Sixth Crusade - Knowledge

1127: 1783:—in order for Crusaders to avoid jeopardizing their positions in the eyes of the curia. Once news of Frederick's excommunication had spread, public support for him waned considerably. The position of the Hospitallers and Templars was more complicated. They refused to join the emperor's army directly, but they supported the Crusade once Frederick agreed to have his name removed from official orders. The Outremer barons greeted Frederick enthusiastically at first, but were wary of the emperor's history of centralization and his desire to impose imperial authority. This was largely due to Frederick's treatment of 1082: 1968: 2060:, Frederick touts the great success of the endeavour. In contrast, the letter to the "all the faithful" by the patriarch Gérold of Lausanne paints a darker picture of the emperor and his accomplishments. On the Muslim side, al-Kamil himself was pleased with the accord, but Arabic sources referred to the treaty as "one of the most disastrous events of Islam," laying the blame solely with the sultan. The Muslim historians expressed equal disdain for the sultan and the Holy Roman Emperor. 1045:, the first king of Jerusalem to visit Europe, with multiple objectives. The treasury of the kingdom was depleted and additional funds were badly needed. He also wanted to ensure that future crusades were not hampered by the divided leadership shown in Egypt, and that the kingdom would lead such efforts. John's pleas for support at the courts of England and Spain were for naught, and the pledge he received from 1467:, to meet with al-Kamil. Other than an exchange of gifts, nothing was accomplished. The bishop is reported to have continued on the Damascus to negotiate with al-Mu'azzam who, rejecting the overture, attempted to make peace with the younger Ayyubid brother al-Ashraf. The negotiations would continue in the autumn of 1227, after Frederick's excommunication, as described below. 1073:

Sixth Crusade would have to be raised by the emperor. The gold sequestered after San Germano was quickly spent due to the delay of the crusade, and Frederick implemented a levy on Sicily beginning in 1228. He also gained financial support from Cyprus and as his new role as king of Jerusalem, but the lack of funds contributed to the small size of the Crusader army.

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Salza, John of Brienne and the patriarch. These funds would be returned to the emperor once he arrived at Acre. If, for any reason (including his death), he did not arrive, the money would be employed for the needs of the Holy Land. He also promised that if he went on Crusade that he would lead. After the agreement was signed, Guala became

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many, including Frederick, were struck with the plague. Louis of Thuringia had, in fact, died. Frederick disembarked to secure medical attention. Resolved to keep his oath, he sent a fleet of twenty galleys on to Acre. This included Hermann of Salza, Gérold of Lausanne, Odo of Montbéliard and Balian

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to Frederick asking him to come to Acre for discussions, offering return of much of the Holy Land to Christian control in exchange for military support against his brother al-Mu'azzam at Damascus. Fakhr ad-Din reportedly was somewhat amazed when he reached Palermo and discovered that Frederick spoke

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The bishops were influential advisors to Frederick II. As the pope had ordered that no one collaborate with the excommunicate Frederick, both bishops ignored the papal orders and worked closely with Frederick. The financial resources both bishops brought were especially appreciated by the crusaders.

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was responsible for the negotiations. Frederick promised to depart on the Crusade by 15 August 1227 and remain for two years. During this period, he was to maintain 1000 knights in Syria, provide transport for additional forces, and provide Rome with 100,000 ounces in gold in the care of Hermann of

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Frederick had set a precedent, in having achieved success on crusade without papal involvement. He achieved success without fighting since he lacked manpower to engage Ayyubids. This was due to the engagement of Ayyubids with the rebellion in Syria. Further crusades would be launched by individual

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Frederick did not immediately take action as Acre was split in its support for Frederick. Frederick's own army and the Teutonic Knights supported him, but the Templars, the patriarch and the Syrian clergy followed the hostile papal line. The Pisans and Genoese supported the emperor and the English

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The port of Brindisi was designated as the departure point and by mid-summer 1227, large numbers of Crusaders had arrived. The crowded conditions and high heat contributed to general discontent and disease among the assembled troops. Many returned home, leaving some transports unused. Others died,

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Still wearing his crown, Frederick proceeded to the palace of the Hospitallers where he met with the English bishops and members of the military orders to discuss the fortifications of the city. Not until the morning of 19 March 1229 did Peter of Caesarea arrive to enforce the interdict, which he

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remained important. While some of these funds went directly to local Crusaders, by 1220, Innocent III had consolidated distribution. Frederick did not benefit from this, and from 1221 to 1228 there was limited ecclesiastical impost directed toward his planned Crusade. The funds for this imperial

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the next day and placed the crown on his own head. Hermann of Salza read the emperor's statement, blaming his excommunication not on the pope, but his advisors. It is unknown whether he intended this to be interpreted as his official coronation as King of Jerusalem; the absence of the patriarch

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John and Frederick's relationship became frayed, as Frederick claimed the kingship of Jerusalem. John had allegedly been given assurances that he would be king of Jerusalem for the rest of his life. According to one version, John got into a disagreement with his new son-in-law because Frederick

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After resolving the internecine struggles in Syria, al-Kamil's position was stronger than it was a year before when he made his original offer to Frederick. He likely did not know that Frederick's force was a mere shadow of the army that had amassed when the Crusade had originally been called.

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The pope did not know, or care, about Frederick's illness, just that he had not lived up to his agreement. His letter to the emperor of 10 October 1227 laying out conditions for his rehabilitation referred less to the crusade than to infractions in Sicily. In his circular letter announcing the

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Once again, preachers were sent throughout Europe to gain support for a new crusade, this time to be led by Frederick. Despite readying transport ships, the situation did not look good to meet the target date. Hermann of Salza and Raoul of Mérencourt were sent to the pope to apprise him of the

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By 1226, it was clear that the Sixth Crusade would, in fact, happen with an invasion of Syria and Palestine with the objective of conquering Jerusalem. Frederick II was to lead the Crusade, essentially boxed in by the terms of San Germano. After the death of Honorius III in 1227, the new pope

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By May 1227, al-Kamil was concerned for his sultanate, feeling increasingly boxed in. The arrival of the Crusaders began, and he was again considering his offer of Jerusalem made to Frederick II in 1226, that appearing to him as the only viable option. However, by May 1227, al-Ashraf had been

1872:. This placed Frederick in an awkward position. If he delayed in the Holy Land too long, he could lose his empire. If he left without results, he would be dishonored. He directed Henry of Malta to send twenty galleys to Syria by the following Easter. Fortunately, al-Kamil was occupied with a 1719:

to the imperial throne. Here he erred, for John pointed out that the kingdoms of Cyprus and Jerusalem were constitutionally separate and he could not be punished for offences in Cyprus by seizure of Beirut. This would have important consequences for the crusade, as it alienated the powerful

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The initial phase of the Crusade was a complex endeavour involving multiple deployments, negotiations with the Ayyubids, a delay of the departure of Frederick due to illness, a subsequent excommunication, and, finally, arrival of the emperor at Acre. The key points in the timeline are:

1214:, al-Mu'azzam was restrained by threats from al-Kamil. Now opposing both of his well-positioned brothers, al-Mu'azzam reached out to disaffected members of the sultan's Egyptian forces, challenging the sultan to come to Syria if he dared. Against al-Ashraf, he enlisted the aid of the 956:. The situation was stabilized only through a compromise reached by Honorius between Frederick and the league. During his sojourn in northern Italy, Frederick also invested the Teutonic Knights with the territories in what would become East Prussia, starting what was later called the 944:. The main arguments for holding the Diet would be to continue the struggle against heresy, to organize the crusade, and to restore the imperial power in northern Italy, long usurped by the numerous communes located there. Those assembled responded with the reformation of the 928:, swore "on the soul of the emperor" that the agreement would be upheld under the pain of excommunication. In a letter to the pope, Frederick reiterated the terms and accepted the ban in the event the Crusade did not happen. He had committed himself beyond all retreat. 767:

The failure of the Fifth Crusade was a devastating blow to Christendom. Of all the European sovereigns, only Frederick II, the Holy Roman Emperor, was in a position to regain Jerusalem after the loss. Frederick was, like many of the 13th-century rulers, a serial

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The new role of Frederick also affected the objective of the Crusade. In 1224, the plans to invade Egypt required suitable ships able to enter the Nile delta. Now, the emphasis was a campaign to focus on Jerusalem, with men from Germany and finance from Sicily.

738:, never joined the campaign, despite his vow to do so. The forces he sent to Egypt arrived too late to make a difference in the debacle, partially due to the lack of effective leadership. They would have to wait for many more years for Frederick's actions. When 2004:

rendered it questionable. There is evidence to suggest that the crown Frederick wore was actually the imperial one, but in any case proclaiming his lordship over Jerusalem was a provocative act. Legally, he was actually only regent for his son with Isabella,

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excommunication, Frederick was branded a wanton violator of his sacred oath taken many times, at Aachen, Veroli, Ferentino, and San Germano, and was held responsible for the deaths of Crusaders at Brindisi. He was accused of feigning his illness, relaxing at

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The emperor arrived with the clear intent of stamping his authority on the kingdom and was treated cordially by the local barons. Frederick claimed that the regency of John of Ibelin was illegitimate and demanded the surrender of John's mainland fief of

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on 10 June 1229, and it was a month before the pope was aware that he had left the Holy Land. By the autumn, he had regained full possession of his empire. Frederick obtained from the pope relief from his excommunication on 28 August 1230 with the

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was named Frederick's regent in Sicily authorized to negotiate with Rome. But Gregory IX had already made up his mind, sending word to the Latin patriarch and masters of the military orders that the emperor's ban still held, despite his arrival.

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wisely chose not to do. At any rate, Frederick's interest in Jerusalem was waning, as he was planning to immediately leave. While Frederick was on his way to the harbour he was pelted with dung and entrails by the unappreciative people of Acre.

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approached Gérold with a proposal of reconciliation, but the patriarch saw only deceit, trying to prevent Frederick's entry into Jerusalem by threatening excommunication of the army and placing the city under interdict. He sent archbishop

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include works written in the medieval period, generally by participants in the Crusade or written contemporaneously with the event. The primary Western sources of the Sixth Crusade include several eyewitness accounts, and are as follows.

