Janissary - Knowledge

1708: 36: 1321: 258: 1743: 1125: 1302:. Unlike other Muslims, they were expressly forbidden to wear beards, only a moustache. These rules were obeyed by Janissaries, at least until the 18th century when they also began to engage in other crafts and trades, breaking another of the original rules. In the late 16th century a sultan gave in to the pressures of the Janissary Corps and permitted Janissary children to become members of the Corps, a practice strictly forbidden for 200 years. Consequently, succession rules, formerly strict, became open to interpretation. They gained their own power but kept the system from changing in other progressive ways. 1763: 1874: 1862: 1143:

For a while, the Ottoman government supplied the Janissary corps with recruits from the devşirme system. Children were drafted at a young age and turned into soldiers in an attempt to make the soldiers faithful to the sultan. The social status of devşirme recruits took on an immediate positive change, acquiring a greater guarantee of governmental rights and financial opportunities. In poor areas officials were bribed by parents to make them take their sons, thus they would have better chances in life. Initially the recruiters favoured

1728: 70: 1290:, the rules of Islam (i.e. to be converted to Islam) and the customs and cultures of Ottoman society. After completing this period, acemi (new recruit) boys were gathered for training at the Enderun "acemi oğlan" school in the capital city. There, young cadets would be selected for their talents in different areas to train as engineers, artisans, riflemen, clerics, archers, artillery, and so forth. Janissaries trained under strict discipline with hard labour and in practically 1701:. The Janissary corps was the only infantry division of the Ottoman army. In battle the Janissaries' main mission was to protect the Sultan, using cannon and smaller firearms, and holding the centre of the army against enemy attack during the strategic fake forfeit of Turkish cavalry. The Janissary corps also included smaller expert teams: explosive experts, engineers and technicians, sharpshooters (with arrow and rifle) and sappers who dug tunnels under fortresses, etc. 1599: 1272: 2160: 1446:. They could leave the unit only to assume command of another. Only Janissaries' own commanding officers could punish them. The rank names were based on positions in the kitchen staff or Sultan's royal hunters; 64th and 65th Orta 'Greyhound Keepers' comprised as the only Janissary cavalry, perhaps to emphasise that Janissaries were servants of the Sultan. Local Janissaries, stationed in a town or city for a long time, were known as 1116:

dissolved, the image of the Janissary has remained as one of the symbols of the Ottomans in the western psyche. By the mid-18th century, they had taken up many trades and gained the right to marry and enroll their children in the corps and very few continued to live in the barracks. Many of them became administrators and scholars. Retired or discharged Janissaries received pensions, and their children were also looked after.

989: 1854:, after a defeat during war against Poland, determined to curb Janissaries' excesses. Outraged at becoming "subject to his own slaves", he tried to disband the Janissary corps, blaming it for the disaster during the Polish war. In the spring, hearing rumours that the Sultan was preparing to move against them, the Janissaries revolted and took the Sultan captive, imprisoning him in the notorious 1999: 975:, and sent to Turkish families in the provinces to be raised as Muslims and learn Turkish language and customs. Once their military training began, they were subjected to severe discipline, being prohibited from growing a beard, taking up a skill other than soldiering, and marrying. As a result, the Janissaries were extremely well-disciplined troops and became members of the 1793: 1263:. As a symbol of their devotion to the order, Janissaries wore special hats called "börk". These hats also had a holding place in front, called the "kaşıklık", for a spoon. This symbolized the "kaşık kardeşliği", or the "brotherhood of the spoon", which reflected a sense of comradeship among the Janissaries who ate, slept, fought and died together. 1825:, as well as avoiding the physical selection, thereby reducing their military value. When Janissaries could practically extort money from the Sultan and business and family life replaced martial fervour, their effectiveness as combat troops decreased. The northern borders of the Ottoman Empire slowly began to shrink southwards after the second 956:). They were subjected to strict discipline, but were paid salaries and pensions upon retirement and formed their own distinctive social class. As such, they became one of the ruling classes of the Ottoman Empire, rivalling the Turkish aristocracy. The brightest of the Janissaries were sent to the palace institution, 1458:

Even though the Janissaries were part of the royal army and personal guards of the sultan, the corps was not the main force of the Ottoman military. In the classical period, Janissaries were only one-tenth of the overall Ottoman army, while the traditional Turkish cavalry made up the rest of the main

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himself, after authorizing the payments to the Janissaries, visited the barracks dressed as a janissary trooper, and received his pay alongside the other men of the First Division. They also served as policemen, palace guards, and firefighters during peacetime. The Janissaries also enjoyed far better

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After the Janissaries were disbanded by Mahmud II, he then created a new army soon after recruiting 12,000 troops. This new army was formally named the Trained Victorious Soldiers of Muhammad, the Mansure Army for short. By 1830, the army expanded to 27,000 troops and included the Sipahi cavalry. By

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As Janissaries became aware of their own importance, they began to desire a better life. By the early 17th century Janissaries had such prestige and influence that they dominated the government. They could mutiny, dictate policy, and hinder efforts to modernize the army structure. Additionally, the

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The first Janissary units were formed from prisoners of war and slaves, probably as a result of the sultan taking his traditional one-fifth share of his army's plunder in kind rather than monetarily; however, the continuing enslaving of dhimmi constituted a continuing abuse of a subject population.

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which proved the greatest threat to Roman emperors, rather than effective protection. After 1451, every new Sultan felt obligated to pay each Janissary a reward and raise his pay rank (although since early Ottoman times, every other member of the Topkapi court received a pay raise as well). Sultan

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Beginning in the 1530s, the size of the Janissary corps began to dramatically expand, a result of the rapid conquests the Ottomans were carrying out during those years. Janissaries were used extensively to garrison fortresses and for siege warfare, which was becoming increasingly important for the

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s, as the average age of recruitment increased from 13.5 in the 1490s to 16.6 in 1603. This reflected not only the Ottomans' greater need for manpower but also the shorter training time necessary to produce skilled musketeers in comparison with archers. However, this change alone was not enough to

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In the late 16th century, a sultan gave in to the pressures of the Corps and permitted Janissary children to become members of the Corps, a practice strictly forbidden for the previous 300 years. According to paintings of the era, they were also permitted to grow beards. Consequently, the formerly

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This "child levy" system was regularly implemented during the 15th-16th centuries, the first two centuries of its existence. Some historians argue this system contributed to the Ottoman states efforts at conversion and "Islamization" of its non-Muslim populations. Radushev states this recruitment

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system can be bisected into two periods, its first, or classical period, encompassing those first two centuries of regular execution and utilization to supply recruits; and a second period which more focuses on its gradual change, decline, and ultimate abandonment, beginning in the 17th century.

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Even after the rapid expansion of the size of the corps at the end of the sixteenth century, the Janissaries continued to undergo strict training and discipline. The Janissaries experimented with new forms of battlefield tactics, and in 1605 became one of the first armies in Europe to implement

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gave Janissaries permission to marry in 1566, undermining the exclusivity of loyalty to the dynasty. By 1622, the Janissaries were a "serious threat" to the stability of the Empire. Through their "greed and indiscipline", they were now a law unto themselves and, against modern European armies,

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For all practical purposes, Janissaries belonged to the Sultan and they were regarded as the protectors of the throne and the Sultan. Janissaries were taught to consider the corps their home and family, and the Sultan as their father. Only those who proved strong enough earned the rank of true

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These differences, along with an impressive war-record, made the Janissaries a subject of interest and study by foreigners during their own time. Although eventually the concept of a modern army incorporated and surpassed most of the distinctions of the Janissaries and the corps was eventually

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to the throne in 1808. When the Janissaries threatened to oust Mahmud II, he had the captured Mustafa executed and eventually came to a compromise with the Janissaries. Ever mindful of the threat that the Janissaries posed, the sultan spent the next years discreetly securing his position. The

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The Janissaries were no exception to the weakening of central imperial authority in the 18th century. Trade and commercial activity replaced the disciplined military service of earlier centuries, and the Janissaries were willing to engage in violent acts of rebellion to protect their private

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was expected. By the seventeenth century, due to a dramatic increase in the size of the Ottoman standing army, the corps' initially strict recruitment policy was relaxed. Civilians bought their way into it in order to benefit from the improved socio-economic status it conferred upon them.

