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4715:
minority over a largely hostile majority population. They also acted as centres of administration. Modern historiography rejects the 19th-century consensus that
Westerners learnt the basis of military architecture from the Near East, as Europe had already experienced rapid development in defensive technology before the First Crusade. Direct contact with Arab fortifications originally constructed by the Byzantines did influence developments in the east, but the lack of documentary evidence means that it remains difficult to differentiate between the importance of this design culture and the constraints of situation. The latter led to the inclusion of oriental design features such as large water reservoirs and the exclusion of occidental features such as moats.
4796:
as well as other raw alimentary goods and mineral products. Trade with the Muslim world was thus extended beyond existing limits. Merchants were further advantaged by technological improvements, and long-distance trade as a whole expanded. The increased volume of goods being traded through ports of the Latin Levant and the Muslim world made this the cornerstone of a wider Middle
Eastern economy, as manifested in important cities along the trade routes, such as Aleppo, Damascus, and Acre. It became increasingly common for European merchants to venture further east, and business was conducted fairly despite religious differences, and continued even in times of political and military tensions.
4695:
3078:
13645:
3782:. After a short battle, the Egyptian commander decided to evacuate the city. Remarkably, Damietta had been seized with only one Crusader casualty. The city became a Frankish city and Louis waited until the Nile floods abated before advancing, remembering the lessons of the Fifth Crusade. The loss of Damietta was a shock to the Muslim world, and as-Salih Ayyub offered to trade Damietta for Jerusalem as his father had thirty years before. The offer was rejected. By the end of October 1249 the Nile had receded and reinforcements had arrived. It was time to advance, and the Frankish army set out towards
11123:
11008:
10993:
10968:
10958:
10943:
10933:
10893:
10883:
3354:
697:. The conflicts to which the term is applied has been extended to include other campaigns initiated, supported and sometimes directed by the Latin Church with varying objectives, mostly religious, sometimes political. These differed from previous Christian religious wars in that they were considered a penitential exercise, and so earned participants remittance from penalties for all confessed sins. What constituted a crusade has been understood in diverse ways, particularly regarding the early Crusades, and the precise definition remains a matter of debate among contemporary historians.
1538:
4240:
40:
1870:
1980:
666:
11143:
10430:
10275:
2968:
1906:, where he received Stephen's report, to Constantinople. The Greeks were never truly forgiven for this perceived betrayal and Stephen was branded a coward. Losing numbers through desertion and starvation in the besieged city, the crusaders attempted a negotiated surrender but were rejected. Bohemond recognised that the only option was open combat and launched a counterattack. Despite superior numbers, Kerbogha's armyâwhich was divided into factions and surprised by the Crusaders commitmentâretreated and abandoned the siege. Raymond
11048:
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10923:
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10860:
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10188:
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10521:
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1715:
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4719:
16749:
16595:
3973:
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3834:
11153:
10724:
10622:
10489:
10435:
10391:
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10364:
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10255:
2438:, arriving on 28 November 1144. The city had been warned of his arrival and was prepared for a siege, but there was little they could do. Zengi realised there was no defending force and surrounded the city. The walls collapsed on 24 December 1144. Zengi's troops rushed into the city, killing all those who were unable to flee. All the Frankish prisoners were executed, but the native Christians were allowed to live. The Crusaders were dealt their first major defeat.
3101:
16545:
11800:
4769:, unknown at the time to the Franks, sometimes in a Frankish style and even of western saints. This is seen as the origin of Italian panel painting. While it is difficult to track illumination of manuscripts and castle design back to their origins, textual sources are simpler. The translations made in Antioch are notable, but they are considered of secondary importance to the works emanating from Muslim Spain and from the hybrid culture of Sicily.
16619:
11790:
16647:
16698:
16571:
16534:
13657:
11186:
3248:
16715:
16681:
16766:
3626:
3491:
11163:
10440:
3428:
stop, Frederick was struck with the plague and disembarked to secure medical attention. Resolved to keep his oath, he sent his fleet on to Acre. He sent his emissaries to inform
Gregory IX of the situation, but the pope did not care about Frederick's illness, just that he had not lived up to his agreement. Frederick was excommunicated on 29 September 1227, branded a wanton violator of his sacred oath taken many times.
16583:
11810:
2657:
16664:
3568:. Contrary to Theobald's instructions and the advice of the military orders, a group decided to move against the enemy without further delay, but they were surprised by the Muslims who inflicted a devastating defeat on the Franks. The masters of the military orders then convinced Theobald to retreat to Acre rather than pursue the Egyptians and their Frankish prisoners. A month after the battle at Gaza,
16607:
3025:, held by Saladin since 1187, and advanced inland towards Jerusalem. On 12 December 1191 Saladin disbanded the greater part of his army. Learning this, Richard pushed his army forward, to within 12 miles from Jerusalem before retreating back to the coast. The Crusaders made another advance on Jerusalem, coming within sight of the city in June before being forced to retreat again.
3267:, king of Jerusalem. The initial plan of a two-prong attack in Syria and in Egypt was abandoned and instead the objective became limited operations in Syria. After accomplishing little, the ailing Andrew returned to Hungary early in 1218. As it became clear that Frederick II was not coming to the east, the remaining commanders began the planning to attack the Egyptian port of
3146:. Pope Innocent III's role was ambivalent. He only condemned the attack when the siege started. He withdrew his legate to disassociate from the attack but seemed to have accepted it as inevitable. Historians question whether for him, the papal desire to salvage the crusade may have outweighed the moral consideration of shedding Christian blood. The crusade was joined by King
2554:, an enemy of Conrad's, had invaded Byzantine territory. Manuel I needed all his army to counter this force, and, unlike the armies of the First Crusade, the Germans and French entered Asia with no Byzantine assistance. The French met the remnants of Conrad's army in northern Turkey, and Conrad joined Louis's force. They fended off a Seljuk attack at the
1955:
mistook the crusaders for the latest in a long line of
Byzantine mercenaries, not religiously motivated warriors intent on conquest and settlement. The Muslim world was divided between the Sunnis of Syria and Iraq and the Shi'ite Fatimids of Egypt. The Turks had found unity unachievable since the death of Sultan Malik-Shah in 1092, with rival rulers in
1923:
for provisions. The
Frankish envoys returned accompanied by Fatimid representatives. This brought the information that the Fatimids had recaptured Jerusalem. The Franks offered to partition conquered territory in return for the city. Refusal of the offer made it imperative that the crusade reach Jerusalem before the Fatimids made it defensible.
1616:. The Seljuks were nomadic, Turkic speaking and occasionally shamanistic, very different from their sedentary, Arabic speaking subjects. This difference and the governance of territory based on political preference, and competition between independent princes rather than geography, weakened power structures. In 1071, Byzantine Emperor
1854:. The total number may have reached as many as 100,000 people including non-combatants. They traveled eastward by land to Constantinople where they were cautiously welcomed by the emperor. Alexios persuaded many of the princes to pledge allegiance to him and that their first objective should be Nicaea, the capital of the
2172:, atabeg of Mosul, in return for money, hostages and military support. Tancred and Baldwin, supported by their respective Muslim allies, entered violent conflict over the return of Edessa leaving 2,000 Franks dead before Bernard of Valence, patriarch of both Antioch and Edessa, adjudicated in Baldwin's favour.
1647:" could be rationalised if it was proclaimed by a legitimate authority, was defensive or for the recovery of lands, and without an excessive degree of violence. Violent acts were commonly used for dispute resolution in Western Europe, and the papacy attempted to mitigate this. Historians have thought that the
3849:
fought on 6 April 1250 would be the decisive defeat of Louis' army. Louis knew that the army must be extricated to
Damietta and they departed on the morning of 5 April, with the king in the rear and the Egyptians in pursuit. The next day, the Muslims surrounded the army and attacked in full force. On
3448:
was concluded on 18 February 1229, with al-Kamil surrendering
Jerusalem, with the exception of some Muslim holy sites, and agreeing to a ten-year truce. Frederick entered Jerusalem on 17 March 1229 and received the formal surrender of the city by al-Kamil's agent and the next day, crowned himself. On
3435:
in June 1228. After a stop at Cyprus, Frederick II arrived in Acre on 7 September 1228 and was received warmly by the military orders, despite his excommunication. Frederick's army was not large, mostly German, Sicilian and
English. Of the troops he had sent in 1227 had mostly returned home. He could
3178:
IV to seek continued support from the crusade until he could fulfil his commitments. This ended with his murder in a violent anti-Latin revolt. The crusaders were without seaworthy ships, supplies or food. Their only escape route was through the city, taking by force what
Alexios had promised and the
4737:
style. This can be seen in the 12th-century rebuilding of the Holy
Sepulchre. It retained some of the Byzantine details, but new arches and chapels were built to northern French, Aquitanian, and Provençal patterns. There is little trace of any surviving indigenous influence in sculpture, although in
3583:
In July 1239, Baldwin of Courtenay, the young heir to the Latin Empire, travelled to Constantinople with a small army. In the winter of 1239, Baldwin finally returned to Constantinople, where he was crowned emperor around Easter of 1240, after which he launched his crusade. Baldwin then besieged and
3524:
in 1234 calling for a new crusade once the truce expired. A number of English and French nobles took the cross, but the crusade's departure was delayed because Frederick, whose lands the crusaders had planned to cross, opposed any crusading activity before the expiration of this truce. Frederick was
3456:
The results of the Sixth Crusade were not universally acclaimed. Two letters from the Christian side tell differing stories, with Frederick touting the great success of the endeavor and the Latin patriarch painting a darker picture of the emperor and his accomplishments. On the Muslim side, al-Kamil
3409:
was signed on 25 July 1225 at San Germano. Frederick promised to depart on the Crusade by August 1227 and remain for two years. During this period, he was to maintain and support forces in Syria and deposit escrow funds at Rome in gold. These funds would be returned to the emperor once he arrived at
3338:
for the Franks side and a son of al-Kamil for Egypt. The masters of the military orders were dispatched to Damietta, where the forces were resistant to giving up, with the news of the surrender, which happened on 8 September 1221. The Fifth Crusade was over, a dismal failure, unable to even gain the
3313:
In November 1219, the Crusaders entered Damietta and found it abandoned, al-Kamil having moved his army south. In the captured city, Pelagius was unable to prod the Crusaders from their inactivity, and many returned home, their vow fulfilled. Al-Kamil took advantage of this lull to reinforce his new
1938:
tilted the balance. Two large siege engines were constructed and the one commanded by Godfrey breached the walls on 15 July. For two days the crusaders massacred the inhabitants and pillaged the city. Historians now believe the accounts of the numbers killed have been exaggerated, but this narrative
1893:
lasted eight months. The crusaders lacked the resources to fully invest the city. The residents lacked the means to repel the invaders. Then Bohemond persuaded a guard in the city to open a gate. The crusaders entered, massacring the Muslim inhabitants and many Christians amongst the Greek Orthodox,
4795:
economic spheres. The transport of pilgrims and crusaders notably benefitted Italian maritime cities, such as the trio of Venice, Pisa, and Genoa. Having obtained commercial privileges in the fortified places of Syria, they became the favoured intermediaries for trade in goods such as silk, spices,
4714:
Historians consider the crusader military architecture of the Middle East to demonstrate a synthesis of the European, Byzantine and Muslim traditions and to be the most original and impressive artistic achievement of the crusades. Castles were a tangible symbol of the dominance of a Latin Christian
4710:
According to the historian Joshua Prawer no major European poet, theologian, scholar or historian settled in the crusader states. Some went on pilgrimage, and this is seen in new imagery and ideas in western poetry. Although they did not migrate east themselves, their output often encouraged others
4188:
with the support of foreign fighters responding to the preaching of Innocent III. Many of these deserted because of the Spanish tolerance of the defeated Muslims, for whom the Reconquista was a war of domination rather than extermination. In contrast the Christians formerly living under Muslim rule
3857:
The Egyptians were unprepared for the large number of prisoners taken, comprising most of Louis' force. The infirm were executed immediately and several hundred were decapitated daily. Louis and his commanders were moved to Mansurah, and negotiations for their release commenced. The terms agreed to
3579:
On 8 October 1240, the English expedition arrived, led by Richard of Cornwall. The force marched to Jaffa, where they completed the negotiations for a truce with Ayyubid leaders begun by Theobald just a few months prior. Richard consented, the new agreement was ratified by Ayyub by 8 February 1241,
3414:
by proxy in August 1225 and they were formally married on 9 November 1227. Frederick claimed the kingship of Jerusalem despite John having been given assurances that he would remain as king. Frederick took the crown in December 1225. Frederick's first royal decree was to grant new privileges on the
2581:
from 24 to 28 July 1148. The barons of Jerusalem withdrew support and the Crusaders retreated before the arrival of a relief army led by NĆ«r-ad-Din. Morale fell, hostility to the Byzantines grew and distrust developed between the newly arrived Crusaders and those that had made the region their home
1950:
Defender of the Holy Sepulchre. The presence of troops from Lorraine ended the possibility that Jerusalem would be an ecclesiastical domain and the claims of Raymond. Godfrey was left with a mere 300 knights and 2,000 infantry. Tancred also remained with the ambition to gain a princedom of his own.
1922:
died, leaving the crusade without a spiritual leader. Raymond failed to capture Arqa and in May led the remaining army south along the coast. Bohemond retained Antioch and remained, despite his pledge to return it to the Byzantines. Local rulers offered little resistance, opting for peace in return
4671:
The Hospitallers and the Templars became supranational organisations as papal support led to rich donations of land and revenue across Europe. This, in turn, led to a steady flow of new recruits and the wealth to maintain multiple fortifications in the crusader states. In time, they developed into
2975:
Frederick took the cross in March 1188. Frederick sent an ultimatum to Saladin, demanding the return of Palestine and challenging him to battle and in May 1189, Frederick's host departed for Byzantium. In March 1190, Frederick embarked to Asia Minor. The armies coming from western Europe pushed on
2608:
The disastrous performance of this campaign in the Holy Land damaged the standing of the papacy, soured relations between the Christians of the kingdom and the West for many years, and encouraged the Muslims of Syria to even greater efforts to defeat the Franks. The dismal failures of this Crusade
570:
and called for an armed pilgrimage to Jerusalem. Across all social strata in Western Europe, there was an enthusiastic response. Participants came from all over Europe and had a variety of motivations. These included religious salvation, satisfying feudal obligations, opportunities for renown, and
3427:
was determined to proceed with the Crusade. The first contingents of Crusaders then sailed in August 1227, joining with forces of the kingdom and fortifying the coastal towns. The emperor was delayed while his ships were refitted. He sailed on 8 September 1227, but before they reached their first
1954:
The Islamic world seems to have barely registered the crusade; certainly, there is limited written evidence before 1130. This may be in part due to a reluctance to relate Muslim failure, but it is more likely to be the result of cultural misunderstanding. Al-Afdal Shahanshah and the Muslim world
4579:
had developed a system for the remission and absolution of sin in return for contrition, confession, and penitential acts. Reparation through abstinence from martial activity still presented a difficulty to the noble warrior class. It was revolutionary when Gregory VII offered absolution of sin
2345:
was married to Fulk of Anjou in 1129. When Baldwin II died on 21 August 1131. Fulk and Melisende were consecrated joint rulers of Jerusalem. Despite conflict caused by the new king appointed his own supporters and the Jerusalemite nobles attempted to curb his rule the couple were reconciled and
4596:
of Christian holy war. Theologians widely accepted the justification that holy war against pagans was good, because of their opposition to Christianity. The Holy Land was the patrimony of Christ; its recovery was on behalf of God. The Albigensian Crusade was a defence of the French Church, the
4587:
A distinct ideology promoting and regulating crusading is evidenced in surviving texts. The Church defined this in legal and theological terms based on the theory of holy war and the concept of pilgrimage. Theology merged the Old Testament Israelite wars instigated and assisted by God with New
3306:, guarding the road to Egypt, in exchange for the evacuation of Egypt. John of Brienne and the other secular leaders were in favor of the offer, as the original objective of the Crusade was the recovery of Jerusalem. But Pelagius and the leaders of the Templars and Hospitallers refused. Later,
4753:
centuries the influence of indigenous artists was demonstrated in the decoration of shrines, paintings and the production of illuminated manuscripts. Frankish practitioners borrowed methods from the Byzantines and indigenous artists and iconographical practice leading to a cultural synthesis,
4783:
Crusade finance and taxation left a legacy of social, financial, and legal institutions. Property became available while coinage and precious materials circulated more readily within Europe. Crusading expeditions created immense demands for food supplies, weapons, and shipping that benefited
1571:
had extended territorial recovery to its furthest extent. The frontiers stretched east to Iran. Bulgaria and much of southern Italy were under control, and piracy was suppressed in the Mediterranean Sea. The empire's relationships with its Islamic neighbours were no more quarrelsome than its
3660:
At the end of 1244, Louis was stricken with a severe malarial infection and he vowed that if he recovered he would set out for a Crusade. His life was spared, and as soon as his health permitted him, he took the cross and immediately began preparations. The next year, the pope presided over
4870:
3321:
In July 1221, Pelagius began to advance to the south. John of Brienne argued against the move, but was powerless to stop it. Already deemed a traitor for opposing the plans and threatened with excommunication, John joined the force under the command of the legate. In the ensuing
4580:
earned through the Church-sponsored violence in support of his causes, if selflessly given at the end of the century. This was developed by subsequent Popes into the granting of plenary indulgences that reduced all God-imposed temporal penalties. The papacy developed "Political
3029:, leader of the Franks, was adamant that a direct attack on Jerusalem should be made. This split the Crusader army into two factions, and neither was strong enough to achieve its objective. Without a united command the army had little choice but to retreat back to the coast.
1699:
throughout the Middle East. The Seljuk hold on the city was weak and returning pilgrims reported difficulties and the oppression of Christians. Byzantine desire for military aid converged with increasing willingness of the western nobility to accept papal military direction.
3797:, then in Syria, as heir and Fakhr ad-Din as viceroy. But the Crusade continued, and by December 1249, Louis was encamped on the river banks opposite to Mansurah. For six weeks, the armies of the West and Egypt faced each other on opposite sides of the canal, leading to the
3580:
and prisoners from both sides were released on 13 April. Meanwhile, Richard's forces helped to work on Ascalon's fortifications, which were completed by mid-March 1241. Richard entrusted the new fortress to an imperial representative, and departed for England on 3 May 1241.
4765:, created by several hands in a workshop attached to the Holy Sepulchre. This style could have both reflected and influenced the taste of patrons of the arts. But what is seen is an increase in stylised, Byzantine-influenced content. This extended to the production of
4136:
and for the Papacy's temporal advantage in Italy and Germany that are now known as political crusades. In the 13th and 14th centuries there were also unsanctioned, but related popular uprisings to recover Jerusalem known variously as Shepherds' or Children's crusades.
3763:. It was agreed that Egypt was the objective and many remembered how the sultan's father had been willing to exchange Jerusalem itself for Damietta in the Fifth Crusade. Louis was not willing to negotiate with the infidel Muslims, but he did unsuccessfully seek a
4784:
merchants and artisans. Levies for crusades contributed to the development of centralised financial administrations and the growth of papal and royal taxation. This aided development of representative bodies whose consent was required for many forms of taxation.
4604:
Inspired by the First Crusade, the crusading movement went on to define late medieval western culture and impacted the history of the western Islamic world. Christendom was geopolitical, and this underpinned the practice of the medieval Church. Reformists of the
3329:
The Crusaders still had some leverage as Damietta was well-garrisoned. They offered the sultan a withdrawal from Damietta and an eight-year truce in exchange for allowing the Crusader army to pass, the release of all prisoners, and the return of the relic of the
3457:
himself was pleased with the accord, but others regarded the treaty as a disastrous event. In the end, the Sixth Crusade successfully returned Jerusalem to Christian rule and had set a precedent, in having achieved success on crusade without papal involvement.
2422:
was crowned co-ruler with his mother. That same year, having prepared his army for a renewed attack on Antioch, John II Komnenos went hunting wild boar, cutting himself with a poisoned arrow. He died on 8 April 1143 and was succeeded as emperor by his son
2075:
The defeat of the crusaders proved to the Muslim world that the crusaders were not invincible, as they appeared to be during the First Crusade. Within months of the defeat, the Franks and Fatimid Egypt began fighting in three battles at Ramla, and one at
4584:" into attempts to remove the Church from secular control by asserting ecclesiastical supremacy over temporal polities and the Orthodox Church. This was associated with the idea that the Church should actively intervene in the world to impose "justice".
3051:. While his forces were en route to the Holy Land, Henry VI died in Messina on 28 September 1197. The nobles that remained captured the Levant coast between Tyre and Tripoli before returning to Germany. The Crusade ended on 1 July 1198 after capturing
2837:
who saw his force slaughtered, with some knights deserting to the enemy, and narrowly escaping, only to be regarded as a traitor and coward. Guy of Lusignan was one of the few captives of Saladin's after the battle, along with Raynald of ChĂątillon and
1567:. The Byzantine Empire and the Islamic world were long standing centres of wealth, culture and military power. The Arab-Islamic world tended to view Western Europe as a backwater that presented little organised threat. By 1025, the Byzantine Emperor
2526:
Conrad III and the German contingent planned to leave for the Holy Land at Easter, but did not depart until May 1147. When the German army began to cross Byzantine territory, emperor Manuel I had his troops posted to ensure against trouble. A brief
1603:
century. Previously a minor ruling clan from Transoxania, they had recently converted to Islam and migrated into Iran. In two decades following their arrival they conquered Iran, Iraq and the Near East. The Seljuks and their followers were from the
2688:
ended on 22 August 1153 with a Crusader victory, Damascus was taken by NĆ«r-ad-Din the next year, uniting all of Syria under Zengid rule. In 1156, Baldwin III was forced into a treaty with NĆ«r-ad-Din, and later entered into an alliance with the
3422:
became involved in civil war in Syria and, having unsuccessfully tried negotiations with the West beginning in 1219, again tried this approach, offering return of much of the Holy Land in exchange for military support. Becoming pope in 1227,
3576:, seized Jerusalem, virtually unguarded. The internal strife among the Ayyubids allowed Theobald to negotiate the return of Jerusalem. In September 1240, Theobald departed for Europe, while Hugh of Burgundy remained to help fortify Ascalon.
2140:, were captured. Bohemond and Tancred retreated to Edessa where Tancred assumed command. Bohemond returned to Italy, taking with him much of Antioch's wealth and manpower. Tancred revitalised the beleaguered principality with victory at the
4552:
in Savoy. Crusading became a financial exercise; precedence was given to the commercial and political objectives. The military threat presented by the Ottoman Turks diminished, making anti-Ottoman crusading obsolete in 1699 with the final
3911:
Between 1265 and 1271, Baibars drove the Franks to a few small coastal outposts. Baibars had three key objectives: to prevent an alliance between the Latins and the Mongols, to cause dissension among the Mongols (particularly between the
1562:
had been over for centuries. The Holy Land's remoteness from focus of Islamic power struggles enabled relative peace and prosperity in Syria and Palestine. Muslim-Western European contact was only more than minimal in the conflict in the
3036:, capturing the city. Richard's forces stormed Jaffa from the sea and the Muslims were driven from the city. Attempts to retake Jaffa failed and Saladin was forced to retreat. On 2 September 1192 Richard and Saladin entered into the
2502:
in December 1145 calling for a new crusade, one that would be more organized and centrally controlled than the First. The armies would be led by the strongest kings of Europe and a route that would be pre-planned. The pope called on
3801:
that would end on 11 February 1250 with an Egyptian defeat. Louis had his victory, but a cost of the loss of much of his force and their commanders. Among the survivors were the Templar master Guillaume de Sonnac, losing an eye,
3010:. The Muslim defenders surrendered on 12 July 1191. Richard remained in sole command of the Crusader force after the departure of Philip II on 31 July 1191. On 20 August 1191, Richard had more than 2000 prisoners beheaded at the
3443:
After resolving the internecine struggles in Syria, al-Kamil's position was stronger than it was a year before when he made his original offer to Frederick. For unknown reasons, the two sides came to an agreement. The resultant
1776:, and were more immediately visible. People wondered why they should travel thousands of miles to fight non-believers when there were many closer to home. Quickly after leaving Byzantine-controlled territory on their journey to
3187:
involved three days of pillaging churches and killing much of the Greek Orthodox Christian populace. This sack was not unusual considering the violent military standards of the time, but contemporaries such as Innocent III and
3297:
By February 1219, the Crusaders now had Damietta surrounded, and al-Kamil opened negotiations with the Crusaders, asking for envoys to come to his camp. He offered to surrender the kingdom of Jerusalem, less the fortresses of
4857:
of the Crusades, which include works written in the medieval period, generally by participants in the Crusade or written contemporaneously with the event, letters and documents in archives, and archaeological studies; (2)
4758:. Wall mosaics were unknown in the west but in widespread use in the crusader states. Whether this was by indigenous craftsmen or learnt by Frankish ones is unknown, but a distinctive original artistic style evolved.
3318:, renewing his peace offering to the Crusaders, which was again refused. Frederick II sent troops and word that he would soon follow, but they were under orders not to begin offensive operations until he had arrived.
2951:
on 29 October 1187 describing the events in the East and urging all Christians to take up arms and go to the aid of those in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, calling for a new crusade to the Holy Land – the
3449:
1 May 1229, Frederick departed from Acre and arrived in Sicily a month before the pope knew that he had left the Holy Land. Frederick obtained from the pope relief from his excommunication on 28 August 1230 at the
2453:
of 1146 by stealth but could not take or even properly besiege the citadel. After a brief counter-siege, NĆ«r-ad-Din took the city. The men were massacred, with the women and children enslaved, and the walls razed.
4172:
of 1147 was partially successful but failed to convert the pagans to Christianity. By the time of the Second Crusade the three Spanish kingdoms were powerful enough to conquer Islamic territory –
2828:
on 1 May 1187. Guy of Lusignan responded by raising the largest army that Jerusalem had ever put into the field. Saladin lured this force into inhospitable terrain without water supplies and routed them at the
4959:
and its continuations by later historians complete the foundational work of the traditional Crusade. Some of these works also provide insight into the later Crusades and Crusader states. Other works include:
1679:
VII planned a display of military power to reinforce the principle of papal sovereignty. His vision of a holy war supporting Byzantium against the Seljuks was the first crusade prototype, but lacked support.
3394:(1228â1229) was a military expedition to recapture the city of Jerusalem. It began seven years after the failure of the Fifth Crusade and involved very little actual fighting. The diplomatic maneuvering of
2235:
and the Muslims of Aleppo. Bursuq feigned retreat and the coalition disbanded. Only the forces of Roger and Baldwin of Edessa remained, but, heavily outnumbered, they were victorious on 14 September at the
2148:. He was now able to secure Antioch's borders and push back his Greek and Muslim enemies. Under Paschal's sponsorship, Bohemond launched a version of a crusade in 1107 against the Byzantines, crossing the
3964:. Edward survived an assassination attempt, negotiated a ten-year truce, and then returned to manage his affairs in England. This ended the last significant crusading effort in the eastern Mediterranean.
2984:. His death caused several thousand German soldiers to leave the force and return home. The remaining German army moved under the command of the English and French forces that arrived shortly thereafter.
3591:
Although the Barons' Crusade returned the kingdom to its largest size since 1187, the gains would be dramatically reversed a few years later. On 15 July 1244, the city was reduced to ruins during the
3845:
On 28 February 1250, Turanshah arrived from Damascus and began an Egyptian offensive, intercepting the boats that brought food from Damietta. The Franks were quickly beset by famine and disease. The
1943:
on 12 August. Most of the crusaders considered their pilgrimage complete and returned to Europe. When it came to the future governance of the city it was Godfrey who took leadership and the title of
3874:, a popular crusade formed with the objective to free Louis, engulfed France. After his release, Louis went to Acre where he remained until 1254. This is regarded as the end of the Seventh Crusade.
3564:
to protect the southern border of the kingdom and to move against Damascus later. While the Crusaders were marching from Acre to Jaffa, Egyptian troops moved to secure the border in what became the
4823:
have drawn opposing parallels, considering Christianity to be under an Islamic religious and demographic threat that is analogous to the situation at the time of the crusades. Crusader symbols and
1756:. He was probably expecting a small number of mercenaries he could direct. Alexios had restored the Empire's finances and authority but still faced numerous foreign enemies. Later that year at the
14722:
2759:
on 18 March 1167. In 1169, both Shawar and Shirkuh died, and al-Adid appointed Saladin as vizier. Saladin, with reinforcements from NĆ«r-ad-Din, defeated a massive Crusader-Byzantine force at the
2368:
in June 1128. In 1135, Zengi moved against Antioch and, when the Crusaders failed to put an army into the field to oppose him, he captured several important Syrian towns. He defeated Fulk at the
4804:
The Crusades created national mythologies, tales of heroism, and a few place names. Historical parallelism and the tradition of drawing inspiration from the Middle Ages have become keystones of
2573:
was held on 24 June 1148, changing the objective of the Second Crusade to Damascus, a former ally of the kingdom that had shifted its allegiance to that of the Zengids. The Crusaders fought the
2124:
ransomed Bohemond for 100,000 gold pieces. Baldwin and Bohemond then jointly campaigned to secure Edessa's southern front. On 7 May 1104, the Frankish army was defeated by the Seljuk rulers of
4761:
Manuscripts were produced and illustrated in workshops housing Italian, French, English and local craftsmen leading to a cross-fertilisation of ideas and techniques. An example of this is the
4706:
in Syria, one of the first castles to use concentric fortification, i.e. concentric rings of defence that could all operate at the same time. It has two curtain walls and sits on a promontory.
2748:
beginning in August 1164, following Amalric's unsuccessful first siege in September 1163. This action left the Holy Land lacking in defenses, and NĆ«r-ad-Din defeated a Crusader forces at the
1683:
The First Crusade was an unexpected event for contemporary chroniclers, but historical analysis demonstrates it had its roots in earlier developments with both clerics and laity recognising
4063:
from Byzantium, making it the center of their activity for a hundred years. The Knights Templar, the elite fighting force in the kingdom, was disbanded. The Mongols converted to Islam, but
4012:
The years 1272â1302 include numerous conflicts throughout the Levant as well as the Mediterranean and Western European regions, and many crusades were proposed to free the Holy Land from
3866:
went under safe-conduct to complete the arrangements for the ransom. Arriving in Cairo, he found Turanshah dead, murdered in a coup instigated by his stepmother Shajar al-Durr. On 6 May,
2582:
after the earlier crusades. The French and German forces felt betrayed by the other, lingering for a generation due to the defeat, to the ruin of the Christian kingdoms in the Holy Land.