1019:––required that the monarch be a resident of the kingdom. Frederick's first royal decree was to bestow new privileges upon Hermann of Salza and the Teutonic Knights, placing them on equal footing as the Templars and Hospitallers. 39: 758:

fought against many of his brothers and other relatives. The sultan had yet to withdraw his offer of territory in exchange for peace that had been made during the Fifth Crusade, and Fredrick would eventually accept this deal.

856:. In Apulia, he met with Frederick II and arranged for the marriage of Isabella II to the emperor. The pope gave his blessing, and it was John's understanding that he remain regent until 1226. When John left Italy, marrying 1446:

As described above, the sultan al-Kamil was in a desperate civil conflict in 1226. Having unsuccessfully tried negotiations with the West beginning in 1219, he again tried this approach. The sultan sent the emir

996:. Frederick declared that John had lost his claim to the kingdom when Isabella married him. He proclaimed himself king of Jerusalem for the first time in December 1225, taking the crown at a special ceremony at 1891:

were witness to the signing. No complete copy of the treaty has survived, either in Latin nor Arabic. In it, al-Kamil surrendered Jerusalem with the exception of some Muslim holy sites. Frederick also received

1924:. The Transjordan castles stayed in Ayyubid hands. Whether Frederick was permitted to restore Jerusalem's fortifications was unclear, although the Crusaders did in fact restore Jerusalem's defensive walls. 1426:. An army of other Crusaders accompanied them to the Holy Land, although whether they were English or mercenaries recruited on the Continent is unclear. The contingent left from Brindisi in August 1227. 1359:, so effective in recruiting for the Fifth Crusade, participated in the recruitment and even joined the army gathering in Italy, but was not as successful. His diminished role was replaced by bishop 1592:, the archbishop of Magdeburg, and two Sicilian justiciars to speak with the pope. It had no effect and Frederick sailed from Brindisi on 28 June 1228. The fleet was under the command of admiral 1273:

at Homs turned against al-Mu'azzam. Fearing the Crusaders gathering at Acre, al-Mu'azzam began, as he did in the Fifth Crusade, to dismantle the defences of his fortresses, including Jerusalem.

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A new date was set for the expedition of 24 June 1225. At the same time, Frederick, widowed since June 1222, planned a strategic wedding. After the retreat of the Crusaders from Egypt in 1221,

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seduced a niece of Isabella who was her lady-in-waiting. In the other version of the chronicle, John often chastised his son-in-law, concluding that John wanted to seize Sicily for his nephew

1499:. Arriving at Acre, they joined with forces of the kingdom and fortified the coastal towns of Caesarea and Jaffa. They forced the Muslims of Damascus out of Sidon and fortified the island of 1210:, losing Akhlat to al-Ashraf after revolting against him. Ghazi joined the rebellion of al-Mu'azzam's, which was quickly suppressed by al-Ashraf and the Alleppine forces. Again attacking at 1955:, and aid was not to be provided from any source. Prisoners from this conflict and the previous crusade were to be released. The provisions for the military orders and the possessions of 2910: 1912:, dominating the coast. Other lordships may have been returned to Christian control, but sources disagree. It was, however, a treaty of compromise. The Muslims retained control over the 2583: 1802:. Even augmented with the forces available in Outremer, he could not muster an effective army capable of striking a decisive blow on the Muslims. Further, he got word that his regent 2158:

of the Sixth Crusade is concerned with the "history of the histories" of the military campaigns discussed herein as well as biographies of the important figures of the period. The

1418:, who died before he was able to fulfill his crusading vows. Brewer had taken the cross in 1189, but was excused because of administrative duties. Briwere went on the Crusade with 1257:. His suzerainty over Akhlat was recognized by al-Mu'azzam, who also held al-Ashraf at Damascus. At this point, al-Kamil began exploring peace with the West, dispatching the emir 1300:. Ordered to stand down by Dā’ūd, al-Aziz persisted and al-Kamil responded by taking Jerusalem and Nablus in July 1228. Al-Ashraf was summoned to Damascus and he met al-Kamil at 823:, the masters of the military orders, and many others. Frederick again vowed to go on Crusade in addition to signing an agreement with the errant Thomas of Celano, negotiated by 2079:, a disorganized affair which wound up with relatively limited support from both Frederick and the pope, but which nevertheless regained more land than even the Sixth Crusade. 1546:, but the pope refused to meet with them, and would not listen to Frederick's side of the story. Frederick II, the Holy Roman Emperor, was excommunicated on 29 September 1227. 1763:

When Frederick and his companions arrived at Acre, John of Ibelin went immediately to Beirut to ensure that the city could withstand an imperial attack, returning to face the

3115: 1126: 976:. In accordance with her father's wishes, she was crowned queen of Jerusalem a few days later at Tyre. Frederick sent fourteen galleys for her, under the command of admiral 2877: 1864:, accompanied the emperor, at a distance behind as he was excommunicate. In January 1229, Frederick received notice that John of Brienne, serving the curia as rector of a 1604:, master of the Hospitallers who had helped convince the pope to break the truce with the Muslims, refused to accompany Frederick as an excommunicate. He was replaced by 780:

on 15 July 1215, he astonished the crowd by taking the cross and calling upon the nobles present to do the same. Twenty years separated the crusader vows of the emperor

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Frederick realised that his only hope of success in the Holy Land was to negotiate for the return of Jerusalem as he lacked the manpower to engage in battle. He sent

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to inform the sultan of his arrival in the Holy Land. Al-Kamil was friendly but non-committal. In reply, Frederick received the ambassadors of the sultan, including

4240: 1304:. There it was decided that al-Ashraf would take Damascus, leaving Dā’ūd with al-Jazira. Al-Kamil remained in Jerusalem to conduct negotiations with Frederick II. 1539: 3658: 3432: 804: 2811: 2526: 1510:

The emperor and his contingent were delayed while their ships were refitted. They sailed on 8 September 1227, but before they reached their first stop of

1011:, and the other Jerusalemite lords who had escorted Isabella to Brindisi acknowledged Frederick as their lawful king. Notably, these did not include the 803:

was crowned empress. A year later, Honorius III reminded Frederick that he had not fulfilled his vow, and in December 1221, sent Nicola de Chiaromonte,

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The results of the Sixth Crusade were not universally acclaimed. Two letters from the Christian side tell differing stories. In his correspondence to

1580:, marshal of the Kingdom of Sicily, to Syria with 500 knights to augment to force already there as he prepared for a departure in the spring of 1228. 2427: 1543: 1371:

inspired hundreds of Thuringian and Austrian knights to join. They also drew significant support from Cologne, Lübeck and Worms. Many prelates and

1163:. After 1221, al-Mu'azzam returned to Damascus, suspicious of his brothers and their motivations. In June 1222, he conducted an expedition against 1597: 253: 1183:. Al-Mu'azzam was forced to halt his siege of Hama and to surrender his other conquests by order of al-Kamil. He then formed an alliance with 4556: 4551: 1939:, of which, from al-Kamil's perspective, the treaty with Frederick was just an extension, which allows this agreement to be also called the 1731:

on 3 September 1228. He was accompanied by the king Henry I of Cyprus, John of Ibelin, and many Cypriote nobles. He left the Cypriote baron

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coast to Phenika, where they stayed on 16–17 July replenishing their water supplies. The fleet then crossed the sea to Cyprus, arriving at

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sent word that al-Mu'azzam had suddenly died on 12 November 1227. This revelation changed the balance of power, and Frederick dispatched

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before him, crises closer to home took precedence. Nevertheless, there was to be significant English participation in the Sixth Crusade.

1600:, accompanied him. He had only a small force with him, since the main force had sailed in August 1227 and reinforcements in April 1228. 791:

The emperor again took the vow when he was re-crowned in Rome by the pope on 22 November 1220. At the same time, Frederick's oldest son

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in 1227 had mostly returned home out of impatience or of fear of offending the Church. The few who had sailed East under the patriarch

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agreed to a delay on 18 July 1225, just days before the deadline and ten years after Frederick had originally committed to a crusade.

4561: 3584: 1943:. Frederick seems to have pledged his support to the sultan against all enemies, including Christian ones. The other Crusader states— 1483:

The first contingents of Crusaders sailed August 1227 and arrived in Syria early October. They included Germans under the command of

884:. None of these efforts were fruitful and all were convinced that the timetable set at Ferentino was unachievable. The pope while at 750:, the successor to Honorius, who became pope in March 1227, took a more hardline stance against the emperor. In Syria and Egypt, the 1561:

was again sent to meet with the emperor. It is here that it is believed the Fakhr ad-Din was knighted by Frederick, as described by

1025: 844: 2139: 1572:, positively disposed towards the emperor, expressed his sorrow. Shortly after Fakhr ad-Din had departed, the emperor's negotiator 3539: 1747:

Frederick II arrived in Acre on 7 September 1228 and was received warmly by the Templars, Hospitallers and clergy, but denied the

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situation. That would be one of the patriarch's last official acts, as he died in late 1224, succeeded by the bishop of Valence,

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Frederick entered Jerusalem on 17 March 1229 and received the formal surrender of the city by al-Kamil's agent. He went to the

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did not immediately hold Frederick to his vow, but reminded him that the Christian world had waited for his action. Opposingly

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He could neither afford nor mount a lengthening campaign in the Holy Land. The Sixth Crusade would be one of negotiation.

1554:, rather than in the Holy Land. Frederick's response was more factual, and included an appeal for more to take the cross. 718:

regaining some control over Jerusalem for much of the ensuing fifteen years as well as over other areas of the Holy Land.

