw-Hill 7938:on 21 February 2016 7819:. Scarecrow Press. 7673:, by Jane Robinson" 7657:, pp. 469–471. 7645:(1996), pp. 183–184 7597:, pp. 467–480. 7507:, pp. 304–311. 7495:, pp. 306–309. 7200:, pp. 442–443. 7179:, pp. 432–433. 7110:, pp. 188–190. 7059:, pp. 402–405. 6513:, pp. 450–462. 6441:, pp. 340–341. 6375:, pp. 321–322. 6251:, Osprey Publishing 6233:John Millin Selby, 6020:, pp. 188–190. 5996:, pp. 175–176. 5918:, pp. 130–143. 5906:, pp. 101–109. 5878:, pp. 172–184. 5821:Figes 2012, p. 307. 5659:, pp. 118–119. 5626:, pp. 111–115. 5361:William C. Fuller, 5298:The Washington Post 5265:"Karl Marx: A Life" 4709:Kerr, Paul (2000). 4650:. 27 September 2020 4295:Battle of Eupatoria 4274:, 25 October 1854 ( 4272:Battle of Balaclava 4266:Siege of Sevastopol 4262:, 20 September 1854 4248:Battle of Bomarsund 4241:Battle of Bomarsund 4099:Sevastopol Sketches 4036:Historical analysis 3924:Austro-Prussian War 3912:Kingdom of Sardinia 3904:Franco-Austrian War 3838:Sebastopol Monument 3812:strategic frivolity 3796:Franco-Prussian War 3786:at Waterloo Place, 3734:Aftermath in Russia 3724:Southern Bessarabia 3624:Kiev Cossack revolt 3473:under Rear Admiral 3458:under Rear Admiral 3449:Kamchatka Peninsula 3110:Battle of Kurekdere 2842:Sevastopol Sketches 2787:Siege of Sevastopol 2773:Siege of Sevastopol 2764:Battle of Eupatoria 2704:Winter of 1854–1855 2617:Battle of Balaclava 2603:Battle of Balaclava 2597:Battle of Balaclava 2246:Siege of Sevastopol 2105:Gallipoli Peninsula 2054:Count Karl von Buol 1985:Aberdeen government 1947:Battle of Inkermann 1841:Orthodox Christians 1582:Crimean-Nogai raids 1578:northward expansion 1323:Auspicious Incident 1162:Siege of Sevastopol 1158:expeditionary force 1143:Battle of Balaclava 613:Total: 450,015 dead 588:4,602 combat deaths 147:Southern Bessarabia 12652:Russo-Turkish wars 12422:Alessandro Manzoni 12412:Francesco Lomonaco 12341:Victor Emmanuel II 12306:Giuseppe Garibaldi 12149:Five Days of Milan 12017:Pre-unitary states 11953:Russian Revolution 11888:Russo-Georgian War 11870:Second Chechen War 11850:Georgian Civil War 11489:Russo-Japanese War 11241:Great Northern War 11139:Russo-Crimean Wars 11111:Second Chechen War 11009:Russo-Turkish wars 11004:Russo-Swedish wars 10994:Russo-Persian Wars 10979:Russo-Crimean Wars 10631:Bambatha Rebellion 10546:Anglo-Zanzibar War 10534:Chitral Expedition 10468:Anglo-Egyptian War 10240:Anglo-Ashanti wars 9945:Lord Dunmore's War 9903:Anglo-Cherokee War 9812:King William's War 9445:Crimean Trolleybus 9349:Republic of Crimea 8782:Hurst and Blackett 7124:Baumgart, Winfried 6870:Tucker, Spencer C. 5849:, pp. 23, 31. 5365:(1998) pp. 252–259 5348:Barbara Jelavich, 4874:Seton-Watson, Hugh 4672:. historytoday.com 4297:, 17 February 1855 4289:Battle of Inkerman 4260:Battle of the Alma 4230:, 30 November 1853 4224: 4166:war correspondent 4124: 4081:newspaper, and by 3854:sell the territory 3846: 3792: 3770: 3702:Peace negotiations 3671: 3578: 3546:Alfonso La Marmora 3536:, under orders of 3531: 3408: 3358:United States Army 3235: 3172: 3157:They were defeated 3114: 3078:Vakhtang Orbeliani 3027: 2906: 2819:Battle of Waterloo 2799: 2796:Battle of Malakoff 2789: 2714: 2698:Battle of Inkerman 2613: 2579:Kamyshovaya bukhta 2532:Battle of the Alma 2492: 2428:Port of Sevastopol 2420:bombarded the port 2387: 2333: 2282:Battle of Oltenița 2249: 2126: 2042: 1955: 1806: 1786:British ambassador 1682: 1594:Ukrainian Cossacks 1567:sick man of Europe 1559:Congress of Vienna 1547: 1401: 1393:Battle of Navarino 1327:Battle of Navarino 1299:Serbian Revolution 1272: 1139:Battle of the Alma 1099:in November 1853. 1015:Russo-Turkish Wars 969:Turco-Mongol raids 885:Russo-Turkish Wars 345:Alfonso La Marmora 42:Russo-Turkish Wars 12599: 12598: 12586:Southern question 12397:Vincenzo Gioberti 12377:Felice Cavallotti 12276:Massimo d'Azeglio 12229:Law of Guarantees 11971: 11970: 11860:First Chechen War 11815:Soviet–Afghan War 11800:Angolan Civil War 11575:Polish–Soviet War 11533:Finnish Civil War 11511:Russian Civil War 11410:November Uprising 11348:Anglo-Russian War 11288:Bar Confederation 11101:First Chechen War 11081:Russian Civil War 11076:Decembrist revolt 11066:Bulavin Rebellion 11061:Razin's Rebellion 11044: 11043: 10999:Russo-Polish Wars 10967:Lists by opponent 10862: 10861: 10793:Malayan Emergency 10703:Malabar rebellion 10564:Siege of Malakand 10510:Anglo-Manipur War 10366:Anglo-Persian War 9915:Anglo-Spanish War 9867:King George's War 9788:King Philip's War 9764:Anglo-Spanish War 9643: 9642: 9623: 9622: 9598:Roman Catholicism 9579: 9578: 9484: 9483: 9453: 9452: 9417: 9416: 9331: 9330: 9268:Crimean Mountains 8963:Media related to 8909:Library resources 8772:Adye, John Miller 8708:978-0-8071-3445-0 8689:978-0-521-11237-6 8547:Victorian Studies 8463:978-5-89173-157-8 8170:War & Society 8056:978-1-84529-420-5 7964:978-1-4711-0449-7 7931:978-0-7509-5685-7 7916:Greenwood, Adrian 7886:978-0-7139-9704-0 7845:978-90-04-18205-9 7838:. Leiden: Brill. 7802:978-5-699-42397-2 7764:. Russian warrior 7747:978-0-582-29486-8 7722:978-0-7110-1505-0 7568:978-1-4454-2576-4 7518:Notes and Records 7464:Bismarck (1940), 7137:978-0-340-61465-5 7031:978-0-525-14873-9 6859:, pp. 32–40. 6810:Mikhail Vysokov: 6401:978-0-7432-7332-9 6184:978-0-7178-0513-6 6171:Engels, Frederick 5589:978-0-521-52250-2 5576:Jelavich, Barbara 5225:978-0-393-04923-7 5215:Karl Marx: A Life 5164:Engels, Frederick 5145:978-1-000-00980-4 4930:978-0-385-27187-5 4887:978-0-19-822152-4 4773:, pp. 60–61. 4670:"The Crimean War" 4476:Vostochnaya voyna 4462: 4368:Order of Nakhimov 4309:, 17 October 1855 4291:, 5 November 1854 4283:the Thin Red Line 4234:Siege of Silistra 4221:Marshal Pélissier 4194:Alexander II 4104:war correspondent 4066:Winfried Baumgart 4018:Concert of Europe 3960:Russo-Turkish War 3824:Otto von Bismarck 3752:Long-term effects 3715:Congress of Paris 3542:Piedmont-Sardinia 3534:Camillo di Cavour 3475:Yevfimiy Putyatin 3380:White Sea theatre 3362:Richard Delafield 3263:, considered the 3059:and drew back to 2893:Siege of Taganrog 2883:and three locks. 2576: 2469:attacking Kinburn 2374:Black Sea theatre 2314:siege to Silistra 2299:battle at Caracal 1998:across the River 1996:Mikhail Gorchakov 1981:Benjamin Disraeli 1968:chargé d'affaires 1937:First hostilities 1857:gunboat diplomacy 1822:Eastern Orthodoxy 1712:Moscow University 1678:Russo-Turkish War 1672:Russian siege of 1584:, Russia began a 1523:Mediterranean Sea 1502:Foreign Secretary 1414:As a result, the 1343:Black Sea straits 1321:on 15 June 1826 ( 1276:steadily weakened 1168:(1853–1855), the 1023:Concert of Europe 1000:Sardinia-Piedmont 975: 974: 849: 848: 819:The Thin Red Line 628: 627: 522:888,000 mobilised 153: 152: 141:Russia loses the 12744: 12407:Giacomo Leopardi 12387:Giuseppe Ferrari 12321:Bettino Ricasoli 12316:Giuseppe Mazzini 12301:Francesco Crispi 12281:Agostino Bertani 12255:Cockade of Italy 12239:Impresa di Fiume 12169:Belfiore martyrs 12154:Sortie on Mestre 12072: 11998: 11991: 11984: 11975: 11974: 11845:Transnistria War 11790:War of Attrition 11696:Continuation War 11645: 11437:January Uprising 11278:Seven Years' War 11178:Time of Troubles 11144:Russo-Kazan Wars 10989:Russo-Kazan Wars 10921: 10920: 10889: 10882: 10875: 10866: 10865: 10811:Cyprus Emergency 10637:Maritz rebellion 10625:Tibet expedition 10558:Benin Expedition 10378:Indian Rebellion 10372:Second Opium War 10354:Eureka Rebellion 10330:British Honduras 10306:New Zealand Wars 9891:Seven Years' War 9837:Queen Anne's War 9670: 9663: 9656: 9647: 9646: 9633: 9632: 9495: 9494: 9466: 9465: 9462: 9461: 9428: 9427: 9342: 9341: 9226: 9225: 9214: 9062:Bosporan Kingdom 9014:Political status 8995: 8988: 8981: 8972: 8971: 8962: 8955: 8943: 8890: 8882: 8868: 8857: 8846: 8797: 8785: 8758: 8752: 8748: 8746: 8738: 8727: 8712: 8693: 8674: 8661: 8628: 8597: 8595: 8593: 8584:. Archived from 8574: 8567:Gooch, Brison D. 8562: 8543:Gooch, Brison D. 8538: 8511:Gooch, Brison D. 8506: 8486: 8467: 8413:Security Studies 8398: 8396: 8389: 8377: 8367: 8314:Ridley, Jasper. 8293:Rath, Andrew C. 8280: 8243: 8224: 8205: 8196: 8185: 8164: 8162: 8160: 8141: 8112: 8103: 8085: 8077: 8060: 8038: 8029: 8011: 8002: 7993: 7984: 7975: 7973: 7971: 7947: 7945: 7943: 7934:. 