85:
131:
351:
366:
The
Janissary leaders were executed and their possessions confiscated by the Sultan. The younger and older Janissaries were either exiled or imprisoned, but those who were competent and showed promise and performed diplomatic or military duties were allowed to stay on in the Ottoman foreign ministry
258:
However, by the early 17th century, the
Janissary corps had ceased to function as an elite military force, and had become a privileged hereditary class, and their exemption from paying taxes made them highly unfavorable in the eyes of the rest of the population. The number of Janissaries grew from
330:(the capital of the Ottoman Empire and the center of the Janissary order). The survivors either fled or were imprisoned, their possessions confiscated by the Sultan. By the end of 1826 the captured Janissaries, constituting the remainder of the force, were put to death by decapitation in the
326:, intending all true believers to gather beneath it and thus bolster opposition to the Janissaries. In the ensuing fight the Janissary barracks were set ablaze by artillery fire, resulting in 4,000 Janissary deaths; more were killed in the heavy fighting on the streets of
270:
As opportunities and power continued to rise within the
Janissary corps, it began to undermine the empire. Over time it became clear that for the empire to restore its position as a major power of Europe, it needed to replace the Janissary corps with a modern army.
198:
on 15 June 1826. Most of the 135,000 Janissaries revolted against Mahmud II, and after the rebellion was suppressed, most of them were executed, exiled or imprisoned. The disbanded
Janissary corps was replaced with a more modern military force.
381:("The Victorious Soldiers of Muhammad"), was established by Mahmud II to guard the Sultan and replace the Janissaries. Many ordinary Janissaries, especially in the provinces, began rogue revolts and demanded autonomy. Christians in the
287:
charged and forced them back into their barracks. Turkish historians claim that the counter-Janissary force, which was great in numbers, included the local residents who had hated the
Janissaries for years.
404:("Foundation of Victory"), was printed in Istanbul in 1828 and served as the main source for every other Ottoman account of this period. The incident had a negative impact on the Muslim communities in the
291:
Historians suggest that Mahmud II purposely incited the revolt and have described it as the sultan's "coup against the
Janissaries". The sultan informed them that he was forming a new army, the
207:
The
Janissaries were first created by the Ottoman Sultans in the late 14th century and were employed as household troops. Janissaries began as an elite corps made up through the
259:
20,000 in 1575 to 135,000 in 1826, about 250 years later. Many were not soldiers but still collected pay from the empire, as dictated by the corps since it held an effective
251:. During the 15th and 16th centuries they were recognized as one of the best-trained and most effective military units in Europe. They became known for their discipline,
283:
began forming a new army and hiring
European gunners, the Janissaries mutinied and fought on the streets of the Ottoman capital, but the militarily superior
28:
664:
367:
or join the new
Ottoman Army as officers. Thousands of Janissaries had been killed, and thus the elite order came to its end. The
876:
423:
Taking advantage of the temporary weakness in the military position of the
Ottoman Empire following the Auspicious Incident, the
886:
861:
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192:
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307:, and had previously decided they would never allow its dissolution. Thus, as predicted, they mutinied, advancing on the
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and professionalism. They were paid regularly and were expected to be ready to enter battle at any time.
375:, a core Janissary institution, was outlawed, and its followers executed or exiled. A new modern corps,
480:
891:
470:
147:
267:. Any sultan who tried to diminish its status or power was immediately either killed or deposed.
84:
606:
445:
334:
fort that soon came to be called the "Blood Tower" (but which has been known since 1912 as the
174:
134:
A janissary musketeer. The entire janissary corps was disbanded during the Auspicious Incident.
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396:
Immediately after the Janissaries had been disbanded, Mahmud II ordered the court chronicler,
339:
465:
8:
730:
440:
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244:
168:
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299:-dominated. The Janissaries saw their institution as crucial to the well-being of the
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295:, organized and trained along modern European lines, and that the new army would be
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832:
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Levy, Avigdor. "The Ottoman Ulama and the Military Reforms of Sultan Mahmud II."
754:
475:
188:
63:
723:
362:, 1836, presumably commemorating the 10th anniversary of the Auspicious Incident
424:
393:. Some Janissaries survived by keeping a low profile and taking ordinary jobs.
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88:
52:
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neighbors and began to rally against the new Turkish armies sent from
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837:
The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire
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161:
408:, who lost their privileges, as rebellions broke out across
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260:
792:
The Establishment of the Balkan National States, 1804-1920
400:, to record the official version of events. This account,
820:
Lords of the Horizons: A History of the Ottoman Empire
665:"Vaka I Hayriye Hayırlı Olay | Osmanlı Tarihi"
722:
187:) was the forced disbandment of the centuries-old
856:(Vol. II). New York: Cambridge University Press.
600:
598:
868:
854:History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey
659:
657:
586:
29:Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire
16:1826 disbandment of the Ottoman Janissary corps
595:
587:Cleveland, William L.; Bunton, Martin (2009).