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to honor a proposed agreement that had been negotiated some years earlier. The masters of the Templars and Hospitallers,

1477: 4499: 4341: 4052: 3942: 3910: 3875: 475: 405: 283: 246: 4400: 4279: 4258: 4183: 4137: 4116: 4087: 3963: 3851: 1280:, with al-Kamil's approval. Peace among the Ayyubids did not last long. Dā’ūd refused his uncle's request to abandon 811:

in April 1222 to confer with the pontiff. A strategy meeting for the next Crusade did not happen until March 1223 at

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vacillated, first for Frederick, shifting to the pope, then back. He gave nominal commands to faithful adherents—

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in the 12th century, and again Milan was chosen as the league's leader. The Diet was cancelled as well as the

1987:—all felt betrayed by the treaty and its concessions making the protection of the Holy city near-impossible. 1940: 1568:

The negotiations were conducted in secret, causing concern among the German Crusaders. Even the amiable poet

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Frederick hoped that a token show of force, a threatening march down the coast, would be enough to convince

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A partial list of those that participated in the Sixth Crusade can be found in the category collections of

2126:, capturing his capital city in June 1229. An-Nasir, was left subordinate to al-Kamil and in possession of 2000: 1684: 1596:, and clergymen Berardus de Castacca, Nicolò dei Maltraversi, Marino Filangieri, and Giacomo of Patti, now 1368: 876:

as papal legate to Germany, urging the clergy there to continue to pursue the crusade. The pope also urged

781: 662: 652: 1707:. Alice was the aunt of the empress Isabella II and had attended her coronation in Tyre. In the meantime, 1253:, ruler of Mosul, succumbed to al-Mu'azzam, but not before Jalal had invested himself in Akhlat and later 2247:

a history of the diplomacy of Frederick II, by French archivist and historian Jean L. Huillard-Bréholles.

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did eventually implement a levy but it is not clear that much was made from the voluntary contributions.

993: 584: 577: 480: 2682: 1711:, the Old Lord of Beirut, had been appointed regent without the knowledge of either Alice or Frederick. 968:

Frederick II desired to go to the Holy Land as king of Jerusalem. He married John of Brienne's daughter

4219: 1838: 1558: 1523: 1448: 1285: 1258: 220: 4213:. Translations and reprints from the original sources of European history. University of Pennsylvania. 2825: 1883:

The treaty was concluded on 18 February 1229, and also involved a ten-year truce. The English bishops

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were implemented with their money. Both witnessed the treaty signing in February 1229 with al-Kamil.

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After agreeing with Honorius to launch a Crusade before 1228, Frederick summoned an imperial Diet at

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had ruled the island kingdom since the death of his father Aimery in 1205. Upon his death, his wife

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John of Brienne left for Rome, where Honorius sympathized with him, and ignored Frederick's claims.

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The Two Powers: The Papacy, the Empire, and the Struggle for Sovereignty in the Thirteenth Century

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Muslims and Crusaders: Christianity's Wars in the Middle East, 1095–1382, from the Islamic Sources

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On 1 May 1229, Frederick departed from Acre, landing at Cyprus to attend the wedding by proxy of

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Frederick attested to the terms at the high altar with his hand on the Gospels. Apostolic legate

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Pope Honorius III and the Holy Land Crusades, 1216–1227: A Study in Responsive Papal Government

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The Mohammedan dynasties: chronological and genealogical tables with historical introductions

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Huillard-Bréholles, J. Louis Alphonse., Luynes, H. Théodoric Paul Joseph dA̕lbert. (185261).

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and archbishop Marino Filangieri to announce his arrival in Syria and to request absolution.

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due to his excommunication. He yielded to pressure and made overtures to the pope, sending

1535: 1423: 1389: 1381:. The numbers and prowess of the German crusades provided hope to the expedition planners. 1143: 1050: 1016: 949: 921: 909:. Based on the terms of the agreement, Frederick's forces ceased to occupy portions of the 877: 715: 4313: 2633: 2347: 1068:

formed essential aid to the crusade movement, although the monies collected by individual

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The Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir for the Crusading Period from al-Kamil fi'l-Ta'rikh. Part 3

2326: 2104: 2036: 2009: 1356: 1176: 1081: 1046: 800: 657: 642: 592: 450: 420: 3770:"Emperor Frederick II (1194–1250) and the political particularism of the German princes" 3313: 3185: 2048:, and he returned to the Hospitallers and the Templars the goods confiscated in Sicily. 2039:, with the bride later transported to Cyprus by the emperor's supporters. He arrived at 4317: 4208: 4077: 4066: 4062: 3921: 3830: 3789: 3758: 3689: 3676: 3644: 3536: 3523: 3510: 3466: 3453: 3074: 3072: 3039: 2722: 2458: 2206: 2092: 2088: 2076: 1984: 1976: 1861: 1830: 1799: 1795: 1780: 1700: 1616:

The route of Frederick's fleet can be traced day-by-day. On 29 June 1228 it stopped in

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Frederick II sent his emissaries to inform Gregory IX of the situation. These included

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entered the curia with determination to proceed and a long-held dislike for Frederick.

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on 7 July. The fleet moved slowly along the Cretan coast, pausing for a whole day at

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ambushed a group of crusaders near Tyre, killing or capturing some seventy horsemen.

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The Fifth Crusade in Context: The Crusading Movement in the Early Thirteenth Century

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After a five-week stopover in Cyprus, in September 1228, Frederick arrived at Acre.

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The defeat of the Crusaders in the Fifth Crusade was a joint effort of the brothers

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in 1215 formed a system of public financing of Crusades. The disbursements from the

4509: 4333:

A History of the Crusades, Volume Three: The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades

4246: 4104: 3781: 3492: 3449: 3173: 2278: 2234: 2199: 1921: 1884: 1696: 1688: 1500: 1492: 1419: 1411: 1242: 1065: 957: 634: 597: 562: 557: 455: 425: 390: 320: 293: 183: 175: 138: 3349: 3255: 3253: 3197: 2972: 2777: 4489: 4450: 4411: 4390: 4366: 4331: 4327: 4293: 4269: 4173: 4148: 4042: 3953: 3932: 3900: 3865: 3841: 3802: 3723: 3543: 3325: 2936: 2794: 2792: 2507: 2218: 2173: 2096: 2068: 2013: 1888: 1834: 1811: 1807: 1732: 1721: 1504: 1496: 1407: 1314: 1118: 1038: 1012: 925: 901: 873: 831: 816: 785: 751: 747: 607: 532: 433: 370: 365: 340: 325: 310: 203: 187: 155: 147: 4175:

Preaching the Crusades: Mendicant Friars and the Cross in the Thirteenth Century

3695: 2368:

that provides a chronology of the Crusade correlated with the original sources.

4351: 3719: 3250: 3057: 2741: 2597: 2483: 2477: 2292: 2159: 2119: 2100: 1967: 1877: 1692: 1593: 1392:

took the cross upon his coronation in May 1220 and had planned a crusade after

1277: 1164: 1004: 945: 707: 627: 527: 380: 345: 330: 224: 2789: 2645: 2275:

The Years 589–629/1193–1231. The Ayyubids after Saladin and the Mongol Menace,

4530: 4417: 3987: 3826: 3481:"Les Gestes des Chiprois et la tradition historiographique de l'Orient latin" 3161: 2924: 2718: 2302: 2224: 2108: 1932: 1849:, northeast of Gaza, and Thomas and Balian were sent to resume negotiations. 1748: 1372: 1301: 1138: 727: 699: 350: 335: 305: 3780:(3). Journal of Medieval History, Volume 26, Issue 3, pp. 239–252: 239–252. 3137: 2858: 2621: 2495: 2114:

In the Ayyubid camp, the treaty allowed the sultan al-Kamil and his brother

702:

and involved very little actual fighting. The diplomatic maneuvering of the

4271:

John of Brienne: King of Jerusalem, Emperor of Constantinople, c. 1175–1237

3861: 3568:. The origin and destiny of a story about the Muslim Middle East circa 1200 2765: 1917: 1913: 1716: 1641: 1621: 1230: 1184: 910: 743: 622: 443: 4250: 4108: 3221: 730:

ended in 1221, having failed to gain any more influence in the Near East.

3496: 2984: 2072: 1336:

September 1227: The second wave, including Frederick, departs and returns

1049:

on his death-bed was from an account already allocated to the Holy Land.

668: 460: 3382:, Document 17: Two sources on the Handover of Jerusalem to Frederick II. 3209: 3045: 2753: 2540: 1931:, also included the agreement signed by the different Ayyubid rulers at 3749:. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity 3:5 pp. 443–447. 2312: 1787:

in Cyprus, and his apparent disdain for their constitutional concerns.

1661: 1633: 1293: 1270: 1254: 1246: 1223: 834:

returned to Acre. He hoped to find a suitable husband for his daughter

3337: 2948: 2726: 2702: 1588:

Frederick made his last effort to be reconciled with Gregory, sending

3746:

Sultan al-Kamil, Emperor Frederick II and the Submission of Jerusalem

2691:, pp. 68–99, Financing and Organisation of the Imperial Crusade. 2350:

also compiled two collections of works concerning the Sixth Crusade:

1936: 1893: 1790:

Frederick's army was not large. Of the troops he had sent under duke

1728: 1657: 1649: 1330:

August 1227: First wave departs Brindisi, arrives in Syria in October

1180: 1108: 812: 695: 691: 117: 101: 64: 4194: 3615:”. In: Encyclopaedia of Islam, 3rd Edition. Kate Fleet, et al. (ed.) 3509:

Philippus, d. Rotingo., La Monte, J. L., Hubert, M. Jerome. (1936).

2960: 2834:, pp. 97–98, Chronological Outline of the Crusades (1227–1228). 896:

The Agreement of San Germano of 25 July 1225, signed at present day

3277: 2064: 2040: 1897: 1853: 1842: 1673: 1669: 1569: 1551: 1400:

appealed to Henry to assist in the Holy Land. But, like his father

1378: 1276:

Al-Mu'azzam died on 12 November 1227, and was succeeded by his son

1192: 1152: 1102: 1042: 985: 941: 755: 263: 216: 159: 105: 30: 1441: 1023:, the emperor's long-time advisor, replaced Odo of Montbéliard as 2900:, pp. 216–233, English Contribution to the Imperial Crusade. 2392:. Ed. Jeffrey Shaw and Timothy Demy. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781610695176 1846: 1625: 1617: 1511: 1452:

Arabic, had admiration for Muslim society and contempt for Rome.