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Archived from 6770: 6764: 6763: 6743: 6737: 6734: 6728: 6727: 6717: 6711: 6710: 6690: 6684: 6683: 6668:The RUSI Journal 6659: 6653: 6652: 6637:The RUSI Journal 6628: 6619: 6618: 6598: 6592: 6586: 6580: 6565: 6559: 6553: 6547: 6532: 6526: 6520: 6514: 6508: 6502: 6496: 6490: 6484: 6478: 6472: 6466: 6460: 6454: 6448: 6442: 6436: 6430: 6424: 6418: 6412: 6406: 6405: 6385: 6376: 6370: 6364: 6358: 6352: 6346: 6340: 6334: 6328: 6322: 6316: 6315: 6313: 6311: 6305:historyofwar.org 6297: 6291: 6290: 6283: 6277: 6271: 6265: 6259: 6253: 6252: 6244: 6238: 6231: 6225: 6219: 6213: 6207: 6201: 6195: 6189: 6188: 6167: 6161: 6154: 6148: 6142: 6136: 6130: 6124: 6118: 6112: 6106: 6097: 6091: 6085: 6079: 6073: 6067: 6061: 6051: 6045: 6039: 6033: 6027: 6021: 6015: 6009: 6006:Troubetzkoy 2006 6003: 5997: 5991: 5985: 5979: 5973: 5967: 5961: 5960: 5940: 5934: 5928: 5919: 5913: 5907: 5901: 5895: 5885: 5879: 5873: 5867: 5866: 5856: 5850: 5844: 5838: 5828: 5822: 5819: 5813: 5807: 5801: 5795: 5789: 5788: 5768: 5762: 5761: 5741: 5732: 5729: 5723: 5717: 5711: 5705: 5699: 5693: 5687: 5686: 5666: 5660: 5654: 5648: 5642: 5636: 5633: 5627: 5621: 5615: 5612: 5606: 5600: 5594: 5593: 5572: 5566: 5560: 5549: 5543: 5537: 5531: 5525: 5519: 5513: 5507: 5501: 5495: 5489: 5483: 5477: 5471: 5465: 5459: 5450: 5449: 5432: 5426: 5420: 5414: 5408: 5402: 5396: 5390: 5384: 5378: 5372: 5366: 5359: 5353: 5346: 5340: 5339: 5338:. 21 March 2014. 5328: 5322: 5316: 5310: 5309: 5307: 5305: 5289: 5283: 5282: 5277: 5275: 5269:www.marxists.org 5261: 5255: 5254: 5252: 5250: 5244:www.marxists.org 5236: 5230: 5229: 5209: 5200: 5197: 5191: 5190: 5185:New York Tribune 5179: 5177: 5156: 5150: 5149: 5129: 5120: 5119: 5102:Parker, Geoffrey 5094: 5085: 5079: 5073: 5072: 5028: 5022: 5021: 4995: 4989: 4983: 4977: 4971: 4965: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4941: 4935: 4934: 4910: 4904: 4898: 4892: 4891: 4870: 4864: 4858: 4852: 4846: 4840: 4834: 4828: 4822: 4813: 4812: 4809: 4795: 4786: 4780: 4774: 4768: 4762: 4755: 4749: 4743: 4737: 4731: 4725: 4724: 4706: 4700: 4699: 4688: 4682: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4666: 4660: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4640: 4623: 4612: 4606: 4600: 4594: 4584: 4578: 4572: 4549: 4543: 4526: 4521: 4510:Guerra di Crimea 4493: 4490: 4487: 4484: 4481: 4473: 4472: 4467: 4457: 4455: 4445:Guerre de Crimée 4435: 4429: 4426: 4420: 4417: 4411: 4408: 4384:Nikolskaya sopka 4250:, 15 August 1854 4213:FitzRoy Somerset 4003:First Balkan War 3676:Trafalgar Square 3653:British position 3634:Kiev Governorate 3122:Nikolay Muravyov 3017:Caucasus theatre 3007:Gulf of Taganrog 2984:by entering the 2968: 2967: 2963: 2874: 2866: 2675:Earl of Cardigan 2621:93rd Highlanders 2581: 2571: 2569: 2479:Crimean campaign 2360: 2295:siege to Calafat 2280:. The resulting 2256:in the west and 2208: 2196: 2184: 2172: 1977:House of Commons 1908:Prince Menshikov 1848:ship of the line 1764: 1696:New-York Tribune 1691:Friedrich Engels 1555:balance of power 1317:corps by Sultan 1259:Eastern question 1253:Eastern question 1245:, including the 1116:Saint Petersburg 1019:balance of power 1011:Eastern Question 888: 886: 876: 869: 862: 853: 852: 737:Naval Operations 664: 654: 647: 640: 631: 630: 615: 604:28 combat deaths 599: 598: 583: 582: 567: 566: 565: 551: 550: 524:324,478 deployed 520: 519: 518: 506: 505: 497: 496: 488: 487: 479: 478: 455: 445: 444: 443: 435:Nikolay Muravyov 433: 432: 431: 423:Prince Vorontsov 421: 420: 419: 411:Prince Paskevich 409: 408: 407: 399:Prince Gorchakov 397: 396: 395: 387:Prince Menshikov 385: 384: 383: 373: 372: 371: 361: 360: 359: 343: 342: 333:FitzRoy Somerset 331: 330: 329: 319: 318: 317: 307: 306: 305: 295: 294: 293: 283: 282: 281: 271: 270: 269: 259: 258: 257: 240: 236: 234: 233: 226: 222: 220: 219: 207: 206: 196: 194: 193: 187: 183: 181: 180: 170: 168: 167: 85: 83: 79: 68: 67: 52: 28: 27: 12752: 12751: 12747: 12746: 12745: 12743: 12742: 12741: 12602: 12601: 12600: 12595: 12549: 12528: 12492: 12456: 12447:Antonio Rosmini 12417:Goffredo Mameli 12367:Giosuè Carducci 12345: 12336:Ruggero Settimo 12264: 12243: 12224:Capture of Rome 12073: 12064: 12011: 12002: 11972: 11967: 11939: 11880: 11874: 11865:War of Dagestan 11639: 11612:August Uprising 11481: 11475: 11464:Boxer Rebellion 11432:Amur Annexation 11233: 11227: 11131: 11125: 11106:War of Dagestan 11086:August Uprising 11040: 10962: 10912: 10893: 10863: 10858: 10799:Kenya Emergency 10605: 10599: 10594:Second Boer War 10588:Boxer Rebellion 10516:Pahang Uprising 10396:Ambela campaign 10318:Río de la Plata 10300:First Opium War 10282:Aden Expedition 10114:Río de la Plata 10076: 10070: 10041:Irish Rebellion 9933:First Carib War 9829: 9823: 9746:Confederate War 9740:Irish Rebellion 9690: 9684: 9674: 9644: 9639: 9619: 9575: 9544: 9480: 9449: 9413: 9404:Black Sea Fleet 9327: 9297: 9278:Perekop Isthmus 9215: 9206: 9110:Crimean Khanate 9057:Cherson (theme) 9033: 9005: 8999: 8937: 8934: 8933: 8932: 8917: 8916: 8912: 8905: 8900: 8891: 8885: 8873:Slade, Adolphus 8871: 8860: 8849: 8835: 8788: 8770: 8766: 8761: 8750: 8749: 8740: 8739: 8730: 8715: 8709: 8696: 8690: 8677: 8664: 8631: 8600: 8591: 8589: 8577: 8565: 8541: 8527:10.2307/1848511 8509: 8484: 8479: 8475: 8470: 8464: 8442: 8424:Wayback Machine 8394: 8387: 8380: 8356:10.2307/1836373 8341: 8337:Wayback Machine 8316:Lord Palmerston 8246: 8240: 8227: 8221: 8211:The Crimean War 8208: 8199: 8188: 8167: 8158: 8156: 8155:on 8 March 2016 8144: 8115: 8106: 8101: 8088: 8080: 8071: 8067: 8065:Further reading 8057: 8027: 7969: 7967: 7965: 7941: 7939: 7932: 7908: 7887: 7865: 7846: 7827: 7803: 7790: 7783: 7778: 7777: 7767: 7765: 7760: 7759: 7755: 7748: 7734: 7730: 7723: 7709: 7705: 7701:, pp. 295. 7697: 7693: 7683: 7681: 7678:The Independent 7665: 7661: 7653: 7649: 7640: 7636: 7605: 7601: 7593: 7589: 7580: 7576: 7569: 7555: 7551: 7541: 7539: 7528: 7524: 7515: 7511: 7503: 7499: 7491: 7487: 7476: 7472: 7468:, Vol.2, p. 97. 7463: 7459: 7450: 7446: 7436: 7434: 7426: 7425: 7421: 7406: 7390: 7386: 7376: 7374: 7366: 7365: 7361: 7354: 7338: 7334: 7326: 7322: 7317: 7313: 7305: 7296: 7288: 7284: 7275: 7271: 7261: 7259: 7254: 7253: 7249: 7235: 7231: 7220: 7216: 7208: 7204: 7196: 7192: 7187: 7183: 7175: 7171: 7149: 7145: 7138: 7121: 7114: 7106: 7102: 7079: 7075: 7067: 7063: 7055: 7051: 7043: 7039: 7032: 7017:Lord Palmerston 7012: 7008: 6995: 6991: 6979: 6972: 6959:"Kiev Cossacks" 6957: 6956: 6952: 6925: 6921: 6913: 6909: 6901: 6897: 6890: 6867: 6863: 6855: 6851: 6839: 6835: 6830:Wayback Machine 6819:Wayback Machine 6809: 6805: 6797: 6793: 6783: 6781: 6772: 6771: 6767: 6760: 6744: 6740: 6735: 6731: 6718: 6714: 6707: 6691: 6687: 6660: 6656: 6629: 6622: 6599: 6595: 6587: 6583: 6579:, 1953, Book II 6566: 6562: 6554: 6550: 6533: 6529: 6521: 6517: 6509: 6505: 6497: 6493: 6485: 6481: 6473: 6469: 6461: 6457: 6449: 6445: 6437: 6433: 6425: 6421: 6413: 6409: 6402: 6386: 6379: 6371: 6367: 6359: 6355: 6347: 6343: 6335: 6331: 6323: 6319: 6309: 6307: 6299: 6298: 6294: 6284: 6280: 6272: 6268: 6260: 6256: 6245: 6241: 6232: 6228: 6220: 6216: 6208: 6204: 6196: 6192: 6185: 6168: 6164: 6155: 6151: 6143: 6139: 6131: 6127: 6119: 6115: 6107: 6100: 6092: 6088: 6080: 6076: 6068: 6064: 6052: 6048: 6040: 6036: 6028: 6024: 6016: 6012: 6004: 6000: 5992: 5988: 5980: 5976: 5968: 5964: 5957: 5941: 5937: 5929: 5922: 5914: 5910: 5902: 5898: 5886: 5882: 5874: 5870: 5857: 5853: 5845: 5841: 5829: 5825: 5820: 5816: 5808: 5804: 5796: 5792: 5785: 5769: 5765: 5758: 5742: 5735: 5730: 5726: 5718: 5714: 5706: 5702: 5694: 5690: 5683: 5667: 5663: 5655: 5651: 5643: 5639: 5634: 5630: 5622: 5618: 5613: 5609: 5601: 5597: 5590: 5573: 5569: 5561: 5552: 5544: 5540: 5532: 5528: 5520: 5516: 5508: 5504: 5496: 5492: 5488:, pp. 7–9. 5484: 5480: 5472: 5468: 5460: 5453: 5433: 5429: 5421: 5417: 5409: 5405: 5397: 5393: 5385: 5381: 5373: 5369: 5360: 5356: 5347: 5343: 5330: 5329: 5325: 5317: 5313: 5303: 5301: 5291: 5290: 5286: 5273: 5271: 5263: 5262: 5258: 5248: 5246: 5238: 5237: 5233: 5226: 5210: 5203: 5198: 5194: 5175: 5173: 5157: 5153: 5146: 5130: 5123: 5116: 5104:, eds. (2001). 