1885:, that had been in Muslim control since 1084. Starvation, thirst and disease reduced numbers, combined with Baldwin's decision to leave with 100 knights and their followers to carve out
8525:
4311:
offered crusading indulgences to Charles of Anjou in return for Sicily's conquest. However, these wars had no clear objectives or limitations, making them unsuitable for crusading. The
3410:
Acre. If he did not arrive, the money would be employed for the needs of the Holy Land. Frederick II would go on the Crusade as king of Jerusalem. He married John of Brienne's daughter
2270:. The council laid a foundation of a law code for the kingdom of Jerusalem that replaced common law. The council also heard the first direct appeals for support made to the Papacy and
3826:. But the victory would be short-lived. On 11 February 1250, the Egyptians attacked again. Templar master Guillaume de Sonnac and acting Hospitaller master Jean de Ronay were killed.
3770:
As-Salih Ayyub conducting a campaign in Damascus when the Franks invaded as he had expected the Crusaders to land in Syria. Hurrying his forces back to Cairo, he turned to his vizier
4827:
rhetoric are presented as an appropriate response. These symbols and rhetoric are used to provide a religious justification and inspiration for a struggle against a religious enemy.
4646:
The military orders were forms of a religious order first established early in the twelfth century with the function of defending Christians, as well as observing monastic vows. The
3641:. Also known as the Crusade of Louis IX to the Holy Land, its objective was to reclaim the Holy Land by attacking Egypt, the main seat of Muslim power in the Middle East, then under
2468:
The fall of Edessa caused great consternation in Jerusalem and Western Europe, tempering the enthusiastic success of the First Crusade. Calls for a new crusade – the
4307:, and when Frederick later threatened Rome in 1240, Gregory IX used crusading terminology to raise support against him. On Frederick II's death the focus moved to Sicily. In 1263,
3040:, providing that Jerusalem would remain under Muslim control, while allowing unarmed Christian pilgrims and traders to freely visit the city. This treaty ended the Third Crusade.
2531:
in September ensued, and their defeat at the emperor's hand convinced the Germans to move quickly to Asia Minor. Without waiting for the French contingent, Conrad III engaged the
7536:
3398:
resulted in the Kingdom of Jerusalem regaining some control over Jerusalem for much of the ensuing fifteen years. The Sixth Crusade is also known as the Crusade of Frederick II.
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handed Damietta over to the Moslem vanguard. Many wounded soldiers had been left behind at Damietta, and contrary to their promise, the Muslims massacred them all. In 1251, the
4812:
highlights the role of western imperialism. Modern Muslim thinkers, politicians and historians have drawn parallels between the crusades and political developments such as the
3401:
Of all the European sovereigns, only Frederick II, the Holy Roman Emperor, was in a position to regain Jerusalem. Frederick was, like many of the 13th-century rulers, a serial
2566:
on 6 January 1148 when the army of Mesud inflicted heavy losses on the Crusaders. Shortly thereafter, they sailed for Antioch, almost totally destroyed by battle and sickness.
2099:
and a superior force inflicted a major defeat on the Franks. Stephen of Blois and Stephen of Burgundy from the Crusade of 1101 were among those killed. Baldwin I fled to Arsuf.
4059:
The Holy Land would no longer be the focus of the West even though various crusades were proposed in the early years of the fourteenth century. The Knights Hospitaller would
3892:
After the defeat of the Crusaders in Egypt, Louis remained in Syria until 1254 to consolidate the crusader states. A brutal power struggle developed in Egypt between various
3326:
in late August, al-Kamil had the sluices along the right bank of the Nile opened, flooding the area and rendering battle impossible. Pelagius had no choice but to surrender.
2569:
The Crusader army arrived at Antioch on 19 March 1148 with the intent on moving to retake Edessa, but Baldwin III of Jerusalem and the Knights Templar had other ideas. The
2183:, sultan of the Seljuk Empire, sent an army to recover Syria, but a Frankish defensive force arrived at Edessa, ending the short siege of the city. On 4 December, Baldwin
3645:, son of al-Kamil. The Crusade was conducted in response to setbacks in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, beginning with the loss of the Holy City in 1244, and was preached by
3475:, were a series of crusades to the Holy Land that, in territorial terms, were the most successful since the First Crusade. The major expeditions were led separately by
2243:
In April 1118, Baldwin I died through illness while raiding in Egypt. His cousin, Baldwin of Edessa, was unanimously elected his successor. In June 1119, Ilghazi, now
1655:
century; the influence is apparent in Urban II's speeches. Other historians assert that the effectiveness was limited and it had died out by the time of the crusades.
4104:
centuries to recover the Holy Land from Muslims provided a template for warfare in other areas that also interested the Latin Church. These included the 12th and 13th
2769:
became king on 5 July 1174 at the age of 13. As a leper he was not expected to live long, and served with a number of regents, and served as co-ruler with his cousin
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Urban II died on 29 July 1099, fourteen days after the capture of Jerusalem by the Crusaders, but before news of the event had reached Rome. He was succeeded by
1881:. The Normans resisted for hours before the arrival of the main army caused a Turkish withdrawal. The army marched for three months to the former Byzantine city
3131:
for the transportation of 30,000 crusaders at a cost of 85,000 marks. However, many chose other embarkation ports and only around 15,000 arrived in Venice. The
1877:
The first experience of Turkish tactics, using lightly armoured mounted archers, occurred when an advanced party led by Bohemond and Robert was ambushed at the
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13629:
13624:
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8922:
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In contrast to architecture and sculpture, it is in the area of visual culture that the assimilated nature of the society was demonstrated. Throughout the 12th
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to preach the Second Crusade, granting the same indulgences which had accorded to the First Crusaders. Among those answering the call were two European kings,
808:
8286:
7557:
11619:
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4980:
548:, dozens of military campaigns were organised, providing a focal point of European history for centuries. Crusading declined rapidly after the 15th century.
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6655:
6426:
1902:. The Byzantines did not march to the assistance of the crusaders after the deserting Stephen of Blois told them the cause was lost. Alexius retreated from
15780:
9580:
9315:
4680:, ultimately the Templars were charged with heresy and disbanded. The Teutonic Knights supported the later Prussian campaigns into the fifteenth century.
2625:, as prince of Antioch, came to the aid of the besieged city. Raymond was killed and his head was presented to NĆ«r-ad-Din, who forwarded it to the caliph
11755:
12973:
12453:
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died upon of hearing of the defeat. Jerusalem was once again in Muslim hands. Many in the kingdom fled to Tyre, and Saladin's subsequent attack at the
2817:
were crowned as queen and king of Jerusalem in the summer of 1186, shortly thereafter. They immediately had to deal with the threat posed by Saladin.
571:
economic or political advantage. Later expeditions were conducted by generally more organised armies, sometimes led by a king. All were granted papal
13694:
13348:
6930:
3928:. Venice drove the Genoese from Acre to Tyre where they continued to trade with Egypt. Indeed, Baibars negotiated free passage for the Genoese with
3210:(1217â1221) was a campaign by Western Europeans to reacquire Jerusalem and the rest of the Holy Land by first conquering Egypt, ruled by the sultan
1939:
of massacre did much to cement the crusaders' reputation for barbarism. Godfrey secured the Frankish position by defeating an Egyptian force at the
716:, "pilgrimage" were used for the campaign. Crusader terminology remained largely indistinguishable from that of Christian pilgrimage during the 12th
13423:
7578:
5263:
5235:
4323:, brought the power of the papacy behind Charles. Charles's preparations for a crusade against Constantinople were foiled by the Byzantine Emperor
1945:
1807:
and Italy led independent contingents in loose, fluid arrangements based on bonds of lordship, family, ethnicity and language. The elder statesman
4197:
relentlessly imposed on them and were absorbed into mainstream Catholicism. Al-Andalus, Islamic Spain, was completely suppressed in 1492 when the
3244:
to lead a Crusade. Frederick had taken the cross in 1215, but hung back, with his crown still in contention, and Honorius delayed the expedition.
1599:
The political situation in Western Asia was changed by later waves of Turkish migration, in particular the arrival of the Seljuk Turks in the 10th
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7243:
5124:
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in 1122. In the spring of 1147, Eugene authorised the expansion of his mission into the Iberian peninsula, equating these campaigns against the
14440:
14187:
11268:
9344:
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The first stop was Cyprus, arriving in September 1248 where they experienced a long wait for the forces to assemble. Many of the men were lost
77:
6586:
4164:, ending on 30 December 1148 with a defeat for the Moors. In the north, some Germans were reluctant to fight in the Holy Land while the pagan
4067:
as a fighting force. The Mamluk sultanate would continue for another century. The Crusades to liberate Jerusalem and the Holy Land were over.
3896:
leaders and the remaining weak Ayyubid rulers. The threat presented by an invasion by the Mongols led to one of the competing Mamluk leaders,
2597:, ending on 30 December 1148 with a defeat for the Moors. In the north, some Germans were reluctant to fight in the Holy Land while the pagan
16248:
15371:
13999:
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century Papal reticence in applying crusades against the papacy's political opponents and those considered heretics. Innocent III proclaimed
2705:
in June. Reinforcements from Antioch and Tripoli were able to relieve the besieged Crusaders, but they were defeated again that month at the
1596:
in the east all competed with the Empire and the emperors recruited mercenariesâeven on occasions from their enemiesâto meet this challenge.
4627:
16831:
14707:
12412:
11345:
7117:
4427:
2585:
In the spring of 1147, Eugene III authorised the expansion of his mission into the Iberian peninsula, equating these campaigns against the
2577:
with the Damascenes in the summer of 1147, with no clear winner. Bad luck and poor tactics of the Crusaders led to the disastrous five-day
3671:, formally renewing the sentence of excommunication on the emperor, and declared him deposed from the imperial throne and that of Naples.
16806:
15171:
13006:
12499:
11846:
9870:
9200:
5198:. Modern works that serve as secondary source material are listed in the Bibliography section below and need no further discussion here.
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in late October. This gained Saladin the attention of the Assassins, with attempts on his life in January 1175 and again on 22 May 1176.
5219:
4845:
is concerned with their "history of the histories" during the Crusader period. The subject is a complex one, with overviews provided in
3162:
IV. Alexios IV offered the crusade 10,000 troops, 200,000 marks and the reunion of the Greek Church with Rome if they toppled his uncle
2259:, or field of blood, and Roger was among the many killed. Baldwin II's counter-attack forced the offensive's end, after an inconclusive
16801:
16204:
14744:
13848:
13388:
12687:
10988:
10918:
9574:
9309:
5243:
3960:, the future king of England, and a small retinue arrived too late for the conflict but continued to the Holy Land in what is known as
2728:
from 1163 to 1169, taking advantage of weaknesses of the Fatimids. NĆ«r-ad-Din's intervention in the first invasion allowed his general
1971:
were engaged in a power struggle. This gave the Crusaders a crucial opportunity to consolidate without any pan-Islamic counter-attack.
801:
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permanently crippled Christian military power in the Holy Land. The sack of the city and the massacre which accompanied it encouraged
1772:
during wide-ranging anti-Jewish activities. Jews were perceived to be as much an enemy as Muslims. They were held responsible for the
15755:
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The Latin states established were a fragile patchwork of petty realms threatened by Byzantine successor states – the
15707:
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14086:
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4028:, none of which came to fruition. The major players fighting the Muslims included the kings of England and France, the kingdoms of
3107:
and Byzantine states in 1205. Green marks Venetian acquisitions; pink the Byzantine states; purple the Latin Empire and its vassals
642:
2418:
On 13 November 1143, while the royal couple were in Acre, Fulk was killed in a hunting accident. On Christmas Day 1143, their son
2063:
reached Heraclea later and were also defeated. Again the leaders fled the field and survived, although Hugh died of his wounds at
14478:
12405:
5273:
2702:
1624:. Historians once considered this a pivotal event but now Manzikert is regarded as only one further step in the expansion of the
2400:
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15637:
15627:
15391:
15323:
15191:
14435:
14343:
14074:
13994:
13942:
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12835:
12777:
3854:. The king and his entourage were taken in chains to Mansurah and the whole of the army was rounded up and led into captivity.
3752:
3596:
3007:
2279:
1667:
century, Christian conflict with Muslims on the southern peripheries of Christendom was sponsored by the Church, including the
4890:
The primary sources for the Crusades are generally presented in the individual articles on each Crusade and summarised in the
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13952:
13687:
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until the island was taken by the Ottomans in 1522. While there was talk of merging the Templars and Hospitallers in 1305 by
3678:
was difficult, and the Crusade finally began on 12 August 1248 when Louis IX left Paris under the insignia of a pilgrim, the
794:
3908:. The Mamluks then quickly gained control of Damascus and Aleppo before Qutuz was assassinated and Baibers assumed control.
3405:, having taken the cross multiple times since 1215. After much wrangling, an onerous agreement between the emperor and Pope
2713:. Bertrand's captivity lasted until 1159, when emperor Manuel I negotiated an alliance with NĆ«r-ad-Din against the Seljuks.
2519:, and many princes and lords prostrated themselves at the feet of Bernard in order to take the cross. Conrad and his nephew
2329:
The Levantine Franks sought alliances with the Latin West through the marriage of heiresses to wealthy martial aristocrats.
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16341:
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12645:
12541:
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for a final time, resulting in Joscelin being publicly blinded, dying in prison in Aleppo in 1159. Later that year, at the
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782:
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6452:
3924:
failed resistance to the attack of Charles and the papacy. Dissension in the crusader states led to conflicts such as the
16635:
16379:
14924:
13507:
13405:
13292:
12361:
11679:
11654:
11594:
9767:
5123:
After the fall of Acre, the crusades continued in through the 16th century. Principal references on this subject are the
4813:
3830:, guarding the camp, was encircled and was rescued by the camp followers. At nightfall, the Muslims gave up the assault.
3819:
2113:
at Ramla on 28 August 1102, a coalition of Fatimid and Damescene forces were defeated again by Baldwin I and 500 knights.
9900:
5043:
3290:. Further offensive action by the Crusaders would have to wait until the arrival of additional forces, including legate
2842:. Raynald was beheaded, settling an old score. Guy and Humphrey were imprisoned in Damascus and later released in 1188.
2160:
were never enacted because Bohemond remained in Apulia and died in 1111, leaving Tancred as notional regent for his son
2014:
in support of the remaining Franks. This new crusade was a similar size to the First Crusade and joined in Byzantium by
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13545:
12847:
12598:
12215:
11770:
10140:
9992:
6821:
4622:
4415:
3124:
2641:. The unconquered portions of the County of Edessa would nevertheless fall to the Zengids within a few years. In 1152,
2244:
689:
The term "crusade" first referred to military expeditions undertaken by European Christians in the 11th, 12th, and 13th
299:
229:
107:
70:
4382:. The Venetians endured a long-standing conflict with the Ottoman Empire until the final possessions were lost in the
2690:
16265:
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15161:
12677:
11813:
11775:
11305:
8704:
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2472: – were immediate, and was the first to be led by European kings. Concurrent campaigns as part of the
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16509:
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13448:
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century with the military orders but dwindled in competition with other forms of religious war and new ideologies.
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4233:
3851:
3667:
3665:, directing a new Crusade under the command of Louis. With Rome under siege by Frederick, the pope also issued his
3650:
3507:
3395:
3357:
3334:. Prior to the formal surrender of Damietta, the two sides would maintain hostages, among them John of Brienne and
3241:
3112:
2789:
fell to Saladin, with the slaughter of half its Templar garrison. However, the kingdom repelled his attacks at the
2617:
In the first major encounter after the Second Crusade, NĆ«r-ad-Din's forces then destroyed the Crusader army at the
2216:
1842:
also joined. These five princes were pivotal to the campaign, which was augmented by a northern French army led by
1684:
533:
199:
7670:
7668:
4439:
3815:
3717:
3006:
agreed to go on the Crusade in January 1188. Arriving in the Holy Land, Richard led his support to the stalemated
2430:
Following John's death, the Byzantine army withdrew, leaving Zengi unopposed. Fulk's death later in the year left
2365:
15776:
15674:
15642:
15024:
14754:
14493:
14450:
14333:
14323:
14133:
14096:
13770:
13765:
13760:
13755:
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13745:
13735:
12943:
12867:
12487:
12465:
12371:
11974:
11839:
11273:
4486:
4037:
3279:
2957:
2790:
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are also sometimes associated with this Crusade. The aftermath of the Crusade saw the Muslim world united around
2031:
1996:
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12440:
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12158:
11991:
11929:
11639:
11579:
11551:
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8502:. (A History of the Crusades, volume, VI) Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989, pp. 511â664.
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6476:
5268:
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4836:
4734:
4588:
Testament Christocentric views. Holy war was based on ancient ideas of just war. The fourth-century theologian
4217:
4060:
3537:
3278: – the chain tower – with massive chains that could stretch across the Nile. The
3167:
3081:
2926:. A united EgyptâSyria led to the loss of Jerusalem itself, and Western Europe had no choice but to launch the
2809:. Raymond negotiated a truce with Saladin which went awry when the king died in the summer of 1186. His mother
1353:
1238:
15435:
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6253:
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were harsh. Louis was to ransom himself by the surrender of Damietta and his army by the payment of a million
2361:
16275:
15597:
15328:
15318:
15082:
14739:
14537:
14507:
14348:
14199:
14152:
13890:
13477:
13056:
13031:
12640:
12366:
12275:
11725:
11556:
9875:
9721:
9467:
4654:, later becoming a formidable military force supporting the crusades in the Holy Land and Mediterranean. The
4498:
4185:
3525:
again excommunicated in 1239, causing most crusaders to avoid his territories on their way to the Holy Land.
3256:
3223:
3184:
2543:, the nemesis of the First Crusade. Mesud and his forces almost totally destroyed Conrad's contingent at the
2392:
2338:
2048:
2015:
1808:
1297:
1213:
603:
63:
9962:
16280:
15357:
14517:
13517:
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13026:
12482:
10030:
8978:
6682:
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4344:
4076:
3871:
3044:
2642:
2630:
2431:
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to Christianity, according to which citizens were required to fight the empire's enemies. This doctrine of
1542:
1302:
486:
476:
11087:
10121:
10081:
4808:
encouraging ideas of a modern jihad and a centuries-long struggle against Christian states, while secular
3282:
began in June 1218 with a successful assault on the tower. The loss of the tower was a great shock to the
922:
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16132:
15994:
14881:
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11146:
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The Italian Crusades: The Papal-Angevin Alliance and the Crusades Against Christian Lay Powers, 1254â1343
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autonomous powers in the region. After the fall of Acre the Hospitallers relocated to Cyprus, then ruled
4609:
century urged these ideas which declined following the Reformation. The ideology continued after the 16th
4312:
4225:
4208:
extended Calixtus's idea by authorising a crusade on the German north-eastern frontier against the pagan
3827:
3548:, which had been raging since the death of al-Kamil in 1238. At the end of September, al-Kamil's brother
3431:
Frederick made his last effort to be reconciled with Gregory. It had no effect and Frederick sailed from
2810:
2725:
2706:
2360:
to the conflict, joining the powerful Syrian emirates in a combined effort against the Franks. He became
2346:
melisende exercised significant influence. When Fulk died in 1143 she became joint ruler with their son,
2287:
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1490:
1133:
1022:
630:
408:
401:
304:
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5143:
The secondary sources of the Crusades began in the 16th century, with one of the first uses of the term
2088:
on 7 September 1101, Baldwin I and 300 knights narrowly defeated the Fatimid vizier al-Afdal Shahanshah.
2022:
A largely Lombard force was harried by Kilij Arslan's forces and finally destroyed in three days at the
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Riley-Smith, Jonathan (1995). "The Crusading Movement and Historians". In Riley-Smith, Jonathan (ed.).
9287:
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3111:
In 1198, the recently elected Pope Innocent III announced a new crusade, organised by three Frenchmen:
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had done so on 21 January 1188 after receiving news of the fall of Jerusalem to Saladin. Richard I and
2544:
2056:
1878:
1819:
1728:
1178:
1086:
855:
560:
9281:. Translations and reprints from the original sources of European history. University of Pennsylvania.
8419:
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5184:
4862:, beginning with early consolidated works in the 16th century and continuing to modern times; and (3)
4224:. The Teutonic Knights diverted efforts from the Holy Land, absorbed these orders and established the
3545:
2824:
in the fall of 1183, Saladin increased his attacks against the Franks, leading to their defeat at the
2755:
After the sacking of Bilbeis, the Crusader-Fatimid force was to meet Shirkuh's army in the indecisive
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31:
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in anticipation of the invasion. On 5 June 1249 the Crusader fleet began the landing and subsequent
2653:, briefly occupying the town before it was taken by the Knights Templar as a military headquarters.
2165:
602:
Other church-sanctioned campaigns include crusades against Christians not obeying papal rulings and
16826:
16484:
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fell to Epirus in 1224, and Constantinople to Nicaea in 1261. Achaea and Athens survived under the
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The years following the founding of the Kingdom of Jerusalem were met with multiple disasters. The
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was crowned as king of Jerusalem eight days later. Later that year, he defeated the Zengids at the
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2256:
2156:. The siege failed; Alexius hit his supply lines, forcing his surrender. The terms laid out in the
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Muslims and Crusaders: Christianity's Wars in the Middle East, 1095â1382, from the Islamic Sources
3138:
proposed that Venice would be compensated with the profits of future conquests beginning with the
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who continued the policies of his predecessors in regard to the Holy Land. Godfrey died in 1100.
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436:
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A History of the Crusades, Volume Two: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100â1187
9067:"On the Origins of the Earliest Laws of Frankish Jerusalem: The Canons of the Council of Nablus"
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2967:
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1620:
attempted confrontation to suppress the Seljuks' sporadic raiding, leading to his defeat at the
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3920:), and to maintain access to a supply of slave recruits from the Russian steppes. He supported
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or to disease. The Franks were soon met by those from Acre including the masters of the Orders
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2004:
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12830:
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5278:
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4598:
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2886:
2559:
2512:
2220:
1815:
1760:, Urban raised the issue again and preached a crusade. Almost immediately, the French priest
1537:
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1208:
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471:
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were founded in 1119 by a band of knights who dedicated themselves to protecting pilgrims en
3675:
2922:
did not achieve its goals, and left the Muslim East in a stronger position with the rise of
2195:. Next year, Tancred's extortion from Antioch's Muslim neighbours provoked the inconclusive
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10347:
10290:
10248:
10231:
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10187:
10165:
9762:
9441:
7629:
6833:
5190:
These histories have provided evolving views of the Crusades as discussed in detail in the
4923:
4049:
4000:
3996:
3977:
3940:, the newly restored ruler of Constantinople. In 1270 Charles turned his brother King Louis
3867:
3803:
3794:
3685:
3237:
3011:
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2862:
2839:
2782:
2778:
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902:
596:
588:
49:
6761:
3810:, and the duke of Brittany, Peter Maulcerc. Counted with the dead were the king's brother
3793:
concealing the news of her husband's death. She forged a document which appointed his son
2408:
2319:
1869:
726:â"one signed by the cross"âemerged in the early 12th century. This led to the French term
8:
16575:
16538:
16514:
16499:
16418:
16408:
16394:
16374:
16364:
16334:
16314:
16243:
15974:
15803:
15730:
15560:
15489:
15416:
15273:
15254:
14994:
14989:
14916:
14634:
14609:
14488:
14468:
14415:
14316:
14214:
14111:
14079:
14023:
13649:
13373:
13363:
13312:
13170:
13156:
13016:
12758:
12521:
12280:
12210:
12153:
12070:
11896:
11689:
11669:
11649:
11614:
11546:
11458:
11325:
11136:
10204:
9957:
9888:
9605:
9272:
7722:
7720:
7641:
7293:
5104:
5083:
5075:
5009:
4909:
4874:
4703:
4699:
4689:
4647:
4522:
4502:
4467:
4447:
4423:
4404:("Frankish or Latin rule") and designates a period when western European Catholics ruled
4367:
4359:
4332:
4260:
4247:
excommunicating, and the crusaders massacring, Cathars (BL Royal 16 G VI, fol. 374v, 14th
4181:
4133:
3982:
3957:
3905:
3736:
3721:
3600:
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3163:
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3003:
2999:
2995:
2878:
2756:
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2508:
2404:
2369:
2334:
2231:
led the Seljuk army in 1115 against an alliance of the Franks, Toghtekin, his son-in-law
2192:
2096:
1911:
1823:
1769:
1765:
1757:
1753:
1723:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1377:
1273:
1158:
1143:
1042:
1037:
1027:
875:
840:
634:
556:
481:
466:
416:
274:
244:
9972:
5179:, whose works helped popularize the Crusades. Early in the 19th century, the monumental
5013:
4221:
3014:. Saladin subsequently ordered the execution of his Christian prisoners in retaliation.
16599:
16413:
16359:
16270:
16260:
16051:
15966:
15915:
15525:
15221:
14971:
14901:
14818:
14806:
14783:
14579:
14353:
14194:
14138:
14128:
13930:
13714:
13661:
13438:
13207:
13131:
13099:
12918:
12887:
12724:
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12573:
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12290:
12074:
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11871:
11863:
11793:
11629:
11604:
11506:
11383:
11335:
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11258:
11190:
11013:
10938:
9997:
9893:
9880:
9855:
9784:
9696:
9692:
9358:
9276:
9121:
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8682:
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8654:
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5001:
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against Catharism that failed to suppress the heresy itself but ruined the culture the
4198:
4021:
3925:
3740:
3709:
3689:
3638:
3520:
3472:
3466:
3151:
3128:
2694:
2646:
2551:
2311:
2271:
2266:
In January 1120 the secular and ecclesiastical leaders of the Outremer gathered at the
2224:
2121:
2023:
1839:
1788:
1745:
1733:
1659:
developed a system of recruitment via oaths for military resourcing that his successor
1640:
1163:
912:
907:
563:
537:
391:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
294:
289:
262:
239:
184:
112:
102:
14292:
13227:
7717:
7305:
6461:, p. 167, Military Decline and Matrimonial Discord: Count Raymond II (1137â1152).
4267:. This set a precedent that was followed in 1212 with pressure exerted on the city of
4140:
Urban II equated the crusades for Jerusalem with the ongoing Catholic invasion of the
4100:
The military expeditions undertaken by European Christians in the 11th, 12th, and 13th
2638:
509:
16791:
16450:
16329:
16235:
16159:
16058:
16031:
15950:
15898:
15853:
15607:
15575:
15570:
15565:
15555:
15545:
15494:
15146:
15065:
15060:
15014:
14954:
14823:
14619:
14004:
13925:
13863:
13607:
13512:
13287:
13273:
13247:
13232:
13136:
13121:
13051:
13041:
12910:
12842:
12743:
12707:
12603:
12265:
12240:
12220:
12200:
12190:
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12062:
12031:
11964:
11881:
11855:
11789:
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11491:
11481:
11398:
11388:
11373:
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10274:
9801:
9791:
9678:
9657:
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9558:
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9427:
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9062:
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8907:
8886:
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8799:
8778:
6315:
Beverly Mayne Kienzle and James Calder Walton (2006). Second Crusade (1147â1149). In
5096:
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5052:
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4762:
4727:
4391:
4379:
4336:
4272:
4244:
4145:
4141:
4121:
4033:
4029:
3713:
3335:
3307:
3303:
3286:, and the sultan al-Adil died soon thereafter. He was succeeded as sultan by his son
3233:
3219:
3052:
3022:
2991:
2942:
2825:
2821:
2710:
2479:
2424:
2395:. Fulk surrendered the castle and paid Zengi a ransom for his and Raymond's freedom.
2380:
2351:
2295:
2267:
2196:
2188:
2042:
1940:
1931:
1919:
1781:
1656:
1632:
1609:
1564:
1233:
1223:
1138:
972:
890:
845:
626:
592:
426:
343:
234:
139:
15009:
7653:
7451:
7269:
6857:
6830:, pp. 306â319, Tactics of the Crusades: Battles of Arsouf and Jaffa (Volume I).
6530:
6366:
3952:. The crusader army was devastated by disease, and Louis himself died at Tunis on 25
3353:
2805:
Baldwin V became sole king upon the death of his uncle in 1185 under the regency of
2693:. On 18 May 1157, NĆ«r-ad-Din began a siege on the Knights Hospitaller contingent at
2219:. On 28 June this force surprised Baldwin, chasing the Franks from the field at the
1930:
became a stalemate, before the arrival of craftsmen and supplies transported by the
665:
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16036:
16011:
15590:
15550:
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12702:
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11996:
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10358:
10336:
10321:
10311:
10296:
10220:
10193:
10149:
9910:
9779:
9585:
9533:
A History of the Crusades, Volume Three: The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades
9320:
9206:
9078:
7862:
7617:
7426:
7317:
7212:
7050:
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6143:
5071:
4969:
4929:
4859:
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4778:
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4482:
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4408:
4363:
4328:
4303:. Innocent III declared the first political crusade against Frederick II's regent,
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4229:
4173:
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4013:
4007:
3992:
3937:
3863:
3744:
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neither afford nor mount a lengthening campaign in the Holy Land given the ongoing
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3291:
3189:
3180:
3147:
3085:
2977:
2934:
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began the next month and the Hospitaller stronghold finally fell a year later. The
2850:
2830:
2685:
2634:
2605:
of 1147 was partially successful but failed to convert the pagans to Christianity.
2532:
2434:
with no powerful allies to help defend Edessa. Zengi came north to begin the first
2412:
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2237:
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2133:
1992:
1890:
1886:
1855:
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1719:
1660:
1465:
1453:
1417:
1243:
1193:
1153:
1128:
1123:
1052:
1002:
997:
982:
947:
937:
860:
650:
646:
580:
458:
421:
386:
381:
279:
249:
214:
144:
117:
11172:
10796:
10547:
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10171:
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3415:
Teutonic Knights, placing them on equal footing as the Templars and Hospitallers.
2290:. He was released in August 1024 in return for 80,000 gold pieces and the city of
2003:. The Lorrainers foiled the attempt to seize power and enabled Godfrey's brother,
16623:
16403:
16309:
16100:
15798:
15279:
15181:
15119:
14861:
14812:
14358:
14013:
13555:
13522:
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13460:
13317:
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13126:
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12432:
12397:
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12270:
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10536:
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9445:
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9134:
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8876:
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8817:
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8770:
8499:
7764:
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6809:
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4177:
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4157:
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3783:
3634:
3620:
3608:
3515:
3437:
3424:
3379:
3315:
3283:
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3192:
saw it as an atrocity against centuries of classical and Christian civilisation.
3048:
3018:
2947:
2814:
2749:
2602:
2590:
2570:
2493:
2315:
2299:
2157:
2141:
2011:
1988:
1915:
1866:
and a Byzantine naval assault in the high point of Latin and Greek co-operation.