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strict rules of succession became open to interpretation. While they advanced their own power, the Janissaries also helped to keep the system from changing in other progressive ways, and according to some scholars the corps shared responsibility for the political stagnation of Istanbul.

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support on campaign than other armies of the time. They were part of a well-organized military machine, in which one support corps prepared the roads while others pitched tents and baked the bread. Their weapons and ammunition were transported and re-supplied by the

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force that resisted all change within the Ottoman army. Steadily the Ottoman military power became outdated, but when the janissaries felt their privileges were being threatened, or outsiders wanted to modernize them, or they might be superseded by their

2683:, new army). They were originally an infantry bodyguard of a few hundred men using the bow and edged weapons. They adopted firearms during the reign of Murad II and were perhaps the first standing infantry force equipped with firearms in the world. 1707: 1215:

was lifted. Membership was opened up to free-born Muslims, both recruits hand-picked by the commander of the Janissaries, as well as the sons of current members of the Ottoman standing army. By the middle of the seventeenth century, the

3491: 1231:. Promotion to a cavalry regiment implied a minimum salary of 10 Akçes. Janissaries received a sum of 12 Akçes every three months for clothing incidentals and 30 Akçes for weaponry, with an additional allowance for ammunition as well. 1964:, that he was forming a new army, organised and trained along modern European lines. As predicted, they mutinied, advancing on the sultan's palace. In the ensuing fight, the Janissaries' barracks were set aflame by 1925:, the heads of the murdered men were put on public display in the central square to serve as an example to those who might plot against the rule of the Janissaries. The event triggered the start of the 1916:

in defiance of the Sultan, feared that the Sultan would make use of the Serbs to oust them. To forestall this they decided to execute all prominent nobles throughout Central Serbia, a move known as the

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and Yılmaz Şahin. The Janissaries are portrayed throughout the series as part of the Sultan's royal bodyguard. The First Oath of their military order is recited in Season 1 at the Ceremony of Payment.

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s and the number increased over time to 196. While the Sultan was the supreme commander of the Ottoman Army and of the Janissaries in particular, the corps was organized and led by a commander, the

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Janissaries' abuse of power, military ineffectiveness, resistance to reform, and the cost of salaries to 135,000 men, many of whom were not actually serving soldiers, had all become intolerable.

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Börekçi, Günhan (2006). "A Contribution to the Military Revolution Debate: The Janissaries' Use of Volley Fire During the Long Ottoman-Habsburg War of 1593–1606 and the Problem of Origins".

1800:) for the Janissaries, given by the Sultan. If they refused the meal, they signaled their disapproval of the Sultan. In this case they accept the meal. Ottoman miniature painting, from the 1821:. They made themselves landholders and tradesmen. They would also limit the enlistment to the sons of former Janissaries who did not have to go through the original training period in the 4370: 1052:

because it offered a possibility of social advancement. Conscripts could one day become Janissary colonels, statesmen who might one day return to their home region as governors, or even

1103:), lived in barracks and were the first corps to make extensive use of firearms. A Janissary battalion was a close-knit community, effectively the soldier's family. By tradition, the 1742: 891:. There is however evidence that Jews tried to enroll into the system. Jews were not allowed in the janissary army, and so in suspected cases, the entire batch would be sent to the 1112:

corps. They campaigned with their own medical teams of Muslim and Jewish surgeons and their sick and wounded were evacuated to dedicated mobile hospitals set up behind the lines.

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John V. A. Fine Jr., When Ethnicity Did Not Matter in the Balkans: A Study of Identity in Pre-Nationalist Croatia, Dalmatia, and Slavonia in the Medieval and Early-Modern Periods

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fire, resulting in 4,000 Janissary fatalities. The survivors were either exiled or executed, and their possessions were confiscated by the Sultan. This event is now called the

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In response to foreign threats, the Ottoman government chose to rapidly expand the size of the corps after the 1570s. Janissaries spent shorter periods of time in training as

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According to military historian Michael Antonucci and economic historians Glenn Hubbard and Tim Kane, the Turkish administrators would scour their regions (but especially the

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as indentured laborers. Ottoman documents from the levy of the winter of 1603-1604 from Bosnia and Albania wrote to draw attention to some children as possibly being Jewish (

823:, they would rise in rebellion. By the time the janissaries were suppressed, it was too late for Ottoman military power to catch up with the West. The corps was abolished by 4355: 3800: 4375: 1642:

swords were the signature weapon of the Janissaries, almost a symbol of the corps. Janissaries who guarded the palace (Zülüflü Baltacılar) carried long-shafted axes and

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1838, all Ottoman fighting corps were included and the army changed its name to the Ordered troops. This military corps lasted until the end of the empire's history.

4314: 971:) every five years for the strongest sons of the sultan's Christian subjects. These boys (usually between the ages of 10 and 20) were then taken from their parents, 3071: 2243:

details the life, organization, and origins of the Janissaries. One of the lead characters of the novel, Antonio Argalia, is the head of the Ottoman Janissaries.

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system, which was abolished in 1648. This was the taking (enslaving) of non-Muslim boys, notably Anatolian and Balkan Christians; Jews were never subject to

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In 1449, they revolted for the first time, demanding higher wages, which they obtained. The stage was set for a decadent evolution, like that of the

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Benesch, Oleg. "Comparing Warrior Traditions: How the Janissaries and Samurai Maintained Their Status and Privileges During Centuries of Peace."

3614: 2853: 1908:. The rebellion was crushed in three weeks with the massacre of 7,000 rebels, but it marked the end of the Tulip Era and the beginning of Sultan 629: 3644: 1479:. By 1609, the size of the corps had stabilized at approximately 40,000 men, but increased again later in the century, during the period of the 2364:

1683 the question is asked if "Janissaries are you ready to die?" to illustrate the impact of the arrival of the winged hussars in the battle.

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By 1826, the sultan was ready to move against the Janissaries in favour of a more modern military. The sultan informed them, through a

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class, the first-class citizens or military class. Most were of non-Muslim origin because it was not permissible to enslave a Muslim.

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band in 1826 along with the Janissary corps. Mahmud replaced the mehter band in 1828 with a European style military band trained by

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Consequently, the corps gradually lost its military character, undergoing a process that has been described as "civilianization".

35: 4385: 3273: 1315: 852: 799: 236: 4274: 4260: 4242: 4211: 4142: 4081: 4015: 2837: 2801: 2737: 2712: 2596: 802:, they were paid regular salaries. Forbidden to marry before the age of 40 or engage in trade, their complete loyalty to the 530: 3529: 3032: 1463:, the number of Janissaries in the 14th century was 1,000 and about 6,000 in 1475. The same source estimates the number of 4311: 1239:

inherited the property of dead Janissaries, thus acquiring wealth. Janissaries also learned to follow the dictates of the

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who became a grand vizier, served three sultans, and was the de facto ruler of the Ottoman Empire for more than 14 years.

3955:Ágoston, Gábor (2014). "Firearms and Military Adaptation: The Ottomans and the European Military Revolution, 1450–1800". 3899: 3874: 599: 4197: 3504:"Orta" (t.), literally "centre", in Ottoman Turkish military terminology, the equivalent of a company of fighting men... 855:, and from this pool of manpower the sultans first constructed the Janissary corps as a personal army loyal only to the 4380: 4001: 3693: 3431: 3055: 2668: 1944:, who had tried to modernize the army along Western European lines. This modern army that Selim III created was called 1320: 617: 1471:

Ottoman military. The pace of expansion increased after the 1570s, due to the initiation of a series of wars with the

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produce the necessary manpower, and consequently the traditional limitation of recruitment to boys conscripted in the

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and elsewhere, and for centuries in Ukraine, the word Janissar (яничар) is used as a synonym of the word renegade.

