1392:
2904:
48:
3377:
advance on
Christian territories stopped, but in the following war that lasted up to 1698 almost all of Hungary was reconquered by the army of Emperor Leopold I. From 1683 the Ottoman Turks ceased to be a menace to the Christian world. ... The battle of Vienna was a turning point in one further respect: the success was due to the co-operation between the troops of the Emperor, some Imperial princes and the Poles. ... However the co-operation between the two non-maritime neighbours of the Ottoman Empire in Europe, the Emperor and Poland, was something new. ... Walter Leitsch is Professor of East European History and Director of the Institute of East and Southeast European Research at the University of Vienna.
2593:
2287:
1693:
2756:
1894:
2462:
949:
1309:
3142:
2404:
780:
3154:
2873:
2698:
2373:
2068:
1662:
1129:
3232:
7567:
7591:
625:
7555:
447:
6445:
7603:
2214:
1755:
1537:
1420:
1142:
2989:
2607:
2099:
1902:
7579:
2159:
1992:) with a largely bloodless trick: after concluding peace talks with an agreement, troops stormed the open gates of Buda in the night. In retaliation for a failed Austrian counter-attack in 1542, the conquest of the western half of central Hungary was finished in the 1543 campaign that took both the most important royal ex-capital,
2283:. In an orgy of victory on the day that the city fellâSeptember 9, every public building and palace was looted. Word of the superior Ottoman numbers spread, and a few days later Mustafa took Kyrenia without having to fire a shot. Famagusta, however, resisted and put up a defense that lasted from September 1570 until August 1571.
2559:, in which the PolishâLithuanian Commonwealth ceded control of most of its Ukrainian territories to the empire. The war showed the increasing weakness and disorder of the Commonwealth, who by the second half of the 17th century had started its gradual decline that would culminate a century later with the
3376:
The defeat of the
Ottoman Army outside the gates of Vienna 300 years ago is usually regarded as the beginning of the decline of the Ottoman Empire. But Walter Leitsch asks whether it was such a turning point in the history of Europe? ... However, it marks a turning point: not only was further Ottoman
2037:
with more than 2,000 men, without outside help. They faced two
Ottoman armies, which were surprisingly unable to take the castle within five weeks. (The fort was later taken in 1596.) Finally, the 1556 campaign secured Ottoman influence over Transylvania (which had fallen under Habsburg control for a
2131:
After a siege of three months, the
Ottoman army failed to control all of the Maltese forts. Delaying the Ottomans until bad weather conditions and the arrival of Sicilian reinforcements, made Ottoman commander Kızılahmedli Mustafa Pasha quit the siege. Around 22,000 to 48,000 Ottoman troops against
2649:
for two months. The battle marked the first time the PolishâLithuanian
Commonwealth and the Holy Roman Empire had cooperated militarily against the Ottomans, and it is often seen as a turning point in history, after which "the Ottoman Turks ceased to be a menace to the Christian world". In the
909:
preached the
Crusade, the princes of the Holy Roman Empire in the Diets of Ratisbon and Frankfurt promised assistance, and a league was formed between Venice, Florence and Milan, but nothing came of it. Venice was the only polity to continue to pose a significant threat to the Ottomans in the
1504:
shook all of
Croatia. However, it did not dissuade the Croats from making persistent attempts at defending themselves against the attacks of the superior Ottoman forces. After almost two hundred years of Croatian resistance against the Ottoman Empire victory in the
3089:
in 1877, fought in the
Balkans and in the Caucasus, with Russia leading a coalition with Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia and Montenegro. The coalition won the war, pushing the Ottomans all the way back to the gates of Constantinople. Russians and Ottomans signed the
1972:
in western
Hungary, fighting a suicidal battle. The invading troops were held up until winter was close and the Habsburg Empire had assembled a force of 80,000 at Vienna. The Ottoman troops returned home through Styria, laying waste to the country.
2657:
After winning the Battle of Vienna, the Holy League gained the upper hand and reconquered
Hungary (Buda and Pest were retaken in 1686, the former under the command of a Swiss-born convert to Islam). At the same time, the Venetians launched an
3084:
and feeling support in the anti-Ottoman sympathies running throughout Europe, saw the chance to declare war on the Ottoman Empire and fulfill the union of all Orthodox nations in the Balkans under its mantle. That started the eleventh
1839:
from the Ottomans. There he defeated Ottoman forces for the first time. Upon this victory, Ottoman forces entered Wallachia in 1476 under the command of Mehmed II. Vlad was killed and, according to some sources, his head was sent to
1831:. This caused outrage among many influential Hungarian figures and Western admirers of Vlad's success in the battle against the Ottoman Empire (and his early recognition of the threat it posed), including high-ranking members of the
1913:
and carried out several defence battles and sieges against the Ottomans. Hungary bore the brunt of the Ottoman wars in Europe during the 15th century and successfully halted the Ottoman advance. From 1490, after the death of King
805:
The papacy regularly offered crusade privileges from the 1360s generating no significant military response against Muslims in the Mediterranean. The first revival of activity was a 1390 Genoese plan to seize the Tunisian port of
3267:
from the Ottoman Empire, and then fell out over the division of the spoils. Albania declared its independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1912, after several rebellions and uprisings. This reduced Turkey's possessions in Europe
2274:
In the summer of 1570, the Turks struck again, but this time with a full-scale invasion rather than a raid. About 60,000 troops, including cavalry and artillery, under the command of Lala Mustafa Pasha landed unopposed near
2512:
to the East (then the Empire's vassals), and later the Ottoman Empire itself, which had come to the Tatars' defence. The war lasted until 1662, ending in defeat for the Hungarians. The Western part of the Hungarian Kingdom
3072:
on the empire. After six months of inconclusive fighting, international reaction to atrocities committed by Turkish troops forced intervention of the major European powers, which concluded a ceasefire. In December, the
1875:) as a plague started to spread in the Ottoman army. Stephen's search for European assistance against the Turks met with little success, even though he had "cut off the pagan's right-hand", as he put it in a letter.
608:
1067:, which was an unusual ratio at the time. In the great Viennese military parade in 1485, the Black Army consisted 20,000 horsemen and 8,000 infantry in 1485. The Black Army was larger than the army of King
1609:
in 1389, Serbian forces were again annihilated. Throughout the 15th and 16th centuries, constant struggles took place between various Serbian kingdoms and the Ottoman Empire. The turning point was the
2748:, in order to tie down Russia with the Ottoman Empire and gain some breathing space in the increasingly unsuccessful campaign. The Russians were severely beaten but not annihilated, and after the
2136:, and were repulsed. Had Malta fallen, Sicily and mainland Italy could have fallen under the threat of an Ottoman invasion. The victory of Malta during this event, which is nowadays known as the
983:
and carried out several defence battles and sieges against the Ottomans. Hungary bore the brunt of the Ottoman wars in Europe during the 15th century and successfully halted the Ottoman advance.
1835:. Because of this, Matthias granted him the status of distinguished prisoner. Eventually, Dracula was freed in late 1475 and was sent with an army of Hungarian and Serbian soldiers to recover
2008:
1637:
in 1456. After repelling Ottoman attacks for over 70 years, Belgrade finally fell in 1521, along with the greater part of the Kingdom of Hungary. The rebellion of Serbian military commander
2321:
in one of the decisive battles of world history. The victory over the Turks, however, came too late to help Cyprus, and the island remained under Ottoman rule for the next three centuries.
858:, the son of the Duke of Burgundy, who became the Crusade's military leader. Sigismund advised the Crusaders to focus on defence when they reached the Danube, but they besieged the city of
755:
in 1389, in which the leaders of both armies were killed, and which gained a central role in Serbian folklore as an epic battle and as the beginning of the end for medieval Serbia. Much of
1488:
remained unprotected, the defense of which was left to Croatian gentry who kept smaller troops in the fortified border areas at their own expense. The Ottomans meanwhile reached the river
5029:
986:
In the year of 1442, John Hunyadi won four victories against the Ottomans, two of which were decisive. In March 1442, Hunyadi defeated Mezid Bey and the raiding Ottoman army at the
433:
814:, was the leader. There is little evidence of cross taking, and the exercise was more of a chivalric promenade by a small force. After a disease-ridden, nine-week siege, the
1071:, the only other existing permanent professional European army in the era. The Hungarian army destroyed the three times bigger attacker Ottoman and Wallachian troops at the
1063:
Matthias recognized the importance and key role of early firearms in the infantry, which greatly contributed to his victories. Every fourth soldier in the Black Army had an
2132:
6,000 to 8,500 Maltese troops, the Ottomans failed to conquer Malta, sustaining more than 25,000 losses, including one of the greatest Muslim corsair generals of the time,
2038:
time), while failing to gain any ground on the western front, being tied down in the second (after 1555) unsuccessful siege of the southwestern Hungarian border castle of
2517:) was annexed and placed under direct Ottoman control. At the same time, there was another campaign against Austria between 1663 and 1664. Despite being defeated in the
914:, which continued, with interruptions, until 1718. The end of the Crusades, in at least a nominal effort of Catholic Europe against Muslim incursion, came in the 16th
759:
fell to the Ottomans by 1459, the Kingdom of Hungary made a partial reconquest in 1480, but it fell again by 1499. Territories of Serbian Empire were divided between
538:
3056:
The decision to increase taxes to Christian nations in the empire's Balkan provinces resulted in widespread outrage that lead to several revolts. The first was the
5527:
7447:
1009:. This was the first time that a European army defeated such a large Ottoman force, composed not only of raiders, but of the provincial cavalry led by their own
1949:
was actually conquered. The Ottoman campaign continued between 1526 and 1556 with small campaigns and major summer invasions â troops would return south of the
2004:
to mount another attack on Vienna. A temporary truce was signed between the Habsburg and Ottoman Empires in 1547, which was soon disregarded by the Habsburgs.
1281:
against Skanderbeg took place. Its goal was to crush the Albanian Resistance, but it was not successful and it ended in an Albanian victory. With the death of
494:. The Ottoman Empire made further inroads into Central Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries, culminating in the peak of Ottoman territorial claims in Europe.
2504:, the Eastern part of the former Hungarian Kingdom, gained semi-independence in 1526, while paying tribute to the Ottoman Empire. In 1657, Transylvania under
3077:
was organized to deal with the situation and resolve the crisis. However, the Ottoman Empire refused the proposed reforms and withdrew from the Conference.
2933:
independent in domestic matters, the principality had to pay a yearly tax to the Porte and accept the permanent presence of the Ottoman army on its soil).
1884:
426:
4160:
4041:
2852:
Napoleon's capture of Malta on his way to Egypt resulted in the unusual alliance of Russia and the Ottomans resulting in a joint naval expedition to the
262:
7684:
5208:
655:
as a basis for operations in Europe, the Ottoman Empire started its westward expansion into the European continent in the middle of the 14th century.
7689:
3102:
provided independence or autonomy for the Christian nations in the empire's Balkan territories, and drastically restructured the map of the region.
1293:
from 1468 until 1479, but it didn't have the same success as before. Merely two years after the collapse of the Albanian resistance in 1479, Sultan
559:
of 1683â99. Nevertheless, Ottoman armies were able to hold their own against their European rivals until the second half of the eighteenth century.
47:
3285:
1406:
against a Turkish invasion and siege that lasted for more than two and a half decades. During this defense, an elite Croatian military faction of
6573:
5915:
3358:
The Ottomans were able largely to maintain military parity until taken by surprise both on land and at sea in the Russian war from 1768 to 1774.
2546:
419:
3105:
Shortly after the war, Austria-Hungary was allowed to militarily occupy Bosnia, which formally continued to be part of the Ottoman territories.
2345:
2019:âhence, afterwards, borders on this front changed little. For Hungarians, the 1552 campaign was a series of tragic losses and some heroic (but
1313:
2674:
into an ammunitions storehouse. A Venetian mortar hit the Parthenon, detonating the Ottoman gunpowder stored inside, partially destroying it.