1863:
1843:
1644:
1510:
1429:
1312:
1148:
957:
850:
762:
576:
431:
356:
257:
194:
189:
164:
149:
134:
9967:
9883:
9136:
Theorizing Medieval Geopolitics â War and World Order in the Age of the Crusades
6732:
5070:
The history of the Fifth and Sixth Crusades is well represented in the works of
4666:
were formed in 1190 to protect pilgrims in both the Holy Land and Baltic region.
3838:
2441:
Zengi was assassinated by a slave on 14 September 1146 and was succeeded in the
39:
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16299:
16095:
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15930:
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15602:
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15283:
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15004:
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14749:
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14646:
14629:
14569:
14463:
14410:
14239:
14159:
14008:
13618:
13443:
13237:
13212:
13176:
13116:
13109:
13104:
13094:
12948:
12933:
12872:
12748:
12738:
12494:
12245:
12235:
12230:
12225:
12205:
12195:
12110:
12053:
11946:
11909:
11664:
11609:
11563:
11516:
11496:
11340:
11263:
11176:
10787:
10627:
10396:
10302:
9934:
9929:
9589:
9324:
8996:
8813:
7360:
5128:
5060:
4854:
4677:
4663:
4581:
4474:
4335:
was proclaimed king of Sicily, despite his excommunication and an unsuccessful
4316:
4284:
4279:
peasants of north-western Germany, in 1234 and 1241 Hungarian crusades against
4086:
4017:
3945:
3883:
3790:
3642:
3569:
3553:
3135:
3132:
3089:
3068:
2981:
2938:
2919:
2858:
2794:
2664:
2618:
2540:
2469:
2463:
2442:
2373:
2323:
2184:
2064:
1862:
left the city to resolve a territorial dispute, enabling its capture after the
1859:
1692:
1593:
1485:
1341:
1334:
1228:
1118:
1074:
967:
607:
451:
351:
204:
169:
154:
44:
12811:
9811:
9181:
The Counts of Tripoli and Lebanon in the Twelfth Century: Sons of Saint-Gilles
8558:
6845:
6128:, pp. 10â23, The Early Career of Zengi, 1084â1127: the Turkmen influence.
4525:
allied with all quarters, including from German Protestant princes and Sultan
3294:
with a contingent of Romans. A group from England arrived shortly thereafter.
3174:
III fled and was replaced by his nephew. The Greek resistance prompted Alexios
2892:
2637:, he tried but failed to prevent Baldwin III's evacuation of the residents of
1979:
1768:. Traveling through Germany, German bands massacred Jewish communities in the
16785:
16324:
16255:
16105:
15813:
15453:
15448:
15186:
15123:
15112:
14999:
14886:
14789:
14777:
14641:
14614:
14554:
14033:
13853:
13502:
13428:
13394:
13378:
13338:
13021:
12996:
12772:
12682:
12667:
12589:
12341:
12140:
11423:
10983:
10928:
10908:
10815:
10265:
9915:
9399:
9389:
9154:
9090:
8942:
8872:
8858:
7394:
7098:
7017:
6352:
6295:
6228:
6214:
5215:
5108:
5064:
4905:
4853:). The histories describing the Crusades are broadly of three types: (1) The
4820:
4694:
4651:
4597:
Northern Crusades were campaigns conquering lands beloved of Christ's mother
4308:
4125:
3732:
3544:. On 1 September 1239, Theobald arrived in Acre, and was soon drawn into the
3499:
3391:
3374:
3348:
3207:
3201:
3139:
2953:
2927:
2913:
2260:
2169:
1894:
Syrian and Armenian communities. A force to recapture the city was raised by
1800:
1749:
1709:
1577:
1460:
1399:
1365:
1348:
1290:
1173:
992:
834:
701:
552:
541:
179:
174:
159:
129:
10978:
7850:
4718:
4044:. The end of Western European presence in the Holy Land was sealed with the
3127:
replaced him as the new commander of the campaign. They contracted with the
2609:
then set the stage for the fall of Jerusalem, leading to the Third Crusade.
16755:
16594:
16587:
16137:
16085:
16016:
16006:
15687:
15619:
15484:
15380:
15211:
15141:
15019:
14828:
14799:
14666:
14363:
14106:
14065:
13612:
13487:
13343:
13307:
13046:
12968:
12812:
12558:
12553:
12548:
12536:
12300:
12130:
12001:
11919:
11589:
11486:
11290:
10998:
10825:
10676:
10659:
9828:
9820:
9371:
John of Brienne: King of Jerusalem, Emperor of Constantinople, c. 1175â1237
9354:
9340:
7181:
Weiler, Björn K. (2006). "Crusade of Emperor Frederick II (1227â1229)". In
5176:
4965:
4919:
4576:
4537:
4463:
4396:
4371:
4352:
4216:
century, there was significant involvement of military orders, such as the
4053:
3972:
3913:
3406:
3104:
3056:
2849:
began on 20 September 1187 and the Holy City was surrendered to Saladin by
2845:
As a result of his victory, much of Palestine quickly fell to Saladin. The
1968:
1907:
1812:
1696:
1608:
tradition. This brought them into conflict in Palestine and Syria with the
1525:
657:
of 1212, were generated by the masses and were unsanctioned by the Church.
638:
524:
in the period between 1095 and 1291 that had the objective of reconquering
513:
446:
267:
16738:
16653:
13672:
9210:
7677:, pp. 148â151, The last years of the Templars in Palestine and Syria.
3833:
2701:
captured. Baldwin III was able to break the siege, only to be ambushed at
2407:
to give homage. In April 1138, the Byzantines and Franks jointly besieged
742:â"the cross overseas"âused for crusades in the eastern Mediterranean, and
16439:
16189:
16152:
16001:
15858:
15828:
15725:
14851:
14712:
14683:
14624:
14599:
14594:
14458:
14373:
14267:
14248:
13957:
13413:
13242:
13217:
13192:
13165:
13152:
13061:
12963:
12650:
12285:
12163:
12148:
12120:
11956:
11740:
11443:
11350:
11232:
10709:
10654:
10526:
10379:
10280:
7074:
6707:
6485:, pp. 338â342, The Rise of Nur ed-Din: The Capture of Ascalon, 1153.
6199:
Chapter XVII. The Latin States under Baldwin III and Amalric I, 1143â1174
4549:
4419:
4239:
4149:
4109:
3518:, who had condemned this truce from the beginning, issued the papal bull
2971:
Richard the Lionheart on his way to Jerusalem, James William Glass (1850)
2558:
on 24 December 1147. A few days later, they were again victorious at the
2474:
2283:
2000:
1999:
and Tancred looked to Bohemond to come south, but he was captured by the
1903:
1835:
1695:, who seized most of Syria and Palestine as part of the expansion of the
616:
599:
in 1291. After this, no further large military campaigns were organised.
517:
492:
284:
16721:
16687:
11152:
10723:
10621:
10488:
10434:
10390:
10373:
10363:
10331:
10254:
9125:
9107:
8975:
The Crusades: Islam and Christianity in the Struggle for World Supremacy
7338:, Document 17: Two sources on the Handover of Jerusalem to Frederick II.
6262:, pp. 225â232, Zangi â Champion of Islam, The Advent of NĆ«r-ad-Din.
3900:, seizing the sultanate in 1259 and uniting with another faction led by
3150:, who intended to use the Crusade to install his exiled brother-in-law,
2650:
1631:
The evolution of a Christian theology of war developed from the link of
16287:
16026:
15823:
15479:
15411:
15231:
14981:
14929:
14734:
14564:
14209:
14038:
13982:
13977:
13197:
12782:
12048:
11315:
11201:
10775:
10504:
9098:
9066:
8107:
7493:
7365:
The Crusade of Theobald of Champagne and Richard of Cornwall, 1239â1241
7224:
7005:
6691:, pp. 233â284, The Regent Thwarted: Count Raymond III (1174â1187).
5116:
4292:
4288:
4194:
4113:
3557:
3331:
3228:
2626:
1964:
1926:
The first attack on the city, launched on 7 June 1099, failed, and the
1613:
9108:"The New Crusaders: Contemporary Extreme Right Symbolism and Rhetoric"
7416:
6542:
2781:
on 25 November 1177. In June 1179, the Crusaders were defeated at the
1799:
declined participation. Aristocrats from France, western Germany, the
16444:
16292:
16127:
16117:
16110:
16068:
16063:
15863:
15818:
15226:
15176:
15102:
15097:
14871:
14856:
14584:
14574:
14277:
14263:
13987:
12095:
11624:
11393:
10953:
10758:
10553:
10401:
10238:
4723:
4518:
4276:
4264:
4129:
4041:
3917:
3850:
6 April, Louis' surrender was negotiated directly with the sultan by
3680:
3211:
2252:
2228:
2212:
2067:
and Ida disappeared. The remnants of the army helped Raymond capture
1804:
1581:
694:
525:
521:
16772:
11824:
9082:
8924:
Zengi and the Muslim response to the Crusades: The politics of Jihad
8735:
6383:
6381:
3247:
1643:. He maintained that aggressive war was sinful, but acknowledged a "
595:. A European presence remained in the region in some form until the
16618:
15833:
15070:
14949:
14368:
14282:
14028:
14018:
13972:
13967:
13962:
13656:
12765:
12753:
12305:
11659:
11536:
11185:
10746:
10637:
10354:
9754:
9249:
Maier, Christoph T. (2006a). "Ideology". In Murray, Alan V. (ed.).
8168:
5172:
5156:
4792:
4593:
4541:
4190:
3775:
3604:
3585:
3573:
3561:
3511:
3432:
3419:
3365:
3299:
3287:
3268:
2937:
and subsequent fall of Jerusalem gradually reached Western Europe.
2354:
saw the Crusaders threatened by a Muslim ruler who would introduce
2149:
1956:
1895:
1831:
1714:
1636:
1568:
1545:
in Jerusalem. In 1071, Jerusalem was conquered by the Seljuk Turks.
766:
736:
century the cross became the major descriptor of the crusades with
9706:
8620:
8125:
Hendrickx, Benjamin (2006). "Constantinople, Latin Empire of". In
7741:, pp. 268â269, Turanshah takes Command of the Moslems (1250).
7692:
7545:
A History of the Crusades: Volume II, The Later Crusades 1187â1311
4869:
4521:, French, Spanish and Venetians and Ottomans all signed treaties.
3625:
3588:, a Nicaean stronghold seventy-five miles west of Constantinople.
3490:
2041:
attempted catch up with the Lombards but was caught and routed at
1873:
Southeastern Europe, Asia Minor and Syria before the First Crusade
748:â"the cross this side of the sea"âfor those in Europe. The use of
16570:
16533:
16142:
16122:
15979:
15873:
15107:
15037:
14697:
14661:
13268:
12882:
12504:
12175:
11986:
11300:
10963:
10888:
10870:
10845:
10327:
10226:
10015:
7095:, pp. 299â307, The Egyptian Campaign of the Legate Pelagius.
6378:
5714:
4982:
Libellus de Expugnatione Terrae Sanctae per Saladinum expeditione
4914:
4636:
4340:
4052:
in 1291. The Christian forces managed to survive until the final
3901:
3215:
2923:
2889:
in late 1188 then completed Saladin's conquest of the Holy Land.
2745:
2741:
2733:
2729:
2536:
2483:
2326:
ended the campaign and Frankish influence on Damascus for years.
2232:
2200:
1882:
761:, but the modern English "crusade" dates to the early 1700s. The
11162:
10439:
8025:
8023:
6331:, pp. 268â303, God's Bargain: Summoning the Second Crusade.
5222:(11th edition), later expanded into a separate publication; and
4160:, from 1 July to 25 October 1147, was followed by the six-month
2593:, from 1 July to 25 October 1147, was followed by the six-month
2282:
in 1124. In April 1123, Baldwin II was ambushed and captured by
749:
520:. The best known of these military expeditions are those to the
15349:
14123:
14043:
13910:
13434:
Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary
12877:
12787:
12692:
11078:
10807:
10479:
10155:
10132:
10112:
10072:
8954:. A History of the Crusades (Setton), Volume II. Archived from
8539:
8243:
6164:, pp. 214â216, The Christians lay siege to Shaizar (1138).
4993:
4940:. Many of these and related texts are found in the collections
4788:
4673:
4490:
4348:
3859:
3100:
2737:
2656:
2387:. Fulk intervened, but Zengi's troops captured Pons' successor
2204:
2129:
2068:
1960:
1777:
1589:
822:
816:
529:
7290:, pp. 312â318, The Sixth Crusade and the Treaty of Jaffa.
6781:
The Third Crusade: Richard the Lionhearted and Philip Augustus
6622:
A History of the Crusades: Volume One. The First Hundred Years
6361:
A History of the Crusades: Volume One. The First Hundred Years
6304:
A History of the Crusades: Volume One. The First Hundred Years
6284:
A History of the Crusades: Volume One. The First Hundred Years
6203:
A History of the Crusades: Volume One. The First Hundred Years
6036:
6034:
5815:
5813:
4505:, in 1444 destroyed a crusading Polish and Hungarian force at
4212:
from what was primarily economic conflict. From the early 13th
2550:
The French contingent departed in June 1147. In the meantime,
1651:
movements restricted conflict between Christians from the 10th
512:
initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Christian
16629:
16075:
15535:
15474:
15431:
14671:
11058:
11043:
11003:
10729:
10605:
10575:
10494:
10467:
10450:
10260:
10092:
8694:
Secondary Bibliography. In Phillips, J. Holy Warriors (2009).
8371:
8359:
8209:
8207:
8071:
8059:
8020:
7984:
7972:
7614:, pp. 256â257, King Louis sails from Agues-Mortes (1248.
5510:
5153:
Histoire des Croisades pour la délivrance de la Terre Sainte.
4766:
4209:
4165:
4153:
3949:
3897:
3760:
3143:
2976:
through Anatolia, defeating the Turks and reaching as far as
2598:
2586:
2356:
2125:
2077:
1935:
1899:
1605:
1585:
1573:
611:
8614:
Histoire des croisades pour la délivrance de la Terre Sainte
8576:
Primary Bibliography. In Phillips, J., Holy Warriors (2009).
8461:
8449:
8383:
7689:, pp. 264â265, The Crusaders Advance towards Mansourah.
3483:. These crusades are sometimes discussed along with that of
1780:
these crusaders were annihilated in a Turkish ambush at the
10878:
10595:
9979:
9447:
The Feudal Nobility and the Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1174â1277
8144:
8132:
8095:
8008:
7996:
7209:, pp. 739â780, The Crusade of Frederick II, 1227â1229.
6893:
6881:
6094:
6031:
5995:
5929:
5917:
5905:
5810:
4866:, primarily encyclopedias, bibliographies and genealogies.
2777:
and the Knights Templar defeated Saladin at the celebrated
2291:
2251:'s army of 700 knights, 3,000 foot soldiers and a corps of
2168:
ransomed Joscelin and he negotiated Baldwin's release from
2026:
in August 1101. Some of the leadership, including Raymond,
610:, and ones for political reasons. The struggle against the
55:
8335:
8323:
8255:
8231:
8204:
7547:. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 487â521.
6624:. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 590â621.
6363:. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 513â528.
6306:. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 563â589.
6286:. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 463â512.
6205:. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 528â563.
6193:
6191:
5961:
5959:
5486:
5474:
5414:
5402:
4847:
Select Bibliography of the Crusades, Modern Historiography
3967:
3440:
with Rome. The Sixth Crusade would be one of negotiation.
13323:
Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution
8347:
8156:
8083:
8035:
7960:
7924:
7912:
6725:
Nicholson, Helen (2006). "Third Crusade (1189â1192)". In
6611:
Chapter XIX. The Decline and Fall of Jerusalem, 1174â1189
5462:
5330:
4873:
William of Tyre writing his history, from a 13th-century
3837:
Louis IX being taken prisoner at the Battle of Fariskur (
2744:, allied with Amalric I, attacking Shirkuh at the second
2364:
in September 1127 and used this to expand his control to
1811:
was foremost, rivaled by the relatively poor but martial
1691:. In 1071, Jerusalem was captured by the Turkish warlord
8878:
In The Year 1096... European Jewry and the First Crusade
8819:
The New Knighthood. A History of the Order of the Temple
7948:
6449:, pp. 329â330, Turbessel ceded to Byzantium (1150).
6343:, pp. 268â274, The French in Asia Minor, 1147â1148.
5450:
5426:
5320:
5318:
4144:
and crusades were preached in 1114 and 1118, but it was
2885:
in August 1188 further solidified Saladin's gains. The
2144:
on 20 April 1105 over a larger force, led by the Seljuk
776:
8511:
Tyerman, Christopher (2006). "Historiography, Modern".
8437:
7472:, pp. 101â107, The Crusade of Richard of Cornwall.
7071:, Document 16: Al-Kamil Muhammad and the Fifth Crusade.
6675:
Gerish, Deborah (2006). Guy of Lusignan (d. 1194). In
6620:". In Setton, Kenneth M.; Baldwin, Marshall W. (eds.).
6359:". In Setton, Kenneth M.; Baldwin, Marshall W. (eds.).
6302:". In Setton, Kenneth M.; Baldwin, Marshall W. (eds.).
6282:". In Setton, Kenneth M.; Baldwin, Marshall W. (eds.).
6201:". In Setton, Kenneth M.; Baldwin, Marshall W. (eds.).
6188:
6058:
6007:
5983:
5971:
5956:
5893:
5546:
5498:
5135:
Complete bibliographies are also given in these works.
3759:
also arrived with ships and Frankish soldiers from the
3017:
Richard moved south, defeating Saladin's forces at the
2941:
died shortly after hearing the news, and his successor
2752:
in August 1164, capturing most of the Franks' leaders.
2306:. He returned to the East with a major force including
2120:, later king of Jerusalem as Baldwin II, and Patriarch
2106:
on 27 May 1102 saved the kingdom from virtual collapse.
2018:. Command was fragmented and the force split in three:
720:
century. A specific term for a crusader in the form of
15289:
Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America
8775:
The Creation of the Principality of Antioch, 1098â1130
8653:
Gibbon, E., Kaye, J., Scott, W., Caoursin, G. (1870).
8311:
8219:
8192:
8180:
7421:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
5534:
5522:
5438:
5378:
4742:
of the south facade follow classical Syrian patterns.
2207:. Tancred died in 1112 and power passed to his nephew
16559:
13354:
Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary
8600:
The Later Crusades, 1274â1580: From Lyons to Alcazar.
7387:
Hendrickx, Benjamin. "Baldwin II of Constantinople".
6070:
5946:
5944:
5883:
5881:
5868:
5866:
5864:
5366:
5315:
5133:
The Later Crusades, 1274â1580: From Lyons to Alcazar.
4592:
had Christianised this, and it eventually became the
4128:; the suppression of non-conformity, particularly in
3637:(1248â1254) was the first of the two Crusades led by
3494:
The defeat of the Crusaders at Gaza, depicted in the
3310:
arrived to negotiate unsuccessfully with the sultan.
2709:. In July 1158, the Crusaders were victorious at the
2612:
2399:, emperor since 1118, reasserted Byzantine claims to
629:
were fought against pagan tribes in Northern Europe.
9023:
The Later Crusades, 1274â1580: From Lyons to Alcazar
8296:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 676â679.
8047:
7905:
Lind, John H. (2006). " Wendish Crusade (1147)". In
7874:
6506:(11th ed.), Cambridge University Press. pp. 778â779.
6246:
MacEvitt, Christopher (2006). "Edessa, City of". In
5390:
5354:
4650:
had a medical mission in Jerusalem since before the
4509:, four years later again defeated the Hungarians at
4339:. Political crusading continued against Venice over
4156:
with the rest of the Second Crusade. The successful
3179:
new anti-westerner Byzantine ruler –
3021:
on 7 September 1191. Three days later, Richard took
2589:
with the rest of the Second Crusade. The successful
8867:. World's manuals. Oxford University Press, London.
8747:
7936:
6797:
6770:, pp. 420â422, The Fate of the German Crusade.
6185:(11th ed.), Cambridge University Press. p. 246â247.
5342:
5303:
5187:, a major new narrative based on original sources.
3948:, to his own advantage by persuading him to attack
2045:. The destitute leaders eventually reached Antioch.
12427:
9573:
9466:
9308:
9250:
8404:Bird, Jessalynn (2006). "Finance of Crusades". In
7568:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 37â38.
7302:, pp. 189â190, Frederick at Jerusalem (1229).
6700:Hoch, Martin (2006). Hattin, Battle of (1187). In
6412:Lind, John H. (2006). Wendish Crusade (1147). In
6082:
6019:
5941:
5878:
5861:
4481:. In 1389, the Ottomans defeated the Serbs at the
3251:Crusaders attack the tower of Damietta during the
2649:. Later that year, NĆ«r-ad-Din captured and burned
2523:also received the cross from the hand of Bernard.
9257:. Vol. II: DâJ. ABC-CLIO. pp. 627â631.
7714:. In The Crusades â An Encyclopedia. pp. 794â795.
7650:, p. 259â260, Negotiations with the Mongols.
7638:, pp. 21â39, Lords, Lordships and Vavasours.
7602:. In The Crusades â An Encyclopedia. pp. 321â324.
7543:". In Wolff, Robert L. and Hazard, H. W. (eds.).
7002:, pp. 626â649, The Fifth Crusade, 1213â1221.
6974:Powell, James M. (2006). "The Fifth Crusade". In
6752:The Crusades of Frederick Barbarossa and Henry VI
6046:
5762:
4957:Historia Rerum in Partibus Transmarinis Gestarum,
4295:was offered to anti-heretical groups such as the
2865:beginning in November 1187 was unsuccessful. The
2310:. This allowed the Franks to capture the town of
16783:
13424:Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII
7729:, pp. 793_802, Defeat, FebruaryâMarch 1250.
7435:, pp. 703â709, The Ayyubids from 1229â1244.
7221:, pp. 700â702, The Ayyubids from 1221â1229.
6842:, pp. 70â72, Richard's Last Victory (1192).
6576:, pp. 113â117, The Old Man of the Mountain.
5264:History of the Knights Hospitaller in the Levant
3560:as sultan of Egypt. Theobald decided to fortify
3514:, had agreed to a ten-year truce. Nevertheless,
3263:Andrew II left for Acre in August 1217, joining
3123:. After Theobald's premature death, the Italian
2833:on 4 July 1187. One of the major commanders was
8732:. Index (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press.
7892:Jaspert, Nikolas (2006). "Tortosa (Spain)". In
7508:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 867.
7326:, pp. 24â30, Letters of the Sixth Crusade.
6666:(11th ed.), Cambridge University Press. p. 935.
6645:(11th ed.), Cambridge University Press. p. 936.
6597:(11th ed.), Cambridge University Press. p. 247.
6437:(11th ed.), Cambridge University Press. p. 934.
6375:, pp. 143â158, NĆ«r-ad-Din, the Saint King.
5125:Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades
3767:, reflecting what the pope had sought in 1245.
2175:On 13 May 1110, Baldwin II and a Genoese fleet
645:began in the late 14th century and include the
9491:The Oxford Illustrated History of The Crusades
9469:The Oxford Illustrated History of The Crusades
9360:A History of the Art of War in the Middle Ages
8559:Selected Sources – The Crusades
7460:, pp. 755â780, The Crusades of 1239â1241.
6990:, pp. 697â700, The Ayyubids through 1221.
6539:, pp. 380â382, Amalric advances on Cairo.
6399:Jaspert, Nikolas (2006). Tortosa (Spain). In
6152:, pp. 109â122, The Damascus Conspiracies.
6112:Christie, Naill (2006). "Zengi (d. 1146)". In
3700:departed the next year. They were followed by
3649:in conjunction with a crusade against emperor
2286:while campaigning north of Edessa, along with
2247:, attacked Antioch with more than 10,000 men.
1918:, seeking a treaty. The Pope's representative
754:, "crusade" in Middle English can be dated to
637:in the 13th century and continued through the
16249:Architecture of cathedrals and great churches
15948:
15365:
13688:
12413:
11840:
11217:
10031:
9722:
7662:, pp. 262â263, Louis at Damietta (1249).
7417:The Crusades of 1239â1241 and Their Aftermath
7278:, pp. 183â184, Frederick at Acre (1228).
7059:, pp. 218â226, The Perfect and the Just.
6866:, pp. 97â98, The German Crusade of 1197.
6300:Chapter XVIII. The Rise of Saladin, 1169â1189
6140:, pp. 123â142, An Emir among Barbarians.
4972:. The Arab view from Damascus is provided by
4964:Eyewitness accounts of the Second Crusade by
4733:Typically, crusader church design was in the
4532:Anti-Christian crusading declined in the 15th
4513:and in 1453 captured Constantinople. The 16th
4184:. In 1212 the Spanish were victorious at the
4168:were a more immediate problem. The resulting
3471:The Crusades of 1239â1241, also known as the
3232:. Innocent died in 1216 and was succeeded by
3154:, as Emperor. This required the overthrow of
2601:were a more immediate problem. The resulting
802:
71:
9584:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
9319:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
7871:, pp. 638â656, The Holy Land Reclaimed.
7626:, pp. 580â584, The preparation for war.
7444:Burgturf, Jochen. "Gaza, Battle of (1239)".
7266:, pp. 99â101, The Crusade of 1227â1229.
5226:(2006), edited by historian Alan V. Murray.
4787:The Crusades strengthened exchanges between
3862:(later reduced to 800,000). Latin patriarch
3789:The sultan died in November 1249, his widow
3460:
3418:After the Fifth Crusade, the Ayyubid sultan
3274:The fortifications of Damietta included the
2449:. The Franks recaptured the city during the
2391:, and besieged Fulk in the border castle of
727:
551:In 1095, after a Byzantine request for aid,
13702:
9871:County Palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos
9487:
9464:
9440:
8249:
8029:
7966:
7753:, pp. 270â271, Louis in Prison (1250).
7635:
7600:Crusade of Louis IX to the East (1248â1254)
7314:, pp. 562â571, Frederick II's Crusade.
6818:, pp. 152â175, The Fall of Acre, 1191.
6473:, p. 333, Murder of Raymond II (1152).
5089:Key sources for the later Crusades include
4894:. For the First Crusade, this includes the
4116:by Spanish Christian kingdoms; 12th to 15th
2740:, the deposed vizier to the Fatimid caliph
2278:, sending a large fleet that supported the
2211:. In May 1113, Mawdud invaded Galilee with
743:
737:
721:
711:
705:
532:from Muslim rule after the region had been
15372:
15358:
13695:
13681:
13439:Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary
13389:Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart
12420:
12406:
11847:
11833:
11224:
11210:
10038:
10024:
9729:
9715:
9698:The History and Literature of the Crusades
9473:. Oxford University Press. pp. 1â12.
8589:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
8417:
7762:
7520:, pp. 574â576, The Bane of Palestine.
7347:Burgturf, Jochen. "Crusade of 1239â1241".
7197:, pp. 171â205, The Emperor Frederick.
7166:Crucesignatus: its origins and early usage
6741:, pp. 375â401, The Call of the Cross.
5244:Bibliography of the Crusades: modern works
4148:who proposed dual fronts in Spain and the
3739:. The two eldest sons of John of Brienne,
3032:On 27 July 1192, Saladin's army began the
2980:. On 10 June 1190, Frederick drowned near
2724:. Amalric then undertook a series of four
2716:Baldwin III died on 10 February 1163, and
809:
795:
765:of Syria and Palestine were known as the "
78:
64:
9691:
9571:
9040:
8920:
8377:
8365:
8353:
8162:
8089:
8077:
8065:
8041:
7990:
7978:
7942:
7930:
7918:
7833:
6875:
6851:
6125:
5843:
5756:
5552:
5504:
5492:
5480:
5420:
5408:
5384:
5290:
5171:. This edition also includes an essay on
2933:The news of the disastrous defeat at the
2785:, and in August the unfinished castle at
2629:in Baghdad. In 1150, NĆ«r-ad-Din defeated
2496:, recently elected pope, issued the bull
1963:. In addition, in Baghdad, Seljuk sultan
1764:gathered thousands of mostly poor in the
11231:
9632:God's War: A New History of the Crusades
9529:
9508:
8899:
8791:
8769:
8467:
8455:
8389:
8305:
8273:
7868:
7856:
7844:
7821:
7797:
7785:
7750:
7738:
7686:
7659:
7647:
7623:
7611:
7517:
7484:, pp. 319â324, The Barons' Crusade.
7400:
7335:
7311:
7299:
7275:
7194:
7136:
7134:
7104:
7068:
7023:
6863:
6839:
6767:
6713:
6536:
6482:
6470:
6446:
6387:
6340:
6259:
6234:
6161:
6100:
6064:
6040:
6013:
6001:
5989:
5977:
5965:
5935:
5923:
5911:
5899:
5819:
5804:
5792:
5780:
5768:
5744:
5732:
5720:
5708:
5696:
5684:
5672:
5660:
5648:
5624:
5612:
5564:
5540:
5528:
5468:
5444:
5396:
5324:
5254:Historians and histories of the Crusades
5155:Other works of the 18th century include
4868:
4717:
4693:
4626:
4497:, in 1396 defeated French crusaders and
4327:, who instigated an uprising called the
4238:
4080:
3971:
3832:
3624:
3489:
3352:
3246:
3099:
3076:
2966:
2930:, this time led by the kings of Europe.
2891:
2655:
2645:became the first Frankish victim of the
2034:, survived to retreat to Constantinople.
1978:
1910:in February 1099 and sent an embassy to
1868:
1713:
1536:
1454:End of the Crusader states in the Levant
664:
38:
15113:Fostering of early experimental science
10062:Sorted by modern states, with crusader
9670:
9649:
9628:
9604:
9581:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
9416:
9339:
9316:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
9227:
9202:The Routledge Companion to the Crusades
9019:
8995:
8972:
8795:The Crusades: The War for the Holy Land
8585:Setton, K. M. (Kenneth Meyer). (1969).
8443:
8186:
8174:
8150:
8138:
8101:
8053:
8014:
8002:
7880:
7809:
7726:
7481:
7469:
7457:
7287:
7263:
7230:
7206:
7092:
7056:
7011:
6999:
6919:. Fordham University. pp. 337â344.
6899:
6887:
6815:
6738:
6605:
6603:
6527:(11th ed.), Cambridge University Press.
6372:
6328:
6237:, pp. 225â246, The Fall of Edessa.
6149:
6137:
5855:
5831:
5636:
5600:
5576:
5516:
5456:
5432:
5372:
5360:
5348:
5336:
5309:
5274:Military history of the Crusader states
5055:. The view of Byzantium is provided by
5031:The Fourth Crusade is described in the
5024:as well as the biography of Saladin by
4683:
4517:century saw growing rapprochement. The
3968:Decline and fall of the Crusader States
3339:return of the piece of the True Cross.