670: 3988: 2405: 2181: 1727: 409: 245: 1912:'s reign. In 1804, the Dahias, the Janissary junta that ruled Serbia at the time, having taken power in the 'l 3983:

Aksan, Virginia H. "Whatever Happened to the Janissaries? Mobilization for the 1768–1774 Russo-Ottoman War."

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wearing the traditional Janissary uniform at a masquerade ball during his early years in the Ottoman Army.

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The military music of the Janissaries was noted for its powerful percussion and shrill winds combining

1670: 1480: 540: 535: 525: 520: 485: 3606: 1697:. Janissary troops were always led to the battle by the Sultan himself, and always had a share of the 4400: 4188: 3636: 1753: 1686: 1072: 570: 555: 545: 1124: 2571: 2372: 2135: 1362: 1256: 1048:("Turco-Greek Empire") states that many Bosnian Christian families were willing to comply with the 1029:. They were initially created as a counterbalance to the tribal, ethnic and favoured interests the 661: 587: 387: 287: 2278: 1972:. The last of the Janissaries were then put to death by decapitation in what was later called the 1275: 798:. They became famed for internal cohesion cemented by strict discipline and order. Unlike typical 4405: 2704: 2425: 2170: 2078: 1918: 903: 867: 748: 560: 220: 41: 3686:

Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015

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caused a lot of unrest among the Ottoman population. In September 1730, janissaries headed by

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The Ottoman Empire used Janissaries in all its major campaigns, including the 1453 capture of

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The janissaries were a formidable military unit in the early centuries, but as Western Europe

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system, he would first be sent to selected Turkish families in the provinces to learn

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The Sultan's Servants: The Transformation of Ottoman Provincial Government, 1550–1650

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Originally Janissaries could be promoted only through seniority and within their own

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for Janissaries. In this and in their secluded life, Janissaries resembled Christian

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By the early 16th century, the Janissaries were equipped with and were skilled with

964:, the Janissaries held enormous power, stopping all efforts to reform the military. 4327: 4180: 4171: 4151: 3964: 3537: 3487: 3461: 3208: 2907: 2700: 2584: 2580: 2534: 2361: 2103:, although the Beethoven example is now considered a march rather than Alla turca. 1841: 1826: 1787: 1436: 1337: 1287: 1041: 1001: 892: 682: 457: 177: 169: 3554:"Yerliyya", colloquial Turkish-Arabic term derived from the Turkish yerlü "local". 2562: 1945: 4318: 4176: 4111: 4069: 4036: 3995: 3804: 3765:

Levy, Avigdor. "The Ottoman Ulama and the Military Reforms of Sultan Mahmud II".

3734: 2791: 2650: 2524: 2354: 2327: 2285: 2252: 2077:), among others. Janissary music influenced European classical musicians such as 1878: 1837: 1467:, the provincial cavalry which constituted the main force of the army at 40,000. 1068: 997: 349: 181: 3465: 3340:

Shaw, Stanford (1976). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, Volume I

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ineffective on the battlefield as a fighting force. In 1622, the teenage Sultan

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Elite infantry units and standing army of the Ottoman Empire (active 1363–1826)

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Osmanlı Devleti Teşkilatından Kapıkulu Ocakları: Acemi Ocağı ve Yeniçeri Ocağı

3905: 3858: 4339: 4230: 4088: 4058:. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 151–152. 4043: 3220: 2933: 2919: 2606: 2125: 1893: 1460: 1080: 1005: 945: 848: 711: 4116:

E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936, Volume IV: 'Itk–Kwaṭṭa

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s together comprised the Janissary corps proper and its organization, named

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The prescribed daily rate of pay for entry-level Janissaries in the time of

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The Janissary corps were distinctive in a number of ways. They wore unique

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Balance: The Economics of Great Powers From Ancient Rome to Modern America

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aimed at putting an end to the 370 years of Ottoman occupation of modern

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interests in an increasingly decentralized and chaotic Ottoman Empire.

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Imamović, Mustafa (1996). Historija Bošnjaka. Sarajevo: BZK Preporod.

1350: 2390: 2377: 2368: 2106: 1965: 1953: 1941: 1901: 1897: 1882: 1769: 1431:(cadets). A semi-autonomous Janissary corps was permanently based in 1346: 1184: 1180: 1156: 1148: 1057: 1030: 1022: 1018: 988: 824: 775: 759: 731: 344: 2376:, Janissaries appear throughout the show in both seasons as part of 2159: 1271: 3123:

Guarding the Frontier: Ottoman Border Forts and Garrisons in Europe

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Janissaries found they could change Sultans as they wished through

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its military organization and technology, the janissaries became a

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became the official order of the Janissary corps in 15th century.

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From the 1380s to 1648, the Janissaries were gathered through the

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Janissary section on German-language website about Ottoman empire

3424:"The Janissaries and the Ottoman Armed forces OttomanEmpire.info" 2896:"The Devshirme System and the Levied Children of Bursa in 1603-4" 2395: 2031: 1922: 1888:

The extravagant parties of the Ottoman ruling classes during the

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During the initial period of formation, Janissaries were expert

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The formation of the Janissaries has been dated to the reign of

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The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire

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Nasuh, Matrakci (1588). "Janissary Recruitment in the Balkans"

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Military units and formations established in the 14th century

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A History of Muslims, Christians, and Jews in the Middle East

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Shahin-Shah-nama, Topkapi Sarai Museum, Ms B.200, folio 102a

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Diaspora Entrepreneurial Networks: Four Centuries of History

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Military units and formations of the medieval Islamic world

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Murphey, Rhoads (1999). Ottoman Warfare, 1500-1700, p. 234.

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Murphey, Rhoads (1999). Ottoman Warfare, 1500-1700, p. 225.

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Islamic Gunpowder Empires: Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals

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music is carried on as a cultural and tourist attraction.

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Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State

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Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State

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Janissaries are the unique unit of the Ottoman Empire in

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were not initially popular, but they became so after the

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Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa

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Patrona Halil with some of his supporters, painting by

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as soon as such became available during the 1440s. The

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had largely been abandoned as a method of recruitment.

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Lords of the Horizons: A History of the Ottoman Empire

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Lineages of the Absolutist State (Verso, 1974), p. 366

2561:Ágoston, Gábor (2017). "Janissaries". In Fleet, Kate; 2457: 1717:, who are depicted wearing Eastern Armour. during the 3571: 3509: 3322:

Joseph von Hammer, Geschichte des osmanischen Reiches

2963:"The Effects of the abolition on the Bektashi - METU" 2474: 2433:, a civilian and military title in the Ottoman Empire 737:

Janissaries began as elite corps made up through the

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Military units and formations disestablished in 1826

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Murphey, Rhoads (2006) . Ottoman Warfare, 1500-1700.