798:
7110:
1888:
7273:
6652:
5896:
4504:
3136:
2501:
1926:
considered as the key and southern gate of the Kingdom of Hungary, after two previous sieges, the Ottomans captured this stronghold by the
1744:
1391:
6380:
5094:
4229:
3038:
3017:
57:
2011:, two armies took the eastern part of central Hungary, pushing the borders of the Ottoman Empire to the second (inner) line of northern
7669:
7246:
6647:
1510:
252:
4495:
3323:
2045:
The Ottoman Empire conducted another major war against the Habsburgs and their Hungarian territories between 1566 and 1568. The 1566
487:
4070:
7044:
5591:
4204:
3907:
2771:
2203:
2167:
1717:
1358:
tried to repel the Turks. The Ottoman army conquered Jajce after a few months in 1463 and executed the last King of Bosnia, ending
1123:
394:
4412:
4071:"Od zauzeÄa Bosne do podjele Provincije (1463â1514) â From the book "Suputnici bosanske povijesti", Svjetlo rijeÄi, Sarajevo 1990"
6433:
5010:
2235:
1776:
1727:, temporarily stopping the Ottoman offensive on eastern Venetian territories. The offensive resumed after the Ottoman victory of
1558:
1441:
1163:
922:
sought allies from all quarters, including from German Protestant princes and Muslims. Amongst these, he entered into one of the
7536:
6678:
6625:
6389:
4422:
2552:
2542:
2456:
2452:
26:
5148:
4696:
4452:
4377:
4358:
4149:
4011:
3897:
3567:
1526:
320:
1040:(Belgrade) held up Ottoman expansion into Catholic Europe for 70 years, though for one year (1480â1481) the Italian port of
6556:
6411:
5174:
3057:
1500:) in 1482, they encroached upon Croatia, skillfully avoiding the fortified border towns. A decisive Ottoman victory at the
1346:. The Bosnians defended themselves but without much success. The Bosnians resisted strongly in the Bosnian Royal castle of
1112:
5390:
1968:). In 1532, another attack on Vienna with 60,000 troops in the main army was held up by the small fort (800 defenders) of
7674:
7003:
6718:
6544:
4809:
3123:
to help the Second Cretan Uprising in 1897, Greece was defeated in Thessaly. Crete would gain autonomy in 1898 after the
1108:
923:
389:
5385:
4600:
4321:
2049:, the third siege in which the fort was finally taken, but the aged Sultan died, deterring that year's push for Vienna.
7494:
7034:
7024:
5496:
4710:
4310:
4178:
3868:
3220:
2903:
2838:
2823:
2775:
2764:
2474:
2439:
1076:
587:
542:
407:
3557:
2610:
522:
7039:
6986:
6924:
6612:
6595:
4212:
3952:
3294:
3086:
2963:
2819:
2801:
2786:
2261:
1802:
1584:
1467:
1189:
575:
365:
3116:
2971:
2243:
1784:
1566:
1449:
1171:
7472:
7157:
6956:
6880:
6668:
6324:
5642:
5636:
5631:
5625:
2941:
1234:
355:
2805:
1863:
in 1475, one of the greatest defeats of the Ottoman Empire until that time. Stephen was defeated the next year at
648:
7664:
7659:
7654:
7649:
7644:
7639:
7634:
7629:
7152:
6600:
5669:
5409:
5234:
4853:
4558:
2937:
2518:
2356:
and several other Italian states, with no real result. In 1573 the Venetians left, removing the influence of the
1824:
518:
4045:
1037:
831:
7294:
6991:
6946:
6860:
6838:
6751:
6240:
4593:
4275:
3338:
2239:
1780:
1562:
1445:
1278:
1167:
768:
199:
35:
5421:
7383:
7100:
6821:
6334:
6302:
5891:
5747:
5723:
5658:
5653:
5648:
4488:
4200:
The Muslims of Bosnia-Herzegovina, the Historic Development from Middle Ages to the Dissolution of Yugoslavia
3165:
3124:
3069:
3044:
2983:
2884:
2709:
2651:
2384:
2079:
1930:. The Sultan launched an attack against the weakened kingdom, whose smaller army was defeated in 1526 at the
1673:
1641:
between 1526 and 1528 led to the proclamation of the Second Serbian Empire in modern-day Serbian province of
1485:
1045:
1021:
and were prime motivators for him to undertake along with King WĆadysĆaw the famous expedition known as the "
3685:
2962:
started in 1821. The Great Powers intervened from 1827 in support of the revolutionaries, including Russia (
2752:
was signed, the Ottoman Empire disengaged, allowing Russia to refocus its energies on the defeat of Sweden.
771:, with remaining territories being in some sort of a vassal status towards Hungary, until its own conquest.
7679:
7595:
7467:
7162:
6793:
6773:
6318:
6169:
5978:
5569:
2600:
2486:
1497:
910:
Mediterranean, but it pursued the "Crusade" mostly for its commercial interests, leading to the protracted
571:
227:
217:
2592:
1618:
551:
In the late seventeenth century, European powers began to consolidate against the Ottomans and formed the
7422:
7049:
7029:
6951:
6875:
6620:
6426:
6144:
5988:
5681:
4858:
3973:
2967:
2286:
1298:
1041:
6065:
5283:
5201:
7145:
7120:
6998:
6848:
6685:
6673:
6539:
5503:
5227:
5194:
5153:
4795:
4517:
3032:
2948:
2533:
with Austria, marking the greatest territorial extent of Ottoman rule in the former Hungarian Kingdom.
2433:
1910:
1692:
1325:
980:
943:
697:
619:
604:
502:
479:
471:
330:
325:
315:
310:
275:
5490:
5374:
7323:
6961:
6941:
6588:
6214:
5663:
5396:
5380:
5315:
5050:
5036:
4956:
3074:
2959:
2952:
2907:
2755:
2106:
1696:
Ottoman advances resulted in some of the captive Christians being carried deep into Turkish territory
1386:
1286:
911:
839:
811:
567:
498:
360:
345:
335:
4873:
4188:
Mommsen, Theodor E. (1941). "The Venetians in Athens and the Destruction of the Parthenon in 1687".
3297:, which formally ended in 1922. However, during wartime operations the Empire prevented the British
2144:
and their relevant presence in Malta to aid Christendom in its defence against the Muslim conquest.
1872:
7521:
7187:
6885:
6814:
6583:
6339:
6044:
5834:
5754:
5741:
5614:
5603:
5119:
4919:
4843:
4481:
3120:
2685:
first distinguished himself in 1683 and remained the most important Austrian commander until 1718.
2336:
became the first Ottoman governor of Cyprus, challenging the claims of Venice. Simultaneously, the
2224:
2191:
2001:
1927:
1919:
1765:
1634:
1547:
1430:
1377:
in 1527. BihaÄ and the westernmost areas of Bosnia were finally conquered by the Ottomans in 1592.
1277:
in 1457 where the Albanian Army under Skanderbeg won a decisive victory over the Ottomans. In 1465
1152:
965:
927:
898:
742:
483:
377:
177:
77:
6174:
5441:
5297:
5269:
2778:, in which Austria conquered the remaining areas of the former Hungarian Kingdom, ending with the
1330:
The Ottoman Empire first reached Bosnia in 1388 where they were defeated by Bosnian forces in the
1254:
1214:
briefly restored one part of Albania, until Ottomans captured complete territory of Albania after
1017:. These victories made Hunyadi a prominent enemy of the Ottomans and a renowned figure throughout
7583:
6870:
6843:
6788:
6783:
6635:
6312:
6296:
6256:
6207:
6019:
5983:
5886:
5870:
5839:
5794:
5789:
5760:
5675:
5436:
5361:
5355:
4838:
4766:
4760:
3244:
3099:
2918:
2596:
2490:
2466:
2416:
2228:
1769:
1551:
1434:
1270:
1156:
961:
723:
666:
350:
6630:
5852:
5514:
5468:
4891:
4090:
2794:
2309:
marked the beginning of the Ottoman period in Cyprus. Two months later, the naval forces of the
1868:
7378:
7318:
7306:
7199:
7056:
6549:
6472:
6419:
6250:
6196:
5993:
5966:
5736:
5456:
5415:
5325:
5290:
5142:
5087:
4996:
4989:
4930:
4778:
4750:
4716:
4437:
The Holy Wars of King Wladislas and Sultan Murad: The Ottoman-Christian Conflict from 1438â1444
4112:
3328:
3200:
3061:
3025:
2926:
2914:
2682:
2505:
2290:
2117:
1965:
1709:
1610:
1501:
1355:
1266:
987:
953:
894:
851:
793:
677:
628:
384:
257:
7373:
5765:
4656:
4473:
4237:
1993:
1373:
until 1482. It took another four decades for the Ottomans to defeat the Hungarian garrison at
7526:
7311:
7301:
7268:
7008:
6831:
6220:
6154:
6134:
5961:
5804:
5770:
5255:
5215:
5016:
4975:
4721:
4671:
4537:
4350:
4198:
3091:
2846:
2779:
2741:
2522:
2357:
2141:
2140:, turned the tide and gave Europe hopes and motivation. It also marked the importance of the
2121:
1864:
1060:
1026:
1002:
154:
6441:
6185:
5509:
5426:
5248:
3240:
2046:
1893:
1844:
to discourage the other rebellions. (Bosnia was completely added to Ottoman lands in 1482.)
1721:
1649:
fell in 1459, thus marking the two-century-long Ottoman conquest of Serbian principalities.
1241:. Skanderbeg managed to fend off Ottoman attacks for more than 25 years, culminating at the
287:
7462:
7457:
7442:
7388:
7333:
7217:
7076:
7061:
6909:
6826:
6640:
6245:
6149:
6124:
6090:
6039:
5972:
5881:
5799:
5776:
5730:
5609:
5484:
5462:
5403:
5349:
5338:
5113:
5100:
4968:
4904:
4661:
4627:
4621:
3591:
3333:
3196:
3051:
3021:
2857:
2729:
2560:
2137:
2030:
1954:
1732:
1072:
969:
931:
632:
501:
spanned four centuries, starting in 1423 and lasting until 1718. This period witnessed the
372:
189:
5934:
5136:
4755:
4689:
4639:
3931:
2556:
2485:
Wars fought over Moldavia. The Polish army advanced into Moldavia and was defeated in the
1250:
578:, which further destabilized the empire. The final retreat of Ottoman rule began with the
8:
7338:
7289:
7222:
7172:
7071:
6981:
6929:
6742:
6723:
6509:
6272:
6267:
6191:
6179:
6139:
6095:
5829:
5533:
5446:
5331:
5262:
5062:
4942:
4879:
4677:
4565:
2749:
2678:
2470:
2461:
2314:
2187:
2058:
2015:
s (border castles), which Hungary originally built as defence against an expected second
1935:
1871:), but the Ottomans had to retreat after they failed to take any significant castle (see
919:
863:
784:
730:
681:
194:
184:
5003:
4644:
3915:
3715:
2970:
ended the war in 1829, and forced the Ottomans to accept Greek independence (as the new
1942:
1931:
1331:
973:
583:
7509:
7452:
7432:
7345:
7234:
7177:
6973:
6895:
6561:
6482:
6477:
6354:
6349:
6113:
6106:
6100:
6078:
6049:
6013:
6008:
5998:
5901:
5814:
5809:
5696:
5619:
5549:
5543:
5131:
4982:
4949:
4848:
4833:
4828:
4738:
4733:
4727:
4572:
3739:
3310:
3306:
3095:
2974:), more autonomy for Serbia and the Russian occupation of the Romanian principalities.
2922:
2790:
2737:
2634:
2572:
2353:
2333:
2310:
2306:
2298:
2175:
1946:
1724:
1701:
1274:
1246:
991:
906:
764:
711:
563:
552:
506:
282:
6026:
5956:
5538:
3259:, in 1912 and 1913, entailed further action against the Ottoman Empire in Europe. The
2530:
2190:
was formed against the Ottoman Empire during this period. The League's victory in the
1366:
1211:
340:
7607:
7554:
7516:
7479:
7365:
7350:
7167:
7105:
7092:
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4174:
4145:
4007:
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3190:
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2827:
2745:
2622:
2587:
2429:
2422:
2318:
2148:
1957:
1915:
1848:
1828:
1728:
1713:
1646:
1598:
1481:
1399:
1343:
1056:
1030:
859:
855:
715:
640:
556:
526:
514:
5563:
3699:(1â2). Hungarian Studies Association of Canada, National SzĂ©chĂ©nyi Library: 109â132.
2025:
1339:
1290:
810:. Both the Roman and Avignon popes awarded indulgences and the French king's uncle,
562:
In the nineteenth century the Ottomans were confronted with insurrection from their
7437:
7405:
7227:
7182:
7125:
6778:
6701:
6516:
6307:
5945:
5939:
5783:
5716:
5451:
5159:
4936:
4924:
4898:
4885:
4868:
4703:
4683:
4666:
4650:
4551:
4444:
4166:
3248:
2650:
ensuing war that lasted until 1699, the Ottomans lost almost all of Hungary to the
2638:
2152:
1950:
1909:
Since 1360s Hungary confronted with the Ottoman Empire. The Kingdom of Hungary led
1860:
1836:
1820:
1705:
1606:
1335:
1242:
1215:
1096:
979:
Since 1360s Hungary confronted with the Ottoman Empire. The Kingdom of Hungary led
878:
854:, King of Hungary, led this Crusade which involved several French nobles including
843:
819:
752:
673:
644:
579:
467:
451:
247:
16:
Series of military conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and various European states
3111:
was granted some autonomy in 1878, but then rebelled and joined Bulgaria in 1885.
