568:
551:
534:
244:
232:
220:
585:
1453:
1208:
985:
383:, Saint Arnaud suffocated 500 Arab tribesmen (8 August 1845), in a cave between Tenes and Mostaganem, in the Sbeah area. Three days later he wrote "I hermetically sealed all exits and made a vast cemetery. The earth will cover the corpses of these fanatics for ever. No one went down to the caverns; no one but me knows that there are 500 brigands under here who will not cut the throats of the French any more. A confidential report related everything to the Marshal simply, without terrible poetry and without images. Brother, no one is good by taste and by nature like me. From the 8th to the 12th, I was sick, but my conscience does not blame me for anything. I did my duty"
208:
316:
670:
602:
636:
619:
434:
132:
413:
653:
687:
756:
25:
347:, he entered the army in 1817, but after ten years of garrison service he still held only the lowest commissioned grade. He then resigned, led a life of adventure in several lands and returned to the army at the age of thirty as a sub-lieutenant. He took part in the suppression of the
489:
later described the poem of Saint Arnaud as an example of Hugo's 'poetic genius'. Swinburne said 'Then... came the great and terrible poem on the life and death of the miscreant marshal who gave the watchword of massacre in the streets of Paris'.
389:
He also burnt 200 villages in 1846, including rich arable fields."I left in my wake a vast conflagration. All the villages, some 200 in number, were burned down, all the gardens destroyed, all the olive trees cut down."
2054:
409:
in northern
Algeria, in which Saint Arnaud showed his prowess as a commander-in-chief and provided his superiors with the pretext for bringing him home as a general of division (July 1851).
1159:
502:, Australia was named after Jacques and has a commemorative statue of him in the town's botanical gardens on Napier Street. Another town, located in Algeria, was called Saint Arnaud under
935:
2059:
771:
384:
1152:
928:
1398:
2019:
1145:
348:
485:'s long poem "Saint Arnaud", he is described as a criminal âjackalâ who had orchestrated the bloody massacres that followed Louis-Napoleonâs coup dâĂ©tat.
921:
2049:
2039:
2024:
2009:
1137:
353:
93:
2044:
65:
1854:
1813:
1579:
1549:
1391:
1365:
1269:
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999:
776:
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72:
913:
35:
1422:
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1384:
359:
79:
61:
2004:
1708:
1467:
1227:
594:
818:
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and a senator, remaining at the head of the war office until 1854, when he set out to command the French forces in the
611:
467:
394:
1959:
1890:
1869:
1752:
1677:
1172:
905:
2064:
1994:
1376:
1264:
1168:
1020:
2014:
1963:
1833:
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1599:
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1523:
645:
50:
386:. These massacres were regarded with absolute horror in the French press, as an article in The Times relates.
2029:
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1407:
1296:
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1057:
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After his death Saint Arnaud was regarded as a military hero, by both the French state and army. However, in
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1207:
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420:
1731:
1726:
894:
864:
737:
86:
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1452:
370:. There he distinguished himself on numerous occasions, and after twelve years had risen to the rank of
315:
1911:
1864:
1713:
1569:
1503:
1360:
1339:
1110:
662:
486:
289:
46:
1838:
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1518:
1498:
1248:
515:
42:
1828:
1787:
1564:
1477:
696:
943:
790:
470:. Ill with stomach cancer, he died on board ship just over a week after commanding troops at the
1089:
503:
237:
808:
1999:
1615:
1283:
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445:
367:
167:
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
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1984:
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1947:
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362:. However, his debts and the scandals of his private life compelled him to go to
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on 20 September 1854. His body was returned to France, and lies buried in
1584:
841:
780:. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 1016.
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463:
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of 2 December 1851, which placed Louis
Napoleon on the throne as Emperor
332:
293:
261:
183:
448:
as minister of war and superintended the military operations of the
327:(20 August 1798 – 29 September 1854) was a French soldier and
24:
507:
712:
692:
658:
406:
363:
2055:
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Saints
Maurice and Lazarus
163:
335:
when he became
Commander-in-chief of the army of the East.