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military band. Ottoman miniature painting, from the

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Solaks, the Janissary archer bodyguard of the Sultan

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Military units and formations of the Ottoman Empire

3384:. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 76. 3199:Radushev, Evgeni (2008). ""Peasant" Janissaries?". 2277:The popular song in Serbian, Janissar (Јањичар) by 1881:, who also painted the renowned portrait of Sultan 1119: 4170: 3158:Süleymanname, Topkapi Sarai Museum, Ms Hazine 1517 3054:McCabe, Ina Baghdiantz; Harlaftis, Gelina (2005). 2796:. University of California Press. pp. 111–3. 2523: 2360:In the song "Winged Hussars" by Sabaton about the 1948:. His supporters failed to recapture power before 1618:confirmed the reputation of their engineers, e.g. 1247:, disciples of whom had blessed the first troops. 4269:(Vol. II). New York: Cambridge University Press. 4265:Shaw, Stanford J. & Shaw, Ezel Kural (1977). 3527: 2270:historical fiction television series. Written by 1921:. According to historical sources of the city of 1151:. As borders of the Ottoman Empire expanded, the 722:. The corps was established under either Sultans 19:For the series of novels by Jerry Pournelle, see 4337: 4255:(Vol. I). New York: Cambridge University Press. 3454:Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 2134:, was organized again under the auspices of the 710:'s household troops. They were the first modern 4267:History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey 4253:History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey 4084:; anecdotal and not scholarly says Aksan (1998) 3053: 2987:History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey 1638:, unless they served as border troops. Turkish 3135: 3133: 3131: 2866: 2675:The word "Janissary" derives from the Turkish 2556: 2554: 2099:(1811), and the final movement of Beethoven's 1373:. The corps was divided into three sub-corps: 1282:When a non-Muslim boy was recruited under the 3901:Predrag Gojkovic Cune - Janicar - (Audio1981) 1900:troops which caused the abdication of Sultan 977: 950: 932: 885: 876: 637: 4411:1826 disestablishments in the Ottoman Empire 4158:. Paris,: Presses Universitaires de France. 4137:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 3736:History of Servia and the Servian Revolution 2828:Hubbard, Glenn and Tim Kane. (2013) (2013). 2093:(c. 1783), Beethoven's incidental music for 1063:Some of the most famous Janissaries include 4279: 3739:. Translated by Louisa Hay Ker. pp. 119–120 3194: 3192: 3190: 3139: 3128: 2852:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2551: 2530:Historical Dictionary of the Napoleonic Era 2347:Janissaries appear in several books in the 1940:In 1807, a Janissary revolt deposed Sultan 1071:feudal lord who defected and led a 25‑year 853:tax of one-fifth on all slaves taken in war 687: 4351:1360s establishments in the Ottoman Empire 4198:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 3683: 2832:. Simon & Schuster. pp. 151–154. 2334:The Janissaries during the rule of Sultan 1781: 644: 630: 4206:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 322–331. 2728:William Cleveland; Martin Bunton (2013). 2648: 2200:Learn how and when to remove this message 1896:backed in Istanbul a rebellion by 12,000 1306:rotating lines of volley fire in battle. 4042: 3924: 3847:See "Janissary music," New Grove Online. 3820: 3295:"Albania - Albanians under Ottoman Rule" 3198: 3187: 2985:Shaw, Stanford; Ezel Kural Shaw (1976). 2932: 2783: 1997: 1872: 1860: 1791: 1597: 1400:, (the Sultan's own bodyguard), with 61 1319: 1270: 1123: 987: 948:", neither freemen nor ordinary slaves ( 861: 831:, in which 6,000 or more were executed. 4229: 4220: 4168: 4132: 4087: 4000: 3954: 3785: 3753: 3708: 3671: 3592: 3580: 3565: 3515: 3451: 3367: 3249: 3181: 2789: 2777: 2752: 2636: 2619: 2560: 2511: 2468: 1316:List of Ottoman titles and appellations 996:It was a similar system to the Iranian 843:(r. 1362–1389), the third ruler of the 4338: 4114:. In Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor (ed.). 3859:"The Enchantress of Florence (review)" 3856: 3604: 3154:"Janissary Recruitment in the Balkans" 2893: 2694: 1235:Janissary at the age of 24 or 25. The 1132:. Ottoman miniature painting from the 1033:gave, which make a system imbalanced. 834: 4223:Armies of the Ottoman Turks 1300-1774 4109: 3634: 3260: 3258: 3151: 2085:, both of whom composed music in the 1877:A 15th-century Janissary, drawing by 1858:: he was murdered shortly afterward. 1492:Paper strength of the Janissary corps 944:), "door servants" or "slaves of the 871:, the commander of the corps, in 1768 681: 3544:from the original on 9 February 2021 3494:from the original on 1 February 2021 3379: 2537:: Scarecrow Press. pp. 153–54. 2182:adding citations to reliable sources 2153: 1073:Albanian revolt against the Ottomans 665: 4118:. Leiden: BRILL. pp. 572–574. 4064:A History of the Modern Middle East 3827:Garland Encyclopedia of World Music 2730:A History of the Modern Middle East 786:) were taken, levied, subjected to 13: 4391:Christians from the Ottoman Empire 3727: 3255: 2955: 2149: 1987: 1904:and the death of the Grand Vizier 1090: 14: 4422: 4300: 3074:from the original on 5 April 2023 2975:from the original on 6 July 2017. 1483:(1645–1669) and particularly the 1453: 4026:Comparative Civilizations Review 3925:Janković, Dragana (2022-02-27). 3035:from the original on 17 May 2015 2565:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; 2158: 1761: 1741: 1726: 1706: 1120:Recruitment, training and status 1013:, who were drawn from converted 256: 68: 34: 3947: 3918: 3892: 3877:from the original on 2018-03-09 3850: 3841: 3814: 3791: 3759: 3702: 3677: 3647:from the original on 2019-03-25 3628: 3617:from the original on 2019-03-25 3598: 3521: 3472: 3445: 3434:from the original on 2012-06-27 3416: 3407: 3398: 3373: 3352: 3343: 3334: 3325: 3316: 3305:from the original on 2011-08-07 3287: 3276:from the original on 2018-10-03 3164:from the original on 2019-03-25 3145: 3115: 3099: 3047: 3021: 3000: 2979: 2926: 2887: 2860: 2758: 2589:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_30927 2367:In the 2020 Turkish historical 2169:needs additional citations for 2069:(a borrowing from Europe), and 1423:In addition there were also 34 1381:(frontier troops; also spelled 1309: 4386:Slaves from the Ottoman Empire 4307:History of the Janissary Music 2732:. Westview Press. p. 43. 2721: 2688: 2649:Streusand, Douglas E. (2011). 2642: 2517: 2406:Military of the Ottoman Empire 718:; adopted during the reign of 95:Standing professional military 44:and a Bölük of the Janissaries 1: 4284:. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu. 4237:. London: Osprey Publishing. 2697:The New Encyclopedia of Islam 2572:Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE 2446: 2341:Assassin's Creed: Revelations 1952:had him killed, but elevated 1626:. In melee combat, they used 1335:The corps was organized into 1128:Registration of boys for the 4280:Uzunçarşılı, İsmail (1988). 3871:Wayne State University Press 2894:Yılmaz, Gülay (2015-12-01). 2766:A History of the Middle East 2089:. Examples include Mozart's 2006:martial tunes played by the 1752:and cannon batteries at the 1593: 897: 794:, and incorporated into the 702:) was a member of the elite 676: 59:1363–1826 (1830 for Algiers) 7: 3466:10.1556/AOrient.59.2006.4.2 3096:. Istanbul, Simurg Kitabevi 2695:Glassé, Cyril, ed. (2008). 2384: 2240:The Enchantress of Florence 1459:battle force. According to 1341:(literally, "centers"). An 1266: 1065:George Kastrioti Skanderbeg 10: 4427: 4251:Shaw, Stanford J. (1976). 3528:Abdul-Karim Rafeq (2012). 3125:, (I.B. Tauris, 2007), 67. 3092:Kitsikis, Dimitri (1996). 2912:10.37879/belleten.2015.901 1991: 1785: 1676: 1610:, but they began adopting 1475:and, after 1593, with the 1385:in old sources), with 101 1313: 1179:, and, in rare instances, 792:forced conversion to Islam 18: 4381:Turkish words and phrases 4066:(Boulder: Westview, 2004) 3821:Reinhard, Ursula (2001). 3767:Asian and African Studies 3709:Sharkey, Heather (2017). 3607:"Battle of Mohács (1526)" 3201:Journal of Social History 1840:'s Russia or that of the 1713:Janissaries battling the 1687:Mamluk Sultanate of Cairo 683:[je.ˈŋi.t͡ʃe.ɾ̞i] 216: 211: 165: 157: 139: 134:Constantinople (Istanbul) 125: 115: 99: 91: 81: 63: 55: 33: 28: 3957:Journal of World History 3152:Nasuh, Matrakci (1588). 3094:Türk Yunan İmparatorluğu 2705:Rowman & Littlefield 2451: 2439:, elite infantry of the 2373:Rise of Empires: Ottoman 2338:are featured heavily in 2136:Istanbul Military Museum 2002:Janissaries marching to 1155:was extended to include 1046:Türk Yunan İmparatorluğu 288:Six Divisions of Cavalry 4221:Nicolle, David (1983). 4169:Murphey, Rhads (2002). 4133:Kafadar, Cemal (1995). 4055:Encyclopædia Britannica 3684:Clodfelter, M. (2017). 3380:Kunt, Metin İ. (1983). 2945:Encyclopædia Britannica 2867:Perry Anderson (1979). 2790:Kafadar, Cemal (1995). 2639:, pp. 59, 179–181. 2426:The Auspicious Incident 2264:The Magnificent Century 2124:In 1952, the Janissary 2079:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 1919:Slaughter of the Knezes 1782:Revolts and disbandment 1616:siege of Vienna in 1529 1602:Turkish guns 1750–1800. 1361:(literally, "hearth"). 904:Encyclopedia Britannica 868:Agha of the Janissaries 221:Agha of the Janissaries 42:Agha of the Janissaries 4154:, (1985, 1991, 1994). 4062:Cleveland, William L. 4028:55.55 (2006): 6:37-55 3987:(1998) 5#1 pp: 23–36. 3857:Conrad, JoAnn (2009). 3635:Osman, Nakkas (1597). 3006:Zürcher, Erik (1999). 2421:Ottoman decline thesis 2023: 1931:First Serbian Uprising 1885: 1870: 1813: 1671:Cretan War (1645–1669) 1603: 1485:War of the Holy League 1332: 1279: 1139: 993: 992:Janissary, before 1657 978: 960:. Through a system of 951: 933: 886: 877: 872: 747:enslavement, by which 706:units that formed the 186:Fall of Constantinople 4095:. New York: H. Holt. 4010:. London: Perennial. 3969:10.1353/jwh.2014.0005 3637:"Expedition to Revan" 2279:Predrag Gojković Cune 2229:The Sultan's Helmsman 2140:Turkish music (style) 2001: 1994:Ottoman military band 1992:Further information: 1876: 1867:Jean Baptiste Vanmour 1864: 1795: 1786:Further information: 1601: 1323: 1276:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 1274: 1127: 1060:(governor generals). 991: 930:The Janissaries were 898:şekine-i arz-ı yahudi 865: 4321:(not yet exploited) 4225:. Osprey Publishing. 3060:. Berg. p. 36. 2178:improve this article 2083:Ludwig van Beethoven 1685:, the defeat of the 1251:served as a kind of 901:). According to the 730:, and dismantled by 202:Great Siege of Malta 4110:Huart, Cl. (1987). 4049:"Janissaries" 3863:Marvels & Tales 3733:Leopold von Ranke. 3568:, pp. 112–116. 3270:My Albanian studies 2939:"Janissaries" 2755:, pp. 119–120. 2096:The Ruins of Athens 2091:Piano Sonata No. 11 2058:(natural trumpet), 1970:Auspicious Incident 1914:Sanjak of Smederevo 1715:Knights Hospitaller 1494: 1261:Knights Hospitaller 1077:Sokollu Mehmed Paşa 835:Origins and history 829:Auspicious Incident 788:forced circumcision 749:indigenous European 600:Sieges and landings 405:Auspicious Incident 190:Battle of Chaldiran 174:Battle of Nicopolis 130:Adrianople (Edirne) 4366:Islam and violence 4317:2012-02-05 at the 4076:. UK: Saqi Books. 4035:2019-11-09 at the 3994:2016-07-29 at the 3803:2016-12-20 at the 3788:, p. 456–457. 3756:, p. 431–434. 3674:, p. 292–295. 3428:ottomanempire.info 3213:10.1353/jsh.0.0133 2780:, p. 456-457. 2567:Rowson, Everett K. 2525:George F. Nafziger 2316:Age of Empires III 2251:, a 1979 novel by 2222:The Janissary Tree 2115:Giuseppe Donizetti 2024: 1927:Serbian Revolution 1886: 1871: 1814: 1754:Siege of Esztergom 1604: 1490: 1349:) was headed by a 1333: 1280: 1140: 994: 873: 498:Ahmet Ali Çelikten 21:Janissaries series 4275:978-0-521-29166-8 4261:978-0-521-29163-7 4244:978-1-85532-413-8 4213:978-90-04-12756-2 4152:Kitsikis, Dimitri 4144:978-0-520-20600-7 4082:978-0-86356-055-2 4017:978-0-688-08093-8 3595:, pp. 21–22. 3299:countrystudies.us 2839:978-1-4767-0025-0 2803:978-0-520-20600-7 2764:Peter Mansfield, 2739:978-0-8133-4833-9 2714:978-1-4422-2348-6 2598:978-90-04-33571-4 2350:Lymond Chronicles 2322:Age of Empires IV 2310:Age of Empires II 2266:) is a 2011–2012 2210: 2209: 2202: 1772:'s expedition to 1689:and wars against 1591: 1590: 1477:Habsburg monarchy 1345:(equivalent to a 1245:Haji Bektash Veli 923:were preferred." 674: 654: 653: 226: 225: 4418: 4401:Military slavery 4324: 4295: 4248: 4226: 4217: 4193:Heinrichs, W. P. 4174: 4156:L'Empire ottoman 4148: 4129: 4106: 4070:Goodwin, Godfrey 4059: 4051: 4021: 3980: 3942: 3941: 3939: 3938: 3922: 3916: 3915: 3914: 3913: 3904:, archived from 3896: 3890: 3889: 3883: 3882: 3854: 3848: 3845: 3839: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3818: 3812: 3795: 3789: 3783: 3770: 3769:7 (1971): 13–39. 3763: 3757: 3751: 3740: 3731: 3725: 3724: 3706: 3700: 3699: 3681: 3675: 3669: 3656: 3655: 3653: 3652: 3632: 3626: 3625: 3623: 3622: 3602: 3596: 3590: 3584: 3578: 3569: 3563: 3557: 3556: 3551: 3549: 3525: 3519: 3513: 3507: 3506: 3501: 3499: 3476: 3470: 3469: 3449: 3443: 3442: 3440: 3439: 3420: 3414: 3411: 3405: 3402: 3396: 3395: 3377: 3371: 3365: 3359: 3356: 3350: 3347: 3341: 3338: 3332: 3329: 3323: 3320: 3314: 3313: 3311: 3310: 3291: 3285: 3284: 3282: 3281: 3262: 3253: 3247: 3241: 3240: 3196: 3185: 3179: 3173: 3172: 3170: 3169: 3149: 3143: 3140:Uzunçarşılı 1988 3137: 3126: 3119: 3113: 3103: 3097: 3090: 3084: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3051: 3045: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3025: 3019: 3008:Arming the State 3004: 2998: 2983: 2977: 2976: 2974: 2967: 2959: 2953: 2952: 2941: 2930: 2924: 2923: 2906:(286): 901–930. 