1297: 1289: 1188: 937: 897: 4044:

From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193–1260

3511:

The wars of Frederick II against the Ibelins in Syria and Cyprus

3241:

Frederick II's crusade: an example of Christian–Muslim diplomacy

3125: 2239:

The wars of Frederick II against the Ibelins in Syria and Cyprus

848:

of the kingdom, he travelled to Italy, accompanied by patriarch

3465:

Paris, M., Huillard-Bréholles, J. Louis Alphonse. (1840–1844).

2338:

begun in the 10th century, and continued into the 13th century.

2177: 1665: 1645: 1134: 1130: 1085: 997: 972:

by proxy in August 1225 at Acre, presided over by Giacomo, the

900:, was between Frederick II and Honorius III. A Dominican named 808: 777: 3274:, pp. 312–318, The Sixth Crusade and the Treaty of Jaffa. 864:

to conclude the arrangements for the wedding of his daughter.

3289: 3122:, Volume 12, No. 1/2, Peeters Publishers (1937), pp. 417–448. 3029:, p. 447, Footnote 64; cf. Huillard-Bréholles, Vol. III. 2127: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1869: 1653: 1629: 1207: 1167:

to enforce the truce, and unsuccessfully attacked his cousin

1096: 885: 788:

of 1197 impacted the son's objectives for the Fifth Crusade.

784:

and his son Frederick and it is unclear whether the father's

151: 113: 109: 2996: 2111:), effectively demonstrating an erosion of papal authority. 1959:

likely reflect their lack of support provided to Frederick.

2404:, pp. 739–780, The Crusade of Frederick II, 1227–1229. 1249:, to help him with Gökböri. In the end, both al-Ashraf and 1211: 1172: 1090: 231: 3406:, pp. 163–174, Ernoul, Eracles and the Fifth Crusade. 3394:, pp. 211–212, Civil Wars among the Ayubiites (1239). 1491:, and French and English under the command of the bishops 1241:. Al-Ashraf stopped his brother at Homs and called on the 4452:

The Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, Immutator Mundi

3760:

The Crusades: The Story of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem

2390:

War & Religion, an encyclopedia of faith and conflict

2261:

The Arabic sources of the Crusade include the following.

721: 3923:

Les Hospitaliers en Terre Sainte et à Chypre (1100–1310)

3017:, pp. 446–447, The excommunication of Frederick II. 1339:

November 1227: Frederick is excommunicated by Gregory IX

984:

during the Fifth Crusade. They were formally married at

2703:"The Aghānī Miniatures and Religious Painting in Islam" 2618:, pp. 175–177, The Fate of John of Brienne (1225). 2561:, pp. 177–178, The Emperor Frederick: San Germano. 2360:

Die Kreuzfahrt Kaiser Friedrich des Zweiten (1228–1229)

2071:

to call for a new crusade to secure the Holy Lands for

1414:, participated in the Crusade as a proxy for his uncle 2233:(Deeds of the Cypriots), by several authors including 3310:, pp. 187–188, The Recovery of Jerusalem (1229). 3105:, pp. 179–183, Frederick lands in Cyprus (1228). 1975:

The patriarch and the masters of the military orders—

4006:"The Emperor Frederick II's Crusade, 1215 – c. 1231" 2118:

to focus their energies into defeating their nephew

1349: 4474:. The Crusades – An Encyclopedia. pp. 475–477. 3835:. World's manuals. Oxford University Press, London. 2642:, pp. 443–444, Frederick as King of Jerusalem. 2063:The ten-year expiration of Frederick's treaty with 1515:of Sidon. The Crusade was now under the command of 880:to join Frederick, and to resolve his quarrel with 754:were engaged in civil strife , in which the sultan 3919: 3322:, pp. 189–190, Frederick at Jerusalem (1229). 3090: 3038:Villehardouin, G. de., Joinville, J. (1955–1908). 2594:(11th ed.), Cambridge University Press. pp. 46–49. 3194:, pp. 453–454, Negotiations with the Sultan. 3116:John d'Ibelin: The Old Lord of Beiruit, 1177–1236 2743:Men-at-arms series 171 - Saladin and the saracens 2663:Bird, Jessalyn (2006). "Finance of Crusades". In 2467:, pp. 1–4, The legacy of Henry VI's crusade. 1845:, near Acre. The sultan relocated from Nablus to 1687:, Frederick's father, had accepted the homage of 1333:1226–1227: Frederick's negotiations with al-Kamil 4528: 4521:. A History of the Crusades (Setton), Volume II. 4444:. A History of the Crusades (Setton), Volume II. 4033:. A History of the Crusades (Setton), Volume II. 3999:. A History of the Crusades (Setton), Volume II. 3982:. A History of the Crusades (Setton), Volume II. 3894:. A History of the Crusades (Setton), Volume VI. 2679:, pp. 743–743, Financing the Sixth Crusade. 2417:. In The Crusades: An Encyclopedia. pp. 313–315. 1971:The Kingdom of Jerusalem after the Sixth Crusade 1229:In 1226, al-Mu'azzam again moved on Homs, while 1088:soldiers armed with long swords and wearing the 698:. It began seven years after the failure of the 3416:Bird, Jessalynn. "James of Vitry (died 1240)". 3358:, pp. 24–30, Letters of the Sixth Crusade. 3158:, pp. 451–452, Frederick arrives in Syria. 3042:. London: J.M. Dent. p. 184 (known as Scecedin) 2301:(History of Abu al-Fida), by Kurdish historian 1507:, northeast of Acre, for the Teutonic Knights. 1442:Negotiations between the emperor and the sultan 891: 4483:. The Crusades – An Encyclopedia, pp. 313–315. 2845:Ludwig IV, der Heilige, Landgraf von Thüringen 2342:Many of these primary sources can be found in 1742: 1529: 762: 4515:The Latin Empire of Constantinople, 1204–1312 4360:. Six Volumes. University of Wisconsin Press. 3370:, p. 455, Muslim reaction to the treaty. 3182:, pp. 183–184, Frederick at Acre (1228). 3081:, pp. 206–213, Frederick II as Crusader. 2573:, pp. 440–441, Agreement of San Germano. 2287:(The Book of the Two Gardens) and its sequel 2251:Ryccardi di Sancto Germano Notarii Chronicon, 807:, to confer with Frederick. They returned to 247: 16:1228–1229 attempted conquest of the Holy Land 4082:. A History of Egypt v. 6. Methuen, London. 2945:, pp. 99–101, The Crusade of 1227–1229. 2801:, pp. 700–702, After the Fifth Crusade. 2786:, pp. 184–186, Ayubite Family Quarrels. 1868:, had taken San Germano and was threatening 1683:had been an imperial fief since the emperor 4481:Crusade of Emperor Frederick II (1227–1229) 3934:John of Ibelin and the Kingdom of Jerusalem 3742: 3597:Kennedy, Hugh. "Ibn al-Athir (1160–1233)". 3206:, p. 177, The Fate of John of Brienne. 2981:, pp. 542–543, Frederick becomes king. 2654:, pp. 129–130, Financing the Crusades. 2415:Crusade of Emperor Frederick II (1227–1229) 2214:, covering the period from 1188 up to 1235. 1739:of Cyprus, supported by Gavin of Chenichy. 4199:. War and Religion, Volume 3, pp. 754–755. 4075: 4061: 3704:, pp. 12–14, Annales de Terre Sainte. 2516:, pp. 541–542, Isabella of Jerusalem. 2449:Crucesignatus: its origins and early usage 1076: 254: 240: 43:Frederick II (left) meets al-Kamil (right) 4448: 4434: 4037: 4023: 4019:(4). Ph.D Dissertation, Keele University. 3645:Histoire des Sultans Mamlouks de l'Égypte 3478: 3367: 3334:, p. 545, The Crowning of Frederick. 3331: 3259: 3227: 3191: 3167: 3155: 3078: 3051: 3026: 3014: 3002: 2978: 2966: 2930: 2864: 2759: 2639: 2630:, pp. 135–136, A decade in the West. 2603: 2570: 2546: 2513: 2501: 2489: 2362:(1872). He also collaborated on the work 1668:during 12–15 July. They sailed along the 1459:and trusted advisor Thomas of Aquino and 948:, which had already defeated the emperor 931: 913:. Moreover, all papal possessions in the 690:, was a military expedition to recapture 4413:God's War: A New History of the Crusades 4326: 4312: 4013:Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 3898: 3800: 3718: 3701: 3391: 3379: 3319: 3307: 3262:, pp. 455–457, The Treaty of Jaffa. 3203: 3179: 3146:, pp. 610–612, Frederick at Cyprus. 3102: 3066:, p. 183, Frederick at Acre (1228). 3063: 2783: 2774:, pp. 127–128, Turkey in Asia Mino. 2615: 2606:, pp. 442, Marriage to Isabella II. 2558: 2492:, p. 438, The vows of Frederick II. 1966: 1557:In November 1227, the sultan's emissary 1384: 1191:, possibly at the request of the sultan 1125: 1080: 1032: 815:and included the pope and emperor, plus 4478: 4469: 4409: 4385: 4364: 4288: 4125: 4100:The Routledge Companion to the Crusades 3804:The Crusades: The War for the Holy Land 3624: 3574:, Vol. CXXIV, No. 2, 2018, pp. 283–305. 3537:Huillard-Bréholles, Jean Louis Alphonse 3271: 2954: 2942: 2739: 2676: 2401: 2334:History of the Patriarchs of Alexandria 2299:Tarikh al-Mukhtasar fi Akhbar al-Bashar 2245:Historia diplomatica Frederici secundi, 1996:to meet the army, but he was too late. 1470: 1342:June 1228: Frederick finally sets sail. 4529: 4487: 4350: 4217: 4192: 4146: 4071:. A. Constable & Co., Westminster. 3972: 3951: 3930: 3825: 3767: 3753: 3656: 3631:Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle 3524:Historia diplomatica Friderici Secundi 3513:. New York: Columbia university press. 3454:Roger of Wendover's Flowers of history 3437:Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle 3343: 3170:, pp. 452–453, The Crusader Army. 3143: 3131: 3093:, pp. 137–159, Garin de Montaigu. 2990: 2504:, pp. 136–138, The Sixth Crusade. 1927:The agreement, known sometimes as the 1476:including Siegfried von Rechberg, the 1265:released from Damascus, and the emirs 722:Western Europe after the Fifth Crusade 4508: 4267: 4238: 4203: 4171: 4003: 3884: 3860: 3843:Jerusalem in the Time of the Crusades 3677:Beiträge zur geschichte der kreuzzüge 3403: 3355: 3215: 2993:, pp. 365–366, Fleets and Ships. 2933:, p. 445, English participation. 2897: 2771: 2688: 2651: 2627: 2480:“. Ph.D thesis, University of London. 2464: 1611: 1307: 235: 89:Jerusalem given back to the Crusaders 4557:Wars involving the Holy Roman Empire 4552:Wars involving the Ayyubid Sultanate 4494:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 4096: 3986: 3955:Artillery in the Era of the Crusades 3839: 3430: 3295: 3283: 3218:, p. 142, A decade in the West. 2867:, p. 444, The German crusaders. 2831: 2822:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 2798: 2700: 2537:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 2438:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 2352:Beiträge zur Geschichte der Kreuzzüg 1810:and that Gregory IX was planning to 1724:, turning them against the emperor. 1691:and made him king on the eve of the 1583: 1565:, chronicler of the Seventh Crusade. 963: 872:. Honorius III sent cardinal bishop 838:, then just 9 years of age. Leaving 4542:13th century in the Crusader states 4392:England and the Crusades, 1095–1588 4150:The Concise History of the Crusades 4079:History of Egypt in the Middle Ages 3920:Delaville Le Roulx, Joseph (1904). 3657:Marmon, Shaun E. (September 2014). 3637: 3596: 3230:, pp. 454–455, March to Jaffa. 2694: 2576: 1455:Frederick responded by sending his 13: 4319:Annales de Terre Sainte, 1095–1291 4024:Hardwicke, Mary Nickerson (1969). 3690:Geschichte der kreuzzüge im umriss 3613:Abū Shāma Shihāb al-Dīn al-Maqdisī 3467:Grande chronique de Matthieu Paris 3346:, pp. 40–44, A contested vow. 2420: 2356:Geschichte der Kreuzzüge im Umriss 2149: 1817: 1798:remained as did the knights under 1261:to meet Frederick II (see below). 772:. When he was formally crowned as 300:In the Holy Land (1095–1291) 284:Military order (religious society) 14: 4573: 3973:Furber, Elizabeth Chapin (1969). 3643:al-Maqrīzī, A. ibn ʻAlī. (1845). 3054:, pp. 453–454, Negotiations. 2957:, pp. 226–227, Fakhr ad-Din. 2762:, pp. 448–449, The Ayyubids. 2549:, pp. 139–140, Postponement. 1608:, who embarked with the emperor. 1350:German and Sicilian participation 1195:, against his brother al-Ashraf. 980:, pardoned since his role at the 917:were to be restored to the pope. 4562:Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor 4047:. State University of New York. 3976:The Kingdom of Cyprus, 1191–1291 3870:. Taplinger Publishing Company. 3725:Frederick II: A Medieval Emperor 3415: 3286:, p. 40, The Medieval City. 2915:Dictionary of National Biography 2882:Dictionary of National Biography 2855:. Duncker & Humblot, Berlin. 2749:. Osprey publishing. p. 11. 2582:Arthur William Holland (1911). " 2075:beyond 1239. This initiated the 1806:had failed in his attack on the 1703:became regent of the young king 1377:also joined, including the poet 1367:took the cross in 1226 and with 940:, the main pro-imperial city in 37: 4395:. University of Chicago Press. 