5095: 5088: 5080: 5076: 5029: 5025: 5010: 4996: 4992: 4984: 4980: 4972: 4968: 4958: 4956: 4942: 4938: 4931: 4911: 4907: 4899: 4895: 4888: 4871: 4867: 4859: 4855: 4847: 4843: 4835: 4831: 4823: 4816: 4803: 4796: 4789: 4781: 4777: 4769: 4765: 4756: 4752: 4744: 4740: 4732: 4728: 4721: 4711:The Crimean War 4707: 4703: 4690: 4689: 4685: 4675: 4673: 4668: 4667: 4663: 4653: 4651: 4642: 4641: 4626: 4613: 4609: 4601: 4597: 4585: 4581: 4575:Clodfelter 2017 4573: 4552: 4544: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4529: 4525: 4491: 4488: 4485: 4482: 4471:Восточная война 4465:Krymskaya voyna 4436: 4432: 4427: 4423: 4418: 4414: 4409: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4380: 4374:Peace Concluded 4328: 4228:Battle of Sinop 4206: 4175:Nikolai Pirogov 4112: 4075: 4038: 3952:First World War 3828:Austria-Hungary 3760: 3754: 3747:administration. 3736: 3719:Treaty of Paris 3704: 3692:Lord Palmerston 3655: 3650: 3626: 3566: 3560: 3515: 3509: 3482:Dmitry Milyutin 3479:Minister of War 3441: 3435: 3433:Pacific theatre 3382: 3344:(the father of 3270:Gulf of Finland 3261:Napoleonic Wars 3221: 3211: 3124:, who replaced 3019: 2965: 2961: 2960: 2895: 2889: 2872: 2864: 2781: 2775: 2726:Balaklava Storm 2706: 2631:. Rather than " 2605: 2599: 2568:Камышовая бухта 2481: 2426:approached the 2399:Black Sea Fleet 2376: 2358: 2330:Malakhov Kurgan 2233: 2219: 2217:Danube campaign 2212: 2209: 2200: 2197: 2188: 2185: 2176: 2173: 2164: 2113: 2077: 2063:Battle of Sinop 2038:Ivan Aivazovsky 2034:Battle of Sinop 2026: 2024:Battle of Sinop 2020: 2018:Battle of Sinop 1975:in the British 1951:Julien Le Blant 1939: 1884:Karl Nesselrode 1808:French Emperor 1801:French Emperor 1795: 1765: 1762: 1749:to support the 1708:Mikhail Pogodin 1643:or move toward 1602:Crimean Khanate 1574:Peter the Great 1531: 1440:Battle of Nezib 1295: 1281:A. J. P. Taylor 1261: 1255: 1189:Treaty of Paris 1097:Battle of Sinop 1044:, but both the 1031:Roman Catholics 976: 971: 962: 889: 884: 882: 880: 850: 845: 665: 660: 658: 618: 616: 611: 605: 603: 593: 589: 587: 577: 573: 571: 563: 561: 557: 555: 545: 540: 538: 523: 521: 516: 514: 513: 500: 499: 491: 490: 482: 481: 473: 472: 459: 451: 441: 439: 429: 427: 417: 415: 405: 403: 393: 391: 381: 379: 369: 367: 357: 355: 349: 337: 327: 325: 321:Lord Palmerston 315: 313: 303: 301: 291: 289: 279: 277: 267: 265: 255: 253: 231: 229: 227: 217: 215: 211: 201: 200: 191: 189: 188: 178: 176: 174: 165: 163: 137: 123: 86: 81: 77: 75: 61:William Simpson 53: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 12750: 12740: 12739: 12734: 12729: 12724: 12719: 12714: 12709: 12704: 12699: 12694: 12689: 12684: 12679: 12674: 12669: 12664: 12659: 12654: 12649: 12644: 12639: 12634: 12629: 12624: 12619: 12614: 12597: 12596: 12594: 12593: 12588: 12583: 12578: 12573: 12568: 12563: 12557: 12555: 12551: 12550: 12548: 12547: 12542: 12536: 12534: 12530: 12529: 12527: 12526: 12521: 12516: 12511: 12506: 12500: 12498: 12494: 12493: 12491: 12490: 12485: 12480: 12475: 12470: 12464: 12462: 12458: 12457: 12455: 12454: 12449: 12444: 12439: 12437:Carlo Pisacane 12434: 12432:Silvio Pellico 12429: 12427:Ippolito Nievo 12424: 12419: 12414: 12409: 12404: 12399: 12394: 12389: 12384: 12382:Vincenzo Cuoco 12379: 12374: 12372:Carlo Cattaneo 12369: 12364: 12359: 12353: 12351: 12347: 12346: 12344: 12343: 12338: 12333: 12328: 12323: 12318: 12313: 12308: 12303: 12298: 12293: 12288: 12283: 12278: 12272: 12270: 12266: 12265: 12263: 12262: 12257: 12251: 12249: 12245: 12244: 12242: 12241: 12236: 12231: 12226: 12221: 12216: 12214:Roman Question 12211: 12206: 12201: 12196: 12191: 12186: 12181: 12176: 12171: 12166: 12161: 12156: 12151: 12146: 12141: 12136: 12135: 12134: 12132:Roman Republic 12129: 12124: 12114: 12109: 12104: 12099: 12094: 12089: 12083: 12081: 12075: 12074: 12067: 12065: 12063: 12062: 12057: 12055:Duchy of Parma 12052: 12047: 12042: 12037: 12032: 12029:House of Savoy 12021: 12019: 12013: 12012: 12001: 12000: 11993: 11986: 11978: 11969: 11968: 11966: 11965: 11960: 11955: 11950: 11948:Russian Winter 11944: 11941: 11940: 11938: 11937: 11932: 11927: 11922: 11917: 11916: 11915: 11910: 11905: 11900: 11890: 11884: 11882: 11876: 11875: 11873: 11872: 11867: 11862: 11857: 11852: 11847: 11842: 11837: 11832: 11827: 11822: 11817: 11812: 11807: 11802: 11797: 11792: 11787: 11782: 11777: 11775:Vlora incident 11772: 11767: 11762: 11757: 11752: 11747: 11742: 11737: 11732: 11727: 11726: 11725: 11720: 11715: 11714: 11713: 11703: 11698: 11693: 11688: 11687: 11686: 11676: 11671: 11661: 11656: 11651: 11646: 11634: 11629: 11624: 11619: 11614: 11609: 11604: 11603: 11602: 11597: 11592: 11587: 11582: 11577: 11572: 11567: 11566: 11565: 11560: 11555: 11545: 11540: 11538:Sochi conflict 11535: 11530: 11525: 11524: 11523: 11508: 11507: 11506: 11496: 11491: 11485: 11483: 11477: 11476: 11474: 11473: 11472: 11471: 11461: 11456: 11455: 11454: 11449: 11439: 11434: 11429: 11428: 11427: 11417: 11412: 11407: 11402: 11397: 11396: 11395: 11390: 11380: 11375: 11370: 11365: 11360: 11355: 11350: 11345: 11340: 11335: 11330: 11325: 11320: 11315: 11310: 11305: 11300: 11295: 11290: 11285: 11280: 11275: 11270: 11264: 11259: 11253: 11248: 11243: 11237: 11235: 11229: 11228: 11226: 11225: 11220: 11215: 11210: 11205: 11200: 11195: 11190: 11185: 11180: 11171: 11166: 11161: 11156: 11151: 11146: 11141: 11135: 11133: 11127: 11126: 11124: 11123: 11118: 11113: 11108: 11103: 11098: 11093: 11088: 11083: 11078: 11073: 11068: 11063: 11058: 11052: 11050: 11046: 11045: 11042: 11041: 11039: 11038: 11033: 11032: 11031: 11021: 11016: 11011: 11006: 11001: 10996: 10991: 10986: 10981: 10976: 10970: 10968: 10964: 10963: 10961: 10960: 10955: 10950: 10945: 10940: 10935: 10930: 10924: 10918: 10914: 10913: 10892: 10891: 10884: 10877: 10869: 10860: 10859: 10857: 10856: 10850: 10844: 10838: 10832: 10826: 10820: 10814: 10808: 10802: 10796: 10790: 10784: 10778: 10772: 10766: 10760: 10754: 10748: 10742: 10739:Barzani revolt 10736: 10730: 10724: 10718: 10712: 10706: 10700: 10694: 10688: 10682: 10676: 10670: 10664: 10658: 10652: 10646: 10640: 10634: 10628: 10622: 10616: 10609: 10607: 10601: 10600: 10598: 10597: 10591: 10585: 10579: 10576:Tirah campaign 10573: 10567: 10561: 10555: 10549: 10543: 10537: 10531: 10525: 10519: 10513: 10507: 10501: 10495: 10489: 10486:Central Africa 10483: 10477: 10471: 10465: 10459: 10456:First Boer War 10453: 10447: 10441: 10438:Anglo-Zulu War 10435: 10429: 10423: 10417: 10411: 10405: 10399: 10393: 10387: 10381: 10375: 10369: 10363: 10357: 10351: 10345: 10339: 10333: 10327: 10321: 10315: 10309: 10303: 10297: 10291: 10285: 10279: 10273: 10267: 10261: 10255: 10249: 10243: 10237: 10231: 10225: 10219: 10213: 10207: 10201: 10195: 10189: 10183: 10177: 10171: 10165: 10159: 10153: 10147: 10141: 10135: 10129: 10126:Froberg mutiny 10123: 10117: 10111: 10105: 10099: 10093: 10087: 10080: 10078: 10072: 10071: 10069: 10068: 10062: 10056: 10050: 10044: 10038: 10032: 10026: 10020: 10014: 10008: 10002: 9996: 9990: 9984: 9978: 9972: 9966: 9960: 9954: 9948: 9942: 9936: 9930: 9924: 9918: 9912: 9906: 9900: 9894: 9888: 9882: 9876: 9870: 9864: 9858: 9852: 9846: 9840: 9833: 9831: 9825: 9824: 9822: 9821: 9815: 9809: 9806:Williamite War 9803: 9797: 9791: 9785: 9779: 9773: 9767: 9761: 9755: 9749: 9743: 9737: 9731: 9725: 9719: 9713: 9707: 9701: 9694: 9692: 9686: 9685: 9682:British Empire 9673: 9672: 9665: 9658: 9650: 9641: 9640: 9628: 9625: 9624: 9621: 9620: 9618: 9617: 9612: 9607: 9606: 9605: 9600: 9589: 9587: 9581: 9580: 9577: 9576: 9574: 9573: 9568: 9563: 9558: 9552: 9550: 9546: 9545: 9543: 9542: 9540:Crimea Germans 9537: 9532: 9527: 9522: 9517: 9515:Crimean Tatars 9512: 9507: 9501: 9499: 9492: 9486: 9485: 9482: 9481: 9479: 9478: 9472: 9470: 9459: 9455: 9454: 9451: 9450: 9448: 9447: 9442: 9440:Crimean Bridge 9437: 9431: 9425: 9419: 9418: 9415: 9414: 9412: 9411: 9406: 9401: 9400: 9399: 9398: 9397: 9387: 9377: 9376: 9375: 9370: 9365: 9360: 9345: 9339: 9333: 9332: 9329: 9328: 9326: 9325: 9320: 9313: 9307: 9305: 9299: 9298: 9296: 9295: 9290: 9288:Southern Coast 9285: 9280: 9275: 9270: 9265: 9264: 9263: 9258: 9250: 9245: 9240: 9235: 9229: 9223: 9217: 9216: 9209: 9207: 9205: 9204: 9199: 9194: 9189: 9179: 9174: 9169: 9164: 9159: 9154: 9153: 9152: 9147: 9142: 9137: 9132: 9122: 9117: 9112: 9107: 9102: 9097: 9095:Genoese Crimea 9092: 9087: 9082: 9077: 9072: 9067: 9066: 9065: 9059: 9049: 9043: 9041: 9035: 9034: 9032: 9031: 9026: 9021: 9016: 9010: 9007: 9006: 9004: articles 8998: 8997: 8990: 8983: 8975: 8969: 8968: 8956: 8946:Chisholm, Hugh 8931: 8930: 8925: 8919: 8918: 8907: 8906: 8904: 8903:External links 8901: 8899: 8898: 8883: 8869: 8858: 8847: 8833: 8786: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8759: 8728: 8713: 8707: 8694: 8688: 8675: 8662: 8644:(4): 903–917. 