2891: 2885: 2884: 2864: 2858: 2857: 2851: 2843: 2825: 2808: 2807: 2787: 2781: 2775: 2769: 2762: 2756: 2750: 2744: 2743: 2725: 2719: 2718: 2701:Lanham, Maryland 2699:(3rd ed.). 2692: 2686: 2685: 2646: 2640: 2634: 2623: 2617: 2611: 2610: 2581:Brill Publishers 2558: 2549: 2548: 2535:Lanham, Maryland 2521: 2515: 2509: 2472: 2471:, pp. 9–10. 2466: 2362:Battle of Vienna 2298:expansions of VI 2205: 2198: 2194: 2191: 2185: 2162: 2154: 2107:Sultan Mahmud II 1842:Praetorian Guard 1827:Battle of Vienna 1788:Janissary revolt 1765: 1745: 1734:Battle of Mohács 1730: 1710: 1495: 1489: 1437:Odjak of Algiers 1042:Dimitri Kitsikis 1040:Greek Historian 983: 954: 936: 900: 893:Imperial Arsenal 889: 882: 701: 698: 695: 692: 689: 685: 679: 669: 667: 646: 639: 632: 458:Imperial Arsenal 432: 272: 260: 231: 230: 194:Battle of Mohács 178:Battle of Ankara 170:Battle of Kosovo 74: 72: 71: 38: 26: 25: 4426: 4425: 4421: 4420: 4419: 4417: 4416: 4415: 4336: 4335: 4322: 4319:Wayback Machine 4303: 4298: 4292: 4245: 4235:The Janissaries 4214: 4185:Bosworth, C. E. 4145: 4126: 4103: 4074:The Janissaries 4037:Wayback Machine 4018: 3996:Wayback Machine 3950: 3945: 3936: 3934: 3923: 3919: 3911: 3909: 3898: 3897: 3893: 3880: 3878: 3855: 3851: 3846: 3842: 3832: 3830: 3819: 3815: 3805:Wayback Machine 3796: 3792: 3784: 3773: 3764: 3760: 3752: 3743: 3732: 3728: 3721: 3707: 3703: 3696: 3682: 3678: 3670: 3659: 3650: 3648: 3633: 3629: 3620: 3618: 3605:Lokman (1588). 3603: 3599: 3591: 3587: 3579: 3572: 3564: 3560: 3547: 3545: 3534:brillonline.com 3526: 3522: 3514: 3510: 3497: 3495: 3484:brillonline.com 3478: 3477: 3473: 3450: 3446: 3437: 3435: 3422: 3421: 3417: 3412: 3408: 3403: 3399: 3392: 3378: 3374: 3366: 3362: 3357: 3353: 3348: 3344: 3339: 3335: 3330: 3326: 3321: 3317: 3308: 3306: 3293: 3292: 3288: 3279: 3277: 3264: 3263: 3256: 3248: 3244: 3197: 3188: 3180: 3176: 3167: 3165: 3150: 3146: 3138: 3129: 3121:Mark L. Stein, 3120: 3116: 3104: 3100: 3091: 3087: 3077: 3075: 3068: 3052: 3048: 3038: 3036: 3027: 3026: 3022: 3005: 3001: 2984: 2980: 2972: 2965: 2961: 2960: 2956: 2931: 2927: 2892: 2888: 2881: 2865: 2861: 2845: 2844: 2840: 2826: 2811: 2804: 2788: 2784: 2776: 2772: 2763: 2759: 2751: 2747: 2740: 2726: 2722: 2715: 2707:. p. 129. 2693: 2689: 2671: 2647: 2643: 2635: 2626: 2618: 2614: 2599: 2575:. 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J. 4166: 4149: 4143: 4130: 4124: 4107: 4101: 4089:Goodwin, Jason 4085: 4067: 4060: 4046:, ed. (1911). 4044:Chisholm, Hugh 4040: 4022: 4016: 3998: 3985:War in History 3981: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3943: 3917: 3891: 3849: 3840: 3813: 3798:"Mansure Army" 3790: 3771: 3758: 3741: 3726: 3719: 3701: 3695:978-0786474707 3694: 3676: 3657: 3627: 3597: 3585: 3570: 3558: 3520: 3508: 3471: 3460:(4): 407–438. 3444: 3415: 3406: 3397: 3390: 3372: 3370:, p. 118. 3360: 3351: 3342: 3333: 3324: 3315: 3286: 3254: 3242: 3207:(2): 447–467. 3186: 3174: 3144: 3127: 3114: 3098: 3085: 3066: 3046: 3020: 2999: 2978: 2954: 2936:, ed. (1911). 2934:Chisholm, Hugh 2925: 2902:(in Turkish). 2886: 2879: 2859: 2838: 2809: 2802: 2782: 2770: 2757: 2745: 2738: 2720: 2713: 2687: 2670:978-0813313597 2669: 2663:. p. 83. 2661:Westview Press 2641: 2624: 2612: 2597: 2563:Krämer, Gudrun 2550: 2543: 2516: 2514:, p. 113. 2473: 2455: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2444: 2443: 2441:Adal Sultanate 2434: 2428: 2423: 2418: 2413: 2408: 2403: 2398: 2393: 2386: 2383: 2382: 2381: 2365: 2358: 2345: 2332: 2281: 2275: 2255: 2244: 2235:Salman Rushdie 2232: 2226: 2218: 2208: 2207: 2166: 2164: 2157: 2151: 2148: 2109:abolished the 2101:Symphony No. 9 2016:Topkapı Palace 2014:(1720) at the 1989: 1986: 1974:Tower of Blood 1806:Topkapı Palace 1804:(1720) at the 1783: 1780: 1779: 1778: 1767: 1760: 1758: 1747: 1740: 1738: 1732: 1725: 1723: 1712: 1705: 1683:Constantinople 1678: 1675: 1661:, such as the 1595: 1592: 1589: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1542: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1473:Safavid Empire 1465:Timarli Sipahi 1455: 1454:Corps strength 1452: 1421: 1420: 1405: 1390: 1329:Lambert de Vos 1311: 1308: 1294:conditions in 1268: 1265: 1249:Bektashi Order 1121: 1118: 1092: 1089: 1075:. Another was 857:Ottoman sultan 845:Ottoman Empire 836: 833: 821:cavalry rivals 804:Ottoman sultan 752:Christian boys 708:Ottoman sultan 652: 651: 649: 648: 641: 634: 626: 623: 622: 621: 620: 612: 611: 608: 607: 602: 597: 592: 591: 590: 580: 579: 578: 573: 568: 563: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 533: 528: 523: 512: 509: 508: 505: 504: 501: 500: 495: 489: 484: 483: 480: 479: 476: 475: 470: 468:Kapudan Pashas 465: 460: 454: 449: 448: 445: 444: 441: 440: 434: 426: 425: 422: 421: 418: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 395:Nizam-i Djedid 391: 386: 385: 382: 381: 378: 377: 372: 367: 362: 357: 352: 347: 342: 337: 332: 327: 322: 317: 312: 307: 302: 297: 292: 291: 290: 285: 274: 268:Classical army 266: 265: 262: 261: 253: 252: 250:Ottoman Empire 242: 241: 234: 227: 224: 223: 218: 214: 213: 209: 208: 167: 163: 162: 159: 155: 154: 141: 137: 136: 127: 123: 122: 117: 113: 112: 111:135,000 (1826) 101: 97: 96: 93: 89: 88: 83: 79: 78: 76:Ottoman Empire 65: 61: 60: 57: 53: 52: 39: 31: 30: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4423: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4343: 4341: 4332: 4331: 4328:"Janissary," 4326: 4320: 4316: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4304: 4293: 4291:975-16-0056-1 4287: 4283: 4278: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4219: 4215: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4199: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4181:Bianquis, Th. 4178: 4173: 4167: 4165: 4164:2-13-043459-2 4161: 4157: 4153: 4150: 4146: 4140: 4136: 4131: 4127: 4125:90-04-08265-4 4121: 4117: 4113: 4112:"Janissaries" 4108: 4104: 4102:0-8050-4081-1 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4068: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4056: 4050: 4045: 4041: 4038: 4034: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4013: 4009: 4008: 4003: 4002:Kinross, Lord 3999: 3997: 3993: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3953: 3952: 3932: 3928: 3921: 3908:on 2017-05-26 3907: 3903: 3902: 3895: 3887: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3853: 3844: 3833:September 15, 3828: 3824: 3817: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3799: 3794: 3787: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3768: 3762: 3755: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3738: 3737: 3730: 3722: 3720:9780521186872 3716: 3712: 3705: 3697: 3691: 3687: 3680: 3673: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3631: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3601: 3594: 3589: 3583:, p. 36. 