2903:, at the inception of the Third Crusade
1787:Conflict with Urban II meant that King
555:proclaimed the first expedition at the
14:
16784:
15217:Fundamentalist â Modernist controversy
9388:
9306:
9285:
9248:
9160:The Assassins: A Radical Sect in Islam
9132:
8871:
8857:
8836:
8812:
8753:
8741:
8708:(1913). In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
8666:Michaud, J. Fr. (Joseph Fr.). (1841).
8491:Zacour, N. P.; Hazard, H. W., Editor.
8400:
8398:
8341:
8329:
8317:
8261:
8237:
8225:
8213:
8198:
7674:
7528:
7526:
7403:, pp. 205â220, Legalized Anarchy.
7107:, pp. 551â562, The Fifth Crusade.
7026:, pp. 132â179, The Fifth Crusade.
6854:, pp. 89â91, Treaty with Saladin.
6803:
6560:Bird, Jessalynn (2006). Damietta. In
6548:
5588:
5210:multiple works on the Crusades in the
5183:was published by the French historian
3956:August. The fleet returned to France.
3614:
2853:on 2 October. According to some, on 19
1639:dated from the 4th-century theologian
732:âthe way of the cross. By the mid 13th
540:centuries earlier. Beginning with the
27:Religious wars of the High Middle Ages
15353:
13676:
12401:
11854:
11828:
11205:
10019:
9710:
9653:The Debate on the Crusades, 1099â2010
9554:Historical Dictionary of the Crusades
9550:
9367:
9271:
9177:
9153:
9061:
8675:
8579:
8545:
8518:
7859:, pp. 387â426, The Fall of Acre.
7534:Chapter XIV. The Crusades of Louis IX
7438:
7406:
7323:
7131:
7083:, pp. 89â121, The Fifth Crusade.
7080:
6792:A History of the Crusades: Volume II.
6756:A History of the Crusades: Volume II.
6688:
6573:
6458:
6357:Chapter XVI. The Career of NĆ«r-ad-Din
6052:
5059:and the Arab perspective is given by
4560:
4351:for his imperial coronation; and the
4096:. Shaded area is sovereign territory.
3877:
3674:The recruiting effort under cardinal
1974:
790:
777:Crusades and the Holy Land, 1095â1291
575:. Initial successes established four
559:. He encouraged military support for
59:
16636:
9353:
9198:
9105:
8941:
8716:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
8681:Michaud, J. Fr., Robson, W. (1881).
8660:
8647:
8626:
8564:Internet History Sourcebooks Project
8536:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
8505:
8479:
8113:
7954:
7775:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
7698:
7571:
7432:
7376:A History of the Crusades: Volume II
7254:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
7218:
7153:A History of the Crusades: Volume II
7128:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
7110:
7047:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
6987:
6963:A History of the Crusades: Volume II
6944:
6827:
6600:
6088:
6076:
6025:
5950:
5887:
5872:
5165:Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
5138:
4943:Recueil des historiens des croisades
3595:and its Christians massacred by the
2800:
2010:Paschal II promoted the large-scale
783:Timeline of the Kingdom of Jerusalem
16832:Medieval history of the Middle East
13293:Suppression of the Society of Jesus
12362:History of the Mediterranean region
11809:
11254:Decline of the Western Roman Empire
9736:
9611:England and the Crusades, 1095â1588
9310:"Participants in the Third Crusade"
8526:Crusades (Sources and Bibliography)
8493:Select Bibliography of the Crusades
8418:Cartwright, Mark (8 January 2019).
8395:
7592:
7550:
7523:
7423:, Vol. 50, No. 1 (1987). pp. 32â60.
6744:
6289:
6223:A History of the Crusades: Volume I
5201:
4979:Works on the Third Crusade such as
4048:and their subsequent defeat at the
3818:and most of his English followers,
3774:to command the army that fortified
3629:Louis IX during the Seventh Crusade
3183: – denied them. The
2990:had already taken the cross as the
2203:army led by the governor of Mosul,
1663:extended across Europe. In the 11th
24:
16807:Christianity-related controversies
12848:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran
11346:Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire
10045:
9701:. G. Routledge & Son, Limited.
8116:, pp. 125, 133, 337, 436â437.
7766:"Crusade of the Pastoureaux"
6265:
5300:, (Greenwood Publishing, 2004), 6.
4885:
4851:Crusades (Bibliography and Sources
4616:
4271:for tolerating Catharism, in 1234
4132:during what has become called the
3716:, and an English detachment under
3222:called for another Crusade at the
2613:NĆ«r-ad-Din and the rise of Saladin
2350:. At the same time, the advent of
1560:Islamic Arab territorial expansion
124:In the Holy Land (1095–1291)
108:Military order (religious society)
25:
16843:
16802:Catholicism-related controversies
11776:Historiography in the Middle Ages
9044:Crusading and the Crusader States
8728:(1911). In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.).
8528:". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
7763:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
7233:, pp. 226â227, Fakhr ad-Din.
7039:". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
6716:, p. 367, Called to Crusade.
6551:, p. 240, The Zengid Threat.
5147:by 17th century French historian
4830:
4536:century, the exceptions were the
4070:
3712:, royal companion and chronicler
3552:seized Damascus from his nephew,
3528:The French expedition was led by
3062:
2457:
16764:
16747:
16730:
16713:
16696:
16679:
16662:
16645:
16617:
16605:
16593:
16581:
16569:
16544:
16543:
16532:
15660:State church of the Roman Empire
15379:
13655:
13643:
12974:Fourth Council of Constantinople
12929:Second Council of Constantinople
12347:Bibliography of European history
11942:Fall of the Western Roman Empire
11808:
11799:
11798:
11788:
11184:
11171:
11161:
11151:
11141:
11131:
11121:
11109:
11046:
11036:
11026:
11016:
11006:
10991:
10971:
10966:
10956:
10941:
10931:
10921:
10911:
10901:
10891:
10881:
10858:
10848:
10838:
10828:
10818:
10795:
10779:
10767:
10750:
10738:
10722:
10717:
10701:
10684:
10668:
10647:
10641:
10630:
10620:
10614:
10598:
10568:
10562:
10546:
10540:
10519:
10513:
10487:
10471:
10459:
10443:
10438:
10433:
10428:
10423:
10417:
10405:
10389:
10383:
10372:
10362:
10357:
10346:
10335:
10330:
10320:
10310:
10295:
10289:
10273:
10253:
10247:
10230:
10219:
10213:
10197:
10192:
10186:
10170:
10164:
10148:
9810:
8719:
8697:
8688:
8632:
8605:
8592:
8570:
8551:
8485:
8473:
8411:
8299:
8279:
8267:
8119:
7899:
7886:
7838:
7827:
7815:
7803:
7791:
7779:
7756:
7704:
7556:James Thomson Shotwell (1911). "
7487:
7381:
7354:
7341:
7236:
7175:
7158:
7029:
7014:, p. 97, The Fifth Crusade.
6968:
6923:
6905:
6869:
6773:
6719:
6694:
6669:
6648:
6627:
5044:De la ConquĂȘte de Constantinople
4892:list of sources for the Crusades
4711:to journey there on pilgrimage.
4540:against the religiously radical
4301:Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary
4236:in 1525 and 1562, respectively.
4234:Duchy of Courland and Semigallia
3668:Ad Apostolicae Dignitatis Apicem
3342:
3195:
2907:
2562:. Louis was not as lucky at the
2411:and, with no success, began the
1703:
1685:Jerusalem's role in Christianity
773:, or "the land beyond the sea".
15643:First seven ecumenical councils
12944:Third Council of Constantinople
12868:First Council of Constantinople
12372:History of Western civilization
11975:Christianity in the Middle Ages
11274:Christianity in the Middle Ages
11269:Decline of Hellenistic religion
9656:. Manchester University Press.
9614:. University of Chicago Press.
9423:The Crusades, c. 1071 â c. 1291
8762:
8744:, pp. 1â122, The Crusades.
7498:Baldwin II (emperor of Romania)
6579:
6554:
6515:Winifred Frances Peck (1911). "
6509:
6488:
6419:
6406:
6393:
6346:
6309:
6240:
6208:
6167:
6106:
5849:
5837:
5825:
5798:
5786:
5774:
5750:
5738:
5726:
5702:
5690:
5678:
5666:
5654:
5642:
5630:
5618:
5606:
5594:
5582:
5570:
5558:
4016:control. These include ones of
2956: – to be led by
2773:beginning in 1183. Baldwin IV,
2415:, abandoning it a month later.
2341:. Baldwin II's eldest daughter
2095:on 17 May 1102, al-Afdal's son
1576:or the Western Christians. The
16510:Relations with other religions
15916:Church of the East (Nestorian)
15911:Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)
15076:Separation of church and state
14745:Formal and material principles
14730:Separation of church and state
13183:Dissolution of the monasteries
12449:History of the Catholic Church
12216:PolishâLithuanian Commonwealth
12159:Christianity in the modern era
11930:Christianity in late antiquity
11552:Crisis of the late Middle Ages
9942:Livonian Brothers of the Sword
9829:Latin Empire of Constantinople
9536:. Cambridge University Press.
9515:. Cambridge University Press.
9488:Riley-Smith, Jonathan (2001).
9426:. Cambridge University Press.
9374:. Cambridge University Press.
9231:The Crusades through Arab Eyes
8883:University of California Press
8822:. Cambridge University Press.
8705:Louis RenĂ© BrĂ©hier (1868â1951)
8629:, p. 258, Historiography.
7701:, p. 712, as-Salih Ayyub.
7140:Van Cleve, Thomas C. (1977). "
6950:Van Cleve, Thomas C. (1977). "
6609:Baldwin, Marshall W. (1969). "
6273:Chapter XV. The Second Crusade
6197:Baldwin, Marshall W. (1969). "
5269:History of the Knights Templar
5034:Devastatio Constantinopolitana
4843:historiography of the Crusades
4837:Historiography of the Crusades
4420:Crusade against the Dulcinians
4218:Livonian Brothers of the Sword
3092:by the Crusaders in 1204 (BNF
2667:, 1149. Illustration from the
660:
230:Crusades after Acre, 1291â1399
43:14th-century miniature of the
13:
1:
16817:Judaism-related controversies
14740:Hymnody of continental Europe
13891:Apostles in the New Testament
13057:Fourth Council of the Lateran
13032:Second Council of the Lateran
12641:Apostles in the New Testament
12367:History of the European Union
11726:Disability in the Middle Ages
11399:Rise of the Republic of Genoa
11331:Rise of the Venetian Republic
9876:Lordship of Argos and Nauplia
9671:Tyerman, Christopher (2019).
9650:Tyerman, Christopher (2011).
9629:Tyerman, Christopher (2006).
9289:The Crusades: An Encyclopedia
9253:The Crusades: An Encyclopedia
8979:Carroll & Graf Publishers
8524:Bréhier, Louis René (1908). "
8513:The Crusades: An Encyclopedia
8406:The Crusades: An Encyclopedia
8127:The Crusades: An Encyclopedia
7907:The Crusades: An Encyclopedia
7894:The Crusades: An Encyclopedia
7500:" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.).
7446:The Crusades: An Encyclopedia
7389:The Crusades: An Encyclopedia
7349:The Crusades: An Encyclopedia
7183:The Crusades: An Encyclopedia
6976:The Crusades: An Encyclopedia
6727:The Crusades: An Encyclopedia
6702:The Crusades: An Encyclopedia
6677:The Crusades: An Encyclopedia
6562:The Crusades: An Encyclopedia
6414:The Crusades: An Encyclopedia
6401:The Crusades: An Encyclopedia
6317:The Crusades: An Encyclopedia
6248:The Crusades: An Encyclopedia
6114:The Crusades: An Encyclopedia
5284:
5224:The Crusades: An Encyclopedia
4287:notes the connection between
4186:Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa
4090:
3382:ms. Chigiano L VIII 296, 14th
3257:Cornelis Claesz van Wieringen
2897:
2674:
2339:William IX, Duke of Aquitaine
2136:. Baldwin II and his cousin,
1809:Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse
1549:
755:
680:
643:Crusades against the Ottomans
614:in the Iberian Peninsulaâthe
546:conquest of Jerusalem in 1099
13171:Catholic Counter-Reformation
13037:Third Council of the Lateran
13027:First Council of the Lateran
12483:Catholic ecumenical councils
9598:UK public library membership
9333:UK public library membership
8289:". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.).
7560:". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.).
7532:Strayer, Joseph R. (1977). "
6917:Internet Medieval Sourcebook
6913:"Summons to a Crusade, 1215"
6658:". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.).
6637:". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.).
6589:". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.).
6519:". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.).
6498:". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.).
6429:". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.).
6271:Berry, Virginia G. (1969). "
6219:Zengi and the Fall of Edessa
6177:". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.).
5169:The Crusades, A.D. 1095â1261
4949:Crusade Texts in Translation
4772:
4479:crusades of the 15th century
4473:The threat of the expanding
4416:crusades of the 14th century
4384:Seventh OttomanâVenetian War
4291:and anti-papalism in Italy.
4255:By the beginning of the 13th
4077:Chronologies of the Crusades
3688:and two of Louis' brothers,
3358:Holy Roman Emperor Frederick
2732:, accompanied by his nephew
2261:second battle of Tell Danith
1997:Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem
1748:requested military aid from
1543:Church of the Holy Sepulchre
85:
7:
16812:Islam-related controversies
16217:Views on poverty and wealth
14188:Eastern Orthodox opposition
12326:Russian invasion of Ukraine
11937:Crisis of the Third Century
11147:Order of the Holy Sepulchre
9924:State of the Teutonic Order
9797:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
9494:. Oxford University Press.
9178:Lewis, Kevin James (2017).
9026:. Oxford University Press.
9005:. Oxford University Press.
8683:The history of the crusades
8177:, pp. 9, 257, 420â421.
7170:Journal of Medieval History
7142:The Crusade of Frederick II
6750:Johnson, Edgar N. (1977). "
6390:, pp. 278â288, Fiasco.
5229:
4992:and the works of Crusaders
4226:State of the Teutonic Order
4085:Map of the branches of the
3944:IX's crusade, known as the
3747:, would also join as would
3368:(right), illumination from
3166:. When the crusade entered
2288:Joscelin I, Count of Edessa
2238:first battle of Tell Danith
1983:The Crusader states in 1135
1887:his own territory in Edessa
1744:In 1095, Byzantine Emperor
641:in the early 15th century.
631:Crusades against Christians
10:
16848:
16462:World Evangelical Alliance
16424:Traditionalist Catholicism
14205:Art patronage of Julius II
12517:History of the Roman Curia
12382:Military history of Europe
12377:Maritime history of Europe
11527:Rise of the Ottoman Empire
9551:Slack, Corliss K. (2013).
9133:Latham, Andrew A. (2012).
9041:Jotischky, Andrew (2004).
8973:Hindley, Geoffrey (2004).
8548:, p. 111, Historians.
8424:World History Encyclopedia
8420:"Trade in Medieval Europe"
7035:Paschal Robinson (1909). "
5082:, and the Arabic works of
4834:
4819:Right-wing circles in the
4776:
4687:
4631:13th-century miniature of
4620:
4564:
4074:
4005:
3881:
3772:Fakhr ad-Din ibn as-Shaikh
3618:
3599:. A few months later, the
3464:
3346:
3236:who immediately called on
3199:
3066:
2911:
2820:Despite his defeat at the
2545:Second Battle of Dorylaeum
2461:
2274:. They responded with the
2199:between the Franks and an
2057:Ida of Formbach-Ratelnberg
1946:Advocatus Sancti Sepulchri
1729:Abreujamen de las estorias
1707:
1113:Period post-Second Crusade
780:
29:
16527:
16477:
16457:World Council of Churches
16432:
16350:
16234:
16225:
16180:
15965:
15949:
15944:Latter Day Saint movement
15929:
15889:
15789:
15770:
15716:
15673:
15618:
15524:
15503:
15462:
15430:
15387:
15297:
15132:
15051:
14980:
14915:
14837:
14768:
14708:CalvinistâArminian debate
14682:
14449:
14332:
14168:
14059:
13941:
13839:
13728:
13710:
13638:
13538:
13404:
13331:
13266:
13253:European wars of religion
13150:
13085:
12987:
12909:
12800:
12723:
12583:
12572:
12564:Eastern Catholic Churches
12439:
12352:Genetic history of Europe
12334:
12139:
11955:
11895:
11862:
11784:
11713:
11572:
11467:
11454:Mongol invasion of Europe
11359:
11239:
11101:
11077:
11057:
10869:
10806:
10131:
10111:
10091:
10071:
10060:
10056:
9988:
9909:
9819:
9808:
9753:
9744:
9677:. Yale University Press.
9674:The World of the Crusades
9572:Summerson, Henry (2005).
9530:Runciman, Steven (1954).
9509:Runciman, Steven (1952).
9113:Perspectives on Terrorism
8843:. Yale University Press.
8792:Asbridge, Thomas (2012).
8726:Ernest Barker (1874â1960)
8587:A history of the Crusades
7598:Goldsmith, Linda (2006).
6779:Painter, Sidney (1977). "
5723:, pp. 82â83, 87, 89.
5237:A History of the Crusades
5039:Geoffrey of Villehardouin
4988:Itinerarium Regis Ricardi
4896:original Latin chronicles
4799:
4499:King Sigismund of Hungary
4345:Louis IV, King of Germany
4124:expansion into the pagan
3904:to defeat the Mongols at
3696:. Their youngest brother
3461:The Crusades of 1239â1241
3142:of the Christian city of
2793:in 1182 and later in the
2298:approved the rule of the
2164:. In 1007, the people of
2061:Hugh, Count of Vermandois
1898:, the effective ruler of
1687:as worthy of penitential
1673:Norman conquest of Sicily
1324:Period post-Third Crusade
897:Period post-First Crusade
831:
98:Ideology and institutions
95:
32:Crusades (disambiguation)
16485:Anti-Christian sentiment
15665:Christian biblical canon
15197:Christian existentialism
13384:Mary of the Divine Heart
13007:Clash against the empire
12959:Second Council of Nicaea
12853:Old St. Peter's Basilica
9861:Duchy of the Archipelago
9307:Murray, Alan V. (2009).
9286:Murray, Alan V. (2006).
9278:Letters of the Crusaders
9020:Housley, Norman (1992).
8921:El-Azhari, Taef (2016).
8900:Christie, Niall (2014).
8837:Barber, Malcolm (2012).
8798:. Simon & Schuster.
8777:. Boydell & Brewer.
8602:Oxford University Press.
8598:Housley, Norman (1992).
8285:Barker, Ernest (1911). "
6654:Barker, Ernest (1911). "
6633:Barker, Ernest (1911). "
6585:Barker, Ernest (1911). "
6494:Barker, Ernest (1911). "
6425:Barker, Ernest (1911). "
6173:Barker, Ernest (1911). "
5000:, and the narratives of
4925:Complete Work of History
4662:route to Jerusalem. The
4527:Suleiman the Magnificent
4440:Crusade against Novgorod
4390:century. This period of
4325:Michael VIII Palaiologos
3757:William of Villehardouin
3226:, and in the papal bull
2791:Battle of Belvoir Castle
2697:, with the Grand Master
2529:Battle of Constantinople
2420:Baldwin III of Jerusalem
2348:Baldwin III of Jerusalem
2257:battle of Ager Sanguinis
1793:Holy Roman Emperor Henry
671:Siege of Damascus (1148)
544:, which resulted in the
16539:Christianity portal
15698:Investiture Controversy
13704:History of Christianity
13650:Vatican City portal
13002:Investiture Controversy
12858:First Council of Nicaea
12357:History of Christianity
11409:Investiture Controversy
11379:Second Bulgarian Empire
9841:Kingdom of Thessalonica
9775:Principality of Antioch
9747:List of Crusader states
9575:"Lord Edward's crusade"
8730:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
8291:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
7710:Nicolle, David (2006).
7562:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
7502:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
7116:Franz Kampers (1909). "
6660:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
6639:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
6591:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
6521:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
6500:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
6431:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
6179:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
5259:History of Christianity
5239:: list of contributions
5220:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
5185:Joseph François Michaud
5026:Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad
4814:establishment of Israel
4738:the Holy Sepulchre the
4633:Baldwin II of Jerusalem
4297:Militia of Jesus Christ
3806:, constable of France,
3657:and Mongol incursions.
3510:and the Ayyubid sultan
3242:Frederick II of Germany
2867:siege of Belvoir Castle
2767:Baldwin IV of Jerusalem
2699:Bertrand de Blanquefort
2539:, son and successor of
2379:In 1137, Zengi invaded
2223:. Mawdud was killed by
2187:aided by a flotilla of
2049:William IX of Aquitaine
2016:Raymond of Saint-Gilles
1580:in Italy; to the north
1572:relationships with the
1558:century, the period of
750:
621:ended in 1492 with the
585:Principality of Antioch
16490:Christian universalism
15881:Western Rite Orthodoxy
15726:Protestant Reformation
15265:Fourth Great Awakening
15152:Second Great Awakening
14391:Fall of Constantinople
14183:Development of primacy
13662:Catholicism portal
13473:Second Vatican Council
13359:Our Lady of La Salette
13166:Protestant Reformation
13153:Protestant Reformation
13072:Second Council of Lyon
12461:Ecclesiastical history
12181:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
11766:Post-classical history
11522:Fall of Constantinople
11429:CapetâPlantagenet feud
11296:First Bulgarian Empire
11191:Catholicism portal
11167:Order of Saint Lazarus
9963:Bishopric of ĂselâWiek
9866:Triarchy of Negroponte
9846:Principality of Achaea
9834:Duchy of Philippopolis
9590:10.1093/ref:odnb/94804
9395:The Crusaders' Kingdom
9346:Richard the Lion Heart
9325:10.1093/ref:odnb/98218
9228:Maalouf, Amin (2006).
8669:Histoire des croisades
8641:Histoire des croisades
8611:Maimbourg, L. (1677).
8557:Halsall, Paul (ed.). "
5519:, pp. 18â19, 289.
5249:Criticism of crusading
5206:Three such works are:
5181:Histoire des Croisades
5163:, and Edward Gibbon's
5161:Histoire des Croisades
5016:. The Arabic works by
4936:of Armenian historian
4918:by Byzantine princess
4882:
4881:, Paris, MS 2631, f.1r
4879:BibliothĂšque Nationale
4756:Church of the Nativity
4730:
4707:
4643:
4635:granting the captured
4487:control of the Balkans
4305:Markward von Annweiler
4252:
4097:
4003:
3842:
3765:Franco-Mongol alliance
3684:. With him were queen
3630:
3503:
3387:
3260:
3224:Fourth Lateran Council
3185:Sack of Constantinople
3158:, the uncle of Alexios
3125:Boniface of Montferrat
3108:
3097:
3073:Sack of Constantinople
2972:
2904:
2835:Raymond III of Tripoli
2807:Raymond III of Tripoli
2771:Baldwin V of Jerusalem
2681:
2564:Battle of Mount Cadmus
2499:Quantum praedecessores
2451:Second Siege of Edessa
2343:Melisende of Jerusalem
1984:
1874:
1741:
1649:Peace and Truce of God
1554:By the end of the 11th
1546:
744:
738:
728:
722:
712:
706:
686:
53:
16797:Catholicism and Islam
16148:Anointing of the Sick
15260:Reformed epistemology
15202:Third Great Awakening
15172:Seventh-day Adventist
15093:First Great Awakening
14966:Book of Common Prayer
14760:Protestant work ethic
14303:Independent Catholics
14254:Monastery dissolution
13369:First Vatican Council
13067:First Council of Lyon
12831:Constantine the Great
12527:Christian monasticism
12261:Industrial Revolution
9953:Bishopric of Courland
9948:Archbishopric of Riga
9442:Riley-Smith, Jonathan
9211:10.4324/9780203389638
8710:Catholic Encyclopedia
8567:. Fordham University.
8530:Catholic Encyclopedia
7772:Catholic Encyclopedia
7583:Catholic Encyclopedia
7577:Michael Ott (1910). "
7248:Catholic Encyclopedia
7242:Michael Ott (1909). "
7164:Markowski, Michael. "
7122:Catholic Encyclopedia
7041:Catholic Encyclopedia
7037:St. Francis of Assisi
6935:Catholic Encyclopedia
6929:Michael Ott (1910). "
5279:Women in the Crusades
5212:Catholic Encyclopedia
5028:are also of interest.
4872:
4721:
4697:
4630:
4242:
4084:
3975:
3962:Lord Edward's Crusade
3888:Lord Edward's Crusade
3836:
3663:First Council of Lyon
3628:
3530:Theobald I of Navarre
3493:
3477:Theobald I of Navarre
3356:
3250:
3113:Theobald of Champagne
3103:
3080:
2988:Richard the Lionheart
2970:
2895:
2877:in July 1188 and the
2659:
2643:Raymond II of Tripoli
2631:Joscelin II of Edessa
2560:Battle of the Meander
2513:Conrad III of Germany
2432:Joscelin II of Edessa
2389:Raymond II of Tripoli
2221:battle of al-Sannabra
2179:. In the same month,
2138:Joscelin of Courtenay
2007:, to take the crown.
1982:
1872:
1852:Robert II of Flanders
1717:
1540:
1501:Lord Edward's Crusade
668:
42:
16469:Nondenominationalism
16342:Role in civilization
15809:Independent Catholic
15751:Relations with Islam
15731:Catholic Reformation
15083:Edicts of toleration
14892:Three Forms of Unity
14657:Bohemian Reformation
14230:Catholic Reformation
14087:Roman state religion
13906:Council of Jerusalem
13546:Sexual abuse scandal
13455:Mit brennender Sorge
13298:Age of Enlightenment
13077:Bernard of Clairvaux
12954:Byzantine Iconoclasm
12893:Council of Chalcedon
12673:Council of Jerusalem
12542:Role in civilization
12522:Religious institutes
12454:By country or region
12316:European debt crisis
12311:European integration
12251:Age of Enlightenment
12091:Republic of Florence
11746:Medieval reenactment
11542:Renaissance Humanism
11449:Medieval Warm Period
11419:Republic of Florence
11233:European Middle Ages
11117:Kingdom of Jerusalem
10064:names in parentheses
9763:Kingdom of Jerusalem
9606:Tyerman, Christopher
9273:Munro, Dana Carleton
9199:Lock, Peter (2006).
9106:Koch, Ariel (2017).
7172:(1984), pp. 157â165.
6635:Raynald of ChĂątillon
6353:Gibb, Hamilton A. R.
6296:Gibb, Hamilton A. R.
6215:Gibb, Hamilton A. R.
5296:Helen J. Nicholson,
5103:as well as works by
5101:Life of Saint Louis,
4928:by Muslim historian
4684:Art and architecture
4468:Crusade of Nicopolis
4428:Anti-Catalan Crusade
3997:Salles des Croisades
3983:Matthieu de Clermont
3868:Geoffrey of Sergines
3828:Alphonse of Poitiers
3804:Humbert V de Beaujeu
3795:al-Muazzam Turanshah
3698:Alphonse of Poitiers
3686:Margaret of Provence
3485:Baldwin of Courtenay
3238:Andrew II of Hungary
3027:Hugh III of Burgundy
3012:massacre of Ayyadieh
2994:in 1187. His father
2962:Richard I of England
2958:Frederick Barbarossa
2879:sieges of al-Shughur
2840:Humphrey IV of Toron
2811:Sibylla of Jerusalem
2783:Battle of Marj Ayyub
2779:Battle of Montgisard
2775:Raynald of ChĂątillon
2718:Amalric of Jerusalem
2707:Battle of Lake Huleh
2547:on 25 October 1147.
2521:Frederick Barbarossa
2517:Eleanor of Aquitaine
2505:Bernard of Clairvaux
2383:, killing the count
2331:Constance of Antioch
2255:was defeated at the
2039:William II of Nevers
606:, those against the
589:Kingdom of Jerusalem
530:its surrounding area
30:For other uses, see
16515:Unlimited atonement
16500:Cultural Christians
15939:Jehovah's Witnesses
15561:Sermon on the Mount
15490:Christian tradition
15417:Lists of Christians
15255:Liberation theology
15162:Jehovah's Witnesses
14995:Radical Reformation
14723:Resistance theories
14610:Christian mysticism
14605:Early Scholasticism
14317:Ecclesial community
14215:Counter-Reformation
14080:Constantinian shift
13374:Papal infallibility
13364:Our Lady of Lourdes
13313:Shimabara Rebellion
13157:Counter-Reformation
12281:Revolutions of 1848
12211:Early modern France
11992:Anglo-Saxon England
11897:Classical antiquity
11459:Kingdom of Portugal
11326:Old Church Slavonic
11311:Anglo-Saxon England
11137:Knights Hospitaller
9958:Bishopric of Dorpat
9889:Knights Hospitaller
9693:von Sybel, Heinrich
9557:. Scarecrow Press.
9368:Perry, Guy (2013).
9349:. Macmillan and Co.
9047:. Pearson Longman.
8840:The Crusader States
8470:, pp. 674â675.
8458:, pp. 675â680.
8392:, pp. 667â668.
8380:, pp. 147â149.
8368:, pp. 145â146.
8344:, pp. 295â296.
8332:, pp. 280â281.
8287:Teutonic Order, The
8264:, pp. 630â631.
8252:, pp. 4â5, 36.
8240:, pp. 629â630.
8216:, pp. 627â629.
8153:, pp. 358â359.
8141:, pp. 406â408.
8104:, pp. 353â354.
8080:, pp. 195â198.
8068:, pp. 193â196.
8017:, pp. 328â333.
8005:, pp. 315â327.
7993:, pp. 202â203.
7981:, pp. 199â205.
7957:, pp. 212â213.
7558:Louis IX. of France
7374:.". In Setton, K.,
6902:, pp. 249â250.
6890:, pp. 240â242.
6754:.". In Setton, K,.
6103:, pp. 172â174.
6043:, pp. 163â165.
6004:, pp. 155â159.
5938:, pp. 146â147.
5926:, pp. 142â145.
5914:, pp. 138â142.
5822:, pp. 106â107.
5339:, pp. 225â226.