2633:
Hungarian noblemen rebelling against Habsburg rule. To stop the invasion, another
902:
647:
in 1356 (or in 1358 â disputable due to a change in the Byzantine calendar), (see
7571:
7504:
7484:
7415:
7410:
7355:
7328:
7239:
7212:
6890:
6855:
6359:
6344:
6329:
6225:
6164:
6159:
6119:
6059:
6003:
5951:
5824:
5819:
5574:
5556:
5478:
5367:
5303:
5221:
5106:
4863:
4772:
4744:
4633:
4344:
3108:
2831:
2809:
2760:
2614:
2526:
2478:
2020:
2016:
1506:
1359:
1289:
began to fall. After the death of Skanderbeg, the Albanian Resistance was led by
1262:
1258:
1238:
1207:
1049:
957:
882:
815:
662:
478:
in the late 13th century before entering Europe in the mid-14th century with the
139:
1308:
1128:
7427:
7207:
7130:
6763:
6531:
6492:
6235:
6129:
6084:
5241:
4914:
4508:
4040:
3597:
3302:
3273:
3208:
3065:
2853:
2646:
2642:
2581:
2349:
2325:
2183:
1841:
1708:(1478â79). In 1480, now no longer hampered by the Venetian fleet, the Ottomans
1602:
1374:
1351:
1245:
in 1478â79. During this period, many Albanian victories were achieved like the
1230:
1084:
1080:
847:
827:
760:
748:
726:
703:
685:
658:
463:
39:
4021:
7623:
7559:
7499:
7400:
7140:
7135:
6768:
6713:
6504:
6201:
5043:
4909:
4327:
3993:
3260:
3141:
2630:
2313:, composed mainly of Venetian, Spanish, and Papal ships under the command of
1704:
began in 1463. A favorable peace treaty was signed in 1479 after the lengthy
1613:
to the Turks. In 1459, following the siege, the temporary Serbian capital of
1403:
1075:
in Transylvania in 1479. The battle was the most significant victory for the
1022:
948:
706:
proceeded to advance north and west in the Balkans, completely subordinating
456:
3951:
3721:
2403:
7531:
7489:
7115:
6566:
4273:
4003:
3828:
3745:
2813:
2576:
2341:
2179:
1645:, which was among the last Serbian territories to resist the Ottomans. The
1092:
1029:
being the first major clash of this expedition. Hunyadi was accompanied by
995:
890:
788:
470:
up through the early 20th century. The earliest conflicts began during the
240:
149:
4170:
3956:
2039:
144:
7395:
6706:
3290:
3256:
3081:
3013:
2856:. Their successful capture of these islands led to the setting up of the
2663:
1985:
1832:
1638:
1493:
1370:
1018:
534:
72:
4254:
3231:
3153:
3145:
Public demonstration in the Sultanahmet district of Constantinople, 1908
2872:
2697:
2372:
2067:
1661:
918:
century, when the Franco-Imperial wars assumed continental proportions.
826:
and had reduced Byzantine influence to the area immediately surrounding
67:
4387:
Woodhead, Christine (2008). "New Views on Ottoman History, 1453â1839".
4368:
Urban, William L. (2006). "Baltic Crusades". In Murray, Alan V. (ed.).
3298:
2659:
1626:
1282:
1226:
1010:
807:
530:
99:
3703:
2170:, which lasted from 1570 to 1573, resulted in the Ottoman conquest of
624:
4141:
2671:
2408:
2294:
1997:
1953:
before winter. In 1529, they mounted their first major attack on the
1856:
1816:
1642:
1614:
1294:
1222:
1014:
999:
886:
652:
446:
134:
4283:
3000:
The decline of the Ottoman Empire included the following conflicts.
2213:
1754:
1536:
1419:
1141:
889:
in 1444 and four years later crushed the last Hungarian expedition.
779:
7251:
6578:
3236:
3112:
2988:
2842:
2626:
2606:
2276:
2098:
1989:
1977:
1923:
1918:, the royal power declined. In 1521, Hungary was invaded by Sultan
1905:
The Ottoman campaign in Hungary in 1566, Crimean Tatars as vanguard
1852:
1630:
1622:
1514:
1068:
1064:
874:
835:
475:
204:
159:
7261:
4409:
The Eastern Question 1774â1923: A Study in International Relations
3574:
John Hunyadi accompanied by the cardinal-legate Giuliano Cesarini.
1484:
into Ottoman hands in 1463, the southern and central parts of the
1334:
and then were forced to retreat. After the fall of Serbia in 1389
3269:
3211:. The war ended with the Italian annexation of the Tripolitania.
3024:
joined the war on the side of the Ottoman Empire. Ended with the
2280:
1901:
1489:
1302:
1203:
1088:
1006:
823:
491:
114:
89:
2489:. The next year, the Poles repelled the Turkish invasion in the
2029:(a small fort defended to the last man by just 146 men, and the
1878:
1738:
1625:
was the last major Balkan city to endure Ottoman forces. Serbs,
7256:
6449:
6444:
4503:
4440:
4089:
3840:
3834:
3659:... As Only True Men Can: Nikola Zrinski's Last Stand at Sziget
3264:
2667:
2509:
2329:
2171:
2133:
2113:
2052:
1961:
1407:
1395:
756:
707:
510:
164:
129:
119:
109:
104:
94:
84:
3098:, which was attended by all the Great Powers of the time, the
2849:
took place in 1798â99, but ended due to British intervention.
2496:
998:. In September 1442, Hunyadi defeated a large Ottoman army of
548:
remained the only Greek island not conquered by the Ottomans.
3204:
2670:(conquered by the Ottomans), the Ottomans turned the ancient
2158:
2125:
2023:) victories, which entered folkloreâmost notably the fall of
1735:
and that of a Christian alliance assembled by Pope Paul III.
1597:
As a result of heavy losses inflicted by the Ottomans in the
1347:
719:
545:
4468:
3775:
3537:
3525:
3367:...in Bosnia Jajce under Hungarian garrison held until 1527.
3012:
The Tenth Russo-Turkish War of 1853â56, better known as the
2582:
1683â1699: Great Turkish War â Loss of Hungary and the Morea
3945:
The 1565 Great Siege of Malta and HipĂłlito Sans's La Maltea
3763:
3677:
2733:
2637:
was formed, composed of Austria and Poland (notably in the
2419:(15-year war with Austria, 1593â1606) ends with status quo.
2363:
2337:
1981:
729:
in 1393, and the northwest remnants of the state after the
124:
3930:
3816:
3709:
3620:
3618:
1059:, the standing professional mercenary army was called the
4077:(in Serbo-Croatian). Franciscan Province "Bosna Srebrena"
3727:
2940:
began in 1806 and ended in May 1812, just 13 days before
2929:, and its acknowledgment by the Ottoman Empire (although
2493:. Another conflict started in 1633 but was soon settled.
846:
proclaimed a new Crusade against the Turks, although the
751:, was worn down by a series of campaigns, notably in the
3579:
3513:
2525:, the Ottomans secured recognition of their conquest of
2000:. However, the army of 35â40,000 men was not enough for
1897:
Ottoman soldiers in the territory of present-day Hungary
3637:
3635:
3633:
3615:
3426:
3309:(1915â1916). Nevertheless, under the provisions of the
2826:
followed in 1788; the Austrian war ended with the 1791
2147:
The Ottoman naval victories of this period were in the
1827:. However, the latter was imprisoned by Hungarian king
3794:
3792:
3790:
3438:
3414:
2629:
force of 140,000 men marching on Vienna, supported by
2442:: failed Ottoman attempt to defeat and invade Austria.
1513:. The Viceroy's army, chasing the fleeing remnants at
774:
555:, reversing a number of Ottoman land gains during the
4102:
Kakissis, Joanna (2011). "Athens & the Islands".
3938:. Korean Minjok Leadership Academy. 17 November 2004.
3863:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 169.
3450:
3402:
1976:
In the meantime, in 1538, the Ottoman Empire invaded
1731:(1538), fought between an Ottoman fleet commanded by
574:(1877â78) subjects. This occurred in tandem with the
3630:
3603:
934:
and a number of the Sultan's North African vassals.
4252:
3846:
3787:
3751:
3722:
Castles and History in Northern Transdanubia (2007)
2186:, the Knights of Saint John in Malta and initially
1044:, and in 1493 the Ottoman army successfully raided
598:
3912:All About All Crusades, A Chronological Time-table
3746:Smitha, 16th Century Timeline: 1501 to 1600 (2005)
2112:Ottoman forces invaded and captured the island of
1605:had dissolved into several principalities. In the
747:A significant opponent of the Ottomans, the young
582:(1912â1913), and culminated in the signing of the
513:) in 1571, the defeat of the Ottoman fleet at the
4097:. Korean Minjok Leadership Academy. 13 July 2005.
4042:"The End of Europe's Middle Ages â Ottoman Turks"
3804:
3665:
3467:
3465:
3390:
3214:
2666:. During the 1687 Venetian attack on the city of
2116:in 1522, after two previous failed attempts (see
2103:The siege of Malta â Arrival of the Turkish Fleet
1988:(which today together form the Hungarian capital
1847:The Turkish advance was temporarily halted after
1342:, the Turks began various offensives against the
7621:
4372:. Vol. I: AâC. ABC-CLIO. pp. 184â192.
4228:
3974:"Expansion of the Ottoman Empire From 1300â1600"
3781:
3286:History of the Ottoman Empire during World War I
3064:in April 1876 that was brutally suppressed (see
3003:Albanian rebellions 1820â1822, 1830â1835, 1847.
2197:
1720:. In 1500, a SpanishâVenetian army commanded by
1301:, which failed thanks to Christian recapture of
1132:Albanian assault on a Turkish encampment in 1457
822:in 1389, the Ottomans had conquered most of the
466:and various European states took place from the
4323:Venetian Athens: Venetian Interlude (1684â1689)
3906:
3769:
3598:The End of Europe's Middle Ages â Ottoman Turks
3219:Bulgaro-Macedonian insurrection from 1903. See
3060:in 1875, followed by Bulgarian revolutionaries
3006:Bosnian rebellions 1831â1836, 1836â1837, 1841.
2425:campaign against the Ottoman Empire (1593â1601)
1517:in 1595, sealed the decisive Croatian victory.
818:agreed to withdraw. After their victory at the
490:. Much of this period was characterized by the
3953:"Castles and History in Northern Transdanubia"
3462:
2977:
2536:
2446:
2428:War with Venice 1645â1669 and the conquest of
1652:
1013:(governors) and accompanied by the formidable
6427:
4489:
4419:The Question of Greek Independence, 1821â1833
4020:
3733:
3293:(1914â1918) became the ultimate cause of the
1889:List of campaigns of Suleiman the Magnificent
1879:1526â1566: Conquest of the Kingdom of Hungary
1739:1462â1483: Wallachian and Moldavian campaigns
722:fell in 1382, followed by the capital of the
609:Socioeconomics of the Ottoman enlargement era
427:
3137:Defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire
2925:was the establishment of a semi-independent
2732:took place in 1710â1711 in the basin of the
2053:1522â1573: Rhodes, Malta and the Holy League
1980:. In 1541, another campaign in Hungary took
1885:HabsburgâOttoman wars in Hungary (1526â1568)
1233:who also fought against the Ottomans in the
1117:
702:In the latter half of the 14th century, the
6381:List of Ottoman battles in the 20th century
3890:Ottoman Wars, 1700â1860: An Empire Besieged
3858:
3686:"The Impact of the Ottoman Rule on Hungary"
2804:started in 1768 and ended in 1774 with the
2547:CrimeanâNogai slave raids in Eastern Europe
2497:1657â1683 Conclusion of wars with Habsburgs
2242:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2194:briefly ended Ottoman predominance at sea.
1945:in 1526, only the southwestern part of the
1783:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1565:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1448:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1314:territorial expansion of the Ottoman Empire
1273:and many other battles, culminating in the
1170:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
462:A series of military conflicts between the
6434:
6420:
4496:
4482:
4298:
3652:
3650:
3562:, Princeton University Press, p. 25,
3408:
3094:in early 1878. After deliberations at the
2830:, and the Russian war ended with the 1792
1855:defeated the armies of the Ottoman Sultan
1338:, where the Bosnians participated through
1099:in Italy from the Ottoman Empire in 1481.
1095:for many years thereafter. The Black Army
434:
420:
7685:Invasions by the Ottoman Empire in Europe
4434:
3585:
3543:
3531:
3519:
3324:List of wars involving the Ottoman Empire
2566:
2297:flayed alive by the Turks after a year's
2262:Learn how and when to remove this message
1803:Learn how and when to remove this message
1585:Learn how and when to remove this message
1468:Learn how and when to remove this message
1190:Learn how and when to remove this message
873:As the Ottomans pressed westward, Sultan
842:lost Nicopolis to the Ottomans. In 1394,
505:in 1470, the siege of Malta in 1565, the
7690:Lists of wars by former country involved
4386:
4205:President and Fellows of Harvard College
4101:
3555:
3444:
3420:
3230:
3140:
3130:
3068:). Later in June, Serbia and Montenegro
2987:
2949:MoldavianâWallachian (Romanian) Uprising
2902:
2787:with Russia in 1735 and Austria in 1737.