3582: 3577: 3575: 3567: 3562: 3555: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3524: 3518:, p. 17. 3517: 3512: 3505: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3475: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3448: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3419: 3410: 3401: 3393: 3391:0-231-05578-1 3387: 3383: 3376: 3369: 3364: 3355: 3346: 3337: 3328: 3319: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3290: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3266:"Janissaries" 3261: 3259: 3251: 3246: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3183: 3178: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3148: 3141: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3124: 3118: 3112: 3111:9958-815-00-1 3108: 3102: 3095: 3089: 3073: 3069: 3067:9781859738757 3063: 3059: 3058: 3050: 3034: 3030: 3024: 3017: 3016:1-86064-404-X 3013: 3009: 3003: 2996: 2995:0-521-21280-4 2992: 2988: 2982: 2971: 2964: 2958: 2951: 2947: 2946: 2940: 2935: 2929: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2890: 2882: 2880:9780860917106 2876: 2872: 2871: 2863: 2855: 2849: 2841: 2835: 2831: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2805: 2799: 2795: 2794: 2786: 2779: 2774: 2767: 2761: 2754: 2749: 2741: 2735: 2731: 2724: 2716: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2691: 2684: 2682: 2678: 2672: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2653: 2645: 2638: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2622:, p. 52. 2621: 2616: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2573: 2568: 2564: 2557: 2555: 2546: 2544:9780810866171 2540: 2536: 2532: 2531: 2526: 2520: 2513: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2470: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2456: 2442: 2438: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2427: 2424: 2422: 2419: 2417: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2407: 2404: 2402: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2392: 2389: 2388: 2379: 2375: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2363: 2359: 2356: 2352: 2351: 2346: 2343: 2342: 2337: 2333: 2330: 2329: 2324: 2323: 2318: 2317: 2312: 2311: 2306: 2305: 2300: 2299: 2294: 2293: 2288: 2287: 2282: 2280: 2276: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2260: 2256: 2254: 2250: 2249: 2245: 2242: 2241: 2236: 2233: 2230: 2227: 2224: 2223: 2219: 2216: 2212: 2211: 2204: 2201: 2193: 2183: 2179: 2173: 2172: 2167:This section 2165: 2161: 2156: 2155: 2147: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2132: 2127: 2126:military band 2122: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2102: 2098: 2097: 2092: 2088: 2087:Turkish style 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2044: 2040:(bass drum), 2039: 2038: 2033: 2029: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1985: 1981: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1958: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1946:Nizam-ı Cedid 1943: 1938: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1906:Damad Ibrahim 1903: 1899: 1895: 1894:Patrona Halil 1891: 1884: 1880: 1875: 1868: 1863: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1830: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1775: 1771: 1764: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1744: 1739: 1735: 1729: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1709: 1704: 1703: 1702: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1674: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1647: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1600: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1543: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1496: 1493: 1488: 1487:(1683–1699). 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1468: 1466: 1462: 1461:David Nicolle 1451: 1449: 1445: 1440: 1438: 1435:, called the 1434: 1430: 1426: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1375: 1374: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1339: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1317: 1307: 1303: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1277: 1273: 1264: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1232: 1230: 1226: 1221: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1204: 1200: 1198: 1195:and southern 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1137: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1117: 1113: 1111: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1088: 1084: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1061: 1059: 1055: 1054:Grand Viziers 1051: 1047: 1043: 1038: 1034: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 990: 986: 984: 982: 981: 974: 970: 965: 963: 959: 955: 953: 947: 943: 942: 937: 935: 928: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 905: 899: 894: 890: 888: 881: 880: 870: 869: 864: 860: 858: 854: 851:instituted a 850: 849:Ottoman Turks 846: 842: 832: 830: 826: 822: 817: 813: 808: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 750: 746: 742: 741: 735: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 712:standing army 709: 705: 684: 678: 672: 663: 659: 647: 642: 640: 635: 633: 628: 627: 625: 624: 619: 616: 615: 614: 613: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 589: 586: 585: 584: 581: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 564: 562: 559: 557: 554: 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 539: 537: 534: 532: 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 518: 517: 514: 513: 507: 506: 499: 496: 494: 493:Vecihi Hürkuş 491: 490: 487: 482: 481: 474: 473:Naval battles 471: 469: 466: 464: 461: 459: 456: 455: 452: 447: 446: 439: 436: 435: 429: 424: 423: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 392: 389: 388:Reform period 384: 383: 376: 373: 371: 368: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 289: 286: 284: 281: 280: 279: 276: 275: 269: 264: 263: 259: 255: 254: 251: 247: 244: 243: 238: 233: 232: 228:Military unit 222: 219: 215: 210: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 168: 164: 160: 156: 153: 149: 145: 142: 138: 135: 131: 128: 124: 121: 118: 114: 109:37,627 (1609) 107:13,599 (1574) 102: 98: 94: 90: 87: 84: 80: 77: 66: 62: 58: 54: 49: 45: 43: 37: 32: 27: 22: 4329: 4281: 4266: 4252: 4234: 4222: 4203: 4196: 4155: 4134: 4115: 4092: 4073: 4063: 4053: 4025: 4006: 3984: 3960: 3956: 3948:Bibliography 3935:. Retrieved 3933:(in Serbian) 3930: 3920: 3910:, retrieved 3906:the original 3900: 3894: 3886:Project MUSE 3884:– via 3879:. Retrieved 3866: 3862: 3852: 3843: 3831:. Retrieved 3826: 3816: 3808: 3793: 3786:Kinross 1977 3766: 3761: 3754:Kinross 1977 3735: 3729: 3710: 3704: 3685: 3679: 3672:Kinross 1977 3649:. Retrieved 3640: 3630: 3619:. Retrieved 3610: 3600: 3593:Nicolle 1995 3588: 3581:Nicolle 1995 3566:Ágoston 2014 3561: 3553: 3548:14 September 3546:. Retrieved 3533: 3523: 3516:Nicolle 1983 3511: 3503: 3498:14 September 3496:. Retrieved 3483: 3474: 3457: 3453: 3447: 3436:. Retrieved 3427: 3418: 3409: 3400: 3381: 3375: 3368:Ágoston 2014 3363: 3354: 3345: 3336: 3327: 3318: 3307:. Retrieved 3298: 3289: 3278:. Retrieved 3269: 3252:, p. 8. 