2060:
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St
Gregory the Great
401:
considered him a suitable military head of a potential
397:
in Paris. On his return to Africa, possibly because
393:
In 1848 Saint Arnaud commanded a brigade during the
437:Statue of Saint-Arnaud in the Australian town of
16:Marshal of France and Minister of War (1798â1854)
1976:
331:. He served as French Minister of War until the
813:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 40â41.
358:(1832), and served for a time on the staff of
1392:
1153:
929:
810:The Making of Contemporary Algeria, 1830-1987
2020:French military personnel of the Crimean War
371:
51:introducing citations to additional sources
1399:
1385:
1160:
1146:
945:Last cabinet of the French Second Republic
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922:
856:
834:
130:
1179:(3 December 1851 – 2 December 1852)
806:
800:
766:
749:
747:
745:
432:
411:
41:Relevant discussion may be found on the
862:
405:, an expedition took place into Little
1977:
1316:Public Education and Religious Affairs
1244:Louis FĂ©lix Ătienne, marquis de Turgot
1000:Louis FĂ©lix Ătienne, marquis de Turgot
900:26 October 1851 – 11 March 1854
2050:Officers of the French Foreign Legion
1380:
1141:
917:
865:"La Guerre de Crimée n'aura pas lieu"
742:
2040:Perpetrators of Indigenous genocides
2025:French senators of the Second Empire
2010:People of the French Second Republic
1423:François-Xavier Joseph de Casabianca
1192:François-Xavier Joseph de Casabianca
1106:François-Xavier Joseph de Casabianca
1042:François-Xavier Joseph de Casabianca
840:
325:Armand-Jacques Leroy de Saint-Arnaud
18:
2045:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour
947:(26 October 1851 â 2 December 1851)
709:Lettres du Maréchal de Saint Arnaud
595:Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
13:
807:Bennoune, Mahfoud (29 July 1988).
702:
466:, alongside his British colleague
14:
2076:
1416:President of the Council of State
863:Godfrey, Sima (2 February 2016).
612:Order of Saint George and Reunion
522:both derive their name from him.
379:Following the example of Marshal
1960:Second cabinet of Louis Napoleon
1891:Jean-Baptiste Philibert Vaillant
1870:Jean-Baptiste Philibert Vaillant
1753:Jean-Baptiste Philibert Vaillant
1678:Jean-Baptiste Philibert Vaillant
1451:
1410:(2 December 1852 - 17 July 1869)
1206:
983:
906:Jean-Baptiste Philibert Vaillant
754:
685:
668:
651:
634:
617:
600:
583:
566:
549:
532:
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242:
230:
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34:relies largely or entirely on a
23:
1120:Education and Religious Affairs
1021:Charles de Morny, Duke of Morny
711:(Paris, 1855; 2nd edition with
62:"Jacques Leroy de Saint-Arnaud"
1964:Fourth cabinet of Napoleon III
1834:Adolphe de Forcade La Roquette
1793:Adolphe de Forcade La Roquette
1642:Adolphe de Forcade La Roquette
1600:Adolphe de Forcade La Roquette
1560:Charles-Marie-Esprit Espinasse
791:"French Atrocities in Algeria"
784:
772:Saint Arnaud, Jacques Leroy de
730:
646:Order of St. Gregory the Great
1:
1673:Jacques Leroy de Saint Arnaud
1408:Third cabinet of Napoleon III
1297:Jacques Leroy de Saint Arnaud
1058:Jacques Leroy de Saint Arnaud
723:
424:
140:
124:Jacques Leroy de Saint Arnaud
1732:Charles Rigault de Genouilly
1727:Prosper de Chasseloup-Laubat
1697:Marine, Colonies and Algeria
338:
7:
1931:Ministers without portfolio
514:and the nearby locality of
458:. A year later he became a
10:
2081:
2005:Ministers of war of France
1912:Alexandre Colonna-Walewski
1865:Alexandre Colonna-Walewski
1714:Ferdinand-Alphonse Hamelin
1570:Ernest Arrighi de Casanova
1504:Alexandre Colonna-Walewski
1449:
1204:
525:
487:Algernon Charles Swinburne
421:Charles-Philippe LariviĂšre
419:Leroy de Saint-Arnaud, by
1956:
1930:
1899:
1878:
1847:
1806:
1775:
1740:
1718:Prince Napoléon Bonaparte
1696:
1665:
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1608:
1542:
1491:
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992:
981:
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884:
506:; currently, its name is
493:
360:General (Marshal) Bugeaud
310:
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285:
275:
267:
255:
201:
189:
173:
150:
129:
116:
1829:Louis Henri Armand Behic
1807:Agriculture and Commerce
1788:Louis Henri Armand Behic
1709:Jacques Pierre Abbatucci
1565:Claude Alphonse Delangle
1478:Claude Alphonse Delangle
1468:Jacques Pierre Abbatucci
1354:Agriculture and Commerce
1228:Jacques Pierre Abbatucci
1177:Louis Napoleon Bonaparte
1099:Agriculture and Commerce
954:Under the Presidency of
736:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
1839:Edmond Valléry Gressier
1798:Edmond Valléry Gressier
1519:Ădouard Drouyn de Lhuys
1499:Ădouard Drouyn de Lhuys
1258:Interior and Beaux-Arts
1249:Ădouard Drouyn de Lhuys
1009:Interior and Beaux-Arts
872:French Cultural Studies
777:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
738:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
2065:People who died at sea
1995:Politicians from Paris
441:
430:
372:
238:French Second Republic
2015:French mass murderers
1616:Charlemagne de Maupas
1590:Charles de La Valette
1534:Charles de La Valette
1524:Charles de La Valette
1361:Noël Lefebvre-Duruflé
1340:Noël Lefebvre-Duruflé
1284:Charlemagne de Maupas
1111:Noël Lefebvre-Duruflé
695:: First Class of the
680:Order of the Medjidie
678:: First Class of the
644:: Grand Croix of the
629:Order of Pope Pius IX
627:: Grand Croix of the
610:: Grand Croix of the
593:: Grand Croix of the
559:: Grand Croix of the
444:He succeeded Marshal
436:
415:
368:French Foreign Legion
268:Years of service
2030:French war criminals
1683:Jacques Louis Randon
1090:Théobald de Lacrosse
888:Jacques Louis Randon
574:Second French Empire
557:Second French Empire
540:Second French Empire
366:as a captain in the
250:Second French Empire
138:Pierre-Louis Pierson
47:improve this article
1879:Emperor's Household
1741:Education and Cults
1632:Jean-Martial Bineau
844:(17 October 1854).
661:: Commander of the
591:Kingdom of Sardinia
500:St Arnaud, Victoria
290:Conquest of Algeria
214:Bourbon Restoration
2035:Marshals of France
1900:Ministers of State
1855:Victor de Persigny
1814:Victor de Persigny
1580:Victor de Persigny
1550:Victor de Persigny
1529:Lionel de Moustier
1366:Victor de Persigny
1270:Victor de Persigny
578:MĂ©daille militaire
544:Maréchal de France
512:Saint Arnaud Range
472:Battle of the Alma
442:
431:
280:Maréchal de France
1970:
1969:
1748:Hippolyte Fortoul
1514:Ădouard Thouvenel
1374:
1373:
1321:Hippolyte Fortoul
1304:Navy and Colonies
1185:Minister of State
1135:
1134:
1074:Hippolyte Fortoul
1067:Navy and Colonies
912:
911:
903:Succeeded by
460:Marshal of France
381:Aimable PĂ©lissier
376:(major general).