2774:started in 1714. It overlapped with the
2754:
2605:
2591:
2460:
2402:
2364:1593â1669: Austria, Venice and Wallachia
2285:
2157:
2097:
1900:
1892:
1745:OttomanâWallachian wars (disambiguation)
1691:
1390:
1307:
1127:
947:
778:
623:
445:
4342:
4187:
4110:
4069:Gavran, Fra Ignacije (5 October 2017).
3942:
3822:
3798:
3757:
3656:
3647:
3456:
3226:
2921:in 1815. The result of this successful
2759:Austrian conquest of Belgrade: 1717 by
2477:forces defeated the Ottomans and their
2007:In the major but moderately successful
1509:marked the end of Ottoman rule and the
7622:
7364:
6390:List of Ottoman battles in World War I
4196:
4158:
4068:
4059:
3992:
3835:Habsburg-Ottoman War, 1683â1699 (2005)
3683:
3641:
3624:
3609:
3507:
3471:
3396:
3305:, stopping an Entente invasion in the
3263:first conquered Macedonia and most of
2128:, which was in turn besieged in 1565.
1815:In 1462, Mehmed II was driven back by
870:September, capturing 3,000 prisoners.
6415:
6376:For 20th-century battles before 1914
4477:
4469:Ottoman Empire in the First World War
4367:
4319:
4276:"16th Century Timeline: 1501 to 1600"
3971:
3947:. Malta: Publishers Enterprise Group.
3887:
3810:
3671:
3432:
1520:
1319:
1229:, son of a feudal Albanian Nobleman,
1102:
937:
897:organised a 1456 Crusade to lift the
7590:
7578:
4192:. 45, No. 4 (OctoberâDecember 1941).
4135:
3495:
3483:
3184:
3148:
2917:took place in 1804, followed by the
2867:
2692:
2367:
2317:, defeated the Ottoman fleet at the
2240:adding citations to reliable sources
2207:
2062:
1960:, attempting to conquer the city of
1781:adding citations to reliable sources
1748:
1656:
1563:adding citations to reliable sources
1530:
1446:adding citations to reliable sources
1413:
1168:adding citations to reliable sources
1135:
1124:History of the AlbanianâTurkish wars
1113:Transformation of the Ottoman Empire
862:. The Ottomans defeated them in the
6385:For the battles during World War I
4138:Routledge Companion to the Crusades
3313:(1923) the Empire ultimately fell.
2279:on July 2, 1570, and laid siege to
2162:Battle of Lepanto on 7 October 1571
1996:, and the ex-seat of the cardinal,
1511:Hundred Years' CroatianâOttoman War
1221:The Ottomans faced resistance from
1109:Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire
924:capitulations of the Ottoman Empire
775:Crusades against the Ottoman Empire
691:
613:
13:
4401:
3121:Greece attacked the Ottoman Empire
2951:(starting simultaneously with the
2808:. As a result of this treaty, the
2645:, Vienna had been besieged by the
1225:who gathered around their leader,
588:partitioning of the Ottoman Empire
586:after World War I, leading to the
492:Ottoman expansion into the Balkans
14:
7701:
7670:Wars involving the Ottoman Empire
4462:
4326:. Anagnosis Books. Archived from
4282:. Frank E. Smitha. Archived from
4091:"Habsburg-Ottoman War, 1683â1699"
3710:The Battle of Mohacs, 1526 (2004)
3559:Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time
2508:felt strong enough to attack the
1941:After the Ottoman victory in the
1633:defeated the Turkish army in the
1527:List of SerbianâOttoman conflicts
736:
7601:
7589:
7577:
7566:
7565:
7553:
6957:Court of Jurisdictional Disputes
6443:
4236:. RateItAll, Inc. Archived from
3152:
2871:
2793:was signed with Austria and the
2696:
2371:
2212:
2204:OttomanâVenetian War (1570â1573)
2066:
1753:
1660:
1535:
1418:
1140:
599:Rise of the Ottomans (1299â1453)
46:
7602:
4203:(2nd ed.). United States:
4190:American Journal of Archaeology
4159:Macfie, Alexander Lyon (1996).
3852:
3549:
3501:
3489:
3370:
3361:
3207:), which was controlled by the
3009:War with Montenegro 1852â1853.
2863:
2688:
2340:formed a coalition between the
1354:), where the last Bosnian king
930:while making common cause with
519:largest naval battle in history
482:. The mid-15th century saw the
4162:The Eastern Question 1774â1923
3972:Cline, Austin (25 June 2019).
3657:ZidariÄ, Ćœeljko (2019-09-10).
3477:
3352:
3339:Military of the Ottoman Empire
3295:collapse of the Ottoman Empire
3279:
3272:) to their present borders in
3221:IlindenâPreobrazhenie Uprising
3215:IlindenâPreobrazhenie Uprising
2789:It lasted until 1739 when the
2776:Austro-Turkish War (1716â1718)
2765:Austro-Turkish War (1716â1718)
2625:started in 1683, with a grand
2553:PolishâOttoman War (1672â1676)
2543:PolishâOttoman War (1672â1676)
2469:in 1621, during which a joint
2457:PolishâOttoman War (1633â1634)
2453:PolishâOttoman War (1620â1621)
2440:Austro-Turkish War (1663â1664)
952:Clockwise, from top left: The
812:Louis II, Duke of Bourbon
1:
4389:The English Historical Review
4370:The Crusades: An Encyclopedia
4343:Tyerman, Christopher (2019).
4280:MacroHistory and World Report
4259:MacroHistory and World Report
4111:Leitsch, Walter (July 1983).
3880:
3041:, Bosnia and Serbia in 1862.
2984:Decline of the Ottoman Empire
2942:Napoleon's invasion of Russia
2824:a concurrent war with Austria
2198:1570â1571: Conquest of Cyprus
1005:, the Provincial Governor of
7448:Intangible cultural heritage
6794:Southeastern Anatolia Region
6626:Proclamation of the republic
3932:"The Battle of Mohacs, 1526"
3384:
2652:Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I
2601:Gonzales Franciscus Casteels
1305:and Sultan's death in 1481.
1235:Albanian revolt of 1432â1436
1218:in 1479 and Durrës in 1501.
7:
6719:Ancient peoples of Anatolia
4113:"1683: The Siege of Vienna"
4104:National Geographic Society
3861:A concise history of Russia
3316:
2978:Ottoman decline (1828â1908)
2839:invasion of Egypt and Syria
2537:1672â1676: Poland-Lithuania
2447:1620â1621: Poland-Lithuania
1911:several crusades, campaigns
1653:1463â1503: Wars with Venice
1227:Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg
981:several crusades, campaigns
10:
7706:
7675:Wars involving the Balkans
6550:Conquest of Constantinople
4395:. Oxford University Press.
3859:Bushkovitch, Paul (2012).
3283:
3243:to the Greek Crown Prince
3188:
3134:
3049:
2981:
2585:
2570:
2540:
2450:
2201:
2056:
1882:
1825:Night Attack at TĂąrgoviĆte
1742:
1524:
1384:
1380:
1326:Ottoman conquest of Bosnia
1323:
1202:The Ottomans took much of
1121:
1106:
1036:The defeat in 1456 at the
941:
740:
695:
629:Conquest of Constantinople
617:
605:Rise of the Ottoman Empire
602:
593:
517:in 1571 (at that time the
7549:
7282:
7198:
7091:
7057:The constitutional system
7017:
6972:
6917:
6908:
6802:
6750:
6741:
6694:
6661:
6611:
6589:Second Constitutional Era
6574:Decline and modernization
6530:
6491:
6465:
6456:
6400:Ottoman victories are in
6398:
6372:
6288:
5927:
5914:
5862:
5708:
5695:
5583:
5186:
5173:
5072:
4821:
4808:
4788:
4529:
4516:
4346:The World of the Crusades
4299:Stavrianos, L.S. (1958).
4274:Smitha, Frank E. (2005).
4060:Finkel, Caroline (2004).
3892:. Pearson Education Ltd.
3125:Cretan Revolt (1897â1898)
3075:Constantinople Conference
2960:Greek War of Independence
2908:Greek War of Independence
2033:. The latter was a major
1718:resumed from 1499 to 1503
1118:Wars in Albania and Italy
1055:During the reign of King
990:in the south part of the
651:) which provided it with
7040:Ministry of the Interior
7025:Administrative divisions
6584:First Constitutional Era
4435:Jefferson, John (2012).
3943:Cassola, Arnold (1999).
3888:Aksan, Virginia (2007).
3693:Hungarian Studies Review
3556:Babinger, Franz (1992),
3345:
2992:Ottoman capitulation at
2938:Eighth Russo-Turkish War
2806:Treaty of KĂŒĂ§ĂŒk Kaynarca
2744:after the defeat at the
2730:Fourth Russo-Turkish War
2599:on 12 September 1683 by
2519:Battle of Saint Gotthard
2293:, Venetian commander of
2192:Battle of Lepanto (1571)
2009:Ottoman campaign of 1552
1920:Suleiman the Magnificent
1285:on 17 January 1468, the
1087:did not attack southern
928:Suleiman the Magnificent
920:Francis I of France
529:) in 1669, the Venetian
78:Six Divisions of Cavalry
6987:Parliamentary elections
6789:Eastern Anatolia Region
6784:Central Anatolia Region
6466:Ancient and Middle Ages
3847:Smitha, Ottoman Decline
3195:In 1911, Italy invaded
3100:Treaty of Berlin (1878)
2964:Ninth Russo-Turkish War
2919:Second Serbian Uprising
2820:Another war with Russia
2802:Sixth Russo-Turkish War
2740:. It was instigated by
2677:The war ended with the
1928:Third Siege of Belgrade
1402:led the defense of the
1083:, and as a result, the
1038:siege of Nåndorfehérvår
794:Les Passages d'Outremer
724:Second Bulgarian Empire
667:Second Battle of Kosovo
661:fell in 1453 after the
541:in 1715. The island of
7665:20th-century conflicts
7660:19th-century conflicts
7655:18th-century conflicts
7650:17th-century conflicts
7645:16th-century conflicts
7640:15th-century conflicts
7635:14th-century conflicts
7630:13th-century conflicts
7158:Science and technology
6992:Presidential elections
6473:Prehistory of Anatolia
4302:The Balkans since 1453
4230:"1683 Siege of Vienna"
4197:Pinson, Mark (1996) .
3329:Ottoman wars in Africa
3252:
3203:, Tripolitania became
3201:colonisation of Africa
3146:
3058:Herzegovinian Uprising
2997:
2927:Principality of Serbia
2915:First Serbian Uprising
2910:
2767:
2683:Prince Eugene of Savoy
2662:, which conquered the
2660:expedition into Greece
2618:
2603:
2567:Stagnation (1683â1828)
2482:
2434:Cretan War (1645â1669)
2412:
2302:
2291:Marco Antonio Bragadin
2168:Mediterranean campaign
2163:
2118:Siege of Rhodes (1522)
2109:
2107:Matteo Perez d'Aleccio
1922:, the border fortress
1906:
1898:
1873:siege of NeamÈ Citadel
1697:
1611:fall of Constantinople
1502:Battle of Krbava Field
1492:and, having conquered
1480:After the fall of the
1411:
1316:
1133:
976:
954:Battle of Hermannstadt
944:HungarianâOttoman Wars
895:Giovanni da Capistrano
852:Sigismund of Luxemburg
850:had split the papacy.
802:
783:1475 miniature of the
698:BulgarianâOttoman wars
678:Despotate of the Morea
636:
620:ByzantineâOttoman wars
480:BulgarianâOttoman wars
472:ByzantineâOttoman wars
459:
7153:Free trade agreements
7035:Intelligence Services
6832:North Anatolian Fault
4351:Yale University Press
4171:10.4324/9781315841946
4095:World History at KMLA
3936:World History at KMLA
3908:"The Crusader Period"
3684:PĂĄlffy, GĂ©za (2001).
3234:
3144:
3131:Dissolution (1908â22)
3092:Treaty of San Stefano
2991:
2906:
2780:Treaty of Passarowitz
2758:
2742:Charles XII of Sweden
2641:), Venetians and the
2609:
2595:
2523:Raimondo Montecuccoli
2464:
2406:
2358:Roman Catholic Church
2289:
2161:
2142:Knights of Saint John
2122:Knights of Saint John
2101:
1904:
1896:
1695:
1621:was overrun by 1499.
1394:
1387:CroatianâOttoman wars
1311:
1271:Battle of Oranik 1456
1131:
1061:Black Army of Hungary
1033:during the campaign.