8629: 8611:(2): 227–255. 8598: 8575: 8569:, ed. (1969). 8563: 8553:(3): 271–279. 8539: 8507: 8497:(2): 387–391. 8476: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8468: 8462: 8440: 8428:Wetzel, David 8426: 8409: 8399: 8378: 8339: 8322: 8312: 8298: 8291: 8281: 8261:10.1086/235723 8255:(2): 219–234. 8244: 8238: 8225: 8219: 8206: 8202:History Review 8197: 8186: 8165: 8142: 8113: 8104: 8099: 8086: 8078: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8062: 8061: 8055: 8039: 8030: 8025: 8012: 8003: 7994: 7985: 7976: 7963: 7948: 7930: 7912: 7907:978-1429997249 7906: 7891: 7885: 7873:Figes, Orlando 7869: 7864:978-0786474707 7863: 7850: 7844: 7831: 7825: 7807: 7801: 7782: 7779: 7776: 7775: 7753: 7746: 7728: 7721: 7703: 7691: 7659: 7647: 7634: 7599: 7587: 7574: 7567: 7549: 7522: 7509: 7497: 7485: 7482:. p. 917. 7470: 7457: 7444: 7419: 7404: 7384: 7359: 7353:978-1439105771 7352: 7332: 7330:, p. 411. 7320: 7311: 7309:, p. 433. 7294: 7292:, p. 403. 7282: 7269: 7258:. 7 April 2004 7247: 7229: 7214: 7210:Kissinger 2012 7202: 7190: 7181: 7169: 7143: 7136: 7112: 7100: 7089:(3): 297–316. 7073: 7071:, p. 533. 7061: 7049: 7037: 7030: 7006: 6989: 6970: 6950: 6933:Balkan Studies 6919: 6917:, p. 183. 6907: 6905:, p. 139. 6895: 6889:978-1851096725 6888: 6861: 6849: 6833: 6803: 6791: 6765: 6759:978-1137603883 6758: 6738: 6729: 6712: 6706:978-1407093116 6705: 6685: 6674:(537): 73–78. 6654: 6643:(541): 72–80. 6620: 6609:(3): 263–275. 6593: 6591:, p. 493. 6581: 6560: 6558:, p. 471. 6548: 6527: 6525:, p. 462. 6515: 6503: 6501:, p. 461. 6491: 6489:, p. 460. 6479: 6477:, p. 378. 6467: 6465:, p. 367. 6455: 6453:, p. 344. 6443: 6431: 6429:, p. 339. 6419: 6417:, p. 441. 6407: 6400: 6377: 6365: 6363:, p. 442. 6353: 6351:, p. 449. 6341: 6339:, p. 439. 6329: 6327:, p. 435. 6317: 6292: 6278: 6266: 6264:, p. 252. 6254: 6239: 6226: 6222:Greenwood 2015 6214: 6212:, p. 431. 6202: 6200:, p. 430. 6190: 6183: 6162: 6149: 6147:, p. 426. 6137: 6135:, p. 424. 6125: 6123:, p. 201. 6113: 6111:, p. 422. 6098: 6096:, p. 421. 6086: 6084:, p. 311. 6074: 6072:, p. 192. 6062: 6046: 6044:, p. 198. 6034: 6032:, p. 189. 6022: 6010: 6008:, p. 192. 5998: 5986: 5984:, p. 185. 5974: 5962: 5956:978-3515076876 5955: 5935: 5933:, p. 415. 5920: 5908: 5896: 5880: 5868: 5851: 5839: 5823: 5814: 5812:, p. 412. 5802: 5800:, p. 411. 5790: 5784:978-0719035203 5783: 5763: 5757:978-1409410119 5756: 5733: 5724: 5722:, p. 234. 5712: 5700: 5698:, p. 143. 5688: 5682:978-1134609949 5681: 5661: 5649: 5647:, p. 110. 5637: 5628: 5616: 5607: 5595: 5588: 5567: 5565:, p. 105. 5550: 5538: 5526: 5514: 5502: 5500:, p. 104. 5490: 5478: 5476:, p. 103. 5466: 5451: 5427: 5415: 5403: 5401:, p. 230. 5391: 5389:, p. 229. 5379: 5367: 5354: 5341: 5323: 5321:, p. 134. 5311: 5284: 5256: 5231: 5224: 5201: 5192: 5188:, 7 April 1853 5151: 5144: 5121: 5115:978-0618127429 5114: 5098:Cowley, Robert 5086: 5074: 5023: 5008: 4990: 4978: 4966: 4936: 4929: 4905: 4893: 4886: 4865: 4853: 4841: 4839:, p. 214. 4829: 4814: 4787: 4785:, p. 222. 4775: 4763: 4750: 4738: 4736:, p. 415. 4726: 4720:978-0752272481 4719: 4701: 4683: 4661: 4624: 4607: 4605:, p. 489. 4595: 4579: 4577:, p. 180. 4550: 4548:, p. 180. 4537: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4528: 4527: 4524: 4523: 4512: 4503: 4494: 4454:Крымская война 4447: 4437: 4430: 4421: 4412: 4399: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4387: 4386: 4379: 4378: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4323: 4322: 4316: 4310: 4304: 4298: 4292: 4286: 4269: 4263: 4257: 4251: 4244: 4243:, 21 June 1854 4237: 4231: 4205: 4202: 4192:in 1861: Tsar 4128:R. B. McCallum 4111: 4108: 4074: 4071: 4062:Andrew Lambert 4055:A. W. Kinglake 4042:Shepard Clough 4037: 4034: 3966:, Serbia, and 3962:the states of 3865:Greek tortoise 3850:Russian Alaska 3756:Main article: 3753: 3750: 3735: 3732: 3703: 3700: 3663:Arundel Castle 3654: 3651: 3649: 3648:End of the war 3646: 3625: 3622: 3582:Otto of Greece 3562:Main article: 3559: 3556: 3511:Main article: 3508: 3505: 3437:Main article: 3434: 3431: 3381: 3378: 3342:Immanuel Nobel 3331:Great Armament 3253:Charles Napier 3210: 3209:Baltic theatre 3207: 3203:Tskhenistsqali 3143:In the north, 3018: 3015: 2891:Main article: 2888: 2885: 2834:Pavel Nakhimov 2823:defeat of 1812 2777:Main article: 2774: 2771: 2705: 2702: 2645:correspondent 2629:Colin Campbell 2601:Main article: 2598: 2595: 2544:Sevastopol Bay 2480: 2477: 2436:fleet in being 2384:Fort Shefketil 2375: 2372: 2218: 2215: 2214: 2213: 2210: 2203: 2201: 2198: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2179: 2177: 2174: 2167: 2163: 2160: 2155: 2154: 2151: 2144: 2141: 2112: 2111:Peace attempts 2109: 2076: 2073: 2022:Main article: 2019: 2016: 1992:Ivan Paskevich 1938: 1935: 1794: 1791: 1760: 1702:David Urquhart 1649:Western Europe 1572:Starting with 1539:siege of Varna 1530: 1527: 1500:, the British 1382:Constantinople 1362:occupy Algeria 1311:Chios massacre 1294: 1291: 1254: 1251: 1239:European power 1185:sued for peace 1046:French Emperor 996:United Kingdom 988:Ottoman Empire 984:Russian Empire 973: 972: 967: 964: 963: 961: 960: 955: 950: 945: 940: 935: 930: 925: 920: 915: 910: 905: 900: 894: 891: 890: 879: 878: 871: 864: 856: 847: 846: 844: 843: 838: 833: 828: 823: 822: 821: 816: 806: 805: 804: 799: 789: 783: 782: 778: 777: 772: 767: 766: 765: 760: 755: 745: 739: 738: 734: 733: 728: 723: 718: 713: 708: 702: 701: 697: 696: 691: 686: 681: 675: 674: 670: 667: 666: 657: 656: 649: 642: 634: 626: 625: 621: 620: 609: 608: 607: 591: 575: 559: 531: 530: 526: 525: 511:Total: 889,000 508: 470:Total: 673,900 466: 465: 461: 460: 458: 457: 447:Pavel Nakhimov 437: 425: 413: 401: 389: 377: 365: 352: 350: 348: 347: 335: 323: 311: 299: 287: 275: 263: 250: 247: 246: 242: 241: 212: 198:United Kingdom 172:Ottoman Empire 160: 159: 155: 154: 151: 150: 139: 133: 132: 131:Allied victory 129: 125: 124: 101:North Caucasus 95: 93: 89: 88: 72: 64: 63: 45: 44: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12749: 12738: 12735: 12733: 12730: 12728: 12725: 12723: 12720: 12718: 12715: 12713: 12710: 12708: 12705: 12703: 12700: 12698: 12695: 12693: 12690: 12688: 12685: 12683: 12680: 12678: 12675: 12673: 12670: 12668: 12665: 12663: 12660: 12658: 12655: 12653: 12650: 12648: 12645: 12643: 12640: 12638: 12635: 12633: 12632:Caucasian War 12630: 12628: 12625: 12623: 12620: 12618: 12615: 12613: 12610: 12609: 12607: 12592: 12589: 12587: 12584: 12582: 12579: 12577: 12574: 12572: 12569: 12567: 12564: 12562: 12559: 12558: 12556: 12552: 12546: 12543: 12541: 12538: 12537: 12535: 12533:National days 12531: 12525: 12522: 12520: 12517: 12515: 12512: 12510: 12507: 12505: 12502: 12501: 12499: 12495: 12489: 12486: 12484: 12481: 12479: 12476: 12474: 12471: 12469: 12466: 12465: 12463: 12459: 12453: 12450: 12448: 12445: 12443: 12440: 12438: 12435: 12433: 12430: 12428: 12425: 12423: 12420: 12418: 12415: 12413: 12410: 12408: 12405: 12403: 12400: 12398: 12395: 12393: 12390: 12388: 12385: 12383: 12380: 12378: 12375: 12373: 12370: 12368: 12365: 12363: 12360: 12358: 12355: 12354: 12352: 12348: 12342: 12339: 12337: 12334: 12332: 12329: 12327: 12326:Aurelio Saffi 12324: 12322: 12319: 12317: 12314: 12312: 12311:Daniele Manin 12309: 12307: 12304: 12302: 12299: 12297: 12294: 12292: 12291:Celso Ceretti 12289: 12287: 12284: 12282: 12279: 12277: 12274: 12273: 12271: 12267: 12261: 12260:Flag of Italy 12258: 12256: 12253: 12252: 12250: 12246: 12240: 12237: 12235: 12232: 12230: 12227: 12225: 12222: 12220: 12217: 12215: 12212: 12210: 12207: 12205: 12202: 12200: 12197: 12195: 12192: 12190: 12187: 12185: 12182: 12180: 12177: 12175: 12172: 12170: 12167: 12165: 12162: 12160: 12157: 12155: 12152: 12150: 12147: 12145: 12142: 12140: 12137: 12133: 12130: 12128: 12125: 12123: 12120: 12119: 12118: 12115: 12113: 12112:Neo-Guelphism 12110: 12108: 12105: 12103: 12100: 12098: 12095: 12093: 12090: 12088: 12085: 