3250:Nicolle 1983 3245: 3204: 3200: 3184:, p. 7. 3182:Nicolle 1983 3177: 3166:. Retrieved 3157: 3147: 3122: 3117: 3101: 3093: 3088: 3076:. Retrieved 3056: 3049: 3037:. Retrieved 3023: 3007: 3002: 2986: 2981: 2957: 2949: 2943: 2928: 2903: 2899: 2889: 2869: 2862: 2829: 2792: 2785: 2778:Kinross 1977 2773: 2768:(1991) p. 31 2765: 2760: 2753:Ágoston 2014 2748: 2729: 2723: 2696: 2690: 2680: 2676: 2674: 2657:Philadelphia 2651: 2644: 2637:Goodwin 1998 2620:Kinross 1977 2615: 2570: 2529: 2519: 2512:Ágoston 2014 2469:Nicolle 1983 2371: 2348: 2339: 2326: 2320: 2314: 2308: 2302: 2296: 2290: 2284: 2263: 2257: 2246: 2238: 2228: 2220: 2196: 2187: 2176:Please help 2171:verification 2168: 2129: 2123: 2110: 2105: 2094: 2074: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2041: 2035: 2027: 2025: 2011: 1982: 1978:Thessaloniki 1959: 1939: 1890:Tulip Period 1887: 1856:Seven Towers 1831: 1822: 1819:palace coups 1815: 1801: 1680: 1659:hand cannons 1648: 1605: 1491: 1469: 1457: 1443: 1441: 1428: 1424: 1422: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1370: 1366: 1358: 1354: 1342: 1336: 1334: 1324: 1310:Organization 1304: 1295: 1281: 1233: 1222: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1205: 1201: 1152: 1141: 1135:Süleymanname 1133: 1129: 1114: 1094: 1085: 1081:Bosnian Serb 1062: 1049: 1045: 1044:in his book 1039: 1035: 1008: 995: 976: 966: 949: 939: 931: 929: 902: 884: 874: 866: 838: 809: 796:Ottoman army 738: 736: 657: 655: 618:Conscription 410:Mansure Army 360:Bashi-bazouk 120:Ottoman army 116:Part of 105:7,841 (1484) 103:1,000 (1400) 48:Lambert Wyts 40: 4346:Janissaries 4323:(in German) 4172:"Yeñi Čeri" 3931:Telegraf.rs 3873:: 433–436. 3829:. Routledge 2248:Janissaries 1823:acemi oğlan 1798:Safranpilav 1296:acemi oğlan 1208:acemi oğlan 1189:Circassians 1015:Circassians 973:circumcised 962:meritocracy 934:kapıkulları 816:reactionary 697:new soldier 438:Modern Army 431:(1861–1922) 428:Modern army 283:Janissaries 271:(1451–1826) 166:Engagements 4340:Categories 4202:Volume XI: 3963:: 85–124. 3937:2024-09-18 3912:2021-05-24 3881:2017-12-17 3651:2015-02-09 3621:2015-02-09 3530:"Yerliyya" 3438:2011-03-08 3309:2018-10-03 3280:2018-10-03 3168:2015-02-09 3078:1 December 2950:see para 2 2677:yeni cheri 2447:References 2336:Bayezid II 2272:Meral Okay 2190:March 2022 2018:Museum in 1950:Mustafa IV 1808:Museum in 1481:Cretan War 1415:, with 34 1363:Suleiman I 1314:See also: 1227:was three 1193:Ukrainians 1175:and later 1169:Hungarians 1161:Bulgarians 1058:Beylerbeys 925:Bektashism 812:modernized 784:Ukrainians 764:Bulgarians 745:child levy 743:system of 605:Rebellions 566:Portuguese 310:Dervendjis 212:Commanders 64:Allegiance 3977:143042353 3611:Hünernâme 3237:201793634 3221:0022-4529 2920:0041-4255 2873:. Verso. 2848:cite book 2681:yeni çeri 2607:1873-9830 2378:Mehmed II 2369:docudrama 2237:'s novel 1966:artillery 1954:Mahmud II 1942:Selim III 1929:with the 1902:Ahmed III 1883:Mehmed II 1829:in 1683. 1796:Banquet ( 1770:Murad III 1594:Equipment 1548:<1,000 1545:Strength 1448:yerliyyas 1427:s of the 1347:battalion 1331:, c. 1574 1259:like the 1185:Georgians 1181:Romanians 1157:Armenians 1149:Albanians 1031:Qizilbash 1023:Armenians 1019:Georgians 1006:Qajar era 825:Mahmud II 776:Romanians 760:Albanians 754:from the 734:in 1826. 732:Mahmud II 671:romanized 658:janissary 541:Hungarian 536:Moldavian 526:Bulgarian 521:Byzantine 510:Conflicts 355:Humbaracı 345:Timariots 217:Commander 158:Equipment 126:Garrisons 29:Janissary 4361:Infantry 4315:Archived 4233:(1995). 4195:(eds.). 4091:(1998). 4072:(2001). 4033:Archived 4004:(1977). 3992:Archived 3875:Archived 3801:Archived 3645:Archived 3615:Archived 3542:Archived 3492:Archived 3490:. 2012. 3432:Archived 3303:Archived 3274:Archived 3229:27696448 3162:Archived 3072:Archived 3039:15 April 3033:Archived 2970:Archived 2900:Belleten 2569:(eds.). 2527:(2001). 2437:Malassay 2416:Genízaro 2411:Saqaliba 2385:See also 2380:'s army. 2304:Cossacks 2215:Bulgaria 2131:Mehterân 2067:triangle 2046:(a loud 2020:Istanbul 2008:Mehterân 1910:Mahmud I 1898:Albanian 1852:Osman II 1847:Selim II 1836:of Tsar 1834:Streltsy 1810:Istanbul 1756:in 1543. 1721:in 1522. 1663:abus gun 1655:grenades 1644:halberds 1612:firearms 1540:1710–71 1365:had 165 1300:celibate 1292:monastic 1284:devşirme 1267:Training 1253:chaplain 1218:devşirme 1213:devşirme 1197:Russians 1177:Bosniaks 1153:devşirme 1130:devşirme 1097:uniforms 1069:Albanian 1050:devşirme 1010:ghilmans 1002:Afsharid 941:kapıkulu 921:Bulgaria 887:devşirme 879:devşirme 740:devşirme 720:Murad II 716:firearms 704:infantry 677:yeŋiçeri 571:Habsburg 556:Croatian 551:Albanian 546:Venetian 516:European 486:Aviation 415:Hamidieh 370:Martolos 278:Kapıkulu 237:a series 235:Part of 86:Infantry 2396:Ghilman 2268:Turkish 2071:cymbals 2032:timpani 2030:(giant 1923:Valjevo 1768:Sultan 1736:, 1526. 1695:Austria 1691:Hungary 1677:Battles 1667:Pistols 1651:muskets 1640:yatagan 1636:daggers 1620:sappers 1608:archers 1587:43,562 1534:1687–88 1531:1666–67 1433:Algiers 1351:çorbaci 1288:Turkish 1241:dervish 1225:Ahmet I 1138:, 1558. 998:Safavid 969:Balkans 958:Enderun 938:(sing. 909:Albania 841:Murad I 756:Balkans 728:Murad I 691: 673:: 588:Persian 576:Russian 531:Serbian 325:Seimeni 300:Voynuks 161:Various 4288: 4273: 4259: 4241: 4210: 4191:& 4162: 4141: 4122: 4099: 4080: 4030:Online 4014: 3989:online 3975: 3717: 3692: 3480:"Orta" 3388: 3235: 3227: 3219: 3109: 3064: 3014: 2993: 2918: 2877: 2836: 2800: 2736: 2711: 2667: 2605: 2595: 2577:Leiden 2541: 2401:Mamluk 2144:Mehter 2119:Mehter 2111:mehter 2060:çevgan 2052:naffir 2004:Mehter 1935:Serbia 1632:kilijs 1624:miners 1622:, and 1584:67,729 1581:62,826 1578:47,233 1575:51,047 1572:37,627 1569:23,232 1566:16,905 1563:13,599 1560:12,131 1413:seymen 1409:sekban 1398:beylik 1383:jemaat 1379:cemaat 1353:. All 1243:saint 1165:Croats 1145:Greeks 1110:cebeci 1105:Sultan 1101:mehter 1027:ghazis 1021:, and 1004:, and 980:askeri 917:Greece 913:Bosnia 847:. The 800:slaves 782:, and 772:Greeks 768:Croats 666:یڭیچری 595:Africa 561:Polish 375:Arnaut 340:Levend 330:Akinji 320:Seymen 315:Sekban 305:Yamaks 295:Sipahi 239:on the 206:others 204:, and 140:Colors 73: 56:Active 50:, 1573 4175:. 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