951:
912:OttomanâVenetian Wars
844:Pope Boniface IX
782:
676:states fell in 1461 (
627:
499:OttomanâVenetian wars
488:Albanian-Ottoman wars
449:
7537:World heritage sites
7062:Turkish Armed Forces
6947:Constitutional Court
6861:Flora and vegetation
6839:Environmental issues
6827:East Anatolian Fault
6774:Mediterranean Region
4427:Gerolymatos, André.
4136:Lock, Peter (2006).
3782:1683 Siege of Vienna
3734:Drégelypalånk (2021)
3334:Ottoman wars in Asia
3227:1912â13: Balkan Wars
3197:Ottoman Tripolitania
3080:Russia, inspired by
3070:jointly declared war
3062:starting an uprising
3052:Great Eastern Crisis
2968:Treaty of Adrianople
2858:Septinsular Republic
2822:started in 1787 and
2785:A war erupted again
2772:OttomanâVenetian War
2561:partitions of Poland
2521:on 1 August 1664 by
2236:improve this section
2138:Great Siege of Malta
1869:Battle of Valea AlbÄ
1777:improve this section
1733:Hayreddin Barbarossa
1559:improve this section
1442:improve this section
1164:improve this section
1079:against the raiding
1073:Battle of Breadfield
1025:" in 1443, with the
970:Battle of Breadfield
932:Hayreddin Barbarossa
879:Papal-funded Crusade
743:SerbianâOttoman wars
633:Mehmed the Conqueror
484:SerbianâOttoman wars
452:The relief of Vienna
7680:Invasions of Europe
7106:Banking and Finance
6724:History of Anatolia
6621:War of Independence
6613:Republic of TĂŒrkiye
6510:Battle of Manzikert
4320:Tomkinson, John L.
3825:, pp. 544â556.
3770:The Crusader Period
3435:, pp. 130â135.
3307:Battle of Gallipoli
3119:in 1881, but after
3039:War with Montenegro
2750:Treaty of the Pruth
2679:Treaty of Karlowitz
2611:Siege of ĂrsekĂșjvĂĄr
2315:Don John of Austria
2299:defense of the city
2059:Barbary slave trade
1936:Louis II of Hungary
1916:Matthias of Hungary
1287:Albanian Resistance
1279:Ballaban's Campaign
1057:Matthias of Hungary
877:destroyed the last
864:Battle of Nicopolis
832:they later besieged
785:Battle of Nicopolis
731:Battle of Nicopolis
682:Empire of Trebizond
537:) in the 1680s and
531:reconquest of Morea
390:Sieges and landings
195:Auspicious Incident
7163:Telecommunications
6952:Court of Cassation
6653:Multi-party period
6562:Ottoman Old Regime
6483:Byzantine Anatolia
6478:Classical Anatolia
4240:on 22 October 2007
4026:IranyMagyarorszag!
3959:on 16 October 2007
3918:on 21 October 2007
3546:, p. 286â292.
3534:, p. 278â286.
3510:, pp. 544â545
3498:, pp. 202â203
3311:Treaty of Lausanne
3253:
3164:. You can help by
3147:
3096:Congress of Berlin
2998:
2923:Serbian Revolution
2911:
2883:. You can help by
2791:Treaty of Belgrade
2768:
2738:Great Northern War
2708:. You can help by
2619:
2604:
2573:Ottoman Old Regime
2483:
2413:
2383:. You can help by
2334:Lala Mustafa Pasha
2303:
2164:
2110:
2078:. You can help by
2047:siege of SzigetvĂĄr
1947:Kingdom of Hungary
1907:
1899:
1722:Gonzalo de CĂłrdoba
1716:. War with Venice
1702:Republic of Venice
1700:The wars with the
1698:
1672:. You can help by
1521:Conquest of Serbia
1486:Kingdom of Croatia
1412:
1320:Conquest of Bosnia
1317:
1275:Battle of Albulena
1247:Battle of Torvioll
1216:capture of Shkodër
1134:
1103:Growth (1453â1683)
1097:recaptured Otranto
1069:Louis XI of France
992:Kingdom of Hungary
977:
938:Kingdom of Hungary
907:John of Capistrano
803:
769:Kingdom of Hungary
765:Republic of Venice
637:
576:Russo-Turkish wars
503:fall of Negroponte
460:
288:Ahmet Ali Ăelikten
7617:
7616:
7545:
7544:
7087:
7086:
7030:Foreign relations
7004:Political parties
6904:
6903:
6737:
6736:
6729:History of Thrace
6631:AtatĂŒrk's reforms
6522:Anatolian beyliks
6409:
6408:
6368:
6367:
5919:(1789–1908)
5910:
5909:
5700:(1700–1789)
5691:
5690:
5178:(1550–1700)
5169:
5168:
4813:(1453–1550)
4804:
4803:
4521:(1299–1453)
4454:978-90-04-21904-5
4379:978-1-57607-862-4
4360:978-0-300-21739-1
4261:. Frank E. Smitha
4255:"Ottoman Decline"
4253:Smitha, Frank E.
4151:978-0-415-39312-6
4013:978-0-7126-6633-6
3999:Europe: A History
3899:978-0-582-30807-7
3661:. Ćœeljko ZidariÄ.
3627:, pp. 39â44.
3569:978-0-691-01078-6
3409:Stavrianos (1958)
3191:Italo-Turkish War
3185:Italo-Turkish War
3182:
3181:
3087:Russo-Turkish War
2972:Kingdom of Greece
2901:
2900:
2828:Treaty of Sistova
2812:became a Russian
2746:Battle of Poltava
2736:, as part of the
2726:
2725:
2623:Great Turkish War
2613:in what is today
2588:Great Turkish War
2557:Treaty of ƻurawno
2506:George II RĂĄkĂłczi
2471:Ukrainian Cossack
2423:Michael the Brave
2401:
2400:
2319:Battle of Lepanto
2307:fall of Famagusta
2272:
2271:
2264:
2149:Battle of Preveza
2124:were banished to
2096:
2095:
1958:Habsburg monarchy
1849:Stephen the Great
1829:Matthias Corvinus
1813:
1812:
1805:
1690:
1689:
1647:Serbian Despotate
1635:siege of Belgrade
1599:Battle of Maritsa
1595:
1594:
1587:
1482:Kingdom of Bosnia
1478:
1477:
1470:
1356:Stjepan TomaĆĄeviÄ
1344:Kingdom of Bosnia
1251:Battle of Otonetë
1200:
1199:
1192:
1042:Otranto was taken
1031:Giuliano Cesarini
966:Siege of Belgrade
899:Siege of Belgrade
856:John the Fearless
716:Battle of Maritsa
557:Great Turkish War
515:Battle of Lepanto
507:fall of Famagusta
444:
443:
7697:
7605:
7604:
7593:
7592:
7581:
7580:
7569:
7568:
7557:
7362:
7361:
7247:Cities and towns
7228:Turkish language
7183:Turkish Airlines
6999:Electoral system
6962:Council of State
6915:
6914:
6849:Waste management
6779:Black Sea Region
6757:
6748:
6747:
6702:Turkic migration
6648:One-party period
6517:Sultanate of Rum
6463:
6462:
6448:
6447:
6436:
6429:
6422:
6413:
6412:
6303:2nd Kerch Strait
5925:
5924:
5920:
5892:1st Kerch Strait
5706:
5705:
5701:
5184:
5183:
5179:
5149:Strait of Hormuz
5011:Peñón of Algiers
4819:
4818:
4814:
4527:
4526:
4522:
4498:
4491:
4484:
4475:
4474:
4458:
4445:Brill Publishers
4396:
4383:
4364:
4339:
4337:
4335:
4316:
4295:
4293:
4291:
4270:
4268:
4266:
4249:
4247:
4245:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4193:
4184:
4165:(2nd ed.).
4155:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4107:
4098:
4086:
4084:
4082:
4065:
4056:
4054:
4053:
4044:. Archived from
4037:
4035:
4033:
4017:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3968:
3966:
3964:
3955:. Archived from
3948:
3939:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3914:. Archived from
3903:
3875:
3874:
3856:
3850:
3844:
3838:
3832:
3826:
3820:
3814:
3808:
3802:
3796:
3785:
3779:
3773:
3767:
3761:
3755:
3749:
3743:
3737:
3731:
3725:
3719:
3713:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3695:(in Hungarian).
3690:
3681:
3675:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3654:
3645:
3639:
3628:
3622:
3613:
3607:
3601:
3595:
3589:
3583:
3577:
3576:
3553:
3547:
3541:
3535:
3529:
3523:
3517:
3511:
3505:
3499:
3493:
3487:
3481:
3475:
3469:
3460:
3454:
3448:
3442:
3436:
3430:
3424:
3418:
3412:
3406:
3400:
3394:
3378:
3374:
3368:
3365:
3359:
3356:
3249:First Balkan War
3177:
3174:
3156:
3149:
3031:Second war with
2953:Greek Revolution
2896:
2893:
2875:
2868:
2721:
2718:
2700:
2693:
2639:Battle of Vienna
2617:, Slovakia, 1685
2597:Battle of Vienna
2491:Battle of Khotyn
2487:Battle of ĆąuĆŁora
2467:Battle of Khotyn
2396:
2393:
2375:
2368:
2328:first conquered
2267:
2260:
2256:
2253:
2247:
2216:
2208:
2153:Battle of Djerba
2091:
2088:
2070:
2063:
1951:Balkan Mountains
1943:Battle of MohĂĄcs
1932:Battle of MohĂĄcs
1861:Battle of Vaslui
1821:Vlad III Dracula
1808:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1788:
1757:
1749:
1714:captured Otranto
1706:siege of Shkodra
1685:
1682:
1664:
1657:
1607:Battle of Kosovo
1590:
1583:
1579:
1576:
1570:
1539:
1531:
1473:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1453:
1422:
1414:
1336:Battle of Kosovo
1332:Battle of BileÄa
1299:Italian campaign
1243:siege of Shkodra
1195:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1175:
1144:
1136:
988:Battle of Szeben
974:Battle of MohĂĄcs
962:Battle of Kosovo
917:
869:
820:Battle of Kosovo
753:Battle of Kosovo
692:Bulgarian Empire
645:Byzantine Empire
643:to the weakened
614:Byzantine Empire
584:Treaty of SĂšvres
580:First Balkan War
570:(1821â1832) and
468:Late Middle Ages
436:
429:
422:
248:Imperial Arsenal
222:
62:
50:
21:
20:
7705:
7704:
7700:
7699:
7698:
7696:
7695:
7694:
7620:
7619:
7618:
7613:
7541:
7360:
7356:Women in Turkey
7324:Law enforcement
7278:
7274:Life expectancy
7240:Islam in Turkey
7194:
7083:
7045:National Police
7013:
6968:
6900:
6891:Turkish Riviera
6798:
6755:
6754:
6733:
6690:
6657:
6636:Language reform
6607:
6526:
6487:
6452:
6442:
6440:
6410:
6405:
6394:
6364:
6325:6th Dardanelles
6319:5th Dardanelles
6284:
5918:
5917:
5906:
5858:
5699:
5698:
5687:
5643:4th Dardanelles
5637:3rd Dardanelles
5632:2nd Dardanelles
5626:1st Dardanelles
5579:
5391:2nd ZrĂnyiĂșjvĂĄr
5386:1st ZrĂnyiĂșjvĂĄr
5381:Jurjeve Stijene
5177:
5176:
5165:
5068:
4812:
4811:
4800:
4784:
4520:
4519:
4512:
4502:
4465:
4455:
4429:The Balkan Wars
4404:
4402:Further reading
4399:
4380:
4361:
4333:
4331:
4330:on 30 June 2017
4313:
4289:
4287:
4264:
4262:
4243:
4241:
4219:
4217:
4215:
4181:
4152:
4126:
4124:
4080:
4078:
4051:
4049:
4031:
4029:
4022:"Drégelypalånk"
4014:
3983:
3981:
3978:Learn Religions
3962:
3960:
3921:
3919:
3900:
3883:
3878:
3871:
3857:
3853:
3845:
3841:
3833:
3829:
3821:
3817:
3809:
3805:
3797:
3788:
3780:
3776:
3768:
3764:
3756:
3752:
3744:
3740:
3732:
3728:
3720:
3716:
3708:
3704:
3688:
3682:
3678:
3670:
3666:
3655:
3648:
3640:
3631:
3623:
3616:
3608:
3604:
3596:
3592:
3584:
3580:
3570:
3554:
3550:
3542:
3538:
3530:
3526:
3518:
3514:
3506:
3502:
3494:
3490:
3482:
3478:
3470:
3463:
3455:
3451:
3445:Woodhead (2008)
3443:
3439:
3431:
3427:
3421:Kakissis (2011)
3419:
3415:
3407:
3403:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3382:
3381:
3375:
3371:
3366:
3362:
3357:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3319:
3288:
3282:
3229:
3217:
3193:
3187:
3178:
3172:
3169:
3162:needs expansion
3139:
3133:
3109:Eastern Rumelia
3054:
3045:Cretan Uprising
3026:Treaty of Paris
3016:, in which the
2986:
2980:
2897:
2891:
2888:
2881:needs expansion
2866:
2832:Treaty of Jassy
2810:Crimean Khanate
2761:Eugene of Savoy
2722:
2716:
2713:
2706:needs expansion
2691:
2590:
2584:
2579:
2569:
2555:ended with the
2549:
2541:Main articles:
2539:
2531:Peace of VasvĂĄr
2499:
2459:
2451:Main articles:
2449:
2397:
2391:
2388:
2381:needs expansion
2366:
2268:
2257:
2251:
2248:
2233:
2217:
2206:
2200:
2178:of Venice, the
2151:(1538) and the
2092:
2086:
2083:
2076:needs expansion
2061:
2055:
2017:Mongol invasion
1966:siege of Vienna
1891:
1881:
1809:
1798:
1792:
1789:
1774:
1758:
1747:
1741:
1710:besieged Rhodes
1686:
1680:
1677:
1670:needs expansion
1655:
1629:, and European
1591:
1580:
1574:
1571:
1556:
1540:
1529:
1523:
1507:Battle of Sisak
1474:
1463:
1457:
1454:
1439:
1423:
1389:
1383:
1367:House of KosaÄa
1360:Medieval Bosnia
1328:
1322:
1267:Battle of Mokra
1263:Battle of Ohrid
1259:Battle of Polog
1239:Gjergj Arianiti
1212:League of Lezhë
1208:Battle of Savra
1196:
1185:
1179:
1176:
1161:
1145:
1126:
1120:
1115:
1105:
958:Battle of Varna
946:
940:
915:
867:
834:. In 1393, the
777:
745:
739:
700:
694:
665:(1444) and the
663:Battle of Varna
641:striking a blow
622:
616:
611:
601:
596:
440:
400:
399:
301:
293:
292:
278:
268:
267:
243:
233:
232:
223:
220:
210:
209:
190:Sekban-i Djedid
180:
170:
169:
63:
60:
38:
36:Military of the
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7703:
7693:
7692:
7687:
7682:
7677:
7672:
7667:
7662:
7657:
7652:
7647:
7642:
7637:
7632:
7615:
7614:
7612:
7611:
7599:
7587:
7575:
7563:
7550:
7547:
7546:
7543:
7542:
7540:
7539:
7534:
7529:
7524:
7519:
7514:
7513:
7512:
7502:
7497:
7492:
7487:
7482:
7477:
7476:
7475:
7473:Radio stations
7470:
7465:
7455:
7450:
7445:
7440:
7435:
7430:
7425:
7420:
7419:
7418:
7408:
7403:
7398:
7393:
7392:
7391:
7386:
7376:
7370:
7368:
7359:
7358:
7353:
7348:
7343:
7342:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7321:
7316:
7315:
7314:
7304:
7299:
7298:
7297:
7286:
7284:
7280:
7279:
7277:
7276:
7271:
7266:
7265:
7264:
7259:
7254:
7244:
7243:
7242:
7232:
7231:
7230:
7220:
7215:
7210:
7208:Turkish people
7204:
7202:
7196:
7195:
7193:
7192:
7191:
7190:
7185:
7180:
7173:Transportation
7170:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7149:
7148:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7123:
7118:
7113:
7108:
7103:
7097:
7095:
7089:
7088:
7085:
7084:
7082:
7081:
7080:
7079:
7074:
7069:
7059:
7054:
7053:
7052:
7047:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7021:
7019:
7015:
7014:
7012:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6995:
6994:
6989:
6978:
6976:
6970:
6969:
6967:
6966:
6965:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6939:
6938:
6937:
6927:
6921:
6919:
6912:
6906:
6905:
6902:
6901:
6899:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6881:National parks
6878:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6852:
6851:
6846:
6836:
6835:
6834:
6829:
6819:
6818:
6817:
6815:Climate change
6806:
6804:
6800:
6799:
6797:
6796:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6764:Marmara Region
6760:
6758:
6756:(west to east)
6745:
6739:
6738:
6735:
6734:
6732:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6710:
6709:
6698:
6696:
6692:
6691:
6689:
6688:
6683:
6682:
6681:
6671:
6669:Constitutional
6665:
6663:
6659:
6658:
6656:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6644:
6643:
6638:
6628:
6623:
6617:
6615:
6609:
6608:
6606:
6605:
6604:
6603:
6593:
6592:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6571:
6570:
6569:
6559:
6557:Transformation
6554:
6553:
6552:
6542:
6536:
6534:
6532:Ottoman Empire
6528:
6527:
6525:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6513:
6512:
6501:
6499:
6489:
6488:
6486:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6469:
6467:
6460:
6454:
6453:
6439:
6438:
6431:
6424:
6416:
6407:
6406:
6399:
6396:
6395:
6393:
6392:
6383:
6373:
6370:
6369:
6366:
6365:
6363:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6322:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6292:
6290:
6286:
6285:
6283:
6282:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6211:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6110:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6081:
6076:
6069:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6030:
6023:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5942:
5937:
5931:
5929:
5922:
5912:
5911:
5908:
5907:
5905:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5866:
5864:
5860:
5859:
5857:
5856:
5849:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5780:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5751:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5727:
5720:
5712:
5710:
5703:
5693:
5692:
5689:
5688:
5686:
5685:
5678:
5673:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5622:
5617:
5615:Cape Celidonia
5612:
5607:
5600:
5595:
5587:
5585:
5581:
5580:
5578:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5560:
5553:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5524:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5500:
5493:
5488:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5412:
5410:Saint Gotthard
5407:
5400:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5371:
5364:
5359:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5335:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5306:
5301:
5294:
5287:
5284:AlcĂĄcer Quibir
5280:
5273:
5266:
5259:
5252:
5245:
5238:
5231:
5224:
5219:
5212:
5205:
5198:
5190:
5188:
5181:
5175:Transformation
5171:
5170:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5163:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5122:
5117:
5110:
5103:
5098:
5091:
5084:
5076:
5074:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5066:
5059:
5054:
5047:
5040:
5033:
5026:
5019:
5014:
5007:
5000:
4993:
4986:
4979:
4972:
4965:
4960:
4953:
4946:
4939:
4934:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4895:
4888:
4883:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4825:
4823:
4816:
4806:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4798:
4792:
4790:
4786:
4785:
4783:
4782:
4779:Constantinople
4775:
4770:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4707:
4700:
4693:
4686:
4681:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4630:
4625:
4618:
4611:
4604:
4597:
4590:
4583:
4576:
4569:
4562:
4555:
4548:
4541:
4533:
4531:
4524:
4514:
4513:
4509:Ottoman Empire
4507:involving the
4501:
4500:
4493:
4486:
4478:
4472:
4471:
4464:
4463:External links
4461:
4460:
4459:
4453:
4432:
4425:
4417:Crawley, C.W.
4415:
4407:Anderson M.S.
4403:
4400:
4398:
4397:
4384:
4378:
4365:
4359:
4340:
4317:
4312:978-0814797662
4311:
4296:
4286:on 26 May 2008
4271:
4250:
4226:
4213:
4194:
4185:
4180:978-1315841946
4179:
4156:
4150:
4133:
4108:
4099:
4087:
4075:Bosna Srebrena
4066:
4064:. Basic Books.
4057:
4038:
4018:
4012:
3994:Davies, Norman
3990:
3969:
3949:
3940:
3928:
3904:
3898:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3870:978-0521543231
3869:
3851:
3839:
3827:
3823:Mommsen (1941)
3815:
3803:
3799:Leitsch (1983)
3786:
3774:
3762:
3758:Cassola (1999)
3750:
3738:
3726:
3714:
3702:
3676:
3664:
3646:
3629:
3614:
3602:
3590:
3588:, p. 292.
3586:Jefferson 2012
3578:
3568:
3548:
3544:Jefferson 2012
3536:
3532:Jefferson 2012
3524:
3522:, p. 278.
3520:Jefferson 2012
3512:
3500:
3488:
3476:
3461:
3459:, p. 402.
3449:
3447:, p. 983.
3437:
3425:
3423:, p. 224.
3413:
3401:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3369:
3360:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3303:Constantinople
3301:from reaching
3284:Main article:
3281:
3278:
3274:Eastern Thrace
3228:
3225:
3216:
3213:
3209:Ottoman Empire
3189:Main article:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3159:
3157:
3132:
3129:
3066:Batak massacre
3035:in 1858â1859.
3018:United Kingdom
2979:
2976:
2899:
2898:
2878:
2876:
2865:
2862:
2854:Ionian Islands
2724:
2723:
2703:
2701:
2690:
2687:
2647:Ottoman Empire
2643:Russian Empire
2586:Main article:
2583:
2580:
2568:
2565:
2538:
2535:
2498:
2495:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2437:
2426:
2420:
2399:
2398:
2378:
2376:
2365:
2362:
2326:Ottoman Empire
2270:
2269:
2220:
2218:
2211:
2202:Main article:
2199:
2196:
2094:
2093:
2073:
2071:
2054:
2051:
1994:Székesfehérvår
1880:
1877:
1842:Constantinople
1811:
1810:
1761:
1759:
1752:
1740:
1737:
1725:took Kefalonia
1688:
1687:
1667:
1665:
1654:
1651:
1603:Serbian Empire
1593:
1592:
1543:
1541:
1534:
1525:Main article:
1522:
1519:
1476:
1475:
1426:
1424:
1417:
1385:Main article:
1382:
1379:
1375:Jajce Fortress
1352:siege of Jajce
1340:Vlatko VukoviÄ
1324:Main article:
1321:
1318:
1291:Lekë Dukagjini
1255:siege of Krujë
1231:Gjon Kastrioti
1198:
1197:
1148:
1146:
1139:
1122:Main article:
1119:
1116:
1104:
1101:
942:Main article:
939:
936:
848:Western Schism
828:Constantinople
776:
773:
761:Ottoman Empire
749:Serbian Empire
741:Main article:
738:
737:Serbian Empire
735:
704:Ottoman Empire
696:Main article:
693:
690:
686:Ottoman Greece
672:The remaining
659:Constantinople
649:SĂŒleyman Pasha
618:Main article:
615:
612:
600:
597:
595:
592:
543:Venetian-ruled
539:its loss again
523:fall of Candia
464:Ottoman Empire
442:
441:
439:
438:
431:
424:
416:
413:
412:
411:
410:
402:
401:
398:
397:
392:
387:
382:
381:
380:
370:
369:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
302:
299:
298:
295:
294:
291:
290:
285:
279:
274:
273:
270:
269:
266:
265:
260:
258:Kapudan Pashas
255:
250:
244:
239:
238:
235:
234:
231:
230:
224:
216:
215:
212:
211:
208:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
185:Nizam-i Djedid
181:
176:
175:
172:
171:
168:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
81:
80:
75:
64:
58:Classical army
56:
55:
52:
51:
43:
42:
40:Ottoman Empire
32:
31:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7702:
7691:
7688:
7686:
7683:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7653:
7651:
7648:
7646:
7643:
7641:
7638:
7636:
7633:
7631:
7628:
7627:
7625:
7610:
7609:
7600:
7598:
7597:
7588:
7586:
7585:
7576:
7574:
7573:
7564:
7562:
7561:
7556:
7552:
7551:
7548:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7530:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7515:
7511:
7508:
7507:
7506:
7503:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7481:
7478:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7460:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7451:
7449:
7446:
7444:
7441:
7439:
7436:
7434:
7431:
7429:
7426:
7424:
7421:
7417:
7414:
7413:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7382:
7381:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7371:
7369:
7367:
7363:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7326:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7313:
7310:
7309:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7296:
7293:
7292:
7291:
7288:
7287:
7285:
7281:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7249:
7248:
7245:
7241:
7238:
7237:
7236:
7233:
7229:
7226:
7225:
7224:
7221:
7219:
7216:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7205:
7203:
7201:
7197:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7175:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7128:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7098:
7096:
7094:
7090:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7064:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7042:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7022:
7020:
7016:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6984:
6983:
6980:
6979:
6977:
6975:
6971:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6944:
6943:
6940:
6936:
6933:
6932:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6922:
6920:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6907:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6844:Air pollution
6842:
6841:
6840:
6837:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6824:
6823:
6820:
6816:
6813:
6812:
6811:
6808:
6807:
6805:
6801:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6769:Aegean Region
6767:
6765:
6762:
6761:
6759:
6753:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6740:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6714:Turkification
6712:
6708:
6705:
6704:
6703:
6700:
6699:
6697:
6693:
6687:
6684:
6680:
6677:
6676:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6666:
6664:
6660:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6633:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6618:
6616:
6614:
6610:
6602:
6599:
6598:
6597:
6594:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6576:
6575:
6572:
6568:
6565:
6564:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6551:
6548:
6547:
6546:
6545:Classical Age
6543:
6541:
6538:
6537:
6535:
6533:
6529:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6511:
6508:
6507:
6506:
6505:Seljuk Empire
6503:
6502:
6500:
6498:
6494:
6490:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6470:
6468:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6455:
6451:
6446:
6437:
6432:
6430:
6425:
6423:
6418:
6417:
6414:
6403:
6397:
6391:
6388:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6375:
6374:
6371:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6320:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6298:
6294:
6293:
6291:
6289:Naval battles
6287:
6281:
6280:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6258:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6241:Philippopolis
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6216:
6212:
6210:
6209:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6187:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6115:
6111:
6109:
6108:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6086:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6074:
6070:
6068:
6067:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6035:
6031:
6029:
6028:
6024:
6022:
6021:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5974:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5947:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5932:
5930:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5916:Modernization
5913:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5872:
5868:
5867:
5865:
5863:Naval battles
5861:
5855:
5854:
5850:
5848:
5847:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5785:
5781:
5779:
5778:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5756:
5752:
5750:
5749:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5732:
5728:
5726:
5725:
5721:
5719:
5718:
5714:
5713:
5711:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5694:
5684:
5683:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5671:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5644:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5627:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5605:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5593:
5589:
5588:
5586:
5584:Naval battles
5582:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5565:
5561:
5559:
5558:
5554:
5552:
5551:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5529:
5525:
5523:
5522:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5505:
5501:
5499:
5498:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5486:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5464:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5417:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5405:
5401:
5399:
5398:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5376:
5372:
5370:
5369:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5357:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5340:
5336:
5334:
5333:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5311:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5299:
5295:
5293:
5292:
5288:
5286:
5285:
5281:
5279:
5278:
5274:
5272:
5271:
5267:
5265:
5264:
5260:
5258:
5257:
5253:
5251:
5250:
5246:
5244:
5243:
5239:
5237:
5236:
5232:
5230:
5229:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5217:
5213:
5211:
5210:
5206:
5204:
5203:
5199:
5197:
5196:
5192:
5191:
5189:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5172:
5162:
5161:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5144:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5127:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5115:
5111:
5109:
5108:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5096:
5092:
5090:
5089:
5085:
5083:
5082:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5073:Naval battles
5071:
5065:
5064:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5052:
5048:
5046:
5045:
5041:
5039:
5038:
5034:
5032:
5031:
5027:
5025:
5024:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5012:
5008:
5006:
5005:
5001:
4999:
4998:
4994:
4992:
4991:
4987:
4985:
4984:
4980:
4978:
4977:
4973:
4971:
4970:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4958:
4954:
4952:
4951:
4947:
4945:
4944:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4932:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4900:
4896:
4894:
4893:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4881:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4826:
4824:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4810:Classical Age
4807:
4797:
4794:
4793:
4791:
4789:Naval battles
4787:
4781:
4780:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4768:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4746:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4729:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4712:
4708:
4706:
4705:
4701:
4699:
4698:
4694:
4692:
4691:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4679:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4652:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4635:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4623:
4619:
4617:
4616:
4612:
4610:
4609:
4605:
4603:
4602:
4598:
4596:
4595:
4591:
4589:
4588:
4584:
4582:
4581:
4577:
4575:
4574:
4570:
4568:
4567:
4563:
4561:
4560:
4556:
4554:
4553:
4549:
4547:
4546:
4542:
4540:
4539:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4515:
4510:
4506:
4499:
4494:
4492:
4487:
4485:
4480:
4479:
4476:
4470:
4467:
4466:
4456:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4433:
4430:
4426:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4405:
4394:
4390:
4385:
4381:
4375:
4371:
4366:
4362:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4347:
4341:
4329:
4325:
4324:
4318:
4314:
4308:
4305:. NYU Press.