12084: 12082: 12080: 12076: 12071: 12061: 12058: 12056: 12053: 12051: 12048: 12046: 12043: 12041: 12038: 12036: 12033: 12030: 12026: 12023: 12022: 12020: 12018: 12014: 12010: 12008: 11999: 11994: 11992: 11987: 11985: 11980: 11979: 11976: 11964: 11961: 11959: 11956: 11954: 11951: 11949: 11946: 11945: 11942: 11936: 11933: 11931: 11928: 11926: 11923: 11921: 11918: 11914: 11913:2022 invasion 11911: 11909: 11908:War in Donbas 11906: 11904: 11901: 11899: 11896: 11895: 11894: 11891: 11889: 11886: 11885: 11883: 11877: 11871: 11868: 11866: 11863: 11861: 11858: 11856: 11853: 11851: 11848: 11846: 11843: 11841: 11838: 11836: 11833: 11831: 11828: 11826: 11823: 11821: 11818: 11816: 11813: 11811: 11808: 11806: 11803: 11801: 11798: 11796: 11793: 11791: 11788: 11786: 11783: 11781: 11778: 11776: 11773: 11771: 11768: 11766: 11763: 11761: 11758: 11756: 11753: 11751: 11748: 11746: 11745:Ili Rebellion 11743: 11741: 11738: 11736: 11733: 11731: 11728: 11724: 11721: 11719: 11716: 11712: 11709: 11708: 11707: 11704: 11702: 11699: 11697: 11694: 11692: 11689: 11685: 11682: 11681: 11680: 11677: 11675: 11672: 11670: 11667: 11666: 11665: 11662: 11660: 11657: 11655: 11652: 11650: 11647: 11643: 11638: 11635: 11633: 11630: 11628: 11625: 11623: 11620: 11618: 11615: 11613: 11610: 11608: 11605: 11601: 11598: 11596: 11593: 11591: 11588: 11586: 11583: 11581: 11578: 11576: 11573: 11571: 11568: 11564: 11561: 11559: 11556: 11554: 11551: 11550: 11549: 11546: 11544: 11541: 11539: 11536: 11534: 11531: 11529: 11526: 11522: 11519: 11518: 11517: 11514: 11513: 11512: 11509: 11505: 11502: 11501: 11500: 11497: 11495: 11492: 11490: 11487: 11486: 11484: 11478: 11470: 11467: 11466: 11465: 11462: 11460: 11457: 11453: 11450: 11448: 11445: 11444: 11443: 11440: 11438: 11435: 11433: 11430: 11426: 11423: 11422: 11421: 11418: 11416: 11413: 11411: 11408: 11406: 11403: 11401: 11398: 11394: 11391: 11389: 11386: 11385: 11384: 11383:Caucasian War 11381: 11379: 11376: 11374: 11371: 11369: 11366: 11364: 11361: 11359: 11356: 11354: 11351: 11349: 11346: 11344: 11341: 11339: 11336: 11334: 11331: 11329: 11326: 11324: 11321: 11319: 11316: 11314: 11311: 11309: 11306: 11304: 11301: 11299: 11296: 11294: 11291: 11289: 11286: 11284: 11281: 11279: 11276: 11274: 11271: 11268: 11265: 11263: 11260: 11257: 11254: 11252: 11249: 11247: 11244: 11242: 11239: 11238: 11236: 11230: 11224: 11221: 11219: 11216: 11214: 11211: 11209: 11206: 11204: 11201: 11199: 11196: 11194: 11191: 11189: 11186: 11184: 11181: 11179: 11175: 11172: 11170: 11167: 11165: 11162: 11160: 11157: 11155: 11152: 11150: 11147: 11145: 11142: 11140: 11137: 11136: 11134: 11128: 11122: 11119: 11117: 11114: 11112: 11109: 11107: 11104: 11102: 11099: 11097: 11094: 11092: 11089: 11087: 11084: 11082: 11079: 11077: 11074: 11072: 11069: 11067: 11064: 11062: 11059: 11057: 11054: 11053: 11051: 11047: 11037: 11034: 11030: 11027: 11026: 11025: 11022: 11020: 11017: 11015: 11012: 11010: 11007: 11005: 11002: 11000: 10997: 10995: 10992: 10990: 10987: 10985: 10982: 10980: 10977: 10975: 10972: 10971: 10969: 10965: 10959: 10956: 10954: 10951: 10949: 10946: 10944: 10941: 10939: 10936: 10934: 10931: 10929: 10926: 10925: 10922: 10919: 10915: 10910: 10906: 10902: 10898: 10890: 10885: 10883: 10878: 10876: 10871: 10870: 10867: 10854: 10851: 10848: 10845: 10842: 10839: 10836: 10833: 10830: 10827: 10824: 10821: 10818: 10815: 10812: 10809: 10806: 10803: 10800: 10797: 10794: 10791: 10788: 10785: 10782: 10779: 10776: 10773: 10770: 10767: 10764: 10761: 10758: 10755: 10752: 10749: 10746: 10743: 10740: 10737: 10734: 10731: 10728: 10727:Ikhwan revolt 10725: 10722: 10719: 10716: 10713: 10710: 10707: 10704: 10701: 10698: 10695: 10692: 10689: 10686: 10683: 10680: 10677: 10674: 10671: 10668: 10665: 10662: 10659: 10656: 10653: 10650: 10647: 10644: 10641: 10638: 10635: 10632: 10629: 10626: 10623: 10620: 10617: 10614: 10611: 10610: 10608: 10602: 10595: 10592: 10589: 10586: 10583: 10580: 10577: 10574: 10571: 10568: 10565: 10562: 10559: 10556: 10553: 10550: 10547: 10544: 10541: 10538: 10535: 10532: 10529: 10526: 10523: 10520: 10517: 10514: 10511: 10508: 10505: 10502: 10499: 10496: 10493: 10490: 10487: 10484: 10481: 10478: 10475: 10472: 10469: 10466: 10463: 10460: 10457: 10454: 10451: 10448: 10445: 10442: 10439: 10436: 10433: 10430: 10427: 10424: 10421: 10418: 10415: 10412: 10409: 10406: 10403: 10400: 10397: 10394: 10391: 10388: 10385: 10382: 10379: 10376: 10373: 10370: 10367: 10364: 10361: 10358: 10355: 10352: 10349: 10346: 10343: 10340: 10337: 10334: 10331: 10328: 10325: 10322: 10319: 10316: 10313: 10310: 10307: 10304: 10301: 10298: 10295: 10292: 10289: 10286: 10283: 10280: 10277: 10274: 10271: 10268: 10265: 10262: 10259: 10256: 10253: 10250: 10247: 10244: 10241: 10238: 10235: 10232: 10229: 10226: 10223: 10220: 10217: 10214: 10211: 10208: 10205: 10202: 10199: 10196: 10193: 10190: 10187: 10184: 10181: 10178: 10175: 10174:Spice Islands 10172: 10169: 10166: 10163: 10160: 10157: 10154: 10151: 10148: 10145: 10142: 10139: 10136: 10133: 10132:Santo Domingo 10130: 10127: 10124: 10121: 10118: 10115: 10112: 10109: 10106: 10103: 10100: 10097: 10094: 10091: 10088: 10085: 10082: 10081: 10079: 10073: 10066: 10063: 10060: 10057: 10054: 10051: 10048: 10045: 10042: 10039: 10036: 10033: 10030: 10027: 10024: 10021: 10018: 10015: 10012: 10009: 10006: 10003: 10000: 9997: 9994: 9991: 9988: 9985: 9982: 9979: 9976: 9973: 9970: 9967: 9964: 9961: 9958: 9955: 9952: 9949: 9946: 9943: 9940: 9937: 9934: 9931: 9928: 9925: 9922: 9921:Pontiac's War 9919: 9916: 9913: 9910: 9907: 9904: 9901: 9898: 9895: 9892: 9889: 9886: 9883: 9880: 9877: 9874: 9873:Carnatic Wars 9871: 9868: 9865: 9862: 9859: 9856: 9853: 9850: 9847: 9844: 9843:Tuscarora War 9841: 9838: 9835: 9834: 9832: 9826: 9819: 9816: 9813: 9810: 9807: 9804: 9801: 9798: 9795: 9792: 9789: 9786: 9783: 9780: 9777: 9774: 9771: 9768: 9765: 9762: 9759: 9756: 9753: 9750: 9747: 9744: 9741: 9738: 9735: 9732: 9729: 9726: 9723: 9720: 9717: 9714: 9711: 9708: 9705: 9702: 9699: 9696: 9695: 9693: 9687: 9683: 9679: 9671: 9666: 9664: 9659: 9657: 9652: 9651: 9648: 9638: 9637: 9626: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9596: 9595: 9594: 9591: 9590: 9588: 9586: 9582: 9572: 9569: 9567: 9564: 9562: 9559: 9557: 9556:Crimean Tatar 9554: 9553: 9551: 9547: 9541: 9538: 9536: 9533: 9531: 9530:Pontic Greeks 9528: 9526: 9523: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9502: 9500: 9496: 9493: 9491: 9487: 9477: 9474: 9473: 9471: 9467: 9463: 9460: 9456: 9446: 9443: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9433: 9432: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9420: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9396: 9395:2017 election 9393: 9392: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9382: 9381: 9378: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9368:State Council 9366: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9355: 9354: 9350: 9347: 9346: 9343: 9340: 9338: 9334: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9318: 9314: 9312: 9309: 9308: 9306: 9304: 9300: 9294: 9291: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9254: 9253: 9251: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9241: 9239: 9236: 9234: 9231: 9230: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9218: 9213: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9187: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9175: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9155: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9127: 9126: 9125:Soviet period 9123: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9080:Crimean Goths 9078: 9076: 9073: 9071: 9068: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9054: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9044: 9042: 9040: 9036: 9030: 9027: 9025: 9022: 9020: 9017: 9015: 9012: 9011: 9008: 9003: 8996: 8991: 8989: 8984: 8982: 8977: 8976: 8973: 8966: 8961: 8957: 8953: 8952: 8947: 8942: 8936: 8935: 8929: 8926: 8924: 8921: 8920: 8915: 8910: 8897: 8894: 8888: 8884: 8880: 8879: 8874: 8870: 8866: 8865: 8859: 8855: 8854: 8848: 8844: 8843: 8838: 8834: 8832: 8828: 8824: 8820: 8816: 8812: 8808: 8804: 8800: 8795: 8792:(1863–1887). 