329:Marshal of France
322:
321:
177:29 September 1854
136:Saint-Arnaud, by
119:Marshal of France
112:
111:
97:
2072:
1948:Adolphe Billault
1917:Adolphe Billault
1575:Adolphe Billault
1555:Adolphe Billault
1455:
1401:
1394:
1387:
1378:
1377:
1265:Charles de Morny
1210:
1162:
1155:
1148:
1139:
1138:
1016:René de Thorigny
987:
938:
931:
924:
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885:Preceded by
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874:. Sage Journals.
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663:Order of Leopold
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561:Legion of Honour
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373:maréchal de camp
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304:Legion of Honour
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1843:
1802:
1771:
1758:Gustave Rouland
1736:
1692:
1661:
1620:
1604:
1538:
1492:Foreign Affairs
1487:
1473:Ernest de Royer
1456:
1447:
1438:Gustave Rouland
1411:
1405:
1375:
1370:
1349:
1323:
1311:
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1274:
1253:
1237:Foreign Affairs
1232:
1211:
1202:
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1166:
1136:
1131:
1115:
1094:
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1062:
1046:
1037:Antoine Blondel
1025:
1004:
993:Foreign Affairs
988:
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958:
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908:
899:
895:Minister of War
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770:, ed. (1911). "
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703:Further reading
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1968:
1967:
1962:âą Followed by
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1704:Théodore Ducos
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1443:Adolphe Vuitry
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1127:Charles Giraud
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956:Louis Napoleon
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850:Les ChĂątiments
846:"Saint Arnaud"
833:
820:978-0521301503
819:
799:
797:, 14 July 1845
783:
768:Chisholm, Hugh
741:
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697:Order of Glory
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676:Ottoman Empire
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399:Louis Napoleon
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181:(aged 56)
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161:20 August 1798
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45:. Please help
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36:single source
32:This article
30:
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2000:Bonapartists
1972:
1958:Preceded by
1938:Pierre Magne
1819:Pierre Magne
1783:Pierre Magne
1776:Public works
1763:Victor Duruy
1688:Adolphe Niel
1657:Pierre Magne
1637:Pierre Magne
1345:Pierre Magne
1335:Pierre Magne
1328:Public Works
1175:Cabinets of
1083:Public Works
893:
871:
858:
852:(in French).
849:
842:Hugo, Victor
836:
824:. Retrieved
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732:
717:Sainte-Beuve
708:
642:Papal States
625:Papal States
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456:Napoleon III
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286:Battles/wars
179:(1854-09-29)
144: 1850s
100:
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33:
1990:1854 deaths
1985:1798 births
1585:Paul Boudet
542:: Baton of
520:New Zealand
504:French rule
483:Victor Hugo
468:Lord Raglan
464:Crimean War
451:coup d'Ă©tat
428: 1854
403:coup d'Ă©tat
352: [
333:Crimean War
294:Crimean War
262:French Army
1979:Categories
1848:Beaux-Arts
724:References
395:revolution
202:Allegiance
157:1798-08-20
73:newspapers
795:The Times
439:St Arnaud
339:Biography
311:Signature
271:1821â1854
184:Black Sea
43:talk page
1543:Interior
719:, 1858).
508:El Eulma
417:Maréchal
343:Born in
256:Service/
1666:Defense
1625:Finance
1461:Justice
1292:Defense
1216:Justice
1030:Finance
963:Justice
826:14 June
765::
713:memoire
693:Tunisia
659:Belgium
526:Honours
407:Kabylie
364:Algeria
87:scholar
1609:Police
1286:(1852)
1279:Police
1194:(1852)
1173:Second
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446:Magnan
300:Awards
258:branch
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190:Buried
168:France
89:
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1169:First
868:(PDF)
356:]
345:Paris
164:Paris
94:JSTOR
80:books
1765:and
1720:and
1171:and
828:2020
815:ISBN
276:Rank
174:Died
151:Born
66:news
1051:War
774:".
715:by
518:in
49:by
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