5105:Guillaume de Nangis
5092:Gestes des Chiprois
5084:Badr al-Din al-Ayni
5076:Oliver of Paderborn
5041:, in his chronicle
5010:Ralph of Coggeshall
4910:Fulcher of Chartres
4754:illustrated by the
4704:Krak des Chevaliers
4700:Knights Hospitaller
4690:Art of the Crusades
4648:Knights Hospitaller
4548:and attacks on the
4538:six failed crusades
4523:Francis I of France
4452:Despenser's Crusade
4448:Alexandrian Crusade
4424:Crusade of the Poor
4368:Empire of Trebizond
4360:Despotate of Epirus
4333:Peter III of Aragon
4243:Miniatures showing
4228:. This evolved the
4134:Albigensian Crusade
3922:Manfred of Sicily's
3808:John II of Soissons
3737:Guillaume de Sonnac
3722:Henry II of England
3710:Hugh XI of Lusignan
3702:Hugh IV of Burgundy
3615:The Seventh Crusade
3601:Battle of La Forbie
3487:to Constantinople.
3481:Richard of Cornwall
3164:Emperor Alexios III
3156:Alexios III Angelos
3121:Baldwin of Flanders
3096:5090, 15th century)
3043:Three years later,
3004:Philip II of France
3000:Philip II of France
2996:Henry II of England
2757:Battle of al-Babein
2722:Battle of al-Buqaia
2670:Passages d'outremer
2623:Raymond of Poitiers
2515:. Louis, his wife,
2509:Louis VII of France
2405:Raymond of Poitiers
2401:Cilicia and Antioch
2335:Raymond of Poitiers
2193:Sigurd the Crusader
1967:and Abbasid caliph
1912:al-Afdal Shahanshah
1879:battle of Dorylaeum
1848:Stephen II of Blois
1824:Godfrey of Bouillon
1816:Bohemond of Taranto
1770:Rhineland massacres
1758:Council of Clermont
1754:Council of Piacenza
1736:1500, Avignon, 14th
1626:Great Seljuk Empire
1622:battle of Manzikert
1618:Romanos IV Diogenes
1491:Krak des Chevaliers
700:At the time of the
676:Passages d'outremer
673:as depicted in the
635:Albigensian Crusade
557:Council of Clermont
482:Crusade of the Poor
16360:Crusading movement
15628:Ante-Nicene period
15329:Oriental Orthodoxy
14972:King James Version
14784:Ninety-five Theses
14580:Apostolic Brethren
14354:Church of the East
14349:Oriental Orthodoxy
14195:Crusading movement
13715:Early Christianity
13419:Our Lady of FĂĄtima
13208:Ignatius of Loyola
13132:Catherine of Siena
13100:Pope Boniface VIII
12919:Benedict of Nursia
12888:Council of Ephesus
12725:Ante-Nicene period
12678:Split with Judaism
12512:Crusading movement
12387:Crusading movement
12291:Russian Revolution
12126:Hundred Years' War
12022:Maritime republics
11925:Early Christianity
11915:Hellenistic period
11872:Paleolithic Europe
11640:In popular culture
11605:Crusading movement
11477:Hundred Years' War
11336:Civitas Schinesghe
11321:Carolingian Empire
11306:Kingdom of Croatia
11259:Barbarian kingdoms
11014:Saint Louis Castle
10939:Citadel of Tripoli
9998:Crusading movement
9894:Hospitaller Rhodes
9856:Duchy of Neopatras
9063:Kedar, Benjamin Z.
8498:2020-06-20 at the
8308:, pp. 169â170
7847:, pp. 643â644
7824:, pp. 628â630
7812:, pp. 816â817
7800:, pp. 616â621
7788:, pp. 606â608
7539:2021-12-07 at the
7370:2023-06-01 at the
7147:2024-01-13 at the
6961:". In Setton, K.,
6957:2023-03-26 at the
6790:.". In Setton, K.
6786:2016-03-04 at the
6656:Raymund of Tripoli
6616:2023-06-01 at the
6427:Raymund of Antioch
6278:2021-07-09 at the
5858:, pp. 170â175
5783:, pp. 111â113
5747:, pp. 104â106
5196:Crusading movement
5113:Fidentius of Padua
5002:Richard of Devizes
4883:
4731:
4708:
4644:
4601:for Christianity.
4590:Augustine of Hippo
4567:Crusading movement
4561:Crusading movement
4436:Smyrniote Crusades
4432:Shepherds' Crusade
4315:of a French pope,
4253:
4199:Emirate of Granada
4098:
4022:Charles I of Anjou
4004:
3926:War of Saint Sabas
3878:The final crusades
3872:Shepherds' Crusade
3852:Philip of Montfort
3847:Battle of Fariskur
3843:
3820:Peter of Courtenay
3812:Robert I of Artois
3799:Battle of Mansurah
3753:Old Lord of Beirut
3741:Alsonso of Brienne
3694:Robert I of Artois
3690:Charles I of Anjou
3676:Odo of ChĂąteauroux
3639:Louis IX of France
3631:
3605:Louis IX of France
3593:siege of Jerusalem
3538:Amaury of Montfort
3521:Rachel suum videns
3504:
3388:
3324:Battle of Mansurah
3261:
3152:Alexios IV Angelos
3129:Republic of Venice
3109:
3098:
2973:
2905:
2871:sieges of Laodicea
2847:siege of Jerusalem
2736:, to enter Egypt.
2726:invasions of Egypt
2682:
2552:Roger II of Sicily
2272:Republic of Venice
2217:atabeg of Damascus
2189:Norwegian pilgrims
2122:Bernard of Valence
2053:Welf IV of Bavaria
2032:Anselm IV of Milan
2024:battle of Mersivan
1985:
1975:Early 12th century
1928:siege of Jerusalem
1875:
1789:Philip I of France
1746:Alexios I Komnenos
1742:
1675:. In 1074, Gregory
1669:siege of Barbastro
1547:
1359:3rd Constantinople
1354:2nd Constantinople
1259:2nd Belvoir Castle
1219:1st Belvoir Castle
1082:1st Constantinople
769:" from the French
687:
655:Children's Crusade
538:Rashidun Caliphate
409:Against Christians
113:Crusade indulgence
103:Crusading movement
54:
16557:
16556:
16523:
16522:
16451:Charta Oecumenica
15961:
15960:
15951:Iglesia ni Cristo
15766:
15765:
15746:French Revolution
15736:Thirty Years' War
15608:Apostolic fathers
15576:Great Commandment
15347:
15346:
15324:Eastern Orthodoxy
15192:Finnish Awakening
15147:Holiness movement
15088:Congregationalism
15047:
15046:
14907:Metrical psalters
14344:Eastern Orthodoxy
14288:Neo-Scholasticism
13995:Canon development
13896:Jewish Christians
13670:
13669:
13630:COVID-19 pandemic
13608:Pope Benedict XVI
13513:Pope John Paul II
13288:Pope Benedict XIV
13274:French Revolution
13258:Thirty Years' War
13248:Robert Bellarmine
13233:John of the Cross
13137:Pope Alexander VI
13122:Council of Vienne
13052:Francis of Assisi
13042:Pope Innocent III
12911:Early Middle Ages
12905:
12904:
12901:
12900:
12843:Arian controversy
12796:
12795:
12744:Apostolic Fathers
12395:
12394:
12321:COVID-19 pandemic
12266:French Revolution
12241:Habsburg monarchy
12221:Cossack Hetmanate
12201:Portuguese Empire
12191:Absolute monarchy
12186:Thirty Years' War
12081:Holy Roman Empire
12006:Bulgarian Empire
11965:Early Middle Ages
11882:Bronze Age Europe
11856:History of Europe
11822:
11821:
11731:Basic topics list
11532:Swiss mercenaries
11482:Wars of the Roses
11389:Kingdom of Poland
11374:Holy Roman Empire
11241:Early Middle Ages
11199:
11198:
11127:County of Tripoli
11097:
11096:
11024:Scandelion Castle
10343:Caesarea Maritima
10182:Saint Jean d'Acre
10013:
10012:
9980:Free City of Riga
9802:Kingdom of Cyprus
9792:County of Tripoli
9684:978-0-300-21739-1
9663:978-0-7190-7320-5
9642:978-0-674-02387-1
9635:. Belknap Press.
9621:978-0-226-82012-5
9596:(Subscription or
9564:978-0-8108-7830-3
9543:978-0-521-34772-3
9522:978-0-521-34771-6
9501:978-0-19-285428-5
9480:978-0-19-285428-5
9457:978-0-333-06379-8
9433:978-0-521-62566-1
9409:978-1-84212-224-2
9381:978-1-107-04310-7
9331:(Subscription or
9299:978-1-57607-862-4
9264:978-1-57607-862-4
9241:978-0-86356-023-1
9220:978-0-415-39312-6
9191:978-1-4724-5890-2
9170:978-1-84212-451-2
9146:978-0-415-87184-6
9054:978-1-351-98392-1
9033:978-0-19-822136-4
9012:978-0-19-821925-5
8988:978-0-7867-1344-8
8934:978-0-367-87073-7
8913:978-1-138-54310-2
8892:978-0-520-91776-7
8850:978-0-300-18931-5
8829:978-1-107-60473-5
8805:978-1-84983-688-3
8784:978-0-85115-661-3
8685:. New ed. London.
8638:Voltaire (1751).
8032:, pp. 42â43.
7151:". In Setton, K.
6952:The Fifth Crusade
6931:Pope Honorius III
6221:". In Setton, K.
6079:, pp. 36â37.
5735:, pp. 96â103
5603:, pp. 99â100
5495:, pp. 30â38.
5483:, pp. 30â31.
5471:, pp. 14â15.
5459:, pp. 14â15.
5435:, pp. 43â44.
5423:, pp. 39â41.
5411:, pp. 42â46.
5139:Secondary sources
5097:Jean de Joinville
5080:Roger of Wendover
5057:Niketas Choniates
5053:Gunther of Pairis
4938:Matthew of Edessa
4860:secondary sources
4763:Melisende Psalter
4735:French Romanesque
4728:Melisende Psalter
4571:Prior to the 11th
4477:prompted further
4380:Treaty of Viterbo
4337:Aragonese Crusade
4245:Pope Innocent III
4146:Pope Callixtus II
4142:Iberian Peninsula
4122:Northern Crusades
3938:Emperor of Nicaea
3824:Raoul II of Coucy
3816:William Longespée
3780:siege of Damietta
3718:William Longespée
3714:Jean de Joinville
3655:Prussian crusades
3556:, and recognised
3546:Ayyubid civil war
3451:Treaty of Ceprano
3308:Francis of Assisi
3280:siege of Damietta
3255:in a painting by
3253:siege of Damietta
2826:Battle of Cresson
2822:Battle of al-Fule
2801:Fall of Jerusalem
2761:Siege of Damietta
2711:Battle of Butaiha
2621:on 29 June 1149.
2579:siege of Damascus
2556:Battle of Ephesus
2488:fall of Jerusalem
2486:, leading to the
2480:Northern Crusades
2425:Manuel I Komnenos
2372:of 1137, seizing
2352:Imad ad-Din Zengi
2296:Council of Troyes
2268:Council of Nablus
2229:Bursuq ibn Bursuq
2197:battle of Shaizar
2118:Baldwin of Edessa
1941:Battle of Ascalon
1782:Battle of Civetot
1657:Pope Alexander II
1633:Roman citizenship
1565:Iberian Peninsula
1534:
1533:
821:: battles in the
710:, "journey", and
693:centuries to the
627:Northern Crusades
625:. From 1147, the
593:County of Tripoli
561:Byzantine emperor
508:were a series of
501:
500:
487:Shepherds' (1320)
477:Shepherds' (1251)
461:(1096–1320)
411:(1209–1588)
346:(1147–1410)
224:(1291–1717)
50:Estoire d'Eracles
16:(Redirected from
16839:
16777:
16769:
16768:
16767:
16760:
16752:
16751:
16750:
16743:
16742:from Wikiversity
16735:
16734:
16733:
16726:
16718:
16717:
16716:
16709:
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16700:
16699:
16692:
16684:
16683:
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16649:
16648:
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16610:
16609:
16608:
16598:
16597:
16586:
16585:
16584:
16574:
16573:
16565:
16547:
16546:
16537:
16536:
16380:Environmentalism
16330:Church buildings
16232:
16231:
16047:Eastern Orthodox
16042:Eastern Catholic
15954:
15953:
15921:Eastern Catholic
15899:Eastern Orthodox
15787:
15786:
15708:Age of Discovery
15693:EastâWest Schism
15591:Great Commission
15522:
15521:
15374:
15367:
15360:
15351:
15350:
14766:
14765:
14153:Non-Chalcedonian
14134:Constantinople I
13926:General epistles
13921:Pauline epistles
13901:Paul the Apostle
13879:Great Commission
13697:
13690:
13683:
13674:
13673:
13660:
13659:
13648:
13647:
13646:
13625:Patriarch Kirill
13498:Pope John Paul I
13303:Anti-clericalism
13283:Pope Innocent XI
13203:Society of Jesus
13188:Council of Trent
13142:Age of Discovery
13087:Late Middle Ages
12989:High Middle Ages
12979:EastâWest Schism
12863:Pope Sylvester I
12809:
12808:
12798:
12797:
12708:General epistles
12703:Pauline epistles
12636:John the Baptist
12619:Great Commission
12581:
12580:
12532:Catholic culture
12422:
12415:
12408:
12399:
12398:
12256:Great Divergence
12171:Age of Discovery
12116:Late Middle Ages
12086:High Middle Ages
11997:Byzantine Empire
11980:Christianization
11970:Migration Period
11905:Classical Greece
11877:Neolithic Europe
11849:
11842:
11835:
11826:
11825:
11812:
11811:
11802:
11801:
11792:
11751:Medieval studies
11595:Church and State
11469:Late Middle Ages
11361:High Middle Ages
11279:Christianization
11249:Migration Period
11226:
11219:
11212:
11203:
11202:
11189:
11188:
11175:
11165:
11155:
11145:
11135:
11125:
11115:
11113:
11112:
11050:
11040:
11034:Sidon Sea Castle
11030:
11020:
11010:
10995:
10979:Deir Kifa Castle
10975:
10970:
10960:
10945:
10935:
10925:
10915:
10905:
10895:
10885:
10862:
10852:
10842:
10832:
10822:
10799:
10784:
10783:
10772:
10771:
10755:
10754:
10743:
10742:
10726:
10721:
10706:
10705:
10689:
10688:
10673:
10672:
10651:
10646:
10645:
10634:
10624:
10619:
10618:
10602:
10572:
10567:
10566:
10550:
10545:
10544:
10523:
10518:
10517:
10491:
10476:
10475:
10464:
10463:
10447:
10442:
10437:
10432:
10427:
10422:
10421:
10410:
10409:
10393:
10388:
10387:
10376:
10366:
10361:
10351:
10350:
10339:
10334:
10324:
10318:Belvoir Fortress
10314:
10299:
10294:
10293:
10277:
10257:
10252:
10251:
10235:
10234:
10223:
10218:
10217:
10201:
10196:
10191:
10190:
10174:
10169:
10168:
10152:
10058:
10057:
10040:
10033:
10026:
10017:
10016:
9973:Order of DobrzyĆ
9901:Genoese colonies
9814:
9780:County of Edessa
9731:
9724:
9717:
9708:
9707:
9702:
9688:
9667:
9646:
9625:
9601:
9593:
9577:
9568:
9547:
9526:
9505:
9484:
9472:
9461:
9437:
9418:Richard, Jean C.
9413:
9385:
9364:
9350:
9336:
9328:
9312:
9303:
9282:
9268:
9256:
9245:
9224:
9195:
9174:
9150:
9129:
9102:
9058:
9037:
9016:
8992:
8969:
8967:
8966:
8960:
8953:
8938:
8917:
8896:
8868:
8854:
8833:
8809:
8788:
8771:Asbridge, Thomas
8757:
8751:
8745:
8739:
8733:
8723:
8717:
8701:
8695:
8692:
8686:
8679:
8673:
8664:
8658:
8651:
8645:
8636:
8630:
8624:
8618:
8609:
8603:
8596:
8590:
8583:
8577:
8574:
8568:
8555:
8549:
8543:
8537:
8522:
8516:
8509:
8503:
8489:
8483:
8477:
8471:
8465:
8459:
8453:
8447:
8441:
8435:
8434:
8432:
8430:
8415:
8409:
8402:
8393:
8387:
8381:
8375:
8369:
8363:
8357:
8351:
8345:
8339:
8333:
8327:
8321:
8315:
8309:
8303:
8297:
8283:
8277:
8271:
8265:
8259:
8253:
8250:Riley-Smith 1995
8247:
8241:
8235:
8229:
8223:
8217:
8211:
8202:
8196:
8190:
8184:
8178:
8172:
8166:
8160:
8154:
8148:
8142:
8136:
8130:
8123:
8117:
8111:
8105:
8099:
8093:
8087:
8081:
8075:
8069:
8063:
8057:
8051:
8045:
8039:
8033:
8030:Riley-Smith 2001
8027:
8018:
8012:
8006:
8000:
7994:
7988:
7982:
7976:
7970:
7967:Riley-Smith 2001
7964:
7958:
7952:
7946:
7940:
7934:
7928:
7922:
7916:
7910:
7909:. pp. 1265â1268.
7903:
7897:
7890:
7884:
7878:
7872:
7866:
7860:
7854:
7848:
7842:
7836:
7831:
7825:
7819:
7813:
7807:
7801:
7795:
7789:
7783:
7777:
7776:
7768:
7760:
7754:
7748:
7742:
7736:
7730:
7724:
7715:
7708:
7702:
7696:
7690:
7684:
7678:
7672:
7663:
7657:
7651:
7645:
7639:
7636:Riley-Smith 1973
7633:
7627:
7621:
7615:
7609:
7603:
7596:
7590:
7579:Pope Innocent IV
7575:
7569:
7554:
7548:
7530:
7521:
7515:
7509:
7491:
7485:
7479:
7473:
7467:
7461:
7455:
7449:
7442:
7436:
7430:
7424:
7410:
7404:
7398:
7392:
7385:
7379:
7358:
7352:
7345:
7339:
7333:
7327:
7321:
7315:
7309:
7303:
7297:
7291:
7285:
7279:
7273:
7267:
7261:
7255:
7240:
7234:
7228:
7222:
7216:
7210:
7204:
7198:
7192:
7186:
7179:
7173:
7162:
7156:
7138:
7129:
7114:
7108:
7102:
7096:
7090:
7084:
7078:
7072:
7066:
7060:
7054:
7048:
7033:
7027:
7021:
7015:
7009:
7003:
6997:
6991:
6985:
6979:
6972:
6966:
6948:
6942:
6927:
6921:
6920:
6909:
6903:
6897:
6891:
6885:
6879:
6873:
6867:
6861:
6855:
6849:
6843:
6837:
6831:
6825:
6819:
6813:
6807:
6801:
6795:
6777:
6771:
6765:
6759:
6748:
6742:
6736:
6730:
6729:. pp. 1174â1181.
6723:
6717:
6711:
6705:
6698:
6692:
6686:
6680:
6673:
6667:
6652:
6646:
6631:
6625:
6607:
6598:
6583:
6577:
6571:
6565:
6558:
6552:
6546:
6540:
6534:
6528:
6513:
6507:
6492:
6486:
6480:
6474:
6468:
6462:
6456:
6450:
6444:
6438:
6423:
6417:
6416:. pp. 1265â1268.
6410:
6404:
6397:
6391:
6385:
6376:
6370:
6364:
6350:
6344:
6338:
6332:
6326:
6320:
6319:. pp. 1083â1090.
6313:
6307:
6293:
6287:
6269:
6263:
6257:
6251:
6244:
6238:
6232:
6226:
6212:
6206:
6195:
6186:
6171:
6165:
6159:
6153:
6147:
6141:
6135:
6129:
6123:
6117:
6116:. pp. 1293â1295.
6110:
6104:
6098:
6092:
6086:
6080:
6074:
6068:
6062:
6056:
6050:
6044:
6038:
6029:
6023:
6017:
6011:
6005:
5999:
5993:
5987:
5981:
5975:
5969:
5963:
5954:
5948:
5939:
5933:
5927:
5921:
5915:
5909:
5903:
5897:
5891:
5885:
5876:
5870:
5859:
5853:
5847:
5846:, pp. 62â63
5841:
5835:
5829:
5823:
5817:
5808:
5802:
5796:
5795:, pp. 21â22
5790:
5784:
5778:
5772:
5766:
5760:
5754:
5748:
5742:
5736:
5730:
5724:
5718:
5712:
5711:, pp. 72â82
5706:
5700:
5699:, pp. 74â75
5694:
5688:
5687:, pp. 72â73
5682:
5676:
5675:, pp. 59â61
5670:
5664:
5663:, pp. 57â59
5658:
5652:
5651:, pp. 52â56
5646:
5640:
5639:, pp. 30â31
5634:
5628:
5627:, pp. 43â47
5622:
5616:
5610:
5604:
5598:
5592:
5591:, pp. 28â34
5586:
5580:
5579:, pp. 20â21
5574:
5568:
5562:
5556:
5550:
5544:
5538:
5532:
5526:
5520:
5514:
5508:
5502:
5496:
5490:
5484:
5478:
5472:
5466:
5460:
5454:
5448:
5442:
5436:
5430:
5424:
5418:
5412:
5406:
5400:
5394:
5388:
5382:
5376:
5370:
5364:
5358:
5352:
5346:
5340:
5334:
5328:
5322:
5313:
5307:
5301:
5294:
5202:Tertiary sources
5072:Jacques de Vitry
5014:Arnold of LĂŒbeck
4970:Otto of Freising
4930:Ali ibn al-Athir
4906:Albert of Aachen
4898:, including the
4864:tertiary sources
4810:Arab nationalism
4779:Papal income tax
4752:
4748:
4722:The ivory front
4664:Teutonic Knights
4661:
4612:
4608:
4574:
4535:
4516:
4483:Battle of Kosovo
4444:Savoyard Crusade
4409:Byzantine Greeks
4394:is known as the
4389:
4364:Empire of Nicaea
4355:of mercenaries.
4329:Sicilian Vespers
4320:
4283:. The historian
4281:Bosnian heretics
4258:
4250:
4230:Duchy of Prussia
4222:Order of DobrzyĆ
4215:
4162:siege of Tortosa
4119:
4107:
4103:
4095:
4092:
4042:Mongol Ilkhanate
4008:Fall of Outremer
3993:Dominique Papety
3955:
3943:
3934:VIII Palaiologos
3933:
3916:and the Persian
3864:Robert of Nantes
3751:, nephew to the
3745:Louis of Brienne
3607:to organise the
3597:Khwarazmian army
3534:Hugh of Burgundy
3385:
3370:Giovanni Villani
3361:
3336:Hermann of Salza
3304:Krak de Montréal
3276:Burj al-Silsilah
3190:Ali ibn al-Athir
3181:Alexios V Doukas
3177:
3173:
3161:
3148:Philip of Swabia
2978:Cilician Armenia
2945:issued the bull
2935:battle of Hattin
2902:
2899:
2856:
2851:Balian of Ibelin
2831:Battle of Hattin
2813:and her husband
2746:Siege of Bilbeis
2691:Byzantine Empire
2686:Siege of Ascalon
2679:
2676:
2635:Battle of Aintab
2595:siege of Tortosa
2413:Siege of Shaizar
2397:John II Komnenos
2370:battle of Ba'rin
2304:Hugues de Payens
2276:Venetian Crusade
2249:Roger of Salerno
2209:Roger of Salerno
2181:Muhammad I Tapar
2154:besieging Durrës
2146:Ridwan of Aleppo
2134:battle of Harran
2097:Sharaf al-Ma'ali
2028:Stephen of Blois
1993:Dagobert of Pisa
1914:, the vizier of
1891:siege of Antioch
1856:Sultanate of Rum
1830:and forces from
1826:and his brother
1796:
1766:People's Crusade
1762:Peter the Hermit
1739:
1724:People's Crusade
1720:Peter the Hermit
1678:
1666:
1661:Pope Gregory VII
1654:
1602:
1557:
826:
811:
804:
797:
788:
787:
760:
757:
753:
747:
741:
739:crux transmarina
735:
731:
725:
719:
715:
709:
692:
685:
682:
653:, including the
651:Popular crusades
647:Crusade of Varna
581:County of Edessa
567:
215:Fall of Outremer
118:Papal income tax
90:
80:
73:
66:
57:
56:
47:battle from the
21:
16847:
16846:
16842:
16841:
16840:
16838:
16837:
16836:
16827:Medieval Africa
16782:
16781:
16780:
16770:
16765:
16763:
16759:from Wikivoyage
16753:
16748:
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16736:
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16719:
16714:
16712:
16708:from Wikisource
16702:
16697:
16695:
16685:
16680:
16678:
16668:
16663:
16661:
16657:from Wiktionary
16651:
16646:
16644:
16641:
16637:sister projects
16634:at Knowledge's
16628:
16616:
16606:
16604:
16592:
16582:
16580:
16568:
16560:
16558:
16553:
16531:
16519:
16473:
16428:
16346:
16227:
16221:
16176:
16101:One true church
15957:
15925:
15885:
15774:
15762:
15712:
15669:
15614:
15541:in Christianity
15527:
15513:
15507:
15499:
15458:
15434:
15426:
15383:
15378:
15348:
15343:
15293:
15280:Christian right
15182:Oxford Movement
15157:Restorationists
15128:
15043:
14976:
14911:
14862:Presbyterianism
14833:
14813:Book of Concord
14764:
14688:
14686:
14678:
14445:
14335:
14328:
14164:
14063:
14055:
14014:Clement of Rome
13944:
13937:
13841:
13835:
13724:
13706:
13701:
13671:
13666:
13654:
13644:
13642:
13634:
13556:World Youth Day
13534:
13523:World Youth Day
13467:Pacem in terris
13461:Pope John XXIII
13400:
13327:
13318:Edict of Nantes
13276:
13272:
13262:
13228:Teresa of Ăvila
13223:Tridentine Mass
13159:
13155:
13146:
13127:Knights Templar
13081:
12983:
12939:Gregorian chant
12897:
12823:
12820:
12817:
12815:
12804:
12792:
12719:
12588:
12576:
12568:
12435:
12433:Catholic Church
12426:
12396:
12391:
12330:
12296:Interwar period
12271:Napoleonic Wars
12135:
12106:Mongol invasion
12059:Crown of Aragon
11951:
11891:
11887:Iron Age Europe
11858:
11853:
11823:
11818:
11780:
11761:Neo-medievalism
11709:
11645:Itinerant court
11568:
11463:
11384:Georgian Empire
11369:Norman Conquest
11355:
11301:Frankish Empire
11235:
11230:
11200:
11195:
11183:
11157:Knights Templar
11110:
11108:
11093:
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10899:Beaufort Castle
10865:
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10683:
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10561:
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10509:Castellum Regis
10470:
10458:
10416:
10404:
10382:
10370:ChĂąteau PĂšlerin
10345:
10288:
10246:
10239:Ateret Fortress
10229:
10212:
10205:ApolloniaâArsuf
10185:
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10127:
10107:
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10067:
10052:
10044:
10014:
10009:
9993:Military orders
9984:
9913:
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9851:Duchy of Athens
9815:
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9749:
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9738:Crusader states
9735:
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9083:10.2307/2887049
9055:
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8997:Housley, Norman
8989:
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8814:Barber, Malcolm
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8672:. 6. Ă©d. Paris.
8665:
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8617:. 2d ed. Paris.