8791: 8787: 8783: 8779: 8778: 8773: 8769: 8768: 8756: 8744: 8736: 8735: 8729: 8725: 8721: 8720: 8719:History Today 8714: 8710: 8704: 8700: 8695: 8691: 8685: 8681: 8676: 8672: 8668: 8663: 8659: 8655: 8651: 8647: 8643: 8639: 8635: 8630: 8626: 8622: 8618: 8614: 8610: 8606: 8605: 8599: 8587: 8583: 8582: 8576: 8572: 8568: 8564: 8560: 8556: 8552: 8548: 8544: 8540: 8536: 8532: 8528: 8524: 8520: 8516: 8512: 8508: 8504: 8500: 8496: 8492: 8491: 8483: 8478: 8477: 8465: 8459: 8455: 8451: 8450: 8445: 8441: 8439: 8438:0-88033-086-4 8435: 8431: 8427: 8425: 8421: 8418: 8414: 8410: 8408: 8404: 8400: 8393: 8386: 8385: 8379: 8375: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8357: 8353: 8349: 8345: 8340: 8338: 8334: 8331: 8327: 8323: 8321: 8317: 8313: 8311: 8310:0-07-052255-3 8307: 8303: 8300:Rich, Norman 8299: 8296: 8292: 8290: 8286: 8282: 8278: 8274: 8270: 8266: 8262: 8258: 8254: 8250: 8245: 8241: 8239:0-8139-0699-7 8235: 8231: 8226: 8222: 8220:0-7011-7390-4 8216: 8212: 8207: 8203: 8198: 8194: 8193: 8187: 8183: 8179: 8175: 8171: 8166: 8154: 8150: 8149: 8143: 8139: 8135: 8131: 8127: 8123: 8119: 8114: 8110: 8105: 8102: 8100:0-8223-0374-4 8096: 8092: 8087: 8084: 8079: 8075: 8070: 8069: 8058: 8052: 8048: 8044: 8040: 8036: 8031: 8028: 8026:1-4039-6416-5 8022: 8018: 8013: 8009: 8004: 8000: 7995: 7991: 7986: 7982: 7977: 7966: 7960: 7956: 7955: 7949: 7937: 7933: 7927: 7923: 7922: 7917: 7913: 7909: 7903: 7899: 7898: 7892: 7888: 7882: 7878: 7874: 7870: 7866: 7860: 7856: 7851: 7847: 7841: 7837: 7832: 7828: 7822: 7818: 7817: 7812: 7808: 7804: 7798: 7794: 7785: 7784: 7763: 7757: 7749: 7743: 7739: 7732: 7724: 7718: 7714: 7707: 7700: 7695: 7680: 7679: 7674: 7672: 7663: 7656: 7651: 7644: 7638: 7630: 7626: 7622: 7618: 7614: 7610: 7603: 7596: 7591: 7585:(1951) p. 426 7584: 7578: 7570: 7564: 7560: 7553: 7537: 7533: 7526: 7519: 7513: 7506: 7501: 7494: 7489: 7481: 7474: 7467: 7461: 7454: 7448: 7433: 7429: 7423: 7415: 7411: 7407: 7405:0-253-35050-6 7401: 7397: 7396: 7388: 7373: 7369: 7363: 7355: 7349: 7345: 7344: 7336: 7329: 7324: 7315: 7308: 7303: 7301: 7299: 7291: 7286: 7279: 7276:Norman Rich, 7273: 7257: 7251: 7244: 7240: 7233: 7225: 7218: 7211: 7206: 7199: 7194: 7185: 7178: 7173: 7165: 7161: 7157: 7153: 7147: 7139: 7133: 7129: 7125: 7119: 7117: 7109: 7104: 7096: 7092: 7088: 7084: 7077: 7070: 7065: 7058: 7053: 7046: 7041: 7033: 7027: 7023: 7019: 7018: 7010: 7002: 7001: 6993: 6986: 6982: 6977: 6975: 6966: 6965: 6960: 6954: 6946: 6942: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6923: 6916: 6911: 6904: 6899: 6891: 6885: 6881: 6877: 6876: 6871: 6865: 6858: 6853: 6846: 6842: 6837: 6831: 6827: 6824: 6820: 6816: 6813: 6807: 6800: 6795: 6779: 6775: 6769: 6761: 6755: 6751: 6750: 6742: 6733: 6726:. p. 93. 6725: 6724: 6716: 6708: 6702: 6698: 6697: 6689: 6681: 6677: 6673: 6669: 6665: 6658: 6650: 6646: 6642: 6638: 6634: 6627: 6625: 6616: 6612: 6608: 6604: 6597: 6590: 6585: 6578: 6574: 6573:Pavel Muratov 6570: 6564: 6557: 6552: 6545: 6544:1-4344-6160-2 6541: 6537: 6534:Leo Tolstoy, 6531: 6524: 6519: 6512: 6507: 6500: 6495: 6488: 6483: 6476: 6471: 6464: 6459: 6452: 6447: 6440: 6435: 6428: 6423: 6416: 6411: 6403: 6397: 6393: 6392: 6384: 6382: 6374: 6369: 6362: 6357: 6350: 6345: 6338: 6333: 6326: 6321: 6306: 6302: 6296: 6289: 6282: 6275: 6270: 6263: 6258: 6250: 6243: 6236: 6230: 6223: 6218: 6211: 6206: 6199: 6194: 6186: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6166: 6159: 6153: 6146: 6141: 6134: 6129: 6122: 6117: 6110: 6105: 6103: 6095: 6090: 6083: 6078: 6071: 6066: 6059: 6055: 6050: 6043: 6038: 6031: 6026: 6019: 6014: 6007: 6002: 5995: 5990: 5983: 5978: 5971: 5966: 5958: 5952: 5948: 5947: 5939: 5932: 5927: 5925: 5917: 5912: 5905: 5900: 5893: 5889: 5884: 5877: 5872: 5865:. p. 15. 5864: 5863: 5855: 5848: 5843: 5836: 5832: 5827: 5818: 5811: 5806: 5799: 5794: 5786: 5780: 5776: 5775: 5767: 5759: 5753: 5749: 5748: 5740: 5738: 5728: 5721: 5720:Marriott 1917 5716: 5709: 5704: 5697: 5692: 5684: 5678: 5674: 5673: 5665: 5658: 5653: 5646: 5641: 5632: 5625: 5620: 5611: 5605:, p. 64. 5604: 5599: 5591: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5571: 5564: 5559: 5557: 5555: 5548:, p. 65. 5547: 5542: 5536:, p. 18. 5535: 5530: 5524:, p. 21. 5523: 5518: 5512:, p. 20. 5511: 5506: 5499: 5494: 5487: 5482: 5475: 5470: 5464:, p. 19. 5463: 5458: 5456: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5431: 5425:, p. 68. 5424: 5419: 5413:, p. 68. 5412: 5407: 5400: 5399:Marriott 1917 5395: 5388: 5387:Marriott 1917 5383: 5377:, p. 62. 5376: 5371: 5364: 5358: 5352:(1974) p. 119 5351: 5345: 5337: 5333: 5327: 5320: 5315: 5300: 5299: 5294: 5288: 5281: 5270: 5266: 5260: 5245: 5241: 5235: 5227: 5221: 5217: 5216: 5208: 5206: 5196: 5189: 5187: 5186: 5171: 5170: 5165: 5161: 5155: 5147: 5141: 5138:. Routledge. 5137: 5136: 5128: 5126: 5117: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5093: 5091: 5084:, p. 61. 5083: 5078: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5027: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5009:0-521-77056-4 5005: 5001: 4994: 4987: 4982: 4976:, p. 23. 4975: 4970: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4940: 4932: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4917: 4909: 4903:, p. 11. 4902: 4897: 4889: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4869: 4863:, p. 59. 4862: 4857: 4851:, p. 58. 4850: 4845: 4838: 4837:Marriott 1917 4833: 4827:, p. 32. 4826: 4821: 4819: 4810: 4807: 4802: 4794: 4792: 4784: 4783:Marriott 1917 4779: 4772: 4767: 4760: 4754: 4747: 4742: 4735: 4730: 4722: 4716: 4712: 4705: 4697: 4693: 4687: 4671: 4665: 4649: 4645: 4644:"Crimean War" 4639: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4631: 4629: 4621: 4617: 4611: 4604: 4599: 4593: 4592:5-89173-159-2 4589: 4583: 4576: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4547: 4542: 4538: 4522: 4516: 4515:Crimean Tatar 4513: 4511: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4498: 4495: 4477: 4466: 4460: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4442: 4439: 4438: 4434: 4425: 4416: 4407: 4405: 4400: 4385: 4382: 4381: 4376: 4375: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4330: 4320: 4319:Siege of Kars 4317: 4314: 4311: 4308: 4305: 4302: 4299: 4296: 4293: 4290: 4287: 4284: 4280: 4277: 4273: 4270: 4267: 4264: 4261: 4258: 4255: 4252: 4249: 4245: 4242: 4238: 4235: 4232: 4229: 4226: 4225: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4201: 4199: 4198:Great Reforms 4195: 4191: 4186: 4184: 4178: 4176: 4171: 4169: 4165: 4164: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4144: 4141: 4137: 4131: 4129: 4121: 4116: 4107: 4105: 4101: 4100: 4095: 4091: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4073:Documentation 4070: 4067: 4063: 4058: 4056: 4050: 4045: 4043: 4033: 4029: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4014: 4012: 4006: 4004: 4000: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3955: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3899: 3897: 3891: 3887: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3876: 3870: 3866: 3861: 3859: 3858:United States 3855: 3851: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3800:German Empire 3797: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3774: 3773:Orlando Figes 3768: 3764: 3759: 3748: 3743: 3741: 3731: 3729: 3725: 3720: 3716: 3711: 3707: 3699: 3697: 3696:Sweden–Norway 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3668: 3664: 3659: 3645: 3643: 3642:corvée labour 3639: 3635: 3631: 3621: 3619: 3614: 3612: 3611:Egyptian Army 3608: 3607:Ottoman Crete 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3583: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3555: 3553: 3552: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3528: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3504: 3502: 3501:Kuril Islands 3499:, one of the 3498: 3494: 3490: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3471:Russian force 3468: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3456: 3450: 3446: 3445:Petropavlovsk 3440: 3430: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3415: 3405: 3404: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3386: 3377: 3373: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3350:nitroglycerin 3347: 3343: 3339: 3334: 3332: 3328: 3327: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3313:Åland