4295:The Crusades, c. 1071 – c. 1291 3711: 3682: 3669: 3650: 3618: 3605: 3590: 3577: 3557: 3529: 3516: 3503: 3472: 3459: 3443: 3424: 3409: 3245:Mediterranean Historical Review 3233: 3108: 3032: 2909:Walter Eustace Rhodes (1896). " 2903: 2870: 2837: 2804: 2733: 2657: 2519: 2281:, an Arab or Kurdish historian. 2140:Christians of the Sixth Crusade 2133: 1962: 686:(1228–1229), also known as the 4336:. Cambridge University Press. 4298:. Cambridge University Press. 4274:. Cambridge University Press. 4221:The Crusades – An Encyclopedia 4178:. Cambridge University Press. 4129:The Crusades through Arab Eyes 4027:The Crusader States, 1192–1243 3743:Abu-Munshar, Maher Y. (2013). 3599:The Crusades – An Encyclopedia 3418:The Crusades – An Encyclopedia 2849:Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie 2665:The Crusades – An Encyclopedia 2470: 2441: 2407: 2378: 1727:Frederick sailed to Acre from 1632:on 1 July, Porto Guiscardo in 1538:, Nicolò dei Maltraversi, the 406:Crusades after Acre, 1291–1399 1: 4488:Whalen, Brett Edward (2019). 4479:Weiler, Björn K. U. (2006b). 4470:Weiler, Björn K. U. (2006a). 4449:Van Cleve, Thomas C. (1972). 4435:Van Cleve, Thomas C. (1969). 4410:Tyerman, Christopher (2006). 3786:10.1016/S0304-4181(00)00005-1 3535:Deutsche Biographie (1974). " 2969:, pp. 448–450, al-Kamil. 2371: 1941:Treaty of Jaffa and Tell Ajul 1841:, at the Hospitaller camp at 1542:, and Marino Filangieri, the 1284:. Then, yet another brother, 1015:. Nevertheless, the law––the 4172:Maier, Christoph T. (1998). 4076:Lane-Poole, Stanley (1901). 2586:". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). 2344:Crusade Texts in Translation 2198:by theologian and historian 2144:Muslims of the Sixth Crusade 2001:Church of the Holy Sepulchre 1640:on 4 July, Portocaglie near 892:The Agreement of San Germano 742:died in 1216, his successor 261: 7: 4455:. Clarendon Press, London. 4438:The Crusade of Frederick II 3952:Fulton, Michael S. (2018). 3885:Cazel, Fred A. Jr. (1969). 3774:Journal of Medieval History 3728:. Oxford University Press. 2584:Frederick II, Roman Emperor 2453:Journal of Medieval History 2325:), by Arab Islamic scholar 2176:work and drawing from both 1743:In the Kingdom of Jerusalem 1530:Frederick's excommunication 1522:In February or March 1228, 1320: 805:cardinal-bishop of Tusculum 763:Frederick II and the Papacy 10: 4578: 4371:. Primus-Verlag, Germany. 4365:Stürner, Wolfgang (2009). 4147:Madden, Thomas F. (2013). 3675:Röhricht, R. (1874–1878). 3298:, p. 1, Introduction. 2476:Smith, Thomas W. (2013). " 1839:Fakhr ad-Din ibn as-Shaikh 1821: 1559:Fakhr ad-Din ibn as-Shaikh 1449:Fakhr ad-Din ibn as-Shaikh 1259:Fakhr ad-Din ibn as-Shaikh 1007:, Simon of Maugastel, the 221:Fakhr ad-Din ibn as-Shaikh 120:relinquished to Crusaders. 4357:A History of the Crusades 4193:Miller, Duane A. (2017). 3931:Edbury, Peter W. (1997). 3801:Asbridge, Thomas (2012). 3768:Arnold, Benjamin (2000). 3479:Minervini, Laura (2004). 3450:Giles, J. A. (John Allen) 3239:Hiroshi Takayama (2010). 2413:Weiler, Björn K. (2006). 2384:Miller, Duane A. (2017). 2289:al-Dhayl ʿalā l-rawḍatayn 2169:Estoire d’Eracles émperor 2051: 1648:on 6 July and it reached 1517:Henry IV, Duke of Limburg 274:Ideology and institutions 271: 165: 128: 47: 36: 28: 23: 4218:Murray, Alan V. (2006). 4210:Letters of the Crusaders 4155:Rowman & Littlefield 4004:Giles, Keith R. (1987). 3899:Christie, Niall (2014). 3840:Boas, Adrian J. (2001). 3625:Kreckel, Manuel (2016). 3583:Richards, D. S. (2020). 3548:Neue Deutsche Biographie 2267:Complete Work of History 2210:, by English chronicler 2192:Historia Hierosolymitana 1866:Patrimony of Saint Peter 1620:, whence it crossed the 1524:al-Aziz Uthman of Banyas 1202:, had been installed at 1106:hat, at the time of the 836:Isabella II of Jerusalem 4472:Frederick II of Germany 4368:Friedrich II. 1194–1250 3659:"al-'Ayni, Badr al-Din" 3091:Delaville Le Roulx 1904 3040:Memoirs of the Crusades 2740:Nicolle, David (1997). 2707:The Burlington Magazine 2588:Encyclopædia Britannica 2426:Franz Kampers (1909). " 2365:Annales de Terre Sainte 1945:Principality of Antioch 1916:area of Jerusalem, the 1812:invade his own kingdom. 1077:The Ayyubids after 1221 882:Raymond VII of Toulouse 852:and Hospitaller master 688:Crusade of Frederick II 4126:Maalouf, Amin (2006). 3958:. Brill Publications. 3888:Financing the Crusades 3663:Encyclopaedia of Islam 3431:Ruch, Lisa M. (2016). 2876:William Hunt (1891). " 2319:The Necklace of Pearls 2311:by Egyptian historian 2255:Richard of San Germano 2223:by English chronicler 2006:Conrad II of Jerusalem 1972: 1957:Bohemond IV of Antioch 1824:Treaty of Jaffa (1229) 1628:on 30 June. It was in 1590:Albert I of Käfernburg 1503:. The Germans rebuilt 1430:The fortifications of 1220:Jalal al-Din Mangburni 1187:, a former general of 1175:, and later occupying 1148: 1123: 1062:Fourth Lateran Council 932:The situation in Italy 860:in 1224, he entrusted 166:Commanders and leaders 4547:13th-century crusades 4251:10.4324/9781315574059 4239:Mylod, M. J. (2017). 4109:10.4324/9780203389638 4039:Humphreys, R. Stephen 3755:Archer, Thomas Andrew 3688:Röhricht, R. (1898). 3456:. London: H. G. Bohn. 2816:Catholic Encyclopedia 2810:Michael Ott (1909). " 2531:Catholic Encyclopedia 2525:Michael Ott (1908). " 2432:Catholic Encyclopedia 2182:Rothelin Continuation 2085:Theobald I of Navarre 2046:Treaty of San Germano 1970: 1465:archbishop of Palermo 1385:English participation 1267:al-Nasir Kilij Arslan 1169:al-Nasir Kilij Arslan 1129: 1084: 1056:The conciliar decree 1033:Financing the Crusade 4387:Tyerman, Christopher 4205:Munro, Dana Carleton 4097:Lock, Peter (2006). 3809:Simon & Schuster 3497:10.3917/rma.102.0315 3247:, 25:2, pp. 169–185. 2701:Rice, D. S. (1953). 2455:(1984), pp. 157–165. 2447:Markowski, Michael. 2291:, by Arab historian 2058:Henry III of England 2028:quelled the unrest. 1660:before crossing the 1471:The Crusaders depart 1461:Berardus de Castacca 1424:bishop of Winchester 1394:Louis IX of France's 1390:Henry III of England 1361:Conrad of Hildesheim 1243:Seljuk Sultan of Rûm 1100:armbands, boots and 1051:Henry III of England 1017:Assizes of Jerusalem 994:Walter IV of Brienne 988:on 9 November 1227. 982:disaster at Mansurah 922:Rainald of Urslingen 878:Louis VIII of France 793:Henry VII of Germany 716:Kingdom of Jerusalem 694:and the rest of the 4322:. E. Leroux, Paris. 4268:Perry, Guy (2013). 4063:Lane-Poole, Stanley 3926:. E. Leroux, Paris. 3566:Narratio patriarcae 3433:"Roger of Wendover" 3420:. pp. 653–654. 3114:La Monte, John L. “ 3005:, pp. 194–195. 2346:. German historian 2327:Badr al-Din al-Ayni 2231:Gestes des Chiprois 2188:Historia Orientalis 2105:Edward I of England 2037:Alice of Montferrat 2010:Maria of Montferrat 1876:against his nephew 1598:archbishop of Capua 1396:failures. In 1223, 1357:Oliver of Paderborn 1047:Philip II of France 850:Raoul of Mérencourt 821:Raoul of Mérencourt 801:Constance of Aragon 782:Henry VI of Germany 658:Crusade of the Poor 4352:Setton, Kenneth M. 4314:Röhricht, Reinhold 3867:Pre-Ottoman Turkey 3563:Donnadieu, Jean. " 3542:2023-01-30 at the 2921:London. pp. 52–56. 2888:London. pp. 12–31. 2285:Kitāb al-rawḍatayn 2207:Flores Historiarum 2093:Louis IX of France 2022:Odo of Montbéliard 1985:Bertrand de Thessy 1977:Gérold of Lausanne 1973: 1862:Bertrand de Thessy 1804:Rainald of Spoleto 1800:Richard Filangieri 1796:Gérold of Lausanne 1781:Richard Filangieri 1777:Odo of Montbéliard 1757:Rainald of Spoleto 1701:Alice of Champagne 1689:Aimery of Lusignan 1612:Stopover in Cyprus 1606:Bertrand de Thessy 1602:Guérin de Montaigu 1578:Richard Filangieri 1544:archbishop of Bari 1536:Rainald of Spoleto 1478:bishop of Augsburg 1365:Louis of Thuringia 1308:The Crusade begins 1251:Badr al-Din Lu'lu' 1149: 1124: 1114:Badr al-Din Lu'lu' 1037:In November 1222, 1009:archbishop of Tyre 954:Truce of Constance 870:Gérold of Lausanne 858:Berengaria of León 854:Guérin de Montaigu 840:Odo of Montbéliard 819:, Latin patriarch 797:King of the Romans 795:took the title of 736:Holy Roman Emperor 714:, resulted in the 704:Holy Roman Emperor 585:Against Christians 289:Crusade indulgence 279:Crusading movement 212:Bertrand de Thessy 200:Richard Filangieri 196:Odo of Montbéliard 4510:Wolff, Robert Lee 4427:978-0-674-02387-1 4378:978-3-534-23040-2 4305:978-0-521-62566-1 4231:978-1-57607-862-4 4164:978-1-442-21576-4 3937:. Boydell Press. 3818:978-1-84983-688-3 3134:, John of Ibelin. 