338:). Roughly 100 other Janissaries fled to the
263:over the state and contributed to the steady
654:
549:
547:
537:
535:
533:
124:were killed, executed, exiled or imprisoned.
671:. Archived from the original on 2021-09-25.
638:Historical Dictionary of the Napoleonic Era
591:(4th ed.). Westview Press. p. 43.
669:Gozlemci.net – Online Eğitim Ansiklopedisi
544:
530:
215:, by which young Christian boys, notably
794:. University of Washington Press, 1986.
631:
576:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 129.
349:
129:
755:"ÜÇ ADET GRAVÜR - AlifArt Auction Sale"
869:
720:
695:
571:
556:
640:. Scarecrow Press. pp. 153–54.
151:
589:A History of the Modern Middle East
13:
427:forced the Ottomans to accept the
14:
913:
604:
499:
311:. Mahmud II then brought out the
51:Istanbul and other cities of the
83:
66:disbanded and replaced with the
852:& Shaw, Ezel Kural (1977).
790:Jelavich, Charles and Barbara.
784:
771:
747:
729:. Simon and Schuster. pp.
714:
689:
607:"Army & the Military Ranks"
877:Politics of the Ottoman Empire
625:
580:
565:
512:
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378:Asakir-i Mansure-i Muhammediye
183:, "Event of Malignity" in the
173:'Event of Fortune' in
68:Asakir-i Mansure-i Muhammediye
1:
809:
574:The New Encyclopedia of Islam
385:became very hostile to their
265:decline of the Ottoman Empire
202:
887:Reform in the Ottoman Empire
700:. John Murray. p. 435.
632:Nafziger, George F. (2001).
345:
247:, and incorporated into the
179:
162:
7:
572:Glassé, Cyril, ed. (2008).
434:
360:Henri-Guillaume Schlesinger
10:
918:
882:1826 in the Ottoman Empire
779:Asian and African Studies
696:Finkel, Caroline (2005).
681:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
274:
112:
99:
77:
34:
26:
21:
897:1826 in military history
486:
471:Ottoman military reforms
613:. LuckyEye Interactive
446:First Serbian Uprising
363:
342:, where many drowned.
135:
721:Barber, Noel (1973).
605:Ozgen, Korkut (ed.).
541:Goodwin, pp. 296–299.
353:
340:Cistern of Philoxenos
133:
113:Casualties and losses
822:. New York: H. Holt
553:Kinross, pp. 456–457
239:were taken from the
839:London: Perennial.
506:İslâm Ansiklopedisi
502:"Vak'a-i Hayri̇yye"
441:Sanjak of Smederevo
431:on 7 October 1826.
429:Akkerman Convention
373:Bektaşi Brotherhood
140:Auspicious Incident
22:Auspicious Incident
781:7 (1971): 13 - 39.
481:Husein Gradaščević
466:Reşid Mehmed Pasha
398:Mehmet Esad Efendi
364:
245:converted to Islam
136:
89:Ottoman Government
862:978-0-521-29166-8
850:Shaw, Stanford J.
845:978-0-688-08093-8
500:Kemal, Beydilli.
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892:June 1826 events
833:Kinross, Patrick
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144:Auspicious Event
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317:Islamic prophet
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243:, circumcised,
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189:Janissary Corps
180:Vaka-i Şerriyye
148:Ottoman Turkish
64:Janissary Corps
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309:Topkapı Palace
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293:Sekban-ı Cedit
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193:Ottoman Sultan
175:Constantinople
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615:. Retrieved
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354:Portrait of
332:Thessaloniki
324:Sacred Trust
292:
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269:
257:
249:Ottoman army
206:
143:
139:
137:
120:Most of the
78:Belligerents
42:15 June 1826
802:. pp. 48-51
725:The Sultans
520:"Janissary"
402:Üss-i Zafer
336:White Tower
313:Holy Banner
152:وقعۀ خيريّه
122:Janissaries
94:Janissaries
871:Categories
810:References
764:2024-05-17
451:Mustafa IV
369:Sufi Order
225:Bulgarians
203:Background
902:Mahmud II
356:Mahmud II
346:Aftermath
281:Mahmud II
237:Romanians
221:Albanians
196:Mahmud II
157:romanized
818:(1998).
677:cite web
435:See also
320:Muhammad
209:devşirme
100:Strength
47:Location
27:Part of
835:(1977)
731:135–136
617:26 July
418:Albania
410:Rumelia
406:Balkans
383:Balkans
371:of the
315:of the
305:Rumelia
297:Turkish
285:Sipahis
241:Balkans
213:slavery
185:Balkans
171:
159::
105:Unknown
860:
843:
826:
798:
737:
704:
644:
414:Bosnia
387:Muslim
275:Mutiny
253:morale
235:, and
233:Greeks
229:Croats
60:Result
487:Notes
279:When
217:Serbs
858:ISBN
841:ISBN
824:ISBN
796:ISBN
735:ISBN
702:ISBN
683:link
642:ISBN
619:2024
416:and
261:veto
169:lit.
138:The
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358:by
191:by
142:or
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