Islands 3310: 3305: 3302: 3298: 3293: 3289: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3249: 3248:Russian fleet 3245: 3240: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3220: 3216: 3206: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3191: 3187: 3185: 3180: 3176: 3168: 3164: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3141: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3118: 3111: 3107: 3102: 3098: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3079: 3075: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3031:previous wars 3023: 3014: 3012: 3008: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2982:Rostov-on-Don 2978: 2976: 2972: 2958: 2954: 2953:Yegor Tolstoy 2950: 2945: 2943: 2942:Rostov on Don 2939: 2935: 2930: 2928: 2924: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2904: 2899: 2894: 2887:Azov campaign 2884: 2880: 2878: 2870: 2860: 2858: 2854: 2849: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2826: 2824: 2820: 2814: 2810: 2807: 2805: 2797: 2793: 2785: 2780: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2752: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2736: 2734: 2733: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2710: 2701: 2699: 2694: 2692: 2688: 2682: 2680: 2676: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2658:Heavy Brigade 2654: 2652: 2651:Thin Red Line 2648: 2644: 2643: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2609: 2604: 2594: 2590: 2587: 2583: 2580: 2574: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2536: 2533: 2529: 2524: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2509: 2507: 2503: 2502: 2496: 2490: 2485: 2476: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2449: 2446: 2441: 2437: 2431: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2412: 2405: 2400: 2395: 2393: 2385: 2380: 2371: 2369: 2363: 2356: 2352: 2346: 2343: 2339: 2331: 2327: 2322: 2318: 2315: 2311: 2310:Trajan's Wall 2307: 2302: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2266: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2247: 2243: 2242: 2237: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2207: 2202: 2195: 2190: 2183: 2178: 2171: 2166: 2165: 2159: 2152: 2149: 2145: 2142: 2139: 2138: 2137: 2133: 2131: 2123: 2122: 2117: 2108: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2093: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2081:John Burgoyne 2072: 2070: 2069: 2064: 2058: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2039: 2035: 2030: 2025: 2015: 2013: 2008: 2004: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1988: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1969: 1964: 1960: 1959:Lord Aberdeen 1952: 1948: 1943: 1934: 1930: 1928: 1922: 1919: 1915: 1913: 1909: 1903: 1898: 1896: 1891: 1887: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1872: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1853: 1849: 1844: 1842: 1838: 1833: 1831: 1830:Sublime Porte 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1804: 1799: 1790: 1787: 1783: 1778: 1776: 1770: 1759: 1757: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1719: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1703: 1698: 1697: 1692: 1688: 1679: 1675: 1670: 1665: 1660: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1641:British India 1637: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1618: 1614: 1609: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1596:and then the 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1570: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1551:Holy Alliance 1544: 1540: 1535: 1526: 1524: 1518: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1508:Orlando Figes 1505: 1503: 1499: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1483: 1479: 1476: 1471: 1469: 1468:captured Acre 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1428: 1427:independent. 1426: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1410: 1406: 1398: 1394: 1389: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1289: 1284: 1282: 1277: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1204: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1193:vassal states 1190: 1186: 1182: 1177: 1176:(1854–1855). 1175: 1174:North Pacific 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1123: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1067:(now part of 1066: 1061: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1047: 1043: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1003: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 970: 965: 959: 956: 954: 951: 949: 946: 944: 941: 939: 936: 934: 931: 929: 926: 924: 921: 919: 916: 914: 911: 909: 906: 904: 901: 899: 896: 895: 892: 887: 877: 872: 870: 865: 863: 858: 857: 854: 842: 839: 837: 834: 832: 829: 827: 824: 820: 817: 815: 812: 811: 810: 807: 803: 800: 798: 795: 794: 793: 790: 788: 785: 784: 780: 779: 776: 773: 771: 770:Petropavlovsk 768: 764: 761: 759: 756: 754: 751: 750: 749: 746: 744: 741: 740: 736: 735: 732: 729: 727: 724: 722: 719: 717: 714: 712: 709: 707: 704: 703: 699: 698: 695: 692: 690: 687: 685: 682: 680: 677: 676: 672: 671: 668: 663: 655: 650: 648: 643: 641: 636: 635: 632: 622: 614: 610: 602: 597: 592: 586: 581: 576: 570: 560: 554: 549: 544: 543: 542: 537: 533: 532: 527: 512: 509: 504: 495: 486: 477: 471: 468: 467: 462: 456: 454: 448: 438: 436: 426: 424: 414: 412: 402: 400: 390: 388: 378: 376: 366: 364: 354: 353: 351: 346: 341: 336: 334: 324: 322: 312: 310: 300: 298: 288: 286: 276: 274: 264: 262: 252: 251: 249: 248: 243: 239: 225: 213: 210: 205: 199: 186: 173: 162: 161: 156: 148: 144: 140: 135: 134: 130: 127: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 91: 90: 73: 70: 69: 65: 62: 58: 57: 51: 46: 43: 39: 34: 29: 26: 22: 16:1853–1856 war 12727:Napoleon III 12627:Abdulmejid I 12468:Pope Pius IX 12362:Cesare Balbo 12269:Main leaders 12139:Quadrilatero 12045:Papal States 12007:Risorgimento 12006: 11664:World War II 11419: 11188:Smolensk War 11154:Livonian War 10697:Iraqi Revolt 10552:Matabeleland 10528:North Borneo 10522:Matabeleland 10474:Saskatchewan 10276:Upper Canada 10270:Lower Canada 10228:Persian Gulf 10144:Persian Gulf 10084:Newfoundland 10065:Polygar Wars 10035:Kandyan Wars 9987:Nootka Sound 9634: 9593:Christianity 9490:Demographics 9358:Constitution 9315: 9303:Subdivisions 9273:Kerch Strait 9119: 9047:Greek Crimea 8949: 8913: 8886: 8877: 8863: 8852: 8841: 8793: 8776: 8733: 8723: 8717: 8698: 8679: 8670: 8666: 8641: 8637: 8608: 8602: 8590:. 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Retrieved 4647: 4615: 4610: 4598: 4582: 4541: 4518: 4501:Kırım Savaşı 4475: 4433: 4424: 4415: 4372: 4275: 4187: 4179: 4172: 4161: 4158:Mary Seacole 4146: 4133: 4125: 4097: 4092: 4083:Roger Fenton 4078: 4076: 4059: 4052: 4047: 4039: 4030: 4015: 4007: 3956: 3900: 3892: 3888: 3874: 3862: 3847: 3793: 3771: 3745: 3737: 3712: 3708: 3705: 3672: 3627: 3615: 3579: 3574:Greek legion 3551:Risorgimento 3549: 3532: 3521:The Italian 3486: 3454: 3442: 3413: 3409: 3401: 3374: 3346:Alfred Nobel 3335: 3324: 3306: 3294: 3290: 3236: 3189: 3188: 3174: 3173: 3142: 3116: 3115: 3106:Bebutashvili 3057:Redoubt Kali 3044: 3043: 3028: 2993: 2988:through the 2979: 2975:Don Cossacks 2971:Old Stairway 2957:Ivan Krasnov 2946: 2931: 2918:Kerch Strait 2907: 2881: 2861: 2850: 2827: 2815: 2811: 2808: 2800: 2768: 2753: 2737: 2731: 2715: 2695: 2683: 2662:aide-de-camp 2655: 2640: 2637:Minié rifles 2614: 2591: 2588: 2584: 2552:Saint-Arnaud 2537: 2525: 2517:Kalamita Bay 2510: 2505: 2499: 2497: 2493: 2450: 2432: 2423: 2410: 2396: 2388: 2364: 2347: 2334: 2303: 2267: 2262:Transylvania 2250: 2239: 2156: 2134: 2127: 2119: 2099:. A team of 2094: 2078: 2066: 2059: 2043: 2009: 2005: 1994:and General 1989: 1966: 1963:Colonel Rose 1956: 1931: 1923: 1920: 1916: 1904: 1900: 1895:ultima ratio 1890: 1889: 1873: 1861:Abdülmecid I 1850: 1845: 1834: 1810:Napoleon III 1807: 1803:Napoleon III 1779: 1771: 1767: 1755: 1751:false claims 1721: 1706: 1694: 1683: 1680:of 1828–1829 1662: 1638: 1610: 1571: 1548: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1506: 1495: 1484: 1480: 1472: 1462:, bombarded 1429: 1424: 1413: 1402: 1359: 1296: 1286: 1273: 1232: 1205: 1178: 1155: 1147:British Army 1124: 1120:Baltic Fleet 1101: 1062: 1049:Napoleon III 1039: 1004: 979: 977: 942: 661: 612: 600: 584: 568: 552: 535: 534: 510: 469: 452: 375:Alexander II 285:Napoléon III 261:Abdulmejid I 158:Belligerents 143:Danube Delta 54: 36:Part of the 25: 12612:Crimean War 12392:Ugo Foscolo 12174:Crimean War 12107:Young Italy 11770:Vietnam War 11640: [ 11499:World War I 11420:Crimean War 11353:Finnish War 11269:(1740–1748) 11258:(1733–1738) 11183:Ingrian War 10899:(including 10817:Suez Crisis 10715:Transjordan 10619:West Africa 10596:(1899–1902) 10590:(1898–1901) 10582:Six-Day War 10530:(1894–1905) 10518:(1891–1895) 10498:Mashonaland 10462:Mahdist War 10402:Shimonoseki 10332:(1847–1901) 10242:(1824–1901) 10210:Cape Colony 10108:Cape Colony 10067:(1799–1805) 10061:(1799–1803) 10049:(1798–1800) 10037:(1796–1818) 10011:Cape Colony 10001:(1793–1806) 9983:(1788–1934) 9879:Nova Scotia 9849:Yamasee War 9820:(1694–1700) 9794:Child's War 9782:2nd Tangier 9776:1st Tangier 9772:(1655–1739) 9722:Saint Kitts 9700:(1593–1603) 9233:Arabat Spit 9120:Crimean War 8965:Crimean War 8914:Crimean War 8751:|work= 8726:(4): 20–21. 