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5287:
5232:
5214:; the works of
5208:Louis Bréhier's
5204:
5167:, excerpted as
5149:Louis Maimbourg
5141:
5049:Robert de Clari
5006:Ralph de Diceto
4998:Roger of Howden
4974:ibn al-Qalanisi
4953:William of Tyre
4901:Gesta Francorum
4888:
4886:Primary sources
4855:primary sources
4839:
4833:
4806:political Islam
4802:
4781:
4775:
4750:
4746:
4740:column capitals
4692:
4686:
4659:
4656:Knights Templar
4641:Hugues de Payns
4625:
4623:Military orders
4619:
4617:Military orders
4610:
4606:
4572:
4569:
4563:
4533:
4514:
4495:Gulf of Corinth
4387:
4349:marched to Rome
4318:
4256:
4248:
4213:
4206:Pope Eugene III
4170:Wendish Crusade
4158:siege of Lisbon
4120:century German
4117:
4105:
4101:
4093:
4079:
4073:
4046:fall of Tripoli
4038:Military Orders
4010:
3970:
3953:
3941:
3931:
3890:
3882:Main articles:
3880:
3635:Seventh Crusade
3623:
3621:Seventh Crusade
3617:
3609:Seventh Crusade
3550:as-Salih Ismail
3496:Chronica majora
3473:Barons' Crusade
3469:
3467:Barons' Crusade
3463:
3446:Treaty of Jaffa
3438:War of the Keys
3383:
3380:Vatican Library
3359:
3351:
3345:
3265:John of Brienne
3204:
3198:
3175:
3171:
3159:
3075:
3067:Main articles:
3065:
3049:Crusade of 1197
3038:Treaty of Jaffa
3034:battle of Jaffa
3019:battle of Arsuf
2992:Count of Poitou
2948:Audita tremendi
2916:
2910:
2900:
2896:The Near East,
2854:
2815:Guy of Lusignan
2803:
2750:Battle of Harim
2677:
2663:victory at the
2615:
2603:Wendish Crusade
2591:Siege of Lisbon
2575:Battle of Bosra
2571:Council of Acre
2466:
2460:
2436:siege of Edessa
2385:Pons of Tripoli
2362:atabeg of Mosul
2333:was married to
2316:Crusade of 1129
2308:Fulk V of Anjou
2300:Knights Templar
2294:. In 1129, the
2280:capture of Tyre
2177:captured Beirut
2158:Treaty of Devol
2142:battle of Artah
2104:battle of Jaffa
2102:Victory at the
2037:A force led by
2012:Crusade of 1101
1989:Pope Paschal II
1977:
1864:siege of Nicaea
1844:Robert Curthose
1818:and his nephew
1794:
1737:
1712:
1706:
1676:
1664:
1652:
1641:Saint Augustine
1600:
1555:
1552:
1535:
1530:
1430:Seventh Crusade
827:
817:
815:
785:
779:
763:Crusader states
758:
733:
717:
690:
683:
663:
633:began with the
623:Fall of Granada
577:Crusader states
565:
518:medieval period
502:
497:
467:People's (1096)
91:
86:
84:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
16845:
16835:
16834:
16829:
16824:
16819:
16814:
16809:
16804:
16799:
16794:
16779:
16778:
16761:
16744:
16727:
16725:from Wikibooks
16710:
16693:
16691:from Wikiquote
16676:
16659:
16630:
16627:
16626:
16614:
16602:
16590:
16578:
16555:
16554:
16552:
16551:
16541:
16528:
16525:
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16518:
16517:
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16507:
16502:
16497:
16492:
16487:
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16475:
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16471:
16466:
16465:
16464:
16459:
16454:
16442:
16436:
16434:
16430:
16429:
16427:
16426:
16421:
16416:
16411:
16406:
16397:
16392:
16390:Fundamentalism
16387:
16385:Existentialism
16382:
16377:
16372:
16367:
16362:
16356:
16354:
16348:
16347:
16345:
16344:
16339:
16338:
16337:
16327:
16322:
16317:
16312:
16307:
16302:
16297:
16296:
16295:
16285:
16284:
16283:
16278:
16276:God the Father
16273:
16268:
16263:
16253:
16252:
16251:
16240:
16238:
16229:
16223:
16222:
16220:
16219:
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16157:
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16155:
16150:
16145:
16140:
16135:
16130:
16125:
16115:
16114:
16113:
16108:
16103:
16098:
16096:Body of Christ
16093:
16083:
16078:
16073:
16072:
16071:
16061:
16056:
16055:
16054:
16049:
16044:
16039:
16029:
16024:
16019:
16014:
16009:
16004:
15999:
15998:
15997:
15992:
15987:
15982:
15971:
15969:
15963:
15962:
15959:
15958:
15956:
15955:
15946:
15941:
15935:
15933:
15931:Restorationist
15927:
15926:
15924:
15923:
15918:
15913:
15908:
15907:
15906:
15895:
15893:
15887:
15886:
15884:
15883:
15878:
15877:
15876:
15871:
15866:
15861:
15856:
15851:
15846:
15841:
15836:
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15811:
15806:
15801:
15795:
15793:
15784:
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15763:
15761:
15760:
15759:
15758:
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15700:
15695:
15690:
15685:
15679:
15677:
15671:
15670:
15668:
15667:
15662:
15657:
15656:
15655:
15650:
15640:
15635:
15633:Late antiquity
15630:
15624:
15622:
15616:
15615:
15613:
15612:
15611:
15610:
15603:Church fathers
15600:
15595:
15594:
15593:
15588:
15583:
15578:
15573:
15568:
15563:
15558:
15553:
15548:
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15500:
15498:
15497:
15492:
15487:
15482:
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15459:
15457:
15456:
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15446:
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15409:
15404:
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15326:
15321:
15316:
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15309:
15298:
15295:
15294:
15292:
15291:
15286:
15277:
15267:
15262:
15257:
15252:
15247:
15245:Pentecostalism
15242:
15240:Jesus movement
15237:
15229:
15224:
15219:
15214:
15209:
15204:
15199:
15194:
15189:
15184:
15179:
15174:
15169:
15164:
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15149:
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15105:
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15078:
15068:
15063:
15057:
15055:
15049:
15048:
15045:
15044:
15042:
15041:
15034:
15031:Martyrs Mirror
15027:
15022:
15017:
15015:Martyrs' Synod
15012:
15007:
15005:Swiss Brethren
15002:
14997:
14992:
14986:
14984:
14978:
14977:
14975:
14974:
14969:
14962:
14957:
14952:
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14912:
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14909:
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14854:
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14841:
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14809:
14804:
14803:
14802:
14797:
14792:
14787:
14774:
14772:
14763:
14762:
14757:
14752:
14750:Law and Gospel
14747:
14742:
14737:
14732:
14727:
14726:
14725:
14715:
14710:
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14694:
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14505:
14504:
14503:
14502:
14501:
14491:
14486:
14481:
14471:
14466:
14461:
14455:
14453:
14447:
14446:
14444:
14443:
14438:
14433:
14431:Ottoman Empire
14428:
14423:
14418:
14413:
14408:
14403:
14398:
14393:
14388:
14383:
14382:
14381:
14376:
14366:
14361:
14356:
14351:
14346:
14340:
14338:
14330:
14329:
14327:
14326:
14321:
14320:
14319:
14305:
14300:
14295:
14290:
14285:
14280:
14275:
14270:
14261:
14256:
14251:
14246:
14245:
14244:
14243:
14242:
14232:
14227:
14222:
14212:
14207:
14202:
14197:
14192:
14191:
14190:
14185:
14174:
14172:
14166:
14165:
14163:
14162:
14160:Biblical canon
14157:
14156:
14155:
14141:
14136:
14131:
14126:
14121:
14116:
14115:
14114:
14109:
14099:
14094:
14089:
14084:
14083:
14082:
14071:
14069:
14061:Late antiquity
14057:
14056:
14054:
14053:
14048:
14047:
14046:
14041:
14036:
14031:
14026:
14021:
14016:
14009:Church Fathers
14002:
13997:
13992:
13991:
13990:
13985:
13980:
13975:
13970:
13965:
13960:
13949:
13947:
13939:
13938:
13936:
13935:
13934:
13933:
13928:
13923:
13918:
13913:
13903:
13898:
13893:
13888:
13883:
13882:
13881:
13876:
13871:
13866:
13861:
13851:
13845:
13843:
13837:
13836:
13834:
13833:
13828:
13823:
13818:
13813:
13808:
13803:
13798:
13793:
13788:
13783:
13778:
13773:
13768:
13763:
13758:
13753:
13748:
13743:
13738:
13732:
13730:
13726:
13725:
13723:
13722:
13717:
13711:
13708:
13707:
13700:
13699:
13692:
13685:
13677:
13668:
13667:
13665:
13664:
13652:
13639:
13636:
13635:
13633:
13632:
13627:
13622:
13615:
13610:
13605:
13604:
13603:
13598:
13593:
13588:
13583:
13578:
13573:
13568:
13563:
13553:
13548:
13542:
13540:
13536:
13535:
13533:
13532:
13531:
13530:
13520:
13515:
13510:
13505:
13500:
13495:
13485:
13480:
13475:
13470:
13463:
13458:
13451:
13446:
13444:Lateran Treaty
13441:
13436:
13431:
13426:
13421:
13416:
13410:
13408:
13402:
13401:
13399:
13398:
13391:
13386:
13381:
13376:
13371:
13366:
13361:
13356:
13351:
13346:
13341:
13335:
13333:
13329:
13328:
13326:
13325:
13320:
13315:
13310:
13305:
13300:
13295:
13290:
13285:
13279:
13277:
13269:Baroque period
13267:
13264:
13263:
13261:
13260:
13255:
13250:
13245:
13240:
13238:Peter Canisius
13235:
13230:
13225:
13220:
13215:
13213:Francis Xavier
13210:
13205:
13200:
13195:
13190:
13185:
13180:
13177:Exsurge Domine
13173:
13168:
13162:
13160:
13151:
13148:
13147:
13145:
13144:
13139:
13134:
13129:
13124:
13119:
13117:Pope Clement V
13114:
13113:
13112:
13110:Avignon Papacy
13105:Western Schism
13102:
13097:
13095:Thomas Aquinas
13091:
13089:
13083:
13082:
13080:
13079:
13074:
13069:
13064:
13059:
13054:
13049:
13044:
13039:
13034:
13029:
13024:
13019:
13014:
13009:
13004:
12999:
12993:
12991:
12985:
12984:
12982:
12981:
12976:
12971:
12966:
12961:
12956:
12951:
12949:Saint Boniface
12946:
12941:
12936:
12934:Pope Gregory I
12931:
12926:
12921:
12915:
12913:
12907:
12906:
12903:
12902:
12899:
12898:
12896:
12895:
12890:
12885:
12880:
12875:
12873:Biblical canon
12870:
12865:
12860:
12855:
12850:
12845:
12840:
12839:
12838:
12827:
12825:
12806:
12802:Late antiquity
12794:
12793:
12791:
12790:
12785:
12780:
12775:
12770:
12769:
12768:
12763:
12762:
12761:
12756:
12751:
12749:Pope Clement I
12739:Church Fathers
12736:
12730:
12728:
12721:
12720:
12718:
12717:
12716:
12715:
12710:
12705:
12700:
12695:
12690:
12680:
12675:
12670:
12665:
12664:
12663:
12658:
12653:
12648:
12638:
12633:
12628:
12623:
12622:
12621:
12616:
12611:
12606:
12595:
12593:
12578:
12570:
12569:
12567:
12566:
12561:
12556:
12551:
12546:
12545:
12544:
12539:
12529:
12524:
12519:
12514:
12509:
12508:
12507:
12502:
12500:Biblical canon
12495:Catholic Bible
12492:
12491:
12490:
12480:
12479:
12478:
12468:
12463:
12458:
12457:
12456:
12445:
12443:
12437:
12436:
12425:
12424:
12417:
12410:
12402:
12393:
12392:
12390:
12389:
12384:
12379:
12374:
12369:
12364:
12359:
12354:
12349:
12344:
12338:
12336:
12332:
12331:
12329:
12328:
12323:
12318:
12313:
12308:
12303:
12298:
12293:
12288:
12283:
12278:
12273:
12268:
12263:
12258:
12253:
12248:
12246:Russian Empire
12243:
12238:
12236:British Empire
12233:
12231:Dutch Republic
12228:
12226:Swedish Empire
12223:
12218:
12213:
12208:
12206:Spanish Empire
12203:
12198:
12196:Ottoman Empire
12193:
12188:
12183:
12178:
12173:
12168:
12167:
12166:
12156:
12151:
12145:
12143:
12137:
12136:
12134:
12133:
12128:
12123:
12118:
12113:
12111:Serbian Empire
12108:
12103:
12098:
12093:
12088:
12083:
12078:
12056:
12051:
12046:
12045:
12044:
12039:
12034:
12029:
12019:
12018:
12017:
12012:
12004:
11999:
11994:
11989:
11984:
11983:
11982:
11972:
11967:
11961:
11959:
11953:
11952:
11950:
11949:
11947:Late antiquity
11944:
11939:
11934:
11933:
11932:
11922:
11917:
11912:
11910:Roman Republic
11907:
11901:
11899:
11893:
11892:
11890:
11889:
11884:
11879:
11874:
11868:
11866:
11860:
11859:
11852:
11851:
11844:
11837:
11829:
11820:
11819:
11817:
11816:
11806:
11796:
11785:
11782:
11781:
11779:
11778:
11773:
11768:
11763:
11758:
11756:Misconceptions
11753:
11748:
11743:
11738:
11733:
11728:
11723:
11717:
11715:
11711:
11710:
11708:
11707:
11702:
11697:
11692:
11687:
11682:
11677:
11672:
11667:
11662:
11657:
11652:
11647:
11642:
11637:
11632:
11627:
11622:
11617:
11612:
11607:
11602:
11597:
11592:
11587:
11582:
11576:
11574:
11570:
11569:
11567:
11566:
11564:Little Ice Age
11561:
11560:
11559:
11549:
11544:
11539:
11534:
11529:
11524:
11519:
11517:Western Schism
11514:
11509:
11504:
11499:
11494:
11489:
11484:
11479:
11473:
11471:
11465:
11464:
11462:
11461:
11456:
11451:
11446:
11441:
11436:
11431:
11426:
11421:
11416:
11411:
11406:
11401:
11396:
11391:
11386:
11381:
11376:
11371:
11365:
11363:
11357:
11356:
11354:
11353:
11348:
11343:
11338:
11333:
11328:
11323:
11318:
11313:
11308:
11303:
11298:
11293:
11288:
11283:
11282:
11281:
11271:
11266:
11264:Late antiquity
11261:
11256:
11251:
11245:
11243:
11237:
11236:
11229:
11228:
11221:
11214:
11206:
11197:
11196:
11194:
11193:
11180:
11179:
11177:Teutonic Order
11169:
11159:
11149:
11139:
11129:
11119:
11106:
11102:
11099:
11098:
11095:
11094:
11092:
11091:
11083:
11081:
11075:
11074:
11072:
11071:
11063:
11061:
11055:
11054:
11052:
11051:
11041:
11031:
11021:
11011:
11001:
10996:
10986:
10984:Hasbaya Castle
10981:
10976:
10961:
10951:
10946:
10936:
10926:
10916:
10906:
10896:
10886:
10875:
10873:
10867:
10866:
10864:
10863:
10853:
10843:
10833:
10823:
10812:
10810:
10804:
10803:
10801:
10800:
10788:Khirbat Jiddin
10785:
10773:
10756:
10744:
10727:
10707:
10690:
10677:Tel Tanninim (
10674:
10657:
10652:
10635:
10625:
10603:
10593:
10583:
10573:
10551:
10534:
10524:
10502:
10492:
10477:
10465:
10448:
10411:
10399:
10394:
10377:
10367:
10352:
10340:
10325:
10315:
10300:
10278:
10263:
10258:
10236:
10224:
10202:
10175:
10160:Casal Imbertia
10153:
10137:
10135:
10129:
10128:
10126:
10125:
10117:
10115:
10109:
10108:
10106:
10105:
10097:
10095:
10089:
10088:
10086:
10085:
10077:
10075:
10069:
10068:
10054:
10053:
10043:
10042:
10035:
10028:
10020:
10011:
10010:
10008:
10007:
10006:
10005:
9995:
9989:
9986:
9985:
9983:
9982:
9977:
9976:
9975:
9965:
9960:
9955:
9950:
9945:
9939:
9938:
9937:
9935:Livonian Order
9932:
9930:Teutonic Order
9920:
9918:
9907:
9906:
9904:
9903:
9898:
9897:
9896:
9886:
9878:
9873:
9868:
9863:
9858:
9853:
9848:
9843:
9838:
9837:
9836:
9825:
9823:
9817:
9816:
9809:
9807:
9805:
9804:
9799:
9794:
9789:
9788:
9787:
9777:
9772:
9771:
9770:
9759:
9757:
9751:
9750:
9745:
9742:
9741:
9734:
9733:
9726:
9719:
9711:
9704:
9703:
9689:
9683:
9668:
9662:
9647:
9641:
9626:
9620:
9602:
9569:
9563:
9548:
9542:
9527:
9521:
9506:
9500:
9485:
9479:
9462:
9456:
9438:
9432:
9414:
9408:
9390:Prawer, Joshua
9386:
9380:
9365:
9351:
9337:
9304:
9298:
9283:
9269:
9263:
9246:
9240:
9234:. Saqi Books.
9225:
9219:
9196:
9190:
9175:
9169:
9155:Lewis, Bernard
9151:
9145:
9130:
9103:
9059:
9053:
9038:
9032:
9017:
9011:
8993:
8987:
8970:
8943:Gibb, H. A. R.
8939:
8933:
8918:
8912:
8897:
8891:
8873:Chazan, Robert
8869:
8859:Barker, Ernest
8855:
8849:
8834:
8828:
8810:
8804:
8789:
8783:
8766:
8764:
8761:
8759:
8758:
8746:
8734:
8718:
8696:
8687:
8674:
8659:
8646:
8631:
8619:
8604:
8591:
8578:
8569:
8550:
8538:
8517:
8515:. pp. 582â588.
8504:
8484:
8472:
8460:
8448:
8446:, p. 468.
8436:
8410:
8408:. pp. 432â436.
8394:
8382:
8378:Jotischky 2004
8370:
8366:Jotischky 2004
8358:
8356:, p. 146.
8354:Jotischky 2004
8346:
8334:
8322:
8320:, p. 468.
8310:
8298:
8278:
8266:
8254:
8242:
8230:
8228:, p. 118.
8218:
8203:
8201:, p. 123.
8191:
8179:
8167:
8165:, p. 257.
8163:Jotischky 2004
8155:
8143:
8131:
8129:. pp. 279â286.
8118:
8106:
8094:
8092:, p. 198.
8090:Jotischky 2004
8082:
8078:Jotischky 2004
8070:
8066:Jotischky 2004
8058:
8046:
8044:, p. 193.
8042:Jotischky 2004
8034:
8019:
8007:
7995:
7991:Jotischky 2004
7983:
7979:Jotischky 2004
7971:
7959:
7947:
7943:Jotischky 2004
7935:
7933:, p. 191.
7931:Jotischky 2004
7923:
7921:, p. 188.
7919:Jotischky 2004
7911:
7898:
7885:
7873:
7861:
7849:
7837:
7834:Summerson 2005
7826:
7814:
7802:
7790:
7778:
7755:
7743:
7731:
7716:
7703:
7691:
7679:
7664:
7652:
7640:
7628:
7616:
7604:
7591:
7570:
7549:
7522:
7510:
7486:
7474:
7462:
7450:
7448:. pp. 498â499.
7437:
7425:
7413:Jackson, Peter
7405:
7393:
7391:. pp. 133â135.
7380:
7378:. pp. 463â486.
7353:
7351:. pp. 309â311.
7340:
7328:
7316:
7304:
7292:
7280:
7268:
7256:
7235:
7223:
7211:
7199:
7187:
7185:. pp. 313â315.
7174:
7157:
7155:. pp. 377â448.
7130:
7109:
7097:
7085:
7073:
7061:
7049:
7028:
7016:
7004:
6992:
6980:
6978:. pp. 427â432.
6967:
6965:. pp. 343â376.
6943:
6922:
6904:
6892:
6880:
6876:Jotischky 2004
6868:
6856:
6852:von Sybel 1861
6844:
6832:
6820:
6808:
6796:
6772:
6760:
6743:
6731:
6718:
6706:
6704:. pp. 559â561.
6693:
6681:
6679:. pp. 549â551.
6668:
6647:
6626:
6599:
6578:
6566:
6564:. pp. 343â344.
6553:
6541:
6529:
6508:
6487:
6475:
6463:
6451:
6439:
6418:
6405:
6392:
6377:
6365:
6345:
6333:
6321:
6308:
6288:
6264:
6252:
6250:. pp. 378â379.
6239:
6227:
6225:. pp. 449â462.
6207:
6187:
6166:
6154:
6142:
6130:
6126:El-Azhari 2016
6118:
6105:
6093:
6081:
6069:
6067:, p. 172.
6057:
6045:
6030:
6018:
6016:, p. 160.
6006:
5994:
5992:, p. 153.
5982:
5980:, p. 150.
5970:
5968:, p. 125.
5955:
5940:
5928:
5916:
5904:
5902:, p. 138.
5892:
5877:
5860:
5848:
5844:Jotischky 2004
5836:
5834:, pp. 178
5824:
5809:
5797:
5785:
5773:
5761:
5757:Jotischky 2004
5749:
5737:
5725:
5713:
5701:
5689:
5677:
5665:
5653:
5641:
5629:
5617:
5605:
5593:
5581:
5569:
5557:
5553:Jotischky 2004
5545:
5533:
5521:
5509:
5505:Jotischky 2004
5497:
5493:Jotischky 2004
5485:
5481:Jotischky 2004
5473:
5461:
5449:
5437:
5425:
5421:Jotischky 2004
5413:
5409:Jotischky 2004
5401:
5389:
5385:Jotischky 2004
5377:
5375:, p. 105.
5365:
5353:
5341:
5329:
5314:
5302:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5282:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5231:
5228:
5203:
5200:
5192:Historiography
5140:
5137:
5129:Norman Housley
5121:
5120:
5087:
5068:
5029:
4977:
4951:. The work of
4887:
4884:
4835:Main article:
4832:
4831:Historiography
4829:
4801:
4798:
4777:Main article:
4774:
4771:
4688:Main article:
4685:
4682:
4637:Al Aqsa Mosque
4621:Main article:
4618:
4615:
4582:Augustinianism
4565:Main article:
4562:
4559:
4475:Ottoman Empire
4353:free companies
4285:Norman Housley
4087:Teutonic Order
4072:
4071:Other crusades
4069:
4061:conquer Rhodes
4006:Main article:
3969:
3966:
3946:Eighth Crusade
3884:Eighth Crusade
3879:
3876:
3791:Shajar al-Durr
3749:John of Ibelin
3720:, grandson of
3706:Peter Maulcerc
3643:as-Salih Ayyub
3619:Main article:
3616:
3613:
3570:an-Nasir DÄ'Ć«d
3566:Battle at Gaza
3554:as-Salih Ayyub
3542:Peter of Dreux
3502:, 13th century
3465:Main article:
3462:
3459:
3347:Main article:
3344:
3341:
3200:Main article:
3197:
3194:
3168:Constantinople
3136:Enrico Dandolo
3133:Doge of Venice
3117:Louis of Blois
3090:Constantinople
3069:Fourth Crusade
3064:
3063:Fourth Crusade
3061:
2982:Silifke Castle
2920:Second Crusade
2912:Main article:
2909:
2906:
2887:siege of Safed
2883:Bourzey Castle
2857:October 1187,
2802:
2799:
2795:Siege of Kerak
2665:Battle of Inab
2619:Battle of Inab
2614:
2611:
2533:Seljuks of Rûm
2470:Second Crusade
2464:Second Crusade
2462:Main article:
2459:
2458:Second Crusade
2456:
2443:Zengid dynasty
2324:Marj al-Saffar
2245:emir of Aleppo
2185:captured Sidon
2115:
2114:
2107:
2100:
2089:
2073:
2072:
2046:
2035:
1976:
1973:
1708:Main article:
1705:
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1523:
1518:
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1486:Eighth Crusade
1483:
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1473:
1468:
1463:
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1426:
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1410:
1396:
1395:
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1362:
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1356:
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1342:Fourth Crusade
1338:
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1332:
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1315:
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1287:
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1126:
1121:
1110:
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1104:
1099:
1097:Meander Valley
1094:
1089:
1084:
1075:Second Crusade
1071:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1018:Marj al-Saffar
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
998:Jaffa and Tyre
995:
990:
988:Ager Sanguinis
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
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945:
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935:
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848:
843:
832:
829:
828:
814:
813:
806:
799:
791:
778:
775:
745:crux cismarina
662:
659:
608:Ottoman Empire
510:religious wars
499:
498:
490:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
455:
454:
452:Spanish Armada
449:
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429:
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367:
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297:
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222:Later Crusades
218:
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121:
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75:
68:
60:
45:Second Crusade
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
16844:
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16822:Medieval Asia
16820:
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16808:
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16795:
16793:
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16776:from Wikidata
16775:
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16756:Travel guides
16745:
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16325:Popular piety
16323:
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16318:
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16313:
16311:
16308:
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16121:
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16116:
16112:
16109:
16107:
16106:People of God
16104:
16102:
16099:
16097:
16094:
16092:
16089:
16088:
16087:
16084:
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16079:
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16023:
16020:
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16000:
15996:
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15988:
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15952:
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15932:
15928:
15922:
15919:
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15914:
15912:
15909:
15905:
15902:
15901:
15900:
15897:
15896:
15894:
15892:
15888:
15882:
15879:
15875:
15872:
15870:
15867:
15865:
15862:
15860:
15857:
15855:
15852:
15850:
15847:
15845:
15842:
15840:
15837:
15835:
15832:
15830:
15827:
15825:
15822:
15820:
15817:
15816:
15815:
15812:
15810:
15807:
15805:
15802:
15800:
15797:
15796:
15794:
15792:
15788:
15785:
15782:
15778:
15773:
15772:Denominations
15769:
15757:
15754:
15753:
15752:
15749:
15747:
15744:
15742:
15741:Enlightenment
15739:
15737:
15734:
15732:
15729:
15727:
15724:
15723:
15721:
15719:
15715:
15709:
15706:
15704:
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15699:
15696:
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15686:
15684:
15681:
15680:
15678:
15676:
15672:
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15663:
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15654:
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15639:
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15629:
15626:
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15623:
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15617:
15609:
15606:
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15601:
15599:
15596:
15592:
15589:
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15579:
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15574:
15572:
15569:
15567:
15564:
15562:
15559:
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15549:
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15544:
15542:
15539:
15538:
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15534:
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15523:
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15506:
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15488:
15486:
15483:
15481:
15478:
15476:
15473:
15471:
15468:
15467:
15465:
15461:
15455:
15454:New Testament
15452:
15450:
15449:Old Testament
15447:
15445:
15442:
15441:
15439:
15437:
15433:
15429:
15423:
15420:
15418:
15415:
15413:
15410:
15408:
15405:
15403:
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15393:
15390:
15389:
15386:
15382:
15375:
15370:
15368:
15363:
15361:
15356:
15355:
15352:
15340:
15337:
15335:
15334:Protestantism
15332:
15330:
15327:
15325:
15322:
15320:
15317:
15313:
15310:
15308:
15305:
15304:
15303:
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15299:
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15235:
15230:
15228:
15225:
15223:
15220:
15218:
15215:
15213:
15210:
15208:
15207:Azusa Revival
15205:
15203:
15200:
15198:
15195:
15193:
15190:
15188:
15187:Laestadianism
15185:
15183:
15180:
15178:
15175:
15173:
15170:
15168:
15165:
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15160:
15158:
15155:
15153:
15150:
15148:
15145:
15143:
15140:
15139:
15137:
15135:
15131:
15125:
15124:Old Lutherans
15121:
15118:
15114:
15111:
15110:
15109:
15106:
15104:
15101:
15099:
15096:
15094:
15091:
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15077:
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15072:
15069:
15067:
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15028:
15026:
15023:
15021:
15018:
15016:
15013:
15011:
15008:
15006:
15003:
15001:
14998:
14996:
14993:
14991:
14988:
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14973:
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14958:
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14914:
14908:
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14900:
14898:
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14888:
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14883:
14880:
14878:
14875:
14873:
14870:
14868:
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14863:
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14848:
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14842:
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14825:
14822:
14820:
14817:
14815:
14814:
14810:
14808:
14805:
14801:
14798:
14796:
14793:
14791:
14790:Diet of Worms
14788:
14786:
14785:
14781:
14780:
14779:
14776:
14775:
14773:
14771:
14767:
14761:
14758:
14756:
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14716:
14714:
14711:
14709:
14706:
14704:
14701:
14699:
14696:
14695:
14693:
14691:
14690:Protestantism
14685:
14681:
14673:
14670:
14669:
14668:
14665:
14663:
14660:
14658:
14655:
14653:
14650:
14648:
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14608:
14606:
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14598:
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14588:
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14578:
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14571:
14568:
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14514:
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14509:
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14487:
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14472:
14470:
14467:
14465:
14462:
14460:
14457:
14456:
14454:
14452:
14448:
14442:
14441:North America
14439:
14437:
14434:
14432:
14429:
14427:
14424:
14422:
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14412:
14409:
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14399:
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14389:
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14377:
14375:
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14357:
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14325:
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14309:
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14299:
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14260:
14257:
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14127:
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14113:
14110:
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14105:
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14103:
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14098:
14095:
14093:
14090:
14088:
14085:
14081:
14078:
14077:
14076:
14073:
14072:
14070:
14067:
14062:
14058:
14052:
14051:Early African
14049:
14045:
14042:
14040:
14037:
14035:
14034:Justin Martyr
14032:
14030:
14027:
14025:
14022:
14020:
14017:
14015:
14012:
14011:
14010:
14006:
14003:
14001:
13998:
13996:
13993:
13989:
13986:
13984:
13981:
13979:
13976:
13974:
13971:
13969:
13966:
13964:
13961:
13959:
13956:
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13954:
13951:
13950:
13948:
13946:
13940:
13932:
13929:
13927:
13924:
13922:
13919:
13917:
13914:
13912:
13909:
13908:
13907:
13904:
13902:
13899:
13897:
13894:
13892:
13889:
13887:
13884:
13880:
13877:
13875:
13872:
13870:
13867:
13865:
13862:
13860:
13857:
13856:
13855:
13854:Life of Jesus
13852:
13850:
13847:
13846:
13844:
13842:Apostolic Age
13838:
13832:
13829:
13827:
13824:
13822:
13819:
13817:
13814:
13812:
13809:
13807:
13804:
13802:
13799:
13797:
13794:
13792:
13789:
13787:
13784:
13782:
13779:
13777:
13774:
13772:
13769:
13767:
13764:
13762:
13759:
13757:
13754:
13752:
13749:
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13742:
13739:
13737:
13734:
13733:
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13727:
13721:
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13716:
13713:
13712:
13709:
13705:
13698:
13693:
13691:
13686:
13684:
13679:
13678:
13675:
13663:
13658:
13653:
13651:
13641:
13640:
13637:
13631:
13628:
13626:
13623:
13621:
13620:
13616:
13614:
13611:
13609:
13606:
13602:
13599:
13597:
13594:
13592:
13589:
13587:
13584:
13582:
13579:
13577:
13574:
13572:
13569:
13567:
13564:
13562:
13559:
13558:
13557:
13554:
13552:
13549:
13547:
13544:
13543:
13541:
13537:
13529:
13526:
13525:
13524:
13521:
13519:
13516:
13514:
13511:
13509:
13506:
13504:
13503:Mother Teresa
13501:
13499:
13496:
13493:
13489:
13486:
13484:
13481:
13479:
13476:
13474:
13471:
13469:
13468:
13464:
13462:
13459:
13457:
13456:
13452:
13450:
13447:
13445:
13442:
13440:
13437:
13435:
13432:
13430:
13429:Pope Pius XII
13427:
13425:
13422:
13420:
13417:
13415:
13412:
13411:
13409:
13407:
13403:
13397:
13396:
13395:Rerum novarum
13392:
13390:
13387:
13385:
13382:
13380:
13379:Pope Leo XIII
13377:
13375:
13372:
13370:
13367:
13365:
13362:
13360:
13357:
13355:
13352:
13350:
13349:United States
13347:
13345:
13342:
13340:
13339:Pope Pius VII
13337:
13336:
13334:
13330:
13324:
13321:
13319:
13316:
13314:
13311:
13309:
13306:
13304:
13301:
13299:
13296:
13294:
13291:
13289:
13286:
13284:
13281:
13280:
13278:
13275:
13270:
13265:
13259:
13256:
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13249:
13246:
13244:
13241:
13239:
13236:
13234:
13231:
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13226:
13224:
13221:
13219:
13216:
13214:
13211:
13209:
13206:
13204:
13201:
13199:
13196:
13194:
13191:
13189:
13186:
13184:
13181:
13179:
13178:
13174:
13172:
13169:
13167:
13164:
13163:
13161:
13158:
13154:
13149:
13143:
13140:
13138:
13135:
13133:
13130:
13128:
13125:
13123:
13120:
13118:
13115:
13111:
13108:
13107:
13106:
13103:
13101:
13098:
13096:
13093:
13092:
13090:
13088:
13084:
13078:
13075:
13073:
13070:
13068:
13065:
13063:
13060:
13058:
13055:
13053:
13050:
13048:
13045:
13043:
13040:
13038:
13035:
13033:
13030:
13028:
13025:
13023:
13022:Scholasticism
13020:
13018:
13015:
13013:
13010:
13008:
13005:
13003:
13000:
12998:
12997:Pope Urban II
12995:
12994:
12992:
12990:
12986:
12980:
12977:
12975:
12972:
12970:
12967:
12965:
12962:
12960:
12957:
12955:
12952:
12950:
12947:
12945:
12942:
12940:
12937:
12935:
12932:
12930:
12927:
12925:
12922:
12920:
12917:
12916:
12914:
12912:
12908:
12894:
12891:
12889:
12886:
12884:
12881:
12879:
12876:
12874:
12871:
12869:
12866:
12864:
12861:
12859:
12856:
12854:
12851:
12849:
12846:
12844:
12841:
12837:
12834:
12833:
12832:
12829:
12828:
12826:
12822:
12814:
12810:
12807:
12803:
12799:
12789:
12786:
12784:
12781:
12779:
12776:
12774:
12773:Justin Martyr
12771:
12767:
12764:
12760:
12757:
12755:
12752:
12750:
12747:
12746:
12745:
12742:
12741:
12740:
12737:
12735:
12732:
12731:
12729:
12726:
12722:
12714:
12711:
12709:
12706:
12704:
12701:
12699:
12696:
12694:
12691:
12689:
12686:
12685:
12684:
12683:New Testament
12681:
12679:
12676:
12674:
12671:
12669:
12666:
12662:
12659:
12657:
12654:
12652:
12649:
12647:
12646:Commissioning
12644:
12643:
12642:
12639:
12637:
12634:
12632:
12629:
12627:
12624:
12620:
12617:
12615:
12612:
12610:
12607:
12605:
12602:
12601:
12600:
12597:
12596:
12594:
12591:
12590:Apostolic Age
12586:
12582:
12579:
12575:
12571:
12565:
12562:
12560:
12557:
12555:
12552:
12550:
12547:
12543:
12540:
12538:
12535:
12534:
12533:
12530:
12528:
12525:
12523:
12520:
12518:
12515:
12513:
12510:
12506:
12503:
12501:
12498:
12497:
12496:
12493:
12489:
12486:
12485:
12484:
12481:
12477:
12476:Papal primacy
12474:
12473:
12472:
12469:
12467:
12464:
12462:
12459:
12455:
12452:
12451:
12450:
12447:
12446:
12444:
12442:
12438:
12434:
12430:
12423:
12418:
12416:
12411:
12409:
12404:
12403:
12400:
12388:
12385:
12383:
12380:
12378:
12375:
12373:
12370:
12368:
12365:
12363:
12360:
12358:
12355:
12353:
12350:
12348:
12345:
12343:
12342:Art of Europe
12340:
12339:
12337:
12333:
12327:
12324:
12322:
12319:
12317:
12314:
12312:
12309:
12307:
12304:
12302:
12299:
12297:
12294:
12292:
12289:
12287:
12284:
12282:
12279:
12277:
12274:
12272:
12269:
12267:
12264:
12262:
12259:
12257:
12254:
12252:
12249:
12247:
12244:
12242:
12239:
12237:
12234:
12232:
12229:
12227:
12224:
12222:
12219:
12217:
12214:
12212:
12209:
12207:
12204:
12202:
12199:
12197:
12194:
12192:
12189:
12187:
12184:
12182:
12179:
12177:
12174:
12172:
12169:
12165:
12162:
12161:
12160:
12157:
12155:
12152:
12150:
12147:
12146:
12144:
12142:
12141:Modern period
12138:
12132:
12129:
12127:
12124:
12122:
12119:
12117:
12114:
12112:
12109:
12107:
12104:
12102:
12099:
12097:
12094:
12092:
12089:
12087:
12084:
12082:
12079:
12076:
12072:
12068:
12064:
12060:
12057:
12055:
12052:
12050:
12047:
12043:
12040:
12038:
12035:
12033:
12030:
12028:
12025:
12024:
12023:
12020:
12016:
12013:
12011:
12008:
12007:
12005:
12003:
12000:
11998:
11995:
11993:
11990:
11988:
11985:
11981:
11978:
11977:
11976:
11973:
11971:
11968:
11966:
11963:
11962:
11960:
11958:
11954:
11948:
11945:
11943:
11940:
11938:
11935:
11931:
11928:
11927:
11926:
11923:
11921:
11918:
11916:
11913:
11911:
11908:
11906:
11903:
11902:
11900:
11898:
11894:
11888:
11885:
11883:
11880:
11878:
11875:
11873:
11870:
11869:
11867:
11865:
11861:
11857:
11850:
11845:
11843:
11838:
11836:
11831:
11830:
11827:
11815:
11807:
11805:
11797:
11795:
11791:
11787:
11786:
11783:
11777:
11774:
11772:
11769:
11767:
11764:
11762:
11759:
11757:
11754:
11752:
11749:
11747:
11744:
11742:
11739:
11737:
11734:
11732:
11729:
11727:
11724:
11722:
11719:
11718:
11716:
11712:
11706:
11703:
11701:
11698:
11696:
11693:
11691:
11688:
11686:
11683:
11681:
11678:
11676:
11673:
11671:
11668:
11666:
11663:
11661:
11658:
11656:
11653:
11651:
11648:
11646:
11643:
11641:
11638:
11636:
11633:
11631:
11628:
11626:
11623:
11621:
11618:
11616:
11613:
11611:
11608:
11606:
11603:
11601:
11598:
11596:
11593:
11591:
11588:
11586:
11583:
11581:
11578:
11577:
11575:
11571:
11565:
11562:
11558:
11555:
11554:
11553:
11550:
11548:
11545:
11543:
11540:
11538:
11535:
11533:
11530:
11528:
11525:
11523:
11520:
11518:
11515:
11513:
11510:
11508:
11505:
11503:
11500:
11498:
11495:
11493:
11490:
11488:
11485:
11483:
11480:
11478:
11475:
11474:
11472:
11470:
11466:
11460:
11457:
11455:
11452:
11450:
11447:
11445:
11442:
11440:
11437:
11435:
11432:
11430:
11427:
11425:
11424:Scholasticism
11422:
11420:
11417:
11415:
11412:
11410:
11407:
11405:
11402:
11400:
11397:
11395:
11392:
11390:
11387:
11385:
11382:
11380:
11377:
11375:
11372:
11370:
11367:
11366:
11364:
11362:
11358:
11352:
11349:
11347:
11344:
11342:
11339:
11337:
11334:
11332:
11329:
11327:
11324:
11322:
11319:
11317:
11314:
11312:
11309:
11307:
11304:
11302:
11299:
11297:
11294:
11292:
11289:
11287:
11286:Rise of Islam
11284:
11280:
11277:
11276:
11275:
11272:
11270:
11267:
11265:
11262:
11260:
11257:
11255:
11252:
11250:
11247:
11246:
11244:
11242:
11238:
11234:
11227:
11222:
11220:
11215:
11213:
11208:
11207:
11204:
11192:
11187:
11182:
11181:
11178:
11174:
11170:
11168:
11164:
11160:
11158:
11154:
11150:
11148:
11144:
11140:
11138:
11134:
11130:
11128:
11124:
11120:
11118:
11107:
11104:
11103:
11100:
11090:
11089:
11085:
11084:
11082:
11080:
11076:
11070:
11069:
11065:
11064:
11062:
11060:
11056:
11049:
11045:
11042:
11039:
11035:
11032:
11029:
11025:
11022:
11019:
11015:
11012:
11009:
11005:
11002:
11000:
10997:
10994:
10990:
10987:
10985:
10982:
10980:
10977:
10974:
10969:
10965:
10962:
10959:
10955:
10952:
10950:
10947:
10944:
10940:
10937:
10934:
10930:
10929:Byblos Castle
10927:
10924:
10920:
10917:
10914:
10910:
10909:Beirut Castle
10907:
10904:
10900:
10897:
10894:
10890:
10887:
10884:
10880:
10877:
10876:
10874:
10872:
10868:
10861:
10857:
10854:
10851:
10847:
10844:
10841:
10837:
10834:
10831:
10827:
10824:
10821:
10817:
10816:Ajloun Castle
10814:
10813:
10811:
10809:
10805:
10798:
10793:
10789:
10786:
10782:
10777:
10774:
10770:
10764:
10760:
10757:
10753:
10748:
10745:
10741:
10735:
10731:
10728:
10725:
10720:
10715:
10711:
10708:
10704:
10698:
10694:
10691:
10687:
10682:
10680:
10675:
10671:
10665:
10664:Blanche Garde
10661:
10658:
10656:
10653:
10650:
10644:
10639:
10636:
10633:
10629:
10626:
10623:
10617:
10611:
10607:
10604:
10601:
10597:
10594:
10591:
10587:
10584:
10581:
10577:
10574:
10571:
10565:
10559:
10555:
10552:
10549:
10543:
10538:
10535:
10532:
10528:
10525:
10522:
10516:
10510:
10506:
10503:
10500:
10496:
10493:
10490:
10485:
10481:
10478:
10474:
10469:
10466:
10462:
10456:
10452:
10449:
10446:
10441:
10436:
10431:
10426:
10420:
10415:
10412:
10408:
10403:
10400:
10398:
10397:Castle Arnold
10395:
10392:
10386:
10381:
10378:
10375:
10371:
10368:
10365:
10360:
10356:
10353:
10349:
10344:
10341:
10338:
10333:
10329:
10326:
10323:
10319:
10316:
10313:
10308:
10304:
10301:
10298:
10292:
10286:
10282:
10279:
10276:
10271:
10267:
10264:
10262:
10259:
10256:
10250:
10244:
10240:
10237:
10233:
10228:
10225:
10222:
10216:
10210:
10206:
10203:
10200:
10195:
10189:
10183:
10179:
10176:
10173:
10167:
10161:
10157:
10154:
10151:
10146:
10142:
10139:
10138:
10136:
10134:
10130:
10124:
10123:
10119:
10118:
10116:
10114:
10110:
10104:
10103:
10099:
10098:
10096:
10094:
10090:
10084:
10083:
10079:
10078:
10076:
10074:
10070:
10065:
10059:
10055:
10051:
10048:
10041:
10036:
10034:
10029:
10027:
10022:
10021:
10018:
10004:
10001:
10000:
9999:
9996:
9994:
9991:
9990:
9987:
9981:
9978:
9974:
9971:
9970:
9969:
9966:
9964:
9961:
9959:
9956:
9954:
9951:
9949:
9946:
9943:
9940:
9936:
9933:
9931:
9928:
9927:
9925:
9922:
9921:
9919:
9917:
9912:
9908:
9902:
9899:
9895:
9892:
9891:
9890:
9887:
9885:
9882:
9879:
9877:
9874:
9872:
9869:
9867:
9864:
9862:
9859:
9857:
9854:
9852:
9849:
9847:
9844:
9842:
9839:
9835:
9832:
9831:
9830:
9827:
9826:
9824:
9822:
9818:
9813:
9803:
9800:
9798:
9795:
9793:
9790:
9786:
9783:
9782:
9781:
9778:
9776:
9773:
9769:
9766:
9765:
9764:
9761:
9760:
9758:
9756:
9752:
9748:
9743:
9739:
9732:
9727:
9725:
9720:
9718:
9713:
9712:
9709:
9700:
9699:
9694:
9690:
9686:
9680:
9676:
9675:
9669:
9665:
9659:
9655:
9654:
9648:
9644:
9638:
9634:
9633:
9627:
9623:
9617:
9613:
9612:
9607:
9603:
9599:
9591:
9587:
9583:
9582:
9576:
9570:
9566:
9560:
9556:
9555:
9549:
9545:
9539:
9535:
9534:
9528:
9524:
9518:
9514:
9513:
9507:
9503:
9497:
9493:
9492:
9486:
9482:
9476:
9471:
9470:
9463:
9459:
9453:
9450:. Macmillan.
9449:
9448:
9443:
9439:
9435:
9429:
9425:
9424:
9419:
9415:
9411:
9405:
9401:
9400:Phoenix Press
9397:
9396:
9391:
9387:
9383:
9377:
9373:
9372:
9366:
9362:
9361:
9356:
9355:Oman, Charles
9352:
9348:
9347:
9342:
9341:Norgate, Kate
9338:
9334:
9326:
9322:
9318:
9317:
9311:
9305:
9301:
9295:
9291:
9290:
9284:
9280:
9279:
9274:
9270:
9266:
9260:
9255:
9254:
9247:
9243:
9237:
9233:
9232:
9226:
9222:
9216:
9212:
9208:
9205:. Routledge.
9204:
9203:
9197:
9193:
9187:
9184:. Routledge.
9183:
9182:
9176:
9172:
9166:
9162:
9161:
9156:
9152:
9148:
9142:
9139:. Routledge.
9138:
9137:
9131:
9127:
9123:
9119:
9115:
9114:
9109:
9104:
9100:
9096:
9092:
9088:
9084:
9080:
9077:(2): 310â35.
9076:
9072:
9068:
9064:
9060:
9056:
9050:
9046:
9045:
9039:
9035:
9029:
9025:
9024:
9018:
9014:
9008:
9004:
9003:
8998:
8994:
8990:
8984:
8980:
8976:
8971:
8961:on 2023-03-26
8957:
8950:
8949:
8944:
8940:
8936:
8930:
8927:. Routledge.
8926:
8925:
8919:
8915:
8909:
8906:. Routledge.
8905:
8904:
8898:
8894:
8888:
8884:
8880:
8879:
8874:
8870:
8866:
8865:
8860:
8856:
8852:
8846:
8842:
8841:
8835:
8831:
8825:
8821:
8820:
8815:
8811:
8807:
8801:
8797:
8796:
8790:
8786:
8780:
8776:
8772:
8768:
8767:
8755:
8750:
8743:
8738:
8731:
8727:
8722:
8715:
8711:
8707:
8706:
8700:
8691:
8684:
8678:
8671:
8670:
8663:
8656:
8650:
8643:
8642:
8635:
8628:
8623:
8616:
8615:
8608:
8601:
8595:
8588:
8582:
8573:
8566:
8565:
8560:
8554:
8547:
8542:
8535:
8531:
8527:
8521:
8514:
8508:
8501:
8497:
8494:
8488:
8481:
8476:
8469:
8468:Asbridge 2012
8464:
8457:
8456:Asbridge 2012
8452:
8445:
8440:
8425:
8421:
8414:
8407:
8401:
8399:
8391:
8390:Asbridge 2012
8386:
8379:
8374:
8367:
8362:
8355:
8350:
8343:
8338:
8331:
8326:
8319:
8314:
8307:
8306:Asbridge 2012
8302:
8295:
8292:
8288:
8282:
8276:, p. 168
8275:
8274:Asbridge 2012
8270:
8263:
8258:
8251:
8246:
8239:
8234:
8227:
8222:
8215:
8210:
8208:
8200:
8195:
8189:, p. 61.
8188:
8183:
8176:
8171:
8164:
8159:
8152:
8147:
8140:
8135:
8128:
8122:
8115:
8110:
8103:
8098:
8091:
8086:
8079:
8074:
8067:
8062:
8055:
8050:
8043:
8038:
8031:
8026:
8024:
8016:
8011:
8004:
7999:
7992:
7987:
7980:
7975:
7968:
7963:
7956:
7951:
7945:, p. 131
7944:
7939:
7932:
7927:
7920:
7915:
7908:
7902:
7895:
7889:
7882:
7877:
7870:
7869:Asbridge 2012
7865:
7858:
7857:Runciman 1954
7853:
7846:
7845:Asbridge 2012
7841:
7835:
7830:
7823:
7822:Asbridge 2012
7818:
7811:
7806:
7799:
7798:Asbridge 2012
7794:
7787:
7786:Asbridge 2012
7782:
7774:
7773:
7767:
7759:
7752:
7751:Runciman 1954
7747:
7740:
7739:Runciman 1954
7735:
7728:
7723:
7721:
7713:
7707:
7700:
7695:
7688:
7687:Runciman 1954
7683:
7676:
7671:
7669:
7661:
7660:Runciman 1954
7656:
7649:
7648:Runciman 1954
7644:
7637:
7632:
7625:
7624:Asbridge 2012
7620:
7613:
7612:Runciman 1954
7608:
7601:
7595:
7588:
7584:
7580:
7574:
7567:
7563:
7559:
7553:
7546:
7542:
7538:
7535:
7529:
7527:
7519:
7518:Asbridge 2012
7514:
7507:
7503:
7499:
7495:
7490:
7483:
7478:
7471:
7466:
7459:
7454:
7447:
7441:
7434:
7429:
7422:
7418:
7414:
7409:
7402:
7401:Runciman 1954
7397:
7390:
7384:
7377:
7373:
7369:
7366:
7362:
7357:
7350:
7344:
7337:
7336:Christie 2014
7332:
7325:
7320:
7313:
7312:Asbridge 2012
7308:
7301:
7300:Runciman 1954
7296:
7289:
7284:
7277:
7276:Runciman 1954
7272:
7265:
7260:
7253:
7249:
7245:
7239:
7232:
7227:
7220:
7215:
7208:
7203:
7196:
7195:Runciman 1954
7191:
7184:
7178:
7171:
7167:
7161:
7154:
7150:
7146:
7143:
7137:
7135:
7127:
7123:
7119:
7113:
7106:
7105:Asbridge 2012
7101:
7094:
7089:
7082:
7077:
7070:
7069:Christie 2014
7065:
7058:
7053:
7046:
7042:
7038:
7032:
7025:
7024:Runciman 1954
7020:
7013:
7008:
7001:
6996:
6989:
6984:
6977:
6971:
6964:
6960:
6956:
6953:
6947:
6940:
6936:
6932:
6926:
6918:
6914:
6908:
6901:
6896:
6889:
6884:
6878:, p. 168
6877:
6872:
6865:
6864:Runciman 1954
6860:
6853:
6848:
6841:
6840:Runciman 1954
6836:
6829:
6824:
6817:
6812:
6805:
6800:
6793:
6789:
6785:
6782:
6776:
6769:
6768:Asbridge 2012
6764:
6757:
6753:
6747:
6740:
6735:
6728:
6722:
6715:
6714:Asbridge 2012
6710:
6703:
6697:
6690:
6685:
6678:
6672:
6665:
6661:
6657:
6651:
6644:
6640:
6636:
6630:
6623:
6619:
6615:
6612:
6606:
6604:
6596:
6592:
6588:
6582:
6575:
6570:
6563:
6557:
6550:
6545:
6538:
6537:Runciman 1952
6533:
6526:
6522:
6518:
6512:
6505:
6501:
6497:
6491:
6484:
6483:Runciman 1952
6479:
6472:
6471:Runciman 1952
6467:
6460:
6455:
6448:
6447:Runciman 1952
6443:
6436:
6432:
6428:
6422:
6415:
6409:
6402:
6396:
6389:
6388:Runciman 1952
6384:
6382:
6374:
6369:
6362:
6358:
6354:
6349:
6342:
6341:Runciman 1952
6337:
6330:
6325:
6318:
6312:
6305:
6301:
6297:
6292:
6285:
6281:
6277:
6274:
6268:
6261:
6260:Asbridge 2012
6256:
6249:
6243:
6236:
6235:Runciman 1952
6231:
6224:
6220:
6216:
6211:
6204:
6200:
6194:
6192:
6184:
6180:
6176:
6170:
6163:
6162:Runciman 1952
6158:
6151:
6146:
6139:
6134:
6127:
6122:
6115:
6109:
6102:
6101:Asbridge 2000
6097:
6091:, p. 40.
6090:
6085:
6078:
6073:
6066:
6065:Asbridge 2000
6061:
6054:
6049:
6042:
6041:Asbridge 2000
6037:
6035:
6028:, p. 33.
6027:
6022:
6015:
6014:Asbridge 2000
6010:
6003:
6002:Asbridge 2000
5998:
5991:
5990:Asbridge 2000
5986:
5979:
5978:Asbridge 2000
5974:
5967:
5966:Asbridge 2000
5962:
5960:
5953:, p. 31.
5952:
5947:
5945:
5937:
5936:Asbridge 2000
5932:
5925:
5924:Asbridge 2000
5920:
5913:
5912:Asbridge 2000
5908:
5901:
5900:Asbridge 2000
5896:
5890:, p. 28.
5889:
5884:
5882:
5875:, p. 27.
5874:
5869:
5867:
5865:
5857:
5852:
5845:
5840:
5833:
5828:
5821:
5820:Asbridge 2012
5816:
5814:
5807:, p. 114
5806:
5805:Asbridge 2012
5801:
5794:
5793:Asbridge 2012
5789:
5782:
5781:Asbridge 2012
5777:
5771:, p. 106
5770:
5769:Asbridge 2012
5765:
5758:
5753:
5746:
5745:Asbridge 2012
5741:
5734:
5733:Asbridge 2012
5729:
5722:
5721:Asbridge 2012
5717:
5710:
5709:Asbridge 2012
5705:
5698:
5697:Asbridge 2012
5693:
5686:
5685:Asbridge 2012
5681:
5674:
5673:Asbridge 2012
5669:
5662:
5661:Asbridge 2012
5657:
5650:
5649:Asbridge 2012
5645:
5638:
5633:
5626:
5625:Asbridge 2012
5621:
5614:
5613:Asbridge 2012
5609:
5602:
5597:
5590:
5585:
5578:
5573:
5566:
5565:Asbridge 2012
5561:
5555:, p. 46.
5554:
5549:
5543:, p. 28.
5542:
5541:Asbridge 2012
5537:
5531:, p. 16.
5530:
5529:Asbridge 2012
5525:
5518:
5513:
5507:, p. 31.
5506:
5501:
5494:
5489:
5482:
5477:
5470:
5469:Asbridge 2012
5465:
5458:
5453:
5447:, p. 27.
5446:
5445:Asbridge 2012
5441:
5434:
5429:
5422:
5417:
5410:
5405:
5398:
5397:Asbridge 2012
5393:
5387:, p. 40.
5386:
5381:
5374:
5369:
5363:, p. 77.
5362:
5357:
5350:
5345:
5338:
5333:
5327:, p. 40.
5326:
5325:Asbridge 2012
5321:
5319:
5311:
5306:
5299:
5293:
5289:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5238:
5234:
5233:
5227:
5225:
5221:
5217:
5216:Ernest Barker
5213:
5209:
5199:
5197:
5193:
5188:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5136:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5109:Matthew Paris
5106:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5093:
5088:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5040:
5037:and works of
5036:
5035:
5030:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4989:
4984:
4983:
4978:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4962:
4961:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4944:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4926:
4921:
4917:
4916:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4902:
4897:
4893:
4880:
4877:translation,
4876:
4871:
4867:
4865:
4861:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4838:
4828:
4826:
4822:
4821:western world
4817:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4797:
4794:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4770:
4768:
4764:
4759:
4757:
4743:
4741:
4736:
4729:
4725:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4705:
4701:
4698:12th-century
4696:
4691:
4681:
4679:
4675:
4669:
4668:
4665:
4657:
4653:
4652:First Crusade
4649:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4614:
4602:
4600:
4595:
4591:
4585:
4583:
4578:
4575:century, the
4568:
4558:
4556:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4530:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4471:
4469:
4465:
4464:Bona Crusades
4461:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4418:include: the
4417:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4398:
4393:
4392:Greek history
4385:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4356:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4314:
4313:1281 election
4310:
4309:Pope Urban IV
4306:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4246:
4241:
4237:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4211:
4207:
4202:
4201:surrendered.
4200:
4196:
4192:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4138:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4126:Baltic region
4123:
4115:
4111:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4068:
4066:
4065:disintegrated
4062:
4057:
4055:
4051:
4050:siege of Acre
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4009:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3988:
3984:
3979:
3978:Siege of Acre
3974:
3965:
3963:
3959:
3958:Prince Edward
3951:
3947:
3939:
3935:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3889:
3885:
3875:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3855:
3853:
3848:
3840:
3835:
3831:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3787:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3733:Jean de Ronay
3730:
3725:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3658:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3627:
3622:
3612:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3589:
3587:
3581:
3577:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3501:
3500:Matthew Paris
3497:
3492:
3488:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3468:
3458:
3454:
3452:
3447:
3441:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3413:
3408:
3404:
3403:crucesignatus
3399:
3397:
3393:
3392:Sixth Crusade
3381:
3377:
3376:
3375:Nuova Cronica
3371:
3367:
3364:(left) meets
3363:
3355:
3350:
3349:Sixth Crusade
3343:Sixth Crusade
3340:
3337:
3333:
3327:
3325:
3319:
3317:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3295:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3258:
3254:
3249:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3214:, brother of
3213:
3209:
3208:Fifth Crusade
3203:
3202:Fifth Crusade
3196:Fifth Crusade
3193:
3191:
3186:
3182:
3169:
3165:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3106:
3102:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3074:
3070:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3047:launched the
3046:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3008:siege of Acre
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2969:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2954:Third Crusade
2950:
2949:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2931:
2929:
2928:Third Crusade
2925:
2921:
2915:
2914:Third Crusade
2908:Third Crusade
2894:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2875:Sahyun Castle
2872:
2868:
2864:
2863:siege of Tyre
2860:
2852:
2848:
2843:
2841:
2836:
2832:
2827:
2823:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2610:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2583:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2535:under sultan
2534:
2530:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2465:
2455:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2428:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2403:, compelling
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2377:
2375:
2374:Ba'rin Castle
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2239:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2171:
2170:Jawali Saqawa
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1981:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1916:Fatimid Egypt
1913:
1909:
1908:besieged Arqa
1905:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1871:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1801:Low Countries
1798:
1790:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1750:Pope Urban II
1747:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1725:
1721:
1718:Miniature of
1716:
1711:
1710:First Crusade
1704:First Crusade
1701:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1674:
1670:
1662:
1658:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1544:
1539:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1413:3rd Jerusalem
1411:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1402:and aftermath
1401:
1400:Sixth Crusade
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1366:Fifth Crusade
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1291:Third Crusade
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1249:2nd Jerusalem
1247:
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1242:
1240:
1237:
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1232:
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1120:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1087:2nd Dorylaeum
1085:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
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989:
986:
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966:
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936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
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919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
900:
899:
898:
892:
889:
887:
886:1st Jerusalem
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
856:1st Dorylaeum
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
838:
837:
836:
835:First Crusade
830:
824:
820:
812:
807:
805:
800:
798:
793:
792:
789:
784:
774:
772:
768:
764:
752:
746:
740:
730:
724:
723:crucesignatus
714:
708:
703:
702:First Crusade
698:
696:
678:
677:
672:
667:
658:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
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613:
609:
605:
600:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
569:
562:
558:
554:
553:Pope Urban II
549:
547:
543:
542:First Crusade
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
496:
494:
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210:Lord Edward's
208:
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81:
76:
74:
69:
67:
62:
61:
58:
52:
51:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
16771:
16754:
16737:
16720:
16703:
16686:
16674:from Commons
16669:
16652:
16631:
16576:Christianity
16449:
16244:Architecture
16138:Confirmation
16086:Ecclesiology
16017:Original sin
16007:Nicene Creed
15804:Old Catholic
15702:
15688:Papal States
15620:Great Church
15586:Resurrection
15528:Christianity
15485:New Covenant
15436:(Scriptures)
15381:Christianity
15250:Charismatics
15233:
15212:Gospel music
15142:Camp meeting
15134:1789âpresent
15066:Missionaries
15036:
15029:
15020:Menno Simons
14964:
14960:Church music
14811:
14782:
14667:Conciliarism
14652:Papal Schism
14589:
14494:Scandinavian
14386:Great Schism
14364:Nestorianism
14336:Christianity
14268:priest holes
14149:Chalcedonian
14112:Christianity
14066:Great Church
13874:Resurrection
13617:
13613:Pope Francis
13539:21st century
13488:Pope Paul VI
13465:
13453:
13406:20th century
13393:
13344:Pope Pius IX
13332:19th century
13308:Pope Pius VI
13175:
13047:Latin Empire
13017:Universities
13011:
12969:Pope Leo III
12836:Christianity
12821:state church
12813:Great Church
12614:Resurrection
12577:(30â325/476)
12574:Early Church
12559:Latin Church
12554:Papal States
12549:Vatican City
12301:World War II
12154:Early modern
12131:Kalmar Union
12100:
12002:Papal States
11920:Roman Empire
11585:Architecture
11557:Great Famine
11547:Universities
11487:Hussite Wars
11413:
11404:Great Schism
11291:Papal States
11105:Associations
11086:
11066:
10999:Mseilha Fort
10949:Dubay Castle
10826:Kerak Castle
10791:
10762:
10733:
10713:
10696:
10678:
10663:
10660:Tell es-Safi
10609:
10589:
10579:
10557:
10530:
10508:
10499:ChĂąteau Neuf
10498:
10483:
10454:
10306:
10285:Beth Gibelin
10284:
10269:
10208:
10181:
10159:
10144:
10120:
10100:
10080:
10063:
10046:
10002:
9968:DobrzyĆ Land
9884:Stato da MĂ r
9697:
9673:
9652:
9631:
9610:
9579:
9553:
9532:
9511:
9490:
9468:
9446:
9422:
9394:
9370:
9359:
9345:
9314:
9292:. ABC-CLIO.
9288:
9277:
9252:
9230:
9201:
9180:
9159:
9135:
9120:(5): 13â24.
9117:
9111:
9074:
9070:
9043:
9022:
9001:
8974:
8963:. Retrieved
8956:the original
8948:The Aiyƫbids
8947:
8923:
8902:
8877:
8864:The Crusades
8863:
8839:
8818:
8794:
8774:
8763:Bibliography
8749:
8737:
8729:
8721:
8713:
8709:
8703:
8699:
8690:
8677:
8668:
8662:
8655:The crusades
8649:
8640:
8634:
8622:
8613:
8607:
8599:
8594:
8581:
8572:
8562:
8553:
8541:
8533:
8529:
8520:
8512:
8507:
8487:
8475:
8463:
8451:
8444:Tyerman 2019
8439:
8427:. Retrieved
8423:
8413:
8405:
8385:
8373:
8361:
8349:
8337:
8325:
8313:
8301:
8293:
8290:
8281:
8269:
8257:
8245:
8233:
8221:
8194:
8187:Tyerman 2011
8182:
8175:Tyerman 2019
8170:
8158:
8151:Tyerman 2019
8146:
8139:Tyerman 2019
8134:
8126:
8121:
8109:
8102:Tyerman 2019
8097:
8085:
8073:
8061:
8054:Housley 1982
8049:
8037:
8015:Tyerman 2019
8010:
8003:Tyerman 2019
7998:
7986:
7974:
7969:, p. 2.