4304:
4303:
4297:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4272:
4260:
4256:
4251:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4216:
4214:0-932885-12-8
4210:
4206:
4202:
4201:
4195:
4191:
4186:
4182:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4163:
4157:
4153:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4134:
4122:
4118:
4117:History Today
4114:
4109:
4105:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4076:
4072:
4067:
4063:
4062:Osman's Dream
4058:
4048:on 2013-09-03
4047:
4043:
4039:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4009:
4005:
4001:
4000:
3995:
3991:
3979:
3975:
3970:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3895:
3891:
3886:
3885:
3872:
3866:
3862:
3855:
3848:
3843:
3836:
3831:
3824:
3819:
3812:
3807:
3800:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3783:
3778:
3771:
3766:
3759:
3754:
3747:
3742:
3735:
3730:
3723:
3718:
3711:
3706:
3698:
3694:
3687:
3680:
3673:
3668:
3660:
3653:
3651:
3644:, p. 11.
3643:
3642:Pinson (1996)
3638:
3636:
3634:
3626:
3625:Gavran (1990)
3621:
3619:
3612:, p. 20.
3611:
3610:Finkel (2004)
3606:
3599:
3594:
3587:
3582:
3575:
3571:
3565:
3561:
3560:
3552:
3545:
3540:
3533:
3528:
3521:
3516:
3509:
3504:
3497:
3492:
3486:, p. 200
3485:
3480:
3474:, p. 448
3473:
3468:
3466:
3458:
3453:
3446:
3441:
3434:
3429:
3422:
3417:
3410:
3405:
3398:
3397:Macfie (1996)
3393:
3389:
3373:
3364:
3355:
3351:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3287:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3266:
3262:
3261:Balkan League
3258:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3235:Surrender of
3233:
3224:
3222:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3192:
3176:
3167:
3163:
3160:This section
3158:
3155:
3151:
3150:
3143:
3138:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3115:was ceded to
3114:
3110:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3076:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3034:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3001:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2909:
2905:
2895:
2886:
2882:
2879:This section
2877:
2874:
2870:
2869:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2798:
2797:with Russia.
2796:
2795:Treaty of NiĆĄ
2792:
2788:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2766:
2763:, during the
2762:
2757:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2720:
2711:
2707:
2704:This section
2702:
2699:
2695:
2694:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2655:
2653:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2589:
2578:
2574:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2544:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2454:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2405:
2395:
2386:
2382:
2379:This section
2377:
2374:
2370:
2369:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2324:In 1570, the
2322:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2266:
2263:
2255:
2252:November 2016
2245:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2221:This section
2219:
2215:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2160:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2090:
2081:
2077:
2074:This section
2072:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2050:
2048:
2043:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2031:siege of Eger
2028:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1903:
1895:
1890:
1886:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1843:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1807:
1804:
1796:
1793:November 2016
1786:
1782:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1762:This section
1760:
1756:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1694:
1684:
1675:
1671:
1668:This section
1666:
1663:
1659:
1658:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1601:in 1371, the
1600:
1589:
1586:
1578:
1575:November 2016
1568:
1564:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1544:This section
1542:
1538:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1472:
1469:
1461:
1458:November 2016
1451:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1427:This section
1425:
1421:
1416:
1415:
1409:
1405:
1404:Klis Fortress
1401:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1327:
1315:
1312:A map of the
1310:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1194:
1191:
1183:
1180:November 2016
1173:
1169:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1149:This section
1147:
1143:
1138:
1137:
1130:
1125:
1114:
1110:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1027:Battle of NiĆĄ
1024:
1023:Long Campaign
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
984:
982:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
950:
945:
935:
933:
929:
925:
921:
913:
908:
904:
903:Ăneas Sylvius
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
875:Murad II
871:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
840:Ivan Shishman
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
816:Tunis crusade
813:
809:
800:
796:
795:
790:
786:
781:
772:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
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744:
734:
732:
728:
725:
721:
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683:
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675:
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664:
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642:
634:
630:
626:
621:
610:
606:
591:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
566:(1804â1817),
565:
560:
558:
554:
549:
547:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
495:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
458:
457:Frans Geffels
454:
453:
448:
437:
432:
430:
425:
423:
418:
417:
415:
414:
409:
406:
405:
404:
403:
396:
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367:
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319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
308:
307:
304:
303:
297:
296:
289:
286:
284:
283:Vecihi HĂŒrkuĆ
281:
280:
277:
272:
271:
264:
263:Naval battles
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
245:
242:
237:
236:
229:
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214:
213:
206:
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186:
183:
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179:
178:Reform period
174:
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45:
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41:
37:
34:
33:
28:
23:
22:
19:
7606:
7594:
7582:
7570:
7558:
7443:Illumination
7379:Architecture
7307:Human rights
7295:Universities
7213:Ethnic Kurds
7200:Demographics
7111:Construction
6401:
6386:
6377:
6317:
6295:
6277:
6255:
6213:
6206:
6184:
6112:
6105:
6083:
6071:
6064:
6032:
6025:
6018:
5971:
5944:
5928:Land battles
5869:
5851:
5844:
5782:
5775:
5753:
5746:
5742:2nd Belgrade
5737:Petrovaradin
5729:
5722:
5715:
5709:Land battles
5680:
5668:
5641:
5624:
5602:
5590:
5562:
5555:
5548:
5528:Egri Palanka
5526:
5519:
5502:
5495:
5483:
5461:
5414:
5402:
5395:
5373:
5366:
5354:
5337:
5330:
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5296:
5289:
5282:
5275:
5268:
5261:
5254:
5247:
5240:
5233:
5226:
5214:
5207:
5200:
5193:
5187:Land battles
5158:
5154:Gulf of Oman
5141:
5124:
5112:
5105:
5093:
5086:
5079:
5061:
5049:
5042:
5035:
5028:
5021:
5009:
5002:
4995:
4988:
4981:
4974:
4967:
4962:
4955:
4948:
4941:
4929:
4897:
4890:
4878:
4844:1st Belgrade
4822:Land battles
4777:
4765:
4743:
4726:
4717:Hermannstadt
4709:
4702:
4697:Thessalonica
4695:
4688:
4676:
4649:
4632:
4622:Philadelphia
4620:
4613:
4606:
4601:Sırp SındıÄı
4599:
4592:
4585:
4578:
4571:
4564:
4557:
4550:
4543:
4538:Kulaca Hisar
4536:
4530:Land battles
4436:
4428:
4418:
4408:
4392:
4388:
4369:
4345:
4332:. Retrieved
4328:the original
4322:
4301:
4288:. Retrieved
4284:the original
4279:
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4258:
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4238:the original
4233:
4218:. Retrieved
4199:
4189:
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4125:. Retrieved
4120:
4116:
4103:
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4079:. Retrieved
4074:
4061:
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4030:. Retrieved
4025:
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3977:
3961:. Retrieved
3957:the original
3944:
3935:
3920:. Retrieved
3916:the original
3911:
3889:
3860:
3854:
3842:
3830:
3818:
3806:
3777:
3765:
3753:
3741:
3729:
3717:
3705:
3696:
3692:
3679:
3672:Cline (2019)
3667:
3658:
3605:
3593:
3581:
3573:
3558:
3551:
3539:
3527:
3515:
3503:
3491:
3479:
3457:Tyerman 2019
3452:
3440:
3433:Aksan (2007)
3428:
3416:
3404:
3392:
3372:
3363:
3354:
3289:
3254:
3218:
3199:(During the
3194:
3170:
3166:adding to it
3161:
3107:
3104:
3079:
3055:
3043:
3037:
3030:
3011:
3008:
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3002:
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2946:
2935:
2930:
2912:
2889:
2885:adding to it
2880:
2864:19th century
2851:
2836:
2818:
2814:client state
2799:
2784:
2769:
2727:
2714:
2710:adding to it
2705:
2689:18th century
2676:
2656:
2620:
2577:Tulip period
2550:
2514:
2502:Transylvania
2500:
2484:
2389:
2385:adding to it
2380:
2342:Papal States
2323:
2304:
2273:
2258:
2249:
2234:Please help
2222:
2180:Papal States
2165:
2146:
2130:
2111:
2102:
2084:
2080:adding to it
2075:
2044:
2034:
2024:
2012:
2006:
1975:
1969:
1940:
1908:
1846:
1814:
1799:
1790:
1775:Please help
1763:
1699:
1678:
1674:adding to it
1669:
1596:
1581:
1572:
1557:Please help
1545:
1479:
1464:
1455:
1440:Please help
1428:
1400:Petar KruĆŸiÄ
1364:
1329:
1297:launched an
1220:
1206:in the 1385
1201:
1186:
1177:
1162:Please help
1150:
1093:Transylvania
1054:
1035:
996:Transylvania
985:
978:
891:John Hunyadi
872:
804:
792:
789:Jean Colombe
746:
710:and much of
701:
671:
657:
638:
561:
550:
496:
461:
450:
408:Conscription
305:
200:Mansure Army
150:Bashi-bazouk
18:
7596:WikiProject
7527:Video games
7319:Individuals
7312:LGBT rights
7302:Health care
7269:Immigration
7050:Gendarmerie
7009:Referendums
6925:Legislative
6822:Earthquakes
6707:Oghuz Turks
6596:Dissolution
6221:Shipka Pass
6175:BaĆgedikler
6170:Akhaltsikhe
6135:Akhaltsikhe
5979:Mount Tabor
5962:Shubra Khit
5897:2nd Ochakov
5840:2nd Ochakov
5800:Stavunchany
5795:1st Ochakov
5339:Nagykanizsa
5017:Leobersdorf
4127:19 December
3508:Davies 1997
3472:Davies 1997
3291:World War I
3280:World War I
3257:Balkan Wars
3247:during the
3245:Constantine
3082:Pan-Slavism
3014:Crimean War
2734:Pruth river
2664:Peloponnese
2635:Holy League
2311:Holy League
2176:Holy League
1639:Jovan Nenad
1494:Herzegovina
1410:was formed.