7999:Crimean War 7942:26 November 7811:Arnold, Guy 7768:29 November 7437:9 September 6939:: 539–563. 6843:, p. [ 6841:Arnold 2002 6801:, pp. 18–19 6556:Porter 1889 6511:Porter 1889 6499:Porter 1889 6487:Porter 1889 6415:Porter 1889 6361:Porter 1889 6349:Porter 1889 6337:Porter 1889 6325:Porter 1889 6210:Porter 1889 6198:Porter 1889 6145:Porter 1889 6133:Porter 1889 6109:Porter 1889 6094:Porter 1889 6054:Arnold 2002 5931:Porter 1889 5888:Taylor 1954 5831:Arnold 2002 5810:Porter 1889 5798:Porter 1889 5710:, p. . 5708:Tucker 2009 5082:Taylor 1954 4804: [ 4771:Taylor 1954 4520:Qırım cenki 4489:Eastern War 4094:Leo Tolstoy 3523:Bersaglieri 3460:David Price 3338:naval mines 3195:Sukhum Kale 3091:Imam Shamil 2877:Great Redan 2873:8 September 2869:French Army 2865:5 September 2838:Leo Tolstoy 2666:Louis Nolan 2633:form square 2504:, a wooden 2489:Harry Payne 2467:estuary by 2461:Sea of Azov 2424:Retribution 2392:Besikas Bay 2089:Lord Cowley 2075:Dardanelles 2068:casus belli 1852:Charlemagne 1645:Scandinavia 1624:, who were 1606:Circassians 1590:Wild Fields 1329:. In 1830, 1220:photographs 980:Crimean War 802:Great Redan 763:Suomenlinna 711:Başgedikler 706:Akhaltsikhe 662:Crimean War 585:22,182 dead 569:95,615 dead 553:45,400 dead 136:Territorial 31:Crimean War 12606:Categories 12591:Third Rome 11805:Ogaden War 11755:Korean War 11674:Winter War 11543:Heimosodat 11130:Tsardom of 10721:Pink's War 10613:Somaliland 10450:Basutoland 10204:Guadeloupe 10186:Xhosa Wars 10168:Seychelles 10150:Guadeloupe 10138:Martinique 10005:Rohilkhand 9969:Gold Coast 9939:Rohilkhand 9897:Bengal War 9734:Pequot War 9510:Ukrainians 9380:Sevastopol 9238:Arabat Bay 9019:Sevastopol 8673:: 318–319. 7699:Figes 2011 7684:28 October 7655:Figes 2010 7595:Figes 2011 7505:Figes 2010 7493:Figes 2010 7328:Figes 2010 7307:Figes 2010 7290:Badem 2010 7198:Figes 2010 7177:Figes 2010 7108:Small 2007 7069:Tarle 1950 7057:Figes 2010 7045:Figes 2010 6915:Badem 2010 6903:Figes 2010 6857:Figes 2010 6589:Tarle 1950 6536:Sebastopol 6523:Tarle 1950 6475:Figes 2010 6463:Tarle 1950 6451:Figes 2010 6439:Figes 2010 6427:Figes 2010 6373:Figes 2010 6310:25 January 6274:Small 2007 6262:Figes 2010 6121:Figes 2010 6082:Figes 2010 6070:Figes 2010 6056:, p. 6042:Figes 2010 6030:Figes 2010 6018:Figes 2010 5994:Figes 2010 5982:Figes 2010 5970:Figes 2010 5916:Figes 2010 5904:Badem 2010 5876:Figes 2010 5847:Small 2007 5833:, p. 5696:Figes 2010 5657:Figes 2010 5645:Figes 2010 5624:Figes 2010 5603:Figes 2010 5563:Figes 2010 5546:Badem 2010 5534:Royle 2000 5522:Royle 2000 5510:Royle 2000 5498:Figes 2010 5486:Figes 2010 5474:Figes 2010 5462:Royle 2000 5423:Badem 2010 5411:Figes 2011 5375:Badem 2010 5319:Figes 2011 5160:Marx, Karl 4986:Figes 2010 4974:Figes 2011 4959:25 January 4901:Figes 2010 4861:Badem 2010 4849:Figes 2011 4825:Figes 2011 4748:, Preface. 4746:Royle 2000 4734:Figes 2010 4654:28 January 4603:Figes 2010 4546:Badem 2010 4533:References 4428:Until 1854 4377:(painting) 4217:Omar Pasha 4126:Historian 4044:, the war 4011:Great Game 3968:Montenegro 3940:compromise 3818:and later 3788:St James's 3688:Parliament 3667:Sevastopol 3632:county of 3599:Greek Army 3469:a smaller 3398:Royal Navy 3213:See also: 3095:Tsinandali 3069:Akhaltsike 3029:As in the 2990:Mius River 2914:Sevastopol 2670:Lord Lucan 2664:, Captain 2513:Yevpatoria 2440:blockships 2342:Bulgarians 2336:Christian 2270:Omar Pasha 2221:See also: 1876:Nicholas I 1653:Royal Navy 1498:Palmerston 1493:and Asia. 1460:Nile Delta 1391:The naval 1257:See also: 1216:telegraphs 1131:Sevastopol 1081:Omar Pasha 1073:suzerainty 1053:Nicholas I 792:Sevastopol 601:2,166 dead 363:Nicholas I 273:Omar Pasha 113:Baltic Sea 82:1856-03-30 78:1853-10-16 12576:Redshirts 12461:Opponents 12092:Carbonari 11425:Åland War 11393:Murid War 11232:18th–19th 10853:Falklands 10849:(1963–67) 10843:(1962–66) 10837:(1962–90) 10825:(1962–76) 10813:(1955–59) 10807:(1954–59) 10801:(1952–60) 10795:(1948–60) 10789:(1946–50) 10781:Indonesia 10777:(1945–46) 10775:Indochina 10771:(1944–48) 10759:(1936–39) 10753:(1936–39) 10741:(1931–32) 10735:(1930–31) 10729:(1927–30) 10711:(1922–24) 10709:Kurdistan 10693:(1919–20) 10669:(1916–17) 10649:Nyasaland 10645:(1914–15) 10639:(1914–15) 10627:(1903–04) 10621:(1901–02) 10615:(1900–20) 10578:(1897–98) 10572:(1897–98) 10554:(1896–97) 10524:(1893–94) 10488:(1886–89) 10464:(1881–99) 10458:(1880–81) 10452:(1880–81) 10446:(1879–80) 10434:(1875–76) 10420:Abyssinia 10416:(1866–71) 10410:(1864–65) 10398:(1863–64) 10390:Kagoshima 10386:(1857–58) 10380:(1857–59) 10374:(1856–60) 10368:(1856–57) 10362:(1854–56) 10360:Åland War 10344:(1848–49) 10320:(1845–50) 10314:(1845–46) 10308:(1845–72) 10302:(1839–42) 10296:(1839–42) 10290:(1839–41) 10278:(1837–38) 10272:(1837–38) 10266:(1831–33) 10260:(1831–32) 10254:(1828–32) 10248:(1824–26) 10224:(1817–18) 10200:(1814–16) 10194:(1812–15) 10188:(1811–79) 10182:(1810–11) 10162:Mauritius 10134:(1808–09) 10116:(1806–07) 10092:(1803–05) 10055:(1798–99) 10025:(1795–96) 10019:(1795–96) 9995:(1789–92) 9971:(1781–82) 9965:(1779–84) 9959:(1775–82) 9953:(1775–83) 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3286:Åland War 3244:Kronstadt 3219:Åland War 3126:Vorontsov 2986:River Don 2853:Sardinian 2730:HMS 2573:romanized 2556:Balaclava 2540:star fort 2409:HMS 2355:Bucharest 2241:Mahmudiye 2048:) met in 1818:Palestine 1735:Wallachia 1687:Karl Marx 1613:Catherine 1434:, and he 1378:Bosphorus 1355:Wallachia 1319:Mahmud II 1315:Janissary 1197:Wallachia 1170:White Sea 1127:Constanța 1104:Black Sea 1027:Palestine 958:1916–1917 953:1914–1918 908:1686–1700 831:Eupatoria 809:Balaclava 758:Bomarsund 753:Halkokari 748:Åland War 726:Kurekdere 694:Silistria 117:White Sea 109:Black Sea 12079:Timeline 11958:Cold War 11820:Gulf War 11176:and the 11049:Internal 10905:Imperial 10841:Malaysia 10763:Ethiopia 10661:Peshawar 10426:Manitoba 10408:Duar War 9704:Virginia 9636:Category 9585:Religion 9561:Krymchak 9525:Karaites 9505:Russians 9390:Governor 9337:Politics 9243:Azov Sea 9186:Chairman 9085:Kipchaks 9070:Akatziri 8875:(1867). 8839:(1855). 8774:(1860). 8573:. Heath. 8420:Archived 8392:archived 8333:Archived 8045:(2006). 7992:, Tempus 7918:(2015). 7875:(2010). 7813:(2002). 7542:16 March 7455:. No. 5. 7377:9 August 7243:Politico 7154:(1944). 7126:(1999). 6880:ABC-CLIO 6872:(2009). 6847:111–112. 6826:Archived 6815:Archived 6784:28 April 6615:40917005 6224:, ch. 8. 5578:(2004). 5446:21705514 5018:50227716 4988:, ch. 1. 4876:(1988). 4761:. p. 37. 4326:See also 4276:see also 4069:Europe. 3992:occupied 3978:(Muslim 3972:Bulgaria 3908:Lombardy 3790:, London 3728:Jenikale 3630:Vasylkiv 3587:Thessaly 3493:Sakhalin 3489:Far East 3467:besieged 3321:Helsinki 3319:outside 3265:Sveaborg 3246:and the 3179:Armenian 3161:Persians 3134:Persians 3132:and the 3104:General 3039:Georgian 3002:Cossacks 2938:Taganrog 2934:gunboats 2910:Azov Sea 2760:fascines 2718:materiel 2560:Kamiesch 2473:ironclad 2445:frigates 2278:Oltenița 2258:Silistra 1814:Catholic 1761:— 1731:Moldavia 1617:Potemkin 1537:Russian 1425:de facto 1419:threat. 1409:Osmanlis 1351:Moldavia 1345:. 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