2348:Reinhold Röhricht 2323:Perles d’Historie 2309:History of Egypt, 2212:Roger of Wendover 2174:William of Tyre's 2033:Henry I of Cyprus 1994:Peter of Caesarea 1981:Pedro de Montaigu 1949:County of Tripoli 1874:siege in Damascus 1858:Pedro de Montaigu 1705:Henry I of Cyprus 1681:Kingdom of Cyprus 1624:to the island of 1584:The Sixth Crusade 1563:Jean de Joinville 1369:Walran of Limburg 1200:al-Muzaffar Ghazi 1198:Another brother, 1177:Ma'arrat al-Numan 1060:published at the 964:King of Jerusalem 958:Northern Crusades 915:Kingdom of Sicily 911:pontifical states 907:Bishop of Brescia 740:Pope Innocent III 677: 676: 663:Shepherds' (1320) 653:Shepherds' (1251) 637:(1096–1320) 587:(1209–1588) 522:(1147–1410) 400:(1291–1717) 230: 229: 208:Pedro de Montaigu 143:Kingdom of Sicily 135:Holy Roman Empire 124: 123: 78:Crusaders victory 4569: 4522: 4520: 4505: 4484: 4475: 4466: 4445: 4443: 4431: 4406: 4382: 4361: 4347: 4328:Runciman, Steven 4323: 4309: 4290:Richard, Jean C. 4285: 4264: 4235: 4214: 4200: 4189: 4168: 4143: 4122: 4093: 4072: 4058: 4034: 4032: 4020: 4010: 4000: 3998: 3983: 3981: 3969: 3948: 3927: 3916: 3895: 3893: 3881: 3857: 3836: 3822: 3797: 3764: 3750: 3739: 3705: 3699: 3693: 3686: 3680: 3673: 3667: 3666: 3654: 3648: 3641: 3635: 3634: 3622: 3616: 3611:Antrim, Zayde, “ 3609: 3603: 3602: 3594: 3588: 3581: 3575: 3561: 3555: 3533: 3527: 3520: 3514: 3507: 3501: 3500: 3476: 3470: 3463: 3457: 3447: 3441: 3440: 3428: 3422: 3421: 3413: 3407: 3401: 3395: 3389: 3383: 3377: 3371: 3365: 3359: 3353: 3347: 3341: 3335: 3329: 3323: 3317: 3311: 3305: 3299: 3293: 3287: 3281: 3275: 3269: 3263: 3257: 3248: 3237: 3231: 3225: 3219: 3213: 3207: 3201: 3195: 3189: 3183: 3177: 3171: 3165: 3159: 3153: 3147: 3141: 3135: 3129: 3123: 3112: 3106: 3100: 3094: 3088: 3082: 3076: 3067: 3061: 3055: 3049: 3043: 3036: 3030: 3024: 3018: 3012: 3006: 3000: 2994: 2988: 2982: 2976: 2970: 2964: 2958: 2952: 2946: 2940: 2934: 2928: 2922: 2911:Peter des Roches 2907: 2901: 2895: 2889: 2874: 2868: 2862: 2856: 2841: 2835: 2829: 2823: 2808: 2802: 2796: 2787: 2781: 2775: 2769: 2763: 2757: 2751: 2750: 2748: 2737: 2731: 2730: 2698: 2692: 2686: 2680: 2674: 2668: 2661: 2655: 2649: 2643: 2637: 2631: 2625: 2619: 2613: 2607: 2601: 2595: 2580: 2574: 2568: 2562: 2556: 2550: 2544: 2538: 2523: 2517: 2511: 2505: 2499: 2493: 2487: 2481: 2474: 2468: 2462: 2456: 2445: 2439: 2424: 2418: 2411: 2405: 2399: 2393: 2382: 2279:Ali ibn al-Athir 2235:Philip of Novara 2200:Jacques de Vitry 2124:emir of Damascus 1989:Hermann of Salza 1922:Dome of the Rock 1885:Peter des Roches 1831:Thomas of Aquino 1792:Henry of Limburg 1773:Hermann of Salza 1697:Hugh I of Cyprus 1574:Thomas of Aquino 1540:bishop of Reggio 1493:Peter des Roches 1489:Henry of Limburg 1485:Thomas of Aquino 1420:Peter des Roches 1412:bishop of Exeter 1363:. The landgrave 1292:, attacked emir 1282:Krak de Montreal 1029:of the kingdom. 1021:Thomas of Aquino 862:Hermann of Salza 825:Thomas of Aquino 391:Fall of Outremer 294:Papal income tax 266: 256: 249: 242: 233: 232: 192:Henry of Limburg 184:Peter des Roches 180:Thomas of Aquino 176:Hermann of Salza 139:Teutonic Knights 49: 48: 41: 21: 20: 4577: 4576: 4572: 4571: 4570: 4568: 4567: 4566: 4527: 4526: 4525: 4518: 4502: 4463: 4441: 4428: 4403: 4379: 4344: 4306: 4282: 4261: 4232: 4186: 4165: 4140: 4119: 4090: 4055: 4030: 4008: 3996: 3979: 3966: 3945: 3913: 3891: 3878: 3854: 3819: 3736: 3720:Abulafia, David 3714: 3709: 3708: 3700: 3696: 3687: 3683: 3674: 3670: 3665:(3rd ed.). 3655: 3651: 3642: 3638: 3623: 3619: 3610: 3606: 3595: 3591: 3582: 3578: 3562: 3558: 3544:Wayback Machine 3534: 3530: 3521: 3517: 3508: 3504: 3477: 3473: 3464: 3460: 3448: 3444: 3429: 3425: 3414: 3410: 3402: 3398: 3390: 3386: 3378: 3374: 3366: 3362: 3354: 3350: 3342: 3338: 3330: 3326: 3318: 3314: 3306: 3302: 3294: 3290: 3282: 3278: 3270: 3266: 3258: 3251: 3238: 3234: 3226: 3222: 3214: 3210: 3202: 3198: 3190: 3186: 3178: 3174: 3166: 3162: 3154: 3150: 3142: 3138: 3130: 3126: 3113: 3109: 3101: 3097: 3089: 3085: 3077: 3070: 3062: 3058: 3050: 3046: 3037: 3033: 3025: 3021: 3013: 3009: 3001: 2997: 2989: 2985: 2977: 2973: 2965: 2961: 2953: 2949: 2941: 2937: 2929: 2925: 2908: 2904: 2896: 2892: 2875: 2871: 2863: 2859: 2843:Wenck (1884). " 2842: 2838: 2830: 2826: 2812:Pope Gregory IX 2809: 2805: 2797: 2790: 2782: 2778: 2770: 2766: 2758: 2754: 2746: 2738: 2734: 2699: 2695: 2687: 2683: 2675: 2671: 2662: 2658: 2650: 2646: 2638: 2634: 2626: 2622: 2614: 2610: 2602: 2598: 2581: 2577: 2569: 2565: 2557: 2553: 2545: 2541: 2527:Conrad of Urach 2524: 2520: 2512: 2508: 2500: 2496: 2488: 2484: 2475: 2471: 2463: 2459: 2446: 2442: 2425: 2421: 2412: 2408: 2400: 2396: 2383: 2379: 2374: 2270:, particularly 2219:Grand chronique 2160:primary sources 2152: 2150:Primary sources 2136: 2101:Eighth Crusades 2089:Barons' Crusade 2083:kings, such as 2077:Barons' Crusade 2069:Pope Gregory IX 2054: 2014:John of Brienne 1965: 1929:Treaty of Jaffa 1889:William Briwere 1835:Balian of Sidon 1826: 1820: 1818:Treaty of Jaffa 1808:March of Ancona 1745: 1733:Amalric Barlais 1614: 1586: 1532: 1505:Montfort Castle 1497:William Briwere 1473: 1444: 1408:William Briwere 1387: 1352: 1323: 1310: 1218:under the shah 1144:Kitāb al-Diryāq 1119:Kitab al-Aghani 1091:aqbiya turkiyya 1079: 1039:John of Brienne 1035: 1005:Balian of Sidon 974:bishop of Patti 966: 934: 926:duke of Spoleto 902:Guala de Roniis 894: 874:Conrad of Porto 832:John of Brienne 817:John of Brienne 774:King of Germany 765: 724: 680: 679: 678: 673: 643:People's (1096) 267: 262: 260: 223: 219: 210: 206: 204:Balian of Sidon 202: 198: 194: 190: 188:William Briwere 186: 182: 178: 174: 154: 141: 137: 97: 85:Treaty of Jaffa 81: 67: 42: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4575: 4565: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4524: 4523: 4506: 4501:978-0812250862 4500: 4485: 4476: 4467: 4461: 4446: 4432: 4426: 4407: 4401: 4383: 4377: 4362: 4348: 4343:978-0521347723 4342: 4324: 4310: 4304: 4286: 4280: 4265: 4259: 4236: 4230: 4215: 4201: 4190: 4184: 4169: 4163: 4144: 4138: 4132:. Saqi Books. 4123: 4117: 4094: 4088: 4073: 4059: 4054:978-0873952637 4053: 4035: 4021: 4001: 3988:Gibb, H. A. R. 3984: 3970: 3964: 3949: 3944:978-0851157030 3943: 3928: 3917: 3912:978-1138543102 3911: 3896: 3882: 3877:978-1597404563 3876: 3858: 3852: 3837: 3827:Barker, Ernest 3823: 3817: 3798: 3765: 3751: 3740: 3734: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3707: 3706: 3694: 3681: 3668: 3649: 3636: 3617: 3604: 3601:. p. 625. 3589: 3576: 3556: 3528: 3515: 3502: 3491:(2): 315–325. 3471: 3458: 3442: 3423: 3408: 3396: 3384: 3372: 3368:Van Cleve 1969 3360: 3348: 3336: 3332:Hardwicke 1969 3324: 3312: 3300: 3288: 3276: 3264: 3260:Van Cleve 1969 3249: 3232: 3228:Van Cleve 1969 3220: 3208: 3196: 3192:Van Cleve 1969 3184: 3172: 3168:Van Cleve 1969 3160: 3156:Van Cleve 1969 3148: 3136: 3124: 3107: 3095: 3083: 3079:Van Cleve 1972 3068: 3056: 3052:Van Cleve 1969 3044: 3031: 3027:Van Cleve 1969 3019: 3015:Van Cleve 1969 3007: 3003:Humphreys 1977 2995: 2983: 2979:Hardwicke 1969 2971: 2967:Van Cleve 1969 2959: 2947: 2935: 2931:Van Cleve 1969 2923: 2902: 2890: 2869: 2865:Van Cleve 1969 2857: 2836: 2824: 2803: 2788: 2776: 2764: 2760:Van Cleve 1969 2752: 2732: 2693: 2681: 2669: 2667:. pp. 431–436. 2656: 2644: 2640:Van Cleve 1969 2632: 2620: 2608: 2604:Van Cleve 1969 2596: 2575: 2571:Van Cleve 1969 2563: 2551: 2547:Van Cleve 1972 2539: 2518: 2514:Hardwicke 1969 2506: 2502:Van Cleve 1972 2494: 2490:Van Cleve 1969 2482: 2469: 2457: 2440: 2419: 2406: 2394: 2376: 2375: 2373: 2370: 2340: 2339: 2330: 2316: 2306: 2296: 2282: 2259: 2258: 2248: 2242: 2228: 2215: 2203: 2185: 2156:historiography 2151: 2148: 2135: 2132: 2120:an-Nasir Dā’ūd 2053: 2050: 2026:John of Ibelin 1964: 1961: 1902:Sidon district 1878:an-Nasir Dā’ūd 1822:Main article: 1819: 1816: 1785:John of Ibelin 1753:Henry of Malta 1744: 1741: 1722:Ibelin faction 1709:John of Ibelin 1693:German Crusade 1613: 1610: 1594:Henry of Malta 1585: 1582: 1531: 1528: 1501:Qal'at al-Bahr 1472: 1469: 1443: 1440: 1416:William Brewer 1386: 1383: 1351: 1348: 1344: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1331: 1322: 1319: 1309: 1306: 1286:al-Aziz Uthman 1278:an-Nasir Dā’ūd 1165:Guy I Embriaco 1116:in 1218–1219. 1078: 1075: 1034: 1031: 978:Henry of Malta 965: 962: 946:Lombard League 933: 930: 893: 890: 786:German Crusade 764: 761: 723: 720: 708:King of Sicily 675: 674: 666: 665: 660: 655: 650: 645: 631: 630: 628:Spanish Armada 625: 620: 615: 610: 605: 600: 595: 581: 580: 575: 570: 565: 560: 555: 554: 553: 548: 543: 535: 530: 516: 515: 514: 513: 508: 503: 498: 493: 488: 483: 478: 473: 468: 458: 453: 448: 447: 446: 441: 436: 428: 423: 418: 413: 408: 398:Later Crusades 394: 393: 388: 383: 378: 373: 368: 363: 358: 353: 348: 343: 338: 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 308: 297: 296: 291: 286: 281: 272: 269: 268: 259: 258: 251: 244: 236: 228: 227: 225:An-Nasir Dā’ūd 214: 168: 167: 163: 162: 145: 131: 130: 126: 125: 122: 121: 99: 93: 92: 91: 90: 87: 80: 79: 75: 73: 69: 68: 63: 61: 57: 56: 53: 45: 44: 34: 33: 26: 25: 19: 18: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4574: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4537:Sixth Crusade 4535: 4534: 4532: 4517: 4516: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4497: 4493: 4492: 4486: 4482: 4477: 4473: 4468: 4464: 4458: 4454: 4453: 4447: 4440: 4439: 4433: 4429: 4423: 4419: 4418:Belknap Press 4415: 4414: 4408: 4404: 4402:0-226-82012-2 4398: 4394: 4393: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4374: 4370: 4369: 4363: 4359: 4358: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4339: 4335: 4334: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4320: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4301: 4297: 4296: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4281:9781107043107 4277: 4273: 4272: 4266: 4262: 4260:9780367880354 4256: 4252: 4248: 4245:. Routledge. 4244: 4243: 4237: 4233: 4227: 4223: 4222: 4216: 4212: 4211: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4197: 4196:Sixth Crusade 4191: 4187: 4185:0-521-45246-5 4181: 4177: 4176: 4170: 4166: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4151: 4145: 4141: 4139:9780863560231 4135: 4131: 4130: 4124: 4120: 4118:0-415-39312-4 4114: 4110: 4106: 4103:. Routledge. 