7962:
7950:
7938:
7926:
7914:
7906:
7901:
7893:
7888:
7881:Housley 1992
7876:
7864:
7852:
7840:
7829:
7817:
7810:Tyerman 2006
7805:
7793:
7781:
7770:
7758:
7746:
7734:
7727:Tyerman 2006
7711:
7706:
7694:
7682:
7655:
7643:
7631:
7619:
7607:
7599:
7594:
7586:
7582:
7573:
7565:
7561:
7552:
7544:
7513:
7505:
7501:
7489:
7482:Richard 1999
7477:
7470:Tyerman 1996
7465:
7458:Tyerman 2006
7453:
7445:
7440:
7428:
7420:
7408:
7396:
7388:
7383:
7375:
7356:
7348:
7343:
7331:
7319:
7307:
7295:
7288:Richard 1999
7283:
7271:
7264:Tyerman 1996
7259:
7251:
7247:
7238:
7231:Maalouf 2006
7226:
7214:
7207:Tyerman 2006
7202:
7190:
7182:
7177:
7169:
7160:
7152:
7125:
7121:
7118:Frederick II
7112:
7100:
7093:Richard 1999
7088:
7076:
7064:
7057:Maalouf 2006
7052:
7044:
7040:
7031:
7019:
7012:Tyerman 1996
7007:
7000:Tyerman 2006
6995:
6983:
6975:
6970:
6962:
6946:
6938:
6934:
6925:
6916:
6907:
6900:Tyerman 2019
6895:
6888:Tyerman 2019
6883:
6871:
6859:
6847:
6835:
6823:
6816:Norgate 1924
6811:
6799:
6791:
6775:
6763:
6755:
6746:
6739:Tyerman 2006
6734:
6726:
6721:
6709:
6701:
6696:
6684:
6676:
6671:
6663:
6659:
6650:
6642:
6638:
6629:
6621:
6594:
6590:
6581:
6569:
6561:
6556:
6544:
6532:
6524:
6520:
6511:
6503:
6499:
6490:
6478:
6466:
6454:
6442:
6434:
6430:
6421:
6413:
6408:
6400:
6395:
6373:Maalouf 2006
6368:
6360:
6348:
6336:
6329:Tyerman 2006
6324:
6316:
6311:
6303:
6291:
6283:
6267:
6255:
6247:
6242:
6230:
6222:
6210:
6202:
6182:
6178:
6169:
6157:
6150:Maalouf 2006
6145:
6138:Maalouf 2006
6133:
6121:
6113:
6108:
6096:
6084:
6072:
6060:
6048:
6021:
6009:
5997:
5985:
5973:
5931:
5919:
5907:
5895:
5856:Tyerman 2006
5851:
5839:
5832:Tyerman 2006
5827:
5800:
5788:
5776:
5764:
5759:, p. 62
5752:
5740:
5728:
5716:
5704:
5692:
5680:
5668:
5656:
5644:
5637:Hindley 2004
5632:
5620:
5615:, p. 41
5608:
5601:Tyerman 2006
5596:
5584:
5577:Hindley 2004
5572:
5567:, p. 34
5560:
5548:
5536:
5524:
5517:Tyerman 2019
5512:
5500:
5488:
5476:
5464:
5457:Tyerman 2019
5452:
5440:
5433:Tyerman 2019
5428:
5416:
5404:
5399:, p. 8.
5392:
5380:
5373:Tyerman 2019
5368:
5361:Tyerman 2011
5356:
5351:, p. 5.
5349:Tyerman 2019
5344:
5337:Tyerman 2011
5332:
5312:, p. 1.
5310:Tyerman 2019
5305:
5298:The Crusades
5297:
5292:
5236:
5223:
5205:
5189:
5180:
5177:Walter Scott
5168:
5160:
5152:
5144:
5142:
5132:
5122:
5100:
5090:
5042:
5032:
4986:
4981:
4966:Odo of Deuil
4956:
4942:
4933:
4924:
4920:Anna Komnene
4913:
4899:
4889:
4850:
4846:
4840:
4825:anti-Islamic
4818:
4803:
4786:
4782:
4760:
4744:
4732:
4713:
4709:
4670:
4667:
4645:
4603:
4586:
4577:Latin Church
4570:
4531:
4472:
4413:
4402:Latinokratia
4401:
4397:Frankokratia
4395:
4372:Thessaloniki
4357:
4254:
4203:
4139:
4099:
4058:
4054:fall of Ruad
4036:, the three
4011:
3981:
3980:depicted in
3914:Golden Horde
3910:
3891:
3856:
3844:
3839:Gustave Doré
3788:
3769:
3728:
3726:
3679:
3673:
3666:
3659:
3651:Frederick II
3632:
3590:
3582:
3578:
3536:, joined by
3527:
3519:
3508:Frederick II
3505:
3495:
3470:
3455:
3442:
3430:
3417:
3407:Honorius III
3402:
3400:
3396:Frederick II
3389:
3373:
3328:
3320:
3312:
3296:
3275:
3273:
3262:
3234:Honorius III
3227:
3220:Innocent III
3205:
3110:
3105:Latin Empire
3042:
3031:
3016:
2986:
2974:
2946:
2943:Gregory VIII
2932:
2917:
2844:
2819:
2804:
2787:Jacob's Ford
2765:
2754:
2715:
2703:Jacob's Ford
2683:
2668:
2661:NĆ«r-ad-Din's
2616:
2607:
2584:
2568:
2549:
2541:Kilij Arslan
2525:
2497:
2492:
2473:
2467:
2440:
2429:
2417:
2378:
2355:
2328:
2318:. Defeat at
2265:
2242:
2174:
2116:
2074:
2009:
1986:
1969:al-Mustazhir
1953:
1944:
1925:
1876:
1860:Kilij Arslan
1850:, and Count
1813:Italo-Norman
1786:
1743:
1727:
1722:leading the
1682:
1630:
1598:
1594:Seljuk Turks
1553:
1452:
1451:
1447:2nd Fariskur
1442:2nd Mansurah
1437:3rd Damietta
1428:
1427:
1398:
1397:
1393:1st Mansurah
1388:1st Fariskur
1383:2nd Damietta
1364:
1363:
1340:
1339:
1323:
1322:
1289:
1288:
1204:Jacob's Ford
1169:1st Damietta
1112:
1111:
1102:Mount Cadmus
1073:
1072:
923:2nd Heraclea
918:1st Heraclea
896:
895:
833:
818:
770:
713:peregrinatio
699:
688:
674:
639:Hussite Wars
615:
601:
597:fall of Acre
550:
514:Latin Church
505:
503:
491:
457:
456:
407:
406:
342:
341:
285:Holy Leagues
220:
219:
123:
122:
97:
87:
48:
36:
16654:Definitions
16600:Middle Ages
16505:Persecution
16440:Christendom
16433:Cooperation
16370:Charismatic
16281:Holy Spirit
16190:Natural law
16153:Holy orders
16002:Christology
15995:Holy Spirit
15869:Pentecostal
15849:Evangelical
15844:Charismatic
15683:Monasticism
15675:Middle Ages
15638:Constantine
15581:Crucifixion
15463:Foundations
15339:Catholicism
15276:Protestants
15270:Evangelical
14945:39 Articles
14940:Elizabethan
14917:Anglicanism
14897:Westminster
14807:Melanchthon
14770:Lutheranism
14735:Nicodemites
14713:Arminianism
14684:Reformation
14625:Bonaventure
14600:Inquisition
14595:Waldensians
14545:Investiture
14523:Kievan Rus'
14479:Anglo-Saxon
14459:Pelagianism
14451:Middle Ages
14374:Iconodulism
14249:Thomas More
14170:Catholicism
14092:Monasticism
14075:Constantine
14000:Persecution
13958:Adoptionism
13943:Ante-Nicene
13886:Holy Spirit
13869:Crucifixion
13840:Origins and
13741:2nd and 3rd
13619:Laudato si'
13414:Pope Pius X
13243:Philip Neri
13218:Pope Pius V
13193:Thomas More
13062:Inquisition
12964:Charlemagne
12924:Monasticism
12734:Persecution
12626:Holy Spirit
12609:Crucifixion
12488:First seven
12286:World War I
12276:Nationalism
12164:Reformation
12149:Renaissance
12121:Black Death
12054:Kievan Rus'
11957:Middle Ages
11814:WikiProject
11741:Medievalism
11580:Agriculture
11444:Manorialism
11439:Communalism
11434:Monasticism
11351:Reconquista
11341:Kievan Rus'
10763:La Sephorie
10710:Tel Yokneam
10679:Torin Selin
10655:Tel Hanaton
10527:Migdal Afek
10303:Beit She'an
10281:Bayt Jibrin
9163:. Phoenix.
8754:Murray 2006
8742:Barker 1923
8482:, p. 1
8342:Prawer 1972
8330:Prawer 1972
8318:Prawer 1972
8262:Maier 2006a
8238:Maier 2006a
8226:Latham 2012
8214:Maier 2006a
8199:Latham 2012
7675:Barber 1994
6804:Murray 2009
6758:pp. 87â122.
6549:Barber 2012
6175:Baldwin III
5589:Chazan 1996
5194:writeup in
5018:al-Isfahani
4904:, works by
4555:Holy League
4550:Waldensians
4386:in the 18th
4331:. Instead,
4150:Middle East
4110:conquest of
4094: 1300
4026:Nicholas IV
3647:Innocent IV
3412:Isabella II
3218:. In 1213,
2901: 1190
2678: 1490
2475:Reconquista
2445:by his son
2393:Montferrand
2314:during the
2284:Belek Ghazi
2166:Tell Bashir
2162:Bohemond II
2001:Danishmends
1904:Philomelium
1836:Lotharingia
1774:Crucifixion
1516:3rd Tripoli
1496:2nd Tripoli
1481:2nd Antioch
1423:3rd Ascalon
1373:Mount Tabor
1303:Philomelion
1164:2nd Bilbeis
1154:1st Bilbeis
1129:2nd Ascalon
1063:Edessa 1146
1058:Edessa 1144
1053:2nd Shaizar
978:Al-Sannabra
973:1st Shaizar
938:1st Tripoli
891:1st Ascalon
871:2nd Antioch
861:1st Antioch
825:(1096â1303)
759: 1300
684: 1490
661:Terminology
617:Reconquista
573:indulgences
493:Reconquista
442:Despenser's
417:Albigensian
245:Alexandrian
16786:Categories
16688:Quotations
16419:Prosperity
16395:Liberation
16335:Cathedrals
16320:Pilgrimage
16305:Literature
16182:Philosophy
16118:Sacraments
16091:Four marks
16052:Protestant
16027:Born again
15824:Anabaptist
15814:Protestant
15756:Influences
15718:Modern era
15422:By country
15061:Revivalism
14982:Anabaptism
14930:Henry VIII
14755:Literature
14379:Iconoclasm
14359:Chrysostom
14312:Vatican II
14278:Jansenists
14264:Mass rocks
14200:Lateran IV
14119:Athanasius
14039:Tertullian
13983:Marcionism
13978:Gnosticism
13931:Revelation
13849:Background
13492:coronation
13198:Pope Leo X
12783:Tertullian
12713:Revelation
12688:Background
12049:Viking Age
11864:Prehistory
11736:Land terms
11690:Technology
11670:Philosophy
11650:Literature
11615:Demography
11316:Viking Age
10856:Vaux Moise
10776:Umm Khalid
10590:Beauverium
10266:Bayt 'Itab
9600:required.)
9363:. Metheun.
9335:required.)
8965:2021-10-10
8546:Slack 2013
7896:. p. 1186.
7494:J. B. Bury
7324:Munro 1902
7081:Perry 2013
6794:pp. 45â86.
6689:Lewis 2017
6587:Baldwin IV
6574:Lewis 2003
6459:Lewis 2017
6403:. p. 1186.
6053:Kedar 1999
5285:References
5117:al-Makrizi
5065:Abu'l-Fida
5022:al-Maqdisi
4932:, and the
4875:Old French
4793:Occidental
4702:castle of
4466:; and the
4414:The major
4378:after the
4293:Indulgence
4289:heterodoxy
4195:Roman Rite
4114:Al-Andalus
4089:in Europe
4075:See also:
4001:Versailles
3572:, emir of
3558:al-Adil II
3516:Gregory IX
3425:Gregory IX
3332:True Cross
3229:Quia maior
3094:Arsenal MS
2684:After the
2627:al-Muqtafi
2494:Eugene III
2447:NĆ«r-ad-Din
2253:Turcopoles
1965:Barkiyaruq
1689:pilgrimage
1550:Background
1274:Al-Shughur
1199:Marj Ayyun
1184:Montgisard
1179:Alexandria
1134:Lake Huleh
1048:2nd Aleppo
1023:al-Atharib
1008:1st Aleppo
841:Xerigordos
781:See also:
591:; and the
568:I Komnenos
495:(722â1492)
472:Children's
392:Lithuanian
16739:Resources
16722:Textbooks
16495:Criticism
16445:Ecumenism
16409:Mysticism
16375:Democracy
16365:Anarchism
16352:Movements
16315:Mythology
16293:Catechism
16288:Education
16205:Evolution
16128:Eucharist
16111:Canon law
16069:Theotokos
16064:Mariology
16022:Salvation
16012:Tradition
15864:Methodist
15819:Adventist
15653:Chalcedon
15227:Ecumenism
15177:Adventism
15167:Mormonism
15103:Millerism
15098:Methodism
15053:1640â1789
14955:Civil War
14902:Orthodoxy
14857:Huguenots
14839:Calvinism
14824:Eucharist
14819:Orthodoxy
14703:Eucharist
14635:Five Ways
14585:Dulcinian
14538:Pomerania
14464:Gregory I
14308:Vatican I
14298:Modernism
14283:Molinists
14273:Guadalupe
14144:Chalcedon
14139:Ephesus I
14129:Augustine
14005:Apostolic
13988:Montanism
13953:Diversity
13729:Centuries
13508:Communism
13478:Ecumenism
12824:(380â451)
12816:(180â451)
12805:(313â476)
12727:(100â325)
12096:Feudalism
12067:Catalonia
11721:Dark Ages
11630:Household
11625:Hastilude
11394:Feudalism
10954:Gibelacar
10759:Sepphoris
10554:Qalansawe
10414:Jerusalem
10402:Ein Hemed
10270:Bethaatap
10145:Fontenoid
10141:Abu Ghosh
9091:0038-7134
8657:. London.
8644:. Berlin.
8627:Lock 2006
8480:Koch 2017
8114:Lock 2006
7955:Lock 2006
7699:Gibb 1969
7589:New York.
7496:(1911). "
7433:Gibb 1969
7363:(1977). "
7219:Gibb 1969
6988:Gibb 1969
6941:New York.
6828:Oman 1924
6355:(1969). "
6298:(1969). "
6217:(1969). "
6089:Lock 2006
6077:Lock 2006
6026:Lock 2006
5951:Lock 2006
5888:Lock 2006
5873:Lock 2006
5061:AbĆ« ShÄma
4934:Chronicle
4816:in 1948.
4773:Financing
4724:bookcover
4678:Clement V
4519:Habsburgs
4503:Nicopolis
4489:from the
4277:Stedinger
4265:Languedoc
4261:a crusade
4204:In 1147,
4130:Languedoc
4056:in 1302.
4018:Gregory X
3987:Ptolémaïs
3918:Ilkhanate
3906:Ain Jalut
3681:Oriflamme
3584:captured
3506:In 1229,
3386:century).
3170:, Alexios
2939:Urban III
2859:Urban III
2797:of 1183.
2647:Assassins
2639:Turbessel
2337:, son of
2225:Assassins
2213:Toghtekin
2005:Baldwin I
1858:. Sultan
1805:Languedoc
1612:who were
1582:Pechenegs
1461:2nd Arsuf
1378:Machghara
1330:2nd Jaffa
1318:1st Jaffa
1313:1st Arsuf
1239:2nd Kerak
1229:1st Kerak
1159:al-Babein
1144:al-Buqaia
1038:Qinnasrin
1028:Rafaniyya
953:3rd Ramla
933:2nd Ramla
928:1st Ramla
771:outre-mer
751:croiserie
695:Holy Land
534:conquered
526:Jerusalem
522:Holy Land
427:Stedinger
275:Nicopolis
240:Smyrniote
235:Aragonese
140:Norwegian
16792:Crusades
16632:Crusades
16624:Religion
16549:Category
16414:Pacifism
16228:features
16212:Politics
16165:Ablution
16133:Marriage
16037:Catholic
15967:Theology
15859:Lutheran
15854:Holiness
15839:Reformed
15829:Anglican
15799:Catholic
15703:Crusades
15648:Nicaea I
15598:Apostles
15571:Miracles
15566:Parables
15556:Ministry
15546:Nativity
15510:timeline
15407:Prophets
15402:Glossary
15319:Theology
15307:Missions
15302:Timeline
15274:Mainline
15222:Pacifism
15071:Baptists
14990:Theology
14950:Puritans
14925:Timeline
14867:Scotland
14795:Theology
14642:Wycliffe
14590:Crusades
14565:Bogomils
14518:Bulgaria
14474:Germanic
14426:Ethiopia
14324:Timeline
14102:Nicaea I
14097:Councils
14029:Irenaeus
14024:Ignatius
14019:Polycarp
13973:Donatism
13968:Docetism
13963:Arianism
13864:Ministry
13518:HIV/AIDS
13012:Crusades
12766:Irenaeus
12759:Ignatius
12754:Polycarp
12604:Ministry
12592:(30â100)
12466:Timeline
12335:See also
12306:Cold War
12101:Crusades
12071:Valencia
11804:Category
11771:Timeline
11660:Minstrel
11655:Medicine
11537:Chivalry
11492:Burgundy
11414:Crusades
10989:Moinetre
10919:Belhacem
10836:Montreal
10747:Tiberias
10638:Tel Afek
10558:Calanson
10537:Montfort
10380:Destroit
10355:Cafarlet
10047:Crusader
10003:Crusades
9881:Venetian
9695:(1861).
9608:(1996).
9444:(1973).
9420:(1999).
9392:(1972).
9357:(1924).
9343:(1924).
9275:(1902).
9157:(2003).
9126:26297928
9071:Speculum
9065:(1999).
8999:(1982).
8945:(1969).
8875:(1996).
8861:(1923).
8816:(1994).
8773:(2000).
8496:Archived
8429:30 April
7712:Mansurah
7537:Archived
7368:Archived
7145:Archived
6955:Archived
6784:Archived
6614:Archived
6276:Archived
5230:See also
5173:chivalry
5157:Voltaire
5145:crusades
4789:Oriental
4749:and 13th
4594:paradigm
4542:Hussites
4406:Orthodox
4366:and the
4347:when he
4299:and the
4251:century)
4220:and the
4193:had the
4191:Mozarabs
4182:Portugal
4108:century
3784:Mansurah
3776:Damietta
3729:en route
3586:Tzurulum
3512:al-Kamil
3433:Brindisi
3420:al-Kamil
3366:al-Kamil
3316:Mansurah
3314:camp at
3300:al-Karak
3292:Pelagius
3288:al-Kamil
3284:Ayyubids
3269:Damietta
3088:city of
3086:Orthodox
3082:Conquest
3045:Henry VI
2320:Damascus
2150:Adriatic
2043:Heraclea
1957:Damascus
1896:Kerbogha
1846:, Count
1832:Lorraine
1740:century)
1671:and the
1645:just war
1637:holy war
1610:Fatimids
1569:Basil II
1521:4th Acre
1466:Caesarea
1298:3rd Acre
1264:Laodicea
1254:3rd Tyre
1209:2nd Acre
1107:Damascus
943:1st Acre
913:Mersivan
908:Melitene
866:Samosata
819:Crusades
767:Outremer
729:croisade
604:heretics
506:Crusades
437:Bohemian
422:Drenther
387:Prussian
382:Livonian
361:Swedish
344:Northern
254:Barbary
250:Savoyard
145:Venetian
88:Crusades
16612:History
16562:Portals
16478:Related
16271:Trinity
16236:Culture
16200:Science
16170:Hygiene
16160:Mission
16143:Penance
16123:Baptism
16059:Worship
16032:Liturgy
15980:Trinity
15891:Eastern
15874:Quakers
15834:Baptist
15791:Western
15781:members
15551:Baptism
15505:History
15495:Worship
15397:Outline
15312:Martyrs
15108:Pietism
15038:Ausbund
15010:MĂŒntzer
14935:Cranmer
14882:Baptism
14847:Zwingli
14698:Erasmus
14647:Avignon
14630:Aquinas
14620:Francis
14615:Dominic
14575:Cathars
14570:Bosnian
14560:Bernard
14555:Abelard
14528:Moravia
14513:Bohemia
14499:Iceland
14421:Serbian
14401:Georgia
14396:Armenia
14334:Eastern
14235:Jesuits
13911:Gospels
13859:Baptism
13483:Judaism
12883:Vulgate
12693:Gospels
12668:Stephen
12585:Origins
12505:Vulgate
12441:General
12431:of the
12429:History
12176:Baroque
12075:Majorca
11987:Francia
11714:Related
11700:Warfare
11695:Theatre
11685:Slavery
11680:Science
11635:Hunting
11600:Cuisine
11573:Culture
11512:Castile
11507:England
10964:Coliath
10889:Batroun
10871:Lebanon
10846:Tafilah
10714:Caymont
10697:Belmont
10531:Mirabel
10505:Mi'ilya
10328:Burgata
10307:Bethsan
10227:Ascalon
9916:Livonia
9911:Prussia
9768:vassals
9099:2887049
6517:Saladin
6496:Amalric
5218:in the
5151:in his
4915:Alexiad
4726:of the
4546:Bohemia
4501:at the
4493:to the
4460:Tedelis
4341:Ferrara
4273:against
4189:called
4174:Castile
4112:Muslim
3989:en 1291
3985:défend
3930:Michael
3902:Baibars
3860:bezants
3562:Ascalon
3216:Saladin
3212:al-Adil
3140:seizure
3084:of the
2924:Saladin
2742:al-Adid
2734:Saladin
2730:Shirkuh
2651:Tortosa
2537:Mesud I
2484:Saladin
2381:Tripoli
2233:Ilghazi
2201:Abbasid
2191:led by
2132:at the
2109:In the
2091:In the
2084:In the
2069:Tortosa
1932:Genoese
1920:Adhemar
1883:Antioch
1840:Germany
1828:Baldwin
1820:Tancred
1752:at the
1734:Egerton
1697:Seljuks
1614:Shi'ite
1578:Normans
1308:Iconium
1279:Bourzey
1234:Cresson
1224:Al-Fule
1214:Red Sea
1139:Butaiha
1092:Ephesus
1033:Antioch
876:Ma'arra
846:Civetot
564:Alexios
536:by the
516:in the
459:Popular
447:Hussite
432:Bosnian
397:Russian
357:Wendish
200:Catalan
190:Seventh
185:Barons'
18:Crusade
16195:Ethics
16076:Saints
15985:Father
15904:Church
15516:spread
15480:Gospel
15470:Church
15412:People
15000:Grebel
14852:Calvin
14778:Luther
14672:Synods
14550:Anselm
14533:Poland
14489:Gothic
14484:Franks
14469:Celtic
14436:Russia
14416:Syriac
14406:Greece
14293:Teresa
14240:Xavier
14178:Papacy
14124:Jerome
14044:Origen
13945:period
13720:Spread
13449:Nazism
13271:to the
12878:Jerome
12788:Origen
12471:Papacy
12063:Aragon
12042:Amalfi
12027:Venice
12015:Second
11794:Portal
11675:Poetry
11502:France
11114:
11079:Turkey
11004:Nephin
10808:Jordan
10734:Ibelin
10610:Saphet
10586:Qastal
10480:Latrun
10455:Caypha
10156:Achziv
10133:Israel
10113:Greece
10073:Cyprus
9821:Greece
9785:Marash
9755:Levant
9681:
9660:
9639:
9618:
9594:
9561:
9540:
9519:
9498:
9477:
9454:
9430:
9406:
9378:
9329:
9296:
9261:
9238:
9217:
9188:
9167:
9143:
9124:
9097:
9089:
9051:
9030:
9009:
8985:
8931:
8910:
8889:
8847:
8826:
8802:
8781:
7581:". In
7246:". In
7120:". In
6933:". In
4994:Tageno
4985:, the
4922:, the
4912:, the
4849:, and
4800:Legacy
4751:
4747:
4674:Rhodes
4660:
4611:
4607:
4573:
4534:
4515:
4511:Kosovo
4491:Danube
4485:, won
4462:, and
4456:Mahdia
4454:; the
4450:; the
4446:; the
4442:; the
4438:; the
4434:; the
4430:; the
4426:; the
4422:; the
4388:
4376:French
4362:, the
4319:
4317:Martin
4257:
4249:
4214:
4180:, and
4178:Aragon
4118:
4106:
4102:
4034:Sicily
4030:Cyprus
4014:Mamluk
3954:
3942:
3932:
3894:Mamluk
3822:, and
3653:, the
3384:
3360:
3176:
3172:
3160:
3119:; and
3057:Beirut
2855:
2738:Shawar
2695:Banias
2409:Aleppo
2366:Aleppo
2312:Banias
2205:Mawdud
2130:Mardin
2093:second
2065:Tarsus
1961:Aleppo
1889:. The
1838:, and
1795:
1778:Nicaea
1738:
1677:
1665:
1653:
1601:
1592:; and
1590:Cumans
1556:
1511:Margat
1418:Forbie
1269:Sahyun
1244:Hattin
1194:Banias
1124:Aintab
1043:Ba'rin
1003:Yibneh
983:Sarmin
963:Beirut
948:Harran
851:Nicaea
823:Levant
734:
718:
691:
587:; the
583:; the
579:: the
566:
352:Kalmar
205:Eighth
170:Fourth
155:Second
16705:Texts
16671:Media
16588:Islam
16404:Right
16310:Music
16261:Jesus
16226:Other
16081:Angel
15536:Jesus
15526:Early
15475:Creed
15444:Canon
15432:Bible
15392:Index
15234:solae
15232:Five
15025:Smyth
14877:TULIP
14800:Bible
14508:Slavs
14411:Egypt
14369:Icons
14220:Trent
14210:Leo X
14107:Creed
13551:Islam
12819:Roman
12778:Canon
12651:Peter
12599:Jesus
12032:Genoa
12010:First
11705:Women
11665:Music
11620:Domes
11610:Dance
11497:Milan
11059:Syria
11044:Toron
10792:Judin
10730:Yavne
10628:Taibe
10606:Safed
10576:Qaqun
10495:Hunin
10484:Toron
10468:Jaffa
10451:Haifa
10261:Yazur
10243:siege
10209:Arsur
10093:Egypt
10050:sites
9122:JSTOR
9095:JSTOR
8959:(PDF)
8952:(PDF)
4945:(RHC)
4767:icons
4507:Varna
4269:Milan
4210:Wends
4166:Wends
4154:Moors
3991:, by
3950:Tunis
3898:Qutuz
3761:Morea
3574:Kerak
3053:Sidon
3023:Jaffa
2599:Wends
2587:Moors
2357:jihad
2126:Mosul
2111:third
2086:first
2078:Jaffa
1936:Jaffa
1900:Mosul
1732:, MS
1693:Atsiz
1606:Sunni
1586:Serbs
1574:Slavs
1476:Safed
1471:Haifa
1335:Toron
1284:Safed
1149:Harim
1068:Bosra
968:Sidon
958:Artah
903:Arsuf
612:Moors
402:Tatar
280:Varna
180:Sixth
175:Fifth
160:Third
130:First
16773:Data
16400:Left
16300:Flag
16266:Mary
15777:list
15284:left
15282:and
15272:and
15122:and
15120:Neo-
14887:Dort
14872:Knox
14718:Wars
14310:and
14266:and
14259:Wars
13916:Acts
13831:21st
13826:20th
13821:19th
13816:18th
13811:17th
13806:16th
13801:15th
13796:14th
13791:13th
13786:12th
13781:11th
13776:10th
13601:2023
13596:2019
13591:2016
13586:2013
13581:2011
13576:2008
13571:2005
13566:2002
13561:2000
13528:1995
12698:Acts
12661:Paul
12656:John
12631:Mary
12037:Pisa
11088:More
11068:More
10879:Arqa
10693:Suba
10596:Qula
10580:Caco
10178:Acre
10122:More
10102:More
10082:More
9914:and
9679:ISBN
9658:ISBN
9637:ISBN
9616:ISBN
9559:ISBN
9538:ISBN
9517:ISBN
9496:ISBN
9475:ISBN
9452:ISBN
9428:ISBN
9404:ISBN
9376:ISBN
9294:ISBN
9259:ISBN
9236:ISBN
9215:ISBN
9186:ISBN
9165:ISBN
9141:ISBN
9087:ISSN
9049:ISBN
9028:ISBN
9007:ISBN
8983:ISBN
8929:ISBN
8908:ISBN
8887:ISBN
8845:ISBN
8824:ISBN
8800:ISBN
8779:ISBN
8431:2021
5127:and
5115:and
5078:and
5063:and
5051:and
5020:and
5012:and
4996:and
4968:and
4947:and
4908:and
4841:The
4791:and
4605:11th
4599:Mary
4275:the
4232:and
4040:and
4032:and
4024:and
3976:The
3886:and
3743:and
3735:and
3692:and
3633:The
3540:and
3532:and
3479:and
3390:The
3302:and
3240:and
3206:The
3144:Zara
3071:and
3055:and
2998:and
2960:and
2881:and
2873:and
2511:and
2478:and
2322:and
2302:for
2292:Azaz
2152:and
2128:and
2059:and
2030:and
1959:and
1791:and
1588:and
1541:The
1526:Ruad
1506:Homs
1408:Gaza
1349:Zara
1189:Hama
1174:Ayla
1119:Inab
1013:Azaz
881:Arqa
707:iter
669:The
528:and
504:The
375:1293
370:1249
365:1150
335:1717
330:1684
325:1594
320:1571
315:1538
310:1535
305:1526
300:1511
295:1495
290:1332
268:1399
263:1398
258:1390
195:1267
165:1197
150:1129
135:1101
16256:Art
15990:Son
15975:God
14829:Art
14687:and
14662:Hus
14225:Art
13771:9th
13766:8th
13761:7th
13756:6th
13751:5th
13746:4th
13736:1st
12587:and
12537:Art
11590:Art
9586:doi
9321:doi
9207:doi
9079:doi
8561:".
7566:17.
7419:".
7415:. "
7168:".
6664:22.
6643:22.
6525:24.
6435:22.
5175:by
5159:'s
5131:'s
5099:'s
4639:to
4544:in
4400:or
3999:in
3995:at
3498:of
3372:'s
1934:to
993:Hab
16788::
15779:,
14151:/
14007:/
12073:,
12069:,
12065:,
10794:)
10765:)
10736:)
10716:)
10699:)
10666:)
10612:)
10560:)
10511:)
10486:)
10457:)
10309:)
10287:)
10272:)
10245:)
10211:)
10184:)
10162:)
10147:)
10066:()
9926:*
9578:.
9402:.
9398:.
9313:.
9213:.
9118:11
9116:.
9110:.
9093:.
9085:.
9075:74
9073:.
9069:.
8981:.
8977:.
8885:.
8881:.
8712:.
8532:.
8422:.
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8294:26
8206:^
8022:^
7769:.
7719:^
7667:^
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7585:.
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7506:3.
7504:.
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6937:.
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6602:^
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6593:.
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6380:^
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