1371:Herzegovina
1210:. The 1444
1019:Christendom
1015:janissaries
1011:sanjak beys
553:Holy League
535:Peloponnese
474:, waged in
228:Modern Army
221:(1861â1922)
218:Modern army
73:Janissaries
61:(1451â1826)
7624:Categories
7468:Newspapers
7453:Literature
7433:Folk dance
7334:Corruption
7218:Minorities
7146:Renewables
7101:Automotive
6910:Government
6641:Secularism
6215:Kızıl Tepe
6091:Dervenakia
5989:Heliopolis
5853:KarĂĄnsebes
5777:Banja Luka
5697:Old Regime
5682:Samothrace
5610:Cape Corvo
5504:Negroponte
5491:2nd MohĂĄcs
5485:Vrtijeljka
5452:2nd Vienna
5437:2nd Khotyn
5422:KrasnobrĂłd
5362:1st Khotyn
5350:Tashiskari
5316:CÄlugÄreni
5263:Gvozdansko
5235:Mostaganem
5114:Formentera
5107:1st Jeddah
5004:1st MohĂĄcs
4969:Mercidabık
4905:Breadfield
4892:Valea AlbÄ
4854:TĂąrgoviÈte
4839:2nd Oranik
4767:2nd Kosovo
4761:1st Oranik
4662:Karanovasa
4628:Dubravnica
4594:Adrianople
4081:2 February
4052:2017-09-07
3881:References
3299:Royal Navy
3241:Esat Pasha
3135:See also:
3050:See also:
3033:Montenegro
2982:See also:
2843:Napoleon I
2631:Protestant
2615:Nové Zåmky
2571:See also:
2527:Nové Zåmky
2057:See also:
1883:See also:
1817:Wallachian
1743:See also:
1627:Hungarians
1283:Skanderbeg
1107:See also:
1077:Hungarians
1003:Ćehabeddin
808:Al-Mahdiya
727:Tarnovgrad
714:after the
631:by Sultan
603:See also:
395:Rebellions
356:Portuguese
100:Dervendjis
7522:TV series
7480:Miniature
7423:Festivals
7339:Terrorism
7290:Education
7223:Languages
7067:Air Force
6982:Elections
6930:Executive
6876:Mountains
6743:Geography
6662:Overviews
6601:Partition
6567:Tulip era
6273:Velestino
6268:Al Wajbah
6192:Eupatoria
6180:Kurekdere
6140:Kulevicha
6096:Karpenisi
6066:DrÄgÄÈani
5830:Kozludzha
5766:YeghevÄrd
5670:Oinousses
5534:Slankamen
5447:Trembowla
5397:Novi Zrin
5332:Keresztes
5326:2nd Brest
5291:1st Brest
5063:Sokhoista
5051:Esztergom
4976:Han Yunus
4920:CÄtlÄbuga
4880:Otlukbeli
4859:2nd Mokra
4796:Gallipoli
4751:1st Mokra
4711:Novo Brdo
4678:Nicopolis
4657:Kırkdilim
4580:Gallipoli
4566:Pelekanon
4334:14 August
4234:RateItAll
4142:Routledge
3980:. Dotdash
3811:Tomkinson
3496:Lock 2006
3484:Lock 2006
3385:Citations
2782:in 1718.
2681:in 1699.
2672:Parthenon
2409:Esztergom
2407:Siege of
2295:Famagusta
2223:does not
2040:SzigetvĂĄr
1998:Esztergom
1934:and King
1865:RÄzboieni
1857:Mehmed II
1764:does not
1643:Vojvodina
1631:crusaders
1615:Smederevo
1546:does not
1429:does not
1295:Mehmet II
1223:Albanians
1151:does not
1000:Beylerbey
887:Black Sea
860:Nicopolis
836:Bulgarian
733:in 1396.
718:in 1371.
712:Macedonia
653:Gallipoli
331:Hungarian
326:Moldavian
316:Bulgarian
311:Byzantine
300:Conflicts
145:Humbaracı
135:Timariots
7572:Category
7510:Football
7495:Painting
7438:Folklore
7346:Marriage
7252:Istanbul
7235:Religion
7188:Railways
7178:Aviation
7116:Currency
6974:Politics
6942:Judicial
6918:Branches
6896:Wildlife
6686:Military
6674:Economic
6579:Tanzimat
6355:Navarino
6350:Gerontas
6313:Kaliakra
6246:TaĆkesen
6236:4th Kars
6202:3rd Kars
6197:Chernaya
6186:OlteniÈa
6150:2nd Acre
6125:2nd Kars
6114:Phaleron
6107:Kamatero
6101:Arachova
6079:Vasilika
6050:Valtetsi
6014:Al-Safra
6009:Slobozia
5999:Arpachai
5973:1st Acre
5967:Pyramids
5902:Fidonisi
5815:Aspindza
5810:Khresili
5805:1st Kars
5664:Mytilene
5620:Focchies
5550:Moulouya
5544:Ustechko
5510:BatoÄina
5427:NiemirĂłw
5375:KöbölkĂșt
5202:TemesvĂĄr
5132:Girolata
5095:Balearic
4983:Ridanieh
4963:Koçhisar
4950:Turnadag
4943:Ăaldıran
4849:Albulena
4834:Krusevac
4829:Leskovac
4739:Torvioll
4734:Kunovica
4728:Zlatitsa
4573:Demotika
4421:(1930).
4290:22 April
4265:22 April
4244:22 April
4032:22 April
3996:(1997).
3984:22 April
3963:22 April
3922:22 April
3317:See also
3237:Ioannina
3173:May 2008
3113:Thessaly
3047:in 1866.
2892:May 2008
2717:May 2008
2627:invasion
2417:Long War
2392:May 2008
2277:Limassol
2188:Portugal
2155:(1560).
2087:May 2008
2002:Suleiman
1990:Budapest
1978:Moldavia
1955:Austrian
1924:Belgrade
1853:Moldavia
1681:May 2008
1623:Belgrade
1515:Petrinja
1398:captain
1396:Croatian
1085:Ottomans
1081:Ottomans
1065:arquebus
830:, which
767:and the
684:) (see:
669:(1448).
572:Romanian
486:and the
476:Anatolia
361:Habsburg
346:Croatian
341:Albanian
336:Venetian
306:European
276:Aviation
205:Hamidieh
160:Martolos
68:Kapıkulu
27:a series
25:Part of
7608:Outline
7584:Commons
7517:Theater
7500:Pottery
7416:Ottoman
7411:Cuisine
7389:Ottoman
7366:Culture
7351:Poverty
7283:Society
7168:Tourism
7121:Defense
7093:Economy
6935:Cabinet
6866:Geology
6810:Climate
6752:Regions
6679:Ottoman
6497:Beyliks
6493:Seljuks
6458:History
6402:italics
6340:Nauplia
6335:Algiers
6279:Domokos
6263:Mouzaki
6251:NovĆĄiÄe
6231:Aladzha
6208:Al-Hasa
6145:Algiers
6073:Sculeni
6055:Doliana
6045:Erzurum
6034:Alamana
5946:Giurgiu
5935:FocÈani
5877:Matapan
5846:Mehadia
5835:Kinburn
5790:Perekop
5755:Samarra
5748:Kurijan
5659:Algiers
5654:Algiers
5649:Algiers
5598:Lepanto
5521:Zernest
5515:2nd NiĆĄ
5474:Eperjes
5457:PĂĄrkĂĄny
5432:Komarno
5416:ĆadyĆŒyn
5345:Sufiyan
5321:Giurgiu
5277:Torches
5249:Szigeth
5228:Tlemcen
5195:Tlemcen
5137:AlborĂĄn
5126:Preveza
5081:Zonchio
5057:Karagak
5037:Algiers
5030:Baghdad
5023:Gorjani
4997:Tlemcen
4957:Algiers
4899:Shkodra
4756:Otonetë
4722:1st NiĆĄ
4704:Golubac
4690:Ăamurlu
4640:PloÄnik
4615:Maritsa
4608:Samokov
4587:Ihtiman
4545:Bapheus
4505:Battles
4431:(2008).
4411:(1966)
4004:Pimlico
3270:Rumelia
2994:Nikopol
2966:). The
2931:de jure
2529:in the
2515:Partium
2411:in 1595
2301:in 1571
2281:Nicosia
2244:removed
2229:sources
2120:). The
2026:Drégely
2021:pyrrhic
1859:at the
1833:Vatican
1823:in the
1819:prince
1785:removed
1770:sources
1729:Preveza
1567:removed
1552:sources
1490:Neretva
1450:removed
1435:sources
1381:Croatia
1303:Otranto
1237:led by
1204:Albania
1172:removed
1157:sources
1089:Hungary
1046:Croatia
1007:Rumelia
885:on the
824:Balkans
801:Fr 5594
791:called
635:in 1453
594:History
564:Serbian
521:), the
378:Persian
366:Russian
321:Serbian
115:Seimeni
90:Voynuks
7560:Portal
7505:Sports
7406:Cinema
7401:Carpet
7384:Seljuk
7374:Anthem
7257:Ankara
7126:Energy
7018:Topics
6886:Rivers
6803:Topics
6695:Topics
6450:Turkey
6308:Tendra
6297:Andros
6257:Ulcinj
6226:Plevna
6040:Gravia
6020:Jeddah
5984:Abukir
5952:Izmail
5940:Rymnik
5887:Patras
5871:Imbros
5784:Grocka
5761:Kirkuk
5717:Chelif
5676:Andros
5592:Cyprus
5497:Crimea
5368:Candia
5356:Cecora
5270:Ăıldır
5209:Palast
5160:Djerba
4937:Dubica
4931:Krbava
4925:Vrpile
4886:Vaslui
4869:Vaikal
4684:Ankara
4667:Rovine
4651:Kosovo
4645:BileÄa
4559:Nicaea
4552:Dimbos
4511:by era
4451:
4441:Leiden
4423:online
4413:online
4376:
4357:
4309:
4211:
4177:
4148:
4028:. 2021
4010:
3896:
3867:
3566:
3265:Thrace
3117:Greece
3022:France
2996:, 1877
2847:France
2668:Athens
2510:Tatars
2481:allies
2475:Polish
2354:Venice
2332:, and
2330:Cyprus
2172:Cyprus
2134:Dragut
2114:Rhodes
2035:végvår
2013:végvår
1970:KĆszeg
1962:Vienna
1938:died.
1837:Bosnia
1617:fell.
1408:Uskoci
1050:Styria
972:, The
968:, The
964:, The
960:, The
956:, The
916:
868:
763:, the
757:Serbia
708:Thrace
639:After
511:Cyprus
385:Africa
351:Polish
165:Arnaut
130:Levend
120:Akinji
110:Seymen
105:Sekban
95:Yamaks
85:Sipahi
29:on the
7490:Names
7485:Music
7458:Media
7329:Crime
7262:Ä°zmir
6871:Lakes
6856:Fauna
6360:Sinop
6345:Samos
6330:Athos
6165:Nezib
6160:Konya
6130:Varna
6120:Petra
6060:Lalas
6027:Äegar
6004:Batin
5994:Derna
5957:MÄcin
5882:ĂeĆme
5825:Kagul
5820:Larga
5771:Ganja
5731:Pruth
5604:Tunis
5575:Zenta
5557:Lugos
5539:HodĂłw
5479:Kassa
5404:Jijel
5310:Banat
5304:Sisak
5298:BihaÄ
5242:Krupa
5222:Tadla
5143:Ponza
5120:Tunis
5088:Modon
4990:Jajce
4915:Adana
4874:Meçad
4864:Ohrid
4773:Polog
4745:Varna
4672:Ohrid
4634:Savra
4220:6 May
3689:(PDF)
3346:Notes
3205:Libya
2479:Tatar
2432:(see
2430:Crete
2350:Spain
2346:Malta
2184:Spain
2126:Malta
1369:held
1350:(the
1348:Jajce
926:with
883:Varna
866:on 25
838:Tsar
720:Sofia
674:Greek
568:Greek
546:Corfu
527:Crete
253:Ships
7532:Wine
7428:Flag
7131:Coal
7077:Navy
7072:Land
6540:Rise
6495:and
6155:Hims
6085:Peta
5724:Oran
5570:Azov
5564:UlaĆ
5463:Buda
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