4102: 4101: 4095: 4091: 4089:9780790532042 4085: 4081: 4080: 4074: 4070: 4069: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4050: 4046: 4045: 4040: 4036: 4029: 4028: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4007: 4002: 3995: 3994: 3989: 3985: 3978: 3977: 3971: 3967: 3965:9789004349452 3961: 3957: 3956: 3950: 3946: 3940: 3936: 3935: 3929: 3925: 3924: 3918: 3914: 3908: 3905:. Routledge. 3904: 3903: 3897: 3890: 3889: 3883: 3879: 3873: 3869: 3868: 3863: 3862:Cahen, Claude 3859: 3855: 3853:9780415230001 3849: 3846:. Routledge. 3845: 3844: 3838: 3834: 3833: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3805: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3766: 3762: 3761: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3747: 3741: 3737: 3731: 3727: 3726: 3721: 3717: 3716: 3703: 3702:Röhricht 1884 3698: 3691: 3685: 3678: 3672: 3664: 3660: 3653: 3646: 3640: 3632: 3628: 3627:"Abū al-Fidā" 3621: 3614: 3608: 3600: 3593: 3586: 3580: 3573: 3569: 3567: 3560: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3538: 3532: 3525: 3519: 3512: 3506: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3475: 3468: 3462: 3455: 3451: 3446: 3438: 3434: 3427: 3419: 3412: 3405: 3400: 3393: 3392:Runciman 1954 3388: 3381: 3380:Christie 2014 3376: 3369: 3364: 3357: 3352: 3345: 3340: 3333: 3328: 3321: 3320:Runciman 1954 3316: 3309: 3308:Runciman 1954 3304: 3297: 3292: 3285: 3280: 3273: 3268: 3261: 3256: 3254: 3246: 3242: 3236: 3229: 3224: 3217: 3212: 3205: 3204:Runciman 1954 3200: 3193: 3188: 3181: 3180:Runciman 1954 3176: 3169: 3164: 3157: 3152: 3145: 3140: 3133: 3128: 3121: 3117: 3111: 3104: 3103:Runciman 1954 3099: 3092: 3087: 3080: 3075: 3073: 3065: 3064:Runciman 1954 3060: 3053: 3048: 3041: 3035: 3028: 3023: 3016: 3011: 3004: 2999: 2992: 2987: 2980: 2975: 2968: 2963: 2956: 2951: 2944: 2939: 2932: 2927: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2906: 2899: 2894: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2873: 2866: 2861: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2840: 2833: 2828: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2807: 2800: 2795: 2793: 2785: 2784:Runciman 1954 2780: 2773: 2768: 2761: 2756: 2745: 2744: 2736: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2697: 2690: 2685: 2678: 2673: 2666: 2660: 2653: 2648: 2641: 2636: 2629: 2624: 2617: 2616:Runciman 1954 2612: 2605: 2600: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2579: 2572: 2567: 2560: 2559:Runciman 1954 2555: 2548: 2543: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2522: 2515: 2510: 2503: 2498: 2491: 2486: 2479: 2473: 2466: 2461: 2454: 2450: 2444: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2423: 2416: 2410: 2403: 2398: 2391: 2387: 2386:Sixth Crusade 2381: 2377: 2369: 2367: 2366: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2337: 2335: 2331: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2317: 2314: 2310: 2307: 2304: 2300: 2297: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2283: 2280: 2276: 2273: 2269: 2268: 2264: 2263: 2262: 2256: 2252: 2249: 2246: 2243: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2225:Matthew Paris 2222: 2220: 2216: 2213: 2209: 2208: 2204: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2170: 2166: 2165: 2164: 2161: 2157: 2147: 2145: 2141: 2131: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2112: 2110: 2109:Ninth Crusade 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2080: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2061: 2059: 2049: 2047: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2029: 2027: 2023: 2017: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1995: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1969: 1960: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1925: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1890: 1886: 1881: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1850: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1825: 1815: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1788: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1769: 1767: 1761: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1749:kiss of peace 1740: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1725: 1723: 1718: 1712: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1677: 1675: 1671: 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ABC-CLIO. 4220: 4209: 4195: 4174: 4149: 4128: 4099: 4078: 4067: 4043: 4026: 4016: 4012: 3993:The Aiyūbids 3992: 3975: 3954: 3933: 3922: 3901: 3887: 3866: 3842: 3832:The Crusades 3831: 3803: 3777: 3773: 3759: 3745: 3724: 3712:Bibliography 3697: 3692:. Innsbruck. 3684: 3671: 3662: 3652: 3639: 3630: 3620: 3607: 3598: 3592: 3587:. Routledge. 3579: 3572:Le Moyen Age 3571: 3565: 3559: 3551: 3547: 3531: 3518: 3505: 3488: 3485:Le Moyen Age 3484: 3474: 3461: 3445: 3436: 3426: 3417: 3411: 3399: 3387: 3375: 3363: 3351: 3339: 3327: 3315: 3303: 3291: 3279: 3272:Richard 1999 3267: 3235: 3223: 3211: 3199: 3187: 3175: 3163: 3151: 3139: 3127: 3119: 3110: 3098: 3086: 3059: 3047: 3034: 3022: 3010: 2998: 2986: 2974: 2962: 2955:Maalouf 2006 2950: 2943:Tyerman 1996 2938: 2926: 2918: 2914: 2905: 2893: 2885: 2881: 2872: 2860: 2852: 2848: 2839: 2827: 2819: 2815: 2806: 2779: 2767: 2755: 2742: 2735: 2713:(601): 130. 2710: 2706: 2696: 2684: 2677:Tyerman 2006 2672: 2664: 2659: 2647: 2635: 2623: 2611: 2599: 2591: 2587: 2578: 2566: 2554: 2542: 2534: 2530: 2521: 2509: 2497: 2485: 2472: 2460: 2452: 2443: 2435: 2431: 2428:Frederick II 2422: 2414: 2409: 2402:Tyerman 2006 2397: 2389: 2380: 2363: 2359: 2358:(1898), and 2355: 2351: 2341: 2332: 2322: 2318: 2308: 2298: 2288: 2284: 2274: 2271: 2266: 2260: 2250: 2244: 2238: 2230: 2217: 2205: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2168: 2153: 2137: 2134:Participants 2113: 2081: 2062: 2055: 2030: 2018: 1998: 1974: 1963:In Jerusalem 1953:in statu quo 1952: 1926: 1918:Jami Al-Aqsa 1914:Temple Mount 1882: 1851: 1827: 1789: 1764: 1762: 1746: 1736: 1726: 1713: 1678: 1676:on 21 July. 1642:Cape Matapan 1622:Adriatic Sea 1615: 1587: 1566: 1556: 1548: 1533: 1521: 1509: 1482: 1474: 1456: 1454: 1445: 1428: 1406: 1398:Honorius III 1388: 1373: 1353: 1345: 1324: 1311: 1302:Tall al-Ajul 1275: 1269:at Hama and 1263: 1228: 1216:Khwarazmians 1204:Mayyafariqin 1197: 1150: 1147:, 1225–1250. 1142: 1117: 1107: 1101: 1095: 1089: 1070:crucesignati 1069: 1066:papal camera 1057: 1055: 1036: 1024: 1002: 990: 967: 935: 919: 895: 866: 843: 829: 790: 769: 766: 744:Honorius III 732:Frederick II 725: 712:Frederick II 687: 683: 681: 667: 633: 632: 583: 582: 518: 517: 461:Holy Leagues 396: 395: 355: 299: 298: 273: 172:Frederick II 129:Belligerents 29:Part of the 3735:019508040-8 3526:. Parisiis. 3344:Whalen 2019 3144:Furber 1969 3132:Edbury 1997 2991:Archer 1904 2237:. Includes 2073:Christendom 1644:on 5 July, 1636:on 2 July, 1294:Bahram Shah 1157:al-Mu'azzam 1041:arrived at 970:Isabella II 950:Frederick I 669:Reconquista 618:Despenser's 593:Albigensian 421:Alexandrian 96:Territorial 4531:Categories 4462:019822513X 3404:Mylod 2017 3356:Munro 1902 3216:Perry 2013 2898:Giles 1987 2772:Cahen 1968 2689:Giles 1987 2652:Cazel 1969 2628:Perry 2013 2465:Giles 1987 2372:References 2313:Al-Makrizi 2303:Abu’l-Fida 2196:Epistolae, 1920:, and the 1900:, part of 1766:Haute Cour 1662:Aegean Sea 1634:Cephalonia 1315:Gregory IX 1271:al-Mujahid 1255:Azerbaijan 1247:Kayqubad I 1224:Diyar Bakr 1222:to attack 1171:, emir of 1137:horsemen, 748:Gregory IX 671:(722–1492) 648:Children's 568:Lithuanian 3794:153620192 3763:. Putnam. 3679:. Berlin. 3554:. Berlin. 3296:Boas 2001 3284:Boas 2001 3120:Byzantion 2878:Henry III 2832:Lock 2006 2799:Gibb 1969 2719:0007-6287 2293:Abū Shāma 2116:al-Ashraf 1933:Tell Ajul 1894:Bethlehem 1843:Recordane 1729:Famagusta 1695:in 1196. 1670:Anatolian 1658:Heraklion 1650:Souda Bay 1239:al-Jazira 1233:attacked 1189:Saladin's 1181:Salamiyah 1161:al-Ashraf 1109:atabegate 813:Ferentino 696:Holy Land 692:Jerusalem 603:Stedinger 451:Nicopolis 416:Smyrniote 411:Aragonese 316:Norwegian 118:Bethlehem 102:Jerusalem 65:Near East 55:1227–1229 4512:(1969). 4389:(1996). 4354:(1969). 4330:(1954). 4316:(1884). 4292:(1999). 4207:(1902). 4065:(1894). 4041:(1977). 3990:(1969). 3864:(1968). 3829:(1923). 3757:(1904). 3722:(1992). 3647:. Paris. 3540:Archived 3469:. Paris. 3452:(1849). 2354:(1888), 2180:and the 2065:al-Kamil 2041:Brindisi 1898:Nazareth 1854:al-Kamil 1685:Henry VI 1674:Limassol 1570:Freidank 1552:Pozzouli 1432:Caesarea 1379:Freidank 1321:Overview 1193:al-Nasir 1153:al-Kamil 1122:, Mosul. 1103:sharbush 1043:Brindisi 986:Brindisi 942:Lombardy 756:al-Kamil 752:Ayyubids 613:Bohemian 598:Drenther 563:Prussian 558:Livonian 537:Swedish 520:Northern 430:Barbary 426:Savoyard 321:Venetian 264:Crusades 217:Al-Kamil 160:Damascus 156:Ayyubids 148:Ayyubids 106:Nazareth 60:Location 31:Crusades 3550:(NDB). 2851:(ADB). 2272:Part 3: 2103:), and 2097:Seventh 2067:caused 1847:Hiribya 1638:Methoni 1626:Othonoi 1618:Otranto 1512:Otranto 1298:Baalbek 1231:Gökböri 1185:Gökböri 1013:Ibelins 938:Cremona 898:Cassino 635:Popular 623:Hussite 608:Bosnian 573:Russian 533:Wendish 376:Catalan 366:Seventh 361:Barons' 98:changes 4498: 4459: 4424: 4399: 4375: 4340: 4302: 4278: 4257: 4228: 4182: 4161: 4136: 4115: 4086: 4051: 3962: 3941: 3909: 3874: 3850: 